David Topi - El Yugo de Orion - PDF Versión 1

 

Ki Uucf mk Freú`

 

E@AE@E]K EEE

Mgvem ]fpï

 

Ki Uucf mk Freú` [` ielrf sflrk ki sestkog mk cksteú` mk ig duog`emgm k` ig ]ekrrg y jfof dgjkofs pgrg  pgsgr mk `evki kvfiutevf kvfiutevf  @ukvg kmejeú` rkvesgmg rkvesgmg y gjtugiezgmg ki auturf `f kstç ksjretf k` pekmrg Iï`kgs tkopfrgiks y ki jgoe`f kvfiutevf mk ig duog`emgm

[`g rkgiemgm :M k` u` k`tfr`f kvfiutevf supkrefr   Mfs iï`kgs tkopfrgiks, ig #:: y ig #=< Zflrk ki gutfr Ielrfs mk Mgvem ]fpï 

 

Xrúifcf

Kstk ielrf quk tek`ks k` tus og`fs `f sk supf`ïg quk elg g skr ki secuek`tk quk elg g ksjreler. Mk dkjdf, tk`cf oçs mk jek` pçce`gs ksjretgs mk ftrf, juyg puliejgjeú` dk qukremf rktrgsgr, pfrquk tk`ïg quk jfoprk`mkr k e`vkstecgr jekrtfs tkogs mk ksk `ukvf ielrf. G`tks quk `gmg, `kjksetglg sk`ter quk dglïg sglemf jfoprk`mkr y kxpiejgr jekrtfs gspkjtfs jfopiknfs mk `ukstrg kxestk`jeg k` ifs quk pkrsf`giok`tk kstfy e`tkrksgmf. \ksuitú quk, g okmemg quk e`vkstecglg pgrg jfopiktgr ksfs pu`tfs mki ftrf ielrf, surceú tgi jg`temgm mk e`afrogjeú` y ogtkregi quk, gi ksjrelerif, tfoú afrog  pfr sï sfif k` kstg flrg quk ikks gdfrg. Gsï quk kstk ks ki tkrjkr vfiuok` mk ig skrek ’ E`ae`etk‟, quk e`ejeå jf` Ki   pfmkr mk ig e`tuejeú` y quk secueú jf` ig puliejgjeú` mk  Ki Uf E`tkrefr, E`tkrefr, ifs mfs ielrfs g`tkrefrks k` ifs quk dk emf pigsog`mf tfmf gqukiif quk  pkrsf`giok`tk dk emf k`jf`trg`mf y gprk`mek`mf k` oe prfpef jgoe`f mk jrkjeoek`tf pkrsf`gi. Mejk` oujdfs rkarg`ks pfpuigrks quk se` ksaukrzf `f dgy rkjfopk`sg, f quk `gmg quk vgicg ig pk`g sk jf`secuk se` quk pf`cgofs mk `ukstrg pgrtk tekopf, rkjursfs, k`krcïg, gtk`jeú`, mkmejgjeú`, ktj. Kstf, quk k` ki ou`mf aïsejf ks oçs quk jekrtf, if ks oujdf oçs k` ki ou`mf `f aïsejf, ksperetugi, k`krcåtejf, mk jrkjeoek`tf pkrsf`gi. Xfrquk ifs ksaukrzfs `f kstç` mkste`gmfs g jf`skcuer gicf kxtkr`f, se`f g jgolegr`fs g `fsftrfs oesofs. K` kstfs tkogs, ifs rksuitgmfs sfif sk fltek`k` jug`mf u`f sk mkjemk jf`sjek`tkok`tk g rkjfrrkr ki grmuf jgoe`f mki mkspkrtgr e`tkrefr. e`tkrefr. Ifs quk skcuïs oe trglgnf sglåes quk kstfy oktemf k` oujdfs ark`tks. Xkrf `f sk trgtg mk mespkrseú` `e mk quk ok e`tkrksk` tg`tfs tkogs quk quekrg glgrjgr u` pfjf mk tfmf. If quk fjurrk ks quk oe prfpeg kxpkrek`jeg ok dg dkjdf skpgrgr k` trks crg`mks trgofs ki jgoe`f mk jrkjeoek`tf

 

 pkrsf`gi pfr ki quk trg`setf, y, pfr jf`secuek`tk, k` ksg afrog trg`soetf y jfopgrtf if quk vfy gprk`mek`mf.  @f pfmkofs kopkzgr g jfoprk`mkr júof au`jef`g kstk nukcf mk ig kxestk`jeg k` ki quk kstgofs e`vfiujrgmfs se `f k`tk`mkofs júof dg` og`epuigmf ki tglikrf mk nukcf quk usgofs. Kstf quekrk mkjer quk ks `kjksgref rfopkr ig veseú` gjtugi prfouicgmg pfr igs kstrujturgs sfjegiks, kjf`úoejgs y kmujgtevgs sflrk júof ks ig rkgiemgm mk gdï aukrg. Kstg `f tek`k `gmg quk vkr jf` ig rkgiemgm quk `fs vk`mk` ifs okmefs mk jfou`ejgjeú`, `ukstrfs iïmkrks pfiïtejfs, ifs crupfs quk og`kng` ifs deifs. Ifs quk yg dglåes pgsgmf kstg agsk y vkes jigrgok`tk ig og`epuigjeú` g ig quk `fs dg` sfoktemf kstçes yg jg`sgmfs mk ifs grtïjuifs quk secf  puliejg`mf gjkrjg mk igs ok`tergs sflrk ig setugjeú` ckfpfiïtejg mki ou`mf, sflrk ig gieok`tgjeú` y ig sgium, sflrk ig og`epuigjeú` mk ig destfreg, ig kjf`foïg, ktj. Ifs quk gþ` kstçes k` ig agsk mk mksjulrer quk `fs dg` tfogmf ki pkif, skcuïs pemek`mf oçs e`afrogjeú` pgrg pfmkr rfopkr ksg veseú` gjtugi y jfoprk`mkr oknfr pfr quå pgsg` igs jfsgs quk pgsg`. Jfof mkjïg u` giuo`f trgs u`f mk oes jursfs> ’ Dk sgiemf jglrkgmf jf` ki k i ou`mf  pfrquk ok dk mgmf juk`tg mk júof ok dg` teogmf tfmfs kstfs g÷fs‟. ]fmfs pgsgofs pfr kstg preokrg agsk mki mkspkrtgr e`tkrefr. Mksjulrer  quk if quk jrkïgs quk krg rkgi `f if ks, quk glsfiutgok`tk tfmgs igs jfsgs quk pgrkjïg` mk u`g afrog sf` mk ftrg, ks u`  sdfjb  pgrg   pgrg gicu`fs, y ks u`  prfjksf `gturgi y pguigte`f pgrg ftrfs. Xkrf, jug`mf sk rfopk` jekrtgs kstrujturgs, tek`ks mfs fpjef`ks> jkrrgr ifs fnfs y `f qukrkr vkr `gmg oçs, vfivek`mf trg`queigok`tk gi suk÷f eiusfref k` ki quk tfmf ks lf`etf, f tergr  dgjeg mkig`tk y tkroe`gr mk mksof`tgr ig veseú` quk `fs juk`tg` sflrk if quk pgsg k` ki pig`ktg, k` tfmfs ifs `evkiks, pgrg pfmkr ielkrgr`fs mk ksk jf`trfi y og`epuigjeú` if oçs rçpemgok`tk pfselik. Xkrf ig kvfiujeú` pkrsf`gi, ksperetugi, `f sk tkroe`g jug`mf u`f mkspekrtg g ig rkgiemgm mki ou`mf, se`f quk, k` ksk ofok`tf, `f dgjk oçs quk kopkzgr, yg quk ks k`tf`jks jug`mf sk tk gjtevg` igs cg`gs mk jf`fjkr  oçs, kspkjegiok`tk mk jf`fjkrtk g te oesof, k`trk ftrgs jfsgs pfrquk mksjulrks quk tek`ks k` gicþ` igmf u` pftk`jegi igtk`tk eoprksef`g`tk g ig kspkrg mk skr gjtevgmf. Mksjulrks quk dgy u`g pgrtk mk te, quk gicu`fs iigogofs ki Uf Zupkrefr, quk tk servk mk cuïg y mk lrþnuig pkrog`k`tk2 tk

 

mgs juk`tg mk quk ig okmetgjeú` ks u`g ogrgveiig y `f k`tek`mks júof `f ig k`sk÷g` k` ig ksjukig mksmk preogreg2 vks quk tek`ks u` of`tú` mk  pfseleiemgmks mk trglgngr jf` k`temgmks quk iigogofs cuïgs2 mksjulrks quk tus ikjjef`ks mk vemg sk pukmk` gprk`mkr se` tk`kr quk suarer jf` kiigs y quk tek`ks u`g oeseú` quk juopier, ksjfcemg pfr te oesof, pgrg vkr se kjdgs u` jglik gi pig`ktg, rkfrek`tgr`fs u` pfjf y sgjgr`fs mki pfzf k`krcåtejf k` ki quk kstgofspgrg oktemfs. U tfmf kstf k` pgrgikif jf` if g`tkrefr. U Uff `f mknf `u`jg mk e`vkstecgr y gprk`mkr júof au`jef`g ki ou`mf rkgi k` ki quk vevf2 mk trgtgr mk mksof`tgr igs ok`tergs mk igs kstrujturgs quk ok dg` eopukstf y quk, pfr  ec`frg`jeg, dk gjkptgmf, pfr if quk gmkoçs tk`cf quk gmoeter pgrtk mk oe rkspf`sgleiemgm mk quk ki ou`mf kstå jfof kstç. Jfof tfmf kstf afrog  pgrtk mk oe trglgnf pkrsf`gi, secf rfopek`mf oe prfpeg veseú` mk igs jfsgs kxtkr`gs, lusjg`mf k`tk`mkr ig rkgiemgm mk ig afrog oçs flnktevg pfselik, oek`trgs jf`te`þf trglgng`mf k` oe gutfjf`fjeoek`tf y mkspkrtgr e`tkrefr y gmquerek`mf jgmg vkz oçs dkrrgoek`tgs. Gsï, jug`mf tek`ks oçs f ok`fs ulejgmg ig rkgiemgm mk kstg tkrjkrg meok`seú`, jug`mf `f tk mkngs og`epuigr tg` açjeiok`tk pfr kikok`tfs aïsejfs y `f aïsejfs, jug`mf dgs supkrgmf u`g skrek mk gtgquks mki sestkog  pfr qukrkr mksjf`kjtgrtk mki oesof (y dgjkr quk ftrfs tgoleå` if ifcrk`), k`tf`jks iikcg, gi ok`fs k` oe jgsf, ig skm mk jf`fjeoek`tf jfsofiúcejf> mk k`tk`mkr ki u`evkrsf, ig Jrkgjeú`, ifs `evkiks kvfiutevfs, igs pfigremgmks, ki rkstf mk ifs skrks, ig jf`jek`jeg, igs k`krcïgs, igs afrogs kvfiutevgs, ktj. Ug `f tk jf`afrogs jf` auk`tks mk lgnf `evki pgrg quk tk kxpiequk` igs jfsgs, pfrquk, gmkoçs, tek`ks u` pkiï` oçs mksgrrfiigmg ig e`tuejeú` (mk dkjdf, pfjf g pfjf, sk gjtevg if quk ksftårejgok`tk sk jf`fjk jfof ki jk`trf e`tkikjtugi supkrefr, quk ks jgpgz mk mesjkr`er k`krcåtejgok`tk jfsgs quk sf` vkrmgm mk if quk `f if sf`, y ksf tk dgjk ’e`tuer‟ rçpemgok`tk se gicf ks jfrrkjtf f ks mkse`afrogjeú`, f se igs jfsgs kstç` okzjigmgs y dgy quk skpgrgr ig pgng mki trecf). If þ`ejf ogif mk kstg ktgpg (quk secuk k`  pgrgikif jf` jf ` igs mfs mf s g`tkrefrks, pfrquk, yg oktemfs k` ki tkog, `f sk pukmk trglgngr sfif k` u`g merkjjeú`) ks quk yg `f dgy vukitg gtrçs. Ks mkjer quk, jug`mf tk pf`ks g vkr se krks jgpgz mk k`tk`mkr jf`jkptfs oktgaïsejfs, ksftårejfs, oïstejfs, ksperetugiks, ktj., `f tek`ks ftrg jfsg k` ig jglkzg dgstg

 

quk `f vgs gtg`mf jglfs y u`ek`mf igs pekzgs mki ]ktres quk jf`afrog ig suog mki nukcf aïsejf y mki nukcf `f aïsejf mk tu kxestk`jeg. K` rkgiemgm tfmf kstk prfjksf ks lgstg`tk mevkrtemf, g pksgr mk quk pgsgs  pfr åpfjgs mk lgnú` ok`tgi, g`ïoejf, k`krcåtejf, ktj. Jug`mf kstçs k` ig  preokrg agsk, dgy ofok`tfs k` quk,y se sk mksof`tg` mk cfipk, u`f sk qukmg lgstg`tk tfjgmf jukstg rkdgjkr ig oujdgs veseú` mkjfsgs ig vemg jf` ig `ukvg e`afrogjeú` gmqueremg, if quk `f ks oçs quk gjkptgr quk u`f mk ifs oþitepiks aeitrfs y vkifs quk tk`ïgofs k` ifs fnfs sk dg jgïmf pgrg sekoprk. Oek`trgs trglgngs k` te k` ig skcu`mg agsk, dgy ofok`tfs k` ifs jugiks k`krcåtejgok`tk kstçs pfr ifs sukifs, sflrk tfmf se vgs sg`g`mf dkremgs mki pgsgmf, trguogs, lifqukfs gutfck`krgmfs, jfsgs quk grrgstrgs mk ftrgs k`jgr`gjef`ks, ktj. Ze tek`ks quk kstgr pk`mek`tk mk gtgquks psïquejfs f k`krcåtejfs, dgy mïgs quk if pgsgs ogi. Xkrf, jfof mejk ki rkarç` , ’if quk `f tk ogtg tk dgjk oçs aukrtk‟ (f gicf gsï), pfr if quk tfmf afrog pgrtk mki oesof prfjksf mk jrkjeoek`tf. Gi oesof tekopf, secuks k` ig tkrjkrg agsk, y dgy mïgs quk `f dgy afrog mk mfroer, pfrquk kstçs rfopeå`mftk ifs jukr`fs, trgtg`mf mk k`tk`mkr ok`tgiok`tk ki jf`jkptf T f ki jf`jkptf U> quk se ki tekopf `f kxestk, quk se tfmf ks seouitç`kf, quk se ki giog kstf, quk se igs meok`sef`ks pgrgikigs, quk se if ftrf. Gafrtu`gmgok`tk ig lrþnuig e`tkr`g quk rkprksk`tg ig jf`kxeú` jf` ki Uf Zupkrefr kstç sekoprk gdï pgrg kjdgr u` jglik, y k`tf`jks sk tk k`jek`mk ig iuz, tk iikcg ok`tgiok`tk ig kxpiejgjeú` mk igs jfsgs, tk ikvg`tgs g igs mfs mk ig og÷g`g, if g`ftgs tfmf, dgjks u` ksqukog y tk vgs g mfroer. Oçs f ok`fs tfmf kstk prfjksf kstç jf`tk`emf k` kstk ielrf, quk ks meakrk`tk g jgse tfmf if quk dk ksjretf g`tkrefrok`tk, yg quk trgtg mk skr u`g kxpiejgjeú` gi k`frok rfopkjglkzgs quk ks ig vemg k` `ukstrf pig`ktg, gu`g`mf ig pgrtk oçs ksperetugi mk ig oesog jf` ig pgrtk oçs aïsejg, tkrrk`gi, y mk purg gjtugiemgm. If quk dk qukremf ks jfoprk`mkr quå dgcf yf gquï k` kstk ou`mf, k` ki quk så quk kstfy mk pgsf, k` u`g ksjukig, k` pfs mk u` gprk`mezgnk y u` jrkjeoek`tf, y pgrg kiif `kjksetglg k`igzgr tfmgs igs agjktgs y çrkgs mk ig vemg mk igs quk ok vkf rfmkgmf g megref. Dk trgtgmf mk rkaikngr ig rkgiemgm mk kstk ofok`tf quk kstgofs vevek`mf, ki jf`trfi mk ig sfjekmgm pfr u` crupf mk pkrsf`gs jf` jgrçjtkr   psejfpçtejf, quk lusjg` su prfpef lk`kaejef, oek`trgs sujkmk` jgolefs k`

 

ki pig`ktg quk if kstç` pf`ek`mf ietkrgiok`tk pgtgs grrelg> ig e`tkrgjjeú` jf` jekrtgs k`krcïgs iikcgmgs mk ifs jf`ae`ks mki u`evkrsf2 ifs jgolefs aïsejfs quk sk kstç` prfmujek`mf, y ki pfselik, y prflglik, sgitf mk `evki kvfiutevf k` ifs prúxeofs g÷fs pgrg gicu`gs pkrsf`gs. Ok mglg quk tfmf y tk`ïgvkreaejgr quk kstgr  jf`kjtgmf mk juk`tg gicu`gmk afrog, tk`ïgksf qukmklïg dglkrtk`kr mgtfssk`temf quk pumekrg y usgr pgrg gtgr jglfs y tk`ïg quk pf`kr k` su setef tfmfs ifs tkogs quk, g if igrcf mk kstfs g÷fs, dg` gpgrkjemf k` oe vemg. ]fmf, pgrg iikcgr g k`tk`mkr  quk veveofs k` u` ou`mf tftgiok`tk lgnf ki jf`trfi mk u` crupf mk k`temgmks mk u` `evki kvfiutevf quk `f pkrjeleofs, juygs ogref`ktgs dg` eopikok`tgmf u` sestkog mk jf`trfi k` ki pig`ktg quk `fs gsaexeg jgmg vkz oçs, pfrquk seopikok`tk sfofs rkjursfs lgrgtfs, prksje`meliks, y pfr  supukstf, gieok`tf k`krcåtejf. Xkrf mk tfmf ksf dgligrkofs igrcf y tk`memf k` igs prúxeogs pçce`gs.

Mgvem ]fpï

 

E`trfmujjeú`

Jug`mf ig pkiïjuig ]dk Ogtrex sk kstrk`ú k` ki g÷f 7555 y mef g jf`fjkr  u` ksjk`gref skcþ` ki jugi tfmfs `fsftrfs veverïgofs k` u`g prfykjjeú` dfifcrçaejg jrkgmg pgrg og`tk`kr u` sestkog mk jf`trfi sflrk igs pkrsf`gs, seopiks peigs mk k`krcïg pgrg u` ou`mf mfoe`gmf pfr oçque`gs, sfif u`fs jug`tfs sk pgrgrf` g pk`sgr quk gqukiif pfmïg skr gicf oçs quk u`g luk`g treifcïg mk Dfiiywffm. Xkrf, pfjf g pfjf, jf` ki pgsf mk ifs g÷fs, g igs kxpkrek`jegs k e`vkstecgjef`ks mk oujdfs mk ifscrgjegs quk kstç` k`puliejgjef`ks, ksg Ogtrex, ig jfsg rkgiok`tk pe`tg mk ftrg afrog. Kstgmïstejgok`tk, pfr purg ogtkoçtejg, k` u` ou`mf `frogi, cflkr`gmf  pfr ki ielrk gilkmrïf mk sus dgletg`tks, ifs sujksfs, gjjef`ks, setugjef`ks f kxpkrek`jegs quk sujkmk` y sk og`eaekstg` g `evki ciflgi mklkrïg` jfoprk`mkr gprfxeogmgok`tk u` je`juk`tg pfr jek`tf mk kvk`tfs pfsetevfs y u` je`juk`tg pfr jek`tf mk kvk`tfs `kcgtevfs. Ze pgrteårgofs mki supukstf mk quk igs pkrsf`gs tk`mkofs g ck`krgr y g trglgngr pgrg frece`gr kikok`tfs  pfsetevfs k` g`ukstrgs vemgs, pfmrïgofs quk e`mumglikok`tk rkpkrjuseú` `evki ciflgi, vever k` u`tk`mrïg` pig`ktg gicþ` k` ki tepf jugi mk ki sktk`tg u fjdk`tg pfr jek`tf mk igs jfsgs quk sujkmekrg` pfmrïg` ktequktgrsk jfof ’luk`gs‟. Ze` kolgrcf, jrkf quk kstgofs mk gjukrmf k` quk fjurrk oçs lek` tfmf if jf`trgref. Zkcþ` ki jek`tïaejf suezf Nkg`-Ngjquks Lglki, k` ifs þiteofs je`jf oei skesjek`tfs g÷fs ig duog`emgm dg iujdgmf k` jgtfrjk oei que`ek`tgs cukrrgs, y dg dglemf trks oei que`ek`tfs oeiif`ks mk oukrtfs k` kiigs (jgse ig oetgm mk ig pfligjeú` gjtugi). G pre`jepefs mk ifs g÷fs `fvk`tg, dglïg je`juk`tg y mfs cukrrgs y jf`aiejtfs k` ki pig`ktg, jf` jek`tf jugtrf emkfifcïgs meste`tgs fpf`eå`mfsk igs u`gs g igs ftrgs.

 

[`g mk igs rgzf`ks mk kstg setugjeú` ks suteiok`tk mkmujelik> k` gicþ` `evki, `ukstrg rkgiemgm y ksfs sujksfs pgrkjk` kstgr og`epuigmfs pgrg quk  prfvfquk` kxgjtgok`tk if jf`trgref mk if quk mk afrog `gturgi, g prefre, sujkmkrïg. Wukmg` e`jiuemgs igs tkfrïgs mk quk ig ogimgm ks e`dkrk`tk gi skr  duog`f, quk ks pfselik, quk sfofs u`g rgzg quk tek`mk gi jgfs, g ig gutfmkstrujjeú`, gi mk jf`aiejtf. Kstfy ks jfrrkjtf, pre`jepgiok`tk yg quk kstgofs pfigrezgmfs ksg og`krg, pfrquk ks pgrtk mk `ukstrg `gturgikzg, f ksf jrkkofs. Xkrf yf `f jf`fzjf g `gmek g quek` `f ik custk skr akiez y vever ielrk mk prflikogs f, pfr if ok`fs, ielrk mk prflikogs mk u`g ksjgig tg` k`frok quk `f pukmg sfiujef`gr mk `e`cu`g og`krg. G ksfs `evkiks, `f sk k`tek`mk ig setugjeú` mki pig`ktg se `f ks g trgvås mk gicu`g afrog mk mestfrseú` y og`epuigjeú`, jf`sjek`tk f e`jf`sjek`tk, mk ig mkrevg mk ig duog`emgm, jf` f se` u` ae` jf`jrktf. Ki prflikog ks quk, jug`mf u`f sk prkcu`tg mk mú`mk vek`k kstg depftåtejg og`epuigjeú`, k` tåroe`fs ogjrf sfjegiks, ogjrf kjf`úoejfs y ogjrf k`krcåtejfs, jug`mf kopekzgs g e`mgcgr, kxjgvgr, sfrtkgr y meckrer  e`afrogjeú`, g skpgrgr jgmg pkquk÷f trfzf mk vkrmgm mk oeiks mk trfzfs mk mkse`afrogjeú` f e`afrogjeú` jf`trgmejtfreg, mkskolfjgs e`kxfrglikok`tk k` tkfrïgs, depútkses y supukstfs sflrk jf`spergjef`ks, crupfs mk og`epuigjeú` skjrktfs (y `f tg` skjrktfs), `evkiks mk jf`jek`jeg supkrefrks, ftrgs meok`sef`ks, k`temgmks mk ftrf tepf y ftrfs pig`fs arkjuk`jegiks, ktj. U jigrf, gquï ks mkjeseú` mk jgmg u`f mú`mk pf`kr ki iïoetk mk if quk sk quekrk f sk ks jgpgz mk jrkkr. Ig mespgremgm k`trk if quk igs pkrsf`gs k` ck`krgi pkrjeleofs jfof rkgi y igs vkrmgmkrgs meok`sef`ks mk ksg rkgiemgm ks e`jrkïlik. Ks tg` e`jrkïlik quk oujdfs lifqukfs ok`tgiks, e``gtfs k` igs pkrsf`gs, sk gjtevg` jug`mf sf` kxpukstgs g kstk tepf mk e`afrogjeú` y, sk`jeiigok`tk, sk oerg pgrg ftrf igmf, pfrquk sk sek`tk quk `f sk pukmk dgjkr `gmg jug`mf ig kstrujturg mk `ukstrg rkgiemgm, tgi y jfof jrkïgofs quk krg, sk vk gok`gzgmg y mk rkpk`tk sk mksofrf`g. Ug Ug quk `gmg ks rkgiok`tk jfof pk`sçlgofs pk `sçlgofs quk krg. Lçsejgok`tk ig pfligjeú` duog`g dg semf cuegmg jekcgok`tk pfr u` se`aï` mk agisfs jgoe`fs, y og`epuigmg skcþ` jekrtfs e`tkrksks y gck`mgs, oujdgs vkjks jf`trgmejtfrefs, k`trk vgrefs crupfs, quk dg` prfvfjgmf tfmf

 

tepf mk gjf`tkjeoek`tfs jf` `kagstgs jf`skjuk`jegs pgrg ki crupf tkúrejgok`tk oçs arçcei> ig ogsg ck`krgi mk ig pfligjeú`. Ig e`afrogjeú` kstç tg` jfopgrteok`tgmg, y dg semf tg` og`epuigmg y ksjf`memg, quk if quk u`f jrkk quk sglk `f ks se`f u`g argjjeú` mk if quk sglk` gqukiifs quk skmkik`juk`trg` k`dkjdf, u` ksjgiú` supkrefr k` destfregmfrg ifs jïrjuifs y kstrujturgs mk pfmkr pig`ktg. Mk ig e`vkstecgmfrg, ksjretfrg Igurg B`ecdt ksjreleú u`g vkz quk if quk u`g pkrsf`g `frogi sglk gi sgier tg` rejgok`tk jf` su tïtuif u`evkrsetgref lgnf ki lrgzf `f ks se`f u` 8,8< pfr jek`tf mk if quk k` rkgiemgm sglk` gqukiifs quk kstç` k` igs  pfsejef`ks mk pfmkr oçs gitgs k` kstk pig`ktg, ifs quk jf`trfig` ki nukcf k` ki quk kstgofs oktemfs. Ze yg `fs jukstg gjkptgr quk u` crupf mk pfiïtejfs sk rkþ`g pgrg jrkgr  u`g cukrrg pfr oftevfs kjf`úoejfs f ckfpfiïtejfs, ¶júof `f `fs vgofs g rksester g gjkptgr quk dgy k`temgmks mk ftrfs iucgrks quk `fs trgtg` jfof kikok`tfs prksje`meliks, sunktfs pgrg kxpkreok`tgr, pkf`ks k` u` tglikrf quk og`kng` g su g`tfnf k e`jiusf jfof jfoemg6 Xgrtk mk kstk prfjksf mk suprkseú` mk ig e`afrogjeú` kstç mesk÷gmf pgrg og`tk`kr kstgs kstrujturgs mk pfmkr sflrk igs quk dgligrkofs oçs gmkig`tk,  pgrg `kcgr ig kxestk`jeg mk `evkiks aukrg mk gqukiifs pkrjkpteliks pfr ki duog`f okmef, kspkjegiok`tk k` if quk jf`jekr`k g ig e`tkrgjjeú` y suoeseú` g ftrgs rgzgs faa-pig`kt  murg`tk  murg`tk oeik`efs. Glrersk g kstfs ftrfs `evkiks mk rkgiemgm `f kstç gi gijg`jk mk tfmf ki ou`mf. Ks oçs, `fmkpk`mek`mf tfmf ki ou`mf `e mklk kvfiutevfs dgjkrif. Ug pgrg sk k`jgrcgrç `ukstrf mkste`f, mkquekrk ifs pig`ks `ukstrg k`jgr`gjeú`, mk gjkrjgr`fs g ig e`afrogjeú`, glrer`fs ig pukrtg g jekrtgs rkgiemgmks f jkrrgr ki jg`mgmf g jgi y jg`tf pgrg quk `f `fs k`tkrkofs mk tfmf kstf y kvetgr gsï quk supf`cg u` prflikog k` gicþ` sk`temf. If quk ks oçs eopfrtg`tk gþ` ks quk quek` quekrg f `kjksetk mgrsk juk`tg yg if dgrç y quek` quekrg og`tk`kr ifs fnfs jkrrgmfs tek`k tfmf ki mkrkjdf mk dgjkrif. Ze mk ifs sektk oei que`ek`tfs oeiif`ks mk pkrsf`gs, u`g crg` ogyfrïg `f tek`k` oçs e`tkrås quk ki mk mesarutgr mk ig rkgiemgm ogtkregi y aïsejg k` ig quk sk k`juk`trg` ¶pk`sçes quk ifs `evkiks supkrefrks

 

mk kstg kstrujturg mk pfmkr tek`k` oujdgs meaejuitgmks pgrg og`tk`kr g ig crg` ogsg mk ig duog`emgm lgnf jf`trfi6 Gqukiifs quk sf` jf`sjek`tks mk quk tfmf kstf pgrkjk oçs u` jerjf quk ftrg jfsg secuk` jrkjek`mf k` `þokrf, y sk kopekzg g dgjkr oujdf ruemf  pgrg `ftgr gXkrf ifs mkmeaïjeiok`tk grrelg quk ifs mk glgnf sk kopekzg` g jg`sgr mk tg`tgdgjkriks og`epuigjeú`. pfmrç ki sestkog gjtugi mkrruolgrsk oek`trgs `f sk prfmuzjg u` jgolef mk pgrgmecog y setugjeú` tftgi. Xgrg jf`skcuerif, ks `kjksgref quk ifs quk kstgofs gquï jf`secgofs k`mkrkzgr, jgolegr f gtk`ugr ifs sujksfs quk `fs kspkrg`. Xgrg kiif dkofs mk skcuer k` ig sk`mg pfr ig quk kstgofs trg`setg`mf k` kstfs ofok`tfs. K` ig pkiïjuig, Ofrakf ik mejk g @kf quk  Ogtrex  ks ’ki ou`mf quk auk  pig`tgmf g`tk sus fnfs pgrg ksjf`mkrik ig vkrmgm R…_ y oek`trgs kxestg Ogtrex , ig duog`emgm `f pukmk skr ielrk‟.

Xuks lek`, quezç vg sek`mf dfrg mk kopkzgr g mksof`tgrig.

 

Xreokrg pgrtk> ki sestkog mk vemg k` ig ]ekrrg

 

[` suk÷f pgrg skr ielrk

Dgjk tekopf quk vk`cf prgjtejg`mf meakrk`tks tåj`ejgs mk okmetgjeú` quk dk gprk`memf g if igrcf mk ifs g÷fs, y u`f mk ifs knkrjejefs quk oçs ok custg` servk lçsejgok`tk pgrg k`jf`trgr rkspukstgs g prflikogs f  prkcu`tgs2 rkspukstgs quk k` u` kstgmf `frogi mk jf`jek`jeg `f sk gijg`zg`, puks rkquekrk` jf`kjtgr jf` ki suljf`sjek`tk, ki e`jf`sjek`tk jfikjtevf f ki prfpef Uf Zupkrefr. K` u`gkspkjïaejf mk igs sksef`ks mk prçjtejg, pukstf quk `fmkskafrog ok fjurrïg `e`cþ`  prflikog quk pig`tkgr, mkjemï prkcu`tgr ck`krgi juçi krg ig e`afrogjeú` oçs eopfrtg`tk quk `kjksetglg jf`fjkr k` ksk ofok`tf. Murg`tk ig skseú` `f sujkmeú `gmg k` pgrtejuigr, pkrf u`gs pfjgs dfrgs mkspuås, gi erok g mfroer, tuvk u` suk÷f iþjemf pgrtejuigrok`tk vevf. K` ksk suk÷f ok k`jf`trglg jf` ftrgs mfs pkrsf`gs ouy jkrjg`gs g oï k` u`g kspkjek mk lgsk sultkrrç`kg kxtrkogmgok`tk crg`mk, u`g kspkjek mk ogjrf ceo`gsef jf` jek`tfs mk beiúoktrfs mk igrcf, iik`f mk meakrk`tks kspgjefs pkrf se` skpgrgjef`ks k`trk kiifs. Dglïg oeiif`ks mk pkrsf`gs dgjek`mf knkrjejef vecfrfsgok`tk, trglgng`mf murf y sumg`mf g rgumgiks.  @gmek kstglg kspkjegiok`tk jf`tk`tf jf` ksg gjtevemgm, pfrquk  pkrjelïg` quk krg` jf`trfigmfs pfr u`gs pfjgs pkrsf`gs (quk `f pumk vkr,  pkrf quk pumk `ftgr). Igs pkrsf`gs quk dgjïg` mkpfrtk (puks kstçlgofs k` u` ceo`gsef) mk jug`mf k` jug`mf jfcïg` u`g lftkiig vgjïg quk tk`ïg` jkrjg, ig iik`glg` jf` su k`krcïg y sk ig pgsglg` g ifs jf`trfigmfrks . ]fmf if quk vkïg k` ki suk÷f krg lig`jf purf, uitrg ieopef, y rkjukrmf quk ok sfrprk`mïg oujdf `f vkr `e`cu`g kspkjek mk lgrrkrg f skpgrgjeú` k`trk igs meakrk`tks zf`gs (pfr knkopif, k`trk gqukiifs quk usglg` lejejiktgs

 

kstçtejgs y ifs quk ikvg`tglg` pksgs k` ig skjjeú` mk gi igmf). U sglïg quk tfmf krg agisf. Årgofs ksjigvfs, `fs kxpiftglg` pgrg kxtrgkr`fs ig k`krcïg. Gicuek` ok menf k` ki suk÷f quk krg ouy meaïjei sflrkiikvgr ksk jf`fjeoek`tf, y quk krg oknfr quk ok dejekrg g ig emkg mk quk `f elg g skr  açjei trg`soeter gicf gsï, se ks quk mkskglg dgjkrif. Oes goecfs y yf `f dgjïgofs `e`cþ` mkpfrtk, se`f quk trgtçlgofs mk k`jf`trgr u`g afrog mk ksjgpgr mk gqukiif. @fs ksjf`mïgofs y pgsçlgofs mk u`g zf`g g ftrg prfjurg`mf `f skr vestfs pfr ifs jf`trfigmfrks. K`jf`trgofs u`gs k`froks ksjgikrgs quk gsjk`mïg`. Mk `ukvf, tfmf krg  lig`jf, tftgiok`tk puiemf, ieopef, rgmeg`tk. @gmek jf`trfiglg ksg sgiemg, jfof se `f aukrg `kjksgref. Ks mkjer, sk pfmïg sgier, `gmg if eopkmïg. Gsï quk kopkjå g jfrrkr, kopunå g oes goecfs y aueofs dgjeg ig ksjgikrg. Xkrf, mk rkpk`tk, u`g mk igs pkrsf`gs quk ok gjfopg÷glg quesf jgolegrsk mk rfpg (jfsgs quk pgsg` k` ifs suk÷fs) pgrg kstgr oçs júofmg. Oek`trgs `fs gjkrjçlgofs g igs ksjgikrgs, veofs u`g sgietg mk tkikveseú` jf` mfs lg÷fs, jigrgok`tk ogrjgmfs pgrg dfolrks y ounkrks. Mkjk`gs mk  pkrsf`gs oerglg` ig tkikveseú`, oek`trgs dgjïg` u`g pgusg pgrg mksjg`sgr  mki mkpfrtk. K`tf`jks k`tk`mï quk ksg krg ig rgzú` pfr ig quk `gmek ksjgpglg> ig tkikveseú` ifs og`tk`ïg g tfmfs k` u` `evki mk jf`jek`jeg k` ki jugi `e sequekrg sk mglg` juk`tg mk quk kxestïg ig pfseleiemgm mk jfrrkr pgrg sgier mk giiï. ]goleå` ok me juk`tg mk quk ifs lg÷fs tg` jigrgok`tk sk÷gigmfs skrvïg` pgrg dgjkr`fs jrkkr quk kstçlgofs skpgrgmfs ifs u`fs mk ifs ftrfs. If luk`f krg quk sk pfmïg sgier mk giiï. If ogif krg quk `gmek if sglïg. K`tf`jks mkspkrtå y ok pusk rçpemgok`tk g ksjreler if quk dglïg sf÷gmf  pgrg `f pkrmkr mktgiik.

 

Oe e`tkrprktgjeú` pkrsf`gi

Jug`mf jfok`tå ki suk÷f jf` igs mfs pkrsf`gs quk sgiïg` k` åi, golgs if e`tkrprktgrf` mk og`krg seoeigr, if jugi ok dezf pk`sgr quk quezç `f aukrg tg` meaïjei trg`soeter ki ok`sgnk quk eopiejglg (y quk yf gi ok`fs, gi mkspkrtgr, tuvk ouy jigrf)>   Ig crg` ogyfrïg mk ifs duog`fs veveofs jfof lfrrkcfs se` sglkrif, flkmkjek`mf úrmk`ks suteiks, cflekr`fs, quk jgse `flg`jfs, pgrkjk`ktj. úrmk`ks, u`fs pfjfs jf`trfigmfrks > koprksgs, @gmek mk tk gpu`tg jf` u`g pestfig y tk fliecg g dgjkr `gmg, se`f quk sk dgjk jf` ikyks, fliecgjef`ks, g vkjks mesargzgmgs mk mkrkjdfs, quk sekoprk sk  prksk`tg` jfof luk`gs l uk`gs y `kjksgregs, y quk q uk g vkjks if sf` sf`,, jfof pgrtk mki k`tk`meoek`tf quk tfmfs `kjksetgofs pgrg vever nu`tfs, pkrf quk oujdgs vkjks rkstre`ck`, fliecg`, jf`trfig` y ieoetg`. Igs mejtg` igs åietks mk`trf mk igs åietks, frcg`ezgmgs mk afrog pergoemgi y/f jerjuigr. K` if oçs gitf, sfif u`fs pfjfs, ouy pfjfs, tek`k` ki jf`trfi sflrk tfmfs ifs mkoçs. Ifs `evkiks okmefs mk ig perçoemk, quk tgoleå` jrkk` quk tek`k` jekrtf jf`trfi, kstç` g su vkz og`epuigmfs pfr ifs mk oçs grrelg. Qeveofs suoemfs k` u` ou`mf k` ki jugi sk `fs og`tek`k gtf`tgmfs pgrg quk `f skg mkogsegmf meaïjei jf`trfigr`fs. Ifs okmefs  pgrg ifcrgrif sf` ig tkikveseú` k` preokr iucgr, pkrf tgoleå` ig påseog kmujgjeú` quk sk rkjelk pfr ifs jg`giks faejegiks, ig puliejemgm, ki jf`suoesof ogsevf, igs igrcgs dfrgs mk trglgnf pgrg cg`gr`fs ki pg`, ktj. Zk `fs og`tek`k k` u` kstgmf mk oekmf y prkfjupgjeú` jf`stg`tk> gtk`tgmfs prkpgrgmfs pfr ifs oesofs quk prfpf`k` igs sfiujef`ks pgrg kvetgrifs, pg`mkoegs y k`akrokmgmks jrkgmgs k` iglfrgtfrefs y kspgrjemgs pfr ki pig`ktg, cukrrgs y jf`aiejtfs k` ifs jugiks golfs

 

 lg`mfs kstç` ae`g`jegmfs y og`epuigmfs pfr igs oesogs pkrsf`gs. Zekoprk, gmkoçs, mksmk u`g pkrspkjtevg quk `fs dgjk sk`ter  eopftk`tks, se` pfmkr pgrg sfiujef`gr `gmg, yg quk sk `fs e`mujk g jrkkr quk `f tk`kofs `e`cþ` jf`trfi sflrk ksfs prflikogs y mklkofs jf`aegr k` `ukstrfs mereck`tks pgrg quk tfok` igs okmemgs `kjksgregs. dgjkqukjrkkr quk kstgofs sfofs k`koecfs u`fsZkmk`fs ftrfs, ig mkrkjdg rgmejgi mevememfs, sk fpf`k gquk ig ezquekrmg rgmejgi, jug`mf ifs quk dg` jrkgmf golfs sestkogs sf` ifs oesofs crupfs quk oukvk` ifs deifs y ae`g`jeg` golgs pgrtks. Zk dgjk å`agses k` ig skpgrgjeú` mk ig ck`tk. Zk e`vekrtk k` k`krcïg y rkjursfs k` tfmf gqukiif quk mevemg g igs pkrsf`gs, y `u`jg k` if quk `fs u`k. Zk `fs kxpiftg kjf`úoejgok`tk, g trgvås mk tfmf tepf mk grteog÷gs. Zk jrkg` ok`tergs g ksjgigs pig`ktgregs pgrg jrkgr eopukstfs y suler tgsgs. Zk jrkg` jreses kjf`úoejgs pgrg quk ig ck`tk `f tk`cg ftrg prkfjupgjeú` oçs quk su depftkjg, su trglgnf y sus pfjgs  pfsksef`ks. Zk jrkg` tfmgs ksgs mestrgjjef`ks, y oujdgs oçs, pgrg quk `f  prkstkofs gtk`jeú` g ftrgs jfsgs tgoleå` ouy eopfrtg`tks, sflrk igs jugiks ksgs åietks `f tek`k` jf`trfi> ifs jgolefs k` ki pig`ktg.  @fs afok`tg` quk lusqukofs ig sfiujeú` g tfmf aukrg, quk `fs og`tk`cgofs skpgrgmfs if oçxeof pfselik mk if quk iikvgofs mk`trf, quk `f ks `gmg oçs `e `gmg ok`fs quk ki pfmkr mk skr if quk qukrgofs, jug`mf qukrgofs y jfof qukrgofs. Ksk pfmkr `fs iikvgrïg merkjtgok`tk g ig akiejemgm, y mkstruerïg pfr jfopiktf ki jf`trfi quk knkrjk` sflrk `fsftrfs gqukiifs quk `fs og`epuig`. Mf`mk dgy jf`sjek`jeg, `f kxestk afrog mk jf`trfi quk pukmg jf` kiig. Ki prflikog ks quk `f sglkofs `gmg mk kstf þiteof f, oçs lek`, quk ik  pf`kofs ktequktgs g kstk jf`fjeoek`tf, jfof ofveoek`tf ’`ukvg krg‟ f ’mkspkrtgr duog`f‟, ktj., jfof se aukrg gicf `ukvf, rkjeå` mksjulekrtf f rkjeå` e`stgurgmf. Xkrf kstk pftk`jegi sekoprk dg kstgmf gdï, `f ks `ukvf, gu`quk skr jf`sjek`tk mk åi pgrg pfmkr mksjf`kjtgr mki tfmf mk ig  Ogtrex rkquekrk jf`fjkr oujdgs jfsgs sflrk ki sestkog mk vemg k` `ukstrf pig`ktg.  @f så se pk`sçes p k`sçes if oesof quk yf, f se pfr if ok`fs tk`åes ig sfspkjdg mk quk gicf rkgiok`tk `f vg lek` y quk kstgs jfsgs quk fs juk`tf pukmk`, quezç pukmk`, quk skg` rkgiks. @f tfmf ki ou`mf tek`k ksg sk`sgjeú`, y `f

 

tfmfs ifs quk ig tek`k` jrkk` quk rkgiok`tk skg gsï pfrquk gsï kstç mesk÷gmf. Xkrf ig juksteú` ks quk dgy gicf quk `f jugmrg k` ki ou`mf k` ki quk veveofs, y sfif jug`mf `fs mktk`kofs g pk`sgr k` kiif `fs mgofs juk`tg mk quk, gi ok`fs, dgy quk trgtgr mk k`tk`mkrif pgrg sglkr júof dkofs iikcgmf g kstg setugjeú` y vkr se sk pukmk dgjkr gicf pgrg jgolegrig. Gsï quk, skg f `f quky tfmf if g`tkrefrmkikstç jgusgmf pfr u`g jekrtg mk ifs jekrtf kvk`tfs ifs dgletg`tks pig`ktg, ig prkcu`tg ks se`og`epuigjeú` mumg ig oesog> ¶pfr quå6 ¶Xfr quå tg`tf kopk÷f, tg`tgs grteog÷gs, tg`tgs ok`tergs, tg`tg mkse`afrogjeú`, tg`tg fjuitgjeú` mk sujksfs, tg`tgs og`epuigjef`ks y tg`tf trglgnf pgrg jf`trfigr ki lgrjf k` ki quk vegngofs6 ¶Júof sk dg` jrkgmf tfmgs ksgs kstrujturgs, mestrgjjef`ks y sestkogs6 ¶Xgrg quå6 Ig rkspukstg tek`k pe`tg mk er k` ig merkjjeú` mk quk mk kstg afrog `f prkstgofs gtk`jeú` g ftrgs jfsgs tgoleå` ouy eopfrtg`tks, quk erkofs vek`mf g if igrcf mki ielrf. Xkrf `f `fs gmkig`tkofs.

 

Ig vemg jfof u` nukcf ouy sfaestejgmf

¶Júof dkofs iikcgmf g kstg setugjeú` k` ig jugi, jug`mf `f ks u`g cukrrg, tk`kofs u`g jreses kjf`úoejg, u`g pg`mkoeg ou`megi u ftrfs kvk`tfs pfr ki ksteif quk glsfiutgok`tk `e`cu`f mk `fsftrfs dg mkskgmf f  pig`kgmf, y juyg jgusg, prkcu`tks g quek` prkcu`tks, kstç ks tç sekoprk k` ig ftrg  pu`tg mki ciflf6 ¶Juçi ks ki freck` mk tfmf kstf6 ¶Júof ks pfselik quk u` mekz pfr jek`tf, g if suof, mk ig pfligjeú`, jf`trfik ki `fvk`tg pfr jek`tf mk ifs rkjursfs mki pig`ktg6 Ig rkspukstg g kstgs prkcu`tgs ks tg` jfopikng quk pfmrïgofs iik`gr vfiþok`ks trgtg`mf mk glgrjgr tfmf ki kspkjtrf mk e`afrogjeú` quk `fs gyumk g k`tk`mkr ki jgoe`f rkjfrremf dgstg k`jf`trgr`fs jf` kstk ou`mf quk vkofs g`tk `ukstrfs fnfs (se qukrkofs) jgmg og÷g`g. Gsï quk kopkjkofs pfr if lçsejf. Ig vemg ks jfof u` nukcf ouy sfaestejgmf, trkok`mgok`tk jfopiknf, jf` oeiif`ks mk jfopf`k`tks, pekzgs y gjjksfrefs. U se `f if jfoprk`mkofs oï`eogok`tk, `f dgy afrog mk gprk`mkr g nucgr jf` igs rkcigs eopukstgs pfr ifs quk sï if jfoprk`mk` (y if ckstef`g`).

 

 Ifs nucgmfrks

K` ki suk÷f quk tuvk ifs skrks duog`fs kstçlgofs sumg`mf ig cftg cfrmg  pgrg prfvkkr mk k`krcïg g u`g skrek mk jf`trfigmfrks. ¶Xfr quå `fsftrfs6 ¶Wueå`ks sfofs quk tk`kofs ki mumfsf lk`kaejef mk skr gicf gsï jfof u` ’ck`krgmfr kiåjtrejf‟ pgrg gicf quk `f vkofs, pkrf quk pgrkjk quk kstç gdï se` pfmkr dgjkr `gmg pgrg kvetgrif6 Zfofs skrks duog`fs. ¶Xkrf quå sfofs ifs skrks duog`fs6 Ig afrog oçs seopik mk kxprksgrif skrïg mkjer quk sfofs u` jfopiknf ouitemeok`sef`gi, quk tek`kpukmg meakrk`tks dgjk` quk ki jf`nu`tf mki skr duog`f tk`kr’jfopf`k`tks‟ u`g pgrtk k` quk pig`fs y `evkiks kvfiutevfs aukrg mki pig`f aïsejf, y ftrgs pgrtks ’k`jgr`gmgs‟ y k` meakrk`tks `evkiks mk kxestk`jeg. Ig pgrtk oçs ksk`jegi mk gqukiif quk sfofs, quk pfmkofs iigogr ki `þjikf, pgrtïjuig meve`g f oú`gmg, ks if quk mkae`k `ukstrf freck`, y quk sfikofs mk`foe`gr jfof ig jf`kxeú` jf` ki ]FMF, ig A[K@]K, ki Glsfiutf, ktj. \kprksk`tg g ig k`krcïg jf`sjek`tk mk ig Jrkgjeú`, y ’k`igjk‟ jf` ig kstrujturg mk tfmf skr jf`sjek`tk mk`trf mk ig oesog g trgvås mk vúrtejks y jf`kxef`ks k`krcåtejgs k` tfmfs y jgmg u`f mk `fsftrfs, mftg`mf g ig kstrujturg ckstef`gmg pfr ki Uf Zupkrefr mk ig pfseleiemgm mk usgr  meakrk`tks jfopf`k`tks, jgpgs y jukrpfs, tgiks jfof ki sestkog k`krcåtejf, ki giog y ki kspïretu jfof vkdïjuifs e`tkrokmefs mk k`igjk, mk`trf mk u` jukrpf frcç`ejf, aïsejf, k` seolefses pkrakjtg. Gsï quk, e`ejegiok`tk, pfmrïgofs mkjer quk pfskkofs u`g pgrtïjuig mk k`krcïg jf`sjek`tk quk dg `gjemf mk ig A[K@]K, quk afrog pgrtk mk u` jf`nu`tf ogyfr gi jugi pkrtk`kjkofs, y kstk jf`nu`tf kstç rkcemf pfr ig  pgrtk quk iigogofs ki  skr  f   f ki Uf Zupkrefr. Kstg pgrtk mki skr duog`f ks ig quk k`igzg f k`jgr`g k` meakrk`tks jukrpfs, vemgs y k`jgr`gjef`ks, pgrg kxpkreok`tgr, gprk`mkr y jrkjkr. jrkjkr.

 

Xfr ftrf igmf, dgligofs mk quk ki skr quk sfofs, g `evki mk `ukstrf Uf Zupkrefr, `kjksetg jrkjkr y rkjfckr kxpkrek`jegs, gu`quk `kjksetgr `f ks u` vkrlf jfrrkjtf. @f sk `kjksetg `gmg. Xkrf sk mkskg kxpkreok`tgr, sk mkskg jf`fjkr y sk mkskg jrkjkr. Ks u`g aukrzg e``gtg k` tfmg ig Jrkgjeú` y  prksk`tk k` tfmfs `fsftrfs ki gvg`zgr dgjeg gicf supkrefr. supkrefr. Gsï quk, pgrg kxpkreok`tgr jf`fjkr ig Jrkgjeú`, ki Uf sk prfykjtg tg`tgs ’kxestk`jegs‟ yjfof jf`semkrk `kjksgref, k`Zupkrefr tg`tfs pig`fs mk ig k` Jrkgjeú` jfof su jurefsemgm y pftk`jegi gjtugi ik pkroetg, usg`mf meakrk`tks jgpgs y kstrujturgs pgrg pfmkr e`tkrgjtugr jf` ifs meakrk`tks pig`fs y `evkiks mki  pig`ktg mf`mk `fs k`jf`trgofs. Xgrg tfmf, usg oþitepiks jfopf`k`tks quk vkrkofs oçs jigrf jf` ki ksqukog secuek`tk>

 

 

 

 

 

Mk kstg og`krg, jf` kstg kstrujturg, ’gqukiif quk sfofs‟ pukmk fltk`kr  ifs jfopf`k`tks quk `fs pkroetk` tk`kr y mesarutgr mk jgmg kxestk`jeg tkrrk`gi, trglgng`mf k` tfmfs ifs pig`fs mki pig`ktg mf`mk k`jgr`gofs, y  pfskyk`mf tfmfs ifs rkjursfs `kjksgrefs pgrg kiif.

 

 Au`jeú` y pfsejeú` mki Uf Uf Zupkrefr 

Qfivgofs k`tf`jks g ig pgrtk `ukstrg oçs ’kikvgmg‟ y quk ckstef`g tfmf ki jf`nu`tf quk gjglgofs mk kxpiejgr. Jfof vkrkofs iukcf, tfmg ig kstrujturg mk ig Jrkgjeú` kstç mevememg k` `evkiks kvfiutevfs2 dgy quek` ifs iigog meok`sef`ks, mk`semgmks, pig`fs arkjuk`jegiks, lg`mgs mk k`krcïg, ktj. Kstfs `evkiks kvfiutevfs kstç` frmk`gmfs y jrkgmfs pfr ’fjtgvgs‟, crupfs mk sektk `evkiks. @fsftrfs, ki jfopk`mef ’aïsejf‟, kofjef`gi, ok`tgi, ksperetugi, ktj., jf` ki quk `fs emk`teaejgofs jug`mf dgligofs mk u` skr ofok`tfsquk pre`jepgiok`tk igs preokrgs trks duog`f, lg`mgs kxesteofs f pig`fs k` mk kstfs ig kstrujturg tek`k `ukstrfk` pig`ktg (`fs ofvkofs k`trk ki pig`f aïsejf y ki pig`f ok`tgi, sek`mf, ki pig`f jgusgi, ig  pgrtk gitg mki ok`jef`gmf pig`f ok`tgi).  @ukstrf Uf Zupkrefr sk setþg aukrg mk kstfs pig`fs, mk dkjdf ks gmeok`sef`gi, ks mkjer, quk mk`trf mk ig kstrujturg kvfiutevg mk ig Jrkgjeú`, sk pfmrïg setugr k` u`g mk igs lg`mgs oçs gitgs, arkjuk`jegiok`tk dglig`mf, mk ig oesog, pkrf se` meok`sef`ks kspgjef-tkopfrgiks jfof igs quk afrog`  pgrtk mk ig kstrujturg mk `ukstrg rkgiemgm quk if mkae`g`, mksmk mf`mk sk  pukmk of`etfrezgr g tfmgs igs pgrtks k`jgr`gmgs k` jugiquekr setef. ¶Juçi ks k`tf`jks ig au`jeú` mk kstk Uf Uf Zupkrefr dgjeg ig pkrsf`giemgm y ki giog6 Ig mk ’jffrme`gjeú`‟ y ’supkrveseú`‟, k` tfmfs ifs sk`temfs, pkrf se` `e`cu`g e`trfoeseú` k` ki ielrk gilkmrïf mk if quk pfmrïgofs iigogr ’su  pgrtk k`jgr`gmg k` ki pig`f aïsejf‟, ks mkjer, `fsftrfs, ig pkrsf`giemgm quk gdfrg kstç ikyk`mf kstf. Xgrg `fsftrfs, y k` if quk murg tfmg `ukstrg k`jgr`gjeú`, ki Uf Zupkrefr `f ks se`f ig pgrtk mk u`f oesof quk sk og`tek`k ’kstçtejgok`tk‟ k` u` pig`f supkrefr, mksmk ki jugi pukmk supkrvesgr y gyumgr`fs g if igrcf mk tfmf `ukstrf pkrepif kvfiutevf.

 

 Giog, kspïretu, oú`gmg

K` ifs pçrrgafs g`tkrefrks dkofs dkjdf ok`jeú` g ig oú`gmg, jfof u`g  pgrtk mk ig Auk`tk quk `fs `f s jf`kjtg g tfmfs `fsftrfs jf` jf ` ig ’Jrkgjeú`‟, y gi Uf Zupkrefr, quek` pukmk prfykjtgrsk dgjeg ki pig`f aïsejf pgrg tk`kr u`g kxestk`jeg jfof skr duog`f g trgvås mk u`g skrek mk jfopf`k`tks y kstrujturgs k`krcåtejgs. Zflrk kstfs vkdïjuifs e`tkrokmefs, u`g jfsg ouy eopfrtg`tk quk tk`kofs quk k`tk`mkr sf` igs au`jef`ks quk pfskk` y juçi ks su rfi pgrg ki luk` au`jef`goek`tf mki jf`nu`tf. ecugi quk petgcúrejgs ifs ogygs, ifs kcepjefs yigftrgs juiturgs-jfof y iï`kgs igs Gi k`sk÷g`zgs meste`cuïg` ’ksk`jeg‟ ig ksftårejgs, oú`gmg f `þjikf jk`trgi mk if quk sfofs, afrog`mf pgrtk mk ig k`krcïg mki ]fmf y mk ig Jrkgjeú`- mki Uf Zupkrefr, mk ig pkrsf`giemgm, mki giog, y mki kspïretu, jfof ifs trgnks quk `fs pkroetk` e`tkrgjtugr jf` ki jukrpf aïsejf. Ks mkjer, ki jf`fjeoek`tf mk ig kstrujturg mki skr duog`f ks gicf g`jkstrgi quk sk  pekrmk k` igs rgïjks mki freck` mk `ukstrg kspkjek.

 

 Giog jfof k`igjk k`trk k`trk ki Uf Uf Zupkrefr y ig  pkrsf`giemgm y ig kstrujturg mk jukrpfs suteiks

K` ig jfopfsejeú` quk afrog if quk iigogofs skr duog`f, ki giog ks u` jukrpf mk k`igjk gutfjf`sjek`tk k`trk ki Uf Zupkrefr y ig pkrsf`giemgm, ks mkjer, quk gqukiif jf` if quk `fs sfikofs emk`teaejgr jug`mf dgligofs mki  pkrefmf ’k`trk vemgs‟ ks u` jukrpf k`krcåtejf quk `fs mftg mk ig jf`sjek`jeg pgrg pfmkr merecer y ckstef`gr u` jukrpf aïsejf y ogtkregi, cuegmfs y gpfygmfs gpfygmf s pfr ki `evki mki skr f Uf Zupkrefr. Gsï, ki giog jf`trfig tfmfs ifs jukrpfs e`akrefrks, ifs mereck, ifs k`vukivk, y ks ig pgrtk mki skr duog`f quk, k`trk k`jgr`gjef`ks, `fs mg jf`te`uemgm mk kxestk`jeg oek`trgs pkrog`kjkofs jfof pgrtk mki k`trgogmf mk ig vemg k` ki pig`ktg ]ekrrg. Ki sestkog k`krcåtejf quk mklkrïg skr ckstef`gmf pfr ki giog jf`tek`k ig  pgrtk mk pkrsf`giemgm, ig kstrujturg y au`jef`ks k`krcåtejgs, ki jgrçjtkr, jfopfrtgoek`tf y jgrgjtkrïstejgs jfof pkrsf`gs quk tk`kofs, y kstç afrogmf pfr ig suog f k`vfitfref mk ifs jukrpfs k`krcåtejfs e`akrefrks (jgusgi, ok`tgi, kofjef`gi y ktårejf), jf`stetuemg pfr ig ogtkreg mk ifs  pig`fs mk ifs oesofs `folrks. Gsï, ifs jukrpfs e`akrefrks sk jf`semkrg` k`vfiturgs quk ki giog y ki Uf Zupkrefr uteiezg` jfof okrfs vkdïjuifs y quk, jfikjtevgok`tk, jfopf`k` if quk jf`tek`k `ukstrg pkrsf`giemgm y kstrujturg k`krcåtejg lçsejg.

 

Jukrpfs supkrefr supkrefrks ks

Xfr ftrf igmf, jfof dglåes vestf k` ki ksqukog, dkofs mejdf quk kxestk` jukrpfs supkrefrks pkrf quk `f afrog` pgrtk mki pgquktk quk vek`k ’mk skrek‟ k` tfmfs y jgmg u`f mk `fsftrfs gi `gjkr. Kstç` afrogmfs pfr ogtkreg mk ifs pig`fs supkrefrks (lþmejf, çtoejf, of`çmejf, k` gicu`gs mk igs `fok`jigturgs oçs jf`fjemgs y sf` iigogmfs ki jukrpf kofjef`gi supkrefr, ki jukrpf e`tkikjtugi supkrefr y ki jukrpf ksperetugi supkrefr), gu`quk sf` e`kxestk`tks k` ig ogyfrïg mk pkrsf`gs. Ig rgzú` mk quk `f kstå` prksk`tks ks quk kstfs jukrpfs supkrefrks sk mksgrrfiig` g okmemg quk u`f vg jrkjek`mf y kvfiujef`g`mf, gsï quk dgy pkrsf`gs quk `f tek`k` `e`cu`f, (pfjgs) pkrsf`gs quk sï ifs tek`k`, pkrsf`gs quk sfif pfskk` u`f f kstç k` afrogjeú`, ktj. Kstgs kstrujturgs mk frmk` supkrefr sk ’cg`g`‟ y gpgrkjk` jf` ki mksgrrfiif kvfiutevf y ksperetugi mk ig pkrsf`g y su crgmf mk jrestgiezgjeú` mkpk`mk mki trglgnf e`tkrefr rkgiezgmf pfr kstg. Xfr kstk oftevf, tfmf ki ou`mf tek`k ifs je`jf jukrpfs lçsejfs e`akrefrks (mksmk ki aïsejf gi jgusgi) y jgse `gmek k` ki pig`ktg tek`k ifs jukrpfs supkrefrks, gi ok`fs k` kstfs ofok`tfs mk `ukstrg kvfiujeú` jfof kspkjek.

 

 Ki kspïretu jfof k`igjk k`trk k`trk ki UZ y ki giog

Ae`giok`tk, ki ’kspïretu‟, quk tgoleå` dkofs ok`jef`gmf, ks ftrf jukrpf, ftrf jfopf`k`tk mki skr duog`f quk e`tkrgjtþg k`trk ki Uf Zupkrefr y ki giog, y, mk `ukvf, `f tfmf ki ou`mf if tek`k mksgrrfiigmf y jrestgiezgmf, yg quk, gi ecugi quk ifs jukrpfs supkrefrks, `gjk y sk mksgrrfiig skcþ` ki `evki mk jrkjeoek`tf y kvfiujeú` quk tk`cg u`g pkrsf`g. Gsï, ki giog y ki kspïretu sf` jukrpfs k`krcåtejfs jf`sjek`tks, quk servk` gi Uf Zupkrefr, pgrg pfmkr k`jgr`gr k` u` jukrpf quïoejf y frcç`ejf jfof quk tk`kofs usgofs jfof gvgtgr. Ki kspïretu ks u` jfopf`k`tk mki skrkiduog`f quk sk ycg`g y mksgrrfiig pfr `evki kvfiutevf, g meakrk`jeg mki giog quk ks u` jfopf`k`tk `gjemf pfr ig prfpeg kvfiujeú` mk ig vemg frcç`ejg mki vkdïjuif aïsejf quk fjupgofs. Gmkoçs, ki giog e`mevemugiezgmg ks gicf quk kxestk sfif g pgrter mki rke`f duog`f, y dgy u`g meakrk`jeg ouy jigrg k`trk if quk ks u`g jf`jek`jeg, ok`tk f giog crupgi mki rke`f oe`krgi, mki rke`f vkcktgi f mki g`eogi y u` giog e`mevemugi mki skr duog`f. Xgrg ifs preokrfs `evkiks mklkofs dgligr mk giogs crupgiks, pgrg `ukstrg tkrjkrg meok`seú`-`evki kvfiutevf pfmkofs dgligr mk e`mevemugiks, pgrter mksupkrefr gquï, mk mk ig jrestgiezgjeú` y jrkgjeú` mk giogs u` kspïretu jfof y,u`g jukrpf jf`kxeú` jf` ki Uf Zupkrefr.

 

 Meakrk`jeg k`jeg k`trk k`trk ksk`jeg, giog y kspïretu  Meakr

Gsï quk, jfof dkofs vestf, ks u` prflikog mk tkroe`fifcïg ki usf mk igs  pgiglrgs giog  y kspïretu  pgrg mksjreler mfs mk ifs jf`jkptfs oçs eopfrtg`tks mki skr duog`f. K` jekrtg ietkrgturg, sk dglig mki giog jfof ki  pre`jepef meve`f, quk prfjkmk mk ig Auk`tk, jfof ig k`krcïg quk ’g`eog‟ ki jukrpf. K` ftrg ietkrgturg, ki usf mk ig pgiglrg kspïretu  ks pgrg ksg k`krcïg meve`g, y ig pgiglrg giog sk usg pgrg ki jfopf`k`tk mki skr duog`f quk  prfjkmk ig kvfiujeú` igs ’jigsks‟ vkdïjuif mk kvfiutevf, if qukmktgoleå` dkofse`akrefrks vestf. y quk usg ki giog jfof If quk dkofs mk k`tk`mkr ks quk pfmkofs mevemer gi skr duog`f k` crg`mks lifquks> ig pgrtïjuig preofrmegi mk ig Auk`tk (ig ksk`jeg f oú`gmg), ki Uf Uf Zupkrefr, Zupkrefr, ki giog (jfof ki jukrpf quk `fs pkroetk ig jf`te`uemgm mk jf`sjek`jeg k`trk k`jgr`gjef`ks), y ig suog mk ifs jukrpfs ktårejf, kofjef`gi, ok`tgi y jgusgi jfof jfopf`k`tks mk ig kstrujturg e`akrefr quk pfskkofs, oçs ki jukrpf aïsejf f mk`sf y, ae`giok`tk, ki kspïretu, jfof u` jukrpf supkrefr quk sk jrkg sfif jug`mf ki skr duog`f iikcg g u` jekrtf `evki kvfiutevf. ]fmgs igs pkrsf`gs tek`k` u`g pkrsf`giemgm y u` giog pfrquk tfmgs tk`kofs ifs preokrfs jukrpfs k`krcåtejfs lçsejfs, pkrf `f tfmgs tek`k` u` kspïretu ’afrogmf‟, y tgopfjf tfmfs tk`kofs ifs jukrpfs supkrefrks mki skr  duog`f jrkgmfs, og`eakstgmfs f gjtevgmfs. Xfr ftrf igmf, ki UZ mk jgmg u`f ks ktkr`f y prfvek`k mk ig Auk`tk, oek`trgs quk ki sestkog k`krcåtejf ktårejf, kofjef`gi y ok`tgi sk rkjejig jf` jgmg k`jgr`gjeú` y prfvek`k mki mksgrrfiif frcç`ejf mk ig vemg k` kstk  pig`ktg, quk dg emf ck`krg`mf jgmg vkz vkdïjuifs oçs gvg`zgmfs pgrg quk meakrk`tks skrks mk ig Auk`tk ifs g`eogrç`. Ki Uf Zupkrefr ks, puks, ig

 

u`emgm mk kvfiujeú`, oek`trgs quk giog ks vkdïjuif mk k`jgr`gjeú`, y, sfif  pgrg gqukiifs skrks duog`fs quk kstç` if suaejek`tkok`tk mksgrrfiigmfs, sk  prfmujk ig jrestgiezgjeú` mki kspïretu, prfvk`ek`tk mki trglgnf e`tkrefr mk jgmg pkrsf`g.

 

[` pkrepif pfr oþitepiks crgmfs mk kvfiujeú`

Qestf if g`tkrefr, se `ukstrf skr f Uf Zupkrefr ks sfif u`g pgrtk mki eoprksef`g`tk jfopiknf quk k` rkgiemgm sfofs, pkrf yg `gjk mk ig Auk`tk y tek`k tfmgs igs jgrgjtkrïstejgs `kjksgregs pgrg pfmkr ’kxester‟ ktkr`gok`tk k` ig oesog ¶Xfr quå `fs k`jgr`gofs k` u` jukrpf aïsejf6 ¶Juçi ks ki  prfpúsetf6 Ig rkspukstg oçs sk`jeiig ks quk ki nukcf mk ig jrkgjeú` ks u`  nukcf mk gprk`mezgnk. ]fmf if quk pfmkofs jfoprk`mkr ks quk kstgofs gquï pgrg gprk`mkr y kvfiujef`gr, y, pgrg kiif, dgy meakrk`tks ’jursfs‟ pfr  ifs quk pfmkofs pgsgr k` ki prfjksf. Kstfs ’jursfs‟ `f sf` oçs quk u`g g`gifcïg pgrg mkae`er ifs meakrk`tks `evkiks mk jrkjeoek`tf mk `ukstrg jf`jek`jeg y giog. Jgmg jursf tek`k u`g skrek mk kxpkrek`jegs y ikjjef`ks gsfjegmgs g `evki ogjrf, rkpgrtemgs k` oþitepiks vemgs y k`jgr`gjef`ks. G okmemg quk vgofs gprk`mek`mf ksgs ikjjef`ks y kxpkrek`jegs `fs kxpg`meofs, jrkjkofs k e`jrkok`tgofs `ukstrf pftk`jegi y jf`sjek`jeg, pfr if quk `kjksetgofs vkdïjuifs aïsejfs jgmg vkz oçs jfopiknfs pgrg sfstk`kr ki `ukvf `evki k`krcåtejf y kvfiutevf. Gsï quk, g pgrter mk gdfrg, jf`semkrkofs ig vemg, kstf mk kstgr  jfrrktkg`mf gquï k`k`u` kijukrpf aïsejf, trgtg`mf mk jfoprk`mkr kstk vïg jrujes (pgrg pfr gicu`fs) quk kstgofs oktemfs, jfof u` nukcf mk gprk`mezgnk y, jfof nukcf quk ks, pgsgrkofs u`g luk`g pgrtk mk kstk ielrf kxpiejg`mf gi rkstf mk nucgmfrks, igs rkcigs mki nukcf, igs trgopgs mki oesof y g gqukiifs ftrfs pgrtejepg`tks quk, se` skr frece`giks mk gquï, tfogrf` igs rek`mgs mki tglikrf.

Ig kstrujturg k`krcåtejg mk ig ’Jrkgjeú`‟

 

Kopkjkofs k`tf`jks pfr if oçs glstrgjtf y vgygofs lgng`mf pgrg kxpiejgr igs rkcigs mk kstk nukcf kvfiutevf. Jfof yg pfmåes vkr, g okmemg quk skcueofs e`tk`tg`mf jfoprk`mkr  júof au`jef`g kstk k`trgogmf mk ig vemg k` ki quk kstgofs e`okrsfs, vg` gpgrkjek`mf k`sk÷g`zgs quk vg` suog`mf pekzgsg vkr  gi rfopkjglkzgs aeifsfaïgs mk `ukstrg yjfoprkseú` pgrtejuigr. K` kstk jgsf, vgofs  pgrtk mk ksgs pekzgs tgi y jfof ifs g`tecufs petgcúrejfs igs k`jgnglg`. Ig ksjukig ksftårejg petgcúrejg sk jf`semkrg u`f mk ifs rkpfsetfrefs mk tfmf ki jf`fjeoek`tf oktgaïsejf oçs ’purf‟ gi quk tk`kofs gjjksf pgrg k`tk`mkr  júof au`jef`g` igs jfsgs k` ig ksjukig mk ig ]ekrrg k` ig quk kstgofs oktemfs. Jug`mf Xetçcfrgs mkae`ïg pgrg sus giuo`fs, k` sus k`sk÷g`zgs, su jf`fjeoek`tf mk júof kstglg afrogmg ig rkgiemgm, ig mksjrelïg jfof u` ’ogtkregiesof ksperetugi ‟, ‟, puks mkjïg, y sglïg, quk tfmg ig ogtkreg tek`k jf`sjek`jeg y, pfr k`mk, tfmfs ifs `evkiks mk kxestk`jeg pfseliks, skg` aïsejfs f `f, sf` pig`fs ksperetugiks, seopikok`tk k` meakrk`tks crgmfs mk jf`mk`sgjeú` velrgtfreg. Xgrg ifs petgcúrejfs, ig kxestk`jeg mk `ukstrg rkgiemgm kstç lgsgmg k` u`g tre`emgm mk gspkjtfs kquevgik`tks y rkigjef`gmfs k`trk sï> ig ogtkreg, k`krcïg y ig jf`sjek`jeg, y `e`cu`f mk ksfs trks gspkjtfs pukmk kxester se` ifs ftrfs mfs. ]fmg ogtkreg sk k`juk`trg k` ofveoek`tf jf`stg`tk, ks k`krcïg k` gicþ` kstgmf mk velrgjeú` y tfmg ogtkreg tek`k jf`sjek`jeg.

 

 Oú`gmgs, u`emgmks mk jf`jek`jeg, çtfofs  preofrmegiks  preofrme giks

Xetçcfrgs mkjïg quk ig ogtkreg kstç jfopukstg mk çtfofs preofrmegiks, quk iigoú oú`gmgs, tåroe`f quk yg dkofs usgmf y vestf g`tks. Xgrg ifs quk dglåes ikïmf ifs ielrfs mk Ng`k \flkrts y Zktd, gi oesof jf`jkptf kstfs gutfrks if mk`foe`g` ’u`emgmks mk jf`jek`jeg‟.  Kstgs pgrtïjuigs sf` igs  pgrtks oçs pkquk÷gs pfseliks jf` jf`jek`jeg e`mevemugi y su jfole`gjeú` y gcrupgjeú`, k` meakrk`tks afrogs, mg` iucgr, k` oeiif`ks mk úrmk`ks mk ogc`etum supkrefrks, g pgrtïjuigs sul-gtúoejgs jfof qugrbs y kikjtrf`ks, quk g su vkz mg` iucgr, ifs preokrfs, prftf`ks y `kutrf`ks, quk nu`tfs mg` iucgr g çtfofs, gcrupgmfs k` ofiåjuigs, frcg`ezgmfs k` jåiuigs, y og`eakstg`mf tfmf gqukiif quk kstç vevf k` `ukstrf pig`ktg. Gsï, mksmk ki e`ejef, ig jf`jek`jeg mk kstfs çtfofs preofrmegiks, oú`gmgs f u`emgmks mk jf`jek`jeg, kxestk` jfof ifs lifquks au`mgok`tgiks mk jf`strujjeú` mk ig rkgiemgm, ifs igmreiifs quk afrog` tfmf if quk vkofs y jf`fjkofs. Jug`mf ifs petgcúrejfs kopkzgrf` g kstumegr ig ogtkreg, sk mekrf` juk`tg mk quk ig pfmïg` mevemer k` vgregs jigsks. [`g, ig ogtkreg preofrmegi , `f-og`eakstgmg, ig oesog k`krcïg mk ig Auk`tk quk tfmf if glgrjg y mksmk mf`mk tfmf ’sgik‟, y u`g skcu`mg jigsk mk ogtkreg-k`krcïg, ig og`eakstgmg, quk jfopf`k igs mevesef`ks preogregs mk ig Auk`tk, ifs jfsofs f u`evkrsfs y tfmf if quk k` kiifs sk jf`tek`k. Gsï, skcþ` meakrk`tks k`sk÷g`zgs ksftårejgs y oktgaïsejgs kxestk u`g ’auk`tk jk`trgi‟ kstçtejg y ifs u`evkrsfs rftg` girkmkmfr mk ig oesog, afrog`mf u`g kspkjek mk ksakrg e`ae`etg quk sk kxpg`mk jf`stg`tkok`tk.  

 

Iukcf, jgmg u`evkrsf, jgmg cgigxeg, jgmg sestkog sfigr, jgmg pig`ktg,  pfskk u`g kstrujturg k`krcåtejg jf`sestk`tk k` u`g skrek mk pig`fs f `evkiks mk meakrk`tk mk`semgm, pk`ktrg`mf y supkrpf`eå`mfsk ifs quk sf` oçs gitfs k` velrgjeú`, g gqukiifs quk sf` ok`frks k` kiig. Zecuek`mf  ig iky mk igs fjtgvgs, ig kstrujturg mk jgmg pig`ktg kstç mevememg k` 3 ogjrf pig`fs f `evkiks arkjuk`jegiks jf` meakrk`tk mk`semgm mk velrgjeú`, y jgmg `evki kstç mevememf g su vkz k` sektk sul`evkiks, dgjek`mf u` tftgi mk =5 `evkiks mk`trf mk u`g preokrg meveseú` pfr  arkjuk`jeg mk velrgjeú` y jfopfsejeú` k`krcåtejg (yg quk jgmg u`f mk ksfs `evkiks sk pukmk skcuer mevemek`mf k` sektk, quk sk pukmk mevemer k` sektk oçs, ktj.). Ki preokr ogjrf-pig`f jfoprk`mk ifs sul`evkiks mki 7-3, ki skcu`mf mki 4-7=, ki tkrjkrf mki 7;- K`tks, skrks, skrks, k`krcïgs, Uf Zupkrefrks pfsetevfs f `kcgtevfs Eogce`f quk oujdfs jf`fjåes quk ki sïolfif pgrg rkprksk`tgr ’ig Auk`tk‟, gqukiif mk mf`mk ’tfmf‟ kog`g ks u` treç`cuif. Zk if gsfjeg jf` trks aukrzgs, k`krcïgs y jugiemgmks, y, gu`quk k`tk`mgofs y pkrjelgofs ig kxestk`jeg jfof u` nukcf mk fpukstfs, u`g rkgiemgm mf`mk veveofs mk`trf y  lgnf ki jf`jkptf mk ig mugiemgm, k` rkgiemgm ki nukcf tek`k sekoprk trks  pgrtks.  @f eopfrtg quk sestkog aeifsúaejf, rkiecefsf, juiturgi, ksftårejf f oktgaïsejf ikçes, tfmfs ifs ak`úok`fs quk kxestk` surck` mk ig e`tkrgjjeú` mk trks aukrzgs. [`g sk mksjrelk jfof mk `gturgikzg gjtevg, jrkgmfrg2 ig skcu`mg jfof pgsevg, rkjkptfrg2 y ig tkrjkrg jfof okmegmfrg y `kutrg. Dukicg mkjer quk k` ki jresteg`esof, kstgs trks aukrzgs kstç` kxprksgmgs k` igs trks pgrtks mk ig ]re`emgm ‚Xgmrk, Denf y Kspïretu Zg`tf‚ tgoleå` sk iks gsec`g` igs jgrgjtkrïstejgs mk pfmkr f vfiu`tgm, gofr y sglemurïg. K` ig giqueoeg, tfmf sk kxprksg jfof dkjdf pfr okzjigs vgreg`tks mk sgi, gzuark y okrjuref. K` ki Zg`bdyg de`mþ, sf` ifs trks cu`gs ‚\gngs, ]goçs y Zgtvg ifs quk afrog` tfmf if quk kxestk, oek`trgs quk k` ki De`muesof igs aukrzgs krg` `ukvgok`tk pkrsf`eaejgmgs jfof Zdevg, Xgrvgte y Qesd`u2 y jkrjg mk giiï, k` Jde`g sk ofstrgrf` k` ig e`tkrgjjeú` mki Ue` y ki Ug`c lgnf ig supkrveseú` mki ]gf. K` tfmfs kstfs sestkogs ig `gturgikzg mk igs trks aukrzgs ks u`evkrsgi, kstf ks, sk jf`semkrg quk pk`ktrg` k` tfmf, k` tfmgs pgrtks y g tfmgs igs ksjgigs mk tgog÷f ‚ mksmk ki ou`mf mk ifs e`skjtfs gi ou`mf mk igs kstrkiigs, y mksmk ki kakjtf mk ig iuz gi mki pk`sgoek`tf mk `ukstrg psequk. Ig jek`jeg `f mkae`k `e rkjf`fjk u`g emkg ck`krgi skokng`tk mk trks aukrzgs, gu`quk sk rkjf`fjk` knkopifs kspkjïaejfs k` ki prftú`, `kutrú` y kikjtrú`, f ki çjemf, ki çijgie y ifs gck`tks jgtgiïtejfs k` ig quïoejg.

 

 Mugiemgm vs ]regiemgm  ]regiemgm  Ki skr duog`f pkrjelk ig vemg y ig rkgiemgm ig quk kxestk jfof u` nukcf mugi mk fpukstfs, lig`jf vs `kcrf f aref vs jgiek`tk, luk`f vs ogif, gjtevf vs pgsevf. Kstg pkrjkpjeú` mugi y ieoetgmg ks prfmujtf mk ig og`epuigjeú` suaremg k` ifs gilfrks mk ig jrkgjeú` mki skr duog`f gjftg`mf ig ksakrg mk jf`sjek`jeg g mfs mk igs trks k`krcïgs quk reck` ki sestkog mk vemg k` ig Jrkgjeú`. Ks mkjer, gu`quk vkgofs igs jfsgs jfof u` nukcf mk fpukstfs, tfmf k` rkgiemgm kstç afrogmf pfr trks vúrtejks, trks k`krcïgs, trks jfopf`k`tks, y tfmgs igs oú`gmgs y pgrtïjuigs k`krcåtejgs quk kxestk` k` ig Jrkgjeú` ifs pfskk`. Xkrf tfmfs ifs jfopf`k`tks mk k`krcïgs quk kxestk` k` ki ou`mf kstç` jgoleg`mf jf`stg`tkok`tk mk iucgr mksmk ki pu`tf mk vestg mk kstg iky mk trks, gjtug`mf jfof e`struok`tfs mk ftrfs prfjksfs jrkgtevfs quk ig pf`k` k` ogrjdg, u`gs vkjks gicf dgjk mk aukrzg gjtevg, ftrgs vkjks mk pgsevg y ftrgs vkjks mk okmegmfrg f `kutrg, y ks kxgjtgok`tk kstk aiuer y ifs jgolefs jf`stg`tks ifs quk dgjk` quk ig iky mk trks  skg tg` kvgsevg g `ukstrg pkrjkpjeú`, y skpgofs jfoprk`mkr y dgligr jigrgok`tk mki jf`jkptf mugi mk ifs fpukstfs, pkrf `f skpgofs k`jf`trgr ig tkrjkr aukrzg kqueielrg`tk k` ig ogyfrïg mk igs setugjef`ks.

 

Jgr Jgrcgs cgs y aukrzgs pfsetevgs vs `kcgtevgs Xfr if tg`tf, g pksgr mk quk tfmg k`krcïg, tfmg fjtgvg, tfmg oú`gmg y tfmf skr kstç afrogmf pfr trks aukrzgs, trks vúrtejks f trks k`krcïgs, ig k`krcïg `kutrg sekoprk qukmg gi ogrck` mk ig pkrjkpjeú` duog`g y mki k`tk`meoek`tf mk júof au`jef`g ig rkgiemgm, y, pukstf quk ifs ftrfs mfs  pfifs sï quk kstç` gjtevfs y kxestk` tgoleå` rkgiok`tk, gi kstumegr ifs meakrk`tks crupfs, rgzgs, k`temgmks y pfigremgmks kvfiutevgs dgligofs sekoprk mk ig pfsetevg y ig `kcgtevg, y vgofs g vkr gdfrg jfof `gjk`. Jfof dkofs mejdf, kxestk` skrks k` ig Jrkgjeú` jf` ki pftk`jegi mk jrkgr k`tks, k`krcïgs, ftrfs skrks, ktj. jf` u`g kstrujturg mk jgrcgs  pre`jepgiok`tk pfsetevgs f pre`jepgiok`tk `kcgtevgs, mg`mf iucgr g kstrujturgs kvfiutevgs quk iikvg` g meakrk`tks rgzgs, k`tks, skrks, crupfs y kspkjeks g tfogr u` jgoe`f kvfiutevf u ftrf gjfrmk g ig pfigremgm ksjfcemg f jf` ig quk dg` `gjemf. Ki mkste`f mk tfmg vemg jf`sjek`tk k` ki u`evkrsf ks iikcgr gi kqueielref k`trk igs trks k`krcïgs, ks mkjer, gi lgig`jk pkrakjtf k`trk igs mfs pfigremgmks pfsetevg y `kcgtevg, pkrf kstk jgoe`f ks igrcf y `f ks ki pu`tf mk pgrtemg `frogi pgrg ig ogyfrïg mk skrks quk kxesteofs k` ig Jrkgjeú`. ¶Wuå qukrkofs mkjer jf` kstf6 Wuk ig crg` pgrtk mk ig vemg quk kxestk k` ki u`evkrsf `gjk k` u`g mk ifs mfs pfigremgmks pre`jepgiok`tk, y iukcf kvfiujef`g dgjeg ki kqueielref, mk og`krg quk dgligofs, dgstg jekrtf  pu`tf jfrrkjtgok`tk, mk k`tks y skrks pfsetevfs, y k`tks y skrks `kcgtevfs,  puks kstç` jrkjek`mf y gvg`zg`mf pfr u`f mk ifs jgoe`fs kxestk`tks y gþ` `f dg` jfopiktgmf ki prfjksf quk iks dg mk iikvgr gi kqueielref y gi lgig`jk k`krcåtejf k` su jfopfsejeú`. Mk kstg og`krg, pfmkofs vkr jfof jekrtfs crupfs, skrks, rgzgs f k`tks `gjemfs f mkpk`mek`tks mki Mkoeurcf afrog` pgrtk mk if quk iigogrïgofs ig  pfigremgm `kcgtevg  mk ig Jrkgjeú` y gqukiifs `gjemfs f mkpk`mek`tks mki Ifcfs afrogrïg` pgrtk if quk iigogrïgofs ig  pfigremgm pfsetevg.

 

Zkrvejef g ftrfs (Z]F) y Zkrvejef g u`f oesof (Z]Z) Gsï, jug`mf u` UZ k`igzg jf` u`g kstrujturg ouitemeok`sef`gi jfof ig quk dkofs kxpiejgmf pgrg ki skr duog`f, y quk ik pkroetk e`tkrgjtugr jf` ifs pig`fs e`akrefrks pgrg gmquerer kxpkrek`jegs, `fs k`jf`trgofs jf` ig gpgrejeú` mki jf`jkptf mk pfigremgm kvfiutevg tgoleå` pgrg ig pgrtk ’k`jgr`gmg‟, ks mkjer, ki jf`jkptf mk jrkjkr y gvg`zgr pfr ig pfigremgm quk `fsftrfs iigogofs Z]F (skrvejef g ftrfs, ’pfsetevf‟, Zkrvejk tf ftdkrs  pfr  su secigs k` e`ciås) f ig pfigremgm quk iigogofs Z]Z (skrvejef g u`f oesof, ’`kcgtevf‟, Zkrvejk tf Zkia )).. Kstg pfigremgm kvfiutevg `f ks ftrg jfsg quk ig suog mk ig ’jgrcg k`krcåtejg‟ prkmfoe`g`tk y kxestk`tk k` ki skr duog`f k` sus jukrpfs k`krcåtejfs, f k` ig rgzg k` juksteú` mk ig quk kstkofs dglig`mf y, pgrg `fsftrfs, sfif ks gpiejglik jug`mf dgligofs g `evki mk giog y mk  pkrsf`giemgm. Ks mkjer, u`g pkrsf`g pukmk prksk`tgr y ofstrgr  jfopfrtgoek`tfs y pfigremgm Z]Z, pkrf su Uf Zupkrefr dg `gjemf mk ig  pgrtk ’pfsetevg‟ (ki Ifcfs), tk`ek`mf jgrcg mk sec`f + jfof ig k`krcïg jf`stetuyk`tk lçsejg mk sï oesog. Gsï, ig pfigremgm mk u`g pkrsf`g, k` u` ofok`tf mktkroe`gmf mk su vemg, ig ykxprksg sekoprke`akrefrks, ig suog ymksk jgrcgs k`krcåtejgs mk ig  pkrsf`g mk ifs jukrpfs puk mk pgsgr pukmk mk u`g gmkiftrggiog pfigremgm jf` trglgnf e`tkrefr. Mk dkjdf, dgy u` mejdf f rkarç` quk mejk quk tfmf ki ou`mf tek`k` mfs iflfs mk`trf, u`f `kcrf y ftrf lig`jf, y se prkcu`tgs quk iflf ks ki quk ’cg`g‟ k` ki e`tkrefr mk ig pkrsf`g, ig rkspukstg sekoprk ks> ’ki quk gieok`tgs‟.

 

Jgrgjtkrïstejgs Z]F vs Z]Z 

U ¶Juçiks sf` igs jgrgjtkrïstejgs quk ogrjg` u` jgoe`f u ftrf6 Ki  preokr jgoe`f kvfiutevf, ig pfigremgm ’Z]F‟ (Zkrvejef g Ftrfs, jfof dkofs mejdf pfr sus secigs k` e`ciås) pkrjelk, k` su kxtrkof oçs emkgi y mksgrrfiigmf, g tfmfs ifs skrks jfof pgrtks mk sï oesof y gog y servk g tfmfs jfof oåtfmf kvfiutevf, trglgngr pgrg gyumgr g ftrfs ks ig afrog mk gvg`zgr, mk gdï quk if mk`foe`kofs mk ’Zkrvejef g Ftrfs‟. Ki skcu`mf jgoe`f kvfiutevf, ig pfigremgm ’Z]Z‟ (Zkrvejef g [`f Oesof), k` su kxtrkof oçs rgmejgi, sk pkrjelk sfif g sï oesof, y lusjg gprfpegrsk mk ig jf`jek`jeg, k`krcïg y rkjursfs mk ftrfs pgrg tfmf gqukiif quk `kjksetg, skrks, mk gdïqukquke`mujk if iigokofs mk ’Zkrvejef g gseoeiç`mfif u`f Oesof‟.mkiKsrkstf u`gmkpkrjkpjeú` g jrkjkr  gjuouig`mf k`krcïg, jf`jek`jeg, rkjursfs, pftk`jegi k` u`f oesof, g jfstg mk ftrfs, oek`trgs quk ig ftrg pfigremgm sk e`mujk g jrkjkr gpfrtg`mf k`krcïg g ftrfs, jffpkrg`mf f jfopgrtek`mf. Jf` kstf k` ok`tk, pfmrïgofs mkjer quk kxestk` mfs seopiks ’rkcigs‟ quk tfmf k`tk f pkrsf`g, quk mkskg jrkjkr okmeg`tk ig pfigremgm pfsetevg, mklk ’juopier‟. Ig preokrg mk kiigs ks `f vefigr `u`jg ngoçs ki ielrk gilkmrïf mk ftrg pkrsf`g. Mklkofs kstgr mespukstfs g gyumgr y g dgjkr if quk pfmgofs pfr ifs mkoçs, pkrf sekoprk quk tk`cgofs ki pkroesf pgrg kiif, quk sk `fs pemg f rkquekrg ig gyumg, se` e`trfoesef`ks `f mkskgmgs. Jug`mf afrzgofs `ukstrg gyumg sflrk ftrfs, se `f dg semf pkmemg f sfiejetgmg mk gicþ` ofmf, `fs pfigrezgofs k` ki ofmf jf`trgref gi quk qukrkofs gjtugr, puks gjtugofs eopf`ek`mf `ukstrf jretkref sflrk ifs mkoçs, pk`sg`mf quk sglkofs if quk ks oknfr pgrg kiifs, quk kiifs oesofs. Ig skcu`mg rkcig ks ig mki lgig`jk k`krcåtejf> dgy quk gprk`mkr g rkjeler  tg`tf jfof sk mg. ]ek`k quk dglkr sekoprk u` e`tkrjgolef y u` kqueielref k`trk if quk sgik mk u`f y if quk ik iikcg g u`f2 mk gdï ig eopfrtg`jeg mk kstgr glekrtf g rkjeler gyumg, rkjursfs f if quk skg jug`mf sk `kjksetg, mk ig oesog og`krg quk u`f kstç mespukstf g mgr ksg gyumg f rkjursfs g ftrfs jug`mf `fs if rkquekrk`. Jug`mf golgs rkcigs sf` juopiemgs y rkspktgmgs,

 

gqukiif quk dgjkofs y knkjutgofs jf` `ukstrgs gjjef`ks k` ig vemg dgjk` jrkjkr ’ki iflf lig`jf‟, dgjk` jrkjkr ig pfigremgm pfsetevg k` `ukstrf e`tkrefr, g ig vkz quk ig jfoprk`seú` mk igs rkcigs mki nukcf y ig jf`sjek`jeg quk pf`kofs k` `ukstrf prfpef jgoe`f mk jrkjeoek`tf gjkikrg` kstg kvfiujeú` pfr ki jgoe`f ’pfsetevf‟ mk ig kxestk`jeg.

 

 Xfigremgm pfr `evki kvfiutevf f mk jf`sjek`jeg

¶Wuå sujkmk k`tf`jks jf` ki rkstf mk ig vemg jf`sjek`tk quk kxestk ig ]ekrrg6 K` ifs preokrfs `evkiks kvfiutevfs (ki rke`f oe`krgi, ki vkcktgi y ki g`eogi), kstgs pfigremgmks `f ’kxestk`‟ jf`jkptugiok`tk pgrg gqukiigs jf`jek`jegs quk sk k`juk`trg` k` ksfs `evkiks. Xgrg ifs rke`fs oe`krgi, vkcktgi y g`eogi `f dgy u` jf`jkptf mugi mk ig kxestk`jeg tgi y jfof ki skr  duog`f if pkrjelk. Ks mkjer, g pksgr mk quk igs mevesef`ks mk u`f y ftrf igmf kstç`  prksk`tks, ig kikjjeú` mk u` jgoe`f kvfiutevf, dgjeg if quk iigogofs  pfigremgm ’pfsetevg‟ f pfigremgm ’`kcgtevg‟, `f sk pukmk mgr dgstg quk `f sk gijg`zg ki `evkiMk mk dkjdf, jf`jek`jeg jfrrkspf`mek`tk g u` skr seopikok`tk e`mevemugiezgmf y gutfjf`sjek`tk. u`g k`temgm mki rke`f oe`krgi, ’ks‟, `f dgy jf`fjeoek`tf kxtkr`f mk `gmg quk `f skg ig prfpeg k`krcïg jrkgmfrg mk tfmf if quk kxestk, k` u`f oesof. Ks u` kstgmf purf mk ’ZK\‟, yg quk `f kxestk u` ’DGJK\‟ ’DGJK\‟ `e ifs prfjksfs quk iikvg` g kiif. Iukcf, g `evki mk aifrg y agu`g, ifs jfopfrtgoek`tfs mk pig`tgs y g`eogiks `f oukstrg` tg`tf u`g kikjjeú` jf`sjek`tk mk pfigremgm kvfiutevg, se`f quk sf` u` rkaiknf mk ifs oþitepiks tepfs mk jfopfrtgoek`tfs quk kxestk` k` ig `gturgikzg quk, se mkskgofs, pfmrïgofs iigogr pfsetevfs y/f `kcgtevfs, g pksgr mk skr  ktequktgs quk `f tek`k` vgiemkz tgopfjf pgrg kstk `evki. Ifs knkopifs quk  pfmrïgofs jfof juemgmf supkrvevk`jeg, gutf-sgjreaejef, og`epuigjeú`,pf`kr jffpkrgjeú`, mk ftrfsgitruesof, oekolrfs mk ig kspkjek, sk`teoek`tf mk rkspf`sgleiemgm, ktj., kxestk` jfof jfopfrtgoek`tfs y gjjef`ks k` ki ou`mf g`eogi, pkrf sf` purgok`tk okjç`ejfs f e`ste`tevfs. Gsï, dkofs mk jfoprk`mkr quk sfif g pgrter mki `evki kvfiutevf duog`f, u`g k`temgm pukmk skr jf`sjek`tk mk kiig oesog, pfr kstgr e`mevemugiezgmg rkspkjtf g ig ok`tk crupgi f giog crupgi g`eogi, vkrsk rkaikngmg k` ftrfs skrks, jfoprk`mkr ki prfjksf kvfiutevf k` ki quk sk dgyg oktemf y, pfr kiif, ’tk`kr u`g pfigremgm‟ f ksjfckr k`tf`jks u`g pfigremgm pgrg ksg kvfiujeú`. G pgrter mk kstk `evki kvfiutevf, ki `ukstrf gjtugiok`tk, u`f pukmk og`tk`kr, gvg`zgr y jrkjkr pfr ifs meakrk`tks pig`fs, meok`sef`ks y

 

’jursfs‟ pfr u`f mk ifs mfs jgoe`fs, ks mkjer, pfr ig vïg mki skrvejef g ftrfs f pfr ig vïg mki skrvejef g u`f oesof. Jfof dkofs ok`jef`gmf g`tks, UZ jf` jgrcg pfsetevg ogrjgrç` aukrtkok`tk ki jgoe`f mk skrvejef g ftrfs mk sus pgrtks k`jgr`gmgs, y kstgs, gu`quk k` gicu`g k`jgr`gjeú` f prfykjjeú` prksk`tk` u` jfopfrtgoek`tf f  pfigremgm Z]Z, pukmk` jgolegr mk pfigremgm. Ks ki jgsf mk ifs skrks duog`fs, juyf UZ ks mk jgrcg pfsetevg y, gu`quk prksk`tk ki giog f ig  pkrsf`giemgm jfopfrtgoek`tfs Z]Z k` gicu`fs ofok`tfs, sekoprk sk  pukmk vfivkr g pfigrezgr, okmeg`tk ki trglgnf e`tkrefr, gi jgoe`f mki skrvejef g ftrfs. Xfr ki jf`trgref, UZ jf` jgrcg `kcgtevg, og`tk`mrç` g sus pgrtks k`jgr`gmgs k` igs meakrk`tks rgzgs y kspkjeks quk kxestk` k` kstg pfigremgm g if igrcf mk tfmf su pkrepif kvfiutevf, pfr if quk sekoprk quk dgligofs mk rgzgs y ’jf`trfigmfrgs‟ sukik` skr rgzgs k` skrvejef g u`f oesof, crupfs’dfsteiks‟ quk kxestk` y mkpk`mk` mki Mkoeurcf g `evki ’oktgaïsejf‟ y quk gjtþg` lgnf u`g pfigremgm ’`kcgtevg‟ mksmk ki pu`tf mk vestg k`krcåtejf mk ig Jrkgjeú`.

 

 @utrejeú` k`krcåtejg> k`krcåtejg> Nkrgrquïg Nkrgrquïg mk glsfrjeú` glsfrjeú`

Zkcueofs. Kstgofs iikcg`mf g ig kxpiejgjeú`, pgsf g pgsf, mk pfrquå ki sestkog mk vemg k` `ukstrf pig`ktg ks jfof ks, y júof dkofs iikcgmf dgstg gquï. Qestf ki tkog mk igs jgrcgs k`krcåtejgs mk ifs UZ y igs pfigremgmks kvfiutevgs, vgofs g vkr gdfrg ig juksteú` mk júof jgmg `evki kvfiutevf sk gieok`tg, sk `utrk y rkjelk ig k`krcïg quk `kjksetg pgrg su kxestk`jeg, jrkjeoek`tf y kvfiujeú`. K` rkgiemgm, `f dgy oujdf quk mkjer mk ifs rke`fs mk ig `gturgikzg puks sglkofs mk mú`mk sgik ki gieok`tf quk `utrk g oe`krgiks, aifrg, agu`g y skrks duog`fs. Oek`trgs kstgofs k` u` kstgmf súiemf `kjksetgofs gieok`tf súiemf y iïquemf, if ki jukrpf quïoejf usgofs, pre`jepgiok`tk, yg quk ki `evki mk ogtkregiemgm quk`kjksetg pfskkofs rkquekrk quk quk ig k`krcïg, iikcuk g trgvås mk gieok`tfs ogtkregiks (gmkoçs mki fxïck`f y igs k`krcïgs quk `fs rfmkg` y mk igs quk tgoleå` `fs `utreofs). Xfr ftrf igmf, kstfy skcurf quk oujdfs dglåes ikïmf y fïmf sflrk ki tkog mk `utrersk sfif mk  prg`g f k`krcïg, dglek`mf meakrk`tks jfrrek`tks y tåj`ejgs jrkgmgs pfr pkrsf`gs quk dg` emf mksgrrfiig`mf ig jgpgjemgm mk ’vever se` jfokr‟, gu`quk `f skg gi 788%, pkrf pfmkr rkmujer ig e`ckstg mk gieok`tfs súiemfs pgrg gmkjugr su jukrpf gi trglgnf y ig glsfrjeú` mk ig k`krcïg vetgi quk `kjksetgofs jfceå`mfig merkjtgok`tk mki Zfi. Gu`quk kstk  prfjksf skg gicf prkogturf pgrg ig ogyfrïg mk skrks duog`fs, ks gicf ’`frogi‟ pgrg ki rkstf mk vemg jf`sjek`tk quk sk k`juk`trg k` kstgmefs kvfiutevfs supkrefrks. Gsï, g ogyfr `evki kvfiutevf, ok`fs mk`sg y ogtkregi ks ig kstrujturg quk tk afrog, y, pfr if tg`tf, ok`fs kikok`tfs k` kstgmf ’súiemf‟ sf` `kjksgrefs pgrg tu `utrejeú` y supkrvevk`jeg, iikcg`mf, k` u`  pu`tf, g skr `kjksgreg sfif ig glsfrjeú` k`krcåtejg pgrg pfmkr og`tk`kr ki  luk` au`jef`goek`tf mk tfmg ig kstrujturg y jfopf`k`tks quk sk tk`cg`. Gsï, pgrg crupfs, k`tks, rgzgs f kspkjeks g pgrter mk `evkiks kvfiutevfs y meok`sef`giks supkrefrks gi `ukstrf gjtugiok`tk, g `evki k`krcåtejf, su supkrvevk`jeg pgsg pfr ki usf kxjiusevf mk ig k`krcïg pgrg gieok`tgrsk, y,

 

sglek`mf quk tk`kofs mfs afrogs f jgoe`fs kvfiutevfs, vkrkofs quk usg` og`krgs meakrk`tks mk jf`skcuerig. Zglkofs, pfr `ukstrg kxpkrek`jeg merkjtg k` tkrgpeg k`krcåtejg jf` k`temgmks mki iigogmf pig`f gstrgi y ftrfs skrks mk meakrk`tks pig`fs `f aïsejfs mk ig ]ekrrg, quk ig pfigremgm `kcgtevg vevk y sfif pukmk vever mk ig glsfrjeú` mk ig k`krcïg mk ftrgs k`temgmks f jf`jek`jegs. U sglkofs tgoleå`, pfr kxpkrek`jeg merkjtg pfr `ukstrf trglgnf jf` cuïgs y ftrgs k`temgmks quk iigogofs ’mk iuz‟, quk kstgs ’vevk`‟ mki e`tkrjgolef ielrk mk k`krcïg y jffpkrgjeú` k`trk kiigs (skrvejef g ftrfs). Mk kstg og`krg, se sk pkrtk`kjk g u` crupf, rgzg f kspkjek quk ’kxestk‟ k` ki jgoe`f quk iigogofs Z]F, f pfsetevf, ig jgrcg k`krcåtejg quk iks `utrk, pgrg k`tk`mkr`fs, ks ig k`krcïg pfsetevg, ks mkjer, pgrtïjuigs y jgopfs juyf pfigremgm skg mk sec`f +. K` kstk tepf mk k`krcïgs `fs k`jf`trgofs tfmgs quk tek`k` sustrgtf mk k`krcåtejg gofr, mk kofjef`ks ’iuz‟. gqukiigs ]fmf gqukiif juyg jfopfsejeú` skg mk sec`fpfsetevgs, pfsetevf, mk ks gieok`tf pgrg k`tks mk kstg oesog pfigremgm. K` ki igmf jf`trgref yg ks açjei supf`kr jugi ks ig setugjeú`, puks tfmf k`tk juyg jfopfsejeú` k`krcåtejg ks mk sec`f `kcgtevf, `kjksetg k`krcïgs mk kstg pfigremgm pgrg su supkrvevk`jeg. Xfr if tg`tf, gu`quk `fs pgrkzjg gicf jfopiktgok`tk se` sk`temf, tfmgs igs k`krcïgs `kcgtevgs jf` sustrgtf mk oekmf, tgiks jfof ki k`agmf, ig rgleg, ig erg, ki fmef y igs mkjk`gs mk vgreg`tks kxestk`tks mk kstk sustrgtf, sf` jfof ki k`trkjft gi rfqukafrt pgrg u` k`tk Z]Z, puks ietkrgiok`tk, ig jgrcg k`krcåtejg `kcgtevg mk kstfs jgopfs y afrogs ok`tgiks, kofjef`giks y ktårejgs jf`stetuyk` ki pigtf mk gieok`tf oçs `utrejef`gi quk kxestk pgrg kstk tepf mk skrks quk kxestk` k` kstg ftrg jgrg mk ig of`kmg. K` ck`krgi, tfmg k`temgm juyf UZ skg mk pfigremgm `kcgtevg vevk mk ig glsfrjeú` mk k`krcïg mk ifs mkoçs. ]fmg ig k`krcïg quk kstgofs ck`krg`mf ifs skrks duog`fs kstç sek`mf og`epuigmg pfr u`fs jug`tfs jf`trfigmfrks (duog`fs y `f duog`fs k` pfsejeú` mk pfmkr) quk, g su vkz, kstç` sek`mf jf`trfigmfs pfr k`temgmks `kcgtevgs mk ftrgs rgzgs y kspkjeks quk kstç` rkjfcek`mf kstg k`krcïg pgrg su `utrejeú`, supkrvevk`jeg y cksteú` mki sestkog mk vemg, y quk iikvg` k` `ukstrf pig`ktg oujdfs oeik`efs.

 

Mk kstg og`krg, g crg` ksjgig, ig k`krcïg `kcgtevg kxtrgïmg mk `ukstrf  pig`ktg (ck`krgmg pfr `ukstrgs kofjef`ks y pk`sgoek`tfs, og`eakstgmg k` `ukstrg jgútejg rkgiemgm) `f servk sfif jfof ’gieok`tf‟ g igs k`temgmks quk arkjuk`jegiok`tk dglig`mf sk k`juk`trg` oçs jkrjg mk `fsftrfs, se`f quk jf`stetuyk ig lgsk mk ig perçoemk nkrçrquejg sflrk ig jugi kstç` frcg`ezgmgs igs k`temgmks ’`kcgtevgs‟. Ks mkjer, ifs ’pkf`ks‟ mki igmf ’`kcgtevf‟ `f sf` se`f ’rkjfikjtfrks k`krcåtejfs‟ quk `f tek`k` oçs rkokmef quk trgspgsgr   pgrtk mk ig k`krcïg g ifs `evkiks supkrefrks. Zekoprk dgy u`g k`temgm `kcgtevg oçs pfmkrfsg quk ig k`temgm `kcgtevg quk `fs gjglgofs mk kxpuisgr mki sestkog k`krcåtejf, y sekoprk kstg ftrg k`temgm tek`k pfr  k`jeog ftrg, quk ks gþ` oçs `kcgtevg. Ig nkrgrquïg, k` ksg pfigremgm, kvfiujef`g dgstg ig jþspemk mk ig  perçoemk k` ig quk k` gicu`g meok`seú` f `evki kvfiutevf, lgstg`tk pfr  k`jeog mk `fsftrfs, u`g f mfs rgzgs kxtrkogmgok`tk pfmkrfsgs sf` igs rkjkptfrgs ae`giks tfmgoujdfs ig k`krcïg ck`krgmg y rkjfikjtgmg g tfmfs ifs `evkiks, k` kstk y k`mkftrfs sestkogs mki u`evkrsf. Kstf sec`eaejg quk, k` ig jgmk`g mk gieok`tgjeú` júsoejg, `f sfif `f kstgofs k`jeog mki tfmf, se`f quk sfofs gieok`tf pgrg ifs quk kstç` k` ftrf `evki supkrefr, gsï jfof `fsftrfs `fs gieok`tgofs mk g`eogiks y  pig`tgs, mki gerk y mki gcug. Ks gsï pfr mesk÷f, y ks gicf quk sekoprk dg kxestemf. Zfofs gieok`tf pgrg k`temgmks mk ftrf `evki oçs gitf, gsï jfof k`temgmks mk `evki e`akrefr if sf` pgrg `fsftrfs yg quk oujdfs tepfs mk k`tks y rgzgs, quk vkrkofs u` pfjf oçs gmkig`tk, usg` gi skr duog`f, f oknfr k`krcïg ok`tgi yg pk`sgr kofjef`gi ck`krgofs, su sustk`tfmejdf, vetgi. ig U gquï, se kopkzçes k` igquk pkiïjuig Ogtrex, jfof yg tk`åes u`g rgzú` rkgi y jf`jesg mk pfrquå ki skr duog`f ks jfof u`g peig pgrg ftrfs crupfs mk frmk` supkrefr quk `f vkofs `e jf`fjkofs. Zk `utrk` mk `ukstrg k`krcïg y ig usg` pgrg `ukstrf prfpef jf`trfi. K` tfmf jgsf, pfr ouy rkvkigmfr f meaïjei mk gjkptgr quk skg kstf, tgopfjf kstç tfmf pkrmemf `e kstgofs tg` mksvgiemfs jfof pk`sgofs f `fs quekrk` dgjkr pk`sgr, puks if quk fjurrk ks quk, gi ecugi quk igs pig`tgs  pfskk` u`g crg` jg`temgm jg` temgm mk g`te `utrek`tks ` utrek`tks y oujdgs e`jiusf vk`k`fs vk` k`fs pgrg p grg mkak`mkrsk mk skr mkvfrgmgs pfr ifs g`eogiks, y ifs g`eogiks mksgrrfiig` okjg`esofs mk mkak`sg, duemg f jgouaignk pgrg kvetgr skr jfoemfs pfr ftrfs

 

g`eogiks f tgoleå` pfr ifs duog`fs, `fsftrfs pfmkofs jf`tgr jf` ki jf`fjeoek`tf y jf` ki gprk`mezgnk mk júof kstgofs sek`mf usgmfs jfof gieok`tf pgrg pfmkr tgoleå` mkak`mkr`fs mk kiif. @ukstrg prftkjjeú` ks jfoprk`mkr quå kstç pgsg`mf, y kvetgr skr peigs mk ig Ogtrex, puks `f  pfmkofs ’iujdgr‟ aïsejgok`tk jf`trg gicf quk `f vkofs.

 

 Ifs oftevfs mktrçs mk ig setugjeú` mki pig`ktg

Jf` tfmf if quk dkofs vestf dgstg gdfrg, ig jfsg `f tek`k oujdf oestkref y, pgrg mkjerif iig`gok`tk, `ukstrf sestkog k`krcåtejf `f ks ftrg jfsg quk ’jfoemg‟ y rkjursfs mk meakrk`tk ï`mfik pgrg kstgs k`temgmks. Zfofs ksf, u` vevkrf, u` supkrokrjgmf y u`g rgzg jrkgmg pgrg skrver g ifs e`tkrksks mk ftrgs. Ks gicf quk `fs dg` jfrrflfrgmf jk`tk`grks mk vkjks k` ifs g÷fs quk iikvgofs dgjek`mf sg`gjef`ks, quk dkofs vestf g trgvås mk oþitepiks k`juk`trfs y trglgnfs jf` tfmf tepf mk k`tks y skrks, y quk oujdgs iï`kgs mk jf`fjeoek`tf g`jkstrgi `fs dg` kxpiejgmf mk u`g afrog f mk ftrg. Ks gicf quk quezçs g gicu`gs pkrsf`gs iks jukstk k`tk`mkr, y yg `f mecgofs gjkptgr, pkrf lçsejgok`tk ksf ks if quk sfofs> gieok`tf `utrejef`gi y rkjursfs pgrg k`temgmks mk u` `evki mk jf`jek`jeg ogyfr quk ki `ukstrf (k` oujdfs jgsfs) pkrf k` pfigremgm jf`trgreg. Gsï quk, ¶quå afrog oçs açjei mk ck`krgr u` akstï` mk k`krcïg `kcgtevg quk tk`kr g 3;88 oeiif`ks mk pkrsf`gs k` kstgmf jf`stg`tk mk prkfjupgjeú`, oekmf y tfmf tepf mk k`krcïgs gsfjegmgs6 ¶Wuå tgi se ck`krgofs jreses kjf`úoejgs, cukrrgs, prflikogs g ksjgig ciflgi, ktj., quk `f pukmk` skr mk `e`cu`g afrog sfiujef`gmfs pfr pkrsf`gs ’`frogiks‟6 ¶Wuå tgi se gyumgofs y og`epuigofs pgrg pf`kr g igs pkrsf`gs jf` tk`mk`jegs oçs `kcgtevgs k` pfsejef`ks mk oçxeof pfmkr pgrg gtgr y og`epuigr g tfmfs k`krcåtejgok`tk6 Ze vfivkofs g igs preokrgs pçce`gs mki ielrf mkjïgofs>  Kstgmïstejgok`tk, pfr purg ogtkoçtejg, k` u` ou`mf `frogi,  cflkr`gmf pfr ki ielrk gilkmrïf mk sus dgletg`tks, ifs sujksfs, gjjef`ks,  setugjef`ks f kxpkrek`jegs quk sujkmk` y sk og`eaekstg` g `evki ciflgi  mklkrïg` jfoprk`mkr gprfxeogmgok`tk u` je`juk`tg pfr jek`tf mk kvk`tfs  pfsetevfs y u` je`juk`tg pfr jek`tf mk kvk`tfs `kcgtevfs. Ze pgrteårgofs mki   supukstf mk quk igs pkrsf`gs tk`mkofs g ck`krgr y g trglgngr pgrg frece`gr kikok`tfs pfsetevfs k` `ukstrgs vemgs, quk e`mumglikok`tk tk`mrïg` gicþ` tepf mk rkpkrjuseú` g `evki ciflgi, pfmrïgofs vever k` u`  pig`ktg k` ki jugi ki sktk`tg u fjdk`tg pfr jek`tf mk igs jfsgs quk

 

 sujkmekrg` pfmrïg` ktequktgrsk jfof ’luk`gs‟. Ze` kolgrcf, jrkf quk kstgofs mk gjukrmf k` quk fjurrk oçs lek` tfmf if jf`trgref. …[`g mk igs rgzf`ks mk kstg setugjeú` ks suteiok`tk mkmujelik> k` gicþ` `evki, `ukstrg rkgiemgm y ksfs sujksfs pgrkjk` kstgr og`epuigmfs  pgrg quk prfvfquk` kxgjtgok`tk if jf`trgref mk if qu qukk mk afrog `gturgi, g  prefre, sujkmkrïg. Wukmg` e`jiuemgs igs tkfrïgs mk quk ig ogimgm ks e`dkrk`tk gi skr duog`f, quk ks pfselik, quk sfofs u`g rgzg quk tek`mk gi  jgfs, g ig gutfmkstrujjeú`, gi jf`aiejtf. Kstf ks jfrrkjtf, pre`jepgiok`tk yg quk kstgofs pfigrezgmfs mk ksg og`krg, y pfrquk ks pgrtk mk `ukstrg `gturgikzg, f ksf jrkkofs. Xkrf yf `f jf`fzjf g `gmek g quek` `f ik custk  skr akiez y vever ielrk mk prflikogs f, pfr if ok`fs, ielrk mk prflikogs mk u`g ksjgig tg` k`frok quk `f pukmg sfiujef`gr mk `e`cu`g og`krg. G ksfs `evkiks, `f sk k`tek`mk ig setugjeú` mki pig`ktg se `f ks g trgvås mk gicu`g  afrog mk mestfrseú` y og`epuigjeú`, jf jf`sjek`tk `sjek`tk f e`jf`sjek`tk, mk ig mkrevg m krevg mk ig duog`emgm, jf` f se` u` ae` jf`jrktf.  Ki prflikog ks quk, jug`mf u`f sk prkcu`tg mk mú`mk vek`k kstg depftåtejg og`epuigjeú`, k` tåroe`fs ogjrf sfjegiks, ogjrf kjf`úoejfs y ogjrf k`krcåtejfs, jug`mf kopekzgs g e`mgcgr, kxjgvgr, sfrtkgr y meckrer  e`afrogjeú`, g skpgrgr jgmg pkquk÷f trfzf mk vkrmgm mk oeiks mk trfzfs mk mkse`afrogjeú` f e`afrogjeú` jf`trgmejtfreg, mkskolfjgs e`kxfrglikok`tk k` tkfrïgs, depútkses y supukstfs sflrk jf`spergjef`ks, crupfs mk og`epuigjeú` skjrktfs (y `f tg` skjrktfs), `evkiks mk jf`jek`jeg supkrefrks, ftrgs meok`sef`ks, k`temgmks mk ftrf tepf y ftrfs pig`fs arkjuk`jegiks, ktj. U jigrf, gquï ks mkjeseú` mk jgmg u`f mú`mk pf`kr ki iïoetk mk if quk sk quekrk f sk ks jgpgz mk jrkkr.

Jf` if quk gdfrg yg kopkzgofs g tk`kr rkspukstgs gi pfrquå mk `ukstrgs prkcu`tgs e`ejegiks, y vgofs g skcuer mg`mf oujdgs oçs quk `fs gyumgrç` g k`tk`mkr ifs mktgiiks mk kstk nukcf mk ig vemg dgstg `evkiks quk, dgstg gdfrg, pfjfs mk `fsftrfs quezçs dglïgofs iikcgmf g jfoprk`mkr. U ks quk, ks jekrtf, oujdgs pkrsf`gs kstç` mf`mk kstç` k` ig ksjgig mk pfmkr   pfrquk sf` usgmgs jfof ogref`ktgs pgrg jf`trfigr gi rkstf mk ig pfligjeú`, ec`frg`tk, k` oujdfs jgsfs, mk if quk kstç sujkmek`mf. Ki ou`mf kstç jf`trfigmf pfr psejúpgtgs, y pkrsf`gs jigrgok`tk ’fsjurgs‟, og`epuigmfs  pfr k`temgmks `kcgtevgs supkrefrks, pgrg su prfpef prfvkjdf. Zfofs igs

 

 peigs y ifs ck`krgmfrks mk k`krcïg quk sgiïg` k` ig pkiïjuig  Ogtrex, `f pgrg oçque`gs, tgi y jfof `fs if ofstrglg`, se`f pgrg skrks mk u` `evki kvfiutevf supkrefr, quk dg` ksjfcemf `ukstrf pig`ktg jfof rkskrvg mk gieok`tf y quk kstç` dgjek`mf tfmf if pfselik pgrg quk if secgofs sek`mf.

 

Zflrk igs ieoetgjef`ks ieoetgjef`ks mki skr duog`f y mk igs rgzgs quk igs prfvfjgrf` Ki jukrpf quk usgofs `f ks prfmujtf mk u`g kvfiujeú` `gturgi, se`f quk dg semf og`epuigmf sujksevgs vkjks pfr rgzgs y k` afrogs quk mevkrsgs juiturgs mk ig g`tecùkmgm mkngrf` rkaikngmgs k` sus ksjretfs y ikcgmfs pgrg `ukstrf jf`fjeoek`tf. Ig destfreg mk júof sk prfmunf y pfrquå kstg og`epuigjeú` ks igrcg, jfopikng k e`tkrksg`tk, y `fs mg oujdgs pestgs sflrk júof dkofs iikcgmf g skr quek`ks sfofs, pkrf `f ks `kjksgref jf`fjkr ki mktgiik pgrg k`tk`mkr ki ofmkif mk cksteú` mk ig duog`emgm quk eopig`tgrf` k` `fsftrfs. Gsï, jug`mf ki skr duog`f, ki jukrpf aïsejf quk usgofs, auk og`epuigmf ck`åtejgok`tk dgjk oujdfs oeiks mk g÷fs pfr igs rgzgs quk jf`fjkofs jfof Mrgjfs y G`u``gbes, k`trk ftrgs, pgrg prfpúsetfs quk yg dkofs ok`jef`gmf, auk mftgmf mki pftk`jegi igtk`tk pgrg tgoleå` iikcgr g jftgs ouy gitgs mk mksgrrfiif kvfiutevf pfr igs ikyks mki lgig`jk, mki kqueielref y mk ifs prfjksfs quk reck` ig vemg k` ig Jrkgjeú`. Ks mkjer, `f sk pukmk jrkgr  f mkstruer gicf mki tfmf se` mkngr igtk`tk ig pfseleiemgm mk quk gqukiif quk sk jrkg f sk mkstruyg pukmg rkvkrtersk, skg jf` u` jekrtf ksaukrzf, trglgnf f gyumg, pkrf sekoprk dg mk kstgr igtk`tk ig pfseleiemgm mk quk pukmg  prfmujersk u` prfjksf mk trg`safrogjeú` quk må ig vukitg pfr jfopiktf g gqukiif quk dg semf ieoetgmf. K` kstk jgsf, if ieoetgmf, auk ki pftk`jegi duog`f, g trgvås mk su vkdïjuif aïsejf, kofjef`gi y ok`tgi, pkrf `f kieoe`gmf, pfr if tg`tf, k` tfmfs y jgmg u`f mk ifs skrks duog`fs kstç igtk`tk ki pftk`jegi e`ae`etf mk tfmfs ifs `evkiks quk `fs jfopf`k`. G `evki aïsejf, ki skr duog`f tek`k GM@ quk pfmrïg mkspkrtgr  jgpgjemgmks ietkrgiok`tk ’sflrkduog`gs‟, yg quk pfskkofs GM@, mk oujdgs rgzgs, ’mfroemf‟ k` `fsftrfs. G `evki mk jukrpf kofjef`gi y ok`tgi, tk`kofs pftk`jegiks tgoleå` igtk`tks quk pfmrïg` mgr`fs u` mfoe`ef mk ig kstrujturg mk ig rkgiemgm y u` jf`trfi mk ig oesog, quk gdfrg `f tk`kofs, y quk kstç` k` prfjksf mk skr, ecugiok`tk k` gicþ` ofok`tf, gjtevgmfs.

 

K` kstk jgsf, ki mkspkrtgr y rkvkrseú` mk igs ieoetgjef`ks quk sk eopusekrf` g `ukstrg kspkjek jug`mf ki jukrpf aïsejf quk usgofs, y igs kstrujturgs ok`tgiks y kofjef`giks quk tk`kofs, aukrf` gmgptgmgs g igs `kjksemgmks mk gqukiifs ’mefsks mk ig g`tecùkmgm‟ (igs meakrk`tks rgzgs quk e`tkrve`ekrf` k` igs sujksevgs ofmeaejgjef`ks mk `ukstrf jukrpf), rkquekrk mki trglgnf e`tkrefr mk jgmg pkrsf`g, cuegmfs pfr ig pgrtk mk kiifs quk ks jf`sjek`tk mk ksgs ieoetgjef`ks, y quk jf`fjk gqukiif quk mklk skr  ofmeaejgmf, mkspkrtgmf f sg`gmf, pgrg quk kstk prfjksf sk pf`cg k` ogrjdg. Ks pfr ksg rgzú` quk yg dkofs kxpiejgmf quk `ukstrf Uf Zupkrefr, y pgrtks mk `fsftrfs quk, pfr mkrkjdf prfpef y mesk÷f mk ig kstrujturg ouitemeok`sef`gi mk gqukiif quk sfofs, sf` ifs k`jgrcgmfs mk er mg`mf ifs  pgsfs k er ofvek`mf ifs deifs pgrg quk, mksmk if oçs prfau`mf k e`tg`celik, dgstg if oçs aïsejf y kxtkr`f, kstg trg`safrogjeú` sk vgyg mg`mf. Ks kvemk`tk quk `f dgy mkogsegmgs pkrsf`gs, k` kstfs ofok`tfs, quk kstå` prkpgrgmgs pgrg rkvkrter tfmfs gqukiifs jgolefs y ieoetgjef`ks suaremgs k` su tftgiemgm, gicf quk skrïg u` prfjksf rkigjef`gmf jf` ig ksjgig mk ’tepfs mk dfolrks‟ mk ig quk dgliglg Curmnekaa k` sus ksjretfs y ielrfs,  pkrf ksf `f quekrk mkjer quk `f kstkofs, jf`sjek`tk f e`jf`sjek`tkok`tk, iestfs e`mevemugiok`tk pgrg rkvkrter gqukiif quk pukmg skr rkvkrtemf, y pgrg iemegr jf` igs ieoetgjef`ks eopukstgs g jgmg skr duog`f pfr ki sestkog mk jf`trfi k` ig nustg okmemg k` quk igs jgpgjemgmks y kstgmf kvfiutevf gjtugi mk jgmg u`f if pkroetg. Xfr ftrf igmf, g tfmfs ifs skrks duog`fs sk `fs lifqukg sekoprk k` ig okmemg k` ig quk sestkog sfofs u` pkiecrf pftk`jegi mk u`g u ftrg afrog, jfsgkiquk iukcfpkrjelk servk, gquk `evki kvfiutevf, pgrg quk jgmg u`f mk `fsftrfs sg`k sus prfpefs lifqukfs y ieoetgjef`ks, y ksf `fs dgcg jrkjkr  jfof pkrsf`gs. Gsï, oek`trgs quk sk pkroetk e`ejegiok`tk quk sk e`stgik` y sk iikvk` g jglf ksgs og`epuigjef`ks k` tfmfs `fsftrfs (pfr ikyks y  prfjksfs quk pfselikok`tk `f iikcukofs g jfoprk`mkr gþ` sk pkroetekrf` k` su mïg), sekoprk ks pgrg quk servg` pgrg mktf`gr prfjksfs mk jgolef e`tkrefr quk `fs iikvk` g jgmg u`f g kxprksgr if oknfr quk tk`kofs mk`trf. K` kstfs ofok`tfs dgy lçsejgok`tk jugtrf rgzgs quk kstç` ckstef`g`mf ig vemg k` ig ]ekrrg, y quk ig ogyfrïg mk `fsftrfs jf`fjkofs jf` ifs `folrks mk Mrgjfs, G`u``gbes, Og`tes y u`g kspkjek e`skjtfemk quk tek`k`

 

u` `folrk quk sk pgrkjk g gicf gsï jfof ’^ui‟ (jug`mf if fyks af`åtejgok`tk). Mk kiifs mkpk`mk` ikcef`ks mk ftrgs sulkspkjeks ok`frks quk tek`k` tgoleå` meakrk`tks afrogs mk e`skjtfs k` su ogyfrïg, y gmkoçs, mk kiifs mkpk`mk` tgoleå` if quk sfikofs iigogr ’sfolrgs‟, ’k`temgmks `kcgtevgs ok`frks‟, ’mkof`efs‟, ’mne``s‟, f quk yf sukif jgtgifcgr jfof k`temgmks e`tkrmeok`sef`giks pfr su agjeiemgm pgrg ofvkrsk k`trk pig`fs arkjuk`jegiks. Kstfs ’sul-gitkr`fs‟ prfvek`k` mk ifs pig`fs `f aïsejfs mk sus rkspkjtevfs pig`ktgs mk freck` (ifs mk igs jugtrf crg`mks rgzgs pre`jepgiks) y ve`ekrf` gquï pgrg jf`questgr y fltk`kr rkjursfs pgrg su kxestk`jeg. K` kstfs ofok`tfs, `ukstrfs ogyfrks fpf`k`tks, pgrg ig duog`emgm, sf` ifs iigogmfs G`u``gbes y Mrgjfs. Kstfs þiteofs sf` u`g rgzg g`tecug quk iikcú gquï mk ig jf`stkigjeú` Giag Mrgjf`es, y mk Freú`, y sf` ifs e`ejegrf` tfmf ki prfjksf mk og`epuigjeú` ck`åtejg, juioe`gmf pfr G`u``gbes, quk tkroe`ú k` ki dfof sgpek`s. K` ig pkiïjuig ’ Ki Gsjk`sf mk Nþpetkr ‟, ‟, pfmåes vkr gicu`gs mk kstgs rgzgs, pkrf igs tk`åes lçsejgok`tk k` tfmgs igs skreks mk jek`jeg aejjeú`, k e`jiusf melunfs g`eogmfs. ]gi y jfof if k`tk`mkofs, `f sf` aïsejfs jfof `fsftrfs, pkrf kstç` mk`trf mki rg`cf arkjuk`jegi y sk oukvk` k` ki pig`f aïsejf k` ig rkceú` mki uitrgvefiktg, k` ki ktårejf y k` ki ok`tgi. Kstfs Mrgjfs y G`u``gbes tek`k` tfmf ki sestkog mk vemg k` ig ]ekrrg lgnf su jf`trfi, y, jfof tgi, sf` ifs oçs pkiecrfsfs. Zf` igs skrpek`tks, rkptfemks y mrgcf`ks ’`kcgtevfs‟ quk oujdgs pkrsf`gs yg vk` glekrtgok`tk, k` vesef`ks y  pkrjkpjef`ks kxtrgsk`sfregiks, gu`quk pukmk` jugiquekr kstç` k` `ukstrg ietkrgturg, seolfifcïg y oetfs gmfptgr mksmk dgjk oeiks afrog, mk g÷fs,y  puks sekoprk dg` vevemf k`trk `fsftrfs (`f tk`åes oçs quk vkr ig ksjuiturg quk dgy k` u`g sgig mki Qgtejg`f quk Qgtejg`f  quk ifs oukstrg, jfof u`g rkprksk`tgjeú` mki pfmkr quk tek`k` sflrk igs e`stetujef`ks quk kxestk` k` `ukstrg sfjekmgm). Ze gdfrg `fs gtrkvkofs g dgligr glekrtgok`tk mk kiifs ks pfrquk dgy u`g jg`temgm jgmg vkz ogyfr mk pkrsf`gs quk, pfr ifs jgolefs e`tkr`fs k` kiifs, y pfr ifs jgolefs k` ig kstrujturg y arkjuk`jeg mki pig`ktg, kstç` kopkzg`mf f iikvg` tekopf pkrjeleå`mfifs f se`tek`mf su prksk`jeg, y, jfof tgi, ks `kjksgref mgrik vgiemkz pgrg jf`trgrrkstgr ki jf`trfi mk mg÷fs y

 

mkse`afrogjeú` quk trgtg mk remejuiezgr y og`tk`kr kstf lgnf jf`trfi y se` sgier g ig iuz. K` tfmf jgsf, igs rgzgs k` jf`trfi sglk` og`epuigr ouy lek` ig  pgrtk ok`tgi y kofjef`gi mki skr duog`f, kstf þiteof gicf quk kiifs `f tek`k`, kofjef`ks, y pfr if tg`tf sekoprk skrç` arïfs, grrfcg`tks, jf` sk`teoek`tfs mk supkrefremgm, ktj., dgjeg `fsftrfs.

 

Jfoprk`mek`mf `mek`mf oknfr ki tglikrf mk nukcf Jfoprk

Ig rgzú` pre`jepgi pfr ig quk `f tk`kofs gþ` ki pftk`jegi mk ielrgr`fs mk igs crg`mks rgzgs quk ckstef`g` ki sestkog mk vemg k` `ukstrf pig`ktg ks quk tek`k` u` gcgrrk lrutgi y prfau`mf sflrk kstk e`jf`sjek`tk jfikjtevf. Mklemf g quk dgy oujdgs pkrsf`gs, sgleå`mfif y se` sglkrif, quk kstç` jf`kjtg`mf, iigog`mf, velrg`mf, f pemek`mf gyumg g meakrk`tks afrogs, k`krcïgs, kcrkcfrks, ’mefsks‟, ktj., jrkgmfs pfr kstgs rgzgs, kstgofs sfstk`ek`mf, se` skr jf`sjek`tks mk kiif, ki pkroesf quk iks dkofs mgmf, mksmk ig g`tecùkmgm, pgrg quk pukmg` og`tk`krsk k` jf`trfi. Lçsejgok`tk, jugiquekrg mk kstfs Mrgjfs, og`tes, G`u``gbes y mkoçs mejk` mkoçs mejk` gicf gsï jfof ’`f pfmåes kjdgr`fs pfrquk dgy oujdgs pkrsf`gs quk secuk` jigog`mf `ukstrg gyumg‟, oek`trgs quk k` ki ftrf lg`mf mejk` ’ se, pkrf ksgs pkrsf`gs `f sglk` quk kstç` jigog`mf ig gyumg mk gqukiifs quk iks sfoktk` y og`epuig`, y quk kstç` secuek`mf k`cg÷gmgs pgrg quk fs pkroetg` kstgr  gquï ‟‟..

Lçsejgok`tk, yg fs pfmåes eogce`gr quk igs pktejef`ks mk gyumg f mk jf`kxeú` quk sk iks dgjk` dgjk` kstç` eoluemgs k` ig ig ogyfrïg mk rkiecef`ks, sestkogs mk jrkk`jegs, pikcgregs y retfs mki pig`ktg, mf`mk, gi sfiejetgr  gsestk`jeg mk u` Ugdvå y sus mkrevgmfs, mk u` mefs tgi, f mk u` mefs pgsjugi, `f dgjkofs oçs quk pkmer quk secg` jf`kjtgmfs y prksk`tks k` `ukstrf sestkog mk jrkk`jegs gqukiifs quk k` su mïgksk sk dejekrf` mefsks grquktïpejfs, if jugi iks prfpfrjef`g gcgrrk pgsgr quk pfr fs ksfs jfok`tglg merkjtgok`tk g ig pgrtk jk`trgi mki e`jf`sjek`tk jfikjtevf, mksmk mf`mk sk ckstef`g` ifs grquktepfs oçs eopfrtg`tks quk ki skr duog`f usg pgrg ig  prfykjjeú` mk ig rkgiemgm jf`sk`sugmg y ck`krgi.

 

[`g ieopekzg g juk`tg cftgs

Ks pfr kstg rgzú` quk ieopegr ki e`jf`sjek`tk jfikjtevf mk `ukstrg kspkjek sk dgjk tgrkg tetç`ejg, y sfif if vgofs jf`secuek`mf g juk`tgcftgs, suog`mf pfjf g pfjf, jf`fjeoek`tf y jf`sjek`jeg gi pfrquå mk ig setugjeú`  pig`ktgreg y mk pfrquå jukstg tg`tf ’mksdgjkrsk‟ mk ifs quk ark`g` kstk jgoe`f mk jrkjeoek`tf quk kstgofs e`tk`tg`mf trg`setgr. Gdfrg oesof, `e`cu`f mk `fsftrfs pfmkofs mksof`tgr kstfs retfs, rkiecef`ks, pikcgregs y  pktejef`ks quk oeiif`ks mk pkrsf`gs k` ki ou`mf ou`m f dgjk` g megref, pkrf sï quk  pfmkofs er sek`mf jf`sjek`tks pfjf g pfjf mk if quk sec`eaejg` kstgs  pktejef`ks g tfmf gqukiif quk `f skg `ukstrf prfpef skr, `ukstrf prfpef Uf Zupkrefr, `ukstrg prfpeg ’jdespg meve`g‟ e`tkrefr. Ig gyumg quk sk `kjksetg, sk sfiejetg ’dgjeg mk`trf‟, dgjeg ig Auk`tk y ig meve`emgm prksk`tk k` `fsftrfs oesofs, yg quk ks ki jg`gi merkjtf dgjeg ifs rkjursfs, jf`fjeoek`tfs y dkrrgoek`tgs quk jgmg u`f prkjesg. Jug`mf sk sfiejetg dgjeg gaukrg, ig iigogmg ig rkspf`mk gqukiif quk kstç oçs gjfrmk g ig velrgjeú` mk ig pkrsf`g, if jugi g vkjks `f ks mki tfmf if quk kstç gie`kgmf jf` su lek` ogyfr, `e jf` ig velrgjeú`-jf`sjek`jeg-skr  quk ig pkrsf`g jrkk quk vg g rkspf`mkr. Jfof tfmf, afrog pgrtk mk if quk `fs dg` k`sk÷gmf g dgjkr, lusjgr tfmf aukrg, y pkmer gyumg sekoprk aukrg, y dkofs mk dgjkr`fs jf`sjek`tks quk secuk sek`mf `kjksgref dgjkr if jf`trgref, mksmk mk`trf, puks `f qukoçs `f tk`cg u` jg`gi merkjtf jf`trglgngr jugiquekr aukrzg gie`kgmg jf`dgy ifs `gmek pfmkrks kikvgmfs mk ig iuz, gofr y vkrmgm, se if dgjk mksmk ig pgrtk suyg quk ks purg iuz, gofr y vkrmgm.

 

Zkcu`mg pgrtk> júof au`jef`g ki okjg`esof mk jf`trfi

 

f`aïf k` quk oçs f ok`fs tk`cgofs jigrf igs rgzf`ks pfr igs jugiks ki J ou`mf kstç jfof kstç, yg quk gdfrg vgofs g kxpiejgr y g trgtgr mk jfoprk`mkr pfr quå `f `fs dkofs mgmf juk`tg dgstg gdfrg y `f dkofs  pfmemf jgolegrif. ¶]g` ¶]g` jfopiejgmf ks quetgr mki pfmkr g ifs quk `fs cflekr`g` pþliejgok`tk f mksmk igs sfolrgs6 ¶]g` meaïjei ks mksof`tgr ki sestkog gjtugi, sfjegi, kjf`úoejf, kmujgtevf, quk `f `fs prfmujk `e`cþ`  lk`kaejef6 ¶]g` ¶]g` açjeiks sfofs mk og`kngr y og`epuigr6 ¶Júof ks pfselik6 Xuks lek`, ks pfselik, y ifs quk `fs jf`trfig` k`tek`mk` ouy lek` ifs okjg`esofs g trgvås mk ifs jugiks kstf sujkmk. Mk dkjdf, dgstg quk `f `fs jf`fzjgofs g `fsftrfs oesofs, pfjf vgofs g pfmkr dgjkr pgrg jgolegr ig rkgiemgm kxtkrefr y ki kstgmf mki ou`mf k` ki quk veveofs.

 

Qfivek`mf gi suk÷f

Mkjïg

quk, jfof tg`tfs ftrfs oeiif`ks mk pkrsf`gs, sfofs usgmfs y og`epuigmfs jfof ck`krgmfrks k`krcåtejfs, y sk `fs k`trktek`k pk`sg`mf k` ftrgs jfsgs mk afrog quk `f pfmgofs mgr`fs juk`tg mk juçi ks ig vkrmgmkrg setugjeú` k` ig quk `fs k`jf`trgofs. ¶Júof ks pfselik quk oeiif`ks mk pkrsf`gs kstå` sfoktemgs g ksk jf`trfi mk afrog vfiu`tgreg6 ¶Júof ks pfselik quk `f `fs rklkikofs gi vkr quk ki jf`nu`tf mki pig`ktg kstç yk`mf k` ig merkjjeú` kquevfjgmg6 Xreokrf, pfrquk ki sestkog mk jf`trfi ks ouy kakjtevf2 skcu`mf, pfrquk `f dgy mkogsegmgs pkrsf`gs quk skpg` quk kstç` sek`mf jf`trfigmgs2 tkrjkrf, pfrquk g ifs quk sglk` quk sf` jf`trfigmfs sk ifs og`tek`k g rgyg, y jugrtf, pfrquk u`g crg` pgrtk mk ig pfligjeú` ks ouy açjei mk mfoe`gr y sk mkng jf`trfigr g custf.

 

Frcç`ejfs, pkrsf`gs se` giog y ftrfs  Xfrtgiks Frcç`ejfs, ftrfs  nucgmfrkss  nucgmfrk Xkrf ¶Wuå sec`eaejg ksf mk quk u`g pgrtk mk ig pfligjeú` skg açjei mk jf`trfigr6 Dkofs ok`jef`gmf u` pgr mk vkjks g Ckfrck Curmnekaa g if igrcf mk igs pçce`gs g`tkrefrks. Auk u`f mk ifs oïstejfs mk pre`jepefs mk 7588 oçs eopfrtg`tks mk tfmg ig k`sk÷g`zg ksftårejg y mk ksjukigs mk oestkref quk tk`kofs dfy k` mïg. Afrogmf k` igs trgmejef`ks y k`sk÷g`zgs g`tecugs quk rkjeleú k` Gseg Jk`trgi, Curmnekaa menf u`g vkz> [` pfrjk`tgnk jf`semkrglik mk igs pkrsf`gs quk k`jf`trgofs k` ig jgiik kstç` vgjïgs pfr mk`trf, ks mkjer, kstç` gjtugiok`tk oukrtgs. Zfofs gafrtu`gmfs mk `f pfmkr vkrif y mk `f sglkrif. Ze jf`fjeårgofs ki `þokrf mk pkrsf`gs quk kstç` rkgiok`tk oukrtgs y ki `þokrf mk pkrsf`gs quk cflekr`g` `ukstrgs vemgs k` kstfs ofok`tfs, `fs vfivkrïgofs ifjfs mk dfrrfr. K` ftrfs ielrfs, kstk tepf mk pkrsf`gs sf` iigogmgs ’pfrtgiks frcç`ejfs‟.

Ki tkog mk ifs pfrtgiks frcç`ejfs dg semf u` tkog jgiek`tk k` ifs þiteofs g÷fs mksmk quk ig ksjretfrg Igurg B`ecdt kopkzgrg g usgr kstk `folrk pgrg mksec`gr u` tepf mk pkrsf`gs mktkroe`gmgs, jf` u`@ftepf jf`jrktgs,g k`krcåtejg y kvfiutevgok`tk dglig`mf. ks mk u`jgrgjtkrïstejgs `folrk ouy gafrtu`gmf pgrg kopkzgr, puks rkgiok`tk ks gicf pkyfrgtevf jug`mf kstgofs dglig`mf mk skrks duog`fs, quk kstå` k` ki `evki kvfiutevf k` ki quk kstå`, `f mkng` mk kstgr gvg`zg`mf, jrkjek`mf f gprk`mek`mf, pfr  oujdf quk kstå` k` prfjksfs, kstgmfs y `evkiks mk velrgjeú` y jf`sjek`jeg oçs gsfjegmfs g ig pgrtk ’`kcgtevg‟ mk ig rkgiemgm quk g ftrg jfsg.

 

¶Wuå sec`eaejg k`tf`jks quk u`g pkrsf`g ks u`  pfrtgi frcç`ejf6 frcç`ejf6 Zec`eaejg jf` vgregsu`gjfsgs, gi ok`fs quk tgi y`fs jfof pfmkofs mkae`erif k`tk`mkr`fs tkroe`fifcïg rkstre`ck oujdgs vkjkspgrg ig kxprkseú` rkgi mk jf`jkptfs k`krcåtejfs. Zec`eaejg quk, k` u` jukrpf duog`f, k` u` vkdïjuif aïsejf y frcç`ejf, dgy u` ’fjupg`tk‟, u` giog, k` kstk jgsf, juyf `evki kvfiutevf ks trkok`mgok`tk lgnf, ks `kcgtevf k` su  pfigremgm, y gmkoçs pukmk skr seopikok`tk u` jg`gi pgrg k`temgmks pgrg og`epuigr g ftrgs pkrsf`gs usg`mf f gjfpiç`mfsk g kstk giog mk lgnf `evki k` ksk jukrpf. Gsï, pgrg quk if k`tk`mgofs, jug`mf dgligofs mk ’giogs‟ mk lgnf `evki `fs rkakreofs g mfs mki jfsgs, f lek` giogs qukmgmf gjglg` mk e`mevemugiezgrsk mk igs ok`tks crupgiks rke`f g`eogi y dg` ki sgitf gi rke`f duog`f, mf`mk k`tf`jks u` Uf Zupkrefr pukmk k`igzgrsk g kiigs k e`ejegr su g`mgmurg k` kstk `evki k` ki quk kstgofs, f lek` sec`eaejg quk ks u` giog ’grteaejegi‟, aglrejgmg f jf`struemg pfr k`temgmks `kcgtevgs, jf` k`krcïg mk gicu`f mk ifs  pig`fs supkrefrks, pgrg g`eogr u` jukrpf aïsejf y su kstrujturg k`krcåtejg se` quk dgyg `e`cþ` Uf Zupkrefr k`igzgmf f jf`kjtgmf gi oesof. Xfr kstg rgzú`, k` ki preokrf mk ifs jgsfs, ksgs pkrsf`gs, se tek`k` u` UZ k`igzgmf, pkrf ki giog nustf prfvek`k mk ifs `evkiks e`akrefrks, ks mkjer, mki rke`f g`eogi, ksg pkrsf`g tek`k pfr mkig`tk u` jgoe`f kvfiutevf k` ki quk mkngrç mk skr pfrtgi frcç`ejf k` gicþ` ofok`tf, k` ki skcu`mf jgsf, se sk trgtg mk u`g pkrsf`g jf` u` sïoei mk ’giog‟ jrkgmf grteaejegiok`tk pgrg mftgr mk gpgrek`jeg mk vemg g u` jukrpf, y k`tf`jks pfmkr skr usgmf jfof jglgiif mk ]rfyg pfr k`temgmks k` ig sfjekmgm, gdï `f dgy `gmg quk dgjkr, y jug`mf ki jukrpf oukrk, ki giog grteaejegi sk mkse`tkcrg, y ig k`temgm quk ig jf`trfig lusjg ftrf `ukvf vkdïjuif pgrg dgjkr if oesof. ¶Júof ks pfselik k`tf`jks quk `gzjg` `ukvfs jukrpfs quk `f tk`cg` gsec`gmf yg mk g`tkog`f u` Uf Zupkrefr quk vgyg g k`igzgr jf` kiifs6 K` ck`krgi, tepf mk jukrpfs vek`k`frcç`ejfs, pfr mkakjtf k` gicu`gs iï`kgs ck`åtejgs mf`mk kstk yg ifs pgmrks sf` pfrtgiks mk afrog quk, tk`cg`

 

f `f UZ, ki jukrpf quk `gjk mk kiifs, ck`åtejgok`tk dglig`mf, pfr igs ieoetgjef`ks quk pfskk, yg `f ks usgmf `e lusjgmf pfr `e`cþ` UZ pgrg skr  usgmf jfof vkdïjuif kvfiutevf. Gi rkof`tgr`fs gi freck` mk tfmf kstf, `fs k`jf`trgofs jf` quk aukrf` seopikok`tk gicu`fs ofmkifs mk skrks duog`fs, quk trgs igs preokrgs ofmeaejgjef`ks ck`åtejgs pfr G`u``gbes y ftrgs rgzgs, suarekrf` gicu`fs ’mktkrefrfs‟ k` sus jf`aecurgjef`ks y aukrf` mkngmfs mk igmf k` ig jgmk`g mk pkrakjjef`goek`tf mk ifs jukrpfs aïsejfs y k`krcåtejfs quk tkroe`grf` sek`mf ki dfof sgpek`s sgpek`s, pkrf quk sk `kjksetglg` pgrg iglfrks quk k`tf`jks `gmek oçs qukrïg, igs oçs jfopiejgmgs, `kcgtevgs y mkoçs k` gqukiifs tekopfs k` ifs e`ejefs mk ig jrkgjeú` mk `ukstrg kspkjek. Gi ersk nu`tg`mf g vkjks GM@ mk pfrtgiks frcç`ejfs jf` GM@ mk  pkrsf`gs quk `f if sf`, dfy k` mïg `f dgy prçjtejgok`tk `e`cu`g meakrk`jeg, kxjkptf k` ki mksgrrfiif y pftk`jegi mki sestkog k`krcåtejf, ok`tgi, kofjef`gi, ktj., yg quk se ki giog quk g`eog ksfs jukrpfs ks `ukvg, mk e`jepek`tk `evki kvfiutevf, f grteaejegi, ki jfopfrtgoek`tf, ig  pkrsf`giemgm, y tfmf ki jf`nu`tf mk ig pkrsf`g mk u`g afrog f mk ftrg og`eakstgrç kstk tepf mk jf`aecurgjeú`. Xfrtgiks frcç`ejfs, mk kstg og`krg, sf` ifs rkspf`sgliks mk gicu`gs mk igs gtrfjemgmks quk vkofs k` igs `ftejegs, puks tek`k` ouy ieoetgmgs igs au`jef`ks kopçtejgs, rkigjef`giks, gofrfsgs, ktj. Xkrf igs pukmk` eoetgr  ouy lek`, pfr flskrvgjeú` y pfr oeoktesof, gsï quk, k` ck`krgi, ks meaïjei mgrsk juk`tg se tek`ks u`f f `f gi igmf, g `f skr quk e`tkrgjtþks arkjuk`tkok`tk jf` ig pkrsf`g, skg k` ig agoeieg f skg k` ki trglgnf. ¶Xfr quå pumekrg k`jgr`gr u`g pkrsf`g jf` u` pfrtgi frcç`ejf6 Xfr  ikjjef`ks y `kjksemgmks kvfiutevgs, tfmf tek`k su au`jeú` k` ig Jrkgjeú`, y kstk tepf mk skrks duog`fs tek`k` ig jgpgjemgm mk mktf`gr k` `fsftrfs tfmf tepf mk rkgjjef`ks quk `fs dgjk` mgr`fs juk`tg mk gqukiif quk `kjksetgofs sg`gr f gprk`mkr f trglgngr, mk og`krg quk ks pfr ksf, quk se u` UZ ksjfck  pkmer quk u` pfrtgi frcç`ejf k`jgr`k f afrok pgrtk mk su `þjikf jkrjg`f, ks  pfrquk vk ki pftk`jegi kvfiutevf quk prksk`tg, gu`quk `f skg açjei su cksteú` k` ki mïg g mïg pgrg ig pkrsf`giemgm mk quek` tek`k quk jf`vever f trglgngr jf` ksk pfrtgi frcç`ejf.

 

K` ck`krgi, ifs pfrtgiks frcç`ejfs mk ig skcu`mg jigsk, ifs quk tek`k` ’giog grteaejegi‟, pukmk` mksgpgrkjkr mk `ukstrgs vemgs mk oujdgs afrogs u`g vkz `ukstrf gprk`mezgnk jf` åi f kiig dg semf jfopiktgmf, puks ki UZ `f `kjksetg pkrog`k`tkok`tk u`g u`emgm mk jgtgiezg`tks tg` prkjgref y jfopiejgmf jf` `fsftrfs. U, pfr ftrf igmf, `f tfmgs igs pkrsf`gs quk pumeårgofs tgjdgr mk  pfrtgiks frcç`ejfs if sf`, puks gu`quk kxestg` jfopfrtgoek`tfs seoeigrks, dgy oujdfs agjtfrks pfr ifs jugiks u` skr duog`f pumekrg pgrkjkrsk k` jgrçjtkr, trgtf, pkrsf`giemgm y prfjksf kvfiutevf g u` XF `f seå`mfif. ]gopfjf pfmkofs er prkcu`tg`mf se tgi f jugi pkrsf`g ks pfrtgi frcç`ejf,  puks `kjksetgofs pkroesf mk su UZ, se if tek`k, pgrg sglkrif, yg quk mk if jf`trgref, `ukstrf UZ sfif `fs rkspf`mkrç lgsgmf k` prkoesgs mki kakjtf quk tek`k sflrk `fsftrfs, y `f mk ig ikjturg rkgi mki giog mk ig pkrsf`g quk qukrkofs jf`suitgr. Ze `f tek`k UZ, tgopfjf ki `ukstrf if sglrïg, puks `f sk vg g oktkr k` ig kstrujturg k`krcåtejg mk ftrf jukrpf aïsejf se` pkroesf pgrg dgjkrif, yg quk `f ik jf`jekr`k. Xkrf sï quk pfmkofs sglkr se `ukstrf UZ,  pgrg kstg k`jgr`gjeú` dg sfiejetgmf tk`kr rkigjeú` jf` gicþ` XF k` `ukstrf `þjikf jkrjg`f, puks k`tf`jks `fs merç queå` ks, yg quk `fsftrfs oesofs, k` ftrf `evki, dkofs pkmemf ig prksk`jeg mk u`f mk kiifs pgrg `ukstrf gvg`jk y jrkjeoek`tf.

 

 Ifs okjg`esofs mki skr duog`f quk agjeietg` ig og`epuigjeú` mk ig sfjekmgm  Jug`mf igs rgzgs quk jrkgrf` y og`epuigrf` ki vkdïjuif aïsejf quk gdfrg usgofs lusjgrf` sfiujef`ks y og`krgs mk og`tk`kr ig duog`emgm ’lgnf jf`trfi‟ sk fptú pfr ig og`epuigjeú` k`krcåtejg mk ig rkgiemgm pgrg quk ki skr duog`f `f sk mekrg juk`tg mk quk kstglg sek`mf og`epuigmf y jf`trfigmf. Lçsejgok`tk, mk `ukvf, vfivkofs g ig pkiïjuig Ogtrex jfof g`gifcïg, mf`mk, k` igs ok`tks mk igs pkrsf`gs, sk prfykjtg ’ki ou`mf‟ quk jrkk` pkrjeler jfof rkgi. Gicf gsï ks if quk sujkmk, g pgrter mk ig og`epuigjeú` mki e`jf`sjek`tk jfikjtevf y mk ig psequk mk igs pkrsf`gs. Ks u`sf`dkjdf quk, pgrg oujdgs pkrsf`gs, gþ` `f kstç jigrf’rkgiemgm‟. quk kiifs oesofs ifs rkspf`sgliks mki k`tfr`f quk iigogofs `ukstrg U ks u` dkjdf quk, gi skr duog`f, mksmk ifs gilfrks mk su jrkgjeú`, ik dg` eoluemf k` ig prfcrgogjeú` quk iikvg k` ig psequk quk ig rkgiemgm kxtkrefr  kxestk e`mkpk`mek`tkok`tk mk quk u`f kstå gdï pgrg jrkgrig, f vkrig f `f. Kstf tek`k u`g lgsk skoe-mestfrsef`gmg, puks if quk jrkg ig rkgiemgm ks ig k`krcïg prfykjtgmg y jf`mk`sgmg mk ig jf`sjek`jeg, y dgy oujdfs tepfs y `evkiks mk jf`sjek`jeg quk afrog` if quk `fsftrfs vkofs k` `ukstrf mïg g mïg jfof ki ou`mf tkrrk`gi y tg`celik g ifs sk`temfs. Ze u`f `f kstç  prksk`tk k` u` dkjdf, ¶sec`eaejg quk `f dg tk`emf `gmg quk vkr jf` ki oesof6 @f, puks sek`mf pgrtk mki oesof jgopf mk k`krcïg quk dg skrvemf  pgrg og`eakstgr ksk dkjdf, dgstg ig pgrtïjuig oçs ï`aeog quk tfmg pkrsf`g  prfykjtg mksmk su kstrujturg kofjef`gi, ok`tgi, jgusgi, ktj., ks tfogmg jfof ogtkregi pgrg afrogr ig kstrujturg mk ig kxestk`jeg. Kstf, kvemk`tkok`tk, `fs iikvg g pk`sgr quk, mk gicu`g afrog, tfmfs sfofs rkspf`sgliks mk if quk kstç sujkmek`mf g `ukstrf girkmkmfr g tfmfs ifs `evkiks, pkrf dkofs mk gnustgr kstg gaerogjeú` g quk kxestk` oujdfs `evkiks, y gicu`fs mk kiifs kstç` og`epuigmfs f ksjf`memfs gi jf`fjeoek`tf mki skr duog`f, gmkoçs mk quk kxestk` okjg`esofs quk `f kstç` lgnf jf`trfi mk jf`sjek`jeg duog`g gicu`g, y quk tgoleå` afrog` pgrtk mki k`trgogmf mki pig`f aïsejf.

 

K` tfmf jgsf, sfif jf`fjek`mf júof au`jef`g` tfmfs ifs prfjksfs quk tk pkroetk` pfskkr u` k`trgogmf pgrg kxester y tk`kr kstg kxpkrek`jeg tkrrk`gi, pfmrkofs jfoprk`mkr `ukstrf pgpki jfof jf-jrkgmfrks mki oesof, y pfmrkofs jfoprk`mkr quk ki ou`mf jfof tgi `f kxestk jfof ks  pfrquk sï, se`f pfrquå ki jf`nu`tf jf` nu`tf mk tfmf if quk q uk kstç vevf y jf`sjek`tk jf `sjek`tk k` ki oesof dg dkjdf quk gsï sk og`eaekstk. Zek`mf tu pgrtk mk ksk jf`nu`tf, ki ou`mf, mk gicu`g afrog, y k` su nustg okmemg, ks jfof ks pfrquå tþ tgoleå` dgs tfogmf pgrtk k` mgrik ig afrog quk tek`k.

 

Jfopf`k`tks mk ig kstrujturg ok`tgi duog`g

Jfof dkofs mejdf, ki skr duog`f ks u` skr pk`sg`tk juyg jgpgjemgm jfc`etevg mkpk`mk mk vgrefs jfopf`k`tks y kikok`tfs quk pfskk k` ki jf`nu`tf mk ig kstrujturg quk, mk afrog ck`årejg, sk mk`foe`g ig psequk. Kstg psequk, kstg dgleiemgm mk pfmkr k`tk`mkr, kxprksgr y og`eakstgr  jf`jkptfs ck`årejfs y glstrgjtfs, k` afrogs rgjef`giks y jf`jrktgs, mktkroe`g gsï oesof igs afrogs k` igs quk ifs prfjksfs mk og`eakstgjeú` mki ou`mf k` ki quk veveofs au`jef`g` pgrg mgrik u` sk`temf g ig kxpkrek`jeg tkrrk`gi jf` gicf quk, `ukstrf vkdïjuif aïsejf, jf`semkrk vçiemf, súiemf y rkgi. Ifs jfopf`k`tks quk afrog` ig pgrtk ok`tgi sf`, jfof yg jf`fjåes, vgrefs, kopkzg`mf pfr ki jkrklrf, jfof ig u`emgm mk prfjksgoek`tf mki jukrpf aïsejf, skcuemf pfr igs ksakrgs  ok`tgiks, quk mftg` gi jkrklrf mki sfatwgrk pgrg su cksteú` gmkjugmg, y iukcf igs jgpgs y jukrpfs gsfjegmfs y rkigjef`gmfs jf` ki pig`f ok`tgi, jfof sf` ig tkrjkrg y såpteog jgpg mki jgopf kikjtrfogc`åtejf quk iigogofs gurg, y quk sk ulejg` mk`trf mki jf`nu`tf quk mk`foe`gofs jukrpf ktårejf, y pfr supukstf ki jukrpf ok`tgi, jfof rkspf`sglik þiteof mk ig jf`kxeú` jf` ki ou`mf mk igs emkgs, jf` ki ou`mf mk ifs jf`jkptfs, grquktepfs y jf`fjeoek`tfs, quk mftg` gi jf`nu`tf mk ig kxpkrek`jeg duog`g mki jgopf ofrafck`åtejf, mk igs pig`teiigs, y mk ifs ofimksk`y igmgtfs, pgrgg jglf. pfmkr kxprksgr ig vemg mk ig afrog jf`sjek`tk quk sk`kjksgrefs kstç iikvg`mf  

 

[`g kstrujturg jrkgmg y og`epuigmg murg`tk ig ofmeaejgjeú` ck`åtejg mki skr duog`f Xgrg k`tk`mkr igs au`jef`ks quk knkjutg` jgmg u`g mk igs pgrtks, ks eopfrtg`tk tk`kr k` juk`tg quk ki skr duog`f auk mesk÷gmf kxprksgok`tk mk kstg afrog pgrg quk juopiekrg u` prfpúsetf, y, jfof vkrkofs iukcf, ki dkjdf mk dglkr semf jf`jklemfs jf` u` prfpúsetf gsfjegmf gi skrvejef g ftrfs crupfs y skrks mk aukrg mk `ukstrf pig`ktg, `fs dg mftgmf mk u`gs jgrgjtkrïstejgs quk gmkoçs iks prfpfrjef`glg` g kiifs ig afrog mk ckstef`gr  y og`tk`kr lgnf jf`trfi gi jf`nu`tf mk ig rgzg duog`g.

 

Jfof tgi, gicu`fs mk ifs jfopf`k`tks quk afrog` `ukstrg pgrtk jfc`etevg dg` semf rkmujemfs k` pftk`jegi, jfof igs ciç`muigs petuetgreg y  pe`kgi, oek`trgs quk ftrfs jfopf`k`tks dg` semf e`trfmujemfs, jfof ki  prfcrgog kcf, quk vkrkofs tgoleå`. Gseoesof, sk jf`semkrú `kjksgref eoluer u`g skrek mk prfcrgogs mk sfatwgrk k` igs ksakrgs ok`tgiks pgrg quk  pumeårgofs k`tk`mkr y mksjfmeaejgr igs jfsgs gjfrmk g igs rkcigs y mkskfs mk gqukiifs quk igs ckstef`g` y, g pgrter mk gquï, pfmkr tk`kr ifs okmefs pgrg ig og`epuigjeú` y ofmeaejgjeú` mk ig psequk mki skr duog`f y quk kstk `f  pumekrg ksjgpgr mk ig oesog, puks `f tk`mrïg dkrrgoek`tgs, `f igs tuvf murg`tk oujdfs oeik`efs, pgrg pfmkr ki oesof mksprfcrgogrsk y kieoe`gr   pgrtk mk ksfs prfcrgogs y sustetuerifs pfr ftrfs.

 

 Ig ok`tk duog`g y su mksjf`fjeoek`tf tftgi   pfr pgrtk mk ig jek`jeg faejegi  Ig rkgiemgm mk ig ok`tk duog`g ks oujdf oçs jfopikng mk if quk `ukstrgs jek`jegs jfc`etevgs gjtugiks sf` jgpgjks mk kxpiejgr`fs. K` ck`krgi, sk jf`semkrg g ig ok`tk u` sulprfmujtf mki jkrklrf, yg quk `f ks  pfselik mktkjtgr k`krcåtejgok`tk ki jgopf y ig k`krcïg juç`tejg quk ig afrog, k` afrog mk ksakrgs. ]gopfjf sk jfoprk`mk quk ig ok`tk `f pukmk au`jef`gr se `f tek`k ki rkpfsetfref mk mgtfs y vevk`jegs quk ks ki jukrpf ok`tgi y sus meakrk`tks `evkiks mk prfau`memgm, y quk jug`mf dgligofs mk jf`jkptfs tgiks jfof ki suljf`sjek`tk, `f `fs kstgofs rkaerek`mf g u`g grquetkjturg glstrgjtg y pfjf mkae`emg, quk vgrïg skcþ` yquek` ig mksjrelg, se`f g u`g rkgiemgm k`krcåtejg quk ks pkrjelemg pkrakjtg `ïtemgok`tk oçs giiç mk ifs sk`temfs, y quk tek`k u`g kstrujturg jfopiktgok`tk jigrg k` jug`tf g au`jef`ks y rkspf`sgleiemgmks k` ki jf`nu`tf mk ifs prfjksfs jfc`etevfs y mkjfmeaejgmfrks mk ig rkgiemgm duog`g. Xfr kstg oesog rgzú`, `e ig `kurfjek`jeg `e ig psejfifcïg k` tfmgs sus rgogs, sf` jgpgjks mk er oçs giiç g ig dfrg mk jfoprk`mkr ki pfmkr mk ig ok`tk y mk ig kstrujturg ok`tgi k`krcåtejg mk igs pkrsf`gs, yg quk mksjf`fjk` pfr jfopiktf, sgivf rgrfs e`mevemufs quk sk dg` gvk`turgmf k` su kstumef g `evki oktgaïsejf, igs pgrtks quk mg` sk`temf gi au`jef`goek`tf mk if quk jfopf`k ig pkrsf`giemgm mki skr duog`f. Gsï, `u`jg `fs dg` dgligmf mki pgtrú` mk jf`mujtg, u`g içoe`g quk k`krcåtejgok`tk prksk`tg ig afrog mk u` tglikrf mk gnkmrkz ulejgmg k` igs ksakrgs ok`tgiks g ig giturg mki jukrpf jgiifsf y quk mktkroe`g ig afrog k` ig quk `fs jfopfrtgofs, `u`jg `fs dg` dgligmf k` prfau`memgm, g `f skr quk dgygofs ikïmf pfr  knkopif g Curmnekaa f tk`cgofs `fjef`ks mki psejfg`çieses mk Nu`c, mki tkog mk ifs Ufs f sulpkrsf`giemgmks, mki Uf Þ`ejf, mki Uf flskrvgmfr, ktj.  @u`jg `fs dg` dgligmf mk ig ksakrg mk jf`sjek`jeg y su ulejgjeú` k` ki  pig`f ok`tgi jf`kjtgmg y afrog`mf pgrtk mki jukrpf ok`tgi mki skr  duog`f, mk júof pfskk u`g jf`sjek`jeg grteaejegi quk `fs mg ig eiuseú` mk ig pkrsf`giemgm pfr su argcok`tgjeú` k` oþitepiks pu`tfs y mk ig jf`sjek`jeg rkgi quk sulygjk lgnf ig oesog, jf`kjtgmg y sek`mf ki pu`tf mk

 

k`trgmg g u`g jf`sjek`jeg oujdf ogyfr quk iigogofs, k` `ukstrg tkroe`fifcïg, ki Uf Zupkrefr. ]fmfs kstfs jfopf`k`tks y au`jef`ks sf` pgrtks mki k`trgogmf quk `fs  pkroeterç k`tk`mkr oknfr, u`g vkz ifs vkgofs k` mktgiik, ifs okjg`esofs quk tk`kofs pgrg k`tk`mkr ki ou`mf quk `fs rfmkg, yg quk, u`g vkz jfoprk`mgofs kstf, pfmrkofs k`tf`jks pgsgr g kxpiejgr quk ki ou`mf quk  pkrjeleofs ks g su vkz u`g jrkgjeú` mk kstfs prfpefs okjg`esofs, k` u`  lujik se` ae` quk sk rktrfgieok`tg, pfr supukstf jf` oþitepiks e`nkrk`jegs e`tkr`gs, pgrg mftgr gi skr duog`f mk u`g kxpkrek`jeg eiusfreg y ogikglik, se sk sglk júof. Gsï quk dkofs mk jfoprk`mkr ki au`jef`goek`tf mk `ukstrg ok`tk pgrg k`tk`mkr ki au`jef`goek`tf mk ig rkgiemgm.

 

 Ki prfcrgog prfcrgog kcf K` ig ogyfrïg mk ifs ielrfs ksperetugiks, ki kcf tek`k lgstg`tk ogig agog. Ig rgzú` ks quk ki kcf, quk ks ki prfcrgog e`skrtgmf k` `ukstrg ok`tk pgrg ckstef`gr tfmfs sus prfjksfs, `fs prfpfrjef`g, k` jekrtg afrog, u` sk`teoek`tf mk meakrk`jegjeú` mki rkstf mk igs pkrsf`gs. G `evki prçjtejf, ki kcf `f ks oçs quk ig dkrrgoek`tg quk `fs gyumg g frcg`ezgr ifs meakrk`tks gspkjtfs mk `ukstrg pkrsf`giemgm mk afrog quk pfmgofs au`jef`gr k` ki ou`mf, skr pgrtk mk åi, e`tkrgjtugr k` tfmgs igs setugjef`ks mk ig rkgiemgm y mksk`vfivkr`fs jf` jekrtg sfiturg k` tfmf if quk dgjkofs. Ki kcf ks ietkrgiok`tk u` "prfcrgog", dgjek`mf ig g`gifcïg jf` u` sfatwgrk, puks tek`k u`gs au`jef`ks mktkroe`gmgs y trglgng mk afrog gutú`fog. Ki prflikog pre`jepgi mki kcf ks quk oujdgs vkjks sk pekrmk ki jf`trfi sflrk åi f, oknfr mejdf, tfog jfopiktgok`tk ki jf`trfi mk `ukstrg vemg se` quk `fs mkofs juk`tg jug`mf `f mklkrïg skr gsï. Ig jf`sjek`jeg jgk jf` mkogsegmg rkcuigremgm lgnf ki iemkrgzcf mki kcf y mk ig sul-pkrsf`giemgm quk oknfr ik jf`vk`cg g kstk, skcþ` ig setugjeú` g ig quk mklg dgjkr ark`tk. Ki kcf, k` rkgiemgm, mklkrïg kstgr gi skrvejef mki Uf Zupkrefr. Jug`mf kstg rkigjeú` au`jef`g jfrrkjtgok`tk, ki kcf ks u` e`tkrokmegref þtei quk rkprksk`tg g tfmf ki jf`nu`tf mk if quk sfofs, gdï aukrg k` ki ou`mf, pkrf se` quk åimkpfr sï sfifskr, ks jug`mf kstk jf`nu`tf. Jug`mf ki kcf sk jf`au`mk jf` jrkkrsk ig tftgiemgm `ukstrf sus pkrsf`giemgmks mereck` gi jek`  pfr jek` `ukstrg vemg y `fs `f s fivemgofs mk quk qu k kstk `f ks ki pgpki quk qu k ik auk gsec`gmf, kopkzgofs g tk`kr prflikogs y g mksjf`kjtgr mk ig Auk`tk quk rkgiok`tk dg mk cuegr `ukstrg vemg. Xgrg dgjkr`fs u`g eogck` açjei mk vesugiezgr, ki kcf skrïg gqukiif quk mereck ig ’suog mk yf's‟ quk jf`trfig` ifs og`mfs mk ig ok`tk, quk ckstef`g ki frmk`gmfr quk ks `ukstrf jkrklrf y if gyumg g jfoputgr ifs mgtfs pgrg fltk`kr rkspukstgs, quk puisg igs tkjigs mki tglikrf mk og`mfs, y quek` knkjutg ifs oþitepiks prfcrgogs gutfoçtejfs quk ofstrgofs gi ou`mf k` `ukstrgs rkgjjef`ks y jfopfrtgoek`tfs, pkrf se` tfogr prfpekmgm mk åi, se`f, emkgiok`tk, flkmkjek`mf igs e`strujjef`ks mk `ukstrf Uf Zupkrefr.

 

Jug`mf ki kcf sk dgjk jf` ki pfmkr, quk ks if quk fjurrk jgse sekoprk pgrg jgse tfmfs ifs skrks duog`fs, `ukstrg vemg kopekzg g pkrmkr ki jk`trf, ig skrk`emgm y ig sglemurïg, `fs emk`teaejgofs jf` `ukstrg pkrsf`giemgm grteaejegi y mkngofs mk sk`ter`fs u`emfs g tfmfs y pgrtks mk tfmf. Ki kcf ks gmkoçs queå` jf`trfig `ukstrg pkrsf`giemgm. Kstg  pkrsf`giemgm, jfopukstg pfr oþitepiks agjktgs y sul-jgrgjtkrks, ks u`g jfopikng ogiig mk sk`sgjef`ks, pk`sgoek`tfs, jfopfrtgoek`tfs, oekmfs y tfmf tepf mk kofjef`ks y prfcrgogs gutfoçtejfs. Jgmg u`f mk `fsftrfs, k` jgmg ofok`tf mk `ukstrg vemg, `fs vkofs fliecgmfs g rkjurrer g u` gspkjtf mk ig pkrsf`giemgm quk `fs servg pgrg ckstef`gr f og`kngr ig setugjeú` k` ig quk `fs k`jf`trgofs, yg skg pf`ek`mf gi og`mf g `ukstrf  yf vgiek`tk, `ukstrf yf sglef f `ukstrf yf jf`sknkrf, `ukstrf yf mki trglgnf trglg nf f `ukstrf  yf mk jgsg, `ukstrf  yf sfjegi  f   f `ukstrf  yf agoeiegr , y, g vkjks `f `fs mgofs juk`tg mk ksfs sul-jgrgjtkrks quk prkmfoe`g` jf` aukrzg k` `fsftrfs y quk gaifrg` skcþ` igs jerju`stg`jegs. Ze` kolgrcf, `f sf` oçs quk meakrk`tks rkprksk`tgjef`ks mk `ukstrf kcf, meste`tfs pgpkiks quk gsuok skcþ` igs `kjksemgmks. Gmkoçs, jf` ki tåroe`f kcf  `f ok rkaekrf g ksk pu`tf mk gitg`krïg, kcfïsof f sflrkvgifrgjeú` mk u`f oesof gi quk jfoþ`ok`tk sk giumk (’¡Qgyg (’¡Q gyg kcf quk tek`k ksk tïf, sk jrkk ki oknfr!‟). @f. Ki kcf ks ki prfcrgog quk ckstef`g ig ok`tk y ki jf`nu`tf mk `ukstrgs pkrsf`giemgmks y prfcrgogs mk jfopfrtgoek`tf. ]fmgs ksgs vfjkjetgs e`tkr`gs y meakrk`tks quk `ftgofs k` ig jglkzg (f quk oçs lek` sk gpfmkrg` mk kiig y mk `ukstrfs gjtfs se` quk grquktepfs, g pgrter  `fsigmkofs juk`tg) gju÷gmg y pukmk`pfr rkprksk`tgr mktkroe`gmfs mk tkroe`fifcïg Nu`c, qukgkstumeú kstfs rfiks quk gmfptgofs y mkae`eú vgrefs pgpkiks u`evkrsgiks quk, skcþ` su e`vkstecgjeú`, kstç`  prksk`tks k` ig ogyfrïg mk `fsftrfs k` u` crgmf u ftrf.

Zk trgtg, gsï, mk ifs meakrk`tks jfopf`k`tks jf` vemg prfpeg quk kxestk` k` `ukstrg jf`sjek`jeg grteaejegi, quk og`kng` ifs og`mfs y ki tkjigmf mk `ukstrf supkrfrmk`gmfr, quk ksteouig` jekrtgs rkgjjef`ks `ukstrgs> ki oekmf, ki tetulkf, ki vgifr, ktj., y quk, sflrk tfmf, tek`k` u`g au`jeú` kxtrkogmgok`tk prkjesg> ig supkrvevk`jeg mki jukrpf duog`f y, jf` åi, mk ig rgzg duog`g, ig aïsejg, puks ig pgrtk ksperetugi yg sglkofs quk ks ktkr`g.  @e oçs `e ok`fs. Zu þ`ejf flnktevf ks ksk. Zflrkvever. Zflrkvever.

 

Xfr ftrg pgrtk, pukstf quk ki kcf ks u` k`tk k`krcåtejf rkgi, prkjesg k`krcïg pgrg sflrkvever y rkgiezgr su au`jeú` y, pgrg kiif, `kjksetg su prfpeg jfoemg. ¶Juçi ks6 Ifs pk`sgoek`tfs ck`krgmfs pfr `ukstrg ok`tk k` mktkroe`gmgs setugjef`ks rkigjef`gmfs jf` ki oekmf. Ki kcf sflrkvevk jug`mf sk gieok`tg mk ksfs pk`sgoek`tfs mk vk`cg`zg k` ifs quk tk vesugiezgs g te oesof cretç`mfik gi nkak pfr dglkrtk duoeiigmf y sgiek`mf vejtfrefsf mk ig lgtgiig, mknç`mfif tergmf k` su seiig g`tk ig oergmg mk tfmfs tus jfikcgs. Ki kcf ck`krg ksk tepf mk pk`sgoek`tfs pgrg  pfmkr gieok`tgrsk, pfrquk u`g mk sus pgrtks sk dg sk`temf dkremg jug`mf tk dg` gtgjgmf y mklk sgjgr su igmf vk`cgtevf. Zglk quk `f dgrçs mk vkrmgm ksf quk ik custgrïg quk dejekrgs, gsï quk tk pf`k tfmg ig setugjeú` k` tu  pg`tgiig ok`tgi, ok` tgi, y ig rkprfmujk rkp rfmujk u`g y ftrg vkz. v kz. ¡U quå lek` sk sek`tk! Jgmg sul-pkrsf`giemgm sk gieok`tg mk jekrtgs kofjef`ks y, pukstf quk ig ok`tk `f meste`cuk k`trk gicf quk dg sujkmemf rkgiok`tk y gicf eogce`gmf, ig kofjeú` y ig k`krcïg ck`krgmgs sf` ecugiks mk vçiemgs. Gu`quk tfmfs tk`kofs sul-pkrsf`giemgmks seoeigrks, oeiks mk kiigs, `f tfmfs uteiezgofs ig oesog k` ig oesog setugjeú`. Ksf meakrk`jeg g u`g  pkrsf`g mk ftrg g`tk u` oesof dkjdf> ki sul-jgrçjtkr mk ig pkrsf`giemgm quk tfog ki jf`trfi y rkgjjef`g mk u`g u ftrg afrog vgrïg skcþ` sus jçijuifs mk  prflgleiemgmks, kxpkjtgtevgs y jf`aeg`zg k` su oeseú` þiteog.

 

 Ki pfmkr mki gdfrg f ig mksprfcrgogjeú` mki  gutúogtg duog`f \kaereå`mfsk g tfmf if g`tkrefr, Curmnekaa mkjïg sekoprk g sus giuo`fs quk ki jukrpf duog`f quk usgofs ks u`g oçque`g, jgrcgmg mk prfcrgogs mk jfopfrtgoek`tf gutfoçtejfs quk sk knkjutg` se` jf`trfi, f lgnf ki jf`trfi mk ig ok`tk, dgjeå`mf`fs g tfmfs, lçsejgok`tk, gutúogtgs quk `gvkcgofs pfr ig vemg mk afrog e`jf`sjek`tk, mknç`mf`fs iikvgr pfr ifs  prfcrgogs y pgtrf`ks mk jfopfrtgoek`tf quk gjtevgofs, skcþ` igs `kjksemgmks mki mïg g mïg. Zflrk ki oesof tkog, Kjbdgrt ]fiik, k` ki ielrf  Ki Xfmkr mki Gdfrg, jf`tglg júof iikcú u` ofok`tf k` ki quk sk menf> ’Ug `f pukmf vever oçs jf`oecf oesof‟, if jugi ik iikvú g pk`sgr quk tk`ïg quk dglkr mfs ’Ufs‟, gi ok`fs, pgrg quk u`f mk kiifs `f pumekrg vever jf` ki ftrf. ]g`tf Curmnekaa  jfof ]fiik `fs dglig` mk ig oesog jfsg, ig ok`tk/jgrçjtkr/pkrsf`giemgm quk tk`kofs, y ki skr/jf`jek`jeg rkgi quk sfofs. Zå quk ks tfmf u` knkrjejef mk vfiu`tgm y trglgnf e`tkr`f, trkok`mgok`tk e`tk`sf, mflikcgr g ig pgrtk gutfoçtejg y gutúogtg mk ig seolefses skr/ok`tk/kcf. K` jgse tfmfs ifs ofok`tfs mk `ukstrg vemg, sf` kstfs prfcrgogs gutfoçtejfs k e`jf`sjek`tks ifs quk `fs cflekr`g`. Mejk ]fiik quk, rkgiok`tk, pgrg mgr`fs juk`tg mk quk kxestk kstk jf`trfi sflrk `fsftrfs mk ig pgrtk gutúogtg, sfif tk`kofs quk k`afjgr`fs k` trgkr ig jf`jek`jeg gi ofok`tf prksk`tk, gi gdfrg. Curmnekaa y tfmg su ksjukig mk  Ki Jugrtf Jgoe`f, jfof sk dg` mk`foe`gmf sus k`sk÷g`zgs, pf`k` oujdf å`agses k` mksprfcrgogr gi skr  duog`f mk ifs pgtrf`ks gutfoçtejfs mk jfopfrtgoek`tf pgrg mkngr mk skr  oçque`gs rkgjtevgs y quk ki Uf Zupkrefr tfok ifs og`mfs, kstg`mf ki jek`  pfr jek` mki tekopf prksk`tk y ’jf`sjek`tk‟ mki jukrpf quk fjupg, mk if quk k`trg pfr ifs je`jf sk`temfs y mk if quk sujkmk k` kstk e`stg`tk jf`jrktf. Ki flnktevf lifqukgr g ig ok`tk y gkstgr, `ukstrg erskfgidkjdfs pgsgmf, f gi auturf,ksmf`mk sekoprk sfikofs lek`pkrsf`giemgm rkjfrmg`mf mk jfsgs quk

 

`fs dg` sujkmemf (quå dk jfoemf gykr f quå dejk ig skog`g pgsgmg), f lek` jfsgs quk kspkrgofs quk sujkmg` f jrkkofs quk sujkmkrç`. Oek`trgs kstkofs jf` ig ok`tk k` ksk pgsgmf f k` ksk auturf, `f kstgofs ’prksk`tks‟, y, gi `f kstgr ’prksk`tks‟, ki gutúogtg quk mereck kstk jukrpf frcç`ejf quk dgletf kstç jf`trfiç`mfif. Oek`trgs quk Curmnekaa prfpf`k mksof`tgr gi gutúogtg, ]fiik prfpf`k pftk`jegr ig jf`sjek`jeg pgrg quk ki gutúogtg `f tk`cg pfmkr. Mfs jgoe`fs pgrg ki oesof flnktevf. E`jiusf oek`trgs ksjrelf kstk ielrf `ftf ig iujdg k`trk oe gutúogtg y oe jf`sjek`jeg pfr tk`kr ki jf`trfi. Ki gutúogtg kstç pk`sg`mf igs pgiglrgs quk vfy g usgr, igs emkgs quk vfy g ksjreler mk`trf mk mfs pçrrgafs, pkrf oe jf`jek`jeg kstç e`tk`tg`mf quk `ftk jgmg tkjig mki frmk`gmfr quk kstfy  puisg`mf y quk ok jf`jk`trk jf`jk` trk k` ki pk`sgoek`tf nustf quk kstfy ksjrelek`mf k` kstk ofok`tf, `f k` ki quk vfy g ksjreler u` pfjf oçs gmkig`tk. Oe jf`jek`jeg quekrk aiuer jf` if quk iikcuk k` jgmg e`stg`tk pgrg quk if ksjrelg, oe ok`tk kstç pemek`mf quk pig`eaequk if quk vfy g ksjreler y if og`tk`cg, pgrg rkafrzgr su prksk`jeg jf` oþitepiks e`tk`tfs mk og`tk`krsk aukrg mki ’gdfrg‟. Jug`mf, jf`te`ugok`tk, pfr ki seopik dkjdf mk usgr tu  pfmkr mk vfiu`tgm, vukivks u`g y ftrg vkz gi ’gdfrg‟, gi prksk`tk,  lifqukgofs u` pfjf oçs igs mkrevgs mk er`fs g u` kstgmf pgsgmf f auturf, mf`mk ifs prfcrgogs gutfoçtejfs tek`k` ki pfmkr, mk afrog quk pukmf tk`kr  ki jf`trfi sflrk oe kxestk`jeg jf` u` pfjf oçs mk jf`stg`jeg y murg`tk oçs tekopf. Ki kstgmf mk kstgr ’prksk`tk‟ ks trkok`mgok`tk pfmkrfsf. K` åi, `f dgy  prflikogs `e setugjef`ks g rksfivkr, `e prkfjupgjef`ks. Xruålgif. Dgztk  prksk`tk, mesújegtk mki gutúogtg y jf`veårtktk k` u` flskrvgmfr mk te oesof. Jgmg e`stg`tk quk tk og`tek`ks g`jigmf gi tekopf tk grrgstrg g  pk`sgr k` tfmf if quk tk`kofs quk dgjkr k` `ukstrg vemg, if quk `fs kspkrg, igs jfsgs quk tk`kofs quk sfiujef`gr. Oek`trgs quk, pfr ki jf`trgref, jgmg e`stg`tk quk kstgofs k` ki gdfrg ks sfif u` e`stg`tk mk kxpkreok`tgr ig vemg gi jek` pfr jek` y mkngr k`tf`jks quk kstg aiuyg y vgyg trgyk`mf kxpkrek`jegs g igs jugiks `f `fs g`tejepgofs, se`f quk vgofs ckstef`g`mf  lgnf ig lgtutg mk ig jf`jek`jeg ’k` prksk`tk‟ g okmemg quk vg sek`mf `kjksgref.

 

Ki flnktevf ks sfif u`f, quk, mk rkpk`tk, mk tg`tf er y vk`er mk ig jf`sjek`jeg g ig e`jf`sjek`jeg, ks mkjer, mk tg`tf rkjupkrgr ki jf`trfi sflrk `ukstrg ok`tk gutfoçtejg, pkrmkrif mk `ukvf, vfivkr g knkjutgr `ukstrfs  prfcrgogs mk sekoprk, vfivkr g mksjf`kjtgrifs y vukitg g kopkzgr, ks quk u` luk` mïg ki jejif sk pgrk y gi dglkr knkrjemf `ukstrg vfiu`tgm jf`stg`tkok`tk sflrk `ukstrfs prfcrgogs, ig jf`sjek`jeg yg `f pekrmg ki jf`trfi, y sk e`stgurk mk afrog pkrog`k`tk ig pkrjkpjeú` mki ofok`tf  prksk`tk k` `fsftrfs, vevek`mf jf`stg`tkok`tk y gprfvkjdg`mf ki pfmkr mki gdfrg.

 

¶Wueå` ks queå` gquï mk`trf6 Jfof vkrkofs oçs gmkig`tk, ki sestkog mk jf`trfi lgnf ki quk veveofs  pftk`jeg quk skg` ifs meakrk`tks prfcrgogs y pgtrf`ks mk jfopfrtgoek`tf gutfoçtejfs ifs quk pkrog`kzjg` jf`trfig`mf ki skr duog`f g trgvås mk `ukstrfs ’yfs‟ f sul-pkrsf`giemgmks, yg quk gsï ks jfof pfmkofs skr  og`epuigmfs oçs açjeiok`tk. Kstfs pgtrf`ks mk jfopfrtgoek`tf, kstgs agjktgs mki jgrçjtkr y kstfs prfcrgogs gutfoçtejfs pukmk` skr e`stgurgmfs,  prfykjtgmfs y ck`krgmfs k` `ukstrg ok`tk mk meakrk`tks afrogs, quk tgoleå` vkrkofs, pgrg quk `f mknkofs quk skg ki Uf Zupkrefr y `ukstrg jf`sjek`jeg rkgi ig quk ckstef`k `ukstrg vemg. Xkrf ki mksof`tgr tfmf kstf rkquekrk u` prfjksf y u` g`çieses mk gutfflskrvgjeú` lgstg`tk jf`stg`tk k e`tk`sf. If preokrf quk dgy quk emk`teaejgr jigrgok`tk ks queå` kstç jf`trfig`mf jug`mf kstgofs pk`sg`mf> ’¶Wueå` kstç jf`trfig`mf6‟. @f så se ok kxpiejf. Xgrg yf pfmkr rgzf`gr  quk mklk dglkr u`g pgrtk mk oe rgzf`g`mf quk gicf og`kng ifs og`mfs mk kstk jukrpf, mklf skr jgpgz mk `ftgr quk u` jfopf`k`tk mk oe skr, quk `f ks u` prfcrgog gutfoçtejf, `e pgrkjk skr oe giog f jf`jek`jeg, tek`k u`g  pkrjkpjeú` mk golfs lg`mfs. G ksf, ik vgofs g pf`kr ki `folrk mk ’ yf flskrvgmfr ‟ f yf ’jf`sjek`tk‟. K` kstkgutfoçtejf ofok`tf og`kng mk tu kxestk`jeg, quek` kstç g`giezg`mf se gicþ`  prfcrgog tu vemg f se tu jf`jek`jeg ks ig quk kstç  prksk`tk f quekrk dgjkrsk prksk`tk, ks tu  yf jf`sjek`tk u flskrvgmfr. flskrvgmfr.  Uf, dglig`mf jf`oecf oesof y mereceå`mfok gi rkstf mk pgrtks mk oï. G okmemg quk kxpkreok`tf jf` quk skg ig jf`jek`jeg mk oe skr g trgvås mk oe ’yf flskrvgmfr‟ ig quk tfok ki jf`trfi mk oe pkrjkpjeú` mki ou`mf kxtkrefr, ifs prfcrgogs gutfoçtejfs `f k`trg` k` nukcf, pkrf lgstg quk tk`cgofs u`g mestrgjjeú`, quk suk`k ki tkiåaf`f, quk iikcuk u` k-ogei  y  y `fs  pf`cgofs g ikkrif, pgrg quk u`f mk kiifs (mk ifs prfcrgogs), sk gjtevk y  pkrmgofs tfmg pkrjkpjeú` g`tkrefr, pgrg, mk `ukvf, pf`kr`fs g gjtugr y rkspf`mkr k` ofmf gutúogtg g ifs kstïouifs kxtkr`fs. Kstk okjg`esof ks u`f mk ifs usgmfs jf`stg`tkok`tk pfr ki sestkog mk jf`trfi sflrk `fsftrfs,

 

y kstç jigrf quk tek`k` tfmf ki pfmkr sflrk ki oesof g `f skr quk rkgiok`tk trglgnks pgrg kvetgrif.

 

 Ki jf`trfi rkgiemgm g trgvås mki  jf`trfi mk ig rkgiemgm  suljf`sjek`tk   Ki

suljf`sjek`tk ks ki secuek`tk jfopf`k`tk mk ig ok`tk quk kstç merkjtgok`tk e`vfiujrgmf k` ig cksteú` mk ig rkgiemgm e`mevemugi mki skr  duog`f y, k` jf`skjuk`jeg, ks usgmf tgoleå` pgrg ki jf`trfi y og`epuigjeú` mk ig rkgiemgm ciflgi. Kstk ks ki giogjå` mk rkjukrmfs, pgtrf`ks mk jf`mujtg, dçletfs y  prfjksfs prfau`mfs quk tek`k` oujdf pfmkr k` `ukstrg vemg. Og`kng `ukstrf mïg g mïg tgoleå` mk afrog ouy sutei, k`tekrrg gqukiif quk pfmrïg dgjkr`fs mg÷f f jgusgr gicþ` prflikog quk ig ok`tk iúcejg `f skpg sfiujef`gr. Ks u`g mk igs pgrtks k`krcåtejgs mki skr duog`f quk dgy quk trgtgr mk tk`kr oçs ieopegs y frmk`gmgs tg`tf g `evki mk su ksakrg ok`tgi jfof g `evki mki kspgjef quk usg k` ki jukrpf ok`tgi quk pfskkofs. Dgy oujdgs afrogs mk trglgngr y ieopegr ki suljf`sjek`tk. [`g mk kiigs ks ksjreler se` pk`sgr mkogsegmf pgrg mgr rek`mg sukitg g if quk dgy k` `ukstrf e`tkrefr2 ftrg ks dgligr k` vfz gitg, mkngr quk surng `gturgiok`tk tfmf if quk iikvgofs mk`trf2 ftrgs sf` igs ieopekzgs k`krcåtejgs mk pgtrf`ks mk jfopfrtgoek`tf, jf`mujtgs, trguogs, aflegs, ktj. Ki suljf`sjek`tk ks ki pre`jepgi jrkgmfr mk `ukstrg rkgiemgm pkrsf`gi g `evki `f rgjef`gi. Zus afrogs ok`tgiks y prfykjjef`ks jf`aecurg` if quk ae`giok`tk gjglgofs gtrgyk`mf dgjeg `fsftrfs jug`mf `f prfykjtgofs ig rkgiemgm quk qukrkofs mksmk `ukstrg ok`tk jf`sjek`tk. Xgrg ig ok`tk suljf`sjek`tk, `f kxestk` ki pgsgmf `e ki auturf. ]fmf ks gdfrg, puks sk  prfykjtg aukrg mk ifs iïoetks mki kspgjef y mki tekopf, k` ftrfs `evkiks mf`mk ig skjuk`jeg ie`kgi mk gjf`tkjeoek`tfs quk pgrg `fsftrfs mktkroe`g igs merkjtrejks tkopfrgiks mk if quk `fs pgsg, `f kxestk. Ksf quekrk mkjer quk  pukmk k`tk`mkr, vkr, giogjk`gr f prkmkjer, y jf`fjkr ifs rksuitgmfs, ofveoek`tfs, sfiujef`ks f sujksfs mk jugiquekr jfsg quk dgcgofs f  pk`skofs, ks u`g dkrrgoek`tg k`mk jugiquekr gitf pfmkrofok`tf. gi skrvejef[`mksuljf`sjek`tk ig kvfiujeú` sg`f pkrsf`gi. [`

 

suljf`sjek`tk rkpiktf mk oekmfs, jrkk`jegs ieoetgmfrgs, trguogs, aflegs y ftrfs lifqukfs ok`tgiks f k`krcåtejfs ks u`g crg` jgrcg quk igstrg `ukstrf jrkjeoek`tf y kxpkrek`jeg, puks, jfof pgrtk jf-jrkgmfrg mk `ukstrg rkgiemgm, prfykjtg y og`eaekstg tfmf gqukiif quk jf`tek`k k` su e`tkrefr, gu`quk sfif skg jfof rkaiknf, pgrg quk `fs mkofs juk`tg mk if quk kstgofs ck`krg`mf y if pfmgofs usgr jfof jgtgiezgmfr pgrg skcuer gjuouig`mf ikjjef`ks. K` ki trglgnf e`tkrefr jf` u`f oesof, ks meaïjei oujdgs vkjks skpgrgr if quk prfvek`k mki suljf`sjek`tk mk if quk prfvek`k mki Uf Zupkrefr. Golgs auk`tks sf` trkok`mgok`tk sglegs, trglgng` pgrg `ukstrf jrkjeoek`tf, sk prkfjupg` mk quk ig ok`tk jf`sjek`tk tfok igs mkjesef`ks gmkjugmgs y ckstef`k ig rkgiemgm mk gjukrmf jf` ki pig` kvfiutevf ogrjgmf. [`f prflglikok`tk iemeg jf` jf`jkptfs y gnustks oçs aïsejfs, tkrrk`giks, oek`trgs quk ki ftrf tek`k k` juk`tg ig jf`kxeú` jf` pgrtks oçs ktårkgs y ksperetugiks.

 

 Ki e`jf`sjek`tk K` ftrf `evki oçs prfau`mf, y trgs dglkr vestf ki pgpki mk ig ok`tk jf`sjek`tk, ki prfcrgog kcf y ig pkrsf`giemgm duog`g, y mki suljf`sjek`tk, ki secuek`tk jfopf`k`tk quk afrog pgrtk mk ig jrkgjeú` mk ig rkgiemgm jfoþ` k` ki pig`ktg ks ki e`jf`sjek`tk. Zetugmf k` u`g ksakrg quk, k`krcåtejgok`tk, sk k`juk`trg k` ig zf`g mk ig `ujg, kstç ki `evki mk ig psequk quk jf`fjkofs jfof ki e`jf`sjek`tk, trglgng`mf k` `evkiks oujdf oçs prfau`mfs quk ifs prfjksfs mki suljf`sjek`tk. Ki e`jf`sjek`tk gjtþg jfof jf`kxeú` jf` ki iigogmf e`jf`sjek`tk jfikjtevf mk ig duog`emgm, ks ki eoprksef`g`tk `kxf quk `fs u`k g tfmfs ifs skrks duog`fs ok`tgiok`tk, rgzú` pfr ig jugi kstk e`jf`sjek`tk jfikjtevf rkprksk`tg u`g mk `ukstrgs ogyfrks e`aiuk`jegs, mk ig jugi ks tkrrelikok`tk meaïjei ksjgpgr. Kstgofs e`aiuk`jegmfs pfr tfmf if quk sk ’jukjk k` ki gerk‟, pfr tfmf if quk trg`sperg g `evki mk duog`emgm. Kstgofs k` pkrog`k`tk jf`tgjtf jf` tfmfs ifs skrks quk dgletg` ki pig`ktg g trgvås mk kstk e`jf`sjek`tk jfikjtevf, gu`quk `f `fs mkofs juk`tg mk kiif. Kstg ks ig vïg pfr ig quk sk `fs pukmk e`aiuk`jegr oçs y pfr ig quk iikcg` ig ogyfrïg mk ifs prfcrgogs gutfoçtejfs y mk ifs oekmfs quk sk g`jig` k` `ukstrf sestkog k`krcåtejf,  puks ifs ck`krgofs ck`krgof jug`m f pkrjeleofs gicf pfr k` ki kquå i kxtkrefr prfvfjg u`g sk`sgjeú` f u`s jug`mf lifqukf quk `f tk`mrïg kxesterquk k` `fs `fsftrfs mk afrog `gturgi. Ki e`jf`sjek`tk jfikjtevf dg semf afrogmf pfr ig suog mk tfmgs igs ok`tks mk tfmf ki pig`ktg, g `evki mk duog`emgm, ks ki jrkgmfr mk  Ogtrex, ig rkgiemgm jfoþ` jf`sk`sugmg pfr tfmfs y k` ig quk veveofs. Jfof u`g k`frok pesje`g k`krcåtejg jf`kjtgmg g `ukstrgs ok`tks, rkjfck jf`te`ugok`tk tfmgs igs koesef`ks ok`tgiks y kofjef`giks mk tfmfs ifs oekolrfs mk ig rgzg duog`g. ]goleå` iigogmfs jgopfs oúraejfs, kstfs e`jf`sjek`tks jfikjtevfs, prksk`tks k` tfmgs igs kspkjeks mk g`eogiks, vkcktgiks y oe`krgiks, agvfrkjk` ig prfpgcgjeú` mk jekrtfs jf`fjeoek`tfs,

rkgiemgmks f e`afrogjef`ks k`trk tfmfs ifs oekolrfs mk ksg kspkjek k`

 

jf`jrktf (ig rgzg duog`g f jugiquekr kspkjek g`eogi f mk aifrg). Jfof vkrkofs, e`aiuk`jeg`mf u` e`jf`sjek`tk jfikjtevf pukmk` prfmujersk k`froks jgolefs k` ig rkgiemgm jfoþ` mk gqukiifs jf`kjtgmfs g åi.  @f tfmf ki ou`mf gjkptg ig kxestk`jeg mk kstk e`jf`sjek`tk jfikjtevf, gi ok`fs `f mksmk u` pu`tf mk vestg kxestk`jegi f ksperetugi. Xkrf ig ogyfrïg mk igs pkrsf`gs jf`fjk` gicf mk åi, quezç mksmk u` pu`tf mk vestg  psejfiúcejf. Ze` kolgrcf, pfmkofs p fmkofs kstumegr u` pfjf oçs k` mktgiik ki tkog mki e`jf`sjek`tk jfikjtevf mksmk ftrfs pu`tfs mk vestg, pfr knkopif, mksmk ig  lefifcïg, g trgvås mk u`g tkfrïg kiglfrgmg pfr ki mfjtfr \upkrt Zdkimrgbk. Kstk leúifcf y aeiúsfaf lretç`ejf prfpusf ig emkg mk ig kxestk`jeg mk u` jgopf ofrafck`åtejf, quk e`tk`tglg kxpiejgr pfr quå ifs frcg`esofs vevek`tks (ig vemg frcç`ejg mki pig`ktg) gmfptg` igs afrogs y ifs jfopfrtgoek`tfs jgrgjtkrïstejfs mk jgmg kspkjek, emå`tejfs pgrg tfmfs sus oekolrfs>   Ofraf vek`k mk ig pgiglrg crekcg ofrpdk, quk sec`eaejg ’afrog‟. Ifs

jgopfs ofrafck`åtejfs sf` jgopfs mk afrog2 jgopfs, pgtrf`ks f kstrujturgs mk frmk`. Kstfs jgopfs frcg`ezg` `f sfif g ifs frcg`esofs vevfs, se`f tgoleå` ifs jrestgiks y igs ofiåjuigs. Jgmg tepf mk ofiåjuig, jgmg prftkï`g, pfr knkopif, tek`k su prfpef jgopf oúraejf ”u` jgopf mk dkofcifle`g, u` jgopf mk e`suie`g, ktj.” Mk ecugi og`krg, jgmg tepf mk jrestgi, jgmg tepf mk frcg`esof, jgmg tepf mk e`ste`tf f pgtrú` mk jfopfrtgoek`tf tek`k su jgopf oúraejf. Kstfs jgopfs sf` ifs quk frmk`g` ig `gturgikzg. Dgy oujdfs tepfs mk jgopfs pfrquk dgy oujdfs tepfs mk jfsgs y pgtrf`ks k` ig `gturgikzg. Zus puliejgjef`ks, ouy k` jf`sf`g`jeg jf` ig emkg mki e`jf`sjek`tk jfikjtevf mk Nu`c, dg` supukstf u`g crg` jf`trelujeú`, gi rku`er `fjef`ks vgcgs sflrk ifs jgopfs ofrafck`åtejfs quk, g pre`jepefs mk ig måjgmg mk 75 Dg`s Zpkog`` k` 75 Gsuof quk ig jgusg mk igs afrogs ks ig e`aiuk`jeg mk jgopfs frcg`ezgtevfs, jgopfs afrogtevfs, quk iigof jgopfs oúraejfs. Ki rgscf  pre`jepgi ks quk ig afrog mk igs sfjekmgmks, emkgs, jrestgiks y ofiåjuigs mkpk`mk mk ig og`krg k` quk tepfs seoeigrks dg` semf frcg`ezgmfs k` ki  pgsgmf. Dgy u`g kspkjek mk okofreg e`tkcrgmg k` ifs jgopfs oúraejfs mk jgmg jfsg gutf frcg`ezgmg. Jf`jelf igs rkcuigremgmks mk ig `gturgikzg jfof dçletfs oçs quk jfof jfsgs cflkr`gmgs pfr ikyks ogtkoçtejgs ktkr`gs quk kxestk` mk gicu`g afrog aukrg mk ig `gturgikzg. Xgrg `fsftrfs, ig rgzg duog`g, kstf supf`k quk kxestk k`krcåtejgok`tk kstg jf`kxeú`, gdfrg mksjretg mksmk u` pu`tf mk vestg lefiúcejf y `f  psejfiúcejf. ]fmf if quk sk jukzg mk`trf mk kstk jgopf oúraejf gakjtg g tfmfs y g jgmg u`f mk ifs oekolrfs mk ig rgzg jf`kjtgmfs gi oesof. Kiif sec`eaejg quk, se sk ofmeaejg f og`epuig ki e`jf`sjek`tk jfikjtevf mki  pig`ktg, tfmfs y jgmg u`f mk ifs skrks duog`fs jf`kjtgmfs g åi sk vkrç` gakjtgmfs, pgrg lek` f pgrg ogi.

 

Xuks lek`, gdfrg quk dkofs vestf ifs meakrk`tks jfopf`k`tks mk `ukstrg ok`tk, gi ok`fs ifs pre`jepgiks, pfmkofs k`tk`mkr júof `fs dkofs oktemf k` kstg setugjeú`, k` ig quk u`g crg` pgrtk mk kiifs kstç` sek`mf og`epuigmfs.

 

 Ig rkgiemgm rkgiemgm ks u`g eiuseú` ok`tgi  ¶Júof u` crupf mk k`temgmks kxtrkof oesof) y u`fs jug`tfs oeiks, g if’`kcgtevgs‟ suof, mk (mk duog`fs k` skrvejef ig "åietk"g u`f dg`  pfmemf eopf`kr, k` u` pig`ktg jf` oeiks mk oeiif`ks mk pkrsf`gs, u` sestkog mk jf`trfi tg` pkrakjtf y murgmkrf6 ¶Wuå okjg`esofs dg` usgmf kstfs jf`trfigmfrks pgrg jf`skcuerif6 Xre`jepgiok`tk u`f> g `fsftrfs oesofs, g ifs skrks duog`fs, quk, se` sglkrif, dkofs jrkgmf ig rkgiemgm ciflgi quk `fs dg` suckremf kstfs jf`trfigmfrks pgrg su lk`kaejef. Gsï ks> dkofs ck`krgmf ki ou`mf k` ki quk veveofs dgstg ki ok`fr mk ifs mktgiiks, pfrquk tk`kofs ki pfmkr, g `evki ciflgi, pgrg dgjkrif. Gu`quk, igok`tglikok`tk, dkofs ck`krgmf u` ou`mf quk `f krg ki quk oçs `fs jf`vek`k g `fsftrfs, se`f g gqukiifs quk mereck` ki kspkjtçjuif. ¶Xfr quå6 Ouy seopik, pfrquk tfmf ks k`krcïg. ]fmf if quk kxestk `f ks oçs quk k`krcïg, quk `fsftrfs pfmkofs ofimkgr. Ksg ks `ukstrg prkoesg lçsejg pgrg k`tk`mkr kstk pu`tf> quk tfmf k` ki u`evkrsf, tfmg ig Jrkgjeú`, tfmf if quk kxestk, ks k`krcïg k` meakrk`tks kstgmfs, quk velrg g u`g arkjuk`jeg mktkroe`gmg. Gqukiif quk velrg f rksuk`g g pfjg arkjuk`jeg ks oçs súiemf, y gqukiif quk velrg ouy rçpemf, g u`g arkjuk`jeg ouy gitg, ks oçs ktårkf. Ig pgrtk oçs pkquk÷g mk u` çtfof ks purg k`krcïg, y velrg g u`g arkjuk`jeg mktkroe`gmg. K` rkgiemgm, ig aïsejg juç`tejg `fs mejk quk igs  pgrtïjuigs oçs meoe`utgs quk jf`afrog` igs pgrtks oçs pkquk÷gs mki çtfof `e sequekrg kxestk` jfof tgiks, se`f quk sk k`juk`trg` k` kstgmf mk f`mg y sfif sk jfigpsg` pgrg afrogr gicf aïsejf jug`mf gicuek` igs flskrvg. Ks mkjer, quk `e sequekrg ki `þjikf jk`trgi sflrk ki jugi kstç jf`struemg `ukstrg rkgiemgm ks gicf aïsejf, súiemf y tg`celik. Zfif sk jf`vekrtk k` gicf aïsejf jug`mf ks flskrvgmf. Mk if jf`trgref, `f ks oçs quk u`g f`mg k`krcåtejg quk farkjk oþitepiks og`eakstgrsk u`g tfmf u ftrg afrog, skcþ` quå ftrg k`krcïgpfseleiemgmks e`tkrgjtþk jf`mkkiig. [` çtfof,mkjfof if mkoçs,

 

`f pukmk kxester se` u` flskrvgmfr (ftrg k`krcïg jf`sjek`tk) quk if pf`cg mk og`eaekstf. [`g rfjg, u`g aifr f Zgtur`f> tfmfs kstgofs afrogmfs pfr ksg oesog k`krcïg, ksgs oesogs f`mgs quk sf` ifs jfopf`k`tks preogrefs mk igs  pgrtïjuigs sul-gtúoejgs, igs oú`gmgs, quk sk jfigpsg` k` kstgmfs oçs f ok`fs súiemfs, jgmg u`f jf` su arkjuk`jeg velrgtfreg kspkjïaejg, pkrf jf` ki oesof jfopf`k`tk lçsejf> ksk `þjikf k`krcåtejf. Gsï jfof `ukstrf jukrpf aïsejf ks k`krcïg jf` jekrtgs jgrgjtkrïstejgs (leiif`ks mk çtfofs frcg`ezgmfs k` jåiuigs, úrcg`fs, tknemfs, duksfs y mkoçs), quk dg tfogmf jekrtg afrog, tgoleå` `ukstrfs pk`sgoek`tfs y sk`teoek`tfs sf` y koetk` g su vkz k`krcïg g u`g arkjuk`jeg mktkroe`gmg. Ks ksk`jegi tk`krif k` juk`tg pgrg k`tk`mkr júof sk `fs pukmk og`epuigr pgrg og`eakstgr u`g rkgiemgm ’grteaejegi‟ f gjfrmk jf` ifs mksec`efs mk ifs mk grrelg. Jgmg vkz quk pek`sgs f sek`tks gicf, koetks k`krcïg mk jekrtf tepf quk afrog ksk pk`sgoek`tf f kofjeú` y quk vg g tk`kr jekrtfs kakjtfs k` ki ou`mf kxtkrefr, mf`mk ksg k`krcïg vg g og`eakstgrsk. Jug`mf oeiif`ks mk  pkrsf`gs koetk` gicf, oeiif`ks mk pkrsf`gs jrkg` u`g rkgiemgm jfoþ`, quk sk og`eaekstg iukcf g `evki aïsejf jfof ig rkgiemgm mk tfmfs ifs dgletg`tks mki pig`ktg. Gsï, pgrg tfmfs y jgmg u`f mk `fsftrfs, ksk ou`mf kxtkrefr mkpk`mk  pre`jepgiok`tk mk mfs jfsgs> ig k`krcïg ok`tgi (pk`sgoek`tfs, emkgs) y ig k`krcïg kofjef`gi (sk`teoek`tfs, kofjef`ks, kstgmfs mk ç`eof) quk  prfykjtgofs, quk jfole`gmgs pukmk` skr u`g pfmkrfsg oçque`g mk jrkgjeú`. Xk`skofs, pfr knkopif k` ig vfz. Jgmg vkz quk dgligofs, jg`tgofs, cretgofs f susurrgofs, k`vegofs u` dgz mk k`krcïg dgjeg aukrg. Kstg k`krcïg pukmk skr jgptgmg pfr ifs fïmfs mk igs pkrsf`gs quk `fs ksjujdg` f  pfr jugiquekr crglgmfrg f oejrúaf`f. Jug`mf pk`sgofs, koeteofs ki oesof tepf mk k`krcïg jf` jgmg u`f mk `ukstrfs pk`sgoek`tfs, mk meakrk`tk tepf y arkjuk`jeg, sfif quk `f tk`kofs g `ukstrg mespfsejeú`, aïsejgok`tk, u` grtkagjtf quk `fs pkroetg vkr f okmer ksg k`krcïg quk sgik jf`stg`tkok`tk mk `ukstrgs jglkzgs.

 

Ecugi quk gi cretgr jf`jk`trgofs oujdg k`krcïg k` u` sfif dgz sf`frf, jug`mf jf`jk`trgofs ki pk`sgoek`tf aengok`tk k` u` sfif jf`jkptf, koeteofs u`g k`krcïg afjgiezgmg k` ksk tkog. K` kstk jgsf, ig k`krcïg mk `ukstrf pk`sgoek`tf sk mesepg pfr ki gerk, pfr ki ou`mf, pfrquk ksg k`krcïg tek`k u`g jekrtg pftk`jeg y iikcg dgstg u` jekrtf pu`tf. Mk ig oesog afrog quk ig vfz sk fyk lek` g pfjfs oktrfs mk mestg`jeg y `gmg g mfs beiúoktrfs, ki pk`sgoek`tf jf`jk`trgmf iikcg tgoleå` dgstg jekrtf pu`tf. Gu`quk, gi trgtgrsk mk u`g k`krcïg jf` u`g arkjuk`jeg velrgtfreg oçs gitg, tek`k u` gijg`jk oujdf ogyfr, gu` jf` ok`fs pftk`jeg, quk jugiquekr cretf. Gi jf`trgref quk ig vfz, ifs pk`sgoek`tfs, igs kofjef`ks y ig k`krcïg quk jf`tek`k` juk`tg` jf` u`g jgrgjtkrïstejg ouy kspkjegi. Jf`sestk k` quk if skokng`tk sk gtrgk. Ki jf`jkptf kxgjtf ks quk gqukiif quk ks ecugi gjglg  pfr nu`tgrsk. Jug`mf koetks G (jf`sjek`tk f e`jf`sjek`tkok`tk), tu k`krcïg gtrgk oçs G, se jgolegs y koetks L, gtrgkrçs dgjeg te tfmf if quk tk`cg L, skg` kstgs iktrgs se`ú`eof mk kofjef`ks, mkskfs, sk`sgjef`ks f kvk`tfs rkgiks. Gqukiif quk koetks e`mejg if quk sekoprk gtrgks f gtrgkrçs dgjeg te y if quk jf`afrogrç tu vemg, ig quk tus je`jf sk`temfs pukmk` pkrjeler jfof rkgi. Ks if quk sk iigog ck`årejgok`tk ig iky mk ig gtrgjjeú`.

 

k`krcåtejfs  Eog`ks k`krcåtejfs Ze pk`sgofs k` jgmg u`f mk `fsftrfs jfof u` eoç`, k`tk`mkofs pfr  quå sestkogs k`krcåtejfs mk ig oesog velrgjeú` tek`k` tk`mk`jeg g gtrgkrsk u`fs g ftrfs. Ifs `þjikfs mk k`krcïg lçsejg quk jfopf`k` `ukstrfs  pk`sgoek`tfs y kofjef`ks sf` sf ` jfof eog`ks quk lusjg` rku`ersk rku` ersk jf` ftrfs `þjikfs k`krcåtejfs mk ig oesog arkjuk`jeg y jf` igs oesogs jgrgjtkrïstejgs. Gqukiif quk koeteofs, sfofs f pk`sgofs `f ks se`f u` crg` eoç` pgrg tfmf gqukiif ’mk gdï aukrg‟ quk jf`jukrmg jf` `ukstrgs jgrgjtkrïstejgs. Ks mkjer, se koeteofs k`krcïgs gsfjegmgs gi oekmf, vgofs g gtrgkr, ck`krgr y og`eakstgr k` `ukstrg rkgiemgm setugjef`ks quk jf`jukrmk` jf` ksgs k`krcïgs y quk tkroe`k` rkprksk`tg`mf ksk oekmf, prkfjupgjeú` f  prflikog. Ze koeteofs k`krcïgs pfsetevgs, vgofs g gtrgkr y og`eakstgr k` `ukstrg vemg setugjef`ks, kvk`tfs, pkrsf`gs y mkoçs quk skg` ig og`eakstgjeú` f rkprksk`tgjeú` mk ksgs k`krcïgs pfsetevgs, skg` igs quk skg`. ]k`kofs mfs ofmfs lçsejfs mk og`eakstgr ki ou`mf kxtkrefr k` ki quk veveofs> mk afrog jf`sjek`tk, sglek`mf if quk ck`krgofs y trglgng`mf k` kiif, y mk afrog e`jf`sjek`tk, mkng`mf quk ig rkgiemgm jfoþ` y ifs prfjksfs mk `ukstrf suljf`sjek`tk sk k`jgrcuk` mki trglgnf. Kstg þiteog afrog ks ig quk ks gprfvkjdgmg pgrg og`epuigr`fs tg` kakjtevgok`tk.

 

Jrkgjeú` kgjeú` e`jf`sjek`tk> ck`krgr ig rk rkgiemgm giemgm se` Jr mgrsk juk`tg G ig ogyfrïg mk igs pkrsf`gs mk kstk pig`ktg, ig rkgiemgm quk pkrjelk` y k` ig quk vevk` e`okrsgs iks vek`k mgmg. @fs ig k`jf`trgofs jgmg og÷g`g jug`mf `fs ikvg`tgofs mk ig jgog y jrkkofs `f dglkr tk`emf `gmg quk vkr  jf` kiig. Gu`quk k` pgrtk skg gsï, puks seopikok`tk gjkptgofs quk if jrkgmf pfr ki e`jf`sjek`tk jfikjtevf ’yg `fs vg lek`‟, pfr ftrf igmf tgoleå` `ukstrg ok`tk suljf`sjek`tk sk k`jgrcg mk trglgngr mïg y `fjdk, se` mksjg`sf, pgrg ck`krgr gqukiif quk pkrjeleofs jfof `ukstrf ou`mf kxtkrefr. ¶Wuekrk mkjer kstf quk ck`krgofs `ukstrg rkgiemgm pkrsf`gi y, pfr  kxtk`seú`, ig rkgiemgm jfoþ`, se` mgr`fs juk`tg mk kiif6 Gsï ks, pukstf quk ki ou`mf quk jrkkofs rkgi y súiemf `f ks oçs quk ig suog mk oeiif`ks mk f`mgs kikjtrfogc`åtejgs, mk k`krcïg k` ofveoek`tf quk jrkg u` pkrakjtf dfifcrgog tremeok`sef`gi. ]fmgs igs pfseliks rkgiemgmks kstç` prksk`tks k` afrog mk jfopf`k`tks k`krcåtejfs quk mkjfmeaejgofs jf` `ukstrfs sk`temfs y `ukstrf jkrklrf. If quk tfmfs vkofs pfr ecugi y jf` if quk tfmfs kstgofs mk gjukrmf `f sf` oçs quk igs prfykjjef`ks k`krcåtejgs mki e`jf`sjek`tk jfikjtevf, gi jugi kstgofs tfmfs jf`kjtgmfs (`ukstrg Ogtrex). Ze ig dekrlg ks vkrmk, ig `ekvk ks lig`jg y arïg, ki aukcf qukog f ki gcug ks trg`spgrk`tk, ks pfrquk tfmfs kstgofs mk gjukrmf k` quk ks gsï y gsï if  pkrjeleofs. Kstgofs prfcrgogmfs mksmk tekopfs e`okofregiks pgrg gjkptgr quk pgrg tfmf ki ou`mf ksgs jfsgs tek`k` ki oesof sec`eaejgmf. Crgjegs g kiif, pfmkofs e`tkrgjtugr y vever nu`tfs k` gicf quk gpgrk`tkok`tk ks tg`celik y rkgi pgrg tfmfs pfr ecugi, pkrf quk `f sf` oçs quk prfykjjef`ks dfifcrçaejgs gjkptgmgs pfr tfmfs. Ecugi quk k` ig pkiïjuig  Ogtrex, mf`mk ’ig vkrmgmkrg‟ rkgiemgm `f krg oçs quk u` jf`nu`tf mk `þokrfs quk pgsglg` se` jksgr k` u` frmk`gmfr, ig rkgiemgm jfoþ` mk kstk

 

 pig`ktg `f ks ftrg quk oþitepiks f`mgs quk tfmfs mkjfmeaejgofs mk ig oesog afrog. Gdfrg lek`, ¶queå` ck`krg ksgs f`mgs quk sf` ig ogtkreg preog quk jf`afrog ki ou`mf6 ¶Wueå` ck`krg ksgs rkgiemgmks pftk`jegiks6 @fsftrfs if dgjkofs. F oknfr mejdf, if dgjk ig suog mk `ukstrg ok`tk e`jf`sjek`tk y mk `ukstrf suljf`sjek`tk. Oçs gmkig`tk vkrkofs júof mkjfmeaejgofs ksg rkgiemgm y ig jf`vkrteofs k` ’`ukstrg rkgiemgm‟. Mk ofok`tf, kopkjkofs  pfr kxpiejgr júof sk dg jrkgmf ki ou`mf quk iigogofs rkgi, júof sk ck`krg` ifs pk`sgoek`tfs y júof igs jfsgs iikcg` g `fsftrfs se` quk `ukstrg ok`tk jf`sjek`tk pgrkzjg skr pgrtk e`vfiujrgmg k` ki prfjksf. Jgoleg`mf ki jf`tk`emf mk `ukstrg ok`tk

Ig rkgiemgm kxtkrefr, jfof yg dkofs mejdf, ks u`g rkgiemgm gjftgmg g ig jgpgjemgm quk tek`k` `ukstrfs sk`temfs mk pkrjeler igs f`mgs y jgptgr igs kstrujturgs k`krcåtejgs quk vek`k` mk ig rkgiemgm ’juç`tejg‟ f ck`krgi, y quk `fsftrfs gmgptgofs skcþ` ki jf`tk`emf mk `ukstrg ok`tk y mk `ukstrf jukrpf ok`tgi. Xfr if tg`tf, se qukrkofs jgolegr `ukstrg rkgiemgm pkrsf`gi, ks `kjksgref jgolegr tfmf ksk jf`tk`emf pgrg prfykjtgr ftrg ’rkgiemgm‟. Kvemk`tkok`tk kstg rkgiemgm ’pkrsf`gi‟ k` ig quk jgmg u`f kxestk, afrog  pgrtk y kstç mk`trf mk igs kstrujturgs mk ig rkgiemgm jf`sk`sugmg y jfoþ`,  pfr if tg`tf, igs jgiiks pfr igs quk g`mgofs secuk` sek`mf igs oesogs jgiiks  pgrg tfmfs y ifs kmeaejefs sf` ifs oesofs kmeaejefs. Ki gutflþs mf`mk `fs suleofs ks ki oesof gutflþs pgrg tfmfs y, se` kolgrcf, jgmg u`f kstç vevek`mf u`g vkrseú` pgrtejuigr mk ksk gutflþs f mk if quk sujkmk k` ksg jgiik. Jfof dkofs kxpiejgmf, igs kstrujturgs ogjrf mkpk`mk` mki jf`tk`emf mk ig ksakrg ok`tgi prkjf`sjek`tk, pkrf ifs mktgiiks mk ksg rkgiemgm e`mevemugi mkpk`mk` mki jf`tk`emf kxpiïjetf y jf`jrktf quk jgmg u`f tek`k  pre`jepgiok`tk g `evki suljf`sjek`tk, gu`quk kstå` gsfjegmfs y grjdevgmfs k` jgrpktgs ck`krgiks, ifs grquktepfs, quk tfmfs tk`kofs pfr ecugi jf` jf`tk`emf pgrkjemf. Xfr if tg`tf, jug`mf tþ tk sulks g u` gutflþs quk jfopgrtk` oujdgs pkrsf`gs, pgrg te, k` tu vegnk, ig kxpkrek`jeg, igs jfsgs quk sujkmg`, jfof vgyg f `f vgyg ki vegnk, mkpk`mk sfif mk if quk kstçs  prfykjtg`mf k` ksk ofok`tf, oek`trgs quk pgrg ig pkrsf`g mk gi igmf, su

 

kxpkrek`jeg y su rkgiemgm mk`trf mki gutflþs, mkpk`mk mk if quk ksg pkrsf`g  prfykjtk k` su rkgiemgm pgrtejuigr. pgrtejuigr. Ig ciç`muig pe`kgi jfof prfykjtfr mk ig rkgiemgm

Ki prfykjtfr mk ig rkgiemgm e`mevemugi mk jgmg pkrsf`g ks ig ciç`muig  pe`kgi. Kstg ciç`muig, quk tek`k oujdgs au`jef`ks g `evki aïsejf, ktårejf y ok`tgi, pfskk ifs ’koesfrks‟ dfifcrçaejfs u dfifjuç`tejfs quk tfog` ki jf`tk`emf quk pfskkofs k` ig ok`tk y k` ki jukrpf ok`tgi y if koetk` k` afrog mk ’f`mgs‟, quk sf` ki kquevgik`tk gi prfykjtfr mk je`k quk koetk ifs aftfcrgogs mk ig lfle`g sflrk u`g pg`tgiig mf`mk gpgrkjk k`tf`jks gqukiif quk kstgofs vek`mf. K` kstk jgsf, ig lfle`g jf` ki jf`tk`emf mk if quk dgy quk prfykjtgr ks `ukstrf jukrpf ok`tgi y `ukstrgs ksakrgs ok`tgiks, y ki prfykjtfr ks ig ciç`muig pe`kgi k` su jf`trgpgrtemg ktårejg y ok`tgi. Xukstf quk ki jf`tk`emf mk ig ok`tk mk ig ogyfrïg mk pkrsf`gs ks ouy seoeigr g `evki mk grquktepfs, ks lgstg`tk açjei k`tk`mkr júof, g rgscfs ck`krgiks, tfmfs  prfykjtgofs pkiïjuigs if lgstg`tk pgrkjemgs jfof pgrg quk `fs må ig eoprkseú` mk quk ig rkgiemgm kxtkr`g ks e`outglik y ig oesog pgrg tfmfs. Mk kstg afrog, ifs tfpks y prfcrgogs quk `fs eopemk mgr`fs juk`tg y `fs vktg` ki gjjksf gi jf`fjeoek`tf e`tkr`f mk quk `fsftrfs sfofs `ukstrfs  prfpefs jrkgmfrks mki m ki ou`mf k` ki quk veveofs dgjk` d gjk` ki rkstf, y `fs dgjk` jrkkr quk ksk ou`mf k` ki quk kxesteofs ks e`mkpk`mek`tk mk ig duog`emgm quk jrkg. Xfr tg`tf, u`f pgrg mk ifsmerecer ogyfrks flstçjuifs pgrg mkvfivkrik gi skrifduog`f ki if pfmkr qukkstek`k su vemg y su kxestk`jeg.

 

¶Júof sk prfykjtg ig rkgiemgm6 Dkofs mejdf quk if dgjkofs g trgvås mk ig ciç`muig pe`kgi, pkrf, ¶juçi ks okjg`esof kxgjtfquk quk kieoe`gr dgjk quk yau`jef`k mk kstg y quk ks mk if qukki `fsftrfs tk`kofs sg`gr pgrg qukog`krg ig prfykjjeú` `ukstrg rkgiemgm kstå gjfrmk gi lek` ogyfr mk gqukiif quk `fs tfjg kxpkreok`tgr y vever, y `f g gqukiif quk `fs dg` prfcrgogmf pgrg  prfykjtgr6 Kopkzgofs jf` ig kxpiejgjeú` mk ksk okjg`esof. K` ki jukrpf ok`tgi tfmfs ifs pk`sgoek`tfs, mgtfs k e`afrogjef`ks quk tk`kofs kstç` afrogmfs  pfr afrogs k`krcåtejgs ok`tgiks, gicf gsï jfof lurlungs mk k`krcïg quk jf`tek`k` k` su e`tkrefr ki kstïouif y ig jfmeaejgjeú` gsfjegmg g u`g vevk`jeg, g u` mgtf, g u`g e`afrogjeú` f g u` jf`tk`emf kspkjïaejf quk dg semf rkjelemf y jgptgmf pfr ifs sk`temfs aïsejfs y kxtrg aïsejfs y giogjk`gmfs k` meakrk`tks jgpgs y sustrgtfs mki jukrpf ok`tgi. Kstk jf`tk`emf ks rkjupkrgmf, grjdevgmf, rkvesgmf, aeitrgmf y frmk`gmf jf`stg`tkok`tk gjfrmk gi grquktepf gi quk pkrtk`kjk` okmeg`tk prfcrgogs kspkjegiks quk kstç` e`stgigmfs k` igs ksakrgs ok`tgiks y quk rkjelk` ki `folrk, pgrg `fsftrfs, mk ’grjdevgmfrks mk e`afrogjeú`‟. Mk og`krg quk ks jfof se tuveårgofs u` pkquk÷f sfatwgrk k` jgmg ksakrg ok`tgi quk dgjk mk gmoe`estrgmfr mk ifs grjdevfs y mgtfs quk tk`kofs k` ki jukrpf ok`tgi, gsfjeç`mfifs g ifs meakrk`tks grquktepfs pgrg pfmkr skr jigseaejgmfs frmk`gmgok`tk. Kstf dgjk quk tfmf if quk sglkofs sflrk jek`jeg, tkj`fifcïg, jfsgs ’okmeliks‟ y jf`fjeoek`tfs seoeigrks, kstå` sek`mf  prfjksgmfs, cugrmgmfs, ktequktgmfs y grjdevgmfs pfr ki ’ prfcrgog grjdevgmfr ‟ mki grquktepf jek`tïaejf, mk og`krg quk kstk grquktepf, quk g `evki jkrklrgi ks u` jf`nu`tf mk oeiif`ks mk `kurf`gs jf` oeiif`ks mk jf`kxef`ks y rkmks `kurf`giks k`trk sï, tk`cg u` iestgmf y k` frmk` tfmf gqukiif quk ’sglk‟ y jf`fjk sflrk ifs tkogs jek`tïaejfs y rkigjef`gmfs. If oesof pgsg jf` jugiquekr ftrf mgtf mk jugiquekr ftrf tkog> pfiïtejf, sfjegi, juiturgi, ofrgi, ktj., quk kstgrç grjdevgmf y jf`trfigmf k` ki jukrpf ok`tgi,  pfr ifs prfcrgogs grjdevgmfrks mk igs ksakrgs ok`tgiks mf`mk kstç` ulejgmfs ifs grquktepfs jfrrkspf`mek`tks.

 

Lek`, k`tf`jks, ciç`muig pe`kgi g e`afrogjef`ks quk k`krcåtejg‟. Gsï, if

kstfs grquktepfs sf` ifs k`jgrcgmfs mk pgsgrik g ig trgvås mki depftçigof, igs ’lurlungs‟ mk mgtfs k mklk prfykjtgr gi kxtkrefr k` afrog mk ’f`mg quk ig aïsejg juç`tejg jf`fjk jfof ig mugiemgm f`mg-

 pgrtïjuig,jf`stg`tkok`tk, ks if quk `ukstrf sestkog mk quk prfykjjeú` ok`tgi  prfmujk koetek`mf f`mgs sfif jug`mf sf`dfifjuç`tejg prfykjtgmgs gi kxtkrefr k e`tkrgjtþg` jf` ig kstrujturg ciflgi mk ig rkgiemgm jfoþ` sk kopekzg` g jfigpsgr y og`eakstgr k` setugjef`ks rkgiks, súiemgs, tg`celiks y  pgipgliks.

 

Jgmg u`f su p prrfpeg kxpkrek`jeg k` ki oesof gutflþs Xfr knkopif. Ze tk sulks gi gutflþs y meakrk`tks prfcrgogs k` tu ok`tk sf` jf`sjek`tks mk quk k` ki gutflþs kxestk ig pfseleiemgm mk er sk`tgmf, y tþ tek`ks vgrefs prfcrgogs quk pukmk` prfykjtgr ig eogck` mk u` gsek`tf vgjïf  pgrg quk tu jukrpf aïsejf pukmg fjupgrif, y se `f dgy `e`cþ` flstçjuif, mestfrseú`, lifqukf f prfcrgog quk `ekcg ksg pfseleiemgm, se` `e`cþ` cå`krf mk mumg, jug`mf sulgs gi gutflþs, quk ks u`g og`eakstgjeú` jfoþ` mk tfmfs, tu tk`mrçs k` tu rkgiemgm pgrtejuigr, u` gsek`tf ielrk gi quk tk pukmgs sk`tgr. K` tfmf kstk prfjksf, k` ck`krgi, tþ `f dgs dkjdf `e`cþ` ksaukrzf pgrg  prfykjtgr ksk gsek`tf vgjïf, quke`tkrvk`emf ifs prfcrgogs tek`ksmkk`prfcrgogs te if dg` dkjdf gutfoçtejgok`tk. Gquïygdg` vgregsquk mkjk`gs quk e`jiuyk` mksmk u`g afrog kofjef`gi f ok`tgi mk jg`sg`jef quk dg dkjdf quk ftrf prfcrgog pek`sk f knkjutk u`g fpjeú` mk og`eakstgr u` gsek`tf, ifs rkjukrmfs y okofregs quk tek`ks mk quk k` ifs gutflusks dgy gsek`tfs, y ki prfcrgog mk qukrkr sk`tgrtk, tfmf ksf gutfoçtejgok`tk  prfykjtg`mf vgregs mkjk`gs mk f`mgs k`krcåtejgs jf` ig eogck` ae`gi mk quk dgyg u` gsek`tf ielrk, ks if quk dg dkjdf quk tk if vgygs g k`jf`trgr ielrk ae`giok`tk k` ki ou`mf súiemf quk mgofs pfr e`outglik jug`mf sulgs g ksk gutflþs. Iukcf, ¶quå sujkmk se tfmfs ifs quk sulk` gi gutflþs dgjk` ki oesof  prfjksf6 Kvemk`tkok`tk `f dgy gsek`tfs lgstg`tks pgrg tfmfs pfrquk k` ig rkgiemgm jfoþ`, k` gicþ` ofok`tf, ifs duog`fs quk prfykjtgrf` ifs gutflusks jf-jrkgrf` quk kstfs tuvekrg` sfif u` `þokrf ae`etf y jf`jrktf mk gsek`tfs, gsï quk se sfif dgy :8 mk kiifs, pkrf sulk` 18 pkrsf`gs gi gutflþs, ks kvemk`tk quk ig prfykjjeú` mk :8 mk ksgs pkrsf`gs `f vg g tk`kr åxetf. Ze` kolgrcf `f ks jfrrkjtf, preokrf pfrquk `f tfmgs ksgs :8 pkrsf`gs kstç`  prfykjtg`mf k`jf`trgrsk u` gsek`tf vgjïf, mk dkjdf, oujdgs mk ksgs  pkrsf`gs `f iikvg` k` ki jukrpf ok`tgi pfr mkakjtf ig `kjksemgm mk sk`tgrsk k` ki lus, ftrgs se, pfr sus pkjuiegremgmks aïsejgs, pfr su kmgm, pfr  jf`mejef`goek`tf sfjegi, ktj.

 

Mk og`krg quk dgy yg u`g pgrtk mk ifs pgsgnkrfs quk `f e`ejegrç` u`g  prfykjjeú` mf`mk vg` g k`jf`trgrsk u` gsek`tf ielrk. Iukcf, ftrfs pgsgnkrfs iikvgrç` oujdg prfcrgogjeú` `kcgtevg, mf`mk pfr knkopif, prfykjtg` quk ki gutflþs kstç sekoprk iik`f y `f dgy `u`jg setef pfr sus kxpkrek`jegs g`tkrefrks, if quk dg` vestf k` trg`spfrtks tkikveseú`, pþliejfs, pfr if quk dg` ikïmf sflrk pfr ig ogig setugjeú` mk ifs ktj.jf`fjk` Gsï quk,f ksfs  pgsgnkrfs, if quk kstç` prfykjtg`mf ks quk jug`mf sulg` gi gutflþs ks  prflglik quk `f tk`cg` setef pgrg sk`tgrsk. Kstf dgjk quk rkgiok`tk ig kxpkrek`jeg mk jgmg pkrsf`g skg meste`tg, y quk jug`mf u`f sulg y sk k`juk`trk ki gsek`tf ielrk, quk ks quek` tuvf vïg ielrk k` su prfykjjeú` dfifcrçaejg pgrg kiif, sk sek`tk y vegnk sk`tgmf, y nustf ig pkrsf`g mk gi igmf quk `f sglïg quk kstglg prfykjtg`mf ftrg jfsg, sk k`juk`trk quk yg `f tek`k gsek`tf. Kstf quk pgrkjk jfopiejgmf, ks u` nukcf jf`stg`tk mk okzjig mk  prfykjjef`ks mk tfmfs ifs skrks duog`fs pgrg jrkgr ig rkgiemgm jfoþ`, quk q uk ks jgútejg, yg quk `ukstrgs prfykjjef`ks `f sf` grof`efsgs y `f sukik` kstgr ieopegs `e ielrks mk tfmf tepf mk ’f`mgs‟ `kcgtevgs, quk `f sglkofs quk kstgofs koetek`mf, y quk `f sglkofs quk sk `fs dg e`mujemf g koeter  se` mgr`fs juk`tg gi og`epuigr ig e`afrogjeú` y jf`tk`emf quk iikvgofs g jukstgs.

 

rkgiemgm   Ig mkjfmeaejgjeú` mk ig rkgiemgm  Ug sglkofs júof au`jef`g ki okjg`esof ck`årejf mk jrkgjeú` mk ig rkgiemgm y jfoprk`mkofs ki pfmkr quk tk`kofs pgrg ck`krgr  k`krcåtejgok`tk ki ou`mf quk pkrjeleofs. Zglkofs júof au`jef`g ig pgrtk ’ck`krgmfrg‟ mk if quk vkofs gdï aukrg, pkrf quezç `f júof au`jef`g ig  pgrtk ’rkjkptfrg‟. Ks mkjer, oe jukrpf, oe sestkog k`krcåtejf jgptg, jgp tg, ck`krg y koetk f`mgs quk sk jfopfrtg` jfof eog`ks pgrg gtrgkr u`g setugjeú`,  pkrsf`g, kvk`tf u flnktf quk kquevgik g ksg f`mg y quk yf pkrjelf jfof gicf rkgi, aïsejf y tg`celik, yg quk tek`k u`g arkjuk`jeg seoeigr g if quk yf koetf. Xkrf ¶júof så yf quå ks ksf quk tk`cf mkig`tk mk oes `grejks, yg sk trgtk mk gicf quk yf oesof dk gtrgïmf f mk ig rkgiemgm jfoþ` k` ig quk vevf y quk dk jf`treluemf g og`eakstgr6 ¶Júof iikcg g jf`struersk oe ou`mf rkgi, ki quk vkf jf` oes fnfs, ki quk tfjf jf` oes og`fs6 Xuks ogigs `ftejegs. @f sf` tus fnfs ifs quk pkrjelk` ki ou`mf quk iigogofs rkgi. Ks tu jkrklrf y tu ok`tk quek` jf`struyk dfifcrgogs tremeok`sef`giks, k` pgrtk g pgrter mk ig e`afrogjeú` quk rkjelk mk ifs sk`temfs. K` rkgiemgm, sfif sk trgtg mk u`g rkprksk`tgjeú` mk if quk rkjelk quk jf`semkrg vçiemg. Zk e`vk`tg jfsgs. Xurg eiuseú`. Qgofs g kxpiejgrif. ]fmf gqukiif quk pkrjeleofs jfof rkgi `f ks oçs quk u`g prfykjjeú` ok`tgi k` trks meok`sef`ks mk if quk `ukstrf jkrklrf y ok`tk mkjfmeaejg.  @ukstrfs fnfs `f vk`, ks ig ok`tk ig quk vk. Ifs fnfs sf` ik`tks quk pgsg` e`afrogjeú` mksmk ig rkte`g dgstg ki jkrklrf, quk ks mf`mk sk afrog ig eogck`. Ifs fnfs sf` jfof igs úptejgs mk igs jçogrgs quk mkng` pgsgr ig iuz, ksfs dgjks iuoï`ejfs quk kxestk` gdï aukrg, y ig k`vïg` dgjeg ki e`tkrefr  mk ig ok`tk pgrg prfjksgrig, se` dgjkr nuejefs f prksu`jef`ks sflrk if quk rkprksk`tg`. Ki fnf `f sglk se kstç rkjelek`mf ig k`krcïg iuoï`ejg mk u`g seiig f mk u` kikag`tk, y arg`jgok`tk ik mg ecugi. Zu au`jeú` seopikok`tk ks trg`soeter ki

dgz dgjeg ki e`tkrefr. Ze` kolgrcf, k` ki jgoe`f dgjeg ki júrtkx vesugi mki

 

jkrklrf, ifs iúluifs tkopfrgiks kmetg`, rkjfrtg` y aeitrg` dgstg u` je`juk`tg  pfr jek`tf mki dgz iuoï`ejf e`ejegi. Zfif ksg pgrtk kmetgmg mk if quk  pkrjeleofs g trgvås mk ig rkte`g iikcg gi jkrklrf. K`tf`jks, kstk ’mkjemk‟ quå ks if quk kstç rkjelek`mf y g quå jfrrkspf`mk ksg k`krcïg. Gsï jf`struyk ig eogck` k` :M mk if quk jrkk tk`kr mkig`tk. Ze if quk ’vkofs‟ kstç lgsgmf k` ok`fs mki je`juk`tg pfr jek`tf mk u`g e`afrogjeú` jgptgmg mki kxtkrefr, ¶júof sglkofs quå ks rkgi y quå ks e`vk`tgmf6 ¶Júof sk afrog if quk pkrjeleofs jfof rkgi pgrg `fsftrfs k` `ukstrg ok`tk6 Ig rkspukstg ks quk ig ok`tk jfopf`k gprfxeogmgok`tk ki ftrf je`juk`tg pfr jek`tf mk ig e`afrogjeú` jf` mgtfs mk ifs quk yg mespf`k, g pgrter mk `ukstrg prksu`jeú` gjkrjg mk júof mklk skr ki ou`mf mk gdï aukrg, mk if quk ’kspkrgofs‟ vkr k` rkgiemgm y mk tfmf gqukiif quk tek`k gjuouigmf k` ifs lg`jfs mk okofreg g ifs jugiks tek`k gjjksf g trgvås mki jf`mejef`goek`tf y ig prfcrgogjeú` jf` ig quk `gjkofs y mk `ukstrf GM@. Xfr ksf jgmg u`f ’vk‟ igs jfsgs mk afrog ieckrgok`tk meakrk`tk, pfrquk su dfifcrgog ae`gi, ig rkprksk`tgjeú` tremeok`sef`gi mk ksk flnktf f setugjeú` quk dg jrkgmf, dg semf ck`krgmf g eogck` y skokng`zg mk if quk dg k`jf`trgmf mk`trf mk sï pgrg jf`struerif.

 

 Ki vegnk mk ig iuz  K` su ielrf Ki u`evkrsf dfifcrçaejf dfifcrç aejf, Oejdgki ]gilft mejk quk ki vegnk mk ig iuz mksmk quk ks pkrjelemg pfr `ukstrfs sk`sfrks (ifs fnfs) dgstg quk `fs k`tkrgofs mk quk kstgofs vek`mf gicf (jf`strueofs ig eogck`) ks eoprksef`g`tk. Ig iuz k`trg g trgvås mk ig júr`kg y trgspgsg ig pupeig, quk rkcuig su jg`temgm pgrg prftkckr ki sestkog vesugi g trgvås mki eres. [`g vkz trgspgsgmg ig pupeig, ig iuz iikcg gi duofr vïtrkf, u`g kspkjek mk ogsg ckigte`fsg ulejgmg mktrçs mk ig pupeig. Ae`giok`tk, ki dgz iuoï`ejf gijg`zg ig rkte`g, quk jgpturg ig eogck`. Igok`tglikok`tk, if dgjk sfif k` mfs meok`sef`ks y gi rkvås, pfr if quk, pgrg pfmkr mesjkr`er if quk sk vk, ig iuz ks k`vegmg gi iúluif fjjepetgi mki jkrklrf. K`tf`jks ig ok`tk rkjfopf`k ig eogck` y ig jfopiktg jf` ig e`afrogjeú` quk ik agitg, jrkg u` dfifcrgog tremeok`sef`gi mki flnktf k e`afrog g ig jf`jek`jeg mk quk kstç ’vek`mf‟ gicf, pfr knkopif, u`g seiig. Ze `ukstrg ok`tk rkjfopusekrg ig eogck` jfof gicf tftgiok`tk meakrk`tk, se` dgjkr mkogsegmf jgsf mk ig e`afrogjeú` rkjelemg g trgvås mk ig vestg, f rkgiezg`mf gicu`g gsfjegjeú` krrú`kg rkspkjtf mk ksk dgz iuoï`ejf quk kstç rkcestrg`mf, kstgrïgofs jf`vk`jemfs mk vkr jugiquekr ftrg jfsg, pfr  knkopif, u` grogref, y ksk grogref skrïg pgrg `fsftrfs tg` rkgi jfof ig seiig. Xfrquk ig rkgiemgm sk jf`struyk k` `ukstrg ok`tk, `f aukrg mk kiig. Kstf ks ouy eopfrtg`tk. If oesof pgsg jf` if quk fïofs y ksjujdgofs. Ig e`afrogjeú` rkjelemg k` afrog mk dgz sf`frf ks aeitrgmg pfr `ukstrf sestkog gumetevf y sfigok`tk k` ki jkrklrf jf`strueofs ig rkgiemgm quk oknfr sk gjfofmg g if quk kspkrgofs fïr, jrkkofs fïr f dkofs fïmf prkvegok`tk. Xfr ksf mfs  pkrsf`gs quk fyk` ki oesof ok`sgnk pukmk` e`tkrprktgrif mk afrog tftgiok`tk meste`tg y kstgr jf`vk`jemgs mk quk su vkrseú` ks ig jfrrkjtg. K` igs mesjusef`ks k`trk goecfs f pgrkngs, se sk rkcestrgrg if quk u`f fyk y iukcf sk pgsgrg mk `ukvf pgrg skr ksjujdgmf, skrïg rkgiok`tk u` kspkjtçjuif, tfmfs fïofs vkjks if igquk `fs e`tkrksg kspkrgofs fïr,puks seopikok`tk pfrqukoujdgs ig ok`tk rkiik`g e`afrogjeú` quk ikf

 

agitg jf` if quk k`juk`trg k` su e`tkrefr quk jf`jukrmk jf` sus kxpkjtgtevgs y jrkk`jegs. Ig jf`jiuseú` ks quk ig rkgiemgm k` ig quk veveofs ks ig quk jugmrg jf` `ukstrgs emkgs prkjf`jklemgs, `ukstrfs mgtfs mk okofreg, gqukiig quk `ukstrg ok`tk e`tkrprktg jfof ik jf`vek`k, pgrg quk sk gnustk g `ukstrfs  pk`sgoek`tfs, sk`sgjef`ks y kxpkjtgtevgs. Qeveofs ig rkgiemgm kxtkrefr mk gjukrmf jf` `ukstrg rkgiemgm e`tkrefr. G pgrter mk kstk prfjksf, mkae`eofs `ukstrf trglgnf, `ukstrgs goestgmks, `ukstrg agoeieg, `ukstrg sgium f `ukstrg glu`mg`jeg ogtkregi.

 

Jf`struer ig rkgiemgm jfoþ` Gdfrg k`tk`mkofs jf` jigremgm quk, se pukmks jf`trfigr júof sk sek`tk y pek`sg ig ck`tk e`tkrefrok`tk, pukmks jf`trfigr júof ks ki ou`mf quk ck`krg y pkrjelk kxtkrefrok`tk. Ig rkgiemgm jfoþ` quk tfmfs jfopgrteofs ks lçsejgok`tk u`g rkgiemgm eopukstg, f jrkgmg pfr ki jþouif mk pk`sgoek`tfs y k`krcïgs ig`zgmgs gi e`jf`sjek`tk jfikjtevf, quk gjkptgofs pfr jf`vk`ek`jeg y pfr gjukrmf ciflgi. G tfmfs `fs e`tkrksg quk kxestg u`g jekrtg kstrujturg pgrg pfmkr  `gvkcgr pfr `ukstrf mïg g mïg. G ksg kstrujturg, g ksk ou`mf jfopgrtemf, `ukstrg ok`tk seopikok`tk ik dg mgmf ki vestf luk`f, ig dg giogjk`gmf k` su e`tkrefr, y ks ig e`afrogjeú` quk usg pgrg jf`struer k` ig ok`tk igs eoçck`ks tremeok`sef`giks mk tfmf if quk vkofs y jfopgrteofs jfof rkgi. Zfif sk trgtg mk e`afrogjeú`, mk f`mgs kikjtrfogc`åtejgs iestgs pgrg skr  mkjfmeaejgmgs. [` ou`mf yg jrkgmf gi jugi sfif `fs tk`kofs quk k`jduagr. Ig rkgiemgm jfoþ` ks jrkgmg pfr ig psequk mk ig ogsg mki pig`ktg. Kstg jf`jek`jeg ciflgi rkaikng ki kstgmf mk ig rkgiemgm quk, g `evki aïsejf, sk og`eaekstg k` ig ]ekrrg. Xukstf quk, mk afrog ck`årejg, koeteofs jf`stg`tkok`tk u` of`tú` mk pgtrf`ks ok`tgiks quk e`jiuyk` oekmfs, u`g mestfrseú` mk ig rkgiemgm flnktevg, jgfs, prkfjupgjef`ks, ieoetgjef`ks, ktj., ig crg` ogsg quk mk afrog  pig`ktgref, kskk`krcåtejg kstgmf e`tkr`f jgmgkstg u`f jf`jek`jeg mk `fsftrfs.ciflgi rkaikng, g `evki Ig setugjeú` ks oçs crgvk pfrquk, k` oujdfs jgsfs, kstfs pgtrf`ks k`krcåtejfs quk koeteofs sf` grteaejegiok`tk prfvfjgmfs mksmk ki kxtkrefr y `fs gakjtg` tg`tf g `evki aïsejf jfof k`krcåtejf. Ze jgptgofs f`mgs quk `fs dgjk` sk`ter ogi (g `evki aïsejf f g`ïoejf), gutfoçtejgok`tk og`eakstgofs  pk`sgoek`tfs `kcgtevfs y koeteofs pgtrf`ks k`krcåtejfs gi e`jf`sjek`tk jfikjtevf, if quk g÷gmk g ig rkgiemgm jfoþ` oçs f`mgs quk rkaikng` k` `ukstrg rkgiemgm ’súiemg‟ quk kstgofs ogi. U gsï sk e`ejeg ki lujik. G pgrter mk gquï, og`epuigr ki ou`mf ks jfskr y jg`tgr. ¶Júof dgjks

quk ig ck`tk ck`krk u`g rkgiemgm jf`jrktg6 Xrfykjtg k` sus ok`tks y

 

suljf`sjek`tks ki tepf mk ok`sgnk quk tk e`tkrksg, y prfyåjtgif grteaejegiok`tk k` ki e`jf`sjek`tk jfikjtevf y k` ifs prfcrgogs gutfoçtejfs quk knkjutgrç` g ok`fs quk skg` pkrsf`gs ouy jf`sjek`tks mk sï oesogs. Xgrg kiif juk`tgs tg`tf jf` ifs okmefs mk jfou`ejgjeú` jfof jf` tfmf tepf mk sestkogs tkj`fiúcejfs mk og`epuigjeú` mk ogsgs. [`g vkz quk tfmf if quk ig pkrsf`g jgptg mki e`jf`sjek`tk jfikjtevf f sk  prfykjtg k` su ok`tk ks trg`soutgmf y prfjksgmf, kstgs k`krcïgs sf` ig`zgmgs gi ou`mf g trgvås mk su sestkog k`krcåtejf, quk k`tf`jks og`eaekstg, jrkg y ofimkg igs k`krcïgs mk ksk ou`mf kxtkrefr mk gjukrmf jf` igs k`krcïgs mk ig rkgiemgm quk jgmg u`f dg se`tf`ezgmf. Xukstf quk meakrk`tks pgrtks mki e`jf`sjek`tk jfikjtevf jf`tek`k` meste`tfs pgtrf`ks arkjuk`jegiks, igs rkgiemgmks meaekrk` mk çrkg k` çrkg, mk pgïs k` pgïs f mk zf`g k` zf`g. Gsï, sk mejk quk ig ’gtoúsakrg‟ quk sk rksperg k` Lgrjkif`g ks meste`tg mk igs mk @ukvg Ufrb f Jeumgm mki Jglf, g pksgr mk quk ki prfjksf mk jrkgjeú` mk igs rkgiemgmks jfou`ks mk jgmg iucgr ks ki oesof. Xkrf ig ogtkreg preog usgmg meaekrk ieckrgok`tk, if quk sk rkaukrzg jf` igs  prfykjjef`ks mk igs pkrsf`gs, k` ki lujik jgptgjeú`-koeseú`-og`eakstgjeú` quk dkofs vestf. Xukstf quk tfmfs kstgofs velrg`mf, og`eakstg`mf y ck`krg`mf u` jekrtf tepf mk pgtrf`ks ok`tgiks y kofjef`giks, `ukstrf e`jf`sjek`tk jfikjtevf sk vk rkafrzgmf jf` ksg oesog f`mg u`g y ftrg vkz. Gsï quk, gu`quk sk ’gpgcgrg`‟ ifs kstïouifs kxtkr`fs grteaejegiks quk `fs e`munkrf` e`ejegiok`tk g ig ck`krgjeú` mk u` jekrtf tepf mk f`mgs, skcuerïgofs og`eakstg`mf ki oesof tepf mk setugjeú` u`g y ftrg vkz dgstg quk sk meauoe`grg` mki tfmf ksgs k`krcïgs, puks ks if quk rkjfckofs mk ig psequk mki pig`ktg, trg`soutgofs, koeteofs, og`eakstgofs y, gi pkrjelerif mk vukitg, if rkjfckofs ftrg vkz jfof `ukstrg rkgiemgm ’vkrmgmkrg‟, mk afrog quk vfivkofs g pk`sgr k` kiif, g koeterif, g og`eakstgrif, g rkjfckrif, ktj. Kstf `fs sujkmk tfmfs y jgmg u`f mk ifs mïgs mk `ukstrg vemg. Lfolgrmkg g igs pkrsf`gs mk mïg y mk `fjdk g trgvås mk ig tkikveseú`, ig rgmef, ifs pkreúmejfs, ktj., jf` ig emkg mk quk ig setugjeú` ou`megi ks u` vkrmgmkrf jgfs, quk ks ig iky mki oçs aukrtk, quk ig jfsg kstç ouy ogi, quk dgy prflikogs quk sflrkvk`mrç u`g jf`stg`tkok`tk pg`mkoeg mk crepk, mk ålfig, mki veruskjf`úoejfs, pkpetf… Eopig`tg ksgs emkgs murg`tk

 

oujdf tekopf k` igs pkrsf`gs, prkpçrgigs suteiok`tk, e`aiuå`jegigs g `evki ok`tgi, kofjef`gi y k`krcåtejf, mkleiïtgigs, jrågiks jgfs y jf`auseú` jf`stg`tk. ¶Juçi jrkåes quk skrç k`tf`jks ig rkgiemgm jfoþ` pguigte`gok`tk ck`krgmg pfr tfmf ki pig`ktg6 Kakjtevgok`tk> oekmfs, pg`mkoegs, jgfs, jreses y prkfjupgjef`ks @f ksk`akrokmgmks quk `f dgyg quk pf`kr k` ogrjdg u` okjg`esof rkgi qukciflgiks. ck`krk kstgs (jrkgr ki verus k` ki iglfrgtfref) f ig jreses kjf`úoejg (og`epuigr igs kstrujturgs ae`g`jekrgs). Dg mk dgjkrsk. Xkrf, jf` u`g pkquk÷g skoeiig f gjjeú` g `evki aïsejf, iukcf  pukmks og`eakstgr u`g u` g rkgiemgm ciflgi crgjegs gi kopunk y ki prfjksf p rfjksf mk jfjf jrkgjeú` quk dgs og`epuigmf skcþ` tus e`tkrksks. Ze sk `fs quekrk dgjkr pk`sgr f sk`ter mk u`g jekrtg afrog y sk jf`secuk quk ck`krkofs ksk tepf mk arkjuk`jeg, ¶juçiks mk ifs oeiif`ks mk f`mgs k`krcåtejgs, mk rkgiemgmks prflgliks, jrkåes quk jrkgrkofs y og`eakstgrkofs, gtrgkrkofs y pkrjelerkofs se kstgofs velrg`mf jf` ksk tepf mk emkgs6 ¶Wuå rkgiemgm mkjfmeaejgrç `ukstrg ok`tk se tfmf if quk tek`k k` ki suljf`sjek`tk sf` eoçck`ks k e`afrogjeú` sflrk if ogi quk kstç` igs jfsgs, pfr knkopif, y k`jeog pkrjelk f`mgs mki kxtkrefr quk jf`aerog` ksg e`afrogjeú`6 U tfmf kstf sk ifcrg seopikok`tk eopig`tg`mf u`gs emkgs quk `f tek`k`  pfr quå skr vkrmgmkrgs, quk pukmk` prkaglrejgrsk pgrg quk, pfjf g pfjf, tfmf ki pig`ktg ck`krk u`g rkgiemgm gjfrmk g kiigs, se` quk `gmek, glsfiutgok`tk `gmek, sk må juk`tg mk kiif. Ki jf`trfi mk tu suljf`sjek`tk, mk tus prfjksfs ok`tgiks, mk tus sk`teoek`tfs, ks ig jigvk pgrg ki jf`trfi mk tu rkgiemgm, puks koeterçs if quk tu ok`tk jrkg vçiemf y gjkptk. Xkrf ig of`kmg tek`k mfs jgrgs y dgy u` gspkjtf ouy eopfrtg`tk quk dkofs mk k`tk`mkr y tk`kr k` juk`tg> quk kstfs kstïouifs kxtkr`fs mklk` kxester jf`stg`tkok`tk pgrg skcuer og`tk`ek`mf ig ok`tk jf`mejef`gmg,  puks, k` ki ofok`tf k` quk mkngrg` mk e`aiuk`jegr`fs jf` tåj`ejgs ciflgiks mk jf`trfi ok`tgi, mk og`epuigjeú` mk ig psequk mki pig`ktg, pfmrïgofs ofmeaejgr `ukstrfs pgtrf`ks kofjef`giks y ok`tgiks y kopkzgr g koeter ftrf tepf mk kofjef`ks y pk`sgoek`tfs, quk, jf` ki tekopf, ck`krgrïg` ftrf tepf mk rkgiemgm. Kstg prfykjjeú` y og`epuigjeú` mklk skr jf`stg`tk pgrg pfmkr  og`tk`kr g ig mk pfligjeú` ”mk afrog ck`krgi, y jf`suoemg igs jfrrkspf`mek`tks jgrgjtkrïstejgs jgmg zf`g, rkceú` f pgïs” sekoprk k` u` kstgmf f

 

`evki mk rkgiemgm gjfrmk jf` ki mkskf mk ifs quk fjupg` ig jeog mk ig kstrujturg mki sestkog mk jf`trfi. U ksf ks gicf quk jgmg vkz jukstg oçs mk jf`skcuer.

 

sestkog mk  Oe`eoezgr ig e`aiuk`jeg mk kstk sestkog jf`trfi  Gu` gsï, ks jekrtf quk dgy oujdg ck`tk quk, pfr ouy ogi quk kstå ig rkgiemgm jfoþ`, `f sk vk gakjtgmg pfr kiig. Xgrkjk quk igs jfsgs iks vg` lek` gu` jug`mf g su girkmkmfr suk`k` tgolfrks mk jgfs pfr tfmfs igmfs. ¶Juç`tgs vkjks dkofs fïmf ksf mk quk ’jgmg jugi vevk k` su ou`mf‟6 Ze sk supekrg if jekrtg quk ks kstg argsk mki rkarg`krf pfpuigr, oçs mk u`f sk  pf`mrïg g jfpegrig dgstg e`tkcrgrig pfr jfopiktf k` if oçs prfau`mf mk su  psequk. Ks quk u`f, ksjgpgr oçs qukpfr k` jfopiktf su ou`mf,mkvevk su `evki rkgiemgm. Gu`quk `f jgmg pfmgofs kstk k` sestkog mk mk jf`trfi oçs quk pgsg`mf gi secuek`tk `evki kvfiutevf, quezç sï pfmgofs oe`eoezgr su e`aiuk`jeg k` `fsftrfs mk gicu`g afrog. Qgofs Qgofs g vkrif.

 

 E`ae`etfs `evkiks mk rkgiemgm  rkgiemgm  K` kstg rkgiemgm k` ig quk kstgofs, jfkxestk` e`ae`etfs pig`fs mk meakrk`tk arkjuk`jeg velrgtfreg. ]fmfs jfopgrteofs ig rkgiemgm jfoþ` quk g `evki ciflgi rkprksk`tg ig rkgiemgm :M, pkrf jgmg u`f mk `fsftrfs kstç se`tf`ezgmf jf` u`f mk ksfs sul`evkiks f pig`fs mk afrog oçs jf`jrktg. K` tfmf `evki kvfiutevf dgy mevesef`ks y sulmevesef`ks. Ifs pig`fs e`akrefrks rksuk`g` jf` arkjuk`jegs oçs ik`tgs. K` jgolef, ig arkjuk`jeg lgsk mk ifs oçs gitfs ks ogyfr. Ifs `evkiks mk rkgiemgm oçs kikvgmfs sf` rksuitgmf mk k`krcïgs (kofjef`ks y pk`sgoek`tfs og`eakstgmfs) oçs pfsetevgs2 ifs `evkiks oçs lgnfs prfvek`k` mk k`krcïgs oçs `kcgtevgs (lgsgmgs  pre`jepgiok`tk k` ki oekmf jfof arkjuk`jeg lgsk). ]fmfs y jgmg u`f mk `fsftrfs pkrjeleofs u` rg`cf mk `evkiks mk rkgiemgm lgstg`tk gopief, g pksgr mk quk, skcþ` ig arkjuk`jeg ck`årejg quk koetgofs, kstkofs k`cg`jdgmfs pre`jepgiok`tk g gicu`fs mk ksfs sul`evkiks. Ksg rkgiemgm quk oçs rksuk`g jf` `fsftrfs ks ki pig`f quk  pkrjeleofs mk afrog preogreg, k` ki jugi og`eakstgofs prçjtejgok`tk tfmf `ukstrf ou`mf y `ukstrg rkgiemgm kxtkrefr. Gmkoçs mk ksg rkgiemgm preogreg, pkrjeleofs igs rkgiemgmks quk oçs sk gprfxeog` g `ukstrf `evki arkjuk`jegi, y tgoleå` pgrtejepgofs mk kiigs, gu`quk ok`fs. Ks mkjer, sk og`eaekstg` k` `ukstrg rkgiemgm gqukiifs sujksfs, kvk`tfs, kofjef`ks, pkrsf`gs, setugjef`ks, ktj., quk, gu`quk `f afrog` pgrtk mk `ukstrg vemg mk afrog preogreg, pgsg` girkmkmfr `ukstrf y  pukmk` gakjtgr`fs k` pkquk÷g okmemg. Kstf sujkmk jf` `evkiks tg`tf ogyfrks jfof ok`frks. Ks mkjer,  pfmkofs pkrjeler `evkiks mk rkgiemgm k` ifs quk sujkmk` jfsgs ’gicf oknfrks‟ (lgsgmgs k` arkjuk`jegs mk rksf`g`jeg oçs gitgs quk ig `ukstrg, k` kofjef`ks f pk`sgoek`tfs oçs pfsetevfs, k` k`krcïgs oçs kikvgmgs) y ftrfs k` ifs quk tek`k` iucgr jfsgs ’gicf pkfrks‟ (lgsgmgs k` if jf`trgref). Xfr  knkopif, pfmkofs veverskk`prfmujk` u` lgrref jf`aiejtevf y `ftgr qukktj., girkmkmfr  `ukstrf dgy prflikogs, rflfs, pkikgs, mesjusef`ks, pkrf g

 

`fsftrfs `f `fs pgsg `u`jg `gmg, puks `f kstgofs velrg`mf k` ksk `evki mk rkgiemgm, gu`quk if pkrjelgofs. ]goleå` pfmkofs tk`kr u` trglgnf kstupk`mf f vever k` u` setef  prkjefsf. `f pkrjeleofs f og`eakstgofs `ukstrgmk rkgiemgm ki jek` pfr Ze` jek`kolgrcf, mk if quk ksk setef farkjk, puks kstçk`’aukrg `ukstrf gijg`jk‟, yg quk sf` jfsgs quk velrg` g u` `evki supkrefr. Jug`tf oçs `fs gikngofs k` ig ksjgig mk `evkiks mk `ukstrg rkgiemgm  preogreg, ok`fs og`eakstgofs ifs kakjtfs mk ksg rkgiemgm jf`jrktg k` `ukstrf ou`mf, g pksgr mk quk pfmgofs pkrjelerifs k` pgrtk. Xukmks vever  k` ksk lgrref jf`aiejtevf, y sglkr pfr igs kstgmïstejgs y igs `ftejegs quk ks ki  lgrref jf` ogyfrks prflikogs mk tu jeumgm, y, `f flstg`tk, ngoçs dglkr  vestf, fïmf `e suaremf `gmg. K` ftrf `evki mk rkgiemgm, tfmf ksf kxestk, pkrf `f sk og`eaekstg k` tu ou`mf pfrquk tu `evki arkjuk`jegi kstç iknfs mki `evki arkjuk`jegi mki k`tfr`f. If oesof sujkmk k` ki pfif fpukstf, ks mkjer, k` `evkiks mk rkgiemgm oçs gitfs. ]fmf mkpk`mk sekoprk mk tu `evki arkjuk`jegi mk rksf`g`jeg lgsk. Mksmk ki pu`tf mk vestg mk igs kstrujturgs mk pfmkr mki ou`mf, u`g mk igs afrogs mk og`tk`kr g ig ck`tk lgnf jf`trfi ks sfoktkr g tfmf ki pig`ktg g u` `evki mk rkgiemgm ouy lgnf, og`tk`emf pfr u` e`jf`sjek`tk jfikjtevf og`epuigmf, jf` ig rkgiemgm jfoþ` og`eakstgmg quk mkskg` ifs jf`trfigmfrks. Ks if quk gjglgofs mk vkr. Ifs okmefs mk jfou`ejgjeú`,  pfr knkopif, sf` ifs rkspf`sgliks mk ig jrkgjeú` mk u`g rkgiemgm påseog g `evki arkjuk`jegi, gi jugi kstç` k`cg`jdgmfs oeiif`ks mk skrks duog`fs jfof rkgiemgm preogreg. Ftrgs pkrsf`gs velrg` k` `evkiks u` pfjf oçs gitfs y `f sk vk` gakjtgmgs merkjtgok`tk, oek`trgs quk ftrgs `f `ftg` `e`cþ` kakjtf mk ig rkgiemgm jgútejg f `kcgtevg quk sk mkskg og`eakstgr, yg quk sk k`juk`trg` iknfs (g `evki mk velrgjeú`) mk ksk pig`f mk sujksfs quk jgmg mïg oukstrg ig tkikveseú`.

 

Zuler tu `evki mk rk rkgiemgm  giemgm  Xgrg e`jrkok`tgr ki pig`f arkjuk`jegi (ki tepf mk rkgiemgm) quk se`tf`ezgofs jfof `ukstrf ou`mf y k`cg`jdgr`fs g ftrf quk rksuk`k g `evkiks oçs gitfs, dkofs mk prfjksgr y gieckrgr ig jgrcg kofjef`gi y ok`tgi. Kstf rkquekrk ieopegr`fs k`krcåtejgok`tk mk afrog prfau`mg, pgrg sfitgr igstrk y pfmkr se`tf`ezgr ftrf tepf mk arkjuk`jegs. Zk trgtg mk u` trglgnf mk gutf ieopekzg, mk kieoe`gjeú` kspkjegiok`tk mk `ukstrfs oekmfs, quk gjtþg` jfof u` g`jig juyg velrgjeú` `fs sunktg g `evkiks e`akrefrks. Dgy quk k`jf`trgr afrogs mk mksprk`mkr`fs mk kofjef`ks y pk`sgoek`tfs lgnfs y g`jigr`fs, skg jfof skg, k` kofjef`ks y  pk`sgoek`tfs kikvgmfs. Ki okjg`esof mk tfmf kstf ks pgrtk mk ig iky mk ig gtrgjjeú`, y sfif ki trglgnf e`tkr`f `fs pkroetk k`cg`jdgr`fs g u` pig`f mk rkgiemgm oçs gitf y mklkofs tk`krif ouy prksk`tk se qukrkofs oe`eoezgr  rgmejgiok`tk ki kakjtf mki sestkog mk jf`trfi sflrk `fsftrfs. Xkrf sk pukmk dgjkr, ks mkjer, tfmf if quk vkofs mk afrog ciflgi if dkofs jrkgmf ig ogsg mk ifs skrks duog`fs e`mujemfs f og`epuigmfs pgrg kiif, y sfofs ifs skrks duog`fs ifs quk tk`kofs ki pftk`jegi pgrg mksof`tgr ki jgsteiif mk `gepks k` jugiquekr ofok`tf. mf`mk pfrquk ki igs crg`jf`mejef`ks nukcf júsoejf kxestk`jeg `fs Kstgofs dg jfifjgmf k`kstgofs u` tglikrf mf`mk sf` mk u` ig pfjf ok`fs quk emïiejgs, mksmk `ukstrf pu`tf mk vestg, gu`quk skg` emú`kgs pgrg u` gprk`mezgnk pfr ig vïg rçpemg. Xfrquk sfofs gieok`tf k`krcåtejf pgrg k`temgmks mk frmk` supkrefr, tgi y jfof skrks mk `evkiks e`akrefrks if sf`  pgrg `fsftrfs. Xfrquk, X frquk, pgrg skcuer skcu er sek`mf ksk gieok`tf, `fs mklk` og`tk`kr  k` u` sestkog mk jf`trfi k` ki jugi `f ifcrkofs k`tk`mkr quå sujkmk, júof sujkmk `e pfr quå. Xkrf pk`sgm kstf y rkjfrmgrif mk afrog jigrg> se `gmek k` kstk pig`ktg ck`krgrg u`g sfig kofjeú` fkipk`sgoek`tf `kcgtevf, `gmek koetekrg u`g arkjuk`jeg quk og`eakstgrg tepf mk rkgiemgm quk se tk`kofs gdfrg g k` ksjgig

ciflgi, kstk sestkog mk jf`trfi sk mksofrf`grïg mk e`okmegtf. Ze` k`krcïg

 

`kcgtevg quk servg mk gieok`tf g igs k`temgmks quk `fs jf`trfig`, y se igs åietks pkrmekrg` igs pfsejef`ks mk jf`trfi mksmk igs quk `fs og`epuig`, ki jdere`cuetf sk jkrrgrïg prf`tf y ki ruolf mk ig setugjeú` jgolegrïg rgmejgiok`tk. Xkrf kstf pgsgrïg se tfmfs dejeårgofs if oesof, gicf quk `f sglkofs juç`mf sujkmkrç. ]gi y jfof pe`tg` igs jfsgs k` kstk ofok`tf, `f pgrkjk e`oe`k`tk, g ok`fs quk `fs pf`cgofs igs peigs. @ukstrg þ`ejg vïg mk ksjgpk pgsg, preokrf, pfr oe`eoezgr ig e`aiuk`jeg mki sestkog mk jf`trfi sflrk `ukstrg vemg y `ukstrg rkgiemgm pkrsf`gi, mksjf`kjtgr`fs mk åi pgrg skr  u`g peig ok`fs quk ik må sustk`tf, y, iukcf, pfr jfopiktgr kstk jejif kvfiutevf if g`tks pfselik. Ze gjjkmkofs g u` `ukvf `evki kvfiutevf, pkrf ieopef y ielrk, pfsetevf, kstgrkofs k` ecugimgm mk jf`mejef`ks pgrg k`ark`tgr`fs f iemegr jf` ksgs k`temgmks g igs quk gdfrg `f pfmkofs vkr, y  lgnf juygs og`eflrgs mk pfskseú` y og`epuigjeú` `fs k`jf`trgofs. @f ks quk vgygofs g k`jf`trçr`fsigs, ki pig`ktg, pfigrezgmf dgjeg u`g velrgjeú`  pfsetevg, ki secuek`tk ksjk`gref dgjeg mf`mk ig rgzg duog`g sk k`jgoe`g, `f skrç jfopgtelik jf` igs k`temgmks y rgzgs quk iikvg` oeik`efs dgjek`mf mk igs suygs k` kstk, pkrf kstgrkofs k` jf`mejef`ks mk pkrjelerigs se sk mekrg ki jgsf. Kvemk`tkok`tk, kstk sestkog mk jf`trfi trgtgrç mk eopkmerif. @f tek`k` `e`cu`g meaejuitgm pgrg e`mevemugiezgr`fs y trgtgr mk ark`gr jugiquekr e`tk`tf mk ofmeaejgr, gu`quk skg u` çpejk, igs kstrujturgs k` igs quk kxesteofs. Ki sestkog mk jf`trfi of`tgmf pfr kstk crupf mk k`temgmks depkrmeok`sef`giks y sus pkf`ks duog`fs tek`k rkjursfs pgrg kiif, rkjursfs jf` ifs quk `fsftrfs `f jf`tgofs. Xkrf tgoleå` kstç` ieoetgmfs pfr ig `gturgikzg mk `ukstrg mk`semgm, k` ig jugi `f pukmk` fpkrgr tg`tf jfof quesekrg`, gi ok`fs merkjtgok`tk. U gquï k`trg` k` nukcf igs meakrk`tks afrogs mk og`epuigjeú` ok`tgi, psïquejg f k`krcåtejg mk tfmfs gqukiifs quk dgjk` if  pfselik pfr krfsef`gr kstk sestkog mk jf`trfi.

 

 Igs aecurgs mk jf`trfi  jf`trfi  Qgofs jf` ki þiteof pu`tf mk kstg skcu`mg pgrtk, g`tks mk k`trgr k` mktgiiks sflrk ig kstrujturg mki sestkog mk jf`trfi. Ze `fsftrfs oesofs jrkgofs ki ou`mf k` ki quk veveofs, g `evki ciflgi, y if dgjkofs jf` `ukstrgs ok`tks y `ukstrfs sestkogs k`krcåtejfs suteiok`tk og`epuigmfs, ifs quk sk k`jgrcg` mk quk kstg og`epuigjeú` y jf`trfi `f sk rfopg, sk og`tk`cg k` pek, au`jef`g`mf, jf` ifs okjg`esofs k`crgsgmfs, sf` igs aecurgs pþliejgs y, sflrk tfmf, igs `f tg` pþliejgs quk dg` of`tgmf igs kstrujturgs aïsejgs, sfjegiks, kmujgtevgs y kjf`úoejgs quk cflekr`g` `ukstrgs vemgs. Zf` ifs gck`tks mk Ogtrex, jfof k` ig pkiïjuig. Zf` ifs oeiks mk gck`tks Zoetd quk puiuiglg` pfr tfmfs igmfs, frqukstg`mf, supreoek`mf, mksjf`kjtg`mf, eopf`ek`mf sus `frogs. Xfrquk, se k` u` ofok`tf jf`jrktf, ig og`epuigjeú` k`krcåtejg mk igs pkrsf`gs, mk sus ok`tks y mk sus kofjef`ks jksgrg pfr jfopiktf, pfjf g pfjf, ig rkgiemgm kopkzgrïg g jgolegr g okmemg quk ifs pgtrf`ks arkjuk`jegiks ck`krgmfs pfr tfmfs `fsftrfs mkngrg` mk og`eakstgr ksgs setugjef`ks. Ze ig oçque`g `f sk gieok`tg, sk pgrg. Xfr ksf ifs jffrme`gmfrks mk `ukstrf pig`ktg `kjksetg` u`g kstrujturg pkrog`k`tk quk og`tk`cg ifs k`crg`gnks k`crgsgmfs, ifs pestf`ks au`jef`g`mf y igs rukmgs cerg`mf, quk kvetk quk ig agitg mk prkseú` jf`stg`tk sflrk ig duog`emgm ck`krk u` jgolef rgmejgi mk pgrgmecog. Ks jekrtf quk kstk pgrgmecog, k` ki frmk` ogjrf júsoejf mk ig jrkgjeú`, afrog pgrtk mki nukcf mk ig kxestk`jeg, k` ki jugi sfofs seopikok`tk pkrsf`gnks quk k`trgofs y sgieofs mk u` vemkfnukcf. Xkrf sus rkcigs dg` semf mestfrsef`gmgs y, jfof nucgmfr, jf` oe ielrk gilkmrïf e`tgjtf, tk`cf ki mkrkjdf mk e`tk`tgr rkstgurgr ki lgig`jk y ki mesk÷f frece`gi mki sestkog k` ki jugi mkjemï k`jgr`gr pgrg gprk`mkr y jrkjkr  e`ejegiok`tk. F gi ok`fs, g kvfiujef`gr gmquerek`mf kxpkrek`jegs oek`trgs if e`tk`tf.

K`tf`jks ¶Wueå`ks sf` kstgs aecurgs mk jf`trfi quk `f mkng` quk sk  pgrk` ifs oftfrks6 Oujdfs sf` pfrtgiks frcç`ejfs jf` `uig kopgtïg2

 

oujdfs ftrfs sf` k`temgmks `kcgtevgs k` vkdïjuifs duog`fs, ftrfs sf` seopikok`tk pkrsf`gs çvemgs mk pfmkr, requkzgs y agog quk, k` meakrk`tks kstrgtfs mk ig sfjekmgm, dg` of`tgmf u`g kstrujturg mk jfopf`k`tks mk jfopiknemgm e`eogce`glik, quk ks ig quk `fs sustk`tg y og`tek`k gi ou`mf k` ki kstgmf k` ki quk sk k`juk`trg. Gsï quk gdfrg vgofs g kstumegr ig kstrujturg mk kstk sestkog mk jf`trfi y cksteú` mk ig duog`emgm.  @f ks juksteú` mk qukmgrsk g okmegs.

 

]krjkrg pgrtk> ig kstrujturg mki sestkog mk cksteú` mk ig duog`emgm

 

¶]k`kofs yg oçs f ok`fs jigrf júof kstç ig setugjeú` k` ki pig`ktg, k`

rkakrk`jeg g ifs meakrk`tks jfopf`k`tks mki sestkog mk vemg k` ig ]ekrrg, queå`ks sfofs, quå dgjkofs gquï y g queå`ks tk`kofs jfof jfopg÷krfs mk vegnk6

Xkrsf`giok`tk sekoprk dk mkskgmf tk`kr u`gs cgags jfof igs quk gpgrkjk` k` ig pkiïjuig  Kiifs vevk` . Xfrquk u`g jfsg ks e`tuer júof sf` igs jfsgs, y ftrg ouy meakrk`tk skrïg pfmkr vkrigs merkjtgok`tk. Xkrf dk mksjulekrtf quk iikcg u` ofok`tf k` quk igs cgags vek`k` pfr sï sfigs. Mksjfopf`kr k` pkmgzfs ifs sestkogs kstrujturgiks y sfjegiks k` ifs quk veveofs, kxgoe`grifs y jukstef`grifs tk glrk ifs fnfs g ksg `ukvg rkgiemgm. Ze gmkoçs trglgngs g `evki k`krcåtejf, prfjurgs dgjkr jgsf g tu e`tuejeú`, og`tek`ks tu sestkog aïsejf k` luk` kstgmf y mksgrrfiigs u` pfjf tus  pkrjkpjef`ks sk`sfregiks, ksgs cgags sk jf`vekrtk` k` tkiksjfpefs. Ig pfligjeú` duog`g dg semf cuegmg jekcgok`tk pfr u` se`aï` mk agisfs jgoe`fs, y og`epuigmg skcþ` jekrtfs e`tkrksks y gck`mgs, oujdgs vkjks jf`trgmejtfrefs, pfr vgrefs crupfs mk mkjk`gs mk kstfs gck`tks mk jf`trfi mk ig Ogtrex. Kstf dg mkrevgmf k` tfmf tepf mk gjf`tkjeoek`tfs jf` `kagstgs jf`skjuk`jegs pgrg ki crupf oçs arçcei (seolúiejgok`tk dglig`mf), ig ogsg ck`krgi mk ig pfligjeú`. Ig e`afrogjeú` kstç tg` jfopgrteok`tgmg, y dg semf tg` og`epuigmg y tg` fjuitgmg, quk if quk u`f jrkk quk sglk `f ks se`f u`g argjjeú` ouy  pkquk÷g mk if quk sglk` gqukiifs quk sk k`juk`trg` k` ifs ksjgif`ks supkrefrks mk ifs jïrjuifs y kstrujturgs mk pfmkr mki pig`ktg. Xgrtk mk kstk prfjksf mk suprkseú` mk ig e`afrogjeú` kstç mesk÷gmf kspkjïaejgok`tk pgrg og`tk`kr kstgs kstrujturgs mk pfmkr, pgrg `kcgr ig kxestk`jeg mk `evkiks aukrg mk gqukiifs `frogiok`tk pkrjkpteliks pfr ki duog`f okmef, kspkjegiok`tk k` if quk jf`jekr`k g ig oeik`greg

e`tkrgjjeú` y suoeseú` g rgzgs faa-pig`kt .

 

Gi trgtgr mk g`giezgr kstgs kstrujturgs mk pfmkr quk pkrjelïg k` `ukstrg sfjekmgm, jfof rksuitgmf mki sestkog mk jf`trfi, sk ok pig`tkú ig mumg mk se mklïg dgjkrif mksmk if oçs lçsejf dgjeg if oçs pfmkrfsf y fjuitf, f gi rkvås. Kstç jigrf quk, jug`tf ok`fr ks ki `evki mk pfmkr, oçs pþliejf ks, oçs e`afrogjeú` kxestk y ok`fs jf`trfi knkrjk. G okmemg quk u`f k` ig ksjgig mk kstg perçoemk mk jf`trfi, ig e`afrogjeú` ks oujdf oçssulk ksjgsg, ifs jglfs sf` oçs meaïjeiks (se `f eopfseliks) mk gtgr y igs jf`kxef`ks mksgpgrkjk`. If þ`ejf quk gpgrkjk k` ki þiteof `evki ks u`g `kjksemgm, ig `kjksemgm mk sflrkvever k`krcåtejgok`tk, kvemk`jegmg pfr u` crupf mk k`temgmks quk `f pfmkofs vkr, sflrk igs jugiks dgy ietkrgturg, sï, pkrf quk secuk` sek`mf u` oestkref juygs pekzgs `f pfmrkofs k`jgngr k` su tftgiemgm, g ok`fs quk mkofs ki sgitf kvfiutevf k` ki jugi kstgofs e`okrsfs. Zfif k`tf`jks pfmrkofs, tkúrejgok`tk, k`ark`tgr`fs jgrg g jgrg jf` kstgs k`temgmks y crupfs, gu`quk `f vgyg g skr `kjksgref. Ki preokr `evki mk ig kstrujturg mk pfmkr y jf`trfi ks ki quk `fs pkroetk jfoprk`mkr ki `evki e`okmegtgok`tk e`akrefr, quk g su vkz `fs gyumg g jfoprk`mkr ki secuek`tk, quk g su vkz kopekzg yg g skr u` `evki mki jugi  pfmkofs fltk`kr jekrtg e`afrogjeú`, quk `fs iikvg g u` `evki quk sk pukmk e`vkstecgr oçs f ok`fs glekrtgok`tk (jf`skjuk`jegs gpgrtk). U gsï ae`giok`tk iikcgofs gi `evki mki mïg g mïg k` ki quk kxesteofs ig ogyfrïg mk igs pkrsf`gs. Gu`quk kstk ielrf farkjk seopikok`tk u`g gprfxeogjeú` gi tkog, jf`aïf k` quk, g pksgr mk ifs pfjfs mgtfs vkreaejgliks sflrk gicu`fs pkimg÷fs mk ig ksjgikrg, kstg e`afrogjeú` servg pgrg dgjkr`fs mkspkrtgr, jfof k` ki suk÷f quk tuvk, g ig kvemk`jeg mk quk, gu`quk `f skg pfselik (quezçs) mksof`tgr  kstk jgsteiif mk `gepks pfr jfopiktf k` kstfs ofok`tfs k` ifs quk kstgofs jfof rgzg, sï pfmkofs dgjkrif tgolgikgr, mkstruer gicu`gs pekzgs, of`tgr  ftrf oknfr y jug`mf `fs tfquk, ksjgpgr, ksjgikrgs grrelg, dgjeg u`g afrog mk vemg k` ig quk yg `f `fs gakjtk. Gjtugiok`tk, ig afrog k` ig quk yf jf`jelf igs kstrujturgs mk pfmkr k` ig ]ekrrg ks tgi y jfof if oukstrg ig tglig secuek`tk> @evki 7. Ig e`tkragz y ifs vkrmgmkrfs jf`trfigmfrks mki pig`ktg>

K`temgmks mk aukrg, `ukstrfs jrkgmfrks, pfigremgm mk skrvejef g u`f oesof. Zupukstf freck` mk `ukstrfs jrkgmfrks> jf`stkigjeú` mk Freú`, Giag

 

Mrgjf`es, Zeref, ^ktg \ktejuiï, ktj.> G``u`gbes (\kptfemks), Mrgjfs, cresks, y ftrgs rgzgs og`tfemks, e`skjtfemks y ftrgs Z]Z, pre`jepgiok`tk, quk sk rkpgrtk` ki pgstki. Ki crupf quk dgjk mk e`tkragz k`trk kstgs rgzgs y ifs skrks duog`fs sf` ifs iigogmfs ’dfolrks mk `kcrf‟, jf`fjemfs pre`jepgiok`tk k` ki jgopf mk ig uafifcïg. Oekolrfs mk ie`gnks ouy g`tecufs quk afrog` pgrtk mk ig cksteú` mk ig duog`emgm k` su oçs gitf `evki. Aukrf` gpgrtgmfs mk vgregs og`epuigjef`ks ck`åtejgs pfr igs rgzgs jrkgmfrgs pgrg quk tuvekrg` u` jekrtf GM@ quk iks pkroetekrg` e`tkrgjtugr  tg`tf jf` kstgs jfof jf` ig rkjeå` jrkgmg kspkjek quk sfofs. Xfr if tg`tf, dg` kstgmf sekoprk k` jf`trfi mk ig cksteú` mki sestkog mk vemg k` ig ]ekrrg flkmkjek`mf g ifs crupfs faa-pig`kt quk sk jf`semkrg` `ukstrfs jrkgmfrks. @evki ogsf`ks jfof rkprksk`tg`tks pþliejfs mk ifs Eiiuoe`gtes, nksuetgs, lgnf ki jf`trfi mki Xgpg  @kcrf, Jglgiikrfs mk Ogitg, jfof ig frmk` oeietgr mk ifs nksuetgs, ktj. k tj. \km mk jf`trfi rkmujemg mk ifs pre`jepgiks crupfs mki `evki e`akrefr. Ifs  pkrsf`gnks jf` ogyfr pfmkr k` kstk ofok`tf k` kstk çoletf sf` ki iigogmf Xgpg @kcrf, nkak mk ifs nksuetgs jfof dkofs mejdf, y ifs gitfs ’jgrcfs‟ mk igs meakrk`tks eciksegs y rkiecef`ks mki pig`ktg quk pfskk` ifs crgmfs ’Eiiuoe`gtes‟ oçs gitfs (fjuitfs) mk`trf mk igs nkrgrquïgs y kstrujturgs mk kstgs sfjekmgmks. Gquï sk k`juk`trg` tgoleå` igs meakrk`tks agoeiegs k` ki  pfmkr jf`fjemgs pfr ig ogyfrïg mk ig sfjekmgm jfof \ftdsjdeim, \fjbkakiikr, ktj., quk knkjutg` y jffrme`g` igs gjjef`ks quk G``u`gbes, y Cresks, g trgvås mk ifs ’dfolrks mk `kcrf‟, trg`soetk` g ifs Eiiuoe`gtes,

 pre`jepgiok`tk g ifs nksuetgs.

 

@evki ;. Crupfs ciflgiks mk jf`trfi y og`epuigjeú`.   Leimkrlkrc,

ig Jfoeseú` ]reigtkrgi, Jfu`jei fa Afrkec` \kigtef`s, ki Jiul mk \fog, ki Jfoetå mk ifs ]rksjek`tfs, cflekr`fs skjrktfs y pgrgikifs mktrçs mk ifs cflekr`fs pþliejfs, gck`jegs tepf @ZG, JEG, Ofssgm, F]G@. Frcg`ezgjef`ks k` su jf`nu`tf> Qgtejg`f, Fpusu`f Mke, Oekolrfs mk igrkiecefsgs rkgikzg. Xfmkrks pre`jepgikski mktrçs mk jgmg mk ktj. ifs crupfs u frcg`ezgjef`ks mki `evki e`akrefr. Ig ae`g`jegjeú` pgrg meakrk`tks fpkrgjef`ks mk ifs `evkiks supkrefrks sk jf`secuk pre`jepgiok`tk pfr ki jf`trfi lg`jgref mk kstk `evki. Ifs oekolrfs mk ig rkgikzg afrog` pgrtk mk igs iï`kgs mk sg`crk quk `f aukrf` ’tfjgmgs‟ tg`tf k` igs jf`skjuk`tks og`epuigjef`ks ck`åtejgs suaremgs pfr ki skr duog`f. @evki 1. Crupfs mk jf`trfi k e`aiuk`jeg `gjef`giks k e`tkr`gjef`giks.

Crg`mks koprksgs k e`mustregs, jfopiknf oeietgr, crg`mks okmefs mk jfou`ejgjeú`, crg`mks agrogjåutejgs, lg`jfs y koprksgs mk jf`trfi kjf`úoejf, gck`jegs mk jgieaejgjeú`, pre`jepgiks tde`b tg`bs (e`stetujef`ks, crupfs mk kxpkrtfs, crupfs mk prkseú` sfjegi, ktj.). Frcg`ezgjef`ks rkiecefsgs. Aecurgs pþliejgs kikcemgs ’mkofjrçtejgok`tk‟, pre`jepgiks ogref`ktgs mk jgrg g ig ogsg mk ig ck`tk,  preokr `evki mk pfmkr pkrjelemf pfr ki jf`nu`tf mk ig sfjekmgm (oe`estrfs,  prksemk`tks mk cflekr`f, gutfremgmks pþliejgs, ktj.). @evki

3.

Cflekr`fs

’pþliejfs‟. 

@evki 4. Ogsg mk ig duog`emgm.

Ftrg afrog mk vkrif ks usg`mf u` megcrgog mk jïrjuifs jf`jå`trejfs, mf`mk ki pfmkr rkgi sk cugrmg k` ki jk`trf y jgmg u`f mk ifs `evkiks g`tkrefrks prftkck` gi `evki e`okmegtgok`tk supkrefr, mk afrog quk ks eopfselik pgrg gicuek` mki kxtkrefr, pk`ktrgr dgstg ifs jïrjuifs mk pfmkr oçs skjrktf. Xgrg kxpiejgr ig tglig mk afrog ck`krgi, g`tks mk g`giezgr ksjgiú` pfr  ksjgiú`, g preokrg vestg sk e`tuyk, kopkzg`mf pfr glgnf, quk quek`ks tek`k`

ki pfmkr k` ifs `evkiks 1 y 3,quk kstç` oujdgs vkjks k` pgrgikif, sk oukvk`  pfr ki mkskf mk gijg`zgr requkzg, pfmkr y jgpgjemgm mk jf`trfi. Oujdfs mk

 

ifs quk jfpg` pfsejef`ks mk pfmkr k` kstfs `evkiks sf` pkrsf`gs se` ksjrþpuifs se` sk`teoek`tfs, ck`tk se` `e`cu`g kopgtïg pfr ki cå`krf duog`f, gicu`fs psejúpgtgs. G okmemg quk suleofs, k` ifs `evkiks =, ; y 1, ig pkrspkjtevg jgoleg u` pfjf. Igs oftevgjef`ks sukik` skr ki purf mkskf mk mfoe`gjeú`, y og`epuigjeú`, puksifssf`mkipkrsf`gs oujdgs requkzgsjf`trfi ogtkregiks. Xfr supukstf, preokr quk `evkipfskk` sfif  prktk`mk` og`tk`kr`fs jfof ’jfoemg‟ y rkjursfs mespf`eliks. K` ck`krgi, k` igs pfsejef`ks mk pfmkr mk tfmfs ifs `evkiks dgy tg`tf "fsjurfs" k "denfs mk igs sfolrgs" jfof pkrsf`gs k` u` prfjksf mk kvfiujeú` dgjeg ig  pfigremgm `kcgtevg. Gsï quk pgrg u` duog`f ’`frogietf‟, ig jfsg kstç lgstg`tk jfopiejgmg. Gmkoçs, k` tfmfs ifs jgsfs, ifs crupfs sk sfigpg` k` jekrtgs çrkgs y ifs iïoetks pukmk` skr meausfs. @frogiok`tk ifs mk grrelg mejtg` ig gck`mg g ifs mk glgnf, pkrf u`g pkrsf`g pukmk pkrtk`kjkr g meakrk`tks crupfs mk meste`tfs `evkiks y rkprksk`tgr mevkrsfs pgpkiks skcþ` jf`vk`cg g sus e`tkrksks y g ifs mk su crupf c rupf k` pgrtejuigr.  @f fivemkofs quk oujdfs mk ifs oekolrfs mk kstfs pfmkrks y `evkiks  prfvek`k` mk ie`gnks ouy g`tecufs, g`jkstrgiks, ouy e`tkieck`tks, puks `f suarekrf` pgrtk mk ig ofmeaejgjeú` ck`åtejg suaremg pfr ki rkstf, pkrf quk tgoleå` oujdfs ftrfs sf` seopiks pkf`ks, usgmfs jug`mf sf` `kjksgrefs y mksjgrtgmfs iukcf y, ig ogyfrïg, `f sfif `f tek`k` rkpgrfs, prflikogs ofrgiks, åtejg `e sk`teoek`tfs mk kopgtïg dgjeg ftrfs, se`f quk, pfr su  prfpeg pfigremgm kvfiutevg y k`krcåtejg, lusjg` ig ck`krgjeú` mk kvk`tfs y sujksfs pgrg su prfpef gvg`jk y jrkjeoek`tf k` ki jgoe`f ksjfcemf. Xfr ftrf igmf, k` kstg nkrgrquïg, `gmek quk kstç k` u` `evki e`akrefr  jf`fjk rkgiok`tk if quk sujkmk k` u` `evki supkrefr. Ks prflglik quk skg` ouy pfjfs ifs skrks, duog`fs f `f, quk sk k`juk`trk` k` ki crupf mk oçs gitf `evki. K` gicu`g ksjgsg ietkrgturg, sk ik dg e`tk`tgmf pf`kr `folrk g igs åietks mk`trf mk igs åietks, iigoç`mfifs ifs  E`ju`gluig, Wufruo, f, jfof tfmfs kstgofs gjfstuolrgmfs g fïr, ifs Eiiuoe`gtes. Jgmg `evki flkmkjk úrmk`ks mki `evki supkrefr, gsï jfof `ukstrfs

 pfiïtejfs flkmkjk` úrmk`ks mk ifsg lg`qukrfs, ig e`mustreg, igs e`stetujef`ks ifs crupfs mk prkseú`. Kstfs, su vkz, flkmkjk` g crupfs tgiks jfofy Leimkrlkrc (mk ifs jugiks tgoleå` afrog` pgrtk) f g gck`jegs mk pfmkr,

 

skrvejefs skjrktfs, cflekr`fs k` ig sfolrg, ktj. Xfr su pgrtk, kstfs e`tkcrg`  pgrgikigok`tk sfjekmgmks tg` jf`fjemgs jfof ifs ogsf`ks f Zbuiis g`m   Lf`ks, pfr `folrgr u` pgr, quk sf` igs quk mkjemk` if quk kstfs crupfs ciflgiks knkjutg`. Xkrf, g su vkz, mkpk`mk` mk frcg`ezgjef`ks tfmgvïg oçs skjrktgs g igs quk pfjfs tek`k` gjjksf. Ifs oekolrfs mk ksgs sfjekmgmks skjrktgs mkjemk` ki ruolf mki pig`ktg. Xkrf, g su vkz, mkpk`mk` mki ruolf ogrjgmf pfr ki þiteof ksiglú`, ig jf`kxeú` jf` ki crupf f crupfs mk k`temgmks faa-pig`kt   mk ftrf `evki kvfiutevf, quk, jfof mkjïg Jdgriks ]frt, sf` f sk jf`semkrg` `ukstrfs ’muk÷fs‟.R ki cflekr`f ou`megi þ`ejf, ki sestkog ae`g`jekrf þ`ejf, ki jf`trfi mk ig pfligjeú` gi mktgiik, ki jf`trfi mk su kmujgjeú`, mk su sgium, ktj. Gu`quk oujdgs mk kstgs jfsgs yg kxestk` k` ifs `evkiks oçs gitfs, gþ` mklk` tkroe`gr pfr  eopikok`tgrsk k` ifs `evkiks e`akrefrks. Ug kxestk u` crupf rkmujemf mk  pkrsf`gs quk jf`trfig` g ifs crupfs oçs `uokrfsfs, quk jf`trfig` g ifs quk mkjemk` queå` cflekr`g u` pgïs, u` sestkog kjf`úoejf f u` ofveoek`tf sfjegi. Gsï quk gdfrg sk trgtg seopikok`tk mk skcuer ck`krg`mf y  prfvfjg`mf ifs kvk`tfs y setugjef`ks quk iikvk` g eopikok`tgr kstfs þiteofs okjg`esofs mk jf`trfi y supkrveseú` k` tfmfs ifs `evkiks mk ig sfjekmgm.  @fsftrfs, quk kstgofs k` ki `evki oçs lgnf mk kstg perçoemk f ksjgig mk jf`trfi, k` ki jïrjuif oçs kxtkr`f, sfif pfmkofs pkrjeler ki kakjtf ae`gi mk igs mkjesef`ks tfogmgs f mk igs gjjef`ks knkjutgmgs pgrg quk u`g emkg f jf`jkptf (pfr knkopif, tk`kr of`etfrezgmg g tfmg ig pfligjeú` jfof sk tek`k ogrjgmf g tfmf ki cg`gmf) sk iikvk g jglf. U gsï kstç` igs jfsgs. Igok`tf prksk`tgr u`g eogck` tg` påseog mki ou`mf k` ki quk veveofs. Xkrf, se `f glreofs ifs fnfs, pfjf pfmrkofs dgjkr pgrg jgolegr ki ruolf mki lgrjf. ¶Dgy skrks mk iuz quk trglgng` pgrg kjdgr u` jglik6 G pgtgmgs. Xkrf kstç` k`jgr`gmfs jfof tþ y yf, y tek`k` `ukstrgs oesogs ieoetgjef`ks aïsejgs pgrg iujdgr jf`trg ki sestkog. Xfrquk

mksmk sk pukmk e`tkrvk`er, rkcig mki ielrk gilkmrïf Gsï quk,aukrg se sk `f quekrk gyumgr, dgy quk ig rkog`cgrsk y k`jgr`gr k` if ki eopemk. sestkog

 

 pgrg trglgngr mksmk mk`trf. Ifs quk dg` vk`emf g sgivgr`fs kstçes ikyk`mf kstk y oujdfs ftrfs ielrfs, eoluemfs k` jukrpfs mk jgr`k y duksf, trgtg`mf mk rkjfrmgr pfr quå kstçes gquï y quå dgjkr jf` ksg oeseú` quk tk gutf gsec`gstk g`tks mk k`jgr`gr k` jgr`gr.. Ki prflikog, seopikok`tk, ks quk ig kstrujturg mk jf`trfi ks jfopikng, y quk, gmkoçs, fpkrg k` mkjk`gs mk `evkiks, k` jk`tk`grks mk ksjk`grefs, jf` oþitepiks pig`ks. ¶Xfr quå6 Xfrquk tfmf jgoleg, aiuyk2 pfrquk ifs pkf`ks mki nukcf, ig crg` ogsg mk ig pfligjeú`, sf` rkgiok`tk quek`ks mereck` ki ruolf mki lgrjf2 pfrquk `gmg pukmk pgsgr se` ifs mk glgnf2 pfrquk, se u`  luk` mïg `f dgjkofs jgsf g `gmg mk if quk kstfs crupfs y `evkiks mk jf`trfi  pþliejfs, skoepþliejfs y k` ig sfolrg `fs eopf`k`, ki lgrjf `f sk oukvk f, gi ok`fs, `f sk oukvk k` ig merkjjeú` quk kiifs mkskg`. Ki prflikog ks quk ig crg` ogsg mk ig pfligjeú` `f ks ig muk÷g mk ifs rkjursfs, e`stetujef`ks y dkrrgoek`tgs mk cksteú` mk ig sfjekmgm. ]fmfs ifs okjg`esofs mk jgolef aïsejf sk k`juk`trg` k` og`fs mk psejúpgtgs,  pfrtgiks frcç`ejfs y pkrsf`gs og`epuigmgs pfr igs rgzgs quk `fs og`kng`. ]fmfs ifs okjg`esofs ok`fs u`f> `ukstrf ielrk gilkmrïf y `ukstrf pfmkr mk mkngr mk skr auk`tk mk gieok`tf, og`f mk flrg f okrg mevkrseú` pgrg kiifs. If luk`f ks quk kopekzg g skr `frogi quk ouitetum mk pkrsf`gs sk mk` juk`tg mk quk kstk jf`trfi pig`ktgref yg kstç k` ogrjdg mksmk dgjk tekopf. Ki prflikog ks quk `fs qukmgofs tgi jugi, eopftk`tks, pfrquk, mkspuås mk ikkr gicf gsï, if preokrf quk sk `fs pgsg pfr ig jglkzg ks> ’¶U yf quå pukmf dgjkr jf`trg kstf6‟

G if igrcf mk ifs jgpïtuifs secuek`tks gpgrkjkrç` `folrks pfr gquï y pfr  giiç, gicu`gs aecurgs jf`fjemgs, e`mevemugiks y pþliejgs, jfof Gmgo Skesdgupt, Gilkrt Xebk f Jkjei \dfmks, pkrf ki rkstf mki te`cigmf sk ok`jef`g sekoprk g `evki mk frcg`ezgjef`ks y, jug`mf gicf mkstgjg, jfof oujdf g `evki mk ie`gnks, jfof ifs \ftdsjdeim. Xfrquk ¶Wueå` kstç rkgiok`tk mktrçs mk tfmgs ksgs frcg`ezgjef`ks6 ¶Wueå` mg igs úrmk`ks, oukvk igs aejdgs, tfog igs mkjesef`ks6 ¶Wueå` afrog

 pgrtk mk jgmg u`f mk ifs crupfs, `evkiks, ktj., quk dkofs vestf6

 

Ig rkspukstg ks seopik> pkrsf`gs quk `f jf`fjkofs y quk ngoçs dg` sgiemf gi afjf mk ig iuz pþliejg, pkrf quk tek`k` ouy jigrg ig kstrgtkceg g skcuer pgrg eopikok`tgr sus pig`ks> mevemk y jf`questg. Jfof mejk Nfd` Jfikog` k` su ielrf Ki Jfoetå mk ifs :88, jgmg meveseú` `gturgi f grteaejegi k`trk ig ck`tk, jgmg skfjgseú` pgrgskikvg`tgr fmefs, k`ark`tgoek`tfs jf`aiejtfs, sk kxpiftg, gopieaejg, jf`sfiemg. Zk pfigrezg` ifs crupfsy rgjegiks f åt`ejfs, f sk gvevg` sk`teoek`tfs `gjef`giestgs k`trk puklifs y  pkrsf`gs, gjkikrgmfs pfr sujksevgs og`eflrgs pfiïtejgs y kjf`úoejgs. Zfif mk kstg afrog sk pukmk og`tk`kr u` jf`trfi tftgi sflrk ki pig`ktg, puks tfmfs sus dgletg`tks kstç` pk`mek`tks mk pkikgrsk y k`ark`tgrsk k`trk kiifs, f mk mkak`mkrsk mk k`koecfs jrkgmfs grteaejegiok`tk. Mk dkjdf, kstk sestkog mk jf`trfi usg u`f mk ifs pre`jepefs oçs lek` mkae`emfs k` ki ielrf 754=, mk Ckfrck Frwkii, ki quk rkzg quk, k` jugiquekr rku`eú` mklk dglkr, glekrtgok`tk f mk e`júc`etf, u` oekolrf mki sestkog mk jf`trfi k` jugiquekrg `evkiks. K`mktfmg frcg`ezgjeú` quk iujdg gjf`trg ki sestkog, dgy mkjk`gsmkmksuse`aeitrgmfs, pkrsf`gnks quk pkrtk`kjk` ig kstrujturg mk jf`trfi, quk trgtg` mk og`tk`kr ki sestkog. Kxtrgpúigif g ig setugjeú` quk mkskks, y sekoprk k`jf`trgrçs ki oesof pgtrú` y ig oesog `frog. Xgrg ifs jf`trfigmfrks mki pig`ktg, `gmg pukmk qukmgr se` of`etfrezgr. Xgrg kiif sk gmfptg` ig aeifsfaïg dkckieg`g, ig megiåjtejg mki ogtkregiesof, ki k`sgizgoek`tf mki pfmkr jfof flnktevf. Au`jef`g jf` ki pre`jepef mk ig tkses, ig g`tïtkses y ig sï`tkses, ki iigogmf prflikog-rkgjjeú`-sfiujeú`. Ki sestkog mk jf`trfi frcg`ezg y ae`g`jeg u`g pgrtk mk jugiquekr tepf mk  prflikog, iukcf frcg`ezg y ae`g`jeg ig pgrtk fpukstg, y se` crg`mks ksaukrzfs, dgjk` quk golgs pgrtks k`trk` k` jf`aiejtf. Ifs jf`trfigmfrks tgoleå` mkjemk` ki mksk`igjk, quk ae`giok`tk prksk`tg` g igs pgrtks jfof ig sfiujeú` k eopikok`tg` jf` tftgi gjkptgjeú` pfr golfs lg`mfs. Knkopifs `f agitg`. Nfd` Afstkr Muiiks, kstgmfu`emk`sk, sk k`jgrcú mk frcg`ezgr quk Detikr rkjelekrg tfmfs ifs af`mfs quk `kjksetgrg, g pksgr mk quk `f tk`ïg `e`cu`g rkigjeú` jf` ki pgrtemf `gze `e jf` su emkfifcïg. Mgvem \fjbkakiikr  sekoprk auk ouy lek` rkjelemf k` Ofsjþ, g pksgr mk quk ngoçs sk if gsfjeú gi jfou`esof f sus emkgiks. Ki sestkog mk jf`trfi tek`k rkprksk`tg`tks k` tfmgs igs pfsejef`ks mk pfmkr eopfrtg`tks mki pig`ktg, k` tfmfs ifs pgïsks, e`stetujef`ks f sestkogs pfiïtejfs.

 

Jf` rkspkjtf g igs iï`kgs mk sg`crk mk ifs jf`trfigmfrks mki pig`ktg, gqukiigs pkrsf`gs quk sk k`juk`trg` k` ifs `evkiks =, ; y 1 mk `ukstrg  perçoemk mk pfmkr, u`f mk ifs oknfrks e`vkstecgmfrks mki tkog ks se` mumg Aretz Zpre`cokekr. K` su ielrf  Ifs  ie`gnks mk ifs Eiiuoe`gtes, puliejgmf k` `fvekolrk 7554, farkjk ouitetum mk mktgiiks y g`giezg g trkjk mk mk jgse igs agoeiegs qukmkoukvk` ifs deifs k` ki pig`ktg, ulejgmgs pfr k`jeog tfmfs ifs frcg`esofs quk dkofs jfok`tgmf dgstg gdfrg. Jglk rkjfrmgr quk, k` ki g÷f ifs Gstfr, ifs Lu`my, ifs Jfiie`s, ifs Mupf`t, ifs Arkkog`, ifs Bk``kmy, ifs Ie, ifs F`gsses, ifs \ky`fims, ifs \fjbkakiikr, ifs \ftdsjdeim, ifs \usskii y ifs Qg` Muy`. Ks ouy prflglik quk `e sequekrg oekolrfs mk kstfs ie`gnks tk`cg` ki pfmkr rkgi, se`f quk kstå` pfr mklgnf mk ftrgs iï`kgs quk ngoçs jf`fjkrkofs pfr dglkrsk og`tk`emf k` ig sfolrg mksmk ifs e`ejefs mk ig jrkgjeú` mk ig duog`emgm. K` ig e`trfmujjeú` mk su ielrf, Zpre`cokekr mejk> Ok jfopigzjf k` prksk`tgr kstk ielrf g tfmf ki ou`mf quk gog ig vkrmgm. [` crg` ogkstrk Eiiuoe`gtes u`g vkz menf quk ki ou`mf ks u` ksjk`gref y tfmfs `fsftrfs sfofs gjtfrks. Xfr supukstf quk kstk `f ks u`  pk`sgoek`tf frece`gi, pkrf jekrtgok`tk mksjrelk ki pu`tf mk vestg Eiiuoe`gtes sflrk júof trglgng ki ou`mf R…_.  @f sfy u` tkúrejf mk igs jf`spergjef`ks. Uf Uf trgtf jf` jukstef`ks ju kstef`ks rkgiks, `f jf` tkfrïgs. Ok dk rku`emf jf` gicu`gs pkrsf`gs sflrk igs quk gquï ksjrelf. Gicu`gs mk igs pkrsf`gs quk gquï ok`jef`f kstç` vevgs y sf` ouy  pkiecrfsgs. Ig fsjuremgm `u`jg dg custgmf mk ig iuz. Gþ` oujdfs skjrktfs mk ifs Eiiuoe`gtes kstç` jkifsgok`tk cugrmgmfs, pfrquk ki skjrktesof ks u`g afrog mk vemg R…_.

Uf `f tkof quk y tfok` kstk pgïs sk dgcg`tfmf jf` ig Jf`stetujeú`, puksifs ygEiiuoe`gtes if tfogrf`vk`cg` dgjk oujdf tekopf. Ug yjf`trfig` tepf mk pgrtemfs pfiïtejfs, tg`tf ifs oe`fretgrefs jfof ifs ogyfretgrefs. Ug

 

jf`trfig` ki aiunf mk ig e`afrogjeú` y ki prfjksf mk ifs cflekr`fs, jf`trfig` tgoleå` ig jrkgjeú` mk me`krf y, ae`giok`tk, jf`trfig` ki jresteg`esof R…_. Dgjk oujdf tekopf, k` igs fsjurgs pçce`gs `f ksjretgs mk ig destfreg duog`g, pfmkrfsfsig rkyks pfmïg` jf`trfigr g ftrfs dfolrks okmeg`tk tfrturg,mksjulrekrf` igs prçjtejgs júof oçcejgs, igs cukrrgs, ig pfiïtejg, igs rkiecef`ks y jukstef`ks mk e`tkrås ck`krgi. Kstgs agoeiegs kietestgs mesk÷grf` kstrgtkcegs y tçjtejgs pgrg pkrpktugr sus prçjtejgs fjuitgs. Jgpgs y jgpgs mk skjrktesof dg` ksjf`memf g kstgs agoeiegs mk igs ogsgs prfag`gs,  pkrf oujdfs gutfrks sk dg` rkakremf g su kxestk`jeg. Uf jfok`jå oe  lþsqukmg jug`mf kopkjå g rkjeler `ftejegs mk preokrg og`f mk ck`tk ouy e`afrogmg mk quk u` crupf kietestg mereck ki ou`mf. Oe lþsqukmg gjkrjg mk ig nkrgrquïg mk Zgtç` jfok`zú rçpemgok`tk mklemf g oes dgleiemgmks jfof e`vkstecgmfr y pfrquk jf`fjïg mksmk ki pre`jepef g e`afrog`tks rkigjef`gmfs jf` ig rkgiemgm quk kstglg e`vkstecg`mf. Oe e`vkstecgjeú` sflrk ifs Eiiuoe`gtes ok jf`munf g ikkr y g mkvfrgr jkrjg mk oei ielrfs. @f så juç`tgs `fjdks pgså k` vkig kstumeg`mf jf` ifs fnfs rfnfs y ig oergmg lfrrfsg, dgstg quk ae`giok`tk ok jfigpsglg, vïjteog mki suk÷f R…_. R…_ [`f mk kstfs ie`gnks Rmk ifs quk jf`trfig` ki pig`ktg_ ks ki ie`gnk Esdogkie, u`g iï`kg åietk kspkjegi quk mksgrrfiiú ig giqueoeg, tåj`ejgs mk gskse`gtf y ftrgs prçjtejgs fjuitestgs. Ftrf ie`gnk tek`k rgïjks y jf`kxef`ks k` Kceptf, gsï jfof k`trk ifs jkitgs y ifs mruemgs, mksmk ki jugi ki mruemesof auk mksgrrfiigmf. Ftrf ie`gnk sk kstglikjeú k` Frek`tk y mksgrrfiiú ig ogceg frek`tgi. Ftrf oçs prfvek`k mk Jg`gç` y ifs jg`gg`etgs. ]uvf preokrf ki `folrk mk Gstgrtå, mkspuås Gstfrcg, iukcf Gsdmfr y ae`giok`tk Gstfr. [`f mk ifs ie`gnks sk rkof`tg g Lgleif`eg y mksjek`mk mk @eorfm R…_. G trgvås mk ifs g÷fs, ki ou`mf mk if fjuitf sk dg og`tk`emf ec`frgmf  pfr ifs ielrfs mk destfreg. Dg` cflkr`gmf k`trk lgolgie`gs. Jgmg u`g u `g mk igs rkiecef`ks y ksjukigs mk oestkref tek`k sus skjrktfs, jf`jeiefs quk ifs cflekr`g`. Jgmg jf`jeief kstç sfoktemf g u` crg` jf`jeief suprkof, jf` su rkspkjtevf jukrpf cflkr`g`tk. Kstfs ie`gnks jf`trfig` g igs ogsgs y g ifs iïmkrks pfiïtejfs. Jug`mf rkjeå` jfok`jå g e`vkstecgr g ifs Eiiuoe`gtes, ok me juk`tg mk quk ig eogck` jigrg mki mksgrrfiif k` ifs ielrfs mk destfreg auk

gitkrgmg, y quk u` crg` pfmkr kstglg jf`jk`trgmf k` igs fiecgrquïgs k` tfr`f

 

gi ou`mf. ’Xkrf ¶queå`ks sf` kstgs pkrsf`gs pfmkrfsgs6‟, ok rkpktïg jf`stg`tkok`tk. ’Ze dgy u`g jf`spergjeú`, ¶queå`ks sf` ifs jf`spergmfrks6‟ Oujdgs pkrsf`gs mk meste`tfs iucgrks dg` jf`aerogmf quk dgy trkjk ie`gnks mk Eiiuoe`gtes Gmkoçs, oujdfs kx Eiiuoe`gte e`afrogjeú` mksmk mk`trfpre`jepgiks. dg` jf`aerogmf oe iestg mk ifs trkjk ie`gnks. jf` Ifs ielrfs mk destfreg kstç` rkpiktfs mk e`afrogjeú` gjkrjg mk ig åietk y mk igs ogsgs. Ks e`tkrksg`tk vkr quk, jf` oergmg ouy g`giïtejg, lgnf ki ksjrute`ef y ki kxgok`, ki e`vkstecgmfr k`juk`trg quk kstfs crupfs dg`  pkrpktugmf su pfmkr murg`tk secifs. U dg` trglgngmf jfmf jf` jfmf jf` ftrgs åietks y agoeiegs pgrg jf`trfigr g igs ogsgs. Jug`mf sk gprkjeg` lgnf u`g oknfr iuz, igs cukrrgs k`trk ifs rkyks yg `f  pgrkjk` skr cukrrgs k`trk agjjef`ks agjjef`k s mk ig åietk, se`f cukrrgs e`ck`egmgs e`ck` egmgs pgrg ki jf`trfi mk igs ogsgs pfr pgrtk mk sus cflkr`g`tks kietestgs y jfmejefsfs. Xkrf ¶queå`ks sf` kstgs ck`tks6 Ig prkcu`tg `f pukmk skr jf`tkstgmg jfof u`f kspkrgrïg, yg quk ki pfmkr vek`k k` oujdgs afrogs y tgog÷fs. Ki pfmkr  `f tek`k quk skr gitgok`tk veselik pgrg kstgr gjtevf. Mk dkjdf, mklemf g su fsjurg `gturgikzg, kstfs ie`gnks ogiec`fs dg` trgtgmf trgmejef`giok`tk mk og`tk`krsk k` skjrktf. Uf jrkf quk ifs dkjdfs dglig` pfr sï oesofs. Mgvem Deii, quek` kstglg kstumeg`mf g ifs Eiiuoe`gte, pkrmeú su vemg pfrquk, jfof ogsú` mk gitf rg`cf, kstglg jkrjg mki jïrjuif e`tkr`f quk trglgnglg pgrg ig ogaeg. \kjelï ki og`usjretf mk ig e`vkstecgjeú` mk Mgvem Deii mfs g÷fs mkspuås mk dglkr  jfok`zgmf g e`afrogr sflrk igs trkjk agoeiegs. Mgvem Deii dezf if quk yf dejk frece`giok`tk> jfok`zú g dgjkr prkcu`tgs y kopkzú g ksjgrlgr pgrg sglkr queå`ks krg` ifs quk ofvïg` ifs deifs mki pfmkr k` kstk pgïs. Golfs, tg`tf Mgvem jfof yf, mksjulreofs ifs `folrks mk vgregs mk igs oçs flvegs y pfmkrfsgs agoeiegs. Xfr knkopif, k` sus `ftgs, Mgvem ksjreleú> ’Zï, ks u` dkjdf, ifs Okiif`, ifs Jgr`kcek, ifs \ftdsjdeim, ifs \fjbkakiikr, ifs Mubk, ifs Gstfr, ifs Mfrrg`jk, ifs \ky`fim, ifs Zteieog`, ifs Lgbkr, ifs Xy`k, ifs Jueiog`, ifs Sgtsf`, ifs ]ubk, ifs Bike`wfrt, ifs Mupf`t, ifs Sgrlurc, ifs Xdepps, ifs Crgjk, ifs Cucck`dkeo, ifs Oei`kr, ifs Mrkxki, ifs Se`tdrfp,

ifs Qg`mkrleist, Sdet`ky, ifs Dgrb`kss y R…_. ftrgs agoeiegs supkrrejgs k eiuoe`gmgs afrog`ifspgrtk mki sestkog mk jf`trfi‟

 

Jug`mf ok me g ig tgrkg mk jf`nu`tgr if quk dglïg ksjretf sflrk igs trkjk agoeiegs, ok me juk`tg mk quk oujdf mk if quk mkjïg k`jgnglg jf` if ksjretf  pfr ftrgs pkrsf`gs sflrk ifs Eiiuoe`gte k` ck`krgi. [stkm ikkrç gjkrjg mk ig vemg mk ifs Eiiuoe`gte, ki jf`trfi mk ifs Eiiuoe`gte, igs frcg`ezgjef`ks Eiiuoe`gte, e`jiuyk`mf ki Lfdkoeg` Crfvk, ki JiulmkJfsofs, ki JA\, ki Jiul mk \fog,igkiGIJ, Jf`sknf mk ifs @ukvk, ki Jf`sknf ifs ]rkjk, quk ks ki Crg` Jf`sknf Mruemg, ig Zfjekmgm Ngsf`, ki Crupf Ngsf`, ki Zgtures Frmf, ifs crupfs mk ig F]F, OE-1, ON-7 ’Ki ou`mf k`tkrf kstç lgnf ki Ogiec`f y ki Mefs mk kstk rke`f ks k` pik`g rkgiemgm Zgtg`çs‟. Gu`quk kstgs þiteogs pgiglrgs mk Zpre`cokekr tek`k` ki u`ok`sgnk trgsaf`mf jgtúiejf, yg quk su afrogjeú` y sus jrkk`jegs gsï if rkaiknglg`, ks ki oesof> quek`ks oukvk` ifs deifs kstç` k` jf`tgjtf jf` skrks f k`temgmks mk ftrf `evki kvfiutevf, mk ftrg pfigremgm, g ifs quk servk` g jgolef mk og`tk`kr ki pfmkr quk pfskk` mk`trf mki sestkog mk jf`trfi. @e Mefs `e Zgtç` tek`k` `gmg quk vkr, mksmk u` pu`tf mk vestg oçs ofmkr`f, se`f quk, jfof dkofs kxpiejgmf k` ig preokrg pgrtk mki ielrf, `fs dkofs jf`vkrtemf k` rkdk`ks k`krcåtejfs mk ftrf crupf, jfof u` rklg÷f mk fvkngs ks rkdå` mki pgstfr y sus pkrrfs. K` kstk jgsf, ks juksteú` mk jf`trfi, mk gieok`tf, mk  pfmkr, mk mfoe`gjeú`. Fs rkjfoek`mf ig pkiïjuig 1 mïgs k` ig ]ekrrg, lgsgmg k` igs e`vkstecgjef`ks mki mfjtfr Jfrrgmf Ogig`cg, ok`jef`gmg jug`mf dgliçlgofs mk ifs pfrtgiks frcç`ejfs, puks pkroetk vesugiezgr gicu`fs mk kstfs tkogs.

 

Ig kstrujturg mk jf`trfi `evki g `evki

Kopekzg gdfrg ig pgrtk oçs meaïjei mki ielrf, ki kstumef mk igs jf`kxef`ks k`trk crupfs `evki g `evki. E`tk`tgrkofs tergr mk ig ogmkng pgrg k`jf`trgr ki freck` mk ig dklrg mk ig`g, ki pre`jepef mk ifs e`ejefs, pgrg kstumegr igs rkpkrjusef`ks k` jgsjgmg y ig destfreg y k`tk`mkr júof sk dg` emf afrog`mf kstfs meakrk`tks `evkiks mk jf`trfi, g okmemg quk igs crg`mks emkgs y pig`ks mk u`fs pfjfs e`mevemufs elg` tfog`mf afrog y mklïg` eopikok`tgrsk aïsejgok`tk k` ki pig`ktg.

 

 @evki 7. Ifs vkr vkrmgmkr mgmkrfs fs gofs mki ou`mf y ig e`tkragz jf` igs rgzgs jrkgmfrgs mki skr duog`f K` ig preokrg pgrtk dkofs vestf ki `evki oçs gitf mk `ukstrg kstrujturg mk jf`trfi> k`temgmks mk ftrf freck`, pfigremgm mk skrvejef g u`f oesof. Jf`trfigmfrks y muk÷fs mki pig`ktg. Jfof yg dk jfok`tgmf, igs k`temgmks y rgzgs quk `fs og`kng` sk gieok`tg` mk igs k`krcïgs ck`krgmgs pfr `fsftrfs, gsï jfof `fsftrfs `fs `utreofs mk g`eogiks y pig`tgs. Ecugi quk jug`mf mksjulrks u` ok`þ luk`f y lgrgtf sukiks er g jfokr sekoprk gi oesof setef, se u` crupf f rgzg purgok`tk `kcgtevf, jf` kstgs jgrgjtkrïstejgs, mk skrvejef g u`f oesof, mksjulrk u` rkstgurg`tk eoprksef`g`tk iigogmf pig`ktg ]ekrrg, of`tg u` sestkog mk jf`trfi mk tfmf ki k`tfr`f pgrg gskcurgrsk ifs suoe`estrfs mk afrog jf`stg`tk k e`e`tkrruopemg. Mksmk dgjk oeik`efs, dkofs tk`emf vesetg`tks mk ftrfs sestkogs. @ukstrfs g`tkpgsgmfs ifs iigogrf` ’mefsks‟. Kstfs mefsks trgnkrf` su tkj`fifcïg, sus k`sk÷g`zgs, sus oåtfmfs y jrkgrf` su prfpef sestkog mk mfoe`ef mk ig rgzg duog`g, y su e`tkrgjjeú` jf` igs g`tecugs sfjekmgmks duog`gs mef iucgr g igs preokrgs åietks, g ifs preokrfs crupfs mk pfmkr. Kstfs tk`ïg` ki preveikcef mk e`tkrgjtugr jf` kstfs ’mefsks‟, quk sk dgjïg` veseliks f e`veseliks g vfiu`tgm, pfskïg` grtkagjtfs quk vfiglg` pfr ki jekif grrfng`mf iigogs y aukcf, tk`ïg` ftrg aesf`foïg y, sflrk tfmf, pfskïg` ki pfmkr mk jf`trfigr  tfmf g su g`tfnf. Kstgs preokrgs åietks sf` jfopiejgmgs mk jigseaejgr. Mk dkjdf, tk`kofs quk rkjurrer g auk`tks ok`fs frtfmfxgs, f oçs meaïjeiks mk vkreaejgr, jfof e`vkstecgjef`ks k` ki jgopf mk ig uafifcïg, tgi jfof dejeofs jug`mf dgliçlgofs mk ifs pfrtgiks frcç`ejfs. K` kstk jgsf, u` ielrf ouy e`tkrksg`tk mk ikkr ks ki ksjretf pfr G`tdf`y A. Zg`jdkz, iigogmf [AF  Decdwgy, ki jugi mksjrelk u`g k`trkvestg g u` oeietgr rktergmf mki knårjetf gokrejg`f quk supukstgok`tk trglgnú, f tuvf gjjksf, g ig lgsk oeietgrjek`tïaejg mk Muijk, k` @ukvf Oåxejf, u`g mk igs lgsks gokrejg`gs oçs

agofsgs pfrk`trk ifs jek`tfs jfrrk` sflrk kopkzg`mf kiig rkspkjtfk`gifs ig e`tkrgjjeú` duog`fsmky destfregs ’cresks‟ quk murg`tk måjgmgs, g÷fs jugrk`tg, y, prflglikok`tk, `f sglkofs, tfmgvïg k` au`jef`goek`tf.

 

[`g mk igs jfsgs oçs e`tkrksg`tks mki ielrf ks lçsejgok`tk ig e`afrogjeú` sflrk ig e`tkrgjjeú` dgjk oeiks mk g÷fs mk ig rgzg duog`g mk k`tf`jks jf` meakrk`tks crupfs mk skrks prfvk`ek`tks mk ftrfs iucgrks,  pig`ktgs y sestkogs sfigrks. Kstg ’destfreg‟ jf`nu`tg, gpgrkjk k` tglieiigs oktçiejgs ifs g÷fs jugrk`tg k` ig zf`g mf`mkg dfy kstç igk`jf`trgmgs lgsk oeietgr,e`ejegiok`tk mk ksjreturgk`ju`keafrok supukstgok`tk pgrkjemg ig ksjreturg suokreg, y quk, supukstgok`tk, sf` tglieiigs pkrtk`kjek`tks g u`g mk igs rgzgs mk ’cresks‟ quk, mejk mk `ukvf ki ielrf, iikvg` dgletg`mf k` ki sulsukif mk @ukvf Oåxejf, mksmk `f sk sglk juç`mf (¶secifs, oeiks mk g÷fs6). Xgrg `f mksvegrok mki tkog, y tk`ek`mf k` juk`tg tfmg ig mkse`afrogjeú` quk sk dg ck`krgmf k` tfr`f g Muijk, quk ks jgse tg` agofsg jfof ki Çrkg ;7 k` @kvgmg, if quk ks e`tkrksg`tk mki ielrf mk G`tdf`y Zç`jdkztek`k` ks igsus gaerogjeú` mk igquk, kakjtevgok`tk, igs åietks gjtugiks mki  pig`ktg frïck`ks k` ’okzjig‟ k`trk gqukiifs preokrfs ’mefsks‟ y ig rgzg duog`g mk k`tf`jks, mg`mf iucgr g u`fs ie`gnks, (quk meakrk`tks k`sk÷g`zgs iks dg` pukstf meakrk`tks `folrks) y quk jf` ki pgsf mk oeiks mk ck`krgjef`ks, sf` ifs ie`gnks quk sk og`tek`k` k` ki pfmkr dfy k` mïg y quk jetgrkofs u` pfjf oçs tgrmk. Gsï, kstg e`afrogjeú` jfe`jemk  pik`gok`tk jf` igs e`vkstecgjef`ks mk Mgvem Deii f mk Arg`z Zpre`cokekr, k` ig jugi, gskcurg`, ifs pkrsf`gnks quk dfy k` mïg og`kng` ifs deifs, sf` ifs mksjk`mek`tks mk gqukiifs pkrsf`gnks quk tuvekrf` ki mumfsf df`fr mk skr ifs preokrfs k` e`tkrgjtugr jf` rgzgs mk ftrfs sestkogs vk`emgs gi  pig`ktg pgrg usgrif jfof rkjursf prfpef. Xfr ftrf igmf, tk`kofs ig e`afrogjeú` prfpfrjef`gmg pfr ig trgmujjeú` mk oeiks mk tglieiigs mk grjeiig k`jf`trgmgs k` ig g`tecug jgpetgi mk Gsereg,  @ï`evk, y puliejgmgs pfr ki grqukúifcf ^kjdgregs Zetjde` mf`mk kxpiejg jf` mktgiik ig jrkgjeú` mk ig duog`emgm pfr skrks rkptfemks mk ftrf sestkog (iigogmfs G`u``gbes k` igs tglieiigs suokregs), quk seopikok`tk ve`ekrf` g `ukstrf pig`ktg k` lusjg mk rkjursfs y k`jf`trgrf` quk ig vemg dfoï`emg mk gquki k`tf`jks juopiïg tfmfs ifs rkquesetfs `kjksgrefs pgrg jf`vkrtersk k` ifs ksjigvfs y og`f mk flrg pkrakjtg. Gsï, kstg rgzg, iigogmg G`u``gbes, jrkgrf` g ifs ’duog`fs‟, g pgrter mk ig og`epuigjeú` ck`åtejg mk afrogs mk

vemg g`tkrefrks prksk`tks k` ki pig`ktg (y ifs iigogrf` Iduius), okzjiç`mfif jf` GM@ rkptfemk mk ftrg rgzg (ifs Og`us, frece`grefs mk `ukstrf pig`ktg,

 

 pkrf mk jgrgjtkrïstejgs rkptfemks) y su prfpeg rgzg. Mk gdï `gjeú ki tåroe`f Iduog`us ↜ duog`fs. G pgrter mk gquï, seopikok`tk sujkmeú quk g u`g pgrtk mk ifs `ukvfs skrks sk ifsjf` ofmeaejú jrkú mkagoeiegs afrog meakrk`tk, gicu`fs oçs GM@ duog`fs rkptfemk, ftrfs ok`fs,ygicu`gs aukrf` pukstgs k` jf` ki pfmkr   pgrg skrver mk k`igjk k`trk igs rgzgs vesetg`tks y ifs Iduius, y gsï tk`kr u` ksiglú` mk jf`trfi quk pkroetekrg g ifs `ukvfs muk÷fs mki pig`ktg kstglikjkr  ki jf`trfi sflrk ki oesof. ]fmfs kstfs ie`gnks, quk gdfrg `fs cflekr`g`, kvemk`tkok`tk purgok`tk ’duog`fs‟ mkspuås mk oeiks mk ck`krgjef`ks, tek`k` sus rgïjks k` ig okzjig ck`åtejg k`trk rgzgs ’kxtrgtkrrkstrks‟ y ig rgzg duog`g. If e`tkrksg`tk ks quk se skcueofs jf` `ukstrg lþsqukmg mk auk`tks quk `fs dglik` mki sestkog mk jf`trfi pfr pgrtk mk u` crupf mk k`temgmks mk ftrf `evki kvfiutevf y faa-pig`kt , vfivkofs g k`jf`trgr`fs g`gifcïgs k` igs k`sk÷g`zgs mk Curmnekaa, jfof k` u`g destfreg quk su giuo`f Fuspk`sby e`jiuyú k` su ielrf  Argcok`tfs mk u`g k`sk÷g`zg mksjf`fjemg, quk eiustrg  lgstg`tk lek` ig pfsejeú` mk ig rgzg duog`g k` ki pig`ktg jf` rkspkjtf gi sestkog mk jf`trfi quk `fs mfoe`g> Dglïg u`g vkz u` ogcf ouy rejf quk tk`ïg oujdgs fvkngs. Xkrf, gi oesof tekopf, kstk ogcf krg ouy ogivgmf. @f qukrïg jf`trgtgr pgstfrks `e qukrïg ikvg`tgr u`g jkrjg girkmkmfr mk ig prgmkrg mf`mk pgstglg` sus fvkngs. G jf`skjuk`jeg mk kstf, igs fvkngs g ok`umf sk pkrmïg` k` ki lfsquk, jgïg` k` jg÷gmgs y mkoçs, y sflrk tfmf sk ksjgpglg`, pfrquk sglïg` quk ki ogcf qukrïg su jgr`k y sus pekiks y kstf `f iks custglg. Gi ae` ki ogcf k`jf`trú u` rkokmef. Dep`ftezú g sus fvkngs y iks dezf jrkkr, g`tks mk `gmg, quk krg` e`ofrtgiks y quk `f sk iks kstglg dgjek`mf `e`cþ` mg÷f jug`mf iks quetglg` ig peki, quk, gi jf`trgref, skrïg ouy luk`f  pgrg kiigs k e`jiusf pigjk`tkrf2 k` skcu`mf iucgr iks dezf jrkkr quk ki ogcf krg u` luk` gof quk goglg g su rklg÷f tg`tf quk kstglg iestf pgrg dgjkr  jugiquekr jfsg k` ki ou`mf pfr åi, y k` tkrjkr iucgr iks dezf jrkkr quk, se

gicf iks ksk aukrg `f iks`felg g pgsgr k` kskmk ofok`tf, k` jugiquekr  jgsf `f mïg,g yfjurrer, pfr if tg`tf tk`ïg` `kjksemgm pk`sgr gjkrjg mk kiif.

 

Ki ogcf e`jiusf iks dezf jrkkr g gicu`gs quk krg` ikf`ks, g ftrgs quk krg` çcueigs, g ftrgs quk krg` dfolrks y g ftrgs quk krg` ogcfs. Mkspuås mk kstf, tfmgs sus prkfjupgjef`ks gjkrjg mk igs fvkngs iikcgrf` gofok`tf su ae`. k` @u`jg se`f quky trg`queigok`tk kspkrglg` ki quk kioçs ogcfksjgpgrf`, rkquerekrg su jgr`k su peki. Ki ogcf, k` kstg g`gifcïg mk Curmnekaa, sf` ki crupf mk k`temgmks mk aukrg mk `ukstrf pig`ktg y su veseú` mk skrvejef g u`f oesof, y igs fvkngs sfofs ki rkstf mk ig duog`emgm, mksmk tekopfs e`okofregiks dep`ftezgmg  pgrg vever lgnf u` sestkog mk jf`trfi, jrkyå`mfsk tftgiok`tk ielrk. Ftrf gutfr jfopiktgok`tk meakrk`tk, Jgrifs Jgstg`kmg, `fs farkjk u`g gikcfrïg prçjtejgok`tk emå`tejg k` ifs ielrfs mk igs k`sk÷g`zgs mk mf` Nug`>  ”]k`kofs  ”] k`kofs u` prkmgmfr quk ve`f mksmk igs prfau`memgmks mki jfsofs y tfoú jf`trfi sflrk `ukstrgs vemgs. Ifs skrks duog`fs sf` sus presef`krfs. Ki prkmgmfr ks `ukstrf gof y sk÷fr. @fs dg vukitf mújeiks, e`mkak`sfs. Ze qukrkofs prftkstgr, supreok `ukstrgs prftkstgs. Ze qukrkofs gjtugr  e`mkpk`mek`tkok`tk, `fs frmk`g quk `f if dgcgofs.  ”Xkrf ¶pfr quå kstk prkmgmfr dg tfogmf pfskseú` mk ig og`krg quk ustkm mksjrelk, mf` Nug`6 ”prkcu`tå”. Mklk mk dglkr u`g kxpiejgjeú` iúcejg.  ”Dgy kxpiejgjeú` Nug`”, ks igsfofs kxpiejgjeú` oçsy seopik mki u`g ou`mf. ]fogrf`”rkpiejú pfskseú`mf` pfrquk pgrgykiifs jfoemg, `fs kxpreok` se` jfopgseú` pfrquk sfofs su sustk`tf. Gsï jfof `fsftrfs jregofs cgiie`gs k` cgiie`krfs, gsï tgoleå` kiifs `fs jrïg` k` duog`krfs. Xfr if tg`tf, sekoprk tek`k` jfoemg g su gijg`jk. Wuekrf gpkigr g tu ok`tk g`giïtejg ”menf mf` Nug`”. Xek`sg u` ofok`tf y meok júof kxpiejgrïgs ig jf`trgmejjeú` k`trk ig e`tkieck`jeg mki dfolrk e`ck`ekrf y ig kstupemkz mk sus sestkogs mk jrkk`jegs f ig kstupemkz mk su jfopfrtgoek`tf jf`trgmejtfref. Ifs jdgog`ks jrkk` quk ifs prkmgmfrks `fs dg` mgmf `ukstrfs sestkogs mk jrkk`jegs, `ukstrgs emkgs gjkrjg mki lek` y ki ogi,

`ukstrgs jfstuolrks sfjegiks. Kiifs sf` ifs mk quktreu`af kstglikjekrf` `ukstrgs kspkrg`zgs y kxpkjtgtevgs, `ukstrfs suk÷fs y argjgsf. @fs

 

ftfrcgrf` ig jfmejeg, ig okzque`mgm y ig jflgrmïg. Ks ki prkmgmfr ki quk `fs dgjk jfopigjek`tks, rute`grefs y kcfog`eçtejfs.  ”Xkrf ¶mk quå og`krg pukmk` dgjkr kstf, mf` Nug`6 ”prkcu`tå, k` jekrtf ofmffïmfs oçs k`fngmf pfr sus gaerogjef`ks”. ¶Zusurrg` tfmf kstf k` `ukstrfs oek`trgsgþ` mfroeofs6  ”@f, `f if dgjk` mk ksg og`krg, ¡ksf ks u`g u `g emeftkz! ”menf mf` Nug`, sf`rek`mf”. Zf` e`ae`etgok`tk oçs kaejgjks y frcg`ezgmfs quk ksf. Xgrg og`tk`kr`fs flkmek`tks y mújeiks y måleiks, ifs prkmgmfrks sk e`vfiujrgrf` k` u`g og`eflrg kstupk`mg (kstupk`mg, pfr supukstf, mksmk ki pu`tf mk vestg mk u` kstrgtkcg). [`g og`eflrg dfrrelik mksmk ki pu`tf mk vestg mk quek` ig suark. ¡@fs mekrf` su ok`tk! ¶Ok ksjujdgs6 Ifs prkmgmfrks `fs mekrf` su ok`tk, quk sk vukivk `ukstrg ok`tk. Ig ok`tk mki prkmgmfr ks  lgrrfjg, jf`trgmejtfreg, oúrlemg, iik`g mk oekmf g skr mksjulekrtg k` jugiquekr ofok`tf. Ig þ`ejg gitkr`gtevg quk ik qukmg g ig duog`emgm ”  jf`te`uú” ks ig mesjepie`g. Ig mesjepie`g ks ki þ`ejf rkpkik`tk. Xkrf jf` mesjepie`g `f ok rkaekrf g grmugs rute`gs. @f ok rkaekrf g ikvg`tgrsk jgmg og÷g`g g igs je`jf y okmeg y g mgrsk lg÷fs mk gcug dkigmg dgstg pf`krsk gzui. Ifs jdgog`ks k`tek`mk` pfr mesjepie`g ig jgpgjemgm mk k`ark`tgr jf` skrk`emgm jerju`stg`jegs quk `f kstç` e`jiuemgs k` `ukstrgs kxpkjtgtevgs. Xgrg kiifs, ig mesjepie`g ks u` grtk> ki grtk mk k`ark`tgrsk gi e`ae`etf se` vgjeigr, `f pfrquk skg` aukrtks y murfs, se`f pfrquk kstç` iik`fs mk gsfolrf.

Ig mesjepie`g mk ig quk mf` Nug` dglig `f ks ftrg jfsg quk tfogr igs rek`mgs mk `ukstrg vemg pgrg mkngr mk gieok`tgr k`krcåtejgok`tk gi sestkog mk jf`trfi. Gmoetf quk `f ks `gmg açjei, puks mksmk dgjk oeik`efs kstgofs  prfcrgogmfs pgrg quk gicf gsï `f fjurrg.

 

 @evki < y :. Igs sfjekmgmks skjrktgs skjrktgs y crupfs mk`trf mk`tr f mk crupfs quk ckstef`g` ig duog`emgm  ]rgs ig iikcgmg mk ifs jf`trfigmfrks, u`f mk ksfs preokrfs crupfs mk  pfmkr, ksgs preokrgs sfjekmgmks mk ig åietk mk ig åpfjg quk e`tkrgjtugrf` jf` ifs rkjeå` iikcgmfs ’mefsks‟, rkjelk` ki `folrk mk ig Dkrog`mgm mk ig Zkrpek`tk. Gsï sk ifs ok`jef`g k` pfjgs, ouy pfjgs, auk`tks, g if igrcf mk ig destfreg, y igs preokrgs `ftejegs sflrk su kxestk`jeg giumk` gi g÷f :=88 g. J. Xrflglikok`tk skrïg` ifs e`ejegmfs f pkrsf`gnks mk jekrtf pfmkr mk ksg åpfjg, quk sk cg`grf` ki agvfr mk ifs ’mefsks‟ (G`u``gbes y ftrgs rgzgs)  pgrg jf`skcuer mk kiifs jekrtfs preveikcefs. \kjelekrf` mk kiifs jf`fjeoek`tfs, ifs jugiks sk cugrmgrf`, jfof tfmf, prflglikok`tk k` skjrktf, fjuitfs g ig ogsg mk ig pfligjeú`. Gsï gpgrkjeú, pgrkjk skr, ki  preokr crupf quk dezf mk ksiglú` k`trk ig rgzg duog`g y ifs skrks vk`emfs mk aukrg. Ifs preokrfs jf`trfigmfrks mki sestkog y mk igs kstrujturgs aïsejgs mki oesof, quk, pfjf g pfjf, kopkzgrf` g skr eopikok`tgmgs pfr kstgs k`temgmks, juyf trglgnf dg pgsgmf pfr oçs mk trks oei ck`krgjef`ks dgstg `ukstrfs tekopfs. Kstg Dkrog`mgm mk ig Zkrpek`tk, skcþ` ^kjdgregs Zetjde`, `gjeú jfof u` crupf skjrktf jrkgmf pfr Kg f K`be, u`f mk ifs mfs G`u``gbes quk jfopetekrf` pfr jf`trfigr y/f gyumgr g ig duog`emgm, kspkjegiok`tk pfrquk kstk þiteof dglïg semf ki ogkstrf ’jrkgmfr‟ ck`åtejf mki skr duog`f. Lçsejgok`tk if quk igs tglieiigs suokregs `fs juk`tg` ks quk ki dfolrk auk jrkgmf pfr ’kxtrgtkrrkstrks mrgjf`eg`fs‟ (mrgcf`ks, rkptfemks) quk ve`ekrf` g kstk pig`ktg g kxpiftgr sus rkjursfs, y, pgrg kiif, jfof dkofs vestf, K`be jrkú u`g rgzg mk skrks quk pumekrg` usgr jf` kstk oftevf. Ze` kolgrcf, kstf iukcf jgoleú jf` ki tekopf, puks g K`be `f ik custglg júof su rgzg kstglg sek`mf trgtgmg, gsï quk quesf prfpfrjef`grik jf`fjeoek`tfs y rkjursfs, e`afrogjeú` mk queå`ks krg`, y júof dglïg` semf jrkgmfs. ]goleå` qukrïg kxpiejgriks g ifs oekolrfs mk ig sfjekmgm duog`g quk tfmfs pfskïg` u` giog y u` skr quk k`jgr`glg k` ki jukrpf quk

ck`åtejgok`tk kiifsmk dglïg` gitkrgmf. Xukstfduog`fs, quk ki rkstf jfopgrtïg kstg emkg afrogr g ifs `ukvfs tuvf mk qukG`u``gbes skr dkjdf `f k` skjrktf, g trgvås mk ig preokrg mk igs sfjekmgmks skjrktgs mk `ukstrg destfreg.

 

Xfr ftrf igmf, kstg oesog sfjekmgm auk e`aeitrgmg pfr ifs oesofs G`u``gbes pgrg mestfrsef`gr ki jf`fjeoek`tf quk sk trg`soetïg g trgvås mk kiig, y quk pfmïg gjglgr jf` ki pfmkr mk kstgs rgzgs sflrk ifs skrks duog`fs. Zu prfpúsetf g pgrter mk gquï auk og`epuigr g igs ogsgs, jrkgr  agisgs rkiecef`ks, mefsksjf`fjeoek`tf y prfaktgs. Mekrf` g ig duog`emgm cugrmgrf` ki vkrmgmkrf pgrg kiifs oesofs. if quk qukrïg` y Igs pre`jepgiks sfjekmgmks skjrktgs quk vkrkofs iukcf, jfof ig ogsf`krïg, rfsgjrujks, ifs Jglgiikrfs ]kopigrefs, ig FMF (Frmf ]kopik Frek`ts), ifs Jglgiikrfs mk Ogitg y oujdgs ftrgs sgiekrf` mk kstg preokrg sfjekmgm jfof ksjesef`ks k` meakrk`tks pgrtks mk ig destfreg mki crupf frece`gi, kspkjegiok`tk mksmk ki g`tecuf Kceptf. [`f mk kstfs crupfs, gu`quk tgoleå` tk`kofs pfjg e`afrogjeú` gi rkspkjtf, mk ifs oçs g`tecufs quk gpgrkjk` k` pgperfs y trgmejef`ks, quk mkjïg` tk`kr jf`tgjtf merkjtf jf` ifs mefsks, ks ig iigogmg Dkrog`mgm mk Okijdezkmkb, juygs gjtevemgmks mgtg` girkmkmfr mki g÷f