Datura metel.doc

Dhatura Dhatura Metal Linn.

Compilation of Agadtantra Evum Vidivaidyak (Forensic Medicine & Toxicology) Under the guidance of Vd.Abhay Patkar H.O.D.

(Dept.of Agadtantra) Vd.Bhushan Mogal Lecturer

(Dept. of Agadtantra) Students Nirgude Anjali P.

Waghmare Shital

S. Walvekar Neha R.

Patil Sumedha S.

Rathod Priyanka D. S.

Sabale Shraddha

INDEX Page No.

Sr.No. Topic 1

Historic Review

1

I) Samhita Kala •

Charak Samhita

•

Sushruta Samhita

•

Ashtang Hridaya

II) Laghutrayi •

Sharangdhar Samhita

•

Bhavaprakash

•

Yogratnakar

III) Madhyam Kala •

Nighantu

•

Bhaishajya Ratnavali

2

Varnacular Name

4

3

Synonyms

5

4

Classification

7

I) According to Ayurveda •

Kula

•

Varga

•

Constituent

•

Morphology

5

Properties •

Rasapanchak

•

Action on Dosha

8

6

Action & Uses according to Ayurveda & Siddha

10

7

Useful parts

11

8

Botanical description

12

9

•

Taxonomy

•

Species

•

External morphology

•

Species & cultivate

Toxicological information

15

I) constituents

10

Poisonous parts

18

11

Matra / Dose

19

•

Fatal dose

•

Fatal period

12

Clinical toxicology

20

13

Signs & Symptoms of poisoning

21

I) External II) Internal

14

Cases

23

15

Treatment of poisoning

25

I) According to Ayurveda II) According to Modern

16

Post mortem apperance

29

I) External II) Internal

17

Medicolegal importance

30

18

Clinical Toxicology

32

19

Medicinal formulations

33

20

Sandarbh Shlokawali

35

21

Bibliography

36

ABBREVIATIONS

Su.U.

Sushruta Uttar Tantra

A.H.Su

Ashtang Hriday Sustrasthan

B. P.

Bharprakash

Y. R.

Yogratnaka

Su. N.

Sushruta Nidansthan

B. R.

Bhaishiya Ratnavalli

A. N.

Adarsh Nighantu

PHOTOGRAPHS Sr.No. 1

Name of photograph Botany of plant

Pg No. i

2

Useful Parts- Fruit,Leaf,Flower

ii

3 4

Poisonous Part- Seeds(Beeja) Signs & Symptoms - Dermatitis of Skin

iii iv

5

-Dilatation of Pupils and Redness of Eyes Formulation - Asthamatic Cigarettes

v

1) HISTORICAL REVIEW

• Samhita Kala A) Charak Samhita Aacharya

Charaka

explained

the

use

of

Dhatura

in

Madhvasava and Manashiladilepa (Ref C.Ch.7- Kushthachikitsa) B) Sushrut Samhita Dhatura root is the content of Mushikakalpa which is used for Alarkavisha (dog bite) (Ref.Su.K.7/53-59)

• Sangraha Kala : A) Ashtang Hridayam Use of Dhatura Fala (fruit) in Kakkurdanshachikitsa (Ref. A.H. -38/35-37) B) Ashtang Sangraha Signs and symptoms of Dhatura poisoning are mentioned. (Ref. 40/181-184) Use of Dhatura Fala (fruit) in Mushikalarkavisha. (Ref. 46/6971)

• Laghutrayi : A) Sharangdhar Samhita : Dhatura is one of the content in Dhaturatailam (Ref-9/ 199) and Sannipatabhairava Rasa (Ref - 12/233-247) B) Bhavprakash Dhatura included under Guduchyadi Varga (1st part) Use of Dhatura in Samanyajwara (Ref -2nd part/177-179)

C) Yogratnakar (Uttararadha) Dhatura Part

Reference

1) Shwanchikitsa

Dhatura Fala (fruit)

Vishadhikar/1

2) Garudanjanam

Dhatura Swaras

Vishadhikar/1

3) Kameshwar Rasa

Dhatura

Vajikaranyog

4) Kameshwar Modak

Dhatura

Vajikaranyog

5) Sannipatikjwar

Dhatura Swaras

Shlok No. 7,8

Bhavna 6) Sannipatikjwar

Dhatura Fala (fruit)

Shlok No. 2

Bhasma 7) Bhairavarasa

One of the content

Rasa Adhyaya

Madhyam Kala : Nighantu

Varga

1) Pariyanighantu

Shatpushashpadi

2) Bhavprakash

Guduchyadivarga

3) Aadarsh

Kantakaryadi

D) Bhaishajyaratnawali There is reference of Dhatura as a Upavisha (ref. 2/165) Reference of Dhatura Shodhan (Ref. 2/166, 176) 1) Sannipatikjwara

Dhatura Fala (fruit)

Jwarachikitsa Prakaran 5/311

2) Tridoshaj Jwara

Mahajwarankushrasa

5/561

(Dhatura Bij) 3) Nasya

Unmattrasah

5/600

4) Sannipatikjwar

Pashchavaktrarasah

5/658

5) Sannipatik Jwar

Vadvanalorasah

5/800

6) Different types of Jwarankushrasah

5/636

Jwara 7) Kafaj-Jwara

Shleshmashailendrarasah 5/1224

8) Jwara

Kanaksundarorasah

6/64

9) Pittatisar

Kanaksundarorasah

6/68

10) Atisar

Jatifalarasah

7/151

11) Visharog

Bhimarudorasoanyah

72/56, 60

E) Rastarangini There

is

description

of

Dhatura

as

a

content

in

Chaturvinshastarang, Bradhnashodhahar, Pralapantakrasah (Ref. Shlok No. 342, 360, 369) Description of Matra of Dhatura (Ref. 367-368) Use of Dhatura in Alarkavisha Diseases

Shlok No.

1) Dantapidahar (Krimidanta)

372

2) Netrabhishyand

370

3) Stanshothahar

372

4) Manspeshigat Vataprakopa

374

5) Vatpida Sandhivat

375

6) Yukalikhadikam Hanti

375

7) Shothhar

378

2) VERNACULAR NAME Region

Vernacular Name

1) Bengali

Dhattura, Dhutura, Dhatura

2) Gujarati

Dhattura, Dhaturo

3) Tamil

Ummattu, Unmatta

4) Telagu

Ummattu, Unmatta

5) Kannad

Ummattu, Unmata

6) Mallyalum

Ummattu, Unmatta, Unmattam

7) Arab

Datur, Baujmasam

8) France

Tatur

9) Panjabi

Dhattur, Dhatura

10) Maharashtra

Dhotra

11) Sanskrit

Dhatura

12) Hindi

Safed Dhattura, Dhatur, Dhatura, Dhaatura

13) English

Thorn apple

14) Marathi

Dhattura

3) SYNONYMS उन्मत- उन्मतं करोतित सेविवितारं मदकृत्विात् इतित उन्मतः । कनकाहय- कनकं आहयोत यस्य सः। िकतब- िकतविः धुर्तरलोतकाः सि अन्त अस्य ग्राहकाः इतित। मातुर्ल- मा- नाडसिसत तुर्लाडसस्य इतित । मदन- मदयित ग्लपयित अङ्गमदकरत्विात्। मातुर्लपुर्त्रक- मातुर्लस्य धन्तुर्रस्य पुर्त्रः इतवि इतित। धतुर्र- धयित धातुर्न् व्रणश्लेवष्मादीश्च इतित । धस्तुर्र- धुर्सयित काि अन्तयुर्क्तं करोतित शरीरम् । धुर्सकाि अन्तकरणेव । - (विण्यर ,कांतीयुर्क्त) तुर्यरतेव िहनि अस्त जन्तुर्न् व्रणादीश्च । इतित तुर्री धुर्धासौ तुर्रश्चेवित धुर्स्तूरः ।।(Ref-Adarsha Nighantu)

Synonyms of Dhatura Nighantu

Synonyms

1) Priya Nighantu

Dhattur, Dhurta, Matul, Unmatta

2) Raj Nighantu

Dhattur, Kitav, Dhurta, Unmatta, Kankahya, Shath, Matulak, Shyam, Madan, Shivashekhar, Kahla, Mohan, Kantakphal, Shiva

3) Nighantu Aadarsha

Dhattura, Unmatta, Madkar, Dhustur, Dhurta, Gantapushpa

4) Bhavprakash

Dhattur, Dhurta, Dhuttur, Kitav, Turi, Unmatta, Kankahya, Matul Devata, Madan, Mahamohi, Shivapriya

5) Yadavji Trikamjee

Dhattur, Kanak, Dhurta, Unmattak

4) CLASSIFICATION •

According to Ayurveda :

Kula : kantakari kula Varga-According to Nighantus Nighantu

Varga

1) Priyanighantu

Shatpushapadi

2) Bhavprakash

Guduchyadi

3) Aadarsh

Kantakaryadi

Constituent : Chetan Dravya Morphology : Karya Dravya Use : Aaushadhi

5) PROPERTIES Properties Of Dhatura according to Ayurveda : Rasapanchaka: Rasapanchak Rasa

Ref. Tikta- kashaya- katu

(B.P.)

Katu

(N.A.),(D.N.)

Guna

Guru,Laghu,Ruksha,Vyavayi,Vikasi (B.P.)

Virya

Ushna

(B.P.)(D.N.)

Vipak

Katu

(N.A.)

Prabhav

Jwaraghna,Madakari

(N.A.)

Action on Doshas : •

Vatashamak

•

Kaphashamak

•

Pittavardhak

Action : 1)

The alkaloids atropine, hyoscyamine & hyoscine first stimulate the higher centers of brain, than the motor centers & finally causes depression & paralysis especially of the vital centers in the medulla.

2)

The respiration is first stimulated then depressed, & the heart centre is stimulated. - (Reddy)

3)

By acting on CNS, it inhibit secretions of saliva and sweat gland.

4)

It dilate the pupil and stimulate heart regulation centre. -(Parikh)

5)

Dhatura

leaves

closely

resemble

stramonium

leaves

in

appearance and have a similar characteristic odour & a bitter taste. The plant as a whole has narcotic, anodyne and antispasmodic properties, analogous to those of belladonna it causes dilation of the pupil when locally applied in wattery solution equal in effect to atropine solution of the strength of 1 in 120. 6)

Dried seeds are thought to be more powerful soporific than the leaves.

7)

Vaidyas regarded the drug as intoxicant, emetic, digestive, antispasmodic & healing.

8)

The black variety is considered to be more powerful. Indian materia medica. (Volume I)

6) ACTION & USES IN AYURVEDA & SIDDHA 1)

Tikta rasam, ushna veeryam, katu vipaka

2)

Leaves : Swasa, kasa, externally fomentations, ulcers, poisonous bites, earache.

3)

Fruit : vata diseases karappan, granthi.

4)

Seeds : Diarrhoea, antipoison, intoxicant, fevers. Externally for piles, vata diseases.

5)

Black variety is more potent & aphrodisiac. Indian materia medica ( Volume-I)

Uses : - Plant contains many useful phytochemicals which renders it of benefit for using treatment of many kind of diseases. Notably the leaves are frequently use as remedy for asthma & proctatile caugh.

7) USEFUL PART (Prayojyaanga)

•

Patra(leaves), Puspha (flower) & Beeja (seeds) are useful parts of plats.

8) BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION A) Taxonomy : •

Kingdom - Plantae

•

Order

- Solanales

•

Family

- Solanaceae

•

Sub Family - Solanoideae

•

Genus

- Dhatura

•

Species

- D. Metal

•

(Unranked) - Angiosperms

•

(Unranked) - Eudicots

•

(Unranked) - Asterids

•

Order

- Solanales

•

Tribe

- Datureae

B) Species Dhatura is a group of nine species of vespertine flowering plants belonging to the family solanaceae. They are known as Angel's Trumpets sometimes sharing that name with closely related genus Brugmansia. They are also sometimes called moonflowers, one of several plant species to be so. Dhatura's precise and natural distribution is uncertain. Owing to its extensive cultivation & naturalisation throughout temperate & tropical regions. Its distribution within Americas, however, most likely restricted to united states & Mexico, where the highest diversity of species occurs. Some south American plants formally thought of as Dhaturas are now treated as belonging to distinct genus.[Brugmansia differs from Dhatura i.e. woody making shrubs or small tress, in that it has

pendulus flowers rather than erect ones. Other related genera include Hyoscyamus and Atropa.

Today experts classify only nine species of Dhatura•

Dhatura ceratocaula- Torna Loco

•

Dature discolour- Desert Thorn- apple

•

Dhatura ferox- Long spined Thorn apple

•

Dhatura inoxia- Thorn apple, Moon flower

•

Dhatura metel- Devil's trumpet

•

Dhatura leichhardtii- Leichhardt's Dhatura

•

Dhatura quercifolia - Oak-leaf thorn apple

•

Dhatura stramonium-Thorn-apple

•

Dhatura wrightii- Sacred Dhatura,Sacred Thorn-apple

C) External morphology An erect spreading annual or biennial plant grows upto 1.5m in height. •

Leaves : Simple, alternate, triangular and unequal at base.

•

Flowers : Large, solitary, purpulish white coloured.

•

Fruits : Globose capsules covered with numerous yellowish brown seeds.

1)

This plant belongs to N.O. solanaceae, as its flowers and fruits are supposed to have been blessed by Lord shiva, they are known as shivashekhara.

2)

There exists 2 different varieties , viz. Dhatura alba a cohite flowered plant (Safed Dhatura) & Dhatura Niger, a black or rather deep purple flowered plant or (kula Dhatura).

3)

Both these varieties grow commonly on waste places all over India, have bell- shape of flowers & have more or less sphericao

fruits

which

are

covered

with

sharp

spinous

projections & contain yellowish - brown seeds. 4)

Dhatura stromonium (thorn apple) grows in India at high attitudes through out the temperate Himalayas.

5)

All parts of these plants are poisonous but the seeds and fruits are considered to be the most noxious. They yield active principles hyoscine which is converted into atropine during the process of extraction.

•

Identity, Purity, strength - Foreign matter=Not more than 2% Total ash=Not more than 16%

D) Species & CultivatesIt is difficult to classify Dhatura as to species, and it often happens that descriptions of new species are accepted prematurely. Later it is found that these "new species" are simply varieties that have evolved due to conditions at a specific location. They usually disappear in a few years. Contributing to the confusion are the facts that various species such as D.wrightii and D.inoxia are very similar in appearance, and that the variation within a species can be extreme. For example, Dhatura have the property of being able to change size of Plants, size of leaf & size of flowers all depending on location. The same species, when growing in a half-shady damp location can develop into a flowering bush half as tall as a person, but when growing in a very dry location-will only grow into a thin little plant just higher than ankles, with tiny flowers & a few miniature leaves.

9) TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION OF DHATURA Chemical constituents and its action •

The active principles contains the alkaloids Laevohyoscyamine. Hyoscine or scopolamine and traces of atropine.

•

It has been suggested that atropine does not exist as such in Dhatura plant, but is a recemic form of hyoscyamine, which is converted into atropine during the process of extraction.

•

In Dhatura plant, its leaves & flowers contain salts especiallyMeteolodine.

•

Also oil contain in seeds-12%

•

Chlorogenic acid

•

Leaves contains 0.045% volatile oil.

•

The active constituents in Dhatura plant include scopolamine. atropine hyosaymine and other Tropanes.

•

Scopolamine present in higher concentration Hyoscyamine in all varieties.

1) Atropine • •

Atropine is an antimuscarinic agent.

It competitively binds muscarinic reports, thus interrupting parasympathetic innervations.

•

It doesn't block Nicotinic receptor, consequently, there is little or no action of skeletal muscular junction or autonomic ganglion.

•

The postganglionic receptor sites are located in autonomic receptor cells found in smooth, muscles, cardiac muscle, C.A., atrial and endocrine gland.

•

It is both a central and peripheral muscarinic blocker and its actions last approximately 4 hrs.

•

There especial used to reduce activity in gastrointestinal tract to reduce hypermotility of bladder to decrease salivation and to dilate pupils.

•

Atropine can produce varying effects on the cardiovascular system, depending on dosage.

•

At low doses (