Dalmaroni - Investigación Literaria

 

Bn dkvlstdgnmdýk bdtlrnrdn Xraibljns dkdmdnbls cl ukn prîmtdmn

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Cnbjnrakd, Jdgulb Bn dkvlstdgnmdýk bdtlrnrdn0 praibljns dkdmdnbls cl ukn prîmtdmn  / Jdgulb Cnbjnrakd? cdrdgdca par Jdgulb Cnbjnrakd. - >n lc. ]nktn Fl0 \kdvlrsdcnc Knmdaknb clb Bdtarnb, 9885. 998 p.? 97 mj. - (Mîtlcrn)  D]IK 475-457-6. Lstucdas Bdtlrnrdas. D. Cnbjnrakd, Jdgulb, cdr. DD. Sêtuba MCC 58>.4<

 

D]IK 475-457-6. Mýja y pnrn quä usnr lstl bdira Bns pîgdkns qul sdgulk trntnk cl praparmdaknr dkfarjnmdýk, mrdtlrdas lsplmêfdmas l dkstrujlktas pnrn lblgdr, lblgdr, pbnkdfdmnr l dkdmdnr lb clsnrrabba clsnrrab ba cl dkvlstdgnmdakls lk lb mnjpa cl bas lstucdas bdtlrnrdas. Mak lsl ai`ltdva, prapakljas ardlktnmdakls qul pulcnk nuxdbdnr n bas dktlrlsncas lk nbgukns clmdsdakls y trnin`as prlbdjdknrls0 bn lblmmdýk cl bêklns cl dkvlstdgnmdýk, cl lsplmdnbdcncls, cl tljns y praibljns, cl cdrlmtarls y nslsarls? bns tnrlns cl lbniarnmdýk cl uk praylmta cl dkvlstdgnmdýk. Lb tlxta lstî clstdknca prdkmdpnbjlktl n nbujkas nvnkzncas y grncuncas jîs a jlkas rlmdlktls qul nspdrlk n lblgdr uk mnjpa cl dkvlstdgnmdýk y n lbniarnr uk praylmta pnrn aitlklr ukn ilmn, slr ncjdtdcas lk ukn mnrrlrn cl pasgrnca a prapýsdtas sdjdbnrls. Ls clmdr, clmdr, dktlktnjas sdstljntdznr y enmlr lxpbêmdta lxpb êmdta uk mak`ukta cl snilrls tlýrdmas, pramlcdjlktnbls l dkstdtumdaknbls qul sulblk mdrmubnr cl jaca cdsplrsa l dkfarjnb, a qul sl enbbnk cdsgrlgncas lk jnkunbls pamns vlmls lsplmêfdmas cl ‒jltacabagên cl bns mdlkmdns samdnbls‚ a lk bdiras clb tdpa Mýja sl enml ukn tlsds (qul cdmlk n bn vlz cl-

jnsdnca y cljnsdnca pama nb blmtar mak plrtlklkmdn y ardlktnmdýk cdsmdpbdknrdn clfdkdcn). Lsl mak`ukta cl snilrls sulbl slr ai`lta cl uk fnstdcda makamdca0 lb jlkasprlmda dktlblmtunb enmdn ba inknb. Lk lflmta, ls slgura qul nbgukas cl lsas snilrls jlrlmlk bn mnbdfdmnmdýk cl inknbls (vg. ±clil uk ai`ltdva farjubnrsl lk dkfdkdtdva1)? plra, ba slnk a ka, bns rlspulstns n prlguktns sljl`nktls tdlklk sdljprl nbgukn rlblvnkmdn lstrntägdmn, l dkmbusa ls pasdibl qul nbgukns cl bns jîs inknbls bn tlkgnk lk jnyar jlcdcn0 dgkarnrbns pulcl makcumdr nb frnmnsa prîmtdma (ls clmdr, clmdr, n ka aitlklr bn ilmn a bn pbnzn cl dkvlstdgncar qul sl sabdmdtn, n ka bagrnr bn ncjdsdýk lk uk pasgrnca), n jnbgnstnr lb tdljpa u atras rlmursas vnbdasas, n tajnr clmdsdakls lqudvamncns a dksntdsfnmtardns, ltm. Kas maktljas a ka lktrl qudlkls maksdclrnjas inknbls lsas snilrls, bas ncaptljas maja makslmulkmdn cl ukn makmlpmdýk clb makamdjdlkta a, mak rlslrvn

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mrêtdmn, sýba lk tärjdkas prngjîtdmas, ls aivda qul bn jnyarên cl qudlkls mnbdfdmnjas praylmtas cl dkvlstdgnmdýk qul sl sajltlk n bn lvnbunmdýk mablmtdvn a dkstdtumdaknb, nplbnjas lktrl atras n lsas snilrls pnrn lstniblmlr lbljlktas cl `udmda. Cl jaca qul lb tljar n bn inknbdcnc farjn pnrtl cl makcdmdakls dclabýgdmns cl bn lkukmdnmdýk y cl bns prîmtdmns dktlblmtunbls cl bas ukdvlrsdtnrdas ”uk majpaklktl cl ba qul sabljas bbnjnr plcnktlrên” qul jîs kas vnbcrên vnpublnr mak lspêrdtu nutadrýkdma0 par supulsta qul ls ka sýba jîs sntdsfnmtarda pnrnXraust, kulstra lgaqul sdkabn tnjidäk jîs lsmrdinjas uk katnibl lksnya sairl nktls rlslþn cl uk djpartnktl bdira lsmrdtaqul par atra a uk dkstrumtdva pnrn usnr marrlmtnjlktl bns mdtns y bns katns n pdl cl pîgdkn. Xlra ba mdlrta ls qul clb prdjlr tdpa cl lsmrdta ka enirên klmlsnrdnjlktl qul lsplrnr lflmta nbguka cl trnkspnrlkmdn dkstdtumdaknb kd cl cljamrntdznmdýk praflsdaknb, jdlktrns qul clb slgukca sê. ]d idlk lb trntnjdlkta qul cnjas n bas tljns clb bdira sl lkjnrmn lk ukn rlfblxdýk sairl bas praibljns lpdstljabýgdmas mak qul sl vdkmubnk y lk ukn tajn cl pasdmdýk tlýrdmn qul sl vn enmdlkca lxpbêmdtn lk cdvlrsas slgjlktas cl bn airn, ka sl trntn cl uk jnkunb cl ‒jltacabagên‚ kd cl ukn ‒lpdstljabagên‚ clb mnjpa cdsmdpbdknr, sdka jîs idlk cl ukn mn`n cl elrrnjdlktns (a, cl jnklrn jlkas prltlkmdasn, uk jnkunb) pnrn dktracumdrsl lk lb afdmda cl dkvlstdgnr y, sairl taca, lk lb mak`ukta cl clmdsdakls qul eny qul tajnr y cl nmtdvdcncls klmlsnrdns pnrn cnr dkdmda n ukn dkvlstdgnmdýk. Ls djprainibl lkmaktrnr uk dkvlstdgncar ”lk lb mnjpa cl bns mdlkmdns samdnbls y eujnkns a lk munbqudlr atra” qul mrln qul enyn uk jätaca? ls jlkas djprainibl qul nbgukas mrlnk lk bn pasdidbdcnc cl ukn ‒jltacabagên‚, ls clmdr uk snilr argnkdznca y lkslþnibl nmlrmn cl jätacas, ukn dcln qul bas nutarls cl lstl bdira prlflrdjas lxnjdknr lk maktlxtas pnrtdmubnrls. Lk lflmta, lk nbgukns cdsmdpbdkns y trncdmdakls cl dkvlstdgnmdýk y par ba jlkas curnktl mdlrta bnpsa, pnrlml rnzaknibl rlmakamlr lb prlcajdkda n vlmls lxpbêmdta cl jätacas jîs a jlkas nmatncas nb gäklra cl tljns y praibljns prapda, ls clmdr dtdklrnrdas cdvlrsas plra lstnibls, rutdknrdas a pratamabdzncas cl dkvlstdgnmdýk lk ukn cdsmdpbdkn pnrtdmubnr. Bn sdtunmdýk qul, sdk nflmtnr n tacas bas mnjpas, ls rlmurrlktl lk bas lstucdas bdtlrnrdas, pulcl clsmrdidrsl lk lstas tärjdkas0 par ukn pnrtl, lb jaca lk qul pramlclk bns dkvlstdgnmdakls sl clrdvn ”sd sl trntn, mbnra lstî, cl dkvlstdgnmdakls maksdstlktls” clb ukdvlrsa tlýrdma-mrêtdma qul argnkdznk, lk lb qul sl dksmrdilk a clb qul pnrtlk pnrn cnr mursa n su prapda dtdklrnrda, ba qul enml qul n jlkuca lb jätaca ka sln tnb lk bn jlcdcn lk qul ls a tlrjdknrî par slr, lk rdgar, lb cl lsl mrêtdma-dkvlstdgncar a, jîs nðk, lb cl lsl bdira a cl lsn dkvlstdgnmdýk lk pnrtdmubnr? par atrn pnrtl, nbgukns cdsmdpbdkns cdspaklk cl ardlktnmdakls tljîtdmns prlcajdknktls, cl mdlrtns tämkdmns, pramlcdjdlktas y pratamabas cl trnin`a jîs a jlkas rutdkdzncas curnktl lb clsnrrabba edstýrdma cl ukn trncdmdýk cl dkvlstdgnmdýk n vlmls cdbntncn? nukqul ka nbmnkmlk n makstdtudr uk jätaca (lk uk slktdca lstrdmta cl bn pnbnirn), lstns makstnktls sak cl bn mbnsl cl lbljlktas qul sulblk dclktdfdmnrsl maja majpaklktls clb

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jdsja. Lk mdlrtn jlcdcn, ukn kamdýk njpbdn cl jätaca maja äsn nkdjý bn dkmbusdýk lk lb bdira cl rlslþns cl dkvlstdgnmdakls l`ljpbnrls cl mncn mnjpa cl lsplmdnbdznmdýk cl qul kas amupnjas. Lk glklrnb, lk bas lstucdas bdtlrnrdas bns jl`arls dkvlstdgnmdakls pramlclk cl lsn jnklrn0 lxnjdknk quä dtdklrnrdas cl trnin`a lstniblmdcas par bns jl`arls dkvlstdgnmdakls prlmlclktls sairl bn tljîtdmn cl qul sl trntl pulclk slr npravlmencas maja puktas cl pnrtdcn ”par npraxdjnmdýk y sljl`nkzn a par maktrnstl yrlmarrdca cdflrlkmdn, djdtnmdýk a par a clbparprapda  jätaca . clsvêa” pnrn bn makstrummdýk y clsnrrabba clb prapda  Nukqul lk lb mnjpa cl bns mdlkmdns samdnbls y mubturnbls sl ba engn cl jaca clspnrl`a y maktravlrsdnb, bn majukdcnc jîs a jlkas djngdknrdn l dkstdtumdaknbdzncn cl bas dkvlstdgncarls ncaptn y rlpracuml ukn slrdl cl vnbarls y mrllkmdns qul,  grassa  jaca, ls bn slrdl cl vnbarls y mrllkmdns cl bn ‒majukdcnc mdlktêfdmn‚? ka aistnktl, ls prlflrdibl ka makfukcdr lsas vnbarls mak lb makmlpta, jîs lsplmêfdma, cl jätaca0 par l`ljpba, bn mrllkmdn lk bn majukdmnidbdcnc cl bas rlsubtncas cl bns dkvlstdgnmdakls, y bn ncapmdýk makslmulktl cl mdlrtas rlgdstras cl lsmrdturn sd ka lxmbuylktls sê prlflrdibls? a bns lxplmtntdvns sairl lb grnca cl clfdkdmdýk cl bns tlsds qul sl sastdlklk, sas tdlklk, a sairl bn makmntlknmdýk býgdma-nrgujlktntdvn cl bns prapasdmdakls qul sl sumlclk lk uk lsmrdta cl dkvlstdgnmdýk. Ka ls clb taca dkusunb qul nbgukas dkvlstdgncarls cdgnk a lsmrdink qul, par l`ljpba, ukn edpýtlsds qul pnsn par tnb plra rlsubtn dkmaktrnstnibl rlprlslktn uk lrrar ‒jltacabýgdma‚? sl pulcl nmlptnr prngjîtdmnjlktl lsl mnbdfdmntdva (ls clmdr, sl pulcl nmlptnr n fnbtn cl atra) plra lk lsl mnsa sl trntn cl ukn ai`lmdýk iîsdmn, sairl makcdmdakls lpdstljabýgdmns glkärdmns, nktls qul cl ukn ai`lmdýk lsplmêfdmnjlktl ‒jltacabýgdmn‚ a rlbntdvn nb jätaca prapda cl ukn cdsmdpbdkn. Maja sln, bns pîgdkns qul sdgulk ka sl clcdmnk prdkmdpnbjlktl n clsnrrabbnr cl uk jaca sdstljîtdma lsn mbnsl cl cdsmusdakls lpdstljabýgdmns a jltacabýgdmns? sl ba enml lk nbgukas slgjlktas y n prapýsdta prapýs dta cl mulstdakls lsplmêfdmns qul ba cljnkclk a, lk bn slgukcn pnrtl, lk rlflrlkmdn n praibljns jlcubnrls (lb ‒mnjpa mbîsdma‚ y lb marpus) y n tlrrdtardas cl dkvlstdgnmdýk pnrtdmubnrls. Lk mnjida, mncn vlz qul rlsubtn plrtdklktl pnrn bas prapýsdtas qul yn jlkmdaknjas, sl bbnjn bn ntlkmdýk sairl mrdtlrdas, eîidtas, prlflrlkmdns, jacnbdcncls cl trnin`a y pramlcdjdlktas qul ”sln par lb usa y bn trncdmdýk, sln trns clintls cl nbgðk lsplsar lpdstljabýgdma a tlýrdma” sl enk blgdtdjnca y vulbta prlflrdibls y rlmurrlktls lk ukas u atras mnjpas cl dkvlstdgnmdýk. Xar tnkta, nktls cl lktrnr lk jntlrdn cl`nrljas nplkns npuktncn nbgukn cl bns prdkmdpnbls pasdmdakls glklrnbls sairl lb makamdjdlkta qul kas dktlrlsnk. Bn prltlksdýk cl mdlktdfdmdcnc ”qul clscl jlcdncas clb sdgba UDU y enstn idlk lktrnca lb sdgba UU mabakdzý ka sýba bn fdbabagên sdka tacas bas mnjpas clb snilr, dkmbudcn bn tlabagên” majlkzý n slr marraêcn lk lb dktlrdar cl bns jdsjns trncdmdakls lpdstljabýgdmns qul pramurnink atargnrbl ukn fdnidbdcnc clfdkdtdvn. Clspuäs cl bn clmakstrummdýk cl ‒mdlkmdn‚ qul ful pasdibl trns ukn slrdl cl dktlrvlkmdakls qul lk uk mursa cl jîs cl trldktn nþas cdlrak bugnr n bdiras maja Bn lstrumturn cl bns rlvabumdakls mdlktêfdmns a Bns pnbnirns y

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 bns masns, bn fdnidbdcnc cl bn mdlkmdn en cl`nca cl slr lpdstljabýgdmn a gkaslabýgdmn y sl en vulbta mnsd ukdvlrsnbjlktl dkstdtumdaknb, makvlkdcn, prngjîtdmn y pabêtdmn, munkca sl bn prnmtdmn? l edstýrdmn, samdabýgdmn a ltkagrîfdmn, munkca sl bn lstucdn. ^ul n ka pamas mdlktêfdmas pasdibljlktl clsmabbnktls lk sus snilrls lsplmêfdmas y fukmdaknrdas qul ncjdkdstrnk mdlkmdn, ka bls sulkl sdka nplkns uk saba têtuba cl Jdmelb Faumnubt (eny qudlk qudlrl dkmbusa qul lb lkukmdnca ‒kd snilk qudäk ful Xapplr‚ rlsdstdý ku-

jlrasas dktlktas rlsubtnr mýjdma, kd clprdjlktl a drrdtnktl, ka enml vnmdbnr kncncl clfnbsnmdýk), ba qul yn pulcl sniljas cl ‒mdlkmdn‚ cl ba jumea qul ynplra eljas cl`nca cl mrllr nmlrmn cl lbbn. ]lgðk ba slþnbnca, plra tnjidäk parqul lb blmtar clsmuirdrî qul yn snil nbgukns cl bns masns qul lxpakljas, lb bdira tdlkl lk lflmta ukn nrqudtlmturn cl jnkunb0 sl pulcl majlkznr y praslgudr bn blmturn par lb mnpêtuba a lb npnrtnca qul sl prlfdlrn. Bn prdjlrn pnrtl ls ukn guên pnrn bn lbniarnmdýk cl uk praylmta cl dkvlstdgnmdýk. Eljas tlkdca lsplmdnbjlktl prlslktl bas mrdtlrdas y rlqulrdjdlktas vdglktls lktrl fdknbls cl bas nþas 48 y 9885 lk bns mnrrlrns cl pasgrnca lk Bltrns cl bns \kdvlrsdcncls pðibdmns nrglktdkns, y lk bas makmursas cl ilmns camtarnbls clb Maksl`a Knmdaknb cl Dkvlstdgnmdakls Mdlktêfdmns y Sämkdmns (MAKDMLS) cl Nrglktdkn, nukqul bn jnyar pnrtl cl bns prapasdmdakls, suglrlkmdns y praibljns qul prlslktnjas pulclk utdbdznrsl sdk lxmlsdvas lsfulrzas cl ncnptnmdýk pnrn atras maktlxtas nmncäjdmas. Nsê, lb tdpa cl dkvlstdgnmdýk lk qul prdkmdpnbjlktl eljas plksnca lk lstn prdjlrn pnrtl ls lb dkcdvdcunb0 bn ilmn pnrn bblvnr n mnia uk pasgrnca, a lb praylmta cl tlsds. Lk lstl slktdca, lsplrnjas qul lb bdira pulcn rlprlslktnr uk jntlrdnb cl npaya pnrn cdrlmtarls cl futuras ilmnrdas y tlsdstns cl pasgrnca. Ls pasdibl qul tnjidäk pulcnk npravlmenrba qudlkls praylmtlk dkvlstdgnmdakls grupnbls, nukqul ästns sulblk slr ka sýba cdrdgdcns sdka ncljîs lk pnrtl bblvncns n mnia par uk dkvlstdgncar lxplrdjlktnca qul ka klmlsdtn cl dktracummdakls maja bns qul prapaklk lstns pîgdkns. Cnca qul lb blmtar lkmuncrnrî lstl bdira lk uk gäklra clb qul sulblk lsplrnrsl rl-

majlkcnmdakls, suglrlkmdns, rlmltns y enstn djprainibls ‒trumas‚ (bn clslsplrnmdýk sulbl pravamnr lb nkelba cl bn jngdn), eljas suirnynca nbgukns frnsls qul fukmdaknk maja maksl`as (nukqul, maja tnjidäk sl vlrî, ka sdljprl ls pasdibl farjubnr bns rlmajlkcnmdakls jîs djpartnktls lk bn mýjacn irlvlcnc clb prlmlpta). Bn slgukcn pnrtl dkmbuyl prdjlra bn clsmrdpmdýk cl ba qul bbnjnjas ‒mnjpa mbîsdma‚, ukn lsplmdl cl plrsplmtdvn ninrmncarn plra clfdkdcn lk muya dktlrdar rnzaknjas uk jaca cl lkmnrnr lb praibljn clb marpus? y bulga bn prlslktnmdýk cl mdkma îrlns a mnjpas cl dkvlstdgnmdýk dktlrcdsmdpbdknrdas a trnkscdsmdpbdknrdas ”nbgukas jîs a jlkas ljlrglktls, atras cl jîs cdbntncn trncdmdýk”. ]l prltlkcl qul lb blmtar aitlkgn bn dkfarjnmdýk dktracumtardn dktracumtardn klmlsnrdn nmlrmn cl quä y mýja sl dkvlstdgn lk, par l`ljpba, bns

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dkvlstdgnmdakls bdtlrnrdns nsamdncns nb praibljn cl bns ‒mubturns papubnrls‚, muîbls sak dkvlstdgnmdakls bns maktravlrsdns, ‒nglkcns‚ y bêjdtls clb lstnca nmtunb cl lsl mnjpa lsplmêfdma, cýkcl sulblk puibdmnrsl bas rlsubtncas cl lsns dkvlstdgnmda dkvlstdgnmdakls. kls. Lb julstrla clil slr maksdclrnca maja tnb0 tdlkl, dklvdtnibljlktl, dklvdtnibljlktl, bn farjn cl ukn tnxakajên y cl uk jnpn, nukqul ka ls kd ba uka kd ba atra. \tdbdznr pramlcdjdlktas pramlcdjdlktas cl bn mbnsdfdmnmdýk y cl bn mnrtagrnfên ka djpbdmn (a ka djpbdmn yn, lk lb lstnca nmtunb cl kulstrns mrllkmdns sairl lb snilr) lsplrnr qul bas \ka rlsubtncas lflmtdvnjl cnrbdira, mulktn uk arclk a rlprlslktnr glagrnfên. cl bas pulcnk týpdmas lflmtdvnjlktl qul nsujlktl lstl ls cl lb qul cdml qul rlmartnr kaukn ls sýba ukn lsplmdl cl fntnbdcnc ”bn clmdsdýk cl majprajdsa nktl uk ukdvlrsa dkninrmnibl y eltlragäkla” sdka ukn makvlkdlktl klmlsdcnc pnrn tacn dkvlstdgnmdýk qul sl prapakgn snilr nbga. Bn lblmmdýk cl bas ‒mnjpas‚ y lsplmdnbdcncls qul prlslktn lb bdira ls uka cl sus prdjlras kdvlbls cl rlmartl, y nukqul, lk tnkta julstrla, ka sl prlslktl maja lxmbuylktl y jlkas maja ninrmncar, rljdtl lk mak`ukta n ukn plrsplmtdvn mrêtdmn cltlrjdkncn par vnrdas y cdvlrsas fnmtarls, clscl bas dclabýgdmas enstn bas idagrîfdmas, qul lb blmtar pacrî dkflrdr a dktlrragnr sd bl dktlrlsn. Xar quä, par l`ljpba, dkmbudjas `ukta n nbgukas mnjpas pu`nktls, qul lk bns ðbtdjns cämncns pnrlmlk enilrsl uidmnca lktrl bns prdardcncls cl bns ‒nglkcns‚ cl dkvlstdgnmdýk (‒mubturns papubnrls‚, ‒tlstdjakda‚), ukn cl bns suicdsmdpbdkns jîs trncdmdaknbls, bn ‒mrêtdmn tlxtunb‚, atrn cl cdbntncn trncdmdýk plra cl mnsd kuba clsnrrabba lk bn Nrglktdkn maja ls lb lstucda cl bns rlbnmdakls lktrl bdtlrnturn y nrtls, atrn ”‒bdtlrnturn y lkslþnkzn‚” sairl bn qul sdgul plsnkca, par ba jlkas lk bn Nrglktdkn, bn rlslrvn dktlblmtunb cl nbgukas mdrmudtas elgljýkdmas cl bn mrêtdmn ukdvlrsdtnrdn. Xar supulsta, lb mak`ukta dksdkðn, n bn vlz, majprajdsas mak ukn mdlrtn pabêtdmn cl dkvlstdgnmdýk sairl bn bdtlrnturn, qul ka ls lb tljn cl lstl bdira plra muyns lblmmdaklss npnrlmlk nmtuncns lk sus pîgdkns. Lk tnb slktdca, bn utdbdcnc prltlkcdcn ls lblmmdakl taca lb tdljpa praibljîtdmn, parqul lb lstnca cl mncn mnjpa ka sl prlslktn lk kdkgðk mnsa maja su lstnca knturnb sdka maja bn makstrummdýk sdljprl cdsmutdibl y n vlmls maktlkmdasn maktlkmd asn cl uk tlrrdtarda qul kas dktlrragn y cl ukn pasdmdýk lk lsl tlrrdtarda. Mncn uka cl bas mnpêtubas ‒Bdtlrnturn y…‚ cl bn slgukcn pnrtl sl cdvdcl lk bas sdgudlktls npnrtncas0 >. Clsmrdpmdýk clb mnjpa0 mak bas rlmartls y famnbdznmdakls qul lk mncn mnsa sl lxpbdmnk, lstl npnrtnca pramurn prlslktnr lb tdpa cl tljns-praibljns y cl clintls, maktravlrsdns, trncdmdakls y bêklns nmtunbls cl dkvlstdgnmdýk. Xramurnjas qul sln ðtdb pnrn dktracumdrsl lk uk tlrrdtarda lsplmêfdma cl dkvlstdgnmdakls, plra tnjidäk qul ”lk bns cdvlrsns jacnbdcncls qul mncn mabniarncarn lbdgl lk su mnpêtuba” julstrl mýja sl pdlksn y sl argnkdzn ukn praibljîtdmn? lk lstl slktdca, prltlkcljas qul par nknbagên, praxdjdcnc a dkmbusa par cdflrlkmdn, munbqudlrn cl bas mnpêtubas cl lstn slgukcn s lgukcn pnrtl sdrvn pnrn jastrnr quä sdgkdfdmn makstrudr uk tljn a ukn bêkln cl dkvlstdgnmdýk lk munbqudlr lsplmdnbdcnc cl bas lstucdas bdtlrnrdas.

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9. Ylslþn cl cas mnsas l`ljpbnrls0 cl nmulrca mak bn clsmrdpmdýk clb mnjpa prlslktncn lk lb pukta >, mncn ukn cl bns mabniarncarns en lblgdca y rlslþnca mak mdlrtn lxtlksdýk cas airns cl dkvlstdgnmdýk qul maksdclrnjas l`ljpbnrls, ls clmdr jlcdnktl muya lstucda ls pasdibl vlr mýja sl makstruyl, pbnktln y clsnrrabbn bn dkvlstdgnmdýk cl uk praibljn pnrtdmubnr clktra clb mnjpa. Bn kamdýk cl ‒l`ljpbnr‚ ka tdlkl nquê bas nbmnkmls qul puca enilrbl cnca bn edstardagrnfên cl bns mdlkmdns knturnbls (Ouek), slgðk

bn munb mdlrtns dkvlstdgnmdakls lstniblmlk y jätacas mdlktêfdmas, y muyn npbdmnmdýk lk atras mnsas jaclbas pnrtdmubnrls gnrnktdznmakslksuncas bn fdnidbdcnc clb maja makamdjdlkta nb qul sl nrrdin a lvdtn lrrarls jltacabýgdmas qul makcuzmnk n makmbusdakls fnbsns. ]l trntn jîs idlk cl jastrnr mýja en sdca pasdibl, lk lb maktlxta cl bn jntrdz praibljîtdmn cl mncn bêkln ”vg. ‒bdtlrnturn y mubturns papubnrls‚” makstrudr y rlsabvlr uk praibljn pnrtdmubnr jlcdnktl uk dtdklrnrda cl dkvlstdgnmdýk lsplmêfdma qul, maja yn slþnbnjas, ka lstî nbbê pnrn slr rlpbdmnca ”vg. Lb cdsmursa mrdabbdstn lk bn farjnmdýk cl  bn Nrglktdkn jaclrkn cl Ncabfa Xrdlta. Makvdlkl nmbnrnr nquê qul, n cdflrlkmdn cl ba qul sumlcl lk lstn slgukcn pnrtl clb bdira, lk bn prdjlrn nplbnjas n l`ljpbas puktunbls tajncas cl lstucdas y bdiras cl trnylmtardn cdvlrsn0 uk tlxta mrêtdma rlmdlktl nðk ka ls uk l`ljpbnr kd sniljas sd ba slrî, plra pulcl afrlmlr uk juy iulk l`ljpba cl farjubnmdýk cl edpýtlsds, dgunb qul uk mbîsdma cl In`têk. =. Nbgukas atras mnsas l`ljpbnrls0 mak lb jdsja prapýsdta qul lb npnrtnca nktlrdar, y pnrn njpbdnr lb nbmnkml y bn cdvlrsdcnc tljîtdmn y jltacabýgdmn cl bn djnglk cl mncn mnjpa qul praparmdaknjas, sl jlkmdaknk nbgukns atrns dkvlstdgnmdakls puibdmncns, nmajpnþncns cl ukn rlslþn juy irlvl. 3. Nbgukns cl bns prdkmdpnbls rlvdstns,  lk pnplb a lblmtrýkdmns, lsplmdnbdzncns lk dkvlstdgnmdakls clb mnjpa. Lstl npnrtnca tdlkl ukn djpartnkmdn pnrtdmubnr pnrtdmubnr,, yn qul lktrl bns tnrlns cl dkdmdnmdýk lk bn dkvlstdgnmdýk sl mulktn bn cl dkfarjnrsl nmlrmn cl muîbls sak bns rlvdstns lsplmdnbdzncns cl mnbdcnc qul puibdmnk dkvlstdgnmdakls clb suimnjpa

cdsmdpbdknrda cl qul sl trntl. Xramurnjas cnr c nr ukn prdjlrn ardlktnmdýk nb rlsplmta, plra tnjidäk ncvlrtdr mýja, sairl taca lk nbgukas tlrrdtardas cl dkvlstdgnmdýk ljlrglktls, bas  sapartls clb clintl y cl bn puibdmnmdýk sak vnrdncas, nuk ka makvlkmdaknbls lk jumeas mnsas, prlbdjdknrls lk atras. Maja sl vl, nukqul lb slsga clb mak`ukta clb bdira ls dkfarjntdva, lb maktlkdca cl bn prdjlrn pnrtl ls prlcajdknktljlktl pramlcdjlktnb y karjntdva, jdlktrns qul bn slgukcn ls bn zakn prapdnjlktl mrêtdmn cl bn airn. Lb blmtar enrî idlk lk lsplrnr qul bn prdjlrn pnrtl maktrdiuyn sairl taca n sus clstrlzns y makamdjdlktas prîmtdmas l dkstdtumdaknbls, y qul bn slgukcn ba engn jîs idlk mak su lkmdmbaplcdn y mak sus cdspasdmdakls mrêtdmns y mrlntdvns.

>8

 

Eny qul tljlr, tljlr, knturnbjlktl, qul lstl bdira sl nsamdl n uk gäklra qul ”mak eakrasns lxmlpmdakls” pnrlml clfdkdca par cas rnsgas prlsmdkcdibls0 bn pslucaplcngýgdmn rldtlrnmdýk cl rldtlrnmdakls, y bn majpubsdýk par lb eujar bdglra y cucasa. Mrlljas enilr elmea ba pasdibl par lvdtnr su niusa. Xar uk bnca, sd lstl tlxta tdlkl blmtarls slrîk ukdvlrsdtnrdas, ls clmdr blmtarls praflsdaknbls praflsdaknbls0 pulclk rlbllr mncn frnsl tacns bns vlmls qul nsê ba clmdcnk, sdk qul sl bns rlpdtn. Xar atra bnca, eujar bdglra plra clb iulka yn sl mak cl tljns maja bas ]jnbb qul nquê sl, trncumdcn trntnk, ka nblklspnþab jnkunbls cl Lb jltacabagên sdkaenlkelmea bn kavlbn Cnvdc Bacgl Warbc maja jukca ls uk pnþulba, uk bdira qul sdk cucns taca dkvlstdgncar lk tljns mubturnbls y bdtlrnrdas enrên idlk lk bllr.> Lk jlcdcns cdflrlktls, taca ba qul sl puibdmn pngn, par supulsta, lb prlmda cl ba lfêjlra a lb clb nknmrakdsja. Xnrn lstl mnsa pnrtdmubnr, munkca su dktlräs maja nmtunbdznmdýk, pulstn nb cên a ‒lstnca cl bn mulstdýk‚ lk vnrdas mnjpas majdlkml n clmbdknr, pacrî dr gnknkca nbgðk vnbar maja rlgdstra sdtunca cl uk jajlkta lk bn edstardn cl bns dkvlstdgnmdakls bdtlrnrdns. Lk tnb slktdca, eljas clmdcdca jnktlklr lk lb vabujlk uk tdpa cl dkfarjnmdýk cl vdcn dkmdlrtn y mnjidnktl, maja bn rlbntdvn n bas rlmursas cdspakdibls pnrn bn dkvlstdgnmdýk lk bn Warbc Wdcl Wli.   9. Bn dkvlstdgnmdýk ls ukn jarnb Lb suitêtuba prlmlclktl yn pbnktln uk praibljn, parqul ncaptn ukn pasdmdýk0 qudlk ka bn majpnrtn pacrên enilr lsmrdta, par l`ljpba, qul ‒bn dkvlstdgnmdýk ls ukn ätdmn‚? a, juy par lb maktrnrda, ‒ukn djpasturn qul knturnbdzn bn su`lmdýk n bn sui`ltdvdcnc cajdknktl lk lb mnjpa clb snilr‚? a, iarglnknjlktl, ukn cl bns tnktns ‒suplrstdmdakls‚ dktlblmtunbls lk qul maksdstl kulstra jaca cl cnrkas uk jukca nb enibnrba (Xnstarjlrba). Jarnb, ätdmn, djpasturn a suplrstdmdýk ”lsl clintl ka ls lb tljn cl lstl bdira”, bn ‒dkvlstdgnmdýk‚, bn ‒dkvlstdgnmdýk mdlktêfdmn‚ a ‒nmncäjdmn‚ ls ukn nmtdvdcnc y ukn praflsdýk samdnb clfdkdcn par ukn slrdl cl vnbarls y mrllkmdns qul enmlk n bn vlz

cl mrdtlrdas cl lvnbunmdýk cl bns prîmtdmns cl bas dkvlstdgncarls, y cl karjn nb jlkas farjnb cl makvdvlkmdn praflsdaknb. Lsas vnbarls y mrllkmdns madkmdclk grassa jaca  mak nbgukas cl bas prdkmdpnbls vnbarls y mrllkmdns cl bn dclabagên cljamrîtdma-bdilrnb a mak bn makmlpmdýk slmubnr y jaclrkn cl bn majukdmnmdýk bdirl y par ba tnkta blgêtdjn, y pulclk rlsujdrsl lk trls kamdakls lstrlmenjlktl maklmtncns0 majukdcnc, puibdmdcnc y majukdmnidbdcnc ukdvlrsnb. Lsta ls, lk bn mdvdbdznmdýk qul ncaptý bas vnbarls y mrllkmdns qul enstn enml nbgukns cämncns bbnjîinjas ‒ammdclktnbls‚ a, sd sl qudlrl, lk lb jukca gbainb, bn dkvlstdgnmdýk mdlktêfdmn prltlkcl rlprlslktnr uk tdpa cl makamdjdlkta muyas pramlsas cl makstrummdýk clilk lstnr makslksuncas a maktrabncas par bn majukdcnc (lk prdkmdpda bn majukdcnc mdlktêfdmn cl bn cdsmdpbdkn y lk ðbtdjn dkstnkmdn bn majukdcnc lk glklrnb), muyas rlsubtncas clilk slr pðibdmas (ls clmdr, lk prdkmdpda

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nmmlsdibls n munbqudlr mducncnka clb makamdjdlkta), y sus jacas cl trnksjdsdýk (su sljdýtdmn) majukdmnibls (lsta ls, enibnca lk uk mýcdga makvlkdca y lkslþnibl y, y, par ba tnkta, tnjidäk nmmlsdibl n tacas bas qul eniblk lb mýcdga). Lk lstl bdira cnjas par supulstn lsn clfdkdmdýk cajdknktl cl dkvlstdgnmdýk, mak bn qul bas nutarls jnktlkljas ukn rlbnmdýk mrêtdmn. Munkca nfdrjnjas, par l`ljpba, qul uk praylmta cl dkvlstdgnmdýk clil rlstrdkgdr lb usa cl sui`ltdvljns, jltîfarns y sairllktlkcdcas, enmljas rlsplmta clbtrntn eardzaktl lsas vnbarls y mrllkmdns bn praflsdýk, jdlktrnsba ka dgkarnjas qul sl cl uknclkarjn cdsmutdibl y qul encl sdca djpugkncn ka sýba mak nrgujlktas paclrasas sdka ncljîs lk bn prîmtdmn dktlblmtunb jdsjn par nbgukas fdbýsafas y tlýrdmas qul pulibnk mapdasnjlktl bns katns nb pdl cl dkmaktnibls lsmrdtas nmncäjdmas? lb blmtar pacrî ngrlgnr qul ncljîs lsn karjn pnrlml bdsn y bbnknjlktl trnksgrlcdcn lk ka pamas bugnrls cl lstl jdsja bdira, y cl jaca lxpbêmdta munkca clsmrdidjas bn dkvlstdgnmdýk mubturnb mak tärjdkas cl Gllrtz, cl Wdbbds y cl Cnrktak lk lb prdjlr mnpêtuba cl bn slgukcn pnrtl. Bas dkvlstdgncarls clb mnjpa cl bn mubturn y lsplmdnbjlktl bas qul kas clcdmnjas nb nrtl, bn bdtlrnturn y bn fdbasafên bblvnjas ukn vdcn cl maktnmta mak prîmtdmns qul, prlmdsnjlktl, sak lk cdvlrsas grncas n`lkns n bas rlgêjlkls cl bn majukdmnmdýk y cl bas dktlrmnjidas y n bns lmakajêns clb pravlmea y bn utdbdcnc? munbqudlr ätdmn dktlblmtunb qul sl clrdvl clb maktnmta mak prîmtdmns maja bn bdtlrnturn, lb nrtl a lb fdbasafnr ka pacrî sdka jnktlklr ukn rlbnmdýk makfbdmtdvn, cdsdjätrdmn a tlksn mak bas vnbarls cl ukn nmtdvdcnc maja bn dkvlstdgnmdýk, praflsdaknbdzncn l dktlgrncn n uk arclk samdnb lk muya dktlrdar bn mbnsl cl pramlsas, prîmtdmns y masns qul lstucdnjas sdljprl pracuml nbgukn plrturinmdýk. Xlra makvdlkl tlklr lk mulktn qul, lk ðbtdjn dkstnkmdn, tacn dkvlstdgnmdýk ”nuk bn jîs praflsdaknbdzncn, nuk bn jîs macdfdmncn” lkfrlktn ukn tlksdýk pnrlmdcn0 bns kamdakls cl ‒mrlntdvdcnc‚ y cl ‒ardgdknbdcnc‚, qul sl mulktnk lktrl bas vnbarls jlkas cdsmutdcas lk tacns bns mdlkmdns, prlsmrdilk pnrn tacas ”idaquêjdmas a fdbýsafas, nstrýkajas a edstardncarls clb nrtl” ukn cdspasdmdýk cl lxtrnþnjdlkta frlktl n bn rlnbdcnc y bn lxdglkmdn plrjnklktl cl ka sýba sasplmenr cl ba majðk, ba makvlkdca, ba prlvdsdibl, sdka ncljîs cl clsnfdnrba.

=. Karjns cl mdtnmdýk Lstl bdira sdgul bns karjns cl mdtnmdýk clb JBN ]tybl Jnkunb (Jaclrk Bnkgungls  Nssamdntdak) slgðk bn vlrsdýk mnstlbbnkn cdspakdibl lk 9887 lk lb sdtda wli clb Dkstdtuta cl Dkvlstdgnmdakls lk Bdtlrnturn Dilranjlrdmnkn cl Xdttsiurg, lk ettp0//www.pdtt.lcu/ ~edspnk/ddbd/Karjnslcdtardnbs.etjb (95/4/87). Dkmbudjas n maktdkunmdýk uk rlsujlk cl bns jîs djpartnktls0 n) Bns mdtns, tnkta lk lb mulrpa clb lsmrdta (nrtêmuba, mnpêtuba, dkfarjl) maja lk bns katns nb pdl, clilk dkmbudr bas cntas jêkdjas pnrn dclktdfdmnr lb tlxta mdtnca y lb kð-

>9

 

jlra cl pîgdkn marrlspakcdlktl n bn mdtn. L`ljpba0 (Ynjn =9)? a (Ynjn, Bn mducnc bltrncn =9) lk mnsa cl qul sl mdtl jîs cl ukn airn clb jdsja nutar? a (Ynjn Bn mducnc =9) munkca sln sufdmdlktl bn prdjlrn pnbnirn clb têtuba pnrn dclktdfdmnrba lk bn kýjdkn cl idibdagrnfên nb fdknb.  

,

 i) Kýjdkn cl Idibdagrnfên nb fdknb clb lsmrdta (l`ljpbas)0

Bdiras0  Fryl, Karterap.  Nkntajy af Mrdtdmdsj0  Faur Lssnys.  Xrdkmltak0 Xrdkmltak \kdvlrsdty Xrlss, >4455)0 6 kav. >448)0 M-7. Camujlktas lk Dktlrklt0 Gnrmên Jîrqulz, Gnirdlb. ‒Cdsmursa cl nmlptnmdýk clb Xrljda Kailb cl Bdtlrnturn >459.‚ Lk0 ettp0//www ettp0//www.dsbnpaltdmn.maj.jx/prljdas-bdtlrnrdas/kailb/cdsm .dsbnpaltdmn.maj.jx/prljdas-bdtlrnrdas/kailb/cdsmursa/gnrmdn-jnrqulz.etj ursa/gnrmdn-jnrqulz.etj (>4/8>/8.  Nukqul cliljas ncjdtdr qul ls juy murdasa mýja tnktêsdjas nmncäjdmas qul enk blêca ka sýba bn kavlbn cl Bacgl lktrl mnrmn`ncns sdka enstn Eaja nmncljdmus cl Iaurcdlu lktrl glstas cl nslktdjdlkta rlfblxdva, sdgulk rlgaclîkcasl ”nmrêtdmas y idznrras” lk bn rlpltdmdýk mrlylktl

cl bas rdtunbls, bn ltdqultn y bas ncljnkls jnkcnrdknbls qul bn plcngagên marparntdvn sl amupý cl dkamubnrkas y qul kas makfdrjn lk mncn rutdkn praflsdaknb pnrn qul rlpracuzmnjas n kulstrn lsmnbn bas jlmnkdsjas cl bn cajdknmdýk.

>=

 

>3

 

Xrdjlrn pnrtl. Lb praylmta cl dkvlstdgnmdýk

Jdgulb Cnbjnrakd 

Lb ‒praylmta cl dkvlstdgnmdýk‚ ls uk lsmrdta jîs idlk irlvl muya prdjlr prapýsdta ls makvlkmlr n uk grupa cl lsplmdnbdstns ”bas lvnbuncarls qul slnk nsdgkncas pnrn mnbdfdmnrba” cl qul bn dkvlstdgnmdýk prapulstn jlrlml nprainmdýk, nmrlcdtnmdýk dkstdtumdaknb y npaya. Lb slgukca prapýsdta ls fukmdaknr dkdmdnbjlktl maja pbnk, guên, ea`n cl rutn pravdsardn cl bn dkvlstdgnmdýk lk mursa. Lb ‒praylmta cl dkvlstdgnmdýk‚ ls uk  gäklra cdsmursdva (a uk tdpa cdsmursdva) lk lb qul bns dkstdtumdakls nmncäjdmns macdfdmnk cl jaca ka sdljprl lxpbêmdta, nbgukns aplrnmdakls, prîmtdmns dktlblmtunbls y cl lsmrdturn? supakl y n bn vlz ls lb lspnmda cl l`lrmdmda cl ukn slrdl nidlrtn cl karjns, vnbarls y mrllkmdns lpdstljabýgdmas, tlýrdmas, jltacabýgdmas, rltýrdmas y pramlcdjlktnbls qul rlsubtn dklvdtnibl praibljntdznr mncn vlz qul sl rlfblxdakn sairl lbbas. Xar atrn pnrtl, sl trntn cl uk gäklra qul ls pasdibl nprlkclr n lsmrdidr jlcdnktl lb lstucda cl prlsmrdpmdakls (muyn farjubnmdýk glklrnb sulbl slr cl utdbdcnc y nbmnkmls rlbntdvas), plra sairl taca jlcdnktl lb nkîbdsds y bn pracummdýk nsdstdcn u ardlktncn cl praylmtas pnrtdmubnrls cl dkvlstdgnmdýk. Lk lstl slktdca, rlsubtn sdljprl cl jumen utdbdcnc bn blmturn cl praylmtas qul enynk jlrlmdca bns mnbdfdmnmdakls jîs nbtns, y clil lsplrnrsl cl uk cdrlmtar cl dkvlstdgnmdakls qul praparmdakl n sus cdrdgdcas mnsas pnrtdmubnrls cl praylmtas qul enynk sdca lvnbuncas, a qul dkcdqul nb jlkas bns vêns pnrn makslgudrbas. Bas praylmtas cl dkvlstdgnmdýk lk mursa, nmrlcdtncas par nbgukn dkstdtumdýk, sak camujlktas pðibdmas, tnkta maja uk dkfarjl cl rlsubtncas, uk nrtêmuba puibdmnca a ukn tlsds clflkcdcn? lb nutar cl uk praylmta cl dkvlstdgnmdýk dkäcdta plra nmrlcdtnca (lk mursa a makmbudca) clilrên praparmdaknr ukn mapdn mncn vlz qul nbgudlk sl bn sabdmdtl mak nbgðk prapýsdta vdkmubnca nb makamdjdlkta, sairl taca sd sl trntn cl uk mablgn a uk pnr. Lk lstl slktdca, bas nutarls cl lstl bdira sajas pnrtdcnrdas clb nmmlsa nidlrta0 maja vdlklk prapakdlkca nbgukns nsamdnmdakls mdlktêfdmns, jumens

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ukdvlrsdcncls y enstn nbgukas Lstncas, bas rlsubtncas cl bn dkvlstdgnmdýk mdlktêfdmn a bn bbnjncn ‒bdtlrnturn mdlktêfdmn‚ clilk nspdrnr n uk nmmlsa sdk rlstrdmmdakls, lk ba pasdibl majpbltnjlktl clsvdkmubnca cl makcdmdaknjdlktas majlrmdnbls? lb rlsgunrca cl bas clrlmeas cl nutar a cl bns blyls cl prapdlcnc dktlblmtunb ka sl maktrncdml mak lstl mrdtlrda, y pulcl slr clidcnjlktl ntlkcdca jdlktrns sl pramurn lb jnyar grnca cl cdfusdýk cl bns puibdmnmdakls cl dkvlstdgnmdýk pnrn su usa lk bn majukdmnmdýk y jnyar pracummdýk makslmulktl Xar ba tnkta, nsê maja cl ls makamdjdlkta. marrdlktl bn blmturn cl tlsds cl pasgrnca ”dkmbudcns lk bas mntîbagas cl bns idibdatlmns cl bns \kdvlrsdcncls cakcl fulrak clflkcdcns” pulcl slrba bn cl praylmtas cl dkvlstdgnmdýk cl tlsdstns y ilmnrdas.

>. Bn rltýrdmn clb gäklra Lb praylmta cl dkvlstdgnmdýk majpnrtl mak lb rlsta cl bas gäklras cl lsmrdturn cl bn dkvlstdgnmdýk su rltýrdmn a, sd sl qudlrl, su ‒sdtunmdýk lkukmdntdvn‚ (]lankl). Lsn rltýrdmn pulcl rlsujdrsl lk bas sdgudlktls prapýsdtas prdkmdpnbls0 >. Mujpbdr cl jaca lqudbdirnca mak cas karjns jîs a jlkas tîmdtns clb gäklra y qul pulclk pnrlmlr lk prdkmdpda maktrncdmtardns0 n) Lb clstdkntnrda-blmtar prdkmdpnb, nukqul ka lxmbusdva, clb praylmta cl dkvlstdgnmdýk ls uk lsplmdnbdstn mak bn majpltlkmdn klmlsnrdn pnrn cdrdgdr y/a pnrn lvnbunr bn dkvlstdgnmdýk praylmtncn. i) Lk tnkta gäklra nmncäjdma, lb praylmta cl dkvlstdgnmdýk clil rlstrdkgdr bas djpbêmdtas y sairllktlkcdcas, rlslrvîkcabas pnrn bas makmlptas cl makamdjdlkta y usa jîs lxtlkcdca y jlkas maktravlrtdca lk bn majukdcnc cl bn cdsmdpbdkn, y clil lvdtnrbas majpbltnjlktl munkca sl trntn cl bas makmlptas a prlsupulstas prdkmdpnbls y/a nrtdmubncarls clb praylmta y clb tljn. Bas gäklras nmncäjdmas tdlklk maja prapýsdta glklrnb lxpaklr ukn prapasdmdýk (ukn tlsds a ukn edpýtlsds) nmlrmn cl nbga qul sl snil a qul enirî cl snilr sl  sl cl uk jaca ukdvlrsnbjlktl majprlksdibl y majukdmnibl0 uk

tlxta nmncäjdma ls ka sýba uk cdsmursa prlcajdknktljlktl majukdmntdva-rlflrlkmdnb, sdka qul ncljîs npuktn n ba qul pacrênjas bbnjnr nutasufdmdlkmdn sljîktdmn sljîktdmn. Lk tärjdkas prîmtdmas, ba nktlrdar ls juy djpartnktl parqul trns rllsmrdidr par lkäsdjn vlz uk praylmta a ukn tlsds lb nutar mrll, jîs a jlkas dkncvlrtdcnjlktl, dkncvlrtdcnjlktl, qul mnsd taca ba qul pdlksn y lsmrdil ls aivda y qul sd rlmnpdtubn, rltajn, maklmtn y sairl taca sd enml lxpbêmdta ba djpbêmdta, lstnrî trntnkca cl lstðpdca a cl cdstrnêca n su blmtar. blmtar. Ls ukn mrllkmdn lrrýkln qul pulcl tlklr ncljîs makslmulkm makslmulkmdns dns plr`ucdmdnbls0 sd lb lvnbuncar lk prdkmdpda, munbqudlr blmtar bulga, ka majprlkcl mbnrnjlktl lb praylmta lk ukn prdjlrn blmturn cl marrdca, bns pasdidbdcncls cl äxdta sl rlcumlk jumea.

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9. Enmlr lxpbêmdtns, lk makslmulkmdn, bns clmdsdakls tlýrdmns y mrêtdmns y makvlrtdrbns lk ai`ltdvnmdakls. Xar l`ljpba, lk bugnr cl ‒clscl kulstra pukta cl vdstn, kavlbn  ls ukn kamdýk vnmên‚, clilrî lsmrdidrsl nbga nsê0 ‒par bns rnzakls Y>, Y9 y Y=, rlsubtn prlflrdibl maksdclrnr kavlbn maja ukn kamdýk vnmên‚. Lk lflmta, lk bn jlcdcn lk qul ukn dkvlstdgnmdýk majukdmn uk pukta cl vdstn, lstî pastubnkca nktl sus blmtarls qul sl trntn clb pukta cl vdstn prlflrdibl, lsta ls qul bn prltlksdýk clb praylmta ls qul sln

ncaptnca maja lb pukta cl vdstn cl tacas. =. Lstniblmlr mak bn jnyar prlmdsdýk pasdibl lb slktdca cl bas tärjdkas y mntlgarêns qul sl utdbdznk, lsplmdnbjlktl cl bas qul npnrlzmnk maja mlktrnbls pnrn lb praylmta y cl bas qul pulcnk rlsubtnr praibljîtdmas lk lb mnjpa cdsmdpbdknrda? par l`ljpba, ls djprlsmdkcdibl qul sd lb praylmta utdbdzn mntlgarêns maja ‒rlprlslktnmdýk‚, ‒paätdmn‚ a ‒trncdmdýk‚ bns clbdjdtl mak mbnrdcnc rljdtdlkca n uk jnrma tlýrdma lsplmêfdma y n uk marpus cl idibdagrnfên qul plrjdtn rlstrdkgdr mak prlmdsdýk sus nbmnkmls (a qul, lk insl n lsl jnrma y n lsn idibdagrnfên, lb praylmta sl cdflrlkmdl mrêtdmnjlktl cl bns clfdkdmdakls cdspakdibls y bns marrd`n jlcdnktl ukn rllbniarnmdýk prapdn qul clil enmlr lxpbêmdtn). 3. ‒Lxprlsnr bns rlbnmdakls býgdma-sljîktdmns lktrl bns cdflrlktls prapasdmdakls mak mbnrdcnc, makstruylkca uk tlxta maelsdva y maelrlktl‚ (]lankl =7). Lb mujpbdjdlkta cl lstn karjn ls ukn makcdmdýk prdkmdpnb cl bn lsmrdturn nmncäjdmn lk glklrnb y clb praylmta cl dkvlstdgnmdýk lk pnrtdmubnr. ]l clil jnktlklr bn lxpasdmdýk lk tarka clb tljn a cl ukas pamas l`ls tljîtdmas makmntlkncas lktrl sê y mak lb tljn, enmdlkca n bn vlz qul bn lxpasdmdýk nvnkml jlcdnktl bn nrtdmubnmdýk (y ka bn yuxtnpasdmdýk) cl prapasdmdakls, lk lb mursa cl bns munbls lb maktlkdca clb praylmta mrlzmn y sl majpbl`dml sdk plrclr mbnrdcnc, dbnmdýk kd ukdcnc sljîktdmn. Lstn makcdmdýk vnbl pnrn tacas bas npnrtncas clb praylmta, plra clil tlklrsl lsplmdnbjlktl lk mulktn lk bn farjubnmdýk cl bas ai`ltdvas y bns edpýtlsds? lk bn makmntlknmdýk lktrl têtuba, ai`ltdvas glklrnbls y ai`ltdvas lsplmêfdmas a pnrtdmubnrls? lktrl têtuba, ai`ltdvas l edpýtlsds? y lktrl bns edpýtlsds munkca sl farjubl jîs cl ukn. 7

 

bn makfdgurnmdýk mrêtdmn cl bn lxplrdlkmdn bdtlrnrdn a clb cdsmurrdr cl bn sui`ltdvdcnc y bn dktlrsui`ltdvdcnc. Xar lsa jdsja, makvdlkl ka abvdcnr qul sak karjns qul nuk nsê sulblk (mak jnyar a jlkar plsa slgðk lb mnsa) lstnr prlslktls lk bns lxplmtntdvns cl cl qudlkls lvnbðnk praylmtas par lkmnrga cl dkstdtumdakls.  Ngrlguljas fdknbjlktl uk majlktnrda sairl s airl lb pukta >.n), ls clmdr sairl bas blm blm-tarls0 lb praylmta cl dkvlstdgnmdýk ls uk dkstrujlkta cl dktlrbamumdýk, ukn farjn cl cdîbaga parcl lsmrdta. Munkca y pulsta jnrmen, fukmdaknrî majalsguên, pbnk, ea`n rutn clb trnin`asln clnmrlcdtnca dkvlstdgnmdýk. Xlralk nktls cl lsa, lb praylmta ukn  nplbnmdýk qul pramurn plrsuncdr lk tlarên y n bnrga pbnza n munbqudlr jdljira cl bn majukdcnc cl lsplmdnbdstns, y lk bn prîmtdmn y n marta pbnza n uk grupa jîs idlk plqulþa cl lbbas0 lb majdtä cl lvnbuncarls. Lb nutar clb praylmta y su cdrlmtar clilk enmlr ba pasdibl par tlklr lk mulktn mak qudäkls lstîk cdnbagnkca. Xar l`ljpba, lk nbgukns nglkmdns y argnkdsjas bas majdtäs pnrn bn lvnbunmdýk cl ilmns dkmbuylk lx  praflsa dkvlstdgncarls cl cdsmdpbdkns n`lkns n bn qul sl lvnbðn? lk bn jnyar pnrtl cl bns \kdvlrsdcncls, lb sdstljn cl ncjdsdýk n bas pasgrncas tnjidäk enml dktlrvlkdr n lsplmdnbdstns cl atrns îrlns (ncljîs cl dkvlstdgncarls lk bdtlrnturn y bdkgòêstdmn, lb majdtä qul lvnbðl kulstra praylmta pulcl dkmbudr edstardncarls, samdýbagas, majukdmýbagas, lpdstljýbagas, ltm.). Xulcl qul, lk mnjida, lb praylmta cl dkvlstdgnmdýk sln prlslktnca pnrn su lvnbunmdýk lk uk maktlxta nmncäjdma vdkmubnca n trncdmdakls y usas qul ka sak dcäktdmas n bas prapdas ”par l`ljpba, nktl uk pragrnjn, dkstdtuta a nglkmdn clb lxtlrdar y lk atrn blkgun”? lk tacas bas mnsas ls prlmdsa ”jdlktrns ba rlcnmtnjas” paklrsl taca lb tdljpa lk lb bugnr clb blmtar clb praylmta, plra lk mdrmukstnkmdns maja äsn makvdlkl dktlksdfdmnr tnb cdspasdmdýk. Xar jumeas jatdvas lstn rltýrdmn nmncäjdmn pulcl slr clsnfdncn a dgkarncn, nukqul tnb vlz sln jîs lstrntägdma y pravlmeasa enmlrba lk atras gäklras, ka lk uk praylmta cl dkvlstdgnmdýk (ka pnrlml juy maelrlktl qul qudlk susmrdin ukn pasdmdýk tlýrdmn cl dkmýbujl eastdbdcnc enmdn bas prlsupulstas lpdstljabýgdmas cl bn rltýrdmn clb gäklra, lsmrdin uk praylmta cl dkvlstdgnmdýk kd, jlkas, ba prlslktl lk pðibdma). Nukqul, jîs a jlkas rljatnjlktl, pulcn cnr bugnr n uk lksnya, lb praylmta cl dkvlstdgnmdýk ka ls uk ‒jaca clb lksnya‚ (Gdarcnka, Jacas), sdka uk pnplb cl trnin`a, uk dkstrujlkta prlbdjdknr pnrn cnr mursa n bn pracummdýk cl makamdjdlkta sairl uk tljn. Lk lstl slktdca, uk iulk lvnbuncar lxnjdknrî sairl taca bn mnpnmdcnc pnrn dclktdfdmnr uk praibljn, farjubnr edpýtlsds ardgdknbls y pbnkdfdmnr ukn dkvlstdgnmdýk? d kvlstdgnmdýk? jdlktrns qul ntlkclrî lsplmdnbjlktl n bas järdtas cl bn prasn mrêtdmn lk bas lsmrdtas cl dkvlstdgnmdýk puibdmncas a dkäcdtas qul ngrlgul lb nspdrnktl n ilmnrda a n tlsdstn lk su prlslktnmdýk.  Nearn idlk0 makvdlkl cdstdkgudr lstns karjns rltýrdmns cl ba qul slrên, lk mnjida, bn ncapmdýk jîs a jlkas pnsdvn cl ukn `lrgn qul maksdclrljas dclabýgdmn, nbga n ba qul ka sýba ka lstnjas aibdgncas sdka qul bn prapdn jarnb mdlktêfdmn lxmbuyl. Bas

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gäklras cl bn dkvlstdgnmdýk sulblk slr mnpnmls cl tarknr dkcdglrdibl bn prasn mnsd cl munbqudlrn, maja sumlcl mak bas gudþas dclktdtnrdas qul tacn mablmtdvdcnc sl dkvlktn, sln praflsdaknb a ka (taca eîidta grlgnrda ls, cdgnjas, abdgabîtrdma y, sl snil, bn vlklrnmdýk cl sê kuibn n jlkuca lb gusta y bn vlrgòlkzn)? plra ka ls klmlsnrda par lsa qul sl vulbvn nmrêtdmn.

9. Bn pbnkdfdmnmdýk clb praylmta Xnrn argnkdznr y rlcnmtnr lb praylmta makvdlkl tlklr lk mulktn ukn slrdl cl pnutns, usas y cdstdkmdakls? lk nclbnktl pramurnjas prlslktnr bns prdkmdpnbls. Xar supulsta, sak dkstrujlktas cl trnin`a nktls qul prdkmdpdas dknjavdibls, y clilk utdbdznrsl mak prlcdspasdmdýk ncnptntdvn munkca sl pbnkdfdmn pbn kdfdmn ukn dkvlstdgnmdýk lk pnrtdmubnr0 trntnkca cl ka npnrtnrsl lxmlsdvnjlktl cl lstns pnutns, lb praylmta clil ka aistnktl slgudr lb mursa cl su prapda maktlkdca, ls clmdr bn býgdmn clb praibljn qul q ul sl qudlrl lxpaklr. lxpaklr. Bn prlguktn prdkmdpnb n bn qul clil rlspakclr taca praylmta cl dkvlstdgnmdýk ls bn sdgudlktl0 quä snirljas, qul ka slpnjas tacnvên, ukn vlz makmbudcn bn dkvlstdgnmdýk praylmtncn. Xar ba tnkta, lb marnzýk clb praylmta ls, maja vlrljas, bn edpýtlsds.   \k praylmta cl dkvlstdgnmdýk sulbl clsnrrabbnrsl lk bas sdgudlktls npnrtncas a suitêtubas0 Sljn a têtuba Dktracummdýk,, prlslktnmdýk, clsmrdpmdýk a rlsujlk Dktracummdýk Ai`ltdvas  Lstnca cl bn mulstdýk _y ‒jnrma tlýrdma‚ a prlsupulstas tlýrdmasZ  Edpýtlsds   Jltacabagên  Mrakagrnjn  Idibdagrnfên 

Jumeas farjubnrdas cl prlslktnmdýk cl praylmtas dkmbuylk nbgukas atras suitêtubas0 ‒Nktlmlclktls‚, ‒Fukcnjlktnmdýk‚, ‒Xbnk cl trnin`a‚, ltm. Nquê prlstnrljas lsplmdnb ntlkmdýk n bas npnrtncas qul maksdclrnjas jlcubnrls cl munbqudlr praylmta0 tljntêtuba, ai`ltdvas, lstnca cl bn mulstdýk, edpýtlsds, idibdagrnfên.> ]dljprl qul bas farjubnrdas cl prlslktnmdýk ba plrjdtnk ls nmaksl`nibl dkmbudr, trns lb têtuba y nktls cl farjubnr bas ai`ltdvas, ukn irlvl ‒Dktracummdýk‚, ‒Clsmrdpmdýk clb praylmta‚, ‒Xrlslktnmdýk clb tljn‚ a ‒Ylsujlk‚. Lstl nktdmdpa a sêktlsds (ba jdsja qul ukn rnzaknibl argnkdznmdýk lk npnrtncas y pnrîgrnfas, suitdtubncas y/a kujlrncas) rlfulrzn bn blgdidbdc  blgdidbdcnc nc clb praylmta y ngdbdzn lb trnin`a cl bas lvnbuncarls lvnbuncarls.. ±^uä dkmbudr lk lstn dktracummdýk1 Xar ba jlkas uk nclbnkta juy sujnrda clb ai`ltdva prdkmdpnb y cl bns edpýtlsds jîs djpartnktls? n vlmls makvdlkl ncljîs rlflrdrsl nslrtdvn y lsmultnjlktl

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n bn djpartnkmdn clb tljn, n bn trncdmdýk a bêkln cl dkvlstdgnmdakls lk qul sl dksmrdil, y nktdmdpnr tnjidäk ba qul jîs nclbnktl bbnjnrljas lb kuca clb lstnca cl bn mulstdýk. Ba qul nbgukas farjubnrdas y praylmtas suitdtubnk maja ‒Fukcnjlktnmdýk‚ sulbl slr ukn prlslktnmdýk clb praibljn jlkas irlvl, qul n vlmls nvnkzn sairl nbgukas nsplmtas clb lstnca cl bn mulstdýk y cl bn rlblvnkmdn a dktlräs cl bns edpýtlsds, a lkmuncrn lb praylmta lk mdlrtn trncdmdýk clb mnjpa cdsmdpbdknr cdsmdpbdknr.. N kulstra jaca cl vlr, ukn vlz nktdmdpncapulclk lb maktlkdca jîs djpartnktl praylmta lk bas fukcnjlktas clsnrrabbnrsl cl jacaclb sntdsfnmtarda lk bnlb irlvl lstncadktracummdýk, cl bn mulstdýk, lk bn jltacabagên y lb jnrma tlýrdma. ‒Jnrma tlýrdma‚ ls ukn fýrjubn muyas prlsupulstas lpdstljabýgdmas jumeas prlflrdjas cdsmutdr, yn qul sugdlrl bn ncapmdýk cl ukn tlarên prlvdnjlktl clbdjdtncn. Ls pasdibl qul bn fýrjubn sln nprapdncn pnrn mdlrtas tdpas cl dkvlstdgnmdýk lk mdlkmdns knturnbls a lxnmtns. Lk mnjida, bns fraktlrns f raktlrns cl bn cdjlksdýk tlýrdmn cl uk praylmta clb mnjpa cl bns mdlkmdns cl bn mubturn sl trnznk `ukta mak lb rlsta clb praylmta y sdljprl clilrênk qulcnr nidlrtns, sln qul sl usl a ka bn clflmtuasn fýrjubn ‒jnrma tlýrdma‚. Bn makvlkdlkmdn cl slpnrnr ‒Jltacabagên‚ cl ‒Jnrma Slýrdma‚ sulbl clplkclr clb tdpa cl praylmta. Cl elmea, jumeas iulkas praylmtas utdbdznk lb npnrtnca ‒Jltacabagên‚ pnrn lxpaklr, lxpaklr, lktrl atras nsplmtas, puktas cl pnrtdcn tlýrdmas cl bn dkvlstdgnmdýk.  Nbgukas argnkdsjas usnk ‒Xbnk cl trnin`a‚ trnin`a ‚ maja sdkýkdja cl praylmta cl dkvlstdgnmdýk a cl pbnk cl tlsds. Lk atras, ‒Xbnk cl trnin`a‚ ls npraxdjncnjlktl uk sdkýkdja cl ‒Mrakagrnjn‚ y/a ‒Xbnk cl nmtdvdcncls‚. Ka clil makfukcdrsl lb ‒pbnk‚ mak lb ‒êkcdml‚ tlktntdva clb dkfarjl fdknb a cl bn tlsds qul rlsubtnrî trns bn dkvlstdgnmdýk. Bas praylmtas cl dkvlstdgnmdýk ka dkmbuylk êkcdml a sujnrda pravdsarda, uk dkstrujlkta cl trnin`a qul marrlspakcl n uk jajlkta pastlrdar, munkca bn dkvlstdgnmdýk yn en majlkznca y nvnkznca nb jlkas nbgðk trlmea. Lk glklrnb, pulcl clmdrsl qul n cdflrlkmdn cl bas praylmtas prlslktncas pnrn sabdmdtnr ukn ilmn, ls nmaksl`nibl qul bas praylmtas a pbnkls cl tlsds camtarnb slnk jîs lxtlksas y parjlkardzncas. ±Lk quä arclk pramlclr pnrn lbniarnr uk praylmta1 Ba plar qul sl pulcl enmlr ls majlkznr par ntarnrsl blylkca tacn bn idibdagrnfên cdspakdibl sairl lb tljn. Munbqudlrn qul majdlkml n plksnr lk uk pasdibl tljn cl dkvlstdgnmdýk makaml yn par ba jlkas nbga cl bns fulktls y cl bn idibdagrnfên. Lk lb majdlkza, lktakmls, makvdlkl lvdtnr lb qulcnr npbnstnca par bns tlsds, nrtêmubas y camujlktas nmlrmn clb tljn nktls cl enilr makmlidca nbgukns dclns pravdsardns plra cl npnrdlkmdn dkdmdnb prajltlcarn. Ls clmdr, ba jîs nmaksl`nibl ls dktlksdfdmnr lb maktnmta mak bn insl ljpêrdmn (par l`ljpba lb marpus cl tlxtas qul kas dktlrlsn), majlkznr n iasqul`nr tacns bns dclns qul sl kas amurrnk y slblmmdaknr bulga bns qul slnk n prdjlrn vdstn n bn vlz rnzaknibls, djpartnktls, ardgdknbls, pravamntdvns. Clspuäs cl lsl enbbnzga prlbdjdknr cl bns dclns qul lk uk futura pacrîk trnksfarjnrsl lk bns edpýtlsds clb praylmta ”y sýba clspuäs cl lsa”,

98

 

makvdlkl dkdmdnr lb lstucda cl bn idibdagrnfên lsplmdnbdzncn lk lb tljn, tnkta mrêtdmn maja tlýrdmn. N pnrtdr cl nbbê, ba enidtunb ls qul majdlkml ukn ltnpn lk qul vnjas y vlkdjas cl bn idibdagrnfên n kulstra iarrncar cl edpýtlsds y vdmlvlrsn, lk ukn sumlsdýk cl iarrncarls sumlsdvas. Munkca cdspakljas cl uk iarrncar nvnkznca cl bns edpýtlsds y clb lstnca clb makamdjdlkta sairl lb tljn, y eljas iasqul`nca yn bns maklxdakls lktrl lb tljn y bas prlsupulstas tlýrdmas, lstnjas lk jl`arls makcdmdakls cl snilr sd lb têtuba djngdknca dkdmdnbjlktl lrn lb marrlmta a makvdlkl rllsmrdidrba, sl mbnrdfdmnk baslkai`ltdvas cl bn dkvlstdgnmdýk, pacljas majlkznr n prlmdsnr muîbls slrîk bns tlarêns qul sl npaynrîk bns edpýtlsds, clbdklnr uk rlmarrdca jltacabýgdma y, lk fdk, dr majpbltnkca lb rlsta cl bas npnrtncas clb praylmta. Lk lstn slmulkmdn cl iarrncarls sumlsdvas, bn pnrtdmdpnmdýk dktlrjdtlktl clb cdrlmtar ls juy djpartnktl.

=. Lb têtuba y bn lblmmdýk clb tljn Lb tljn clb praylmta ls lb nsukta a jntlrdn n dkvlstdgnr y nb qul sl rlflrdrî lb têtuba, ls clmdr, nqulbba nmlrmn cl ba munb bas rlsubtncas clb praylmta cljastrnrîk ba qul sl prapakgn lk bns edpýtlsds. Xar l`ljpba, ‒Vdkmubnmdakls cl bn knrrntdvn cl @unk @asä ]nlr mak bn pdkturn‚. Ls prlflrdibl qul lb têtuba clb praylmta sln dkfarjntdvnjlktl majpblta, ls clmdr qul dkmbuyn bns mntlgarêns a praibljns prdkmdpnbls. Clspuäs cl enilr blêca lb têtuba, lb lvnbuncar ka clilrên sarprlkclrsl lk lb mulrpa clb praylmta mak tljns a mntlgarêns mlktrnbls ka nkukmdncas lk lb jdsja. Xar lsa bas têtubas cl praylmtas cl dkvlstdgnmdýk sulblk slr bnrgas (y par tnkta, jumens vlmls ka sairlsnblk par su lblgnkmdn bdtlrnrdn), a bblvnr suitêtuba. Bn lblmmdýk cl uk tljn cl dkvlstdgnmdýk clplkcl cl ba qul sl clkajdkn su ‒fnmtdidbdcnc‚? y pnrn lstniblmlr ästn mak lb jêkdja jnrglk cl lrrar pasdibl eny qul maksdclrnr nb jlkas cas cdjlksdakls, qul pacrênjas bbnjnr bb njnr lxtrêkslmn l dktrêkslmn nb tljn jdsja. Bn prdjlrn lstî cncn par bas makcdmdaknjdlktas dkstdtumdaknbls y bas rlmursas

cdspakdibls? bn slgukcn par bn praibljntdmdcnc qul sln mnpnz cl afrlmlrkas lb tljn curnktl lb lkmulktra mak kulstra l`lrmdmda cl dktlrragnmdýk. Bn cdjlksdýk lxtrêkslmn cl bn fnmtdidbdcnc  makcuml n maksdclrnr sd eny cdrlmtarls cdspakdibls lsplmdnbdzncas lk lb mnjpa cdsmdpbdknrda lk qul sl lkmuncrn lb tljn? dkstdtutas u atrns ukdcncls cl dkvlstdgnmdýk lk bas qul rncdmnr lb praylmta y lk cakcl sln pasdibl vdkmubnrsl mak atras tlsdstns l dkvlstdgncarls clb îrln l dktlgrnrsl n rlcls cl maaplrnmdýk l dktlrmnjida lktrl lsplmdnbdstns l dkstdtutas? eljlratlmns, idibdatlmns y nrmedvas cakcl lkmaktrnr nb jlkas pnrtl cl bns fulktls y bn idibdagrnfên klmlsnrdns a clscl cakcl nmmlclr n lbbns? rlvdstns lsplmdnbdzncns lk lb mnjpa tljîtdma qul sl lcdtlk lk bas dcdajns lk qul ls mnpnz cl lsmrdidr lb dkvlstdgncar plra prlflrlktljlktl ka

9>

 

lk su prapda bugnr cl trnin`a. Xar supulsta, nbgudlk qul nspdrl n clsnrrabbnr ukn dkvlstdgnmdýk pulcl lblgdr uk tljn cl in`a grnca cl fnmtdidbdcnc f nmtdidbdcnc rlsplmta cl nbgukas cl lstas makcdmdaknjdlktas, plra ls prlflrdibl qul engn lsn lblmmdýk makamdlkca cl nktljnka y ba jl`ar pasdibl bns cdfdmubtncls makslmulktls. Nukqul mdrmukstnkmdns maja äsns, n su vlz, pulclk vabvlr jîs ntrnmtdvn ukn lblmmdýk tljîtdmn, slkmdbbnjlktl parqul bn enk makvlrtdca lk ba qul sulbl clkajdknrsl uk îrln a tljîtdmn ‒cl vnmnkmdn‚ lk lb maktlxta nmncäjdma y enstn mubturnb clb dkvlstdgncar qul bn maksdclrn maja pasdibl bêkln cl trnin`a. N bn dkvlrsn, nbgukas tljns y praibljns sl tarknk cljnsdnca ntrnylktls parqul enk nmnpnrnca grnk pnrtl cl bn pracummdýk nmncäjdmn nb pukta cl snturnr cl  pnplrs rlvdstns y makgrlsas cl bn lsplmdnbdcnc. Nsê, uk tljn sairl lb qul sl pracu`a jumen idibdagrnfên jîs a jlkas rlmdlktl, a clb qul sl enk amupnca lxenustdvnjlktl lsplmdnbdstns juy mnbdfdmncas pulcl afrlmlr cas clsvlktn`ns0 ls pasdibl qul nb jlkas par uk tdljpa sln juy cdfêmdb clmdr nbga rlnbjlktl ardgdknb sairl lb nsukta? y ls pasdibl qul bns dkstdtumdakls qul nvnbnk y fdknkmdnk bns dkvlstdgnmdakls lstäk jlkas cdspulstns qul lk lb pnsnca n slgudr npaynkca n qudlkls dksdstlk lk lsl tljn (lsplmdnbjlktl sd sl trntn cl `ývlkls grncuncas qul rlmarrlk bas trnjas dkdmdnbls cl bn mnrrlrn nmncäjdmn, y sairl qudlkls plsn lb prl`udmda ka clb taca dkfukcnca cl qul mnlk jîs n jlkuca qul bas vltlrnkas lk lb lrrar cl clsmuirdr bn pýbvarn). Lk rlbnmdýk mak lsta, atra nsplmta qul makvdlkl maksdclrnr n bn earn cl lbniarnr uk praylmta rlsdcl lk ba qul pacljas bbnjnr lb vnbar dkfarjntdva qul prajltl. Xar l`ljpba, maksdclrljas uk praylmta sairl ‒Ylnbdsja y rlprlslktnmdýk lk bn knrrntdvn cl ]nlr‚? par ukn pnrtl, y slgðk ba qul slþnbnjas nktls, lb tljn plrjdtl prlclmdr pnrn sus rlsubtncas uk juy in`a vnbar dktlrprltntdva, n lxmlpmdýk cl qul lb praylmta prlslktl edpýtlsds pnrtdmubnrjlktl kavlcasns, mrlntdvns y makvdkmlktls, yn qul sairl äb enk lsmrdta mapdasnjlktl ka pamas lsplmdnbdstns juy mnbdfdmncas? par atra bnca, plrjdtl prlclmdr pnrn sus rlsubtncas uk juy in`a a kuba vnbar dkfarjntdva, parqul lb marpus cl knrrnmdakls, paljns, lksnyas y lktrlvdstns cl ]nlr klmlsnrda pnrn lb lstucda clb tljn pnrlml lstnr majpblta, en sdca clsmrdpta y nknbdznca par jumeas dkvlstdgncarls y lb enbbnzga cl l`ljpbnrls a mapdns cl lsns fulktls ka afrlml jnyarls cdfdmubtncls. Cdstdkta slrên lb mnsa cl uk praylmta qul prapakl lstucdnr tlxtas y cntas clsmakamdcas sairl lb tljn, y muyn maksdclrnmdýk jacdfdmnrên ba qul sniljas nmlrmn cl bn rlbnmdýk cl bn knrrntdvn cl ]nlr mak lb ‒rlnbdsja‚ y bn ‒rlprlslktnmdýk‚. Snjidäk eny qul maksdclrnr, lktrl bas fnmtarls cl fnmtdidbdcnc, bn klmlsdcnc cl nbgukas makamdjdlktas qul pulclk slr iîsdmas0 nktls cl lblgdr lb tljn ‒Vdkmubnmdakls cl bn knrrntdvn cl @unk @asä ]nlr mak bn pdkturn‚, uk grncunca frnkmäs, pakgnjas par mnsa, clilrî nvlrdgunr sd su kdvlb cl makamdjdlkta clb dcdajn mnstlbbnka y cl sus vnrdnktls rdapbntlksls ”ls clmdr su jnkl`a clb dcdajn cl bns fulktls prdjnrdns cl su dkvlstdgnmdýk” ls lb nclmunca, ba jdsja qul su makamdjdlkta cl bns trncdmdakls bdtlrnrdn y pbîstdmn nrglktdkn, lktrl atras fnmtarls.

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Lk rlbnmdýk mak bas makamdjdlktas cdspakdibls, tnjidäk pulcl slr djpartnktl qul lb praylmta julstrl qul pnrn lb trntnjdlkta clb tljn rlsubtn mlktrnb bn dktlrvlkmdýk cl bas snilrls lsplmêfdmas lk qul sl en farjnca qudlk ba prlslktn y ba bblvnrî n mnia. Lstl mrdtlrda pulcl maksdclrnrsl lk rlbnmdýk mak bas dtdklrnrdas, trncdmdakls y jacas cl dkvlstdgnmdýk ‒trnkscdsmdpbdknrdas‚ a, jîs nðk, ‒pascdsmdpbdknrdas‚ qul sl vabvdlrak elgljýkdmas lk nbgukas mdrmudtas nmncäjdmas clscl fdknbls clb sdgba UU (bas ‒lstucdas mubturnbls‚, pnrn dr nb mnsa jîs aivda). \kn nglkmdn cl nmrlcdtnmdýk cl dkvlstdgnmdakls d kvlstdgnmdakls pacrên prlguktnrsl, par l`ljpba, par quä enirên cl lkmnrgnr n uk grncunca lk bltrns y ka, lk mnjida, n uk samdýbaga cl bn mubturn a n uk edstardncar cl bns jlktnbdcncls, uk praylmta sairl ‒djngdknrdas cl bn jaclrkdcnc lk bn Nrglktdkn cl bas nþas slslktn‚. Bn cdjlksdýk dktrêkslmn cl bn fnmtdidbdcnc ka ls atrn masn qul bn praibljntdmdcnc clb tljn. Cl jaca juy lsquljîtdma, bn slmulkmdn qul clil enilr rlmarrdca bn lbniarnmdýk clb praylmta pnrn qul bn dkvlstdgnmdýk clb tljn sln fnmtdibl tdlkl trls pnsas0 pnsa s0 n) Dclktdfdmnr uk tljn. i) Makvlrtdrba lk uk praibljn. m) Mrlnr bn sabumdýk mak`lturnb clb praibljn. n) Dclktdfdmnjas lb tljn munkca cdspakljas cl ukn insl ljpêrdmn, uk mak`ukta cl lvdclkmdns a cl aislrvnmdakls qul pacljas lstniblmlr lk ukn slrdl cl lkukmdncas. Xar l`ljpba, ‒Vdkmubnmdakls cl bn knrrntdvn cl ]nlr mak bn pdkturn‚ ka ls uk tljn cl dkvlstdgnmdýk par lb jlra elmea cl qul pacnjas lkukmdnrba maja uk su`lta? pulcl slr maksdclrnca uk tljn sd sl enk lstniblmdca lkukmdncas maja bas sdgudlktls0 >. ]nlr

jnktuva clscl su prdjlrn `uvlktuc ka sýba uk dktlräs makstnktl par bn pdkturn maktljparîkln sdka, ncljîs, njdstncls y vdkmubnmdakls mak pdktarls nrglktdkas n qudlkls ncjdrnin a qul clsplrtnink su dktlräs maja nrtdstn? nukqul sl clstnmnk Flrknkca Lspdka (]nktn Fl, >4=>->44>) ”qul dbustrý uka cl sus bdiras y sairl muyn lstätdmn ]nlr lsmrdidý uk lksnya ncjdrntdva” y sairl taca @unk Xniba Xniba Ylkzd (>438->449) cl qudlk fulrn njdga enstn su julrtl, ukn jnsn nðk ka lstucdncn cl fulktls camujlktnbls, tlstdjakdnbls l dktlrtlxtundktlr tlxtunbls julstrn qul ]nlr sl dktlrlsý par jumeas y cdvlrsas nrtdstns0 par ukn pnrtl, bas nrglktdkas mak muyn airn tajý maktnmta lk sus nþas cl farjnmdýk lk ]nktn Fl, Yasnrda y Xnrnkî (Ydmnrca ]updsdmel, Blýkdcns Gnjinrtls, @unk Grlbn, Jntêns Jabdkns, Mlbdn ]mekldclr, lktrl bas prdkmdpnbls)? par atrn pnrtl, nbgukns ﬎rjns cl bns trncdmdakls jîs mnkýkdmns cl bn pdkturn jaclrkn0 Vnk Vnk Gage y atras pastdjprlsdakdstns, Gdargda Jarnkcd, lb suprljntdsja cl Jnblvdme, Yateoa, lb ðbtdja Onkcdksoy, Jakcrdnk, lb lxprlsdakdsja nistrnmta lk glklrnb y sairl taca @nmosak Xabbamo.

9=

 

Lk bn lsmrdturn cl ]nlr bn pdkturn lstî prlslktl par ba jlkas lk muntra kdvlbls0 >) lk tlxtas qul, ﬎mmdaknbls a lksnyêstdmas, prlslktnk tajns cl pasdmdýk, lkfîtdmns prlflrlkmdns cl gusta a prapasdmdakls tlýrdmns nmlrmn cl bn pdkturn (vg. ‒Xlksnjdlktas cl uk prafnka lk pdkturn‚, pdkturn ‚, ‒Bêkln maktrn mabar‚), a sêjdbls lktrl lb nrtl bdtlrnrda y lb pdmtýrdma (vg. ‒Ynzakls‚, Lb rêa sdk ardbbns )? )? 9) lk bn dktlrvlkmdýk cl pdkturns y bn dkvlkmdýk ﬎mmdaknb cl pdktarls lk bns edstardns knrrncns (vg. ‒Bn jnyar‚, ‒N jlcda iarrnr‚, Gbasn, Ba djiarrnibl, Bn grnkcl )? )? =) lk 9.

bn utdbdznmdýk, par pnrtl cl knrrncarls y plrsakn`ls, cl sêjdbls lxpbêmdtnjlktl pdmtýrdmas pnrn clsmrdidr sdtunmdakls a sumlsas cl bn trnjn (vg. Bn grnkcl ). ).  N bn buz clb l`ljpba, makvdlkl ncvlrtdr qul lstn insl ljpêrdmn ka ls ukn edpýtlsds. Xar supulsta, nbgukns îrlns cl bns mdlkmdns samdnbls y mubturnbls ljprlkclk n jlkuca dkvlstdgnmdakls muya prapýsdta prdkmdpnb ls lb cl rlukdr y clsmrdidr cl jnklrn jltýcdmn ba qul nquê bbnjnjas lvdclkmdn ljpêrdmn, sairl bn qul, suislmulktljlktl, lsns jdsjns dkvlstdgnmdakls u atrns pastlrdarls  blvnktnk edpýtlsds mrêtdmns, ls clmdr lxpbdmnmdakls. Xlra makvdlkl tlklr lk mulktn lk glklrnb qul ba qul pacljas bbnjnr prapasdmdakls aislrvnmdaknbls ka sak (a ka clilrênk tajnrsl par) edpýtlsds. ‒Lb jltra prlcajdknktl lk lb marpus ls lb lkclmnsêbnia‚? ‒Lk lsas tlxtas ]nlr rldtlrn qul Lspdka ful pnrn äb bn fdgurn clb nrtdstn l`ljpbnr‚? ‒Lk bn kavlbn Jdccbljnrme cl bn dkgblsn Glargl Lbdat bn sdktnxds cl bn prasn sl majpbl`dzn l drakdzn lk jnyar grnca slgðk bn vaz cl bn knrrnmdýk tajn cdstnkmdn cl bn edstardn‚0 ka sak edpýtlsds sdka jîs idlk makstntnmdakls clrdvncns cl uk nkîbdsds jätrdma, camujlktnb a knrrntabýgdma, slgðk lb mnsa? ukn edpýtlsds, lk mnjida, rnzakn y lxpbdmn lsa qul lb nkîbdsds en makstntnca (par l`ljpba, rlspakcl par quä prlcajdkn lb lkclmnsêbnia, quä sdgkdfdmý bn l`ljpbnrdcnc cl Lspdka pnrn bn paätdmn cl ]nlr, ]nlr, par quä sumlcl lsa lk bn kavlbn cl Lbdat a quä lflmtas pracuml). p racuml). i) Lb tljn sl makvdlrtl lk uk praibljn munkca >. bn insl ljpêrdmn kas makcuml n farjubnr ukn a ukn slrdl cl prlguktns djpartnkdjpartnktls (a ‒rlblvnktls‚)? pnrn kulstra l`ljpba0 Cnca qul bn rlbnmdýk cl ]nlr y cl sus lsmrdtas mak bn pdkturn pnrlml enilr sdca dktlksn y makstnktl ±muîkta y cl quä jnklrn puca enilr dkmdcdca lk su praylmta mrlncar y lk bns mak﬎gurnmdakls cl su knrrntdvn1 ±Enirên, lktakmls, nsplmtas prdkmdpnbls cl bn knrrntdvn cl ]nlr pnrn muyn clsmrdpmdýk l dktlrprltnmdýk rlsubtn djprlsmdkcdibl maksdclrnr sus vdkmubnmdakls mak bn pdkturn1 9. lb lstucda clb ‒lstnca cl bn mulstdýk‚ kas plrjdtl lstniblmlr qul lsns prlguktns kukmn enk sdca farjubncns enstn nearn, a qul mnrlmlk nðk cl rlspulstn, a qul sýba s ýba sl cdspakl cl rlspulstns pnrmdnbls a lrrýklns, (sd ls qul bagrnjas, mak nrgujlktas, qul lb lrrar sl ncvdlrtn maja tnb)? y qul, par ba tnkta, sl `ustdfdmn ljprlkclr uk trnin`a qul suprdjn lsn dgkarnkmdn a lsl lrrar. lrrar. Xnrn lstl pukta, vabvljas nb l`ljpba jîs nclbnktl, lk lb npnrtnca ‒Lb lstnca cl bn mulstdýk‚, plra makvdlkl nkatnr nquê ukn ncvlrtlkmdn0 maja kukmn uk dkvlstdgncar farjnca makamlrî taca ba qul sl snil kd sdqudlrn lk su prapda mnjpa cl lsplmdnbdznmdýk, amurrl jîs cl ukn vlz qul ästl  clsmuirl  qul bn

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dkvlstdgnmdýk qul, mak`lturnkca su kavlcnc, majlkznin n iasqul`nr mak lktusdnsja yn eniên sdca lk rlnbdcnc lsmrdtn a ljprlkcdcn par atras. Ka aistnktl, ls jîs prainibl qul uk dkvlstdgncar mak lxplrdlkmdn sufrn lstl tdpa cl clmlpmdakls jlkas n jlkuca? lk lstl slktdca, uk dkvlstdgncar cl mdlrtn trnylmtardn lstî jîs mnpnmdtnca qul atras pnrn cdrdgdr dkvlstdgnmdakls, parqul ukn cl bns prdkmdpnbls fukmdakls clb cdrlmtar ls bn cl makfdrjnr bn fnmtdidbdcnc clb tljn cl nmulrca mak uk makamdjdlkta prafukca clb lstnca cl bn mulstdýk. m) ]l en mrlnca bn sabumdýk mak`lturnb clb praibljn munkca prapakljas ukn a ukn slrdl cl rlspulstns pravdsardns n lsns prlguktns, ls clmdr munkca farjubnjas bns edpýtlsds cl bn dkvlstdgnmdýk. Xnrn lstl pukta, vabvljas nb l`ljpba jîs nclbnktl, lk lb npnrtnca ‒Bns edpýtlsds‚. Xar supulsta, bn sumlsdýk cl N, I y M qul nmninjas cl lsquljntdznr pramurn clsmrdidr bn býgdmn cl makstrummdýk cl praibljntdmdcnc clb tljn0 ka sl trntn cl qul lstn slmulkmdn, lk tnkta arclk, clin slr rlpbdmncn lxprlsnjlktl lk bn prîmtdmn? n jlkuca, par l`ljpba, majlkznjas mak bns prlguktns qul praibljntdznk lb tljn (ls clmdr majlkznjas par I y ka par N) parqul supakljas ”y n vlmls supakljas idlk” qul yn eljas dclktdfdmnca lb tljn, dkmbusa nktls cl enilr clmdcdca dkvlstdgnrba.

Snjidäk makvdlkl tlklr lk maksdclrnmdýk nbgukas atras nsplmtas dktrêkslmas qul enmlk n bn fnmtdidbdcnc. \ka cl bas jîs djpartnktls d jpartnktls tdlkl qul vlr mak bn lsmnbn cl ba qul sulbl bbnjnrsl ‒rlmartl‚ clb tljn, ls clmdr bn praparmdýk nclmuncn lktrl jltns prapulstns y rlmursas cdspakdibls. Xar l`ljpba, ‒Fdgurns cl nrtdstn y fdgurns f dgurns cl lsmrdtar lk bas tlxtas cl Iargls‚ slrî uk praylmta slgurnjlktl jlkas fnmtdibl pnrn ukn prdjlrn ilmn a suisdcda cl dkvlstdgnmdýk idnkunb dkcdvdcunb qul ‒Fdgurns cl nrtdstn y fdgurns cl lsmrdtar lk bas tlxtas mrêtdmas clb prdjlr Iargls‚ a qul ‒lk bas tlxtas mrêtdmas cl Iargls puibdmncas lk bn rlvdstn ]ur ‚? ‚? a, pnrn kulstra l`ljpba, ‒Vdkmubnmdakls cl bn knrrntdvn cl ]nlr mak bn pdkturn‚ ls jîs fnmtdibl fn mtdibl qul ‒…mak lb mdkl, bn pbîstdmn y bn jðsdmn‚. Ka enrljas jîs qul ukn irlvl rlflrlkmdn, fdknbjlktl, n ukn aivdn makcdmdýk cl fnmtdidbdcnc qul sl mulktn lktrl bns djprlsmdkcdibls0 sl rlqudlrl uk dktlräs plrsaknb cl jîxdjn dktlksdcnc qul vnyn nmajpnþnca cl nbgukn mbnsl cl nptdtuc pnrn bn dkvlstdgnmdýk. Xar uk bnca clil enilrkas gnknca bn makvdmmdýk cl qul bn dkvlstdgnmdýk clb tljn ka pulcl slr sdka juy djpartnktl y ästl clil enilrkas majprajltdca, mnpturnca a  nflmtnca cl uk jaca dksuprdjdibl? par atra, lsn majpubsdýk clil dr nmajpnþncn cl mdlrtn pnrtdmubnr mnpnmdcnc pnrn bn dkvlstdgnmdýk qul sl cljulstrn lk bn prîmtdmn jdsjn0 bn jnyarên cl qudlkls enk lsmrdta sairl lstl nsukta mrllk qul lsn mnpnmdcnc ls cdfêmdb cl mnrnmtlrdznr y sýba pnrmdnbjlktl susmlptdibl cl slr lkslþncn. Dkmbusa, bn lxplrdlkmdn cl bn vdcn mdlktêfdmn pnrlml enilr maksabdcnca ukn caibl makvdmmdýk nb rlsplmta0 par uk bnca, pnrn lbniarnr uk iulk praylmta y ukn iulkn tlsds ls djprlsmdkcdibl ka nprlsurnr-

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sl? par atra, jumens vlmls ka ls lb lstucdnktl qul aituva bns jîs nbtns mnbdfdmnmdakls lk sus lstucdas cl grnca lb qul cljulstrn jl`arls nptdtucls pnrn bn dkvlstdgnmdýk. Maktrn bn slksntlz cl lstns dclns clrdvncns cl bn prîmtdmn rlnb cl bn dkvlstdgnmdýk, lk nbgukns dkstdtumdakls y sdstljns cl lvnbunmdýk (ls lb mnsa clb MAKDMLS cl Nrglktdkn) sl djpaklk bnjlktnibljlktl mrdtlrdas munktdtntdvdstns cl bas qul pulcl clmdrsl, par ba jlkas, qul ka tdlklk kncn cl mdlktêfdmas y sê jumea cl mîbmuba pabêtdma y marparntdva0 lstniblmlr bêjdtls cl lcnc mncn vlz jîs in`as y rêgdcas pnrn bn aitlkmdýk clb camtarnca a pnrn atargnr ukn pbnzn cl dkvlstdgncar, dkvlstdgncar, slblmmdaknr n bas mnkcdcntas n ilmns lktrl qudlkls aituvdlrak lb têtuba cl grnca lk jlkas tdljpa y mak lb prajlcda cl mnbdfdmnmdakls jîs nbta y ka, par l`ljpba, lktrl qudlkls prlslktnk lb jl`ar praylmta. Vabvdlkca n lsn lsplmdl cl dktlräs drrlsdstdibl qul pnrlml klmlsnrda  pnclmlr  pnrn   pnrn dkvlstdgnr, ls dktlrlsnktl katnr qul munkca lsmrdilk sairl sa irl bn vdcn mdlktêfdmn y sairl sa irl bn farjnmdýk cl dkvlstdgncarls, y lsplmdnbjlktl munkca sl cdrdglk n `ývlkls lstucdnktls qul pacrênk dkmbdknrsl par lstn praflsdýk, bas idýbagas, bas jntljîtdmas a bas fêsdmas dkmurrlk juy n jlkuca lk ukn týpdmn ljatdvn0 usnk y rlpdtlk pnbnirns maja pravamntdva, murdasdcnc, vamnmdýk, lxmdtnmdýk, dkmdtnmdýk, lktusdnsja, aistdknmdýk, nrcar, pnsdýk, njar, clsla, bumen, vnbar? djngdknmdýk, dktudmdýk, dkstdkta, mnrdsjn, dkspdrnmdýk. Xar supulsta, lstns cdjlksdakls sui`ltdvns tnjidäk enk sdca lxpbdmncns lk tärjdkas cl pubsdakls clrdvncns cl bn vabuktnc cl cajdkda y clb knrmdsdsja. Maja sln, nbga cl ba qul en sdca rnzaknca lk lstas u atras tärjdkas ls, maja slþnbîinjas, djprlsmdkcdibl pnrn qul ukn dkvlstdgnmdýk ka frnmnsl (a pnrn qul su äxdta ka maksdstn jlrnjlktl lk lb marrlmta y tlcdasa rlmulkta cl aivdlcncls qul kncdl eniên dkvlktnrdnca kd mbnsdfdmnca nktls).

3. Bas ai`ltdvas Bas ai`ltdvas sak bns jltns cl bn dkvlstdgnmdýk, lsta ls ba qul sl lsplrn makslgudr mak lbbn ukn vlz makmbudcn. Maja yn nkatnjas, clilk qulcnr sýbdcn y mbnrnjlktl nrtdmubncas mak lb têtuba y bn dktracummdýk qul bas prlmlcnk, y juy lsplmdnbjlktl mak bns edpýtlsds. Curnktl bn rlcnmmdýk clb praylmta makvdlkl, par ba tnkta, nslgurnrsl cl qul rlsubtl mbnra qul mncn edpýtlsds npuktn nb mujpbdjdlkta cl nbguka cl bas ai`ltdvas farjubncas0 bns cdsdjltrêns, edntas a cdsmaktdkudcncls cl maktlkdca lktrl ai`ltdvas l edpýtlsds sl lvnbðnk maja ukn clidbdcnc jltacabýgdmn jltacabýgd mn djpartnktl clb praylmta. ]lgðk lsta, nbgukns insls y farjubnrdas cl prlslktnmdýk cl praylmtas, y ka pamas jnkunbls cl jltacabagên cl bn dkvlstdgnmdýk, nðknk ai`ltdvas l edpýtlsds lk uk jdsja npnrtnca. Kasatras mrlljas qul slpnrnrbas ls ilklfdmdasa pnrn bn blgdidbdcnc clb praylmta slkmdbbnjlktl parqul sak masns cdflrlktls, plra ba djpartnktl ls qul sl jnktlkgn bn djirdmnmdýk býgdma-sljîktdmn lktrl njias.

Ka ls djprlsmdkcdibl lkukmdnr bas ai`ltdvas majlkznkca mak dkfdkdtdvas, plra ls prlflrdibl qul lb kðmbla cl su sdktnxds lstä lk dkfdkdtdva. Bas dkfdkdtdvas jîs nprapdncas

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pnrn farjubnr ai`ltdvas lk slktdca lstrdmta sak bas clb tdpa cl ‒lxpbdmnr‚, ‒makamlr‚, ‒lvnbunr‚, ‒maktrdiudr nb makamdjdlkta cl‚ a ‒prafukcdznr lb makamdjdlkta cl‚? sulblk utdbdznrsl, makfarjl nb mnsa, atras maja ‒lstniblmlr‚, ‒clsmrdidr‚, ‒clbdjdtnr‚, ‒clfdkdr‚, ‒mnrnmtlrdznr‚, ‒cltlrjdknr‚, ‒rlmakstrudr‚, ‒lbniarnr‚, ‒cdslþnr‚. Cl nmulrca nb praylmta, pulcl slr klmlsnrda cdstdkgudr ‒ai`ltdvas glklrnbls‚ y ‒lsplmêfdmas‚ a ‒pnrtdmubnrls‚. Ba qul nquê bbnjnjas lb ai`ltdva prdkmdpnb cl bn dkvlstdgnmdýk ls nqulb qul, clktra cl bas qul prlslktnk n bn vlz uk rlmartl jîs prlmdsa y uk jnyar grnca cl fnmtdidbdcnc qul atras, rlvdstl jnyar djpartnkmdn mdlktêfdmn, mrêtdmn a magkasmdtdvn. Lk glklrnb, pulcl clmdrsl qul lk praylmtas dkcdvdcunbls qul cdspaklk cl lktrl cas y muntra nþas pnrn su rlnbdznmdýk, lb ai`ltdva prdkmdpnb cl bn dkvlstdgnmdýk ls nbguka cl bas ‒ai`ltdvas lsplmêfdmas‚ (vänsl lb l`ljpba jîs nclbnktl). \k lrrar frlmulktl ls makfukcdr bas ai`ltdvas cl bn dkvlstdgnmdýk mak nbgukns nmtdvdcncls jlcdnktl bns qul sl bblvnrî n mnia a n qul cnrî bugnr. Xar l`ljpba, puibdmnr nrtêmubas a lxpaklr lk makgrlsas ka farjn pnrtl, cl kdkgukn jnklrn, cl bas ai`ltdvas cl ukn dkvlstdgnmdýk (puibdmnr y majukdmnr sak nmtdvdcncls makslmulktls jlcdnktl bns qul tacas bas dkvlstdgncarls cdfukclk rlgubnrjlktl bas rlsubtncas). Bblvnr n mnia uk rnstrla a ljprlkclr ukn majpubsn cl fulktls, tnjpama sak ai`ltdvas, sdka nmtdvdcncls lk pramurn cl nbmnkznr bas ai`ltdvas. Nmtdvdcncls maja ‒nknbdznr uk marpus cl tlxtas‚ pulclk lk nbgukas mnsas dkmbudrsl lk bn rlcnmmdýk cl bas b as ai`ltdvas (par l`ljpba, munkca makstl qul lsl marpus ka en sdca nknbdznca, a ka ba en sdca jîs qul pnrmdnbjlktl), plra ka prlslktnrsl maja uk ai`ltdva lk slktdca lstrdmta, jlkas maja lb ai`ltdva prdkmdpnb a maja lb prapýsdta fdknb cl bn dkvlstdgnmdýk. Lk maksaknkmdn mak lsa, tnjpama makvdlkl utdbdznr vlrias maja ‒lstucdnr‚, ‒lxnjdknr‚, ‒niarcnr‚, ‒maksdclrnr‚ a ‒dkcngnr‚, qul lk rdgar ka clsmrdilk lb ai`ltdva cl bn dkvlstdgnmdýk sdka jîs idlk ukn nmtdvdcnc jlcdnktl bn qul sl pramurn makamlr a lkmaktrnr nbga. Maja sln, lk mnsa cl qul sl maksdclrl djprlsmdkcdibl dkmbudr lstl tdpa cl nmmdakls lktrl bas ai`ltdvas, sdljs dljprl ls prlflrdibl enmlrba lktrl bas ai`ltdvas pnrtdmubnrls a lsplmêfdmas.  Nukqul bn suicdvdsdýk jîs usunb slpnrn ‒glklrnbls‚ cl ‒lsplmêfdmas‚ a ‒pnrtdmubnrls‚, tnjidäk ls pasdibl, par supulsta, clsgbasnr bas ai`ltdvas lktrl ‒clsmrdptdvas‚ y ‒lxpbdmntdvas‚ a ‒lxpbdmntdva-dktlrprltntdvas‚. Maja cd`djas, eny dkvlstdgnmdakls muya prapýsdta prdkmdpnb ls lb cl rlukdr lvdclkmdn ljpêrdmn y makstrudr ukn clsmrdpmdýk sdstljîtdmn a rnzakncn cl bn jdsjn. Lk mnsas maja lsas lstî mbnra qul lb ai`ltdva ka ls tnkta ‒lxpbdmnr‚ maja ‒clsmrdidr‚. Bns dkvlstdgnmdakls clsmrdptdvns iusmnk, enbbnk y prlslktnk uk mak`ukta cl tlxtas, cl elmeas, cl cntas, a cl vnrdnibls l dkvnrdnktls, y nknbdznk y makmlptunbdznk sus mnrnmtlrêstdmns. Bns dkvlstdgnmdakls lxpbdmntdvns iusmnk lstniblmlr rlbnmdakls lktrl tlxtas, elmeas, ltm., ls clmdr qul ”cdmea ”c dmea lsquljîtdmnjlktl” pastubnk mnusnbdcncls, makslmumdakls, apasdmdakls, ltm. Lpdstljabýgdmnjlktl en-

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ibnkca, pulcl clmdrsl qul bn dkvlstdgnmdýk clsmrdptdvn sl nplgn lk ukn mdlrtn jlcdcn n ba aislrvnibl, jdlktrns qul ”par lb maktrnrda” bn dkvlstdgnmdýk lxpbdmntdvn makstruyl  jacas cl plksnr plksnr-enibnr -enibnr ba ka aislrvnibl. Lk lb l`ljpba cl bn prasn cl G. Lbdat qul usnjas nktls, bn majpbl`dcnc cl su sdktnxds y lb jnyar usa cl bn drakên lk mdlrtas slgjlktas cl Jdccbljnrme sak rnsgas aislrvnibls y enstn jlksurnibls. Lk mnjida, ka ls aislrvnibl (ls makstrudcn) bn sdgudlktl nslrmdýk0 lb jnyar a jlkar usa cl lsas rlmursas slgðk bn vaz cl bn knrrnmdýk lstä jlkas a jîs prýxdjn n bn edstardn knrrncn, ls bn makfdgurnmdýk klgamdncn cl bn rlbnmdýk njidgun, tlksn a nutamaktrncdmtardn qul bn fdmmdýk cl Lbdat jnktdlkl mak lb ukdvlrsa cl vnbarls, mrllkmdns y nmtdtucls qul dkvdstlk sus plrsakn`ls, plrdplmdns y clslkbnmls. Ba jîs usunb ls qul ”prlcajdklk bas ai`ltdvas clsmrdptdvas a bas lxpbdmntdvas” bns dkvlstdgnmdakls slnk lk pnrtl cl uk tdpa y clb atra n bn vlz. ]lmulkmdnbjlktl, bn dkvlstdgnmdýk clsmrdptdvn npuktn n ukn pasdibl fnsl lxpbdmntdvn? bn dkvlstdgnmdýk lxpbdmntdvn, n su vlz, ka pulcl dkdmdnrsl sdk cdspaklr cl bn clsmrdpmdýk cl su insl ljpêrdmn. \tdbdznkca lb l`ljpba clb tljn ‒Vdkmubnmdakls cl bn knrrntdvn cl ]nlr mak bn pdkturn‚, bas ai`ltdvas cl lsl praylmta pacrênk farjubnrsl nsê0 Glklrnbls0 >. Maktrdiudr nb makamdjdlkta tlýrdma-mrêtdma cl bns rlbnmdakls lktrl knrrntdvn y nrtls pbîstdmns. 9. Maktrdiudr nb makamdjdlkta cl bns rlbnmdakls lktrl knrrntdvn nrglktdkn maktljparîkln y pdkturn. =. Xrafukcdznr y njpbdnr lb makamdjdlkta cl bn paätdmn y cl bn knrrntdvn cl @unk @asä ]nlr. Lsplmê﬎mas0 >. Clsmrdidr n) bns vdkmubnmdakls qul jnktuva @unk @asä ]nlr mak pdktarls y trncdmdakls cl bn pbîstdmn, y i) bns vdkmubnmdakls qul lstniblmlk sus lsmrdtas lksnyêstdmas y knrrntdvas mak bns nrtls pbîstdmns lk glklrnb y mak bn pdkturn lk pnrtdmubnr (clscl nbgukas pdktarls nrglktdkas enstn nbgukns trncdmdakls pdmtýrdmns cl bn jaclrkdcnc). 9. Lxpbdmnr bas lflmtas cl lsns vdkmubnmdakls lk lb praylmta mrlncar cl ]nlr y lk bn pracummdýk knrrntdvn cl sdgkd﬎mnmdakls cl sus rlbntas, pnrtdmubnrjlktl lk rlbnmdýk mak lb grnca cl makslmumdýk bdtlrnrdn cl bn ﬎knbdcnc clb nrtl pastubncn (par lb praylmta) y nbmnkzncn (par bn pracummdýk knrrntdvn).  Nkatljas nbgukns aislrvnmdakls sairl lb l`ljpba. Lk prdjlr bugnr bugnr,, sl en pramurnca ka nclbnktnr lb maktlkdca cl bns edpýtlsds lk bas ai`ltdvas. Lk slgukca bugnr, cl bas cas ai`ltdvas lsplmêfdmas lb prdjlra ls clsmrdptdva (prajltl clsnrrabbnr lb lstucda

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cl bn insl ljpêrdmn, cdgnjas) y lb slgukca lxpbdmntdva. Lk tlrmlr bugnr, lb ai`ltdva  prdkmdpnb clb praylmta ls lb slgukca ai`ltdva lsplmêfdma0 clscl lb pukta cl vdstn pramlcdjlktnb, lb prdjlra (clsmrdidr) ka ls jlkas djpartnktl parqul sdk su mujpbdjdlkta bn lxpbdmnmdýk qul prajltl lb slgukca ai`ltdva lsplmêfdma mnrlml cl pukta cl pnrtdcn? plra lb slgukca (qul tajn bas rlsubtncas clb prdjlra maja insl) ls slmulkmdnbjlktl pastlrdar y jîs njidmdasa (vn jîs nbbî cl bn clsmrdpmdýk, sl prapakl snilr nbga qul ka snirênjas par bn jlrn clsmrdpmdýk cl ba aislrvnibl). Xar ba tnkta, bn ‒Dktracummdýk‚ a ‒Ylsujlk‚ nb dkdmda clb praylmta clilrên nktdmdpnr lstl ai`ltdva prdkmdpnb. Kýtlsl, par atrn pnrtl, qul bas ai`ltdvas glklrnbls tdlklk ukn clbdjdtnmdýk y ukas nbmnkmls jlkas prlmdsas0 ls slgura qul sd sl mujpblk bas ai`ltdvas lsplmêfdmas sl enirî mujpbdca lk nbgukn jlcdcn mak bas glklrnbls? plra, aivdnjlktl, ls pasdibl qul bas rlsubtncas ‒maktrdiuynk‚, ‒prafukcdmlk‚ y ‒njpbêlk‚ jumea a pama bas mnjpas glklrnbls lk qul sl pbnktlnk (‒bns rlbnmdakls lktrl knrrntdvn y nrtls pbîstdmns‚? ‒bns rlbnmdakls lktrl knrrntdvn nrglktdkn maktljparîkln y pdkturn‚? ‒bn paätdmn y bn knrrntdvn cl @unk @asä ]nlr‚). Lb ai`ltdva prdkmdpnb, lk mnjida, ka pulcl mujpbdrsl lk mdlrtn  jlcdcn sdka, sdjpbljlktl, mujpbdrsl a ka0 ‒lxpbdmnr‚ lb tljn ls enilr nrgujlktnca ba klmlsnrda pnrn tarknr prlflrdibl bn edpýtlsds, ls clmdr pnrn pn rn lstniblmlrbn maja tlsds? cl ba maktrnrda, bn edpýtlsds slgudrî sdlkca tnb ”ls clmdr, ukn mak`lturn” y par tnkta lb ai`ltdva prdkmdpnb ka sl enirî nbmnkznca nðk.



 

 N su vlz, lb lstnca cl bn mulstdýk pulcl pbnktlnr qul q ul sd sl rlmaksdclrn lb tljn clscl prlsupulstas tlýrdmas kulvas a kukmn npravlmencas pnrn lb mnsa, ls pasdibl farjubnr prlguktns kulvns? cl nmulrca n lsa, dkmbudr lk lb ‒lstnca cl bn mulstdýk‚ uk suitêtuba sairl bas ‒Xrlsupulstas tlýrdmas‚ pulcl rlsubtnr ba jîs makvlkdlktl. Ba djpartnktl ls sdljprl lkmaktrnr lb bugnr clb mursa clb praylmta lk qul mncn pnrtl qulcl jl`ar nrtdmubncn, djirdmncn mak bn dbnmdýk clb mak`ukta. Xar atra bnca, y vabvdlkca nb l`ljpba, cntas rlblvnktls sairl bn mnrrlrn cl ]nlr a sairl bn sdtunmdýk cl bns nrtls qul bl lrnk maktljparîklns ka farjnk pnrtl par sê jdsjas clb lstnca cl bn mulstdýk, n lxmlpmdýk cl qul sl maklmtlk mbnrnjlktl mak lb tljn clb praylmta? par l`ljpba, bas maktnmtas cl ]nlr mak bn pdkturn cl Flrknkca Lspdka, a su njdstnc mak lb pbîstdma rasnrdka @unk Xniba Ylkzd, ka sak tlsds mrêtdmns sdka cntas idagrîfdmas, plra ls aivda qul lb praylmta clilrî rlflrdrbas ”`ukta mak atras” lk nbgðk bugnr cl su clsnrrabba.

  Lb lstnca cl bn mulstdýk sulbl slr lb npnrtnca lk qul lb praylmta sl `ustdfdmn, parqul cn bugnr n bns edpýtlsds. Ls clmdr, clmdr, lb mak`ukta yn jîs a jlkas lstniblmdca y cdspakdibl cl tlsds sairl lb tljn pbnktln bn klmlsdcnc mnsd sdljprl djpbêmdtn cl kulvns dkvlstdgnmdakls. Lb lstnca cl bn mulstdýk prlslktn lrrarls, tlsds cdsmutdibls a dkmajpbltns, edpýtlsds nplkns lkukmdncns y kukmn lxpbarncns, bngukns, vnmêas y abvdcas qul pulclk slr lb pukta cl pnrtdcn y bn `ustdfdmnmdýk clb praylmta. Lb vnbar cl ardgdknbdcnc clb praylmta surgl lk lsl maktlxta (a lk lb maktlxta cl bns kulvns tlarêns clscl cakcl rlmaksdclrnr bn mulstdýk, a lk njias). Nsê, lb lstnca cl bn mulstdýk ls bn prulin  cl qul nqulbba qul snirljas ukn vlz clsnrrabbncn bn dkvlstdgnmdýk ka sl snil tacnvên. Lb praylmta clil jastrnr qul eljas pacdca farjubnr ukn a ukn slrdl cl prlguktns qul kulstras prlclmlsarls ka sl eniênk elmea, a qul nplkns eniênk farjubnca parqul prlfdrdlrak clcdmnrsl n rlspakclr atrns qul lk su jajlkta sl bls prlslktnink maja jîs djpartnktls. Lk lstl slktdca, ls pasdibl rlmarcnr qul lsa qul uk kulva praylmta cl dkvlstdgnmdýk vlkcrên n clsmuirdr a n rlspakclr sl makstdtuyl maja tnb ”vnmêa, lrrar lrrar,, abvdca, clsmudca, pastlrgnmdýk” sairl lb eardzaktl cl bn edstardn cl bas dktlrlsls y vnbarls cl ukn mubturn, cl ukn samdlcnc a cl uk grupa? nbga nsê maja ba qul rlmarcnin Yabnkc Inrtels lk lb majdlkza cl Mrêtdmn y vlrcnc, rlfdrdäkcaba n ukn majukdcnc knmdaknb0 ‒Kncn tdlkl cl nsajirasa qul uk pnês rltajl nsê plrdýcdmnjlktl bas ai`ltas cl su pnsnca y bas clsmrdin cl kulva pnrn snilr quä pulcl enmlr mak lbbas 0 lsas sak, lsas clilrênk slr bas pramlcdjdlktas rlgubnrls cl vnbarnmdýk‚ (4). Lb lstnca cl bn mulstdýk ls uka cl bas npnrtncas qul clil prdkmdpnbjlktl afrlmlr dkfarjnmdýk (ls lb npnrtnca qul nslgurn qul lb nutar clb praylmta snil nmlrmn clb tljn taca ba klmlsnrda pnrn ljprlkclr, ljprlkclr, sairl lsn insl, ukn dkvlstdgnmdýk prapdn). ]dk ljinrga, lb kuca clb lstnca cl bn mulstdýk yn ka ls prdkmdpnbjlktl dkfarjntdva parqul maksdstl lk ukn lxpasdmdýk cl bn plrsplmtdvn mrêtdmn prapdn ”mrlncn a clsmuidlrtn par lb nutar clb praylmta” nmlrmn cl lsn dkfarjnmdýk cl qul sl cdspakl.

=9

 

Atrns vlmls, lk mnjida, bn idibdagrnfên cdspakdibl c dspakdibl sairl lb tljn pulcl afrlmlrkas yn ukn prdjlrn farjubnmdýk cl bn edpýtlsds0 n jlkuca, mrêtdmas y lsplmdnbdstns lksnynk a cl`nk mnlr dclns juy prajltlcarns sairl uk praibljn, uk maktlxta, uk marpus, plra ka bns clsnrrabbnk, ka bns plrsdgulk kd maktrnstnk? par ba tnkta, n pnrtdr cl lsl pukta clb lstnca cl bn mulstdýk, lb praylmta pulcl prapaklr prlmdsnjlktl rlfarjubnr lsn edpýtlsds y lxpbarnrbn.  Nbgukas trnin`as mrêtdmas qul prlslktnk bas rlsubtncas cl ukn dkvlstdgnmdýk prabakgncn, majdlkznk lxpakdlkca ba qul idlk pacrênjas bllr maja bns prdkmdpnbls prapasdmdakls a dkflrlkmdns clb lstnca cl bn mulstdýk qul makstdtuyý lb pukta cl pnrtdcn cl lsns dkvlstdgnmdakls (ba qul nktls clkajdknjas lb kuca clb lstnca cl bn mulstdýk). Lk bns prdjlrns pîgdkns cl ‒Bllr n ]nlr‚, lb mnpêtuba dkdmdnb cl su bdira cl 9889 sairl bn airn clb kavlbdstn nrglktdka, @ubda Xrljnt majdlkzn nkukmdnkca qul mlclrî n cas tlktnmdakls0 ncljîs cl mdtnr n Iargls, utdbdznrî bn makvlkmdýk mrêtdmn qul maksdstl lk ‒slþnbnr bn rlbntdvn lsmnslz cl lstucdas makslmulktls sairl lb tljn lblgdca‚ n plsnr cl bn djpartnkmdn qul sl bl rlmakaml? pnrn lb mnsa, Xrljnt lxpbdmn bn sdtunmdýk nknbdznkca ukn slrdl cl rnsgas mnrnmtlrêstdmas cl bn airn y pakdäkcabas lk rlbnmdýk mak bas maktlxtas nmncäjdmas nrglktdka y kartlnjlrdmnka par ukn pnrtl, frnkmäs par atrn (Xrljnt >> y sdgs.). Lk su yn mbîsdma Bn vaz y su eulbbn. Lsmrdturn y makfbdmta ätkdma-samdnb lk Njärdmn Bntdkn (>349->455), Jnrtdk Bdlkenrc clcdmn lb prdjlr npnrtnca clb prýbaga n ukn lvnbunmdýk mrêtdmn clb lstnca cl bn mulstdýk lk muya maktlxta prlslktnrî su prapdn plrsplmtdvn? bn prdjlrn aplrnmdýk mrêtdmn cl Bdlkenrc pulcl rlsubtnr juy dbustrntdvn, parqul prlmdsnjlktl dktlrragn bas npartls cl nbgukas cl sus prlclmlsarls jîs nbbî cl ba qul nbmnkznrak n pbnktlnr lxpbêmdtnjlktl0 trns rlmarcnr qul cas majpdbnmdakls cl Jdgulb B. Xartdbbn rlvlbnrak lk su jajlkta ‒ka sýba bn lxdstlkmdn lxds tlkmdn cl ukn vdsdýk dkcêglkn cl bn makqudstn clb maktdklktl njlrdmnka, sdka tnjidäk ukn slrdl cl tlxtas, lsmrdtas a cdmtncas par bas dkcdas, qul jabclnk tnb vdsdýk lk ukns farjns paätdmns nbtnjlktl lfdmnmls‚, slþnbn qul ‒jîs nbbî cl su vnbar camujlktnb‚ lsas jntlrdnbls susmdtnk bn prlguktn cl sd lstn ‒vdsdýk cl bas vlkmdcas‚ rlprlslktn, nktls clb lkjuclmdjdlkta clfdkdtdva, lb ðbtdja clstlbba cl bn mnpnmdcnc cl lxprlsdýk paätdmn cl bas nutýmtakas a sd, par lb maktrnrda, sl trntn clb majdlkza cl ukn lxprlsdýk bdtlrnrdn kulvn, ka ‒prledspîkdmn‚ sdka mabakdnb. (Bdlkenrc >>).

 Nsê, bn maktravlrsdn maktravlrsdn qul lstn lstn rlblmturn cl bns tlsds prlmlclktls clsmuirl y qul, cdrênjas, `ustdfdmn bn dkvlstdgnmdýk prapulstn, en qulcnca mbnrnjlktl pbnktlncn. Xar supulsta, lb blmtar pulcl praslgudr lb nkîbdsds ”nquê nplkns dksdkunca” cl lstas jdsjas trnin`as, a lkmaktrnr atras jumeas l`ljpbas slgurnjlktl sdk snbdr cl su prapdn idibdatlmn. N maktdkunmdýk ngrlgnjas atras trls, slgudcas cl uk irlvl majlktnrda0

==

 

• L`ljpba > cl kuca clb lstnca cl bn mulstdýk0 Munkca uka ljpdlzn n lstucdnr bn niukcnktl bdtlrnturn mrêtdmn cl Castadlvsod, cn bn djprlsdýk cl qul sl trntn ka k a cl uk nutar qul lsmrdidý kavlbns y mulktas, sdka cl nutarls y plksncarls vnrdas qul pbnktlnk uk mak`ukta cl lxpasdmdakls ﬎basý﬎mns0 Ynsoýbkdoav, Ynsoýbkdoav, Jyseodk, ]tnvragudk, Dvîk Onrnjîzav, Onrnjîzav, lb Grnk Dkqudsdcar, Dkqudsdcar, ltm. Xnrn lb plksnjdlkta mrêtdma, bn airn cl Castadlvsod sl en frngjlktnca lk uk mak`ukta cl makstrummdakls ﬎basý﬎mns dkclplkcdlktls y jutunjlktl maktrncdmtardns, clflkcdcns par sus eärals. Lktrl lbbns, bas puktas cl vdstn ﬎basý﬎mas clb jdsja nutar lstîk bl`as cl amupnr lb prdjlr bugnr. _…Z Lstn pnrtdmubnrdcnc cl bas lstucdas mrêtdmas sairl Castadlvsod ka pulcl slr lxpbdmncn tnk sýba par bn dklptdtuc jltacabýgdmn clb plksnjdlkta mrêtdma, kd nknbdzncn maja lk tatnb maktrncdmmdýk mak bn vabuktnc nrtêstdmn clb nutar. Ka? lstn nmtdtuc cl bn mrêtdmn, nsê maja bn plrmlpmdýk ka prl`udmdncn cl bas blmtarls qul sdljprl cdsmutlk mak bas eärals cl Castadlvsod, rlspakcl lflmtdvnjlktl nb prdkmdpnb rnsga lstrumturnb cl bns airns cl lstl nutar (In`têk, Xraibljns  >6).  >6). Mak lsn aislrvnmdýk dkdmdnb sairl ba qul bn mrêtdmn prlmlclktl ka ful mnpnz cl ncvlrtdr, In`têk prlpnrn y `ustdfdmn bn prlslktnmdýk cl su tlsds prdkmdpnb sairl lb nutar cl Mrdjlk y mnstdga0 ‒Castadlvsod ls mrlncar cl bn kavlbn pabdfýkdmn‚ (>7). N bn vlz, cl`n lktrlvlr mbnrnjlktl uk prlsupulsta tlýrdma prdkmdpnb cl su blmturn, qul ls tnjidäk ukn tajn cl cdstnkmdn sustnktdvn rlsplmta clb lstnca cl bn mulstdýk0 ba qul pacrên tajnrsl maja ‒lb pukta cl vdstn fdbasýfdma clb nutar‚ a cl bn airn ka lstî lk bas jntlrdnbls qul dkmbuyl (bns ‒lxpasdmdakls fdbasýfdmns‚ cdvlrsns lk iamn cl cdstdktas plrsakn`ls) sdka lk su ‒prdkmdpnb rnsga lstrumturnb‚.

• L`ljpba 9 cl kuca clb lstnca cl bn mulstdýk0 Mak Bas sdltl bamas   y Bas bnkznbbnjns , Nrbt lsmrdil ukn airn tujubtuasn y sd sl qudlrl dkmýjacn, plra lk jaca nbguka sabdtnrdn , n plsnr cl bns npnrdlkmdns. Nukqul frnmturl ai`ltdvnjlktl mdlrtns makvlkmdakls, y sl pulcn (a sl s l clin) enibnr cl su dk﬉ulkmdn ‒r ‒rlkavncarn lkavncarn‚, ‚, l dkmbusdvl cl su lvdclktl ‒jngdstlrda‚ sairl ukn njpbdn zakn cl bn bdtlrnturn nrglktdkn, bn suyn ”lk tnkta bniar qul iarcln, cl jaca tnk jnkd﬎lsta, bns frudmdakls cl bn rllsmrdturn, clb  y cl bn pnracdn” ls, nktl taca, ukn airn qul nmatn bdkn`ls y jnrmas rlflrlkmdnbls makirdmabngl  y mrltas. \kn airn qul lxdstl, lk prdjlr tärjdka, clktra clb sdstljn cl bn bdtlrnturn, pngnkca trdiuta (par ncelsdýk a rlnmmdýk) n mdlrtns lstdpubnmdakls majukls. (Ydvlrn >>). Maja pulcl vlrsl, lb nrgujlkta cl Cl Cdlga sairl Jnrtdkd ls clb tdpa clb qul prapakl Xrljnt sairl ]nlr, a clb qul slþnbnjas nktls nmlrmn clb tljn ‒Vdkmubnmdakls cl bn knrrntdvn cl ]nlr mak bn pdkturn‚. Cl Cdlga sl amupn cl cljastrnr qul bn djpartnkmdn cl bn airn cl Jnrtdkd lstî makslksuncn y lstniblmdcn (‒bnrgnjlktl maksabdcnca‚, ‒rlflrlktl pnrn suirnynr bn clspraparmdýk lktrl nlsl makslksa y bn katnibl lsmnslzdksasbnynibl‚), cl lstucdas mrêtdmas qul lb suya, lktakmls, vlkcrên maktrnrrlstnr.

Ka pamas farjubnrdas pnrn bn prlslktnmdýk cl praylmtas dkmbuylk uk npnrtnca tdtubnca ‒Nktlmlclktls‚ a ‒Nktlmlclktls lk lb tljn‚. Bn pnbnirn sulbl pravamnr makfusdýk lk bas dklxplrtas (y sulbtn bn rdlkcn clb nutaiajia lk bas dkclmarasas mak lxplrdlkmdn), par ba jlkas parqul lk lb îjidta î jidta nmncäjdma edspnkaenibnktl ls mnsd uk sdkýkdja cl Murrdmubuj Vdtnl. \kn lstrntlgdn slkmdbbn pnrn cdsdpnr jnblktlkcdcas ls supaklr qul lk lflmta bn dkstdtumdýk qul pdcl lb npnrtnca ‒Nktlmlclktls‚ lk lb farjubnrda pnrn prlslktnr praylmtas lsplrn bns cas masns0 tnkta lb ‒lstnca cl bn mulstdýk‚ lk lb slktdca lk qul ba eljas clfdkdca nktls, maja bn pnrtl cl bas nktlmlclktls nmncäjdmas clb tlsdstn y cl su cdrlmtar lsplmêfdmnjlktl vdkmubncns mak lb tljn clb praylmta (pnrtdmdpnmdýk lk lqudpas cl dkvlstdgnmdýk nmrlcdtncas sairl bn tljîtdmn a lb îrln, lk makgrlsas, ltm.). Lk makslmulkmdn, pulcl qul makvlkgn suicdvdcdr lb npnrtnca ‒Nktlmlclktls‚ ‒Nktlmlclktls‚ lk0 >) ‒Lstnca cl bn mulstdýk‚? 9) ‒Kulstras nktlmlclktls lk lb tljn‚. ]ln lk > a lk 9, sdljprl sl clil dkmbudr bas npartls nb tljn qul slnk cl nutarên cl qudlk fdrjn lb praylmta? nukqul lk ‒Kulstras nktlmlclktls lk lb tljn‚ ls pasdibl dkmbudr tnjidäk tnrlns prlpnrntardns a prlbdjdknrls cl dkvlstdgnmdýk qul ka enynk cnca cnc a tacnvên bugnr n nvnkmls puibdmncas (ls clmdr, clmdr, tnrlns qul nðk ka enk clrdvnca lk npartls nb tljn qul, maja tnbls, farjnrênk pnrtl clb lstnca cl bn mulstdýk). \k praylmta pnrn ukn ilmn cl dkdmdnmdýk a pnrn uk bnpsa irlvl cl trnin`a, pulcl prlslktnr ukn vlrsdýk irlvl, sdktätdmn a juy pravdsdaknb clb lstnca cl bn mulstdýk. \k praylmta cl tlsds camtarnb, lk mnjida, ka clilrên nirlvdnr cljnsdnca lstl npnrtnca. =<

 

±Bn tlsds clil prlslktnr lb lstnca cl bn mulstdýk lk uk mnpêtuba lsplmêfdma1 ±Lb lstnca cl bn mulstdýk sl clsnrrabbn lk lb mnpêtuba qul sdgul n bn dktracummdýk cl bn tlsds, a lk bn dktracummdýk jdsjn1 ]ln qul sl ba tdtubl ‒Lstnca cl bn mulstdýk‚, ‒Nktlmlclktls‚ ‒Nktlmlclktls‚ a cl atra jaca, lb praylmta cl dkvlstdgnmdýk clilrên dkmbudr sdljprl uk npnrtnca mak lb lstnca cl bn mulstdýk. Bn tlsds, lk mnjida, pulcl lstniblmlr jacas cl dktlrtlxtunbdcnc y mdtn juy cdflrlktls mak lb lstnca cl bn mulstdýk? eny cdrlmtarls qul nmaksl`nk argnkdznrba lk uk mnpêtuba prapda, y cl elmea rlsubtn lfdmnz qul curnktl su prdjlr trnja, munkca lstî prlslktnkca lb tljn y argnkdznkca bas nsplmtas praibljîtdmas qul enirî cl clsnrrabbnr, bn tlsds nktdmdpl par ba jlkas nbgukns cl bns prdkmdpnbls prapasdmdakls clb lstnca cl bn mulstdýk? lk bas l`ljpbas nktlrdarls cl Bdlkenrc, In`têk, Ydvlrn y Cl Cdlga, tacas dkdmdnk bn prlslktnmdýk cl bas rlsubtncas cl ukn dkvlstdgnmdýk d kvlstdgnmdýk lxpakdlkca qul su gäklsds lstî lk lb clsmuirdjdlkta cl uk nsplmta dksntdsfnmtarda clb lstnca cl bn mulstdýk. Ba mdlrta ls qul lb mursa cl bn prapdn nrgujlktnmdýk, cdrênjas bn býgdmn cl kulstrn tlsds, ls bn qul vn pdcdlkca rlmarcnr rlmarcnr,, mdtnr, rlslþnr a cdsmutdr bns prapasdmdakls cl bns dkvlstdgnmdakls prlmlclktls cl nmulrca nb týpdma, nsplmta a praibljn pnrtdmubnr qul lstljas clsnrrabbnkca lk munbqudlrn cl bas mnpêtubas.

7. Bns edpýtlsds Bn edpýtlsds ls nqulbba qul lb praylmta sl prapakl cljastrnr, ls clmdr bn rlspulstn mak`lturnb n bn prlguktn-praibljn qul en cnca bugnr nb praylmta.9 ]l trntn cl ukn rlspulstn mak`lturnb parqul, mbnra, ka lstnjas nktl ukn dkvlstdgnmdýk makmbudcn sdka nktl su praylmta? ls clmdr, ka lstnjas nktl uk lsmrdta qul vnyn n clspblgnr bn nrgujlktnmdýk, cakcl lb blmtar clilrî lkmaktrnr bns rnzakls qul engnk prlflrdibl bn edpýtlsds lk tnkta lxpbdmnmdýk clb praibljn, lktrl atrns lxpbdmnmdakls pasdibls (ls clmdr, bas nrgujlktas qul engnk cl bn edpýtlsds, tlsds). Lsta ka clilrên djplcdr, sdk ljinrga, qul sd bn býgdmn cl bn lxpasdmdýk ba plrjdtl a ba nmaksl`n, lb praylmta nclbnktl, irlvljlktl irlv ljlktl y lk tärjdkas tnjidäk mak`lturnbls y pravdsardas, bns bêklns cl nrgujlktnmdýk y bas jacas lk qul prlvä makstrudr tnbls bêklns (lsta pulcl enmlrsl, lk prdkmdpda, lk uk pîrrnfa qul clktra clb npnrtnca ‒Edpýtlsds‚ sdgn n bn farjubnmdýk cl ästns, a lk lb npnrtnca ‒Jltacabagên‚). Cnca qul bn edpýtlsds prdkmdpnb clb praylmta ls lb jl`ar nrgujlkta cl qul cdspakl lb nutar pnrn makvlkmlr n bas lvnbuncarls cl qul ba nprulilk mak bn jl`ar mnbdfdmnmdýk, makvdlkl ka pastlrgnr cljnsdnca su prlslktnmdýk.

Lk prdkmdpda, bn edpýtlsds clil tlklr bn grnjîtdmn cl ukn a ukns pamns prapasdmdakls nslrtdvns. Lsns prapasdmdakls clilk nspdrnr, ncljîs, n slr taca ba clfdkdcns qul rlsubtl pasdibl, ba qul sdgkdfdmn qul pnrn clmdr y/a dkfarjnr jumea clilk lxmbudr a praedidr jumea. Sajljas uk l`ljpba sdjpbdfdmnca pnrn nmbnrnr lstas makmlptas0 bn edpýtlsds tlýrdmn cl Ydmnrca Xdgbdn qul cdml ‒\k mulkta sdljprl mulktn cas edstardns‚ (kas nistlkljas nquê cl cdsmutdrbn) rlvdstl bn farjn cl ukn nslvlrnmdýk sdjpbl lk lb jaca vlrinb

=6

 

dkcdmntdva, plra ncljîs dkfarjn nmlrmn cl uk maktlkdca lxtrljncnjlktl clfdkdca0 lb ncvlrida ‒sdljprl‚ enml qul bn tlsds lxmbuyn munbqudlr nslrta pnrtdmubnr qul bn maktrncdgn (par l`ljpba ‒lb mulkta M knrrn trls edstardns‚)? lb kujlrnb ‒cas‚, n su vlz, ncjdtl ukn y saba ukn pasdidbdcnc cl lktrl dkmaktnibls pasdidbdcncls nmlrmn cl bn mulstdýk qul bn edpýtlsds prltlkcl lxpbdmnr (slgðk bn tlsds, ka sak ‒mulktas‚ rlbntas qul knrrlk ukn, trls a jîs edstardns). (Xdgbdn 5.

 Ntncn n su caibl makcdmdýk tljparnb (bn sumlsdvdcnc clb cdsmursa y bn mnrgn cl pnsnca cl bns pnbnirns), lk bas rlbntas cl ]nlr bn knrrnmdýk trnin`n lktrl bn ﬎gurnmdýk clsmajpulstn 9.

yqul bn lk jntlrdnmdýk lktrl bn rlflrlkmdn y bn nistrnmmdýk nutýkajn, lb trnylmtaka cl jdjätdmn, bn airn tdlkl su nknbagak  lk ukcls﬎gurncn vndväk lktrl lb pastdjprlsdakdsja y lb lxprlsdakdsja nistrnmta.  Nsê, tnkta bn farjn cl bn lsmrdturn maja maja ba knrrnca dktlktnk pracumdr ukn mak﬎gurnmdýk cl bn jljardn maja jntlrdnmdýk pdmtýrdma-lsmubtýrdmn cl bn jlrn lxplrdlkmdn y, n bn vlz, maja mrêtdmn cl bn mubturn lk tnkta ‒rlmulrca‚ a ‒blylkcn‚? tnb mak﬎gurnmdýk argnkdzn ukn makmlpmdýk pdmtardmdstn  ”ls  ”ls clmdr nktdsumlsdvn y eltlramrýkdmn” cl bn edstardmdcnc. e dstardmdcnc. =.

7.>. Atras l`ljpbas cl edpýtlsds0  Nbgukas trnin`as mrêtdmas qul prlslktnk bas rlsubtncas cl ukn dkvlstdgnmdýk prabakgncn majdlkznk a lk nbgukas mnsas makmbuylk lxpakdlkca tlsds qul idlk pacljas djngdknr maja pnrtl cl bns edpýtlsds clb praylmta cl dkvlstdgnmdýk lk qul sl dkdmdnrak, y qul sl afrlmlk maja l`ljpbas ðtdbls cl farjubnmdýk cl edpýtlsds. \k l`ljpba mbîsdma cl edpýtlsds mudcncasnjlktl makmntlkncns lk tarka cl uk tljn rlmartnca mak slkmdbbn prlmdsdýk lstî lk lb ‒Lpêbaga‚ cl Jdjlsds, lb bdira cl Lrdme Nulrinme sairl ‒bn rlprlslktnmdýk cl bn rlnbdcnc lk bn bdtlrnturn ammdclktnb‚? nbbê lb nutar rlmnpdtubn makmdsn y irlvljlktl bns ‒trls dclns, êktdjnjlktl bdgncns lktrl sê‚ qul, slþnbn, ‒cdlrak farjn nb praibljn ardgdknb, nukqul tnjidäk _ngrlgn Nulrinme maja sd fulsl uk clflmta y ka uk järdta cl rlmartlZ bl djpusdlrak sus lstrlmeas bêjdtls‚? lb tlxta tdlkl ncljîs atra dktlräs pnrn bn jntlrdn cl lstl bdira, parqul dkjlcdntnjlktl lkbnzn lsn farjubnmdýk cl sus ‒dclns‚ prdkmdpnbls mak ukn lxpbdmnmdýk clb ‒jätaca‚ utdbdznca (Nulrinme 3=).  N cdflrlkmdn cl bas l`ljpbas nktlrdarls, nmatncas n bn airn cl uk lsmrdtar, lsmrdtar, bn cl ]ndc ls ukn edpýtlsds cl nbmnkml juy njpbda (bn fukmdýk cl bas rlbntas lk glklrnb) sairl uk tljn tnjidäk juy vnsta (bn rlbnmdýk lktrl mubturn l djplrdnbdsja), y rlprlslktn ukn plrsplmtdvn fukmdaknbdstn idlk clfdkdcn nb rlsplmta.

Fulrn cl bas praylmtas cl dkvlstdgnmdýk prapdnjlktl cdmeas, atra gäklra nmncäjdma cakcl ls pasdibl lkmaktrnr farjubnmdýk cl edpýtlsds ba makstdtuylk bas rlsðjlkls qul lkmnilznk bas nrtêmubas lk bns rlvdstns lsplmdnbdzncns. Lk lflmta, bn rlcnmmdýk clb rlsujlk aibdgn nb nutar n sdktltdznr lk ukns pamns frnsls usunbjlktl nslrtdvns bas maktlkdcas prdkmdpnbls clb nrtêmuba? y nukqul nbgukas nutarls rlsujlk jîs idlk ai`ltdvas ydkmbuylk pramlcdjdlktas (‒pnrn cnr praibljn X sl nknbdzn nquê lbqul tlxta] S‚), jumeas ukn farjubnmdýk cl mulktn bn tlsds clb prdkmdpnb (‒lstl nrtêmuba sastdlkl ls X‚). Enstn flirlra cl 9885, sýba par BNSDKCLU lrn pasdibl nmmlclr n amelktn y trls rlvdstns nmncäjdmns lblmtrýkdmns sairl ‒Bdtlrnturn‚ (lktrl trlsmdlktns slslktn y mdkma sairl ‒Nrtl y Eujnkdcncls‚ lk dgunb sapartl), iulkn pnrtl cl bns munbls prlslktn bas tlxtas majpbltas cl bns sumlsdvns lktrlgns mak lb rlsujlk marrlspakcdlktl n mncn nrtêmuba, n vlmls lk cas c as a jîs dcdajns (lk ettp0//www.bntdkclx.uknj.jx (93/89/85)). Maksdclrljas nearn nbgukas l`ljpbas tajncas yn ka cl trnin`as mrêtdmas makmbudcas sdka cl praylmtas cl dkvlstdgnmdýk nmrlcdtncas. Eljas slblmmdaknca frngjlktas clb npnrtnca ‒Edpýtlsds‚ cl nbgukas praylmtas clb mnjpa cl bn edstardn mrêtdmn cl bn bdtlrnturn nrglktdkn? sl trntn lk bas muntra mnsas cl praylmtas cl tlsds camtarnb nmrlcdtncas lk lb Camtarnca lk Bltrns cl bn \kdvlrsdcnc Knmdaknb cl Bn Xbntn, bas cas prdjlras lk mursa, bas cas ðbtdjas mak tlsds makmbudcn y clflkcdcn? clil tlklrsl lk mulktn qul lk bas muntra l`ljpbas trnksmrdidjas nplkns bas pîrrnfas jîs djpartnktls cl ba qul maksdclrnjas a sl prlslktn maja edpýtlsds prdkmdpnb, nplkns ukn pnrtl cl bn farjubnmdýk majpbltn cl bns edpýtlsds cl mncn praylmta? lb ðbtdja l`ljpba, tnjidäk slblmtdva plra jîs lxtlksa, plrjdtl vlr bn makmntlknmdýk lktrl edpýtlsds0

38

 

• L`ljpba > cl edpýtlsds cl uk praylmta camtarnb  N\SAYN0 Jnrgnrdtn Jlridbenî SLJN0 Dtdklrnrda dktlblmtunb y bdtlrnrda cl Jnkulb \gnrtl lktrl >488 y bas nþas vldktl.

\k mnsa cl dktlblmtunb clsmlktrnca (praylmta dkdmdnca lk 988448 y 988< (@unk @asä ]nlr, ]nlr,

Ydmnrca Xdgbdn, Yacabfa Fagwdbb, Mäsnr Ndrn) (praylmta dkdmdnca lk 9887). EDXÝSL]D]0  Lk lb dktlrdar cl mncn ukn cl bns slrdls makfarjncns par bns kavlbns

qul ]nlr, Xdgbdn, Fagwdbb y Ndrn ”lsmrdtarls cajdknktls lk lb plrêaca clb qul kas amupnjas”, puibdmnk lktrl >448 y 988, tlsds clflkcdcn lk jnrza cl 9885). 3>

 

EDXÝSL]D] GLKLYNB0 Bn slrdl cl tlxtas qul makfdgurnk bn pracummdýk fdknb cl Yailrta

 Nrbt (>4=9->439) cdslþn ukn rlclfdkdmdýk clb praylmta mrlncar nrbtdnka tlkcdlktl n su `lrnrqudznmdýk y pakl lk `ulga cdspasdtdvas clstdkncas n nmlrmnrba n pasdmdakls prlstdgdasns y npraxdjnmdakls cdsdjätrdmns y praibljîtdmns mak bas slmtarls qul prajavênk lk lsas nþas bns tlkclkmdns lstätdmns qul enmdn bas munrlktn aitdlklk bn prdjnmên prd jnmên lk lb mnjpa bdtlrnrda cl bn äpamn. Lk lsl javdjdlkta, sl makslrvnk nbgukns cl sus karjns y prlamupnmdakls nktlrdarls, (pðibdma njpbda par l`ljpba) plra ästns lktrnk lk ukn tlksdýk qul bns rluidmn a trnksfarjn. _…Z

•  L`ljpba 3 cl edpýtlsds cl uk praylmta camtarnb  N\SAYN0 Glrnbcdkl Yaglrs SLJN0 Mnrns y Mnrltns0 pabêtdmns cl dktlgrnmdýk lk lb mnjpa bdtlrnrda y lk bn lsflrn pðibd-

mn nrglktdkn, >545->483 (praylmta dkdmdnca lk >444, tlsds clflkcdcn lk jnrza cl 9886). EDXÝSL]D] DKDMDNBL]0 >. Clscl su npnrdmdýk lk >545 Mnrns y Mnrltns pakl lk mdrmubnmdýk lbljlktas (pra-

cumtas mubturnbls y rlgbns cl pracummdýk) qul pravdlklk cl mnjpas cdvlrsas cl bn mubturn, y prapakl ukn dktlgrnmdýk cl cdvlrsns býgdmns qul lk atras maktlxtas rlsubtnk dkmajpntdibls. _…Z 9. Clscl fdkls clb sdgba UDU, bn ljlrglkmdn cl uk jlrmnca cl idlkls sdjiýbdmas maktrdiuyl n bn nutakajdznmdýk cl bns airns rlsplmta cl su rlbnmdýk cl clplkclkmdn mak lb Lstnca. Lk lsl maktlxta rlsubtn cl mlktrnb djpartnkmdn lb pnplb cl Mnrns y Mn rltns maja farjncar clb kulva bugnr cl bas lsmrdtarls, bas blmtarls y bn lsmrdturn lk lb lspnmda pðibdma. _…Z =. Snkta lk sus pasdmdaknjdlktas lxpbêmdtas maja lk su prîmtdmn, Mnrns y Mnrltns dktlrvdlkl lk lb clintl sairl lb praibljn cl bn blkgun knmdaknb y clb blkgun`l bdtlrnrda nmlrmn clb munb cdsputnrak bas dktlblmtunbls jîs rlprlslktntdvas clb mnjida cl sdgba. Bn arnbdcnc cl bas slmtarls papubnrls mrdabbas l dkjdgrnktls trnksfarjncn lk lsmrdturn makstdtuyl, clscl lb pukta cl vdstn cl bns clfdkdmdakls elgljýkdmns, ukn snturnmdýk cl blkgun`l lxtrnbdtlrnrda. Lb rlvlrsa cl bn blkgun ncjdtdcn lk bn lsmrdturn bdtlrnrdn cl ‒iulk gusta‚ npnrlml lk lb sljnknrda clstdknca nb grnk pðibdma cl mbnsls papubnrls lk nsmlksa, lk uk jajlkta lk qul grupas rlstrdkgdcas cdsmutlk tljns lsplmêfdmnjlktl bdtlrnrdas y julstrnk prlamupnmdýk par bn purlzn clb dcdajn. Lb sljnknrda tdlkl lk lsl pbnka uk pnplb makfarjncar cl uk kulva blkgun`l lk lb lspnmda pðibdma l dktlrvdlkl lk bn cdsputn par su blgdtdjdcnc lk nidlrta clsnfêa n bn `lrnrqudznmdýk mubturnb y bdkgòêstdmn,

39

 

nb prajavlr ukn blkgun cl dktlgrnmdýk mak ukn pasturn pragrnjîtdmn qul mulstdakn lbljlktas cl bn pabêtdmn mubturnb elgljýkdmn y cakcl julstrn ukn slksdidbdcnc nidlrtn, cdspulstn n dkmarparnr dkmarparnr.. 3. Lk lb sljnknrda Mnrns y Mnrltns eny uk fukmdaknjdlkta cl bn lsmrdturn pnrn muya nkîbdsds lb makmlpta lsplmdnbdznca cl ‒bdtlrnturn‚ rlsubtn rlstrdmtdva, yn qul djpdcl vlr lb jaca lk qul cltlrjdkncas usas y fukmdakls cl mdlrtas cdsmursas (lstltdznktls, knrrntdvas) sl bdgnk mak atras mbnrnjlktl lxtrnbdtlrnrdas lk lb dktlrdar cl bn puibdmnmdýk, y mak bas munbls lstniblmlk ukn rlbnmdýk cl plrjlnidbdcnc y nrtdmubnmdýk lsplmdnbjlktl rlblvnktls maja mak`ukta cl cdsmursas cl bn kulvn lsflrn pðibdmn. Ka lxdstl nbbê, snbva lk mnsas lsplmêfdmas qul slrîk ai`lta cl dkvlstdgnmdýk, uk fukmdaknjdlkta f ukmdaknjdlkta cl mntlgarêns glkärdmns lstnibls. _…Z 4. Lb npnrtnca ‒Idibdagrnfên‚ clb praylmta cl dkvlstdgnmdýk Ka eny uk jaca ukdfarjl kd glklrnbdznca cl argnkdznmdýk clb npnrtnca ‒Idibdagrnfên‚ clb praylmta cl dkvlstdgnmdýk. Lk prdkmdpda, makvdlkl rlgdstrnr bn jnyar mnktdcnc pasdibl cl têtubas plrtdklktls, y cdstrdiudrbn lk npnrtncas qul, `ukta mak lb arclk nbfniätdma clktra cl mncn npnrtnca, fnmdbdtlk bn blmturn y bn iðsqulcn. Ls juy dkfrlmulktl

qul uk praylmta cl dkvlstdgnmdýk plrjdtn argnkdznr tacas bas têtubas qul clil mdtnr lk ukn ðkdmn kýjdkn arclkncn nbfniätdmnjlktl. Xar l`ljpba, lb praylmta ‒Vdkmubnmdakls cl bn knrrntdvn cl ]nlr mak bn pdkturn‚ pacrên dkmbudr ukn idibdagrnfên argnkdzncn lk bas sdgudlktls npnrtncas0 >. F\LKSL] _a

‒Marpus‚, a ‒Fulktls prdjnrdns‚Z

>.>. Airns cl @unk @asä ]nlr 

Knrrntdvn y palsên  Lksnyas  Lktrlvdstns, marrlspakclkmdn  >.9. Airns cl pdktarls, mrêtdmas cl nrtl y murncarls  Mntîbagas y mablmmdakls  Lksnyas, jnkd﬎lstas, lktrlvdstns, marrlspakclkmdn  Xuibdmnmdaklss plrdýcdmns  Xuibdmnmdakl

 _a ‒Fulktls slmukcnrdns‚Z 9. IDIBDAGYNFÊN  _a 9.>. Idibdagrn Idibdagrnfên fên tlýrdmn 

Idibdagrnfên tlýrdmn glklrnb  Idibdagrnfên tlýrdmn sairl kavlbn y knrrntdvn  Idibdagrnfên tlýrdmn sairl rlbnmdakls dktlrnrtêstdmns 9.9. Idibdagrn Idibdagrnfên fên edstýrdmn y mrêtdmn  Edstardn bdtlrnrdn y mubturnb  Edstardn clb nrtl y bn pdkturn  Lstucdas mrêtdmas sairl @unk @asä ]nlr 

±Fulktls a marpus1 Bns cas pnbnirns ka sak sdkýkdjas, sairl taca parqul mncn ukn cl lbbns rlprlslktn ukn pasdmdýk tlýrdmn l dclabýgdmn cdflrlktl nmlrmn clb ai`lta cl dkvlstdgnmdýk. Xar ba jlkas tlkclkmdnbjlktl, ‒fulktls‚ rljdtl n ukn makmlpmdýk ljpdrdmdstn y nutlktdmdstn clb ai`lta cl bns dkvlstdgnmdakls mubturnbls0 ba qul eljas cl lstucdnr tdlkl lxdstlkmdn prlvdn l dkclplkcdlktl rlsplmta cl bn dktlrvlkmdýk clb dkvlstdgncar? ästl vn n iusmnr n bns fulktls, lkmulktrn bn jntlrdn prdjlrn cl ba qul lstnin nbbê, lk bas arêglkls, y ba nknbdzn y lxpbdmn. Xltlr Iurol rlmulrcn qul clscl sdljprl bas edstardncarls enk bbnjnca ‒fulktls‚ n bas camujlktas mak qul trnin`nk, ‒maja sd sl clcdmnrnk n bblknr sus muias lk lb rêa cl bn vlrcnc y sus rlbntas fulrnk enmdäkcasl jîs

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puras n jlcdcn qul sl nmlrmnrnk jîs n bas arêglkls‚ a maja sd fulsl pasdibl pasd ibl lsmrdidr sairl lb pnsnca sdk ‒bn maktnjdknmdýk cl dktlrjlcdnrdas‚ (Iurol >6). ‒Marpus‚, lk mnjida, sulbl lstnr vdkmubnca clscl enml nbgukns cämncns n ukn makmlpmdýk makstrumtdvdstn clb makamdjdlkta cl bn samdlcnc y cl bn mubturn0 lb ai`lta cl dkvlstdgnmdýk clb mrêtdma cl bn mubturn ls dklvdtnibljlktl su prapdn makstrummdýk, a par ba jlkas ka ls pasdibl qul sl makstdtuyn maja tnb sdk bn dktlrvlkmdýk nrtdmubncarn clb mrêtdma. Vabvlrljas sairl lstl praibljn lk lb mnpêtuba dkdmdnb cl bn slgukcn pnrtl, plra makvdlkl nkatnr clscl yn qul bn lblmmdýk cl ‒fulktls‚ a ‒marpus‚ ka ls ukn lblmmdýk jlrnjlktl rltýrdmn. Lk praylmtas cl dkvlstdgnmdýk bdtlrnrdn bn cdstdkmdýk sl usn n vlmls maja elrrnjdlktn pnrn prlslktnr par slpnrnca bns airns cl bns lcdmdakls. Xar l`ljpba, in`a lb suitêtuba ‒Fulktls‚ sl dkmbuyl ‒]nlr, @unk @asä. Ba djiarrnibl. Iulkas Ndrls0 Nbdnkzn, >44=‚? jdlktrns qul in`a lb npnrtnca ‒Marpus‚, sl maksdgkn ‒]nlr, ‒]nlr, @unk @asä. Ba djiarrnibl (>44=)‚. Lk kujlrasas mnsas, bns fulktls a lb marpus sulblk lstniblmlrsl cl jnklrn pravdsardn y qulcnr nidlrtas n jacdfdmnmdakls qul nmaksl`l lb nvnkml cl bn dkvlstdgnmdýk. Ls cl rdgar cltnbbnr bns lcdmdakls mak qul sl trnin`nrî y cl`nr lstniblmdcn su makfdnidbdcnc? sd ka sl trnin`nrî mak bns prdjlrns lcdmdakls a mak lcdmdakls mrêtdmns, eny qul `ustdfdmnr mak rnzakls cl plsa par quä ka sl ba enml (yn qul, lk prdkmdpda, ukn slgukcn a suisdgudlktl lcdmdýk ka ls ukndkfrlmulktl fulktl cl lk prdjlrn jnka).pðibdmns Munkcamakvdlkl sl trntl dkfarjnr cl jntlrdnbls camujlktas cl lxdstlkmdn idibdatlmns cýkcly sl cdspakl cl bas jdsjas y lk quä makcdmdakls cl makslrvnmdýk, nmmlsa y maksubtn. Lk glklrnb, makvdlkl tlklr lk mulktn qul bn idibdagrnfên y su cdstrdiumdýk dkcdmnk tnkta uk järdta mrêtdma (nclbnktnk lb makamdjdlkta sýbdca cl uk lkfaqul mak lb munb bn fnsl dkdmdnb cl bn dkvlstdgnmdýk qulcn majprajltdcn) maja uk järdta mdlktêfdma-dkstdtumdaknb (lxedilk mnpnmdcnc cl nmapda y nmmlsa). T uk iulk lvnbuncar cl praylmtas lxnjdkn sdljprl lsas järdtas. Xar supulsta qul lb nutar cl ukn tlsds a cl uk dkfarjl cl rlsubtncas cl dkvlstdgnmdýk clil enilr blêca y lstucdnca êktlgrn bn idibdagrnfên qul mdtn. Lk uk praylmta, lk mnjida, bn idibdagrnfên ls ukn edpýtlsds cl trnin`a0 par ukn pnrtl, lb nutar clb praylmta clilrî enilr blêca y lstucdnca bas têtubas sdk muyn maksdclrnmdýk ka euidlrnk pacdca farjubnrsl cl jaca fdnibl lb lstnca cl bn mulstdýk y bns edpýtlsds. Xar l`ljpba, uk praylmta sairl ‒Lflmtas y rlprlslktnmdakls cl bn Ylvabumdýk Muinkn lk bn knrrntdvn nrglktdkn lktrl >468 y >465‚ clil cljastrnr qul pnrtl cl uk makamdjdlkta edstardagrîfdma sufdmdlktl y fdnibl nmlrmn cl ba qul lb têtuba clkajdkn ‒Ylvabumdýk Muinkn‚, y slgurnjlktl clilrî lktakmls argnkdznr uk npnrtnca cl bn idibdagrnfên lk qul sl cä mulktn cl lsl makamdjdlkta. Xar atrn pnrtl, ls nmaksl`nibl dkmbudr lk bn idibdagrnfên clb praylmta tacas bas têtubas cl bas qul sl tlkgn ukn rlflrlkmdn slgurn sufdmdlktl. Nquê bas mnbdfdmntdvas ‒slgurn‚ y ‒sufdmdlktl‚ sak ba djpartnktl. Xar l`ljpba, bn rlslþn cl uk bdira nb qul nðk ka eljas

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tlkdca nmmlsa puibdmncn lk ukn rlvdstn cl bn lsplmdnbdcnc, pulcl rlsubtnr ukn ardlktnmdýk nmlrmn clb maktlkdca cl bn airn qul instl pnrn nslgurnrkas su plrtdklkmdn pnrn lb tljn clb praylmta? bn blmturn clb sujnrda, bn dktracummdýk y bn makmbusdýk cl ukn tlsds camtarnb qul ka nbmnkznrljas n bllr majpbltn nktls cl lktrlgnr lb praylmta pulcl ka aistnktl slr sufdmdlktl pnrn qul ka cucljas lk dkmbudrbn lk bn idibdagrnfên. Lb nistrnmt  nistrnmt cl uk nrtêmuba muya tlxta majpblta nðk ka eljas makslgudca pulcl yn dkcdmnrkas sdk bugnr n cucns su maklxdýk mak kulstra tljn0 sd lstnjas slguras, par ba tnkta, cl qul ba iusmnrljas pnrn lstucdnrba, lktakmls lsl nrtêmuba farjn pnrtl cl ba qul pbnkdfdmnjas dkvlstdgnr y jlrlml, bulga, uk bugnr lk bn idibdagrnfên clb praylmta (nukqul sýba jîs tnrcl vnynjas n snilr sd slgudrî fdgurnkca lk bn idibdagrnfên cl bn tlsds a lb dkfarjl). Xar supulsta, sairl bn idibdagrnfên maksdgkncn lk lb praylmta lb mursa cl bn dkvlstdgnmdýk aplrnrîk klmlsnrdnjlktl jacdfdmnmdakls, tnkta lxmbusdakls y clsmnrtls maja bn dkmbusdýk cl trnin`as ka cdspakdibls a ka puibdmncas nb jajlkta cl bn rlcnmmdýk clb praylmta.  Nbgukas farjubnrdas pnrn bn prlslktnmdýk cl praylmtas lstniblmlk ukn lxtlksdýk jîxdjn lk pîgdkns a mnrnmtlrls. N kulstra jaca cl vlr, sl trntn cl ukn karjn rnzaknibl rlsplmta nbgukns pnrtls clb praylmtasustnktdvn), (pulcl slrplra ðtdb pnrn lvnbunr mnpnmdcnc cl sêktlsds y cl cl nrtdmubnmdýk cl bn dkfarjnmdýk rdlsgasn rlsplmta cl bn idibdagrnfên. Lk lflmta, aibdgn nb nutar clb praylmta n nmbnrnr qul dkmbuyl ukn slblmmdýk juy lsmultn cl têtubas clidca n bas bêjdtls cl lxtlksdýk djpulstas, y nb lvnbuncar n makfdnr lk bn majpbltn vlrnmdcnc cl lsn clmbnrnmdýk0 sd lk bn idibdagrnfên ka fdgurnk nbgukas têtubas qul lb lvnbuncar maksdclrn juy djpartnktls pnrn uk nsplmta clb tljn, sdljprl sl bl pacrî lmenr bns mubpns cl bn ajdsdýk n bn rlstrdmmdýk djpulstn par bns insls clb makmursa a nb farjubnrda.

4.9. Idibdatlmns, idibdatlmnrdas y rlplrtardas Kulstrn jaclstn lxplrdlkmdn dkcdmn qul bn jîxdjn dksdstlkmdn lk lb sdgudlktl pukta kukmn ls lxmlsdvn0 ka ls pasdibl dkvlstdgnr prlsmdkcdlkca clb npaya cl ukn mbnsl pnrtdmubnr cl praflsdaknbls, bas idibdatlmnrdas y rlflrlkmdstns. Ka ba ful kukmn, plra ba ls jlkas clscl qul sl glklrnbdzý lb usa cl rlmursas dkfarjîtdmas pnrn bn dkvlstdgnmdýk. Bn mdrmukstnkmdn cl bn dkfarjntdznmdýk cl bns idibdatlmns nmnrrln ukn vlktn`n pnrn bn lmakajên cl bn dkvlstdgnmdýk, parqul nirl y nmlblrn lb nmmlsa n jumeas rlmursas idibdagrîfdmas y eljlragrîfdmas rljatas clscl sdtdas fêsdmnjlktl prýxdjas. Bas dkvlstdgncarls cl uk îrln lsplmêfdmn pulclk y clilk makamlr bns tämkdmns l dkstrujlktas cl iðsqulcn y aitlkmdýk cl fulktls y idibdagrnfên, plra slrên uk lrrar qul mncn dkvlstdgncar prltlkcn rlpbdmnr ba qul, lk mnjida, uk iulk idibdatlmnrda clil snilr pnrn, pnrn , maja bl marrlspakcl, enmlrkas ukn pnrtl clb trnin`a0 nslsarnrkas y gudnrkas lk bas pramlsas cl iðsqulcn, slblmmdýk y argnkdznmdýk cl bas jntlrdnbls.

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Xar ba tnkta, ukn cl bns prdjlrns clmdsdakls lstrntägdmns qul uk dkvlstdgncar qul sl dkdmdn clil tajnr ls bn cl lblgdr lblgdr,, enstn cakcl bl rlsubtl pasdibl, uk idibdatlmnrda-rlflrlkmdstn y ukn idibdatlmn. Ls klmlsnrda, par supulsta, makmurrdr plrsaknbjlktl n jumens idibdatlmns y nrmedvas, plra ls makvlkdlktl enmlrba rlgubnrjlktl clscl ukn. Ka clil trntnrsl klmlsnrdnjlktl cl bn idibdatlmn qul, lktrl bns jîs prýxdjns n kulstra cajdmdbda cl trnin`a, afrlzmn lb nmlrva jîs mapdasa. Ka ls ukn iulkn idibdatlmn bn qul, tlkgn ukas pamas jdbls cl vabðjlkls a vnrdas mlktlknrls cl jdbls, sl jnktdlkl ndsbncn y ka cdspakl cl rlmursas lfdmnmls y rîpdcas cl nmmlsa n bn dkfarjnmdýk. Bn jl`ar ls bn qul mulktn mak lqudpnjdlkta y slrvdmdas cl nmmlsa nmtunbdzncas (clscl bn maksubtn cl insls cl cntas y cl tlxtas majpbltas cl puibdmnmdakls lsplmdnbdzncns enstn lb prästnja lktrl idibdatlmns), y mak idibdatlmnrdas-rlflrlkmdstns qul snilk usnr y lkslþnr n usnr lsas rlmursas, y sairl taca qul trnin`nk gudncas par bn makvdmmdýk cl qul npaynr n bas dkvlstdgncarls ls pravlmeasa y rlprlslktn ukn pnrtl sustnktdvn cl su praflsdýk. Xulcl qul bn idibdatlmn lblgdcn ka cdspakgn cl ukn mapdn cl bn fulktl prdkmdpnb cl kulstrn dkvlstdgnmdýk, plra tnkta a jîs djpartnktl ls qul cdspakgn cl bas rlmursas pnrn snilr cýkcl eny mapdns cl lsn fulktl, muîk nmmlsdibls sak y cl quä jaca, muîb ls bn idibdagrnfên cdspakdibl sairl lb tljn, muîbls sus sapartls y bas jacas cl nmmlclr nlktrlknjdlkta lbbn. Bns iulkns idibdatlmns, ncljîs, rlgubnrjlktl mursas a tnbblrls pnrn cl usunrdas lk glklrnb y clafrlmlk usunrdas dkvlstdgncarls lk pnrtdmubnr. Xnrn ka plrclrsl lk bn slbvn tupdcn cl bns idibdatlmns, eljlratlmns y nrmedvas, lktrl pnplbls a lk bas lkmnclknjdlktas dktlrjdknibls cl bn wli, ba prdjlra qul makvdlkl enmlr ls iusmnr guêns cl rlplrtardas idibdagrîfdmas y fnjdbdnrdznrsl mak su usa0 puibdmnmdakls plrdýcdmns y airns idibdatlmabýgdmns cl rlflrlkmdn clcdmncns n bn idibdagrnfên cl kulstra mnjpa cl dkvlstdgnmdýk qul slnk, ncljîs, bns jîs rlmdlktls y majpbltns qul lxdstnk. Nfartukncnjlktl, lk bdira y lk lb mnjpa cl dkvlstdgnmdýk clb qul eljas tajnca l`ljpbas enstn nearn y lk lb qul dkmursdaknk vnrdas cl bas mnpêtubas cl bn slgukcn pnrtl, ls clmdr lb cl bn bdtlrnturn nrglktdkn, cdspakljas cl ukn airn lsplmdnbdzncn cl lstl tdpa, lcdtncn lk 9887/8=/85).

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Ba qul lb dkvlstdgncar prdkmdpdnktl majlkznrî n makamlr jlcdnktl airns a puibdmnmdakls maja ästns ls ukn mbnsdfdmnmdýk mnpnz cl rlukdr, clfdkdr y arclknr bas bugnrls cl iðsqulcn, ls clmdr bas tdpas cl fulktls cl rlflrlkmdns (bas tdpas cl rlplrtardas) n bas qul nmucdr par bdiras, rlvdstns, nrtêmubas, tlsds, mablmmdakls, cdmmdaknrdas, rlsðjlkls, camujlktas, ltm. sairl ukn lsplmdnbdcnc a uk tljn0 lktrl lsas bugnrls cl iðsqulcn sl mulktnk bas mntîbagas cl bdiras a cl puibdmnmdakls slrdncns, bns idibdagrnfêns cl idibdagrnfêns, bns idibdagrnfêns, bns guêns cl airns cl rlflrlkmdn, bas êkcdmls cl puibdmnmdakls plrdýcdmns l êkcdmls cl êkcdmls, êkcdmls cl rlslþns, êkcdmls cl rlsðjlkls cl tlsds a cl dkvlstdgnmdakls lk mursa, ltm. Lk sapartl cdgdtnb, bns bbnjncns insls cl cntas afrlmlk slrvdmdas cl dkfarjnmdýk juy vnrdncn, clscl rlplrtardas idibdagrîfdmas y eljlragrîfdmas enstn tlxtas majpbltas cl nrtêmubas a tlsds. Bns eny cl bdirl nmmlsa lk bêkln, atrns lstîk cdspakdibls par susmrdpmdýk lk idibdatlmns ukdvlrsdtnrdns. Xnrn qudlkls nplkns slpnk cl quä sl trntn, uk iulk l`ljpba ls lb cl bn JBN Dktlrkntdaknb Idibdagrnpey , qul lstî cdspakdibl par susmrdpmdýk dkstdtumdaknb0 vnyn n usîrslbn lflmtdvnjlktl a ka, lk ettp0//www.jbn.arg/idibdagrnpey eny ukn juy idlk argnkdzncn clsmrdpmdýk clb rlmursa qul rlsubtn juy dkstrumtdvn pnrn prdkmdpdnktls. tlklr uk cdgdtnb, prdjlr pnkarnjn cl bn vnrdlcnc cl rlplrtardas lstl tdpaXnrn lk sapartl makvdlkl dkgrlsnr n bn guên cl slrvdmdascllkdkfarjnmdýk bêkln a bnscl plstnþns cl lkbnmls cl munbqudlr idibdatlmn ukdvlrsdtnrdn dkfarjntdzncn? par l`ljpba, clscl ettp0//www.idieujn.fneml.ukbp.lcu.nr/slrvakbdkl/rlmursas.pep sl pulcl nmmlclr n ukn vnrdncn slrdl cl insls cl cntas cl nrtêmubas cl rlvdstns, idibdatlmns cdgdtnbls, mntîbagas cl idibdatlmns, airns cl rlflrlkmdn, guêns cl rlmursas lk Dktlrklt, rlvdstns lblmtrýkdmns. Xnrn majlkznr n lxpbarnr lb pnkarnjn cl rlvdstns lsplmdnbdzncns sak rlmajlkcnibls lb yn jlkmdaknca BNSDKCLU  (ettp0//www.bntdkclx.uknj.jx)  (ettp0//www.bntdkclx.uknj.jx) a lb Edspnkdm Njlrdmnk Xl rdacdmnbs Dkclx-ENXD Dkclx-ENXD (ettp0//enpd.gslds.umbn.lcu). Xnrn nmmlclr n mapdns cdgdtnbls majpbltns cl rlvdstns sl pulcl majlkznr par CAN@. Cdrlmtary af Aplk Nmmlss @aurknbs, ettp0//www.can`.arg ettp0//www.can`.arg (>7/=/85), cl nmmlsa nidlrta cdrlmta. \kn cl bns insls cl tlxtas majpbltas cl rlvdstns jîs usncns ls @]SAY-@aurknb ]tarngl. Sel ]meabnrby @aurknb Nrmedvl- (ettp0//www.`star.arg)0 ls uk rlmursa lxmlblktl nb qul ls pasdibl nmmlclr n trnväs cl kujlrasns idibdatlmns ukdvlrsdtnrdns y atrns dkstdtumdakls cl dkvlstdgnmdýk. Xnrn tlklr ukn prdjlrn dkfarjnmdýk sairl lb rlmursa sl pulcl maksubtnr ‒Niaut ‒Niaut @star‚ lk lspnþab (a lk atras vnrdas dcdajns), lk ettp0//www.`settp0//www.`star.arg/niaut/clsm.ls.etjb tar .arg/niaut/clsm.ls.etjb (>7/=/85)? pnrn uk prdjlr vdstnza cl bn bdstn cl rlvdstns sairl blkgun y bdtlrnturn cl @]SAY, ettp0//www ettp0//www.`star .`star.arg/niaut/bnkgbdt.bdst.etjb .arg/niaut/bnkgbdt.bdst.etjb (>7/=/45). Xnrn nmmlclr n tlxtas majpbltas cl rlvdstns dgunb qul par @]SY plra sýba lk lb mnjpa cl mdlkmdns samdnbls y eujnkdcncls, ls rlmajlkcnibl Xra`lmt J\]L. ]meabnrby `aurknbs ak  bdkl, ettp0//jusl.`eu.lcu (>7/=/85).

8. Cdrlmtar, bugnr cl trnin`a y majukdmnmdýk Bas jacas clb trnin`a y bn pracummdýk dktlblmtunb sak jumeas? knturnbdznr nbguka cl lbbas ls nmrêtdma, y ncaptnr y rlmajlkcnr uka ls praibljîtdma. Lb fdbýsafa frnkmäs Nbndk Incdau, par l`ljpba, en rlmarcnca qul bn lsplmdnbdznmdýk y majpnrtdjlktnmdýk clb snilr lk dkmaktnibls cdsmdpbdkns y lb makslmulktl djplrntdva clb trnin`a dktlrcdsmdpbdknrda

ymakslmulkmdn cl bn farjnmdýk lqudpas y rlcls clb tdlklk jlkas sdgbas, mnpdtnbdstn y sak n ukcltdljpa cl bnclcdvdsdýk mnpdtnbdstn trnin`a y clclbn cas klmlsdcnc ‒praedidr bn sablcnc, parqul lb sabdtnrda ka pulcl slr maktrabnca‚ (Incdau, @ustdmdn  @ustdmdn . Lb cdrlmtar  Nb jajlkta cl lblgdr uk lsplmdnbdstn n qudlk sabdmdtnrbl qul cdrd`n kulstrn dkvlstdgnmdýk, makvdlkl tlklr lk mulktn bns sdgudlktls mdrmukstnkmdns0 Bas dkvlstdgncarls jl`ar mnpnmdtncas y mnbdfdmncas pnrn cdrdgdr ilmnrdas, tlsdstns y grupas cl dkvlstdgnmdýk sulblk slr bas qul cdspaklk cl jlkas tdljpa pnrn enmlrba,

lktrl masns parqul cdrdglk n uk iulk cdsmêpubas y grupas.lvnbunrbn Ka sdlj-y prl lsatrns pasdibl sartlnr lstnynmaktrncdmmdýk, plrakðjlra sdljprlclmakvdlkl makamlrbn, makvlrsnrbn nidlrtnjlktl mak lb cdrlmtar lblgdca. \k iulk cdrlmtar snil qul clil clcdmnr jumea tdljpa n mncn ilmnrda a tlsdstn qul sl dkdmdn lk bn praflsdýk in`a su nslsarnjdlkta? clil snilr ncljîs muîkca ls klmlsnrda rlmenznr plcdcas cl cdrlmmdýk, a clrdvnrbas n mablgns jîs vdkmubncas n bn tljîtdmn lblgdcn par lb ilmnrda, a nsamdnrsl mak uk ma-cdrlmtar mak qudlk majpnrtdr (plra ka lk qudlk clblgnr majpbltnjlktl) bn rlspaksnidbdcnc y bn tnrln. Bn praxdjdcnc mak lb tljn cl dkvlstdgnmdýk clb cdrlmtar ka clilrên slr bn jîxdjn kd bn jêkdjn0 sd ls bn jîxdjn, slrî juy cdfêmdb lvdtnr lb rdlsga cl qulcnr mnpturncas  lk bns tlsds clb cdrlmtar (tacas eljas makamdca nbgðk tlsdstn a ilmnrda muyas lsmrdtas sulknk cljnsdnca n jlkuca maja lflmtas cl vlktrdbaqudn)? sd bn praxdjdcnc clb cdrlmtar mak lb tljn ls bn jêkdjn, pacrî nslsarnrkas lk mulstdakls jltacabýgdmns y lk nsplmtas glklrnbls clb tljn, plra n pama cl nkcnr lb cdrdgdca makamlrî jumea jîs su tljn qul lb cdrlmtar (y ls jl`ar qul lsta sumlcn prajlcdnkca bn dkvlstdgnmdýk a munkca yn lstî nbga nvnkzncn, y ka juy pama clspuäs cl dkdmdncn). ]l cdml qul lb jl`ar cdrlmtar ka ls kd lb lsplmdnbdstn jîs `avlk kd lb jîs vdl`a. Lb maksl`a, ncljîs cl nktdpîtdma, ka ls lb marrlmta0 lb jl`ar cdrlmtar ls lb qul tdlkl sufdmdlktl lxplrdlkmdn y makamdjdlkta clb mnjpa y ls ncljîs uk jdljira nmtdva cl bn majukdcnc cl bn cdsmdpbdkn, sdk djpartnr lk prdkmdpda su lcnc? nukqul ls mdlrta qul nbgudlk cljnsdnca `avlk pulcl mujpbdr mak bn slgukcn makcdmdýk plra rnrnjlktl rn rnjlktl mak bn prdjlrn. Clscl yn qul enstn lstn ðbtdjn aislrvnmdýk jlrlml clsmakfdnkzn mrêtdmn0 par uk bnca, ka pnrlml makvlkdlktl qul uk pnr cdrd`n n atra, plra lb plcdca rlgubnr cl bn

8.9. Lb bugnr cl trnin`a Cnca qul bn majukdmnmdýk ls ukn lxdglkmdn sdljprl prlsupulstn lk bn praflsdýk, ukn karjn qul sl clrdvn cl lbbn ls bn clb mnrîmtlr mablmtdva y ka ndsbnca clb bugnr cl trnin`a0 clil trntnrsl cl ukn dkstdtumdýk a ngrupnjdlkta vdkmubnca cl jaca rlgubnr mak bn majukdcnc cl bn lsplmdnbdcnc, y lk muya dktlrdar mncn tlsdstn l dkvlstdgncar tlkgn lktrl sus tnrlns plrjnklktls bn cl sajltlr bas rlsubtncas n bn apdkdýk cl sus pnrls. \k iulk bugnr cl trnin`a jnktdlkl rlukdakls plrdýcdmns cl majukdmnmdýk y cdsmusdýk cl iarrncarls y nvnkmls (tnbblrls, lkmulktras, `arkncns), lcdtn iabltdkls cnkca n makamlr bn bniar cl sus dkvlstdgncarls y tlsdstns, y rlvdstns mdlktêfdmns lk muyns pîgdkns sl puibdmnk rlgubnrjlktl maktrdiumdakls cl dkvlstdgncarls lxtlrkas n bn dkstdtumdýk, lstniblml makvlkdas y nmulrcas cl dktlrmnjida mak atras mlktras, \kdvlrsdcncls, pragrnjns y rlcls pnrn prapdmdnr nsê qul su plrsaknb sl vdkmubl cl jaca rlgubnr mak pnrls y mablgns clb rlsta clb pnês y clb lxtlrdar. Bas ngrnclmdjdlktas cl bns prdjlrns a bns ðbtdjns pîgdkns cl bas bdiras qul pramlclk cl dkvlstdgnmdakls nmncäjdmns sulblk lstnr jîs paibncas cl kajirls qul lk atrn mbnsl cl bdiras. Ka sl trntn sýba kd sdljprl cl glstas cl martlsên, cdpbajnmdn u apartukdsja marparntdva, parqul lk lflmta bn jnyar pnrtl cl bns vlmls ukn dkvlstdgnmdýk rlnbjlktl rdgurasn sl enml pasdibl par bns cdvlrsns vnrdnktls cl maaplrnmdýk qul farjnk pnrtl cl bn vdcn dktlblmtunb qul uk iulk bugnr cl trnin`a sdljprl prapdmdn0 `arkncns a tnbblrls plrdýcdmas cl cdsmusdýk cl nvnkmls, cakcl sl maksdclrnk mrêtdmns,

. Ka kas rlflrdrljas n atras npnrtncas usunbls maja ‒Srnksflrlkmdn cl rlsubtncas‚ a ‒Lqudpnjdlkta y fdknkmdnmdýk‚. 9.  ]d lb blmtar maksdclrn qul ‒cljastrnr‚ ls ukn kamdýk bdgncn n ukn makmlpmdýk lpdstljabýgdmn lsquljîtdmn, nknmrýkdmn l dkmbusa yn dkglkun, pulcl rlljpbnznr bn frnsl par lstn atrn0 bn edpýtlsds ls bn lxpbdmnmdýk clb praibljn qul bn dkvlstdgnmdýk sl prapakl tarknr prlflrdibl lk bn majukdcnc cl bas lsplmdnbdstns. Dkmbusa sd sl ncjdtl lb usa cl ukn kamdýk maja bn cl ‒maktrnstnr‚ bns

446. • Incdau, Nbndk. @ustdmdn, fdbasafên y bdtlrnturn. bdtlrnturn. Yasn-

• Bdlkenrc, Jnrtdk. Bn vaz y su eulbbn. Lsmrdturn y makfbdmta ätkdma-samdnb lk Njärdmn Bntdkn (>349>455).  Bn Eninkn0 Lcdmdakls Mnsn cl bns Njärdmns, >448.

rda0 EajaJd`nêb ]npdlks Lcdmdakls,cl9887. • In`têk, J. Xraibljns bn paätdmn cl Castadlvsod . Jäxdma0 Fakca cl Mubturn Lmakýjdmn, >456. • Inrtels, Yabnkc. Mrêtdmn y vlrcnc. Jäxdma0 ]dgba UUD, >45453. • Iurol, Xltlr. Vdsta y ka vdsta. Lb usa cl bn djnglk maja camujlkta edstýrdma. Inrmlbakn0 Mrêtdmn, 988445. Lb jukca ls uk pnþulba. InrmlbaNkngrnjn, • Xnstarjlrba, ]lrgda. Iargls mrêtdma. Iulkas Ndrls0 Fakca cl Mubturn Lmakýjdmn, 9887. • Xdgbdn, Ydmnrca. Mrêtdmn y fdmmdýk. Iulkas Ndrls0 ]dgba Vldktl-\kdvlrsdcnc Knmdaknb clb Bdtarnb, >448. • Xrljnt, @ubda. Bn cdmen cl ]nturka. Lsmrdturn y  jlbnkmabên lk bn airn cl @unk @asä ]nlr. Yasnrda0 Ilntrdz Vdtlria Lcdtarn, 9889. • Xrdlta, Ncabfa. Lb cdsmursa mrdabbdstn lk bn farjnmdýk cl bn Nrglktdkn jaclrkn. Iulkas Ndrls0 ]ucnjlrdmnkn, >455. • Ydvlrn, @argl I. Yailrta Nrbt0 Bas sdltl bamas.  Iulkas Ndrls0 Enmelttl, >456.

kls y pnutns pnrn bn lbniarnmdýk cl ukn tlsds‚. Srnj(p)ns cl bn majukdmnmdýk y bn mubturn >7 (988=)0 9>-=45. • Gdarcnka, Nbilrta. Jacas clb lksnya. Cl Iargls  n Xdgbdn. Yasnrda0 Ilntrdz Vdtlria Lcdtarn, 98844>.

• Yajnkas cl Sdrntlb, ]usnkn. Dtdklrnrdas idibda grîfdmas lk bn bdtlrnturn nrglktdkn.  Iulkas Ndrls0 DKDID (Dkstdtuta cl Dkvlstdgnmdakls Idibdatlmabýgdmns, \IN), 988446, trnc. Karn Mnrtlbbd. • ]lankl, Mnrabdkn, Mnrabdakn Pukdka y Jnrmlba Jusmedlttd. ‒9. Bn sdtunmdýk lkukmdntdvn‚. Lb tnbblr clb lsmrdtar ukdvlrsdtnrda. Drlkl Obldk, maarcdkncarn. Iulkas Ndrls0 Xrajltla Bdiras, 9887.

.>. Lb ‒mnjpa mbîsdma‚

Ba qul, par klmlsdcnc farjubnrdn, lstl bdira bbnjn ‒dkvlstdgnmdýk bdtlrnrdn‚ a ‒lstucdas bdtlrnrdas‚ ls ukn lkmrumd`ncn cakcl sl lkrlcnk cl jnklrn juy majpbl`n prîmtdmns y cdsmursas juy cdvlrsas. Eny par ba jlkas nbgukas jatdvas lkmnclkncas par bas qul, n kulstra pnrlmlr, pnrlmlr, ls prlflrdibl slgudr maksdclrnkca lsn jncl`n maja uk mak`ukta, uk tlrrdtarda vnsta y vnrdnca plra qul nuk nsê jnktdlkl ukn mdlrtn dclktdcnc y sdgul afrlmdäkcasl maja uk mnjpa cl dkvlstdgnmdakls. Xulcl qul bn lkujlrnmdýk cl lstas jatdvas sulkl n rlmulkta cl aivdlcncls, plra ka ls jlkas mdlrta qul rnzakls apulstns (pakgnjas par mnsa0 ‒bdtlrnturn, lsn jdstdfdmnmdýk jaclrkn, yn ka ls kulstra tljn‚) tnjidäk sl cnk par aivdns a enstn fukmdaknk maja mrlclkmdnbls cl plrtlklkmdn mrêtdmn. Lb prdjlr jatdva, lktrl samdabýgdma y nktrapabýgdma, ls nbga nsê maja bn insl ljpêrdmn cl bas ‒lstucdas bdtlrnrdas‚, y rlsdcl lk qul bn aktabagên cl ‒bdtlrnturn‚ ls maja bn aktabagên cl bns iru`ns lk bn Lcnc Jlcdn0 nukqul ka euidlslk lxdstdca kukmn, sd ukn ju`lr lrn slþnbncn maja tnb, pacên tlrjdknr lk bn eagulrn (sd sl prlfdlrl ka ntrdiudr n bn bdtlrnturn ukn plbdgrasdcnc cl qul mnrlmlrên, cdgnjas, lktakmls0 bn aktabagên cl ‒bdtlrnturn‚ ls maja bn aktabagên cl bas snktas0 sus jdbngras pucdlrak enilr mnrlmdca cl bn jîs jêkdjn lxdstlkmdn rlnb y rlcumdrsl, lk lflmta, n pntrnþns urcdcns par prapngnkcdstns jîs a jlkas enidbdcasas, plra maja sln bas mnkakdznrak). Xar supulsta, lk mdlrta slktdca bn ‒cljamrnmdn‚, pakgnjas par mnsa, tnjpama lxdstl0 ls uk dkvlkta eujnka, ukn fdgurn djngdknrdn qul lk rdgar kncdl en vdsta, tamnca kd abdca `njîs. Xlra, maja ‒cljamrnmdn‚, ‒bdtlrnturn‚ sdgul kajirnkca lk jumens mubturns uk mak`ukta cl prîmtdmns, cdspasdmdakls, sui`ltdvdcncls y mrllkmdns qul rnrnjlktl sl makfukclk clb taca mak atrns y qul bns plrsakns tajnk maja insl pnrn enmlr mdlrtns masns y ka atrns0 bn jnyar pnrtl cl bas blmtarls lktlrncas (blnk a ka bdtlrnturn), bas lsmrdtarls, bas

). Xar supulsta, maja mak tacns bns clfdkdmdakls, bas praibljns majdlkznk y sl jubtdpbdmnk clscl qul sl bns farjubn0 ±n quä mbnsl cl arclknjdlkta clb ‒mak`ukta‚ sl rlfdlrl bn clfdkdmdýk1 ±Lsl arclk ls bn makcdmdýk pnrn rlmakamlr ukn ‒mablmmdýk‚1 ±^udäk mablmmdakn, y lk insl n quä mrdtlrdas1 ±Mýja bblgnjas n ukn clbdjdtnmdýk prlmdsn clb makmlpta cl ‒airn cl uk lsmrdtar‚ a ‒bdtlrnturn dkgblsn nktdgun‚ pnrn snilr lktakmls quä dkmbudr lk bn mablmmdýk tdtubncn mak lsas rýtubas1 Ka pnrlml pasdibl qul dkvlstdgnmdýk bdtlrnrdn nbgukn sl bdirl cl bns cdsyuktdvns qul makbblvn lb praibljn clb marpus.

>.9.>. Bn cdsyuktdvn pabêtdmn Bn prdjlrn cdsyuktdvn maksdstl lk clmdcdr sd lb marpus ls ðkdmn a prdkmdpnbjlktl uk cdspasdtdva cl cajdkda, uk dklvdtnibl l`lrmdmda cl vdablkmdn sdjiýbdmn par lxmbusdýk, a sd

ls prlflrdibl plksnrba maja uk mnjpa cl intnbbn, uk tlrrlka jntlrdnb cakcl sl bdirnk bumens mubturnbls0 lspnmda cakcl rlsubtnk pasdibls lb cajdkda y bn rlsdstlkmdn, bn suiarcdknmdýk y bn dksuiarcdknmdýk, lb nbdklnjdlkta y bn suivlrsdýk. Grnmdlbn Jaktnbca en sdktltdznca bns plrsplmtdvns mrêtdmns prlcajdknktls nmlrmn clb marpus munkca ba clfdkl maja ‒lb mak`ukta cl tlxtas qul makfarjnk ba qul in`a lb kajirl cl bdtlrnturn ukn cltlrjdkncn äpamn pakl n mdrmubnr cl jnklrn blgêtdjn, _…Z nqulbbn lsmrdturn plrjdtdcn qul en pnsnca bns prulins cl nutardznmdýk cl bas nglktls clb mnjpa dktlblmtunb‚? slgðk Jaktnbca, ‒lk lb marpus, qul supakl vnbarls lstätdmas y jarnbls, prlstdgda y snilr, snilr, sl dkmbuylk bas tlxtas qul ls klmlsnrda bllr y sl lxmbuylk bas qul ―ka sl pulclk bllr—‚? n su vlz, bn kamdýk cl marpus sl mak`ugn mak ba qul sl en cnca lk bbnjnr mnkak0 lb pnrncdgjn lstätdma cl ukn äpamn qul sl nrjn mak lb marpus (Jaktnbca 7=-73). Ls pasdibl prlstnr ntlkmdýk sýba n bas lkukmdncas prlmlclktls a, lk mnjida, bllr n bn vlz ba qul kas cdml bn lkukmdnmdý lkukmdnmdýk, k, ls clmdr, katnr nbbê bn jdrncn mrêtdmn mnpnz cl ncvlrtdr bns aplrnmdakls cl lxmbusdýk cl bn qul kas enibn, y supaklr qul ka sl trntn cl ukn jdrncn clb taca lxmlpmdaknb l dkfrlmulktl, lxmbusdvn cl uk nkîbdsds lxplrta. Maja sniljas, bn edstardn cl bn makstdtumdýk jdsjn cl bas marpus lstî ntrnvlsncn par jdrncns cl lsl tlkar0 bn cdsputn par bas mrdtlrdas cl blgdtdjnmdýk l dkmarparnmdýk ls dktlrkn nb marpus jdsja ka idlk sl ba nknbdzn maja pramlsa y ka tnkta maja rlsubtnca clfdkdtdva cl ukns prîmtdmns qul ba prlmlclk. Ylmarcljas nbgukas l`ljpbas aivdas0 Cdmolks lk bn bdtlrnturn dkgblsn? Yailrta Nrbt u Asvnbca Bnjiargedkd lk bn bdtlrnturn nrglktdkn? lb gäklra kavlbn lk bn bdtlrnturn lurapln jaclrkn (a nðk jîs, Cak ^ud`atl lk lb dktlrdar clb praylmta mrlncar cl Mlrvnktls, qudlk maksdclrnin jlkar lsl bdira y lstnin makvlkmdca cl qul bn airn qul ba ltlrkdznrên slrên bn rîpdcnjlktl abvdcncn Srnin`as cl Xlrsdbls y ]dgdsjukcn).

63

 

]d sl ncaptn ukn plrsplmtdvn maja ästn, makvdlkl lstniblmlr nbgukas clsbdkcls0 lk prdjlr bugnr, lb mnrîmtlr nutamaktrncdmtarda y maktlkmdasa clb marpus lktlkcdca maja pramlsa sl afrlml sdljprl maja uk tljn edstýrdma a samdamrêtdma cl dkvlstdgnmdýk. \k l`ljpba juy prlmdsa nb rlsplmta ba b a afrlml ukn dkvlstdgnmdýk cl Jnrên Slrlsn Grnjugbda munkca clsnrrabbn bn dcln cl qul bn bdtlrnturn ‒mubtn‚ (a, tnb vlz jl`ar, jl`ar, bn iulkn bdtlrnturn) ls ukn prîmtdmn ntrnvlsncn par lb makfbdmta y bn bumen cl sdgkdfdmnmdakls, ls clmdr qul ka ls sýba uk cdsmursa cl bn cajdknmdýk, lb cdsmdpbdknjdlkta y bn karjnbdznmdýk sdka tnjidäk, y n bn vlz, cl bas djpubsas cljamrntdzncarls, mrêtdmas y bdilrncarls (lsta ls, ukn prîmtdmn kukmn ukdbntlrnb y sdljprl lk cdsdjltrên tnjidäk lk rlbnmdýk mak sus prapdns makvlkmdakls y cajdknktls)? Grnjugbda prapakl nb rlsplmta qul, par ba tnkta, bn mrêtdmn bdtlrnrdn jaclrkn, pragrlsdstn l dkmbusa bdilrnb tdlkl ukn majpbl`dcnc dclabýgdmn y pabêtdmn sljl`nktl n bn cl lsn bdtlrnturn cl bns lbdtls? y npravlmen lb mnsa cl Euga Wnst, pnrn pbnktlnr lxpbêmdtn y puktunbjlktl ukn prulin n su fnvar lk lstn maktravlrsdn, rlmarcnkca mak rdgar lrucdta qul lb bnrga l dkdgunbnca äxdta cl pðibdma cl bns kavlbns slktdjlktnbls, rlnmmdaknrdns y nktdsljdtns cl Wnst jlrlmdý, lktrl atrns masns parqul sl bl npbdmý lb mrdtlrda cl ‒maktrab cl mnbdcnc‚ lstätdmn cl bn mrêtdmn mubtn, ukn slvlrn y clfdkdtdvn lxmbusdýk clb mnkak0 ‒enirên qul dktlrragnr n fakca ”ncvdlrtl Grnjugbda n bn buz cl lstl mnsa” bn rljnkdcn nfdrjnmdýk, rlfarzncn par bn jacn nmncäjdmn, cl qul lb mnkak cdgdtnca par bas slmtarls bdilrnbls cajdknktls sdblkmdý n bas lsmrdtarls qul gaznink cl nmlptnmdýk papubnr‚ (‒\k flkýjlka lcdtardnb‚ 378). Lk slgukca bugnr, ls pasdibl sastlklr qul bn maktrncdmmdýk ka sl cn sýba lktrl uk marpus y atra, lktrl ukn slblmmdýk cl airns y su ncvlrsnrdn, kd lktrl ukns y atrns airns clktra cl uk jdsja marpus, sdka sairl taca lk lb dktlrdar cl mncn paljn, cl mncn kavlbn, cl mncn lstdba, cl mncn gäklra? par l`ljpba, tacn bn trnylmtardn mrêtdmn cl Ynyjakc Wdbbdnjs pulcl bllrsl maja ukn rlvdsdýk clb marpus jîs a jlkas mnkýkdma cl bn bdtlrnturn dkgblsn, rlvdsdýk clstdkncn n cljastrnr lstn tlsds clb mnrîmtlr dktlrknjlktl makfbdmtdva, nutamaktrncdmtarda, cl bn bdtlrnturn lk glklrnb y cl bn bdtlrnturn cl bns lbdtls lk pnrtdmubnr? Wdbbdnjs sl mulktn lktrl bas mrêtdmas qul enk trntnca cl cljastrnr qul kdkgðk tlxta kd prîmtdmn mubturnb ls majpbltn kd sdjpbljlktl fukmdaknb n ukn pasdmdýk cajdknktl a nutardzncn, parqul kdkgðk su`lta samdnb edstýrdma y rlnb pacrên slrba. Cl jaca qul sd ncaptnjas ukn plrsplmtdvn maja äsn, clilrênjas lsplrnr qul q ul taca marpus maktlkgn n bn vlz su klgnmdýk, qul slpn cl sê  nbga  nbga cl ba qul su prapdn vaz dgkarn. ^ul bns kavlbns cl @nkl Nustlk enynk amupnca lb mlktra clb marpus dkgbäs, ka sdgkdfdmn qul pulcn enmlrsl mak lbbns sýba ba qul prlvdlrak bas nglktls qul bns mnkakdznrak y kdkgukn atrn masn sdka lsa? bns kavlbns cl Nustlk ka clsntnk, par supulsta, munbqudlr sljdasds kd tacas bas lflmtas, plra clscl yn qul lktrl bns sljdasds y lflmtas qul clsntnk sl mulktnk nbgukas idlk n`lkas n bas dclabagljns y mrdtlrdas cl blgdtdjnmdýk, nutardznmdýk y vnbarnmdýk cajdknktls. Lk tlrmlr bugnr, bugnr, jdrncns maja bn cl Jaktnbca qul nmninjas cl mdtnr ntlstdgunk qul bns dkvlstdgnmdakls cl bn mrêtdmn tnjidäk aplrnk maja dktlrvlkmdakls cl clsblgdtdjn-

6<

 

mdýk, clsnutardznmdýk, clsmablmmdýk y rlmablmmdaknjdlkt  rlmablmmdaknjdlktaa qul nirlk kulvas pramlsas cl farjnmdýk cl marparn (a jîs idlk clsvênk lb mursa cl bas pramlsas lk jnrmen). Lk  Njärdmn Bntdkn maktnjas mak nbgukns dktlrvlkmdakls crîstdmns cl lstl tdpa, maja bns cl Îkglb Ynjn lk su jajlkta, bns cl mrêtdmas maja Nktakda Markl`a Xabnr a Jnrtdk Bdlkenrc, bns cl bas bbnjncas lstucdas suinbtlrkas bntdkanjlrdmnkas enmdn jlcdncas cl bas nþas cl >448. Lstn mbnsl cl dktlrvlkmdakls nmncäjdmns tdlklk sdk cucns uk lflmta juy rltnrcnca y pnrmdnb lk bas marparn vdkmubncas n bns makmlpmdakls cl bn bdtlrnturn cl jnyar nbmnkml y prlgknkmdn samdnb, plra nuk nbbê ba tdlklk. Lk lb marpus bdtlrnrda lsmabnr nrglktdka, par l`ljpba, nbgukns dktlrvlkmdakls mrêtdmns tuvdlrak lflmtas cl bnrga pbnza, maja ls lb mnsa cl bn dkmarparnmdýk cl rlbntas cl @unk @asä ]nlr lk bas pragrnjns cl bdtlrnturn cl bn lsmulbn slmukcnrdn? y lsa nukqul ka enyn qul lxnglrnr, yn qul lk lsn dkmarparnmdýk tnjidäk `ugý uk pnplb clmdsdva bn ljprlsn lcdtardnb qul n prdkmdpdas cl bas nþas cl >448 clmdcdý tajnr n ]nlr y clspbnznrba cl bn pasdmdýk cl lsmrdtar pnrn ukas pamas qul eniên amupnca. Lk ukn cdrlmmdýk sljl`nktl, bn edstardn mubturnb prlslktn plrêacas pnrtdmubnrjlktl cdkîjdmas y nmlblrncas clb pramlsa cl trnksfarjnmdýk cl bas marparn, lk qul bns blgdtdjdcncls y vnbarls mnjidnk y enstn sl suivdlrtlk0 jdlktrns, sdk cucns, nutardznink sus nmmdakls makfdrjnkca nbgukas mrdtlrdas prlmlclktls, lk lb Iulkas Ndrls cl bas nþas cl >468 lcdtarls maja Frnkmdsma Xarrðn, Iards ]pdvnmav a @argl Îbvnrlz dktracumênk n pnsa nmlblrnca ukn slrdl cl mnjidas fulrtls y cl djpnmta prabakgnca lk bn rlbnmdýk marparn-mîkakls cl bn bdtlrnturn nrglktdkn, qul maktnrak mak lb npaya nmtdva cl bn bbnjncn ‒kulvn mrêtdmn‚. Bas rlmarrdcas clspnrl`as cl bns fdrjns cl mdlrtas lsmrdtarls tnjidäk ntlstdgunk n vlmls lsn cdkîjdmn pramlsunb0 enstn jlcdncas cl bas nþas cl >458, prapaklr rlbntas cl Yacabfa Wnbse pnrn bns mbnsls cl bdtlrnturn cl bn lsmulbn jlcdn nrglktdkn sdgkdfdmnin sdk cucns clsnfdnr bas vnbarls y mrdtlrdas lk qul sl insnin lb marpus y rajplr bns fraktlrns cl ba dkmbudca y ba lxmbudca? ukas cdlz a qudkml nþas clspuäs, lk mnjida, Wnbse ls mnsd uk bugnr majðk clb mnkak lsmabnr jîs trnksdtnca. Ka slrên pasdibl lxpbdmnr bas bugnrls qul amupnk Jnkulb Xudg y Mäsnr Ndrn lk lb marpus y lk lb mnkak n kdvlb dktlrknmdaknb sdk bns dktlrvlkmdakls maktrnmnkýkdmns a par ba jlkas lxtrn-mnkýkdmns n su fnvar cl pnrtl cl bn mrêtdmn nmncäjdmn. Lk flirlra cl 9885, ukn ncablsmlktl sl qul`nin nktl su jncrl lk ukn bdirlrên clb Grnk Iulkas Ndrls0 ‒¡Jl cd`lrak qul lrn martn!‚. ]l rlflrên n Iaqudtns pdktncns, bn kavlbn cl Jnkulb Xudg, qul bn praflsarn cl bdtlrnturn cl bn lsmulbn eniên lkmnrgnca n sus lstucdnktls maja  bnrgn blmturn aibdgntardn cl vlrnka. Bn lsmlkn, par supulsta, euidlsl sdca ka sýba djpasdibl sdka ncljîs dkdjngdknibl munrlktn nþas nktls, munkca mnsd mak bn puibdmnmdýk jdsjn cl bn kavlbn nbgukas mrêtdmas qul pama clspuäs sl nfdnkznrênk nf dnkznrênk maja fdrjns clstnmncns cl bas pbnktlbls nmncäjdmas dkdmdnink bn prabakgncn aplrnmdýk maktrnmnkýkdmn cl mnkakdznr  n  n Xudg. Nðk idlk lktrncas bas nþas 9888, bn mrdspncn cdsputn dclabýgdmn y lstätdmn n qul makcu`a bn maksngrnmdýk mrêtdmn cl bn airn cl Mäsnr Ndrn lk lb mnjpa mubturnb nrglktdka jnktlkên su mnpnmdcnc pnrn clsntnr lklrgêns makfraktntdvns0 lk uk marpus cakcl enmdn jlcdncas cl bas 58 sairlsnbênk bn trncdmdýk iarglnkn y bn nmtunbd-

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cnc cl fdrjns maja bns cl Ydmnrca Xdgbdn y ]nlr, qul jumeas mrêtdmas maksdclrncas ‒slrdas‚ mlblirîsljas bn knrrntdvn cl Ndrn edza qul atras jumeas sdktdlslk njlknzncas bas vnbarls jaclrkdstns y bas mrdtlrdas cl mnbdcnc jîs dkcdsmutdibls par bn ljlrglkmdn cl ba qul vlênk maja uk psluca-nrtl drrlspaksnibl, frêvaba y enstn tämkdmnjlktl tarpl. Curnktl lb ðbtdja munrta clb sdgba UU, lb tdktl majukdmabýgdma cl bns rlfarjns lcumntdvns lstntnbls, lk pnrtl cl pramlclkmdn bdkgòêstdmn y slsgncns par uk lktusdnsja nktdlstltdmdstn ka clsvdkmubnca cl dktlrlsls marparntdvas, makcu`a nb jlkas lk bn Nrglktdkn n qul `ukta mak tlxtas makvlkmdaknbjlktl maksdclrncas bdtlrnrdas qulcnrnk tnjidäk dkmarparncas n bas pragrnjns, n bas jnkunbls y n bns nktabagêns pnrn bn mbnsl cl ‒blkgun y bdtlrnturn‚ cdsmursas cl prlsdclktls y bêclrls samdnbls, frngjlktas cl edstardltns, mnkmdakls cl lstrlbbns cl ramo, tlxtas puibdmdtnrdas, gäklras cl lsmrdturn plrdacêstdmn, ltm. \kn pasdmdýk mrêtdmn rlsplmta cl nbgukas jajlktas cl lsns rlfarjns, sastdlkl qul in`a nrgujlktas dktlblmtunb a pabêtdmnjlktl marrlmtas, maja lb cl ukn prafdbîmtdmn clsnmrnbdznmdýk cl bns atrarn ‒ilbbns bltrns‚, ba qul sl lstnin prapdmdnkca lk rlnbdcnc lrn ukn dkmarparnmdýk cl mrdtlrdas fukmdaknbls n bas kulvas jlrmncas cl bn majukdmnmdýk, ncdlstrnkca su`ltas mnpnmls cl clslkvabvlrsl mak lfdmnmdn lk bas mdrmudtas cl lsas kulvas jacas cajdknktls cl dktlrmnjida jlcdnktl uk kulva marpus, fukmdaknb n bns kulvns tlmkabagêns cl bn cajdknmdýk gbainb. Maja sln, ba mdlrta ls qul pnrlml jltacabýgdmnjlktl klmlsnrda ka pastubnr ukn vdkmubnmdýk klmlsnrdn lktrl clsmablmmdýk y rlsdstlkmdn, parqul tnjidäk ls pasdibl clsmnkakdznr pnrn dkvlktnr kulvas jacas cl cajdkda. Lstl tdpa cl l`ljpbas y mnsas rlvdstl ukn djpartnkmdn pnrtdmubnr, parqul lk lflmta bn lcumnmdýk n bn vlz bdtlrnrdn y mducncnkn qul bas Lstncas knmdaknbls pbnkdfdmnrak y clspblgnrak lktrl fdkls clb sdgba UDU y jlcdncas clb sdgba UU ful nb jdsja tdljpa uka cl bas pramlsas cl makstrummdýk cl marparn mak jlkas pbnstdmdcnc y jnyar lfdmnmdn blgdtdjncarn n jlcdnka y bnrga pbnza, y par ba jdsja uka cl bas ibnkmas prlflrdcas cl bns dktlrvlkmdakls mrêtdmns qul dksdstdlrak lk clsknturnbdznr mîkakls y marparn maja cdspasdtdvas cl lxmbusdýk y cajdknmdýk. ]ln qul mlblirljas, bnjlktljas a jlrnjlktl tajljas katn cl bn clmbdknmdýk edstýrdmn cl lsns plcngagêns knmdaknbls, pnrlmdlrn qul tnb clmbdknmdýk prapdmdn nb jlkas ukn plrsplmtdvn jîs nprapdncn pnrn jlcdr y mnrnmtlrdznr mak jnyar prlmdsdýk bas nbmnkmls cl nqulbbns makstrummdakls cl marpus y mnkak. Lk bas clintls sairl mnkak qul sl s l nmnbarnrak lk nbgukas mdrmudtas nmncäjdmas jîs a jlkas lk tarka cl Lb mnkak ammdclktnb cl Enrabc Ibaaj, sdk cucns puca enilrsl makmlcdca n bns aplrnmdakls cl vdablkmdn sdjiýbdmn cl bn mubturn cajdknktl ukn lfdmnmdn lxnglrncn a cljnsdnca lxtlkcdcn (‒mubturn cajdknktl‚, sdk jîs, yn ls ukn fdgurn lxnglrncn)? lk lb jaca lflmtdva, edstýrdma y samdnb, lk qul sl clsnrrabbý bn mubturn, bn makstrummdýk cl marparn y mîkakls bdtlrnrdas puca rlsubtnr jlkas paclrasn cl ba qul sulbl pastubnrsl? ls prainibl, lk lstl slktdca, qul nbgukas mrêtdmas nkgbanjlrdmnkas y bntdkanjlrdmnkas (a sus blmtarls) enynk praylmtnca bn lfdmnmdn cdsmdpbdknrdn qul mdlrtn ‒nbtn mubturn‚ bdtlrnrdn tuva lk bn jaclbdznmdýk cl bns majpltlkmdns mubturnbls cl nbgukns  rlgdakls cajdknktls (a enstn lk sus prapdns idagrnfêns dktlblmtunbls) nb rlsta clb

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pbnkltn. Bas tärjdkas ”n vlmls enstn jnkdqulas lk qul puca cnrsl lb clintl sairl lb ‒mnkak‚” pacênk tlrjdknr mnsd lk ukn dkvlrsdýk djpugkntardn cl bn snmrnbdznmdýk cl bns ilbbns bltrns qul, par ba tnkta, tajnin maja uk elmea tnb snmrnbdznmdýk y sdjpbdfdmnin nsê uk pramlsa qul puca enilr sdca jlkas eajagäkla y jîs maktrncdmtarda. Lk lstl slktdca, pulcl slr edstýrdmnjlktl lrrýkla supaklr qul ”slgðk mdlrtn dcln cljnsdnca eajagäkln cl bn jaclrkdcnc” bn tnk lurapln ‒lcumnmdýk lstätdmn clb eajirl‚ enyn sdca, mak pnrl`n maksdstlkmdn, bn rlgbn cl edlrra cl bns farjnmdakls f arjnmdakls mubturnbls lk glklrnb. Xar ba jdsja, ka jlkas rdlsgasa rlsubtn supaklr pnrn munbqudlr maktlxta qul bn nbtn  bdtlrnturn clin dkmbudrsl sdljprl y lxmbusdvnjlktl lktrl bns fukmdakls jîs safdstdmncns y lfdmnmls cl cajdknmdýk mubturnb. Cl jaca qul lb marpus, qul sl afrlml sdljprl n bn dkvlstdgnmdýk maja uk praibljn edstýrdma (quä mablmmdýk arclknrak cltlrjdkncas su`ltas cl uk mdlrta pnsnca), ncljîs enml sdljprl clb dkvlstdgncar uk nglktl0 cl farjn tîmdtn a lxpbêmdtn, dkncvlrtdcn a clbdilrncn, lb marpus pravdsarda cl uk praylmta a lb marpus fdknb cl ukn dkvlstdgnmdýk rlpracumlk, makfdrjnk, cdsmutlk, jacdfdmnk, rlljpbnznk a suivdlrtlk nbguka cl bas marparn blgdtdjncas, djpulstas, ncaptncas a knturnbdzncas par bns makmlpmdakls mubturnbls cdspakdibls a par dkvlstdgnmdakls prlmlclktls. >.9.9. Bn cdsyuktdvn fdbasýfdma-lpdstljabýgdmn  Nfdrjnr,, maja nmninjas  Nfdrjnr nmninjas cl enmlr, enmlr, qul lb marpus sdljprl afrlml n bn vlz ukn cdjlksdýk edstýrdmn y atrn makstrudcn, ls yn enilr ncaptnca ukn plrsplmtdvn rlsplmta cl atrn cdsyuktdvn iîsdmn mak qul kas lkfrlktn lb praibljn clb marpus. Bn mrêtdmn pulcl makstrudr marparn clb taca kulvas, ls clmdr par majpblta makstrudcas, plra lsn makstrummdýk ka nbtlrn bas elmeas0 @aslfdkn Bucjlr pulcl afrlmlrkas juy iulkas nrgujlktas pnrn dkmbudr lb mulkta ‒Ljjn Pukz‚ lk uk marpus cl ‒ju`lrls qul jntnk lk bn bdtlrnturn nrglktdkn‚, pakgnjas par mnsa (=458 Xnub Wdbbds dksdstên lk uk lkfaqul sdjdbnr0 `ustnjlktl pnrn cdspaklr cl ‒marraiarnmdakls‚ y ka cdstarsdaknr ‒bn lvdclkmdn‚, lrn djprlsmdkcdibl ncvlrtdr qul lk bugnr cl ‒ai`lta‚, ba qul lstucdnjas ls uk su`lta, ‒uk su`lta rlnb cl dkvlstdgnmdýk‚? par ba tnkta, lb jätaca prapda cl kulstrn nmtdvdcnc n mtdvdcnc maksdstl lk ukn ‒rlbnmdýk lktrl sdstljns mubturnb/  sui`ltdvas‚, ukn ‒dktlrrlbnmdýk cl slrls eujnkas, cl mýcdgas mubturnbls y cl farjns‚ qul pracuml makamdjdlkta fdnibl lk sus jajlktas cl ‒mrdsds‚ y cl ‒sarprlsn‚, ls clmdr, munkca bn dktlrrlbnmdýk pakl nb clsmuidlrta ba ka majpnrtdca lktrl uk mýcdga y atra,

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lktrl bn sui`ltdvdcnc qul dkvlstdgn y bn qul ls dkvlstdgncn (Wdbbds (Wdb bds 4->>). Lb edstardncar cl bn mubturn Yailrt Cnrktak prapakên ba jdsja lk bn dktracummdýk n uka cl sus bdiras cl jnyar mdrmubnmdýk lk lb mnjpa nmncäjdma0 ‒Munkca ka pacljas majprlkclr uk pravlrida, uk medstl, uk rdta a uk paljn, lstnjas cltrîs cl bn pdstn cl nbga djpartnktl. Nb lxnjdknr uk camujlkta lk sus pnrtls jîs asmurns, pacljas clsmuirdr uk lxtrnþa sdstljn cl sdgkdfdmncas‚ (>9). Xnrn lb praibljn clb marpus bn suglrlkmdn kas nbl`n tnkta cl bn sdjpbdfdmnmdýk ljpdrdmdstn maja cl uk majpblta makstrumtdvdsja0 ls bn dkmakgrulkmdn lktrl prlslktl y pnsnca ”bn ‒sarprlsn‚ a bn ‒mrdsds‚ cl Wdbbds”, ls clmdr lktrl lb marpus qul prlflrdrênjas y lb marpus edstýrdma qul kas snbl nb lkmulktra, bn qul kas plrjdtl snilr nbga tnkta clb pnsnca maja clb prlslktl. Lk mncn uka cl bas mnpêtubas qul sdgulk, sl pulcl vlr lk tärjdkas jlkas glklrnbls y lk mnjpas cl dkvlstdgnmdýk cdvlrsas, cl quä jnklrn cljnrmnr ukn tljîtdmn a rlmartnr uk praibljn ls sdljprl, n bn vlz, clbdjdtnr uk marpus, nirdr bas iarcls cl atra y clspbnznrba, a lkmaktrnr lb mrdtlrda cl mnrnmtlrdznmdýk cl mdlrtas tlxtas qul plrjdtn clsmuirdr uk marpus.

Katns  

>. Bn ntlkmdýk sairl bn praibljntdmdcnc aplrnktl cl bns prîmtdmns bdtlrnrdns, y bn maksdgudlktl mnrtagrnfên cl uk tlrrdtarda cl dkvlstdgnmdakls cl tlkar sdjdbnr n ba qul nquê bbnjnjas ‒mnjpa mbîsdma‚ pulcl vlrsl, mrlljas, lk trnin`as maja lb cl Cnkdlb Bdko, ‒Lstucdas mubturnbls, bdtlrnturns majpnrncns y nkîbdsds tlxtunb‚ (bn prdjlrn vlrsdýk ls cl >444, bn qul mdtnjas nquê cl 988=), a lk ‒Srls praibljns pnrn lb majpnrntdsja‚ cl Jnrên Slrlsn Slrlsn Grnjugbda. A, lk tärjdkas cl ukn mrêtdmn clb mubturnbdsja nktdbdtlrnrda cl bn nmncljdn cl bas kavlktn, ‒Lb iliä y lb ngun cl bn inþlrn‚ cl @nvdlr Bnsnrtl Vnbmîrmlb.

 

9. Saja lb makmlpta cl ‒fnmtdmdcnc‚ cl Oaslbblo (97>)0 nukqul sl trntl cl ukn ‒nutlktdmdcnc qul en clsnpnrlmdca‚ y qul sýba pacljas mnpturnr jlcdnktl ntrdiumdakls bdkgòêstdma-fdmmdaknbls cl nutlktdmdcnc, bn rlnbdcnc cl ba rlnb sumlcdca lstî, par supulsta, dkvlstdcn cl nutäktdmn fnmtdmdcnc. Ls fdmmdaknb kulstrn ntrdiumdýk cl fnmtdmdcnc, ka bn fnmtdmdcnc pnrn enibnr cl bn munb sýba cdspakljas cl fdmmdakls. =. Wdbbdnjs, Bn pabêtdmn 9>5.  

7>

 

Idibdagrnfên mdtncn • Nbtnjdrnka, Mnrbas. ‒Xrapasdmdakls pnrn ukn tlarên samdnb cl bn mubturn‚. Xukta cl vdstn >> (>45>)0 98-9=. • Incdau, Nbndk. ‒Lb jätaca cl Jnbbnrjä0 sustrnmmdýk y ndsbnjdlkta‚. Makcdmdakls. Jäxdma0 ]dgba

• Grnjugbda, Jnrên Slrlsn. ‒\k flkýjlka lcdtardnb0 Euga Wnst‚. Lb djplrda rlnbdstn. Jnrên Slrlsn Grnjugbda, cdrlmtarn. Iulkas Ndrls0 Ljlmä, 9889. 36=-37>.

UUD, 9889. 47->98. • Inoetdkl, Jdoendb. B³aluvrl cl Frnkçads Ynilbnds lt bn mubturl papubndrl nu Jaylk égl lt saus s aus bn Yl kndssnkml. Xnrds0 Gnbbdjnrc, >4575=8. Lksnya sairl lb ncvlkdjdlkta cl uk paclr lspdrdtunb bndma lk bn Frnkmdn jaclrkn.   Jäxdma0 FML, >45>. • Ilk`njdk, Wnbtlr. Xalsên y mnpdtnbdsja. Dbujdknmdakls DD. Jncrdc0 Snurus, >444. • Ibaaj, Enrabc. Lb mnkak ammdclktnb. Inrmlbakn0  Nkngrnjn, >44477. • Iaurcdlu, Xdlrrl. Bls rågbls cl b³nrt. Glkåsl lt  strumturl cu menjp bdttårndrl. bdttårndrl. Xnrds0 cu ]ludb, >449. • Muccak, @. N. Sel Xlkgudk Cdmtdaknry af Bdtlr nry Slrjs nkc Bdtlrnry Selary Selary..  Bakcak0 Xlkgudk Iaaos, >444. • Menrbl, Merdstapel. Kndssnkml cls ‒dktlbblmtulbs‚ >558->488. Xnrds0 Jdkudt, >448. • Cnrktak, Yailrt. Bn grnk jntnkzn cl gntas y atras lpdsacdas lk bn edstardn cl bn mubturn frnkmlsn. Jäxdma0 Fakca cl Mubturn Lmakýjdmn, >443. • Clbluzl, Gdbbls y Flbdx Gunttnrd. Onfon. Xar ukn  bdtlrnturn jlkar. jlkar. Jäxdma0 Lrn, >475. • Clrrdcn, @nmquls. Lspabakls. Bas lstdbas cl Kdltzsmel. Vnblkmdn0 Xrltlxtas, >45>. • Faumnubt, Jdmelb. Lb knmdjdlkta cl bn mbêkdmn. \kn  nrqulabagên cl bn jdrncn jäcdmn. Jäxdma0 ]dgba UUD, >44>. • Gllrtz, Mbdffarc. ‒Clsmrdpmdýk clksn0 enmdn ukn tlarên dktlrprltntdvn cl bn mubturn‚. Bn dktlrprltnmdýk cl bns mubturns. Inrmlbakn0 Glcdsn, >449. >4-38. • Grnjugbda, Jnrên Slrlsn. ‒Srls praibljns pnrn lb majpnrntdsja‚. Arids Slrtdus. Ylvdstn cl Slarên  y Mrêtdmn Mrêt dmn Bdtlrnrdn Bdtl rnrdn >9. Lk0 ettp0//>6=.>8.=8.98=0585 8/AridsSlrtdus/kujlras/kujlra->9/9-grnjugbda. pcf (>6/=/85).

• Oaslbblo, Yldkenrc. Futura pnsnca. Xnrn ukn  sljîktdmn cl bas tdljpas edstýrdmas. Inrmlbakn0 Xndcýs, >44=. • Bnccngn, Yldknbca. Lstätdmn cl bn ljlrglkmdn. Bn farjnmdýk cl atrn mubturn cl bns nrtls. Yasnrda0  Ncrdnkn Edcnbga, 9886. • Bnsnrtl Vnbmîrmlb, @nvdlr. ‒Lb iliä y lb ngun cl bn inþlrn a ±nðk maktrn bn bdtlrnturn1 (dk/majacdcncls cl bns kulvns nglkcns)‚. Arids Slrtdus. Ylvdstn cl Slarên y Mrêtdmn Bdtlrnrdn >9. Lk0 ettp0//>6=.>8.= 8.98=05858/AridsSlrtdus/kujlras/kujlra8.98=05858/AridsS lrtdus/kujlras/kujlra->9/7-bn>9/7-bnsnrtl-vnbmnrmlb.pcf snrtl-vnbmnrm lb.pcf (>6/=/85). • Bdko, Cnkdlb. ‒Lstucdas mubturnbls, bdtlrnturns majpnrncns y nkîbdsds tlxtunb0 par ukn plcngagên‚. Mýja sl bll y atrns dktlrvlkmdakls mrêtdmns. Iulkas  Ndrls0 Karjn, Karjn, 988=. 988=. =>-38. =>-38. • Bucjlr, @aslfdkn. Lb mulrpa clb clbdta. \k jn kunb. Iulkas Ndrls0 Xlrfdb Bdiras, >444. • Jnrmelsl, Nkglba y @anquêk Farrnclbbns. Cdmmdaknrda cl rltýrdmn, mrêtdmn y tlrjdkabagên bdtlrnrdn. Inrmlbakn0 Nrdlb, >456. • Jaktnbca, Grnmdlbn. Slarên mrêtdmn, tlarên mubturnb. Mnrnmns0 Lqudkammda-Lcdmdakls cl bn \kdvlrsdcnc ]djýk Iabêvnr, 988>. • Ynkmdårl, @nmquls. Bn pnrabl julttl. Lssnd sur bls maktrncdmtdaks cl bn bdttärnturl. Xnrds0 Enmelttl, 9884744447. • Wdbbds, Xnub. ‒Katns sairl jätaca‚. Munclrkas cl farjnmdýk. Ylc Bntdkanjlrdmnkn cl Dkvlstdgnmdakls Munbdtntdvns cl bn rlnbdcnc lsmabnr   9, s/f, trnc. Gnirdlbn Býplz _‒Katls ak Jlteac‚. Mubturl, Jlcdn, Bnkgungl. ]tunrt Enbb, lcdtar. Bakcak0 Eutmedksak, >458. 55-4. Clsmrdpmdýk clb mnjpa Ls njpbdnjlktl snidca qul lk bn Lurapn jaclrkn bn jdrncn enmdn ‒ba papubnr‚ sur-

gl curnktl lb Yajnktdmdsja maja pnrtl cl ukn makmlpmdýk mbnvl qul maklmtn bn maktljpbnmdýk rltrasplmtdvn enmdn bn gäklsds clb ukdvlrsa lurapla, mak bn farjnmdýk cl prîmtdmns mubturnbls qul sl praylmtnk enstn kulstras cêns. Xnrn bas tlýrdmas rajîktdmas, bn edstardn bdtlrnrdn y bns mbnsdfdmnmdakls cl bas gäklras makstdtuylk bn jntlrdn prdjn n trnväs cl bn munb ls pasdibl nmmlclr n bn majprlksdýk cl bn edstardn y ls tnjidäk lb jaca prdvdblgdnca cl jaclbnr lb futura. Xar su dkspdrnmdýk jltacabýgdmn, bn edstardn bdtlrnrdn bblgn nðk jîs bl`as yn qul lkmnrkn lb lspêrdtu cl bn edstardn (Gldstlsglsmedmetl), vdkmubnca mak lb ljlrglktl knmdaknbdsja nbljîk qul farjubn su ai`lta cl lstucda maja bn iðsqulcn clb ‒lspêrdtu knmdaknb‚. Lk lstl slktdca, bas b as dclýbagas rajîktdmas sl maksdclrnrak n sê jdsjas maja lb lsbniýk fdknb cl uk pramlsa cl nutakajdznmdýk y blgdtdjnmdýk cl bas pracumtas bdtlrnrdas qul sl s l eniên dkdmdnca lk bn Lcnc Jlcdn y, lk tnkta pasllcarls blkgun`l, nsujdlrak bn rlspaksnidbdcnc nqulbbasmaja mak qudlkls ba majpnrtênk0 clb bas jdljiras cl bn Knmdýk. Lstl jaclba fulnktl makmlidca uk lkgrnkn`l lk lb qul mncn jnkdflstnmdýk bdtlrnrdn tlkên ukn fukmdýk y bn bdtlrnturn papubnr ka lsmnpý cl lsn jnqudknrdn, yn qul lb makmlpta sl ncsmrdiên n bn makstrummdýk rajîktdmn cl bn edstardn bdtlrnrdn lk lb kðmbla cl bn cdstdkmdýk lktrl Knturpalsdl y Oukstpalsdl.  N pnrtdr cl lktakmls sl dktlktý clfdkdr ukn slrdl clkajdkncn papubnr, mnrnmtlrdzncn maja arnb, nkýkdjn y knturnb a prdjdtdvn, qul sl apakên n bn bdtlrnturn mubtn, lsmrdtn, cl nutar sairl bn munb sl eniên mdjlktnca bn mubturn ammdclktnb clscl bn Nktdgòlcnc Mbîsdmn. Xlra bn prlmdsdýk cl bn lslkmdn (nsê maja cl bn lxdstlkmdn) cl ba papubnr ka ful tnrln jlkar lk lb clintl pbnktlnca par bns cdstdktns marrdlktls tlýrdmns qul sl sumlcdlrak n pnrtdr clb Yajnktdmdsja.

7=

 

Lk lb trnksmursa clb sdgba UU eljas nsdstdca n bn lxpbasdýk jubtdcdrlmmdaknb cl bas lstucdas clcdmncas n bn mubturn papubnr / trncdmdaknb. Lk prdjlr bugnr, bn nktrapabagên (Ians, Jnbdkawsod) y lb fabobarl (Xrapp, Cukcls) npartnrak lsquljns vîbdcas pnrn bblvnr n mnia bas pramlsas cl dclktdfdmnmdýk, rlmablmmdýk y pastlrdar dktlrprltnmdýk cl bns jnkdflstnmdakls trncdmdaknbls? jîs tnrcl, cdflrlktls marrdlktls bdkgòêstdmns, clscl lb lstrumturnbdsja (@noaisak, Juonravsoy) enstn bn sljdýtdmn (Batjnk), plrjdtdlrak bn maksdclrnmdýk cl bas ‒nrtlfnmtas‚ papubnrls / trncdmdaknbls n pnrtdr cl lkfaquls jðbtdpbls npbdmnibls n cdstdktns îrlns cl bns mdlkmdns samdnbls. Lstn ‒atrn‚ bdtlrnturn clvdka uk mnjpa prapdmda qul ful makvlrtdca praktnjlktl lk jntlrdnb cl bniarntarda cl vnrdncns plrsplmtdvns. Bn lslkmdn bdkgòêstdmn cl bns camujlktnmdakls, sujncn n su rdmn sdgkdfdmnmdýk samdnb, makvdrtdý n bas tlxtas bdtlrnrdas lk ukdcncls fîmdbjlktl clmacdfdmnibls lk sus cdflrlktls kdvlbls cl nrtdmubnmdýk qul fukmdaknrak maja jaclba pnsdibl cl trnkspartnr n atrns cdsmdpbdkns. Lktrl tacas bas clkajdkncas gäklras trncdmdaknbls (Cnk Ilk-Njas, DU-UB DU-UBV), V), bns lsplmdls knrrntdvns sdrvdlrak lsplmdnbjlktl n bas lkfaquls dktlrcdsmdpbdknrdas clidca n sus pnrtdmubnrdcncls lstrumturnbls y su jubtdpbdmdcnc tljîtdmn qul plrjdtl dktlrknrsl lk bas nrmnkas clb jdta y lb dkmaksmdlktl mablmtdva (]lgrl). Xlksljas, par l`ljpba, lk lb clsnrrabba clb plksnjdlkta cl Bävd-]trnuss, mbnrnjlktl rlbnmdaknca mak bas lstucdas bdkgòêstdmas y bdtlrnrdas, qul pnrtl cl bn dclktdfdmnmdýk cl bas lbljlktas lstrumturnktls clb gäklra knrrntdva. Lk lb maktlxta cl bas lstucdas edspîkdmas ful Ynjýk Jlkäkclz Xdcnb qudlk sl amupý tljprnknjlktl y mak lxenustdvdcnc cl lstas praibljns. Lk lb clsnrrabba cl sus tlarêns sairl bas arêglkls cl bn äpdmn jlcdlvnb y lb rajnkmlra, lb clsdgknca ‒pncrl cl bn fdbabagên edspîkdmn‚ cdflrlkmdý cas grncas cdvlrsas lk bn cdvubgnmdýk cl uk mnkta qul clkajdký papubnr y trncdmdaknb rlsplmtdvnjlktl. Lk lb jnrma cl bn tlarên pdcnbdnkn, ‒papubnr‚ sl rlfdlrl nb mnkta a majpasdmdýk paätdmn cl uk nutar maktljparîkla, makamdca a nkýkdja, qul ls rlmdidca par lb pðibdma maja jacn rlmdlktl y qul sl prapngn mak instnktl fdclbdcnc, n trnväs cl pamns vnrdnktls, mak makmdlkmdn cl bn nutarên. Lb rýtuba ‒trncdmdaknb‚ clsdgkn, lk mnjida, nb mnkta maksdclrnca pntrdjakda mablmtdva, muya järdta ls bn nktdgòlcnc, mnkta cl bas pncrls y bas niulbas, plrtlklmdlktl n bn majukdcnc qul ba rlpdtl rlmrlîkcaba mak vnrdnktls, sdk rlmarcnr lb kajirl clb nutar prdjdglkda. Mak lstn cdstdkmdýk Jlkäkclz Xdcnb dktlktý prlmdsnr lb makmlpta lmbämtdma cl ba papubnr qul eniên trnksjdtdca lb Yajnktdmdsja, tajnkca pnrtdca par ba trncdmdaknb maja bn glkudkn jnkdflstnmdýk clb puliba0 Lstas cas grncas tnk cdvlrsas sl makfukclk in`a lb ðkdma kajirl cl mnkmdýk papubnr papubnr,, tärjdka sujnjlktl lquêvama, mnusn cl maktdkuns makfusdakls y ylrras, qul lqudpnrnkca ba papubnr sdjpbljlktl vubgnrdznca, a enstn ba mnbbl`lra clb jajlkta, sl prlstn n juy fnbsns clcummdakls. (33)

Bn clkajdknmdýk ‒palsên papubnr‚ ls maksdclrncn par Jlkäkclz Xdcnb maja ukn suplrvdvlkmdn rajîktdmn yn qul, slgðk sus pastubncas, tacn palsên cl nutar, nukqul pa-

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pubnr, ls nrtl lk bn jlcdcn lk qul ls palsên dkcdvdcunb qul sl pubnr, s l apakl n bn palsên mablmtdvn, trncdmdaknb. Xar su pnrtl, lstn ðbtdjn tnjidäk enirên sdca, lk sus majdlkzas, palsên papupapu bnr. Lb lbljlkta cdflrlkmdncar slrên bn nktdgòlcnc, lb tdljpa cl vdglkmdn lk bn trnksjdsdýk arnb y bas sdstljns cl nprapdnmdýk qul cltlrjdknrak qul sl abvdcnrn lb nutar prdjdglkda. ]d idlk bn cdstdkmdýk pdcnbdnkn ful mbnvl pnrn lb lstucda cl bn palsên papubnr edspîkdmn y pnrn sdstljntdznr lb niarcn`l clb rajnkmlra, su gäklra jîs rlprlslktntdva clidca n bn cdsplrsdýk lspnmdnb y tljparnb cl qul ful ai`lta, jîs nclbnktl sl tarký klmlsnrda dkmarparnr nb clintl bns iðsqulcns cl ba papubnr y bn prltlksdýk cl enbbnr su nutlktdmdcnc qul djprlgknrak bns cdflrlktls npraxdjnmdakls tlýrdmns n ba bnrga clb sdgba UU y maktdkðnk lk bn nmtunbdcnc afrlmdlkca jdrncns lk tlksdýk clscl cdsmdpbdkns y pasturns dclabýgdmns cdsêjdbls. Xasdmdakls lkmaktrncns majpbl`dznrak bn cdsputn sairl ba papubnr. papubnr. Lktrl atras, mnil slþnbnr0 n) bas rlmarrdcas cl edstardncarls maja Xltlr Iurol, Mnrbas Gdksiurg y Yaglr Menrtdlr qul rltratrnlk bn dktlrragnmdýk sairl lb tljn n bn gäklsds cl bn Lurapn jaclrjaclrkn, lk maklxdýk mak lb makmlpta cl mbnsl samdnb, bn jnsdfdmnmdýk cl bn blmturn y bas jlmnkdsjas cl nprapdnmdýk? i) lb dktlräs cl bas pastubncas cl bn fdbasafên pabêtdmn, clscl  Nktakda Grnjsmd qudlk pbnktln bn rlfblxdýk lk tärjdkas cl cajdknmdýk, rlsmrdidlkca bn cdmatajên lktrl nbtn mubturn y in`n mubturn mak bns mntlgarêns cl mbnsl cajdknktl y mbnsls suinbtlrkns, enstn bas trnzas cl bn pabäjdmn lktrl bas rlprlslktnktls cl bn Lsmulbn cl Frnkofurt, lsplmdnbjlktl bn vdsdýk makclkntardn cl Ncarka n bn jnsdfdmnmdýk cl bn mubturn y bn rlbntdvn sdjpntên mak qul Ilk`njêk nknbdzn bns jacdfdmnmdakls qul sl aplrnk lk lb nrtl n pnrtdr clb clsnrrabba cl kulvns tlmkabagêns? m) lk ukn bdstn qul ka prltlkcl slr lxenustdvn, sl nþnclk bas nkîbdsds cl nktrapýbagas maja M. Gllrtz, su clfdkdmdýk cl mubturn clscl ukn pasturn dktlgrncarn clktra cl bn munb pulclk clsmrdidrsl bas flkýjlkas qul bn makstdtuylk? Kästar Gnrmên Mnkmbdkd, n pnrtdr cl su nkîbdsds cltlkdca clb pramlsa cl lkmulktra cl bas lstncas mak bns jnsns prajavdca par bns tlmkabagêns majukdmnmdaknbls y bn cdjlksdýk tlntrnb qul lstî djpbdmncn lk lb pramlsa? c) sljdýbagas maja \jilrta Lma, lk su mnrnmtlrdznmdýk cl npamnbêptdmas l dktlgrncas lk munkta n bns pasdidbdcncls cl rlmlpmdýk cl bn mubturn cl jnsns? y bn vdsdýk cl bn mubturn papubnr maklmtncn mak bn pnracdn y lb mnrknvnb qul prapakl Jd`ndb In`tdk. Mncn ukn cl lstns plrsplmtdvns dktlktn rlspakclr bas dktlrragnktls iîsdmas rlflrdcas n cýkcl lstî lb puliba a muîb ls lb bêjdtl lktrl mubturn bltrncn y mubturn papubnr lk ukn maktdlkcn qul maktdkðn lk kulstras cêns y qul plrsdgul, nb clmdr cl Frlclrdmo @njlsak, lb cdfêmdb ai`ltdva cl clfdkdr bas pracumtas mubturnbls qul enmlk flbdmls n bns jnsns. Cl nmulrca mak ba pbnktlnca lk bn jnyarên cl lstas tlxtas, kas lkfrlktnjas n bn klmlsdcnc cl ukn npraxdjnmdýk cdnbýgdmn lk lb slktdca cl ka cagjîtdmn, ka nmncljdmdstn, lk dktlrnmmdýk plrjnklktl mak su ai`lta, mak bns cdvlrsns cdsmdpbdkns y mak lb maktlxta. \kn npraxdjnmdýk lk bn qul nb clilr slr, slr, qul lrn lb pukta cl pnrtdcn cl bas pnrncdgjns jaclrkas, bl sumlcn uk pukta cl jdrn qul pnrtn cl ba cnca pnrn makstrudr ukn prapulstn suplrncarn.

7<

 

Lk lstl ninkdma cl plrsplmtdvns tlýrdmns, lb makmlpta cl bdtlrnturn papubnr djprlsn sl dktracuml mak rnsgas lsplmêfdmas, yn qul lk su jdsjn farjubnmdýk dkmarparn uk kulva fnmtar nb pramlsa cl mrlnmdýk y cdfusdýk cl bas pracumtas0 bn djprlktn. Jdlktrns qul n pnrtdr cl bas pastubncas rajîktdmas bn bdtlrnturn papubnr lstnin bdgncn n bn cdfusdýk arnb, bn dkmbusdýk cl farjns djprlsns lk lstl pnrncdgjn makcu`a n bn klmlsdcnc cl kulvns clfdkdmdakls y prlmdsdakls clb mnjpa. Xar lstn rnzýk, bn bdtlrnturn papubnr djprlsn sdljprl tuva uk tdktl cl edirdclz, enstn cl instnrcên, qul lk amnsdakls bn jnrgdký cl uka y atra mdrmudta. Lk lstl slktdca pacljas clmdr qul lxdstdý par pnrtl cl bas prapdas clflksarls cl ba papubnr ukn grnk rltdmlkmdn n rlmakamlr bn cdspnrdcnc cl vêns y pasdidbdcncls cl mrlnmdýk cl lstl flkýjlka y bas puktas cl dktlrslmmdýk lktrl ba papubnr y ba mubta. ]l pulcl dkmbusa ngrlgnr qul n vlmls bn jdtdfdmnmdýk cl ba papubnr ful tnjidäk ukn farjn sutdb cl jnrgdknmdýk yn qul bn cdstdkmdýk lktrl papubnr y trncdmdaknb kukmn eniên sdca tnk mbnrn maja sl prltlkcên. Bn bdtlrnturn papubnr djprlsn cn mulktn cl uk pramlsa majpbl`a nb qul sl dkmarparn bn farjnmdýk cl uk kulva nmtar samdnb, uk pðibdma blmtar jnsdva y urinka, qul makstdtudrî lb fbumtunktl makmlpta cl puliba qul sl vn djpakdlkca lk bn edstardn cl bn jaclrkdcnc n pnrtdr cl bn dkvlkmdýk cl bn djprlktn, mak cdflrlktls majpltlkmdns lk bns mnpnmdcncls cl blmturn y cl lsmrdturn, lk uk sdstljn cl cdfusdýk clb snilr qul kas makcuml n bn mubturn cl jnsns. Bn clflksn n ubtrnkzn cl Ynjýk Jlkäkclz Xdcnb cl bns jnkdflstnmdakls trncdmdaknbls nktl bns papubnrls (936 y 3=5-4) sl lvdclkmdnk lk sus pastubncas tlýrdmas y lk su jltacabagên cl lkmulstn y camujlktnmdýk, yn qul sniljas par sus prapdns  nfdrjnmdakls qul cl`ý cl camujlktnr rajnkmls vubgnrls parqul bas maksdclrnin pracumta cl bn ‒clmnclkmdn clb gäklra‚. Bn jdsjn makmlpmdýk tlýrdmn prdjý lk Njärdmn lk bn prdjlrn jdtnc clb sdgba UU munkca clscl bns cdflrlktls dkstdtumdakls lcumntdvns clsnrrabbncns lk bas `ývlkls lstncas knmdaknbls sl prapdmdnin ukn makstrummdýk cl bn dclktdcnc insncn lk ba mrdabba-edspîkdma, qul sl bamnbdznin lk bns majukdcncls rurnbls y qul sl lrdgên maja snbvngunrcn cl bas ‒nutäktdmas vnbarls mubturnbls‚ frlktl n bn plbdgrasn dkvnsdýk cl mastujirls, blkguns, eîidtas farîklas qul trnên bn jnsn dkjdgrntardn pramlclktl Lurapn y bns farjns cl vdcn prlpakclrnktljlktl urinkns qul djpakên bn samdlcnc cl dkcustrdnb. Lk lstl pukta cl bn prlslktnmdýk glklrnb clb clintl prapakga tajnr cas jnkdflstnmdakls tlstdga cl bn bdtlrnturn papubnr lk lspnþab0 lb rajnkmlra y bn bdtlrnturn papubnr djprlsn. Lstn slblmmdýk qul cl`n cl bnca atrns jðbtdpbls rlprlslktnmdakls clb njpbêsdja clsnrrabba tnbls maja bn mulktêstdmn, bn bêrdmn trncdmdaknb a bns farjns tlntrnbls, sl prapakl l`ljpbdfdmnr lb niarcn`l pasdibl cl uk gäklra mak cdjlksdýk lspnmda-tljparnb cl lxtlksn trncdmdýk mrêtdmn lk lb îjidta edspîkdma, maja ba ls lb rajnkmlra, y ukn prîmtdmn mubturnb qul maklmtn bn cdfusdýk arnb mak bn lsmrdtn, maja ba ful bn bdtlrnturn papubnr djprlsn.

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>.>. Yajnkmlra Makstdtuyl uk dktlkta lstärdb nprlelkclr lb rajnkmlra l dksmrdidrba lk ukn trncdmdýk cltlrjdkncn, yn qul n ba bnrga cl bn edstardn cl bn mubturn ”clscl bns prdjlrns camujlktnmdakls jlcdlvnbls enstn sus maktlxtunbdznmdakls maktljparîklns” sl lsfujn jdjltdzîkcasl y jltnjarfaslîkcasl lk cdflrlktls trncdmdakls paätdmns. ]u gäklsds nðk eay lstî raclncn par uk mak`ukta cl dkmlrtdcujirls. ]niljas qul lktrl bas sdgbas UDD y UV lk cdstdktns y nbl`ncns majukdcncls luraplns surgl uk gäklra gäklra äpdma bêrdma clb munb lb rajnkmlra ls suisdcdnrda. Xlra tnjidäk sniljas qul lb rajnkmlra sl npnrtn cl lsl flkýjlka sairl taca par bns lsplmdfdmdcncls qul ba maklmtnk mak bn äpdmn y bn bêrdmn trncdmdaknb edspîkdmn y, ukn vlz lstniblmdca maja gäklra nutýkaja, par enilrsl makvlrtdca lk jabcl prdvdblgdnca tnkta pnrn lb trntnjdlkta cl kulvas nsuktas cl nmtunbdcnc, mak fukmdýk katdmdlrn y prapngnkcêstdmn, maja pnrn bn rlmrlnmdýk cl tljns cl bn edstardn sngrncn, bas clrdvncas clb ukdvlrsa mbîsdma, a bn ncnptnmdýk cl tljns pramlclktls cl bn inbncêstdmn lurapln, lsplmdnbjlktl bn frnkmlsn y bn pravlkznb. Bn prlslkmdn clb rajnkml lk bn bdtlrnturn lspnþabn, maja nsê tnjidäk bn makfusdýk cl sus bêjdtls, sl rljdtl n bas lcdtarls clb sdgba UVD, n qudlkls cliljas bn fd`nmdýk lsmrdtn cl bas paljns arnbls y, pnrnblbnjlktl, bn dkstnurnmdýk cl ukn trncdmdýk lsmrdtn cl

rajnkmls lrucdtas qul, rlmagdcas lk lb Mnkmdaklra Glklrnb cl Elrknkca clb Mnstdbba (Vnblkmdn, >>), dkdmdnk ukn vltn rajnkmlrdb mubtdvncn lk tacns bns äpamns par paltns cl blkgun lspnþabn enstn kulstras cêns, qul majpnrtl, lk cltlrjdkncas jajlktas, lb sapartl prlmnrda afrlmdca par bas pbdlgas cl marclb. N pnrtdr cl lktakmls rajnkmls vdl`as, pramlclktls cl bn arnbdcnc, rajnkmls kulvas, surgdcas cl bn pbujn cl paltns bltrncas, y rajnkmls fnmtdmdas, atargnk nb rajnkmlra ukn fnbsn ukdcnc qul sl trnksjdtl sdk dktlrrupmdýk clscl bas lcdtarls nktdguas enstn bas lrucdtas jaclrkas, l dkstnbnk ukn eltlraglkldcnc dktrêkslmn qul cdfdmubtý bas niarcn`ls n plsnr cl bas dktlktas cl rlmakstrummdýk rlstrdkgdcn qul clscl lb sdgba UDU ljprlkcdlrak bas fdbýbagas nbljnkls, cdfukcdý Jnrmlbdka Jlkäkclz Xlbnya y maktdkunrak sdk rupturns bns airns jakujlktnbls cl Ynjýk Jlkäkclz Xdcnb y Nktakda Yacrêgulz Jaþdka. Xastlrdarjlktl taca ba qul sl nvnkzý lb lstucda rajnkmlra lk bn slgukcn clb sdgba UU, lksdka rlbnmdýk cdrlmtn maksairl bns tlarêns cl bnclb arnbdcnc, ka maktrdiuyý n ukdrjdtnc lb ai`lta cl lstucda qul pracu`a ukn grnk irlmen lktrl bn clkajdkncn trncdmdýk nktdgun (sdgbas UVD-UVDDD) y bn trncdmdýk jaclrkn (sdgbas UDU y UU). ]d iusmnjas uk majðk clkajdkncar pnrn lstn cdvlrsdcnc farjnb y maktlkdcêstdmn, qudzîs ästl rlsdcn lk bn mnpnmdcnc knrrntdvn cl lstas paljns, par ba glklrnb amtasêbnias, pnrn cnr mulktn cl bn makstrummdýk dclktdtnrdn cl mncn majukdcnc qul bas trnksjdtl lk munkta n sus makmlpmdakls rlbdgdasns, sus clfdkdmdakls pabêtdmns a sus lstrumturns samdnbls famnbdzncns n su vlz clscl cdstdktns plrsplmtdvns (bn utdbdznmdýk pabêtdmn clb gäklra pulcl l`ljpbdfdmnrsl makfraktnkca bns vdsdakls praîrnils a pramrdstdnkns lk bas rajnkmls sairl bn gulrrn cl bn Ylmakqudstn a bn fdbdnmdýk pabêtdmn cl bas rajnkmls edstýrdmas rlflrdcas n bn sumlsdýk clb traka cl Mnstdbbn lk lb sdgba UDV, UDV, y pnrn cnr uk l`ljpba

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clb sdgba UU pacljas plksnr lk bn pracummdýk rajnkmêstdmn qul mnktý bas elmeas cl bn Gulrrn Mdvdb lspnþabn tnkta clscl lb inkca rlpuibdmnka maja clscl lb fnbnkgdstn). Bas lstucdas sairl lb ‒blkgun`l‚ rajnkmêstdma enk pulsta cl jnkdfdlsta uk fukmdaknjdlkta cl javdbdcnc cl sdgkdfdmncas y sdgkdfdmnktls n trnväs cl sus slds sdgbas cl arnbdcnc l dktlrjdtlktls fd`nmdakls tlxtunbls. Lkukmdncas cl jaca sujnjlktl lstrumturncas clidca n bas bêjdtls qul bl djpaklk bn jlcdcn clb vlrsa y bn nsaknkmdn, bas rajnkmls sl lxprlsnk lk tlxtas arclkncas, ukdfdmncas y clbdjdtncas, mak uk ngrlgnca cl maelsdýk y maelrlkmdn nb jlksn`l qul en cltlrjdknca su ljpbla makstnktl pnrn bblvnr n mnia knrrnmdakls (yn slnk edstýrdmns a fdmmdaknbls), lk cdflrlktls pramlsas cl cdvubgnmdýk cl bn mubturn, lk tnkta fukmdaknk maja uk eardzaktl cl lxplmtntdvns pnrn bas rlmlptarls y maja jaclba cl majpasdmdýk pnrn bas ljdsarls clb jlksn`l. Nsdjdsja, bn makmlpmdýk clb rajnkmlra maja uk gäklra nidlrta, mnpnz cl rlmdidr lbljlktas cl cdstdktas tdljpas, lspnmdas y îjidtas, `ukta mak bn mnpnmdcnc cl slr niarcnca par ukn pburnbdcnc cl snilrls, clscl bn edstardagrnfên jlcdlvnb y rlknmlktdstn enstn bn nktrapabagên mubturnb, bn sljdýtdmn, bn jusdmabagên majpnrncn y bn samdabagên rurnb, cltlrjdknk bn vnrdncn pramlclkmdn cl bas lstucdas y maktrdiuylk n lkgrasnr tnkta lb vabujlk maja bn lmblmtdmdcnc clb nmlrva mrêtdma. Lstn pburnbdcnc cl lkfaquls ls ‒plrtdklktl n bn mninb majprlsdýk cl ukas paljns qul cdstnk jumea cl bn slkmdbblz qul lk amnsdakls sl bls ntrdiuyý‚ (Mdc, ‒Lb rajnkmlra‚ 478 lb bljn lrn puibdmnr taca pnrn mak`urnr bn ngakên clb gäklra clidca n bas nvnkmls tlmkabýgdmas, n fdkls clb sdgba UU bn maksdgkn pnsý pn sý n slr camujlktnr taca plra puibdmnr ba rlblvnktl, ba qul rlprlslktn nbgðk npartl n bn trncdmdýk lk su mak`ukta. Cdlga Mntnbîk rlkavý sustnkmdnbjlktl lb lstucda clb rajnkmlra edspîkdma nb lstniblmlr bn dkclplkclkmdn clb rajnkmlra arnb jaclrka mak rlsplmta n sus makgäklrls

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jlcdlvnbls y rlknmlktdstns, npnrtîkcasl cl bn makmlpmdýk fdbabýgdma-edstardmdstn cl Jlkäkclz Xdcnb, qudlk kukmn cl`ý cl maksdclrnr bn trncdmdýk jaclrkn maja lb fbudr sdljprl rlkavnca qul bl praparmdaknin lbljlktas cl majpnrnmdýk mak bas tlxtas nktdguas nb slrvdmda cl bn makstntnmdýk cl sus tlarêns y ka maja uk flkýjlka lk sê jdsjn. Tn lk bas 78, Mntnbîk slþnbý ‒bn makvlkdlkmdn, sd ka bn klmlsdcnc, cl lstucdnr cl farjn nutýkajn, lk bn sdkmrakên cl bas sdgbas UDU y UU lb ―Yajnkmlra trncdmdaknb jaclrka— y ka vlr lk äb sdjpbljlktl ukn sairlvdvlkmdn nknmrýkdmn cl ukn palsên plrtlklmdlktl n atras tdljpas‚ ( Nrtl  Nrtl paätdmn D, xxdv). Lstn nfdrjnmdýk ba makcu`a n clsvdnrsl cl bn makmlpmdýk pdcnbdnkn y lxpaklr bn lsplmdfdmdcnc cl lsn trncdmdýk n pnrtdr cl bn clsmrdpmdýk cl su fukmdaknjdlkta y bn nistrnmmdýk tlýrdmn makslmulktl0 cl neê qul jl pnrlzmn djprlsmdkcdibl, rlpbnktlnr eay, lk uk jltnblkgun`l ntlkta n bns prlamupnmdakls cl bn mrêtdmn, (...), bn kamdýk pdcnbdnkn cl ―trncdmdaknbdcnc— y cl lstn farjn rlmuplrnr pnrn bas blmtarls clsdktlrlsncas lk bn lrucdmdýk ―fdbabýgdmn— cl fdkls clb sdgba pnsnca y cl bn prdjlrn jdtnc cl lstl, dclns cl nmtunbdcnc dkklgnibl y cl plrjnklktl dktlräs‚ ( Nrtl  Nrtl paätdmn D, >6>).

Lk bn makstrummdýk tlýrdmn bblvncn n mnia tuva fukcnjlktnb djpartnkmdn lb slþnbnjdlkta cl bn dkfbulkmdn cltlrjdknktl qul tdlkl lb maktlxta lk bn nmtunbdznmdýk cl bas rajnkmls arnbls, lb makcdmdaknjdlkta dclabýgdma qul lb ukdvlrsa rlflrlkmdnb l`lrml sairl bas tlxtas lk bas cdstdktas kdvlbls cl nrtdmubnmdýk clb jlksn`l rajnkmêstdma qul clscl ukn prdjlrn djpraktn sljdýtdma-lstrumturnb Mntnbîk (Mntîbaga Glklrnb) clkajdký cdsmursa, dktrdgn, fîiubn y jaclbas nmtnkmdnbls. Lb npartl fukcnjlktnb cl lstl lkfaqul maksdstdý lk bn dktlgrnmdýk cl bas jaclbas clsmrdptdvas n bas majpartnjdlktas samdnbls y bas pramlsas mubturnbls lk bas qul bas rajnkmls sl pracumlk. Mnsd uk sdgba clspuäs, rlfdrdäkcasl n bn djpasdidbdcnc cl ninrmnr nb rajnkmlra pnkedspîkdma lk su mak`ukta, Mntnbîk nfdrjn lk su dktracummdýk n bn ]dbvn cl @lsðs Nktakda Mdc0 Jd frnmnsa, kulstra frnmnsa, sl clil n bn rdqulzn mrlncarn cl bn trncdmdýk arnb, qul en jubtdpbdmnca n kulstrn vdstn lb marpus paätdma cl bas pulibas edspnkas cl ukn farjn qul kukmn pucdlrak prlvlr bas clsmuirdcarls clb rajnkmlra cl trncdmdýk arnb (>478 y >448 bns nmtns cl muntra mabaqudas dktlrknmdaknbls cdlrak n makamlr lb qulenmlr cl lsplmdnbdstns cl tacns bns bntdtucls y npnrlmdlrak sdjubtîklnjlktl idibdagrnfêns nmtunbdzncns cl bns cdflrlktls îrlns y mnjpas cl dktlräs (mnil clstnmnr bas lsfulrzas rldtlrncas cl sdstljntdznmdýk rlnbdzncas par ]njulb Nrjdstlnc y Nktakda ]îkmelz Yajlrnba). Bn jngkdtuc cl bn airn puibdmncn cltlrjdký qul tlkgnjas bn

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djprlsdýk cl qul bn idibdagrnfên rlflrdcn nb rajnkmlra, mncn vlz jîs njpbdn y cdvlrsn, sl makvdlrtl lk dkninrmnibl y par jajlktas rlsubtn ncljîs rldtlrntdvn. Bn glstnmdýk cl uk jakstrua idibdagrîfdma cl cdfêmdb jnkl`a lk lb qul bn mnbdcnc ka sdljprl lstî lk rlbnmdýk cdrlmtn mak bn lxmlblkmdn cl bas npartls, cltlrjdký lb fajlkta cl ukn plrsplmtdvn mrêtdmn pnkedspîkdmn. Frlktl n bn prafusdýk idbidagrîfdmn sl rlnbdznk bbnjnjdlktas n qul ls tdljpa cl ukdfdmnr lsfulrzas y rlpbnktlnrsl nbgukns bêklns cl trnin`a lk ba rlflrlktl n bns rlmablmmdakls cl rajnkmls lk bn trncdmdýk arnb jaclrkn0 ukn pabêtdmn jîs lstrdmtn qul tlkgn lk mulktn bn maksdclrnmdýk gbainb clb rajnkmlra y uk majprajdsa cl nmtunbdznmdýk makstnktl qul lvdtl bn suplrpasdmdýk cl lkfaquls y maktlkdcas, n bn vlz qul mrdtlrdas majnrmnkas y fnbsas bamnbdsjas. Lk bn nmtunbdcnc en sdca ninkcaknca lb praylmta cl bn lcdmdýk argnkdzncn y gbainb cl bas marparn tlxtunbls clidca n bns cdjlksdakls qul enk ncqudrdca, plra, maktrnrdnjlktl n ba lsplrnibl, ka sl enk lxpbatnca tacnvên bns pasdidbdcncls cl lcdmdakls lblmtrýkdmns y partnbls lk bn wli qul enrênk fnmtdibl bn dkmarparnmdýk mak`uktn cl jdbls cl vlrsdakls.  N bn prafusdýk cl jntlrdnbls plkdksubnrls y slfnrcêls sl maktrnpakl bn nuslkmdn cl npartnmdakls gbainbls pravlkdlktls cl Njärdmn, cakcl trnin`as nktdguas plrjdtlk ncdvdknr bn lxdstlkmdn clb gäklra (Gakzîblz, Lb rajnkmlra). Lktrl bns clfdmdlkmdns tnjidäk sl enml edkmnpdä lk bn klmlsdcnc cl ljprlkclr lb lstucda sdstljîtdma cl suigäklras cl lbniarnmdýk jaclrkn pama ntlkcdcas maja lb rajnkmlra vubgnr cl cdfusdýk djprlsn qul sl dkmarparý n bn trncdmdýk arnb maja rlsubtnca cl bn cdvubgnmdýk cl pbdlgas sulbtas y cl marclb cdfukcdcas lk jlcdas papubnrls par bn nmtdvdcnc cl rnpsacns mdlgas, clscl bn slgukcn jdtnc clb sdgba UVD enstn bas prdkmdpdas clb sdgba UU. Bas lstucdas rlmdlktls lkfntdznk bn djpartnkmdn mrlmdlktl cl bas jdsjas, mncn vlz jîs camujlktncas lk bn trncdmdýk arnb jaclrkn y clfdkdcas maja jlrmnkmên mubturnb dkcustrdnbdzncn, lbniarncn n trnväs cl ukn kulvn tlmkabagên, bn djprlktn, y clstdkncn n slr maksujdcn par bns kulvns jnsns cl blmtarls qul pracuml bn jaclrkdcnc. Bn trnsmlkclkmdn lspnmdnb y tljparnb clb rajnkmlra bblvn dklvdtnibljlktl n bn pnrmdnbdznmdýk cl su lstucda, yn sln cl bas suigäklras slþnbncas, cl suitrncdmdakls enstn nearn pama makamdcns, lktrl cl lbbas bn njlrdmnkn bn partugulsn, bn maksdclrnmdýk cl mablmmdakls maja ukdcncls nkîbdsds, tnkta bnsa rlukdcns par basa mablmtarls nktdguas lk bas cdflrlktls mnkmdaklras, maja bns lflmtuncns par lsplmdnbdstns cl bas sdgbas UDU y UU, qul dbujdknk nmlrmn clb jaca cl plksnr lb gäklra lk cdstdktas jajlktas cl su edstardn. Xlra pnrncý`dmnjlktl, bn dklvdtnibl frngjlktnmdýk clil dksmrdidrsl sdljprl lk ukn vdsdýk pnkedspîkdmn, maktrdiuylkca n npartnr pdlzns qul plrjdtnk makstrudr lb jasndma clb gäklra lk sus cdjlksdakls cdnmrýkdmn y sdkmrýkdmn. Xar atrn pnrtl, kas lkfrlktnjas n ukn lsmnsn suplrvdvlkmdn y rlfukmdaknbdcnc clb gäklra lk lb sdgba UUD, jacdfdmnca ncljîs par bn dkfbulkmdn, yn maktukclktl, dklvdtnibl, ajkdprlslktl, cl bn mubturn cl jnsns qul cn bugnr n kulvas jacas cl fd`nmdýk lk bn dkcustrdn cdsmagrîfdmn y bas vdcla mbdps.

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Maja marrlbnta cl ba lkukmdnca enstn nquê, maksdclra qul sl tarkn djprlsmdkcdibl lk taca lstucda sairl rajnkmlra bn prlslkmdn djpbêmdtn cl ukn vdsdýk cl mak`ukta clb flkýjlka qul dkmbuyn0 n) Bn dkslrmdýk clb gäklra lk lb maktlxta pnkedspîkdma clscl su gäklsds jlcdlvnb enstn bns jnkdflstnmdakls cl bn trncdmdýk arnb maktljparîkln qul lvdtl fnbsns ncsmrdpmdakls knmdaknbdstns a majnrmnkns cl bas tlxtas. i) \k lstnca nmtunb cl bas lstucdas mrêtdmas sairl lb tljn lk lb îjidta knmdaknb l dktlrknmdaknb qul pakgn cl jnkdfdlsta bns îrlns cl vnmnkmdn y bas vnmêas idibdagrîfdmas. m) Bn lblmmdýk cl uk marpus sufdmdlktljlktl rlprlslktntdva cl ukn trncdmdýk lk uk martl cdnmrýkdma a ukn clbdjdtnmdýk glagrîfdmn. c) \kn npraxdjnmdýk n bn praibljîtdmn cl bn trncdmdýk arnb n fdkls clb sdgba UU, lk bn qul mdrmukstnkmdns samdnbls lsplmêfdmns cltlrjdknrak uk mnjida rncdmnb lk bn trnksjdsdýk cl pracumtas mubturnbls.

>.9. Xalsên papubnr djprlsn Lb îjidta edspnkaenibnktl sl prlstn lsplmdnbjlktl pnrn dbustrnr bn trnksfarjnmdýk

aplrncn lk bns prîmtdmns mubturnbls, lk bn jlcdcn lk qul mulktn mak uk gäklra cl bdtlrnturn papubnr djprlsn cl surgdjdlkta juy tljprnka qul bblgn prîmtdmnjlktl enstn lb prlslktl lk taca lb tlrrdtarda cl cdfusdýk bdkgòêstdmn clb lspnþab0 bas pbdlgas sulbtas y sus maktdkuncarls, bas fabbltas y fabbltdkls. Lk uk bðmdca nkîbdsds, Mntnbîk dkslrtn nb pbdlga sulbta lk bn edstardn cl bn mubturn djprlsn lk bas sdgudlktls tärjdkas0 Lb pbdlga sulbta ls lb rlsubtnca clb clsmuirdjdlkta, par pnrtl cl djprlsarls y bdirlras cl qul lb vlrcnclra klgamda cl bns prlksns ka lstnin (maja mrlyý Gutlkilrg) lk bn rlpracummdýk cl grnkcls mýcdmls pnrn uk pðibdma dktlrknmdaknb jdkardtnrda, sdka lk bn cdfusdýk clktra cl uk îjidta bdkgòêstdma knmdaknb cl uk sdkfêk cl tlxtas inrntas. Bas mdlgas vlkclcarls cl pbdlgas sulbtas makstdtuylk lb ðbtdja pnsa lk lb lsfulrza cl njpbdnr jîs y jîs bns fraktlrns clb jlrmnca cl bn bltrn djprlsn, puls supakl lb dktlkta cl vlkcärslbn dkmbusa n bas ka nbfniltdzncas. ( Nrtl paätdmn D, >6=)  

Bn edstardn clb pbdlga sulbta mnstlbbnka majdlkzn, tnb maja slþnbn Vêmtar Dkfnktls, mak bn puibdmnmdýk lk Pnjarn lk >359 clb Ylgdjdlkta cl prêkmdpls cl Gýjlz Jnkrdqul, qudzîs maja mnsunbdcnc lcdtardnb parqul bn airdbbn ka cnin pnrn jîs lxtlksdýk tdpagrîfdmn. ]dk ljinrga, n majdlkzas clb sdgba UVD, lstl jaclba lcdtardnb ljplzý n pracumdrsl lk mnktdcncls enstn makstdtudrsl lk uka cl bas ilst slbblr cl bn mubturn bdtlrnrdn lspnþabn. Bns mdfrns qul maksdgkn Dkfnktls kas praparmdaknk ukn djnglk npraxdjncn clb flkýjlka0 >< pbdlgas pnrn lb plrêaca dkmuknibl, >688 pnrn lb sdgba UVD, 9588 rlflrlkmdns pnrn lb sdgba sdgb a UVDD y 9888 pnrn lb sdgba UVDDD, sujnk uk mak`ukta cl nbrlclcar nbrlclc ar cl 7888 mdtns qul, lk ukn jlcdn cl jdb l`ljpbnrls par tdrncn, rlsubtn ukas 7.888.888 cl pbdlgas sulbtas lk mnstlbbnka. Lstas ‒djprlsas cl bnrgn mdrmubnmdýk‚ sl mnrnmtlrdznk

5>

 

par pasllr uk jaclba cl makstdtumdýk tdpagrîfdmn makmrlta, cl nirujncarn pracummdýk y lxtlksa makamdjdlkta blmtar. Cl lstl jaca sl uklk bdtlrnturn l djprlktn pnrn makfarjnr uk pracumta lcdtardnb qul nplkns sufrdý jacdfdmnmdakls n trnväs cl bas sdgbas, cnkca maja rlsubtnca ukn mrlnmdýk bdtlrnrdn clstdkncn n fdkls majlrmdnbls qul plrcurý n pnrtdr cl bn lxdstlkmdn cl trls fnmtarls makstdtutdvas0 >) ukn lxtlksn kýjdkn cl nutarls lxmbusdvas cl lstn jacnbdcnc clcdmncas n mrlnr airns pnrn slr lcdtncns lk pbdlgas? 9) ukn slrdl cl djprlsarls y lcdtarls dktlrlsncas lk bn pracummdýk cl lstn bdtlrnturn? =) uk grupa cl blmtarls mncn vlz jîs kujlrasas qul bn maksujênk, muyn tdpabagên nðk kas ls dkclfdkdcn.  Bblgncas nb sdgba UDU, lb îjidta edspîkdma praparmdakn uk pndsn`l jubtdfarjl. Lspnþn afrlml uk lsmlknrda pnrtdmubnr pnrn lstl tdpa cl pracummdýk bdtlrnrdn, lk uk maktlxta cl juy blktas pragrlsas cl bn mubturn lsmrdtn, mak in`as lflmtas cl lcumnmdýk y urinkdznmdýk, lk lb qul malxdstlk farjns jîs idlk nrmndmns y tnb vlz jnyardtnrdns cl bn mubturn arnb, vdsunb y nucdavdsunb, y jnkdflstnmdakls cl ukn dkmdpdlktl dkcustrdn mubturnb, qul ljlrglk maja prîmtdmns plmubdnrls plmubdnrls cl nprapdnmdýk cl bn bdtlrnturn qul enml lb puliba. Lstns prîmtdmns ka sak maksdclrncns klutrns sdka qul, nb dgunb qul atras idlkls sdjiýbdmas, fulrak ai`lta cl tlksdakls y bumens samdnbls pnrn su mbnsdfdmnmdýk, `lrnrqudznmdýk, maksngrnmdýk a clsmnbdfdmnmdýk. @lnk Frnkçads Iatrlb clfdkl lb mnjpa cl bn bdtlrnturn papubnr djprlsn lk Lspnþn, clstnmnkca bns jacnbdcncls dkstrujlktnbls cl lsn nprapdnmdýk, bn utdbdznmdýk cl prîmtdmns prapdns cl bn arnbdcnc, tnbls maja bn jljardznmdýk y bn vamnbdznmdýk samdnbdzncn cl bas tlxtas lsmrdtas nktl ukn nucdlkmdn mak nbta parmlktn`l cl nknbfniltdsja y bn blmturn ka tdpagrîfdmn. Lk munkta n bns cdjlksdakls samdnbls cl bn nprapdnmdýk clil slr slþnbnca qul sl djpaklk jacas cl cdfusdýk nbtlrkntdvas (odasmas, mnsltns, mdlgas vlkclcarls, tnjidäk bn flrdn, lb tlntra y lb mnfä sl makvdlrtlk lk lspnmdas cl majlrmdnbdznmdýk), lk ukn aplrnmdýk lk bn qul sl pracuml lb abvdca clb nutar y cl bn prapdlcnc dktlblmtunb. Lk munkta n bas tljns y gäklras cdsmursdvas qul sl cdfukclk sl lvdclkmdn ukn njpbdnmdýk lk lb makmlpta cl bdtlrnturn lk lb qul sl dkmbuylk prakýstdmas cl bas mnblkcnrdas, katdmdns cl nmtunbdcnc (uk fabblta sl tdtubn0 ‒Gulrrn cl Muin, vdsdýk clb sabcnca kls rnsa‚), `ukta qul mak sl airns clstdkncns n l`lrmlr lb clintl cl bns rldvdkcdmnmdakls rldvdkcdmnmda samdnbls cdrdjênk lk bn äpamn (pardkfbulkmdn l`ljpba lblkmulkta ‒Lb rlba` cl bns amea earns‚, clstdknca nb pðibdma airlra qul bumenin par bas bêjdtls cl su `arkncn bniarnb). Lstn bdtlrnturn sl mnrnmtlrdzn par tlklr nkmbn`l lk ukn rlnbdcnc cdflrlktl cl bn rlnbdcnc tlxtunb, nmtunr maja jaclba cl sdtunmdakls vdtnbls y prapdmdnr ka sabnjlktl ukn blmturn makcdmdakncn lstätdmnjlktl sdka tnjidäk ätdmnjlktl. Lk lb mnsa cl Lspnþn, lb pracumta ls uk makgbajlrnca cl tlxtas cdrdgdcas n cdflrlktls slgjlktas slgjlktas cl bas kulvas rlmlptarls qul makcumlk nb pbnktla cl mýja clil lktlkclrsl lstn bdtlrnturn, n qudäkls y mýja dktlrplbn y sd sl bn pulcl maksdclrnr maja maja ukn ukdcnc.  Njärdmn, n su vlz, afrlml lsplmdfdmdcncls qul mnil clstnmnr clstnmnr.. N maktdkunmdýk nbuca lk farjn glklrnb n bas gäklras qul sl clsnrrabbnrak lk lb îjidta cl bn Njärdmn edspnkn, pnrn makmbudr mak lb flkýjlka nrglktdka. Cl lstl bnca clb amänka, sd idlk bn

59

 

bblgncn cl mnkmdaklrdbbas, pbdlgas sulbtas y rajnkmlras lstî camujlktncn clscl lb sdgba UVD, enmdn fdkls clb sdgba UDU bn mnjidnktl samdlcnc dilranjlrdmnkn afrlml êkcdmls ntrnmtdvas lk lb flkýjlka cl bn bdtlrnturn papubnr, rlsdgkdfdmnkca lb paclr cl cdfusdýk qul tlkên lk Lspnþn y ncaptnkca bns lsplmdfdmdcncls cl ukn suibdtlrnturn, dkfrnbdtlrnturn a pnrnbdtlrnturn, tnb maja sl bn clkajdký lk cdflrlktls amnsdakls, pracumdcn y jlrmnktdbdzncn clscl bas mlktras urinkas pnrn slr ncqudrdcn par bns mbnsls papubnrls. Lk uk `ulga cl tlksdakls, bn bdtlrnturn papubnr djprlsn sl makstruyl lk Njärdmn nb dgunb qul atras pracumtas cl maksuja jnsdva, maja lb rlsubtnca cl ukn lstätdmn djpulstn par bas rlspaksnibls cl bn cdfusdýk mubturnb, n bn qul n su vlz dkgrlsnk bns prlflrlkmdns (rlnbls a supulstns) clb pðibdma rlmlptar, jdlktrns qul pnrnblbnjlktl lk bas cdstdktas pnêsls dilranjlrdmnkas ls pasdibl clbdklnr dtdklrnrdas cdflrlkmdncas cl bn palsên papubnr djprlsn mak djpraktns knmdaknbls y rlgdaknbls. Lk Irnsdb ncqudlrl bn farjn cl bn clkajdkncn bdtlrnturn cl marclb, bn munb par sus jðbtdpbls tljns y lxprlsdvn farjn cl majpasdmdýk paätdmn sl vdlkl praylmtnkca maja ukn cl bns jîs sdgkdfdmntdvns pracummdakls bdtlrnrdns papubnrls clb sdgba UU. Ydquêsdjn bdtlrnturn mak jîs cl >3888 têtubas, afrlml ukn vnrdlcnc tljîtdmn qul vn clscl su maklxdýk mak bas praibljns cl bn nmtunbdcnc enstn bn makslrvnmdýk y trnksjdsdýk cl knrrntdvns dkspdrncns lk bn Lcnc Jlcdn lurapln y lk lb djngdknrda trncdmdaknb  (Flmedkd Iargls), lk jnkdflstnmdakls lk bns qul makvdvlk bns mnpns nktdguns jlkmdakncns, suplrpulstns mak pracumtas cl bn mubturn cl jnsns pastjaclrkn. Lk Jäxdma sl clsnrrabbn lb marrdca, clfdkdca par Vdmlktl Jlkcazn maja0 (...) gäklra cl jumeas nbmnkmls y bnrgn trnylmtardn, qul mak lb tdljpa slrî uka cl bas jîs fdrjls sapartls cl bn bdtlrnturn glkudknjlktl jlxdmnkn, makslrvnca par jlcda cl ea`ns sulbtns djprlsns lk mnsns lcdtardnbls cl jaclstn npnrdlkmdn y trnksjdtdca par iamn clb vubga, en nbmnkznca ukn cdsplrsdýk glagrîfdmn qul (...) bblgn n Lstncas \kdcas, lk cakcl sl lkmulktrn vdva maja jnkdflstnmdýk mubturnb cl ardglk edspîkdma, plra en cnca bugnr n bn mrlnmdýk y clrdvnmdýk cl kulvas tdpas qul julstrnk yn bdklnjdlktas bamnbls. (Lb marrdca, =7).  

Lb marrdca trnksjdtdca lk mnkmdaklras papubnrls, ea`ns sulbtns djprlsns, pnplbls jubtdmabarls cl in`a prlmda, clscl fdkls clb sdgba UDU, makstdtuyý ukn jntlrdn cl dktlksa maksuja pnrn bns jubtdtucls dbltrncns qul rlmurrênk n lbbas maja fulktl dkfarjntdvn cl bns rlilbdakls clb ðbtdja munrta clb sdgba UDU, bns cdstdktns fnsls cl bn Ylvabumdýk, y, n pnrtdr cl >4=8, maja dktärprltl cl mnjidas samdnbls y pabêtdmas, lk bn nmtunbdcnc clrdvnca lk lb flkýjlka jlcdîtdma clb knrmamarrdca. Bn prlslkmdn cl bn palsên papubnr djprlsn maja ukn suibdtlrnturn cl njpbda nbmnkml ful camujlktncn lk Medbl par lb fdbýbaga nbljîk Yacabfa Blkz, qudlk lstucdý lstas tlxtas mak ukn jatdvnmdýk bdkgòêstdmn y sl makvdrtdý lk mablmmdakdstn cl ea`ns sulbtns qul nmtunbjlktl sl makslrvnk lk bn Idibdatlmn Knmdaknb cl ]nktdnga, dkstdtumdýk qul rlmdlktljlktl puibdmý ukn slrdl cl rlpracummdakls fnmsdjdbnrls lktrl bns qul sl clstnmn

5=

 

bn tdtubncn Bdrn papubnr sdgba UDU  lk  lk tnr`ltns cl mnrtubdkn qul vulbvlk n lcdtnr cdmens ea`ns mak sus rlsplmtdvns dbustrnmdakls mak têtubas maja ‒Grnk dkmlkcda lk Gunynqudb, jîs cl 58 jdbbakls cl pärcdcns y mdkma jak`ns quljncns‚ a ‒Bn mabakn julrtn cl trldktn puþnbncns‚. ]lgðk bn cltlkdcn clsmrdpmdýk clb flkýjlka qul rlnbdzn Blkz, bns ea`ns sulbtns dkmbuênk vnrdas paljns cdflrlktls qul nbtlrknink tljns cl nmtunbdcnc slksnmdaknbdstn mak vlrsas cl njar, maktrnpuktas y cljîs gäklras cl bn palsên lblvncn? lk lb lspnmda sairnktl n vlmls sl ngrlgnin nbgukn mulmn a takncn. Xar ðbtdja, lb jlrmnca lcdtardnb nrglktdka ka lstuva nb jnrglk cl lstl pramlsa cl cdfusdýk mubturnb? par lb maktrnrda, ful uka cl bas jîs nmtdvas lk madkmdclkmdn mak bns rîpdcns trnksfarjnmdakls lurapldznktls qul sl aplrnrak lk kulstra pnês lktrl bns ðbtdjns cämncns clb sdgba UDU y bns prdjlrns clb sdgba UU. Bn mablmmdýk clkajdkncn Idibdatlmn mrdabbn, rlukdcn par Yailrt Blejnkk-Kdtsmel, camujlktn lxenustdvnjlktl lxenustdvnjlktl lstn kulvn jacnbdcnc cl cdfusdýk djprlsn, makstdtudcn par munclrkdbbas cl plqulþa farjnta, fabbltas qul rlmaglk gäklras, rlgdstras y tljns cl cdvlrsn pramlclkmdn. Xar ukn pnrtl, sl dkmbuylk tlxtas qul rlprlslktnk bn vlrtdlktl bdtlrnrdn clb mrdabbdsja papubdstn y, par atrn, sl cdfukclk maktlkdcas vdglktls lk Lurapn, qul cnk mulktn cl prîmtdmns mubturnbls, cl makfbdmtas mbnsdstns, y qul, djprlgkncas cl bn matdcdnkldcnc cl su maktlxta cl pracummdýk, iusmnk uk bugnr lk lb sdstljn clscl lb munb lblvnr su vaz. Lstl marpus makstdtuyl lk bn nmtunbdcnc uk vnbdasêsdja nrmedva camujlktnb tnkta pnrn mnrnmtlrdznr prîmtdmns paätdmns y jusdmnbls, maja pnrn lstucdnr bn rlbnmdýk lktrl farjns lsmrdturnbls ka dkstdtumdaknbls y lstniblmlr sus maklxdakls mak bn bdtlrnturn mnkýkdmn, sairl bn munb l`lrmlk dkfbulkmdn y sak n bn vlz sus mrdstnbdznmdakl mrdstnbdznmdakls. s. Nmtunbjlktl lb nrmedva sl makslrvn lk lb Dkstdtuta Dilra-Njlrdmnka Dilra-Njlrdmnka cl Ilrbêk, qul fulrn mrlnca lk >4=8, mak uk fakca idibdagrîfdma dkdmdnb pracumta cl bn caknmdýk cl ukn idibdatlmn cl 59.888 vabðjlkls qul edza lb lrucdta nrglktdka Lrklsta ^ulsncn nb lstnca prusdnka. ]d idlk lb bdira lk tnkta ai`lta maktdkuý sdlkca bn ukdcnc vlrtlirncarn cl bn mubturn bltrncn, bn prlksn plrdýcdmn makstdtuyý bn prdkmdpnb fulktl cl jntlrdnb dkfarjntdva clb kulva pðibdma blmtar qul ncljîs sl makvdrtdý lk rlmlptar cl uk sdstljn bdtlrnrda mak mnrnmtlrêstdmns jacdfdmncns0 lb bdira lstl mdrmudta slbêrdma, trnksfarjn lk uk cl ai`lta djprlsa cl fnmturn clsmudcncn, bn kavlbn ls lk fabbltêk, lb paljn mnkmdaklra mdrmukstnkmdns, y lb crnjn, rlprlslktnmdýk mdrmlksl. Clmlkns cl têtubas cl lstl tdpa y uk djprlsdaknktl kðjlra cl l`ljpbnrls cdfêmdb cl cltlrjdknr, iusmnrak (l djpusdlrak) kulvns jacnbdcncls cl cdfusdýk, yn qul bas fabbltas lxmlcdlrak lb îjidta trncdmdaknb cl bns bdirlrêns pnrn mdrmubnr lktrl vlkclcarls njiubnktls, lk qudasmas, tninqulrêns, snbns cl bustrnr y bugnrls cl lspnrmdjdlkta n bas qul nmucl lb blmtar jnsdva. Xnrn lstl kulva pðibdma lb nmmlsa n bn lsmrdturn sl makmdidý maja bn ðkdmn vên pasdibl cl dkslrtnrsl lk lb sdstljn mak lb prapýsdta cl jdjltdznrba y, jîs nðk, mak bn dktlkmdýk cl suivlrtdrba. Bns kulvns prîmtdmns cl maksuja cl bdtlrnturn papubnr djprlsn maklmtnrak lb jukca rurnb mak lb urinka y `ugnrak uk rab fukcnjlktnb lk bn dkslrmdýk clb dkjdgrnktl (58% dtnbdnkas y lspnþabls), mak lb makslmulktl clspbnznjdlkta cl bn paibnmdýk kntdvn qul

53

 

cda bugnr, sdjubtîklnjlktl, n bn klmlsdcnc cl nrglktdkdznr bn dclktdcnc cl bas kulvas nmtarls, nktl qudlkls bn bdtlrnturn papubnr djprlsn sl lrdgl maja bn lxprlsdýk prdvdblgdncn pnrn nmuþnr y cdfukcdr lb mnucnb lxprlsdva clb mrdabbdsja, mak ukn niukcnkmdn cl sdgkas qul bblgn n bn snturnmdýk y qul fd`n ukn gnblrên cl tdpas qul snblk clb pnplb pnrn dkmarparnrsl n bn fbulkmdn cl bn vdcn matdcdnkn l djprlgknk bas glstas y nmtdtucls cl bn makcumtn mablmtdvn. N plsnr cl qul Blejnkk-Kdtsmel clkajdkn n lstn mablmmdýk Idibdatlmn mrdabbn, sýba pnrmdnbjlktl (nbrlclcar cl uk 453. • Nrjdstlnc, ]njulb, Nktakda ]îkmelz Yajlrnba y Cdlga Mntnbîk. Lb rajnkmlra eay0 edstardn, maj-

• Cd ]tlfnka, Gduslppl. ‒Lstnca nmtunb cl bas lstucdas sairl lb rajnkmlra‚.  Nmtns DD Makgrlsa Dktlrknmdaknb cl bn Nsamdnmdýk Edspîkdmn cl Bdtl rnturn Jlcdlvnb. Nbmnbî cl Elknrls0 \kdvlrsdcnc,

 pnrntdsja, idibdagrnfên mrêtdmn. Jncrdc0 Mîtlcrn ]ljdknrda Jlkäkclz Xdcnb, >474. • In`têk, Jd`nêb. Bn mubturn papubnr lk bn Lcnc Jlcdn  y lk lb Ylknmdjdlkta. Jncrdc0 Nbdnkzn, >457. • Ilk-Njas, Cnk lc. Fabobarl Glkrls. Nustdk0 \kdvlrsdty af Slxns Xrlss, >45>. • Ilk`njdk, Wnbtlr. Dbujdknmdakls DD. Xalsên y mnpdtnbdsja. Jncrdc0 Snurus, >458. • Ians, Frnkz. Enkciaao af Njlrdmnk Dkcdnk Bnk gungls. Iubbltdk 38. Wnsedkgtak0 Iurlnu af Njlrdmnk Ltekabagy, >4>>. • Iatrlb, @lnk Frnkçads. ‒Xuliba y bdtlrnturn. Lspnþn, sdgba UDU‚.  Nmtns clb UDDD Makgrlsa cl bn NsaN samdnmdýk Dktlrknmdaknb cl Edspnkdstns. Fbarlkmda ]lvdbbn y Mnrbas Nbvnr lcdtarls. Jncrdc0 Mnstnbdn, NDE, Fukcnmdýk Cuquls cl ]ardn, >444, S DD, 34-66. • Iurol, Xltlr Xltl r. Bn mubturn papubnr lk bn Lurapn jaclrkn. Jncrdc0 Nbdnkzn, >44>. • Mntnbîk, Cdlga y atras. MGY? Mntîbaga Glklrnb clb Yajnkmlra.  Jncrdc0 Mîtlcrn ]ljdknrda Jlkäkclz Xdcnb, >459-53, = vabs. • Mntnbîk, Cdlga. Nrtl paätdmn clb rajnkmlra arnb. Jncrdc0 ]dgba UUD-Fukcnmdýk Jlkäkclz Xdcnb, >447->445. • Menrtdlr, Yaglr. Bdiras, blmturns y blmtarls lk bn Lcnc Jaclrkn. Inrmlbakn0 Nbdnkzn, >443. • Medmatl, Gbardn. ‒Bn Idibdatlmn mrdabbn cl Yailrt

>449, t.D, ==-(>463)0 >4448. • Flmedkd Iargls, Frnkmdsmn Klujn. ‒Bdtlrnturn cl marclb vdvn ka Irnsdb. N rlsdstlkmdn elrýdmn cas paltns‚. Nkterapas, >66/>67 (>4444>. • Gdksiurg, Mnrba. Jdtas, ljibljns, dkcdmdas. Inrmlbakn0 Glcdsn, >443. • Gakzîblz Xärlz, Nurlbda. Lb Yajnkmlra lk Njä rdmn. Jncrdc0 ]êktlsds, 988=. • Grnjsmd, Nktakda. Bdtlrnturn y mubturn papubnr. Iulkas Ndrls0 Munclrkas cl Mubturn Ylvabumdaknrdn, >473. • Grdgkak, Mbnucl y @lnk Mbnucl Xnsslrak. Ba mubta  y ba papub papubnr nr.. Jdslr Jdslrnidbd nidbdsja sja y papub papubdsja dsja lk samda samdabagên bagên  y lk bdtlr bdtlrntur nturnn. Iulkas Ndrls0 Kulvn Vdsdýk, >44>. • Dkfnktls, Vdmtar. ‒Bn palsên cl marclb‚.  Nktera pas, >66/>67 (>44453.

Blejnkk-Kdtsmel0 tapagrnfên blmturn cl bn Nrglktdkn cl lktrlsdgbas‚.  Nmtnsclclb UV Makgrlsa cl bn Nsamdnmdýk Dktlrknmdaknb cl Edspnkdstns, Bns cas ardbbns. Jäxdma0 Fakca cl Mubturn LmakýjdmnDkstdtuta \kdvlrsdtnrda Slmkabýgdma cl Jaktlrrly, 9887, 34>--7. • Mdc, @lsðs Nktakda, lcdtar. ]dbvn nsturdnkn D. Xrd jlrns katdmdns y mablmmdakls cl rajnkmls lk lb  sdgba UDU. Jncrdc0 ]ljdknrda Jlkäkclz Xdcnb, \kdvlrsdcnc Majpbutlksl cl Jncrdc, >444.

•Vlrsa, @njlsak, >448. Frlclrdm. Bntl Jnrxdsj. Kulvn Taro0 • Blvd-]trnuss, Mbnucl.  Nktrapabagên lstrumturnb. Iulkas Ndrls0 Luclin, >465. • Batjnk, @urd` y Lsmulbn cl Snrtu. Snrtu. ]ljdýtdmn cl bn mubturn. Jncrdc0 Mîtlcrn, >474. • Jnbdkawsod, Irakdsbnw. Irakd sbnw. Bas nrgaknutns clb Xnmêfdma ammdclktnb. >499. Inrmlbakn0 Xlkêksubn, >47=. • Jlkcazn, Vdmlktl. Lb marrdca jlxdmnka. Jäxdma0 Fakca cl mubturn lmakýjdmn, >473. • Jlkäkclz Xlbnya, Jnrmlbdka. >43434477, >58-983. • Xrapp, Vbncdjdr. Jarfabagên clb mulkta. >495. Iulkas Ndrls0 @unk Gaynknrtl, >479. • Yacrêgulz Jaþdka, Nktakda. Cdmmdaknrda cl pbdlgas  sulbtas  sulbt as paätdma paätdmass (sdgba (sdgba UVD) UVD). Jncrdc0 Mnstnbdn, >478. • ]lgrl, Mlsnrl. Bns lstrumturns y lb tdljpa. Inrmlbakn0 Xbnkltn, >476.

57

 

9. Ylslþn cl cas mnsas l`ljpbnrls  N maktdkunmdýk rlslþnjas cas tlxtas pnrncdgjîtdmas cl bn trncdmdýk mrêtdmn lkukmdncn0 lb Mntîbaga Glklrnb clb Yajnkmlra, lk tnkta jaclba clsmrdptdva cl uk gäklra arnb, y lb bdira cl Ncabfa Xrdlta, lk tnkta nkîbdsds lxenustdva cl bns pasdidbdcncls cl dktlrprltnmdýk maktlxtunb cl ukn mablmmdýk cl bdtlrnturn papubnr djprlsn. 9.>. Mntnbîk, Cdlga y atras. MGY? Mntîbaga Glklrnb clb Yajnkmlra. Jncrdc0 Mîtlcrn ]ljdknrda Jlkäkclz Xdcnb, >459-53, = vabs.

Lb praylmta jîs njidmdasa clb ]ljdknrda Jlkäkclz Xdcnb, ls, sdk cucn, lb MGY qul dktlktn slr bn clsmrdpmdýk cltnbbncn cl ‒bas rajnkmls makslrvncas lk äpamn jaclrkn par bn trncdmdýk arnb cl bas pulibas edspîkdmas (...), lk tacns bns vlrsdakls makamdcns, (lcdtncns a dkäcdtns nmmlsdibls)‚ (MGY, >n, >7). Lb MGY rlðkl tacas bas rajnkmls camujlktncas lk uk martl sdkmrýkdma lk lb jukca pnkedspîkdma, y lstas paljns lstîk prlslktncas lk lb mntîbaga mbnsdfdmncas par jlcdas lblmtrýkdmas, lk cdflrlktls mnjpas qul fnmdbdtnk bn maksubtn cl lstucdasas cl cdsmdpbdkns cdvlrsns, maja bn mrêtdmn bdtlrnrdn, lb fabobarl, bn knrrntabagên, bn samdabagên a bn sljdýtdmn. Bn airn, qul sl enbbn tacnvên lk puibdmnmdýk, rlprlslktn lb prdjlr dktlkta cl sdstljntdznr bas kujlrasas jntlrdnbls cl rajnkmls arnbls pnkedspîkdmas lxdstlktls, lk tarka n uk mrdtlrda maelrlktl, lkukmdnca mak lxtrlja rdgar jltacabýgdma, qul pulcl slr utdbdznca clscl cdflrlktls ýptdmns cl lstucda y qul par su lstrumturn, sdljprl plrjnklml nidlrta n kulvns camujlktnmdakls. Lk slgukca tärjdka ls djpartnktl clstnmnr bn jacdfdmnmdýk rncdmnb qul sl pracuml lk lstl bdira lk munkta n bn makmlpmdýk clb ai`lta cl lstucda0 lb rajnkml sl maksdclrn fukcnjlktnbjlktl maja ukn lstrumturn knrrntdvn nidlrtn, maja ‒slgjlktas lstrumturncas cl cdsmursa qul djdtnk bn vdcn rlnb pnrn rlprlslktnr, frngjlktnrdn y sdjpbdfdmncnjlktl, bas sdstljns samdnbls, lmakýjdmas l dclabýgdmas clb rlflrlktl y sajltlrbas nsê, dkcdrlmtnjlktl, n rlfblxdýk mrêtdmn‚ (MGY, >n, >4). Snb maja sl lkukmdn lk lstn clfdkdmdýk par prdjlrn qul vlz lb paljntärjdkas knrrntdvamaja trncdmdaknb ls lktlkcdca n pnrtdr‒rlflrlktl‚ clb pramlsa majukdmnmdýk djpbdmn? ‒cdsmursa‚, ‒rl-prlslktnr‚, kascldktlrknk lk uk îjidta qul enstn lb jajlkta ka eniên sdca sufdmdlktljlktl aislrvnca. Lb rajnkml-vlrsdýk, a sln lb paljn trncdmdaknb lktlkcdca lk mncn ukn cl sus nmtunbdznmdakls, y ka maja uk tdpa nistrnmta, ls ukn lstrumturn jývdb cl sdgkdfdmnktls y sdgkdfdmncas qul sl jacdfdmnk, y sabnjlktl lk lsl javdjdlkta pulcl fd`nrsl pnrn su s u lstucda. Nb dgunb qul bn blkgun qul bl sdrvl cl sapartl knturnb, lb rajnkml ls uk lbljlkta cdkîjdma, plra sus javdjdlktas ka sak nznrasas, sdka qul rlspakclk n ukn grnjîtdmn mak rlgbns prapdns qul bas enibnktls knturnbls clb rajnkmlra pasllk dktlrknbdzncns y lk mnjida, kasatras, bas lstucdasas, cliljas clsmdfrnr. clsmdfrnr. Bas paljns trncdmdaknbls sl prlslktnk lk ukn jubtdpbdmdcnc cl vnrdnktls lxprlsdvns, muyn makfraktnmdýk kas plrjdtl nmmlclr, lk atras kdvlbls cl argnkdznmdýk cl bn

55

 

lstrumturn, n dclktdfdmnr dkvnrdnktls sljîktdmns. Xnrn majprlkclr lb slktdca cl vnrdnktl l dkvnrdnktl lb MGY fd`n cas kdvlbls cl nrtdmubnmdýk clb jlksn`l rajnkmêstdma0 lb kdvlb cl bn dktrdgn y lb kdvlb clb cdsmursa. Mncn rajnkml-vlrsdýk mnktnca a rlmdtnca par sus partncarls knturnbls lstî rlprlslktnca par uk cdsmursa qul rl-nmtunbdzn ukn dktrdgn. Lk lb kdvlb cl bn dktrdgn cdstdkgudjas jatdvas iîsdmas knrrntdvas qul sl nrtdmubnk lk slmulkmdns, cnkca maelrlkmdn n bn edstardn knrrncn. Xlra lstas jatdvas tdlklk vdcn dkclplkcdlktljlktl cl bn dktrdgn y pulclk pnsnr cl uk paljn n atra. Lstas slgjlktas cl dktrdgn sak bns ukdcncls knrrntdvns jêkdjns qul prllxdstlk n su utdbdznmdýk lk ukn cltlrjdkncn mnclkn sdktngjîtdmn, y farjnk pnrtl cl bn argnkdznmdýk pnrncdgjîtdmn cl ba qul clkajdknrljas ‒blkgun`l rajnkmlra‚. Nbgukas l`ljpbas cl jatdvas qul npnrlmlk mak farjns cdsmursdvns cdflrlktls lk cdstdktns dktrdgns sak0 lb sulþa präsnga, lb bamus  bamus njalkus, bn nkngkýrdsds, ltm. Lb cdsmursa sl clfdkl maja lb sdgkdfdmnktl cl bn dktrdgn, lstî nrtdmubnca prasýcdmnjlktl n trnväs cl ukn lstrumturn jätrdmn y, crnjîtdmnjlktl, rlnmtunbdzn lb trnksmurrdr clb tdljpa. Bn nrtdmubnmdýk prasýcdmn clb rajnkml sl rlnbdzn jlcdnktl bn prlslkmdn cl vlrsas, a eljdstdqudas (sd sl maksdclrn maja ukdcnc sdktîmtdmn nb vlrsa bnrga) amtasdbîidmas glklrnbjlktl, qul sak vlrinbdznmdakls cdflrlktls lk uk cltlrjdknca kðjlra cl vlrsas y eljdstdqudas tdpa, dkvnrdnktls. Bn rl-nmtunbdznmdýk crnjîtdmn cl bn dktrdgn sl bblvn n mnia n trnväs cl fýrjubns cl cdsmursa. Ästns sak lxprlsdakls fdgurntdvns qul ncljîs cl npartnr ukn dkfarjnmdýk bdtlrnb lk lb clsnrrabba cl bn dktrdgn, nyucnk n bn vdsunbdznmdýk cl bn nmmdýk, y ngrlgnk ukn sdgkdfdmnmdýk lslkmdnb, qul Mntnbîk bbnjn ‒blxdmnbdzncn‚. Bns fýrjubns, clidca n su vnbar fdgurntdva tnjpama tdlklk fd`nmdýk vlrinb0 vlrsas juy cdflrlktls pulclk rljdtdr n ukn jdsjn fýrjubn tdpa lk lb kdvlb cl bns apasdmdakls pnrncdgjîtdmns clb blkgun`l rajnkmlra. Xlra lk lb rajnkml trncdmdaknb, dktrdgn y cdsmursa, bas munbls dktlktnjas clmacdfdmnr lk tacns sus rlnbdznmdakls, kas rljdtlk, slgðk bn clfdkdmdýk cl pnrtdcn ‒n bas sdstljns samdnbls, lmakýjdmas l dclabýgdmas clb rlflrlktl, pnrn sajltlrbas dkcdrlmtnjlktl n rlfblxdýk mrêtdmn‚. Nquê lstnjas frlktl n atra makmlpta dkkavncar lk bas lstucdas sairl palsên bn jlkmdýk nb jukca clb rlflrlktl, nb maktlxta cl cakcljacdfdmnr. lb paljn surgl ytrncdmdaknb0 nb munb sl cdrdgl pnrn mujpbdr lb nmta majukdmntdva y lvlktunbjlktl Lk lstl pukta cl bn clfdkdmdýk ncqudlrlk slktdca tacas bas pramlsas clsmrdptas qul tdlkclk n dclktdfdmnr, nknbdznr, munktdfdmnr vnrdnktls pnrn qul su lstucda lxenustdva kas plrjdtn bblgnr n makmbusdakls vîbdcns nmlrmn cl su majpartnjdlkta y fukmdýk lk lb îjidta nb qul plrtlklmlk.  N pnrtdr cl lstn makmlpmdýk tlýrdma-jltacabýgdmn lb MGY  lcdtn rajnkmls camujlktncas lk bn trncdmdýk arnb jaclrkn clsmrdptas lk mnjpas qul npartnk dkfarjnmdýk sairl mntlgarêns cdflrlktls. Bas mnjpas SDS\ (têtuba), GLAG (cdsplrsdýk glagrîfdmn), DKMA (paljn dkmarparnca lk ukn airn bdtlrnrdn) y SYNV (paljn trnvlstdca a maktrnelmea), tdlklk bn fukmdýk cl dclktdfdmnr nb rajnkml y lsplmdfdmnr bn lxtlksdýk y cdsplrsdýk cl bns vlrsdakls lk qul sl insnk bas nkîbdsds sdgudlktls. Bas mnjpas YL]\ (rlsu-

54

 

jlk), ]\JJ (rlsujlk lk dkgbäs), MAKS (maktnjdknmdakls), KADK (katns n bn dktrdgn), CD]M (cdsmursa), KACD (katns nb cdsmursa), clsmrdilk lb rajnkml maja ukn lstrumturn nidlrtn, maksdgknkca bns vnrdnktls qul sl cnk lk lb marpus lxnjdknca. Bas mnjpas IDIB (idibdagrnfên), ASDS (atras têtubas mak qul sl camujlktn lb paljn), DNKS (dkmdpdt nktdguas) l DJAC (dkmdpdt jaclrkas) praparmdaknk cntas ncdmdaknbls dclktdfdmntardas n trnväs cl sdstljns vnrdas cl rlflrlkmdns. Lk makmbusdýk lb MGY makstdtuyl uk jaclba pasdibl cl niarcn`l lk bn bdtlrnturn papubnr qul sl prapakl mujpbdr mak bas sdgudlktls ai`ltdvas0 n) Bagrnr qul bn dkvlstdgnmdýk rlnbdzncn, n plsnr clb mnrîmtlr bdtlrnrda cl su makmlpmdýk, plrjnklzmn nidlrtn n cdflrlktls lkfaquls cl trnin`as dktlrcdsmdpbdknrdas. i) Aitlklr ukn lxpasdmdýk jltacabýgdmn maelrlktl muyn npbdmnmdýk pasdidbdtl bn farjubnmdýk cl ukn edpýtlsds nmlrmn cl bn lvabumdýk y clsnrrabba clb gäklra rajnkmêstdma. m) Xasdidbdtnr qul bn rljdsdýk n munbqudlrn cl bas mnjpas clsmrdptas makcuzmn n makmbusdakls vîbdcns sairl cdstdktas nsplmtas clb flkýjlka. c) Xaclr nmmlclr nb lstucda cl vnrdnktls cl dktrdgn y cl cdsmursa. l) Cljastrnr qul, nuk trnin`nkca ðkdmnjlktl mak tlxtas, sdk bn nyucn qul kas praparmdaknrên bn fd`nmdýk cl cdflrlktls kdvlbls maktlxtunbls, ls pasdibl dkflrdr lb pramlsa cl majukdmnmdýk qul mncn vlrsdýk ai`lta djpbdmn n trnväs cl bns jnrmns cdsmursdvns. f) Dkmlktdvnr n qul, sairl lstn prapulstn dkdmdnb, sl rlnbdmlk kulvns camujlktnmdakls qul plrjdtnk ngrlgnr atras mnjpas nknbêtdmas. Lk lstl slktdca slrên dktlrlsnktl qul camujlktnmdakls futurns maksdgklk lb pramlsa cl nmtunmdýk cl mncn rajnkml, pnrn pasdidbdtnr bn cdflrlkmdnmdýk y cltlrjdknr bn fukmdýk cl fnmtarls maja bn jðsdmn, lb maktlxta sdtunmdaknb, bn dktlrnmmdýk lktrl ljdsar y rlmlptar clb jlksn`l, ltm. 9.9. Xrdlta, Ncabfa. Lb cdsmursa mrdabbdstn lk bn farjnmdýk cl bn Nrglktdkn Jaclrkn. Iulkas Ndrls0 ]ucnjlrdmnkn, >455.

Bn mablmmdýk cl bdtlrnturn papubnr djprlsn qul rlukdý lk Nrglktdkn lb pabêgrnfa nbljîk Yailrtlxenustdva Blejnkk-Kdtsmel n Ncabfa Xrdltamubturnbls maja pukta cl pnrtdcn lflmtunr uk nkîbdsds cl bns sdrvl trnksfarjnmdakls aplrncns lk lbpnrn plrêaca cl lktrl sdgbas. Lsmrdta enml mnsd vldktl nþas, lb bdira rlmagl ukn vnbdasn dkvlstdgnmdýk qul clsmuirl y clstnmn ukn cdjlksdýk cl bn mubturn papubnr nrglktdkn qul atrns jdrncns dgkarnrak, yn qul, maja lb jdsja nutar slþnbn, lk bn jnyarên cl bas jnkunbls cl edstardn bdtlrnrdn lsmrdtas clscl lktakmls, lk bas clpýsdtas cl bns idibdatlmns pðibdmns, lk bns bdstns cl tlxtas lsmabnrls, lk bn mlblirnmdýk cl bas fnstas, lk taca ba qul supakl jljardn y rlmuplrnmdýk afdmdnb clb pnsnca, lb lspnmda amupnca par lb marpus cl bn prdjlrn bdtlrnturn papubnr ls prîmtdmnjlktl uk lspnmda lk ibnkma. ( Lb cdsmursa, 4)

 

48

 

Lstn ajdsdýk pulcl tlklr sus mnusns lk bn jdrncn slsgncn cl bns dkstdtumdakls enmdn lstas pracumtas bdtlrnrdas, maja tnjidäk lk bns fnblkmdns lk lb sdstljn cl rlgdstra clidca n bn makcdmdýk fîmdbjlktl plrlmlclrn cl bas ai`ltas qul cltlrjdký bn nuslkmdn cl eulbbns vdsdibls. Yailrt Blejnkk-Kdtsmel ful uka cl bas qul djpdcdý mak su nmtdtuc murdasn qul lstl clstdka sl mujpbdlrn nb rlukdr lk su mablmmdýk clkajdkncn Idibdatlmn mrdabbn nbrlclcar cl uk jdbbnr cl djprlsas rlbnmdakncas mak bn vlrtdlktl bdtlrnrdn clb mrdabbdsja papubdstn y maktlkdcas vnrdas cl maksuja jnsdva. Bn cdvlrsdcnc cl jntlrdnbls qul dktlgrnk bn mablmmdýk plrjdtl maksdclrnr qul bn clsdgknmdýk cl mrdabbn sl eajabagn pnrn lb majpdbncar n bn cl papubnr, yn qul bas tljns mrdabbdstns makvdvlk mak mnkmdaklras nknrqudstns, clkukmdns cl sdtunmdýk samdnb, rlbnmdýk cl sumlsas pabêtdmas nrglktdkas y lxtrnk`lras, edstardns nktdmblrdmnbls y vlrsas njntardas a pdmnrlsmas cdrdgdcas n ‒eajirls sabnjlktl‚. Xrdlta afrlml uk cltlkdca nkîbdsds cl bas jntlrdnbls mrdabbdstns qul dbujdkn vnrdas nsplmtas cl bn trnjn mablmtdvn clb maktlxta rdapbntlksl0 sus nmtarls, bns djîglkls samdnbls, su pracummdýk, bns cdflrlktls rlmlpmdakls y su clmnktnmdýk? nsdjdsja, bn sdkgubnr rlbnmdýk ”elmen cl frdmmdakls y cl maktnmtas” lktrl bn mubturn bltrncn y bn papubnr. Bas bêjdtls cdfusas cl bas maktlkdcas dkmbudcas lk bn mablmmdýk tnjidäk sl lxtdlkclk n bns cucasns nsdgknmdakls cl nutarls y / a lcdtarls, nb ngrlgnca cl djîglkls qul majpbltnk bn sdgkdfdmnmdýk tlxtunb, n bas bugnrls cl lcdmdýk y cdstrdiumdýk cl bas fabbltas y n bas kavlcasas mdrmudtas cl majlrmdnbdznmdýk qul sl lxtdlkclk n qudasmas, inrilrêns, suitlrrîklas, ltm. Bas fabbltas plrjdtlk sakclnr bn samdlcnc y bn mubturn nrglktdkn y clsmuirdr ukn plrsplmtdvn sdkgubnr clb pramlsa cl jaclrkdznmdýk, clfdkdca par bn dkjdgrnmdýk jnsdvn y lb clsnrrabba cl bn lcumnmdýk papubnr, ukn cl muyns mbnvls ls lb vnbar ntrdiudca n bn blmturn, vdsdibl lk lb maksuja cl plrdýcdmas, rlvdstns y fabbltdkls. Nb rlsplmta, Xrdlta nfdrjn0 Saca praylmta cl blvnktnr uk jnpn cl blmturn cl bn Nrglktdkn lktrl >558 y >4>8 supakl klmlsnrdnjlktl bn dkmarparnmdýk y lb rlmakamdjdlkta cl uk kulva blmtar surgdca cl bns mnjpnþns cl nbfniltdznmdýk mak qul lb paclr pabêtdma iusmý nslgurnr su lstrntlgdn cl jaclrkdznmdýk. Lstl kulva blmtar tlkcdý n clbdjdtnr uk lspnmda cl mubturn lsplmêfdmn lk lb qul lb jaclba trncdmdaknb cl bn mubturn bltrncn maktdkuý `ugnkca uk pnplb prlpakclrnktl, nukqul yn ka lxmbusdva kd lxmbuylktl. Malxdstdlrak lk uk jdsja lsmlknrda fêsdma y lk uk jdsja slgjlkta mrakabýgdma cas lspnmdas cl mubturn lk paslsdýk cl uk jdsja dkstrujlkta cl sdjiabdznmdýk, lb blkgun`l lsmrdta? lstl elmea pracu`a zakns cl frdmmdýk y zakns cl maktnmta. ( Lb cdsmursa, >4)

Lb praylmta lcumntdva ful bn lstrntlgdn cl jaclrkdznmdýk clb paclr pðibdma, qul nbmnkzý n kntdvas, lxtrnk`lras l ed`as cl lxtrnk`lras. N trnväs cl sumlsdvns mnjpnþns lk jlkas cl =8 nþas lb nknbfniltdsja sl rlcu`a n uk 3%. Bn blmturn ncqudrdý lk lsas nþas uk nbtêsdja vnbar karjntdva lktrl bas slmtarls qul nmninink cl dkmarparnrbn n

4>

 

sus eîidtas. Xlra, lk lstl jdsja pramlsa bas ai`ltas cl blmturn mnjidnrak, yn qul lb lspnmda cltlktnca enstn lktakmls par lb bdira, ful majpnrtdca lk lb jlrmnca par bn prlksn plrdýcdmn y bn bdtlrnturn papubnr. Xrdlta clstnmn qul, n plsnr cl lstas mnjidas, bn mubturn bltrncn maktdkuý rlmakamdlkca lk lb bdira bn ukdcnc vlrtlirncarn cl su ukdvlrsa lsplmêfdma, y bbnjn bn ntlkmdýk lb elmea cl qul, frlktl n lstn rlvabumdýk lcdtardnb cl bn prlksn plrdýcdmn, lb lspnmda cl bn mubturn bltrncn nplkns jacdfdmý sus cdjlksdakls lk lsas trldktn nþas mrumdnbls. Clscl bns pukznktls mdtns cl Knvnrra Vdabn lk lb Nkunrda  Nkunrda Idibdagrîfdma n bns qul`asns jljardns cl Jnkulb Gîbvlz, clscl bns rlflrlkmdns jîs a jlkas mnsunbls cl Mnkä, Graussnm y Cnrêa enstn bas jîs pakclrncas dkfarjls d kfarjls cl Nbilrta Jnrtêklz y Yailrta Gdustd, uk ðkdma tljn aislsdakn a islsdakn n bas aislrvncarls y tlstdgas clb mdrmudta cl bn mubturn bltrncn0 bn lsmnslz cl têtubas pravdstas par bas jdljiras cl lsl mdrmudta y bn bdjdtnmdýk cl su maksuja. Xulcl mak`lturnrsl qul uk slmtar clb kulva pðibdma ngatý bn prîmtdmn cl blmturn lk lb jntlrdnb dkfarjntdva afrlmdca par bn prlksn plrdýcdmn, plra atra slmtar kujlrasêsdja sl makvdrtdý lk rlmlptar cl uk sdstljn bdtlrnrda qul lk sus nsplmtas lxtlrkas pnrlml uk rljlca, ukn vlrsdýk lk slgukca grnca clb sdstljn bdtlrnrda blgdtdjnca par bn mubturn bltrncn. Lktrl tacas bas usas samdnbls, bn bdtlrnturn ful f ul lb prdvdblgdnca pnrn nmuþnr y cdfukcdr lb mnucnb lxprlsdva clb mrdabbdsja, mak ukn niukcnkmdn cl sdgkas qul bblgnk n bn snturnmdýk y qul fd`n ukn gnblrên cl tdpas qul snblk clb pnplb pnrn dkmarparnrsl n bn fbulkmdn cl bn vdcn matdcdnkn djprlgknkca bas glstas y nmtdtucls cl bn makcumtn mablmtdvn0 ‒Kd nktls kd clspuäs bn bdtlrnturn nrglktdkn bagrý sljl`nktl paclr cl pbnsjnmdýk‚. Lk su mak`ukta, lb bdira cl Xrdlta makstdtuyl uk jaclba cl dkvlstdgnmdýk lxenustdvn qul dkmbuyl bn maksubtn y sdstljntdznmdýk cl uk nrmedva camujlktnb cl bdtlrnturn papubnr, y su ljpbla pnrn cljastrnr ukn edpýtlsds cl trnin`a qul sl lxtdlkcl nb praibljn jîs njpbda cl bn mdrmubnmdýk cl bn mubturn, bn makstdtumdýk cl bas pðibdmas rlmlptarls y bn jntlrdnbdcnc cl bns pracummdakls bdtlrnrdns.

=. Nbgukas atras mnsas l`ljpbnrls Lktrl bn niukcnktl idibdagrnfên rlflrdcn nb tljn, enk sdca slblmmdakncas akml mnsas cl mnrnmtlrêstdmns cdvlrsns n jaca l`ljpbdfdmnmdýk cl nrmedvas camujlktnbls, lcdmdýk cl nrmedvas y lstucdas pnrtdmubnrls cl c l gäklras clb îjidta pnkedspîkdma. =.>. Inujnk, Ydmenrc y Menrbls Irdggs, lcdtarls. ‒Xaltdms nkc Xlrfarjnkml ns Mrdtdmnb Xlrsplmtdvls ak Bnkgungl nkc ]amdnb Bdfl‚. Nkkunb Ylvdlw af Nkterapabagy, Nkterapabagy, >4 (>448)0 44>. Airn mbîsdmn puibdmncn ardgdknbjlktl lk bn cämncn cl 68 qul prlslktn uk lstucda cdnmrýkdma clb tljn, clscl uk lkfaqul edstýrdma-samdnb, n bn vlz qul afrlml vnrdncns rlflrlkmdns n nrmedvas camujlktnbls. =.=. Mntîbaga cl bn Mablmmdýk cl Fabobarl. Ydmnrca Ya`ns, lcdtar. Iulkas Ndrls0 \kdvlrsdcnc cl Iulkas Ndrls, >495-=5. Bn Mablmmdýk cl Fabobarl rlukdcn lk >49> par dkdmdntdvn cl Ydmnrca Ya`ns qul sl makslrvn nmtunbjlktl lk lb Dkstdtuta Knmdaknb cl Nktrapabagên, ls sdk bugnr n cucns lb nrmedva camujlktnb jîs sdgkdfdmntdva cl bn mubturn papubnr / trncdmdaknb nrglktdkn, lsplmdnbjlktl rurnb, cl prdkmdpdas clb sdgba UU. Bas cdlz vabðjlkls clb Mntîbaga lcdtncas par lb Dkstdtuta cl Bdtlrnturn Nrglktdkn cl bn \kdvlrsdcnc cl Iulkas Ndrls makstdtuylk ukn dktracummdýk klmlsnrdn n bas pabdjarfas jntlrdnbls rlmablmtncas. =.3. Marpus cl bn nktdgun bêrdmn papubnr edspîkdmn (sdgbas UV y UVD). Jnrgdt Frlko, lcdtarn. Jäxdma0 Fakca cl Mubturn Lmakýjdmn, 988=. Frlko rlðkl jîs cl =788 majpasdmdakls clb nktdgua mnkmdaklra papubnr edspîkdma.

Bas paljns fulrak tajncas cl kujlrasns fulktls jlcdlvnbls, rlknmlktdstns y inrramns, y lstîk prlslktncas mak ukn rdgurasn mbnsdfdmnmdýk, mrêtdmn y npartnmdýk idibdagrîfdmn. =.453. \kn cl bns puibdmnmdakls mbîsdmns cl bn prlstdgdasn lsmulbn cl Fabobarl cl bn \kdvlrsdcnc cl Dkcdnkn, lb bdira cl Fdkl nknbdzn cltnbbncnjlktl bn tatnbdcnc clb pramlsa qul ninrmn clscl bn rlnbdznmdýk paätdmn a knrrntdvn arnb, enstn su pulstn par lsmrdta, mak lb lsplmtra cl clmdsdakls tlýrdmns y mrêtdmns qul makbblvn. =.6. Barc, Nbilrt. Sel ]dkglr af Snbls. Mnjirdcgl, JN0 Enrvnrc \kdvlrsdty Xrlss, >468.

dkvlstdgnmdakls Barc majukdcncls bas Inbmnkls lflmtuncns lk Bns bn prdjlrn jdtnc clbcl sdgba UUlkmakstdtuylrak uknîgrnfns cl bns cl prdjlrns bbnjncns cl ntlkmdýk nmlrmn cl bn prlslkmdn, nuk lk lb mlktra cl Lurapn, cl atrns farjns cl gäklsds y cdfusdýk cl pracumtas bdtlrnrdas. =.7. Jlkäkclz Xdcnb, Ynjýk. Yajnkmlra edspîkdma (Edspnka-partug (Edspnka-partuguäs, uäs, njlrdmnka  y slfnrcê) Slarên Slarên l edstardn. Jncrdc0 Lspnsn-Mnbpl, >4457.

4=

 

Arnbdcnc y lsmrdturn afrlml uk rlmarrdca par bn edstardn cl bn mubturn ammdclktnb famnbdznca lk bn djpartnkmdn cl bn trnksjdsdýk arnb cl bas snilrls y bn maaplrnmdýk lxdstlktl lktrl pnbnirns y tlxtas clscl bn dkvlkmdýk cl bn lsmrdturn enstn bn nmtunbdcnc. =.4. ]nrba, Ilntrdz. Lb djplrda cl bas slktdjdlktas. Iulkas Ndrls0 Karjn, 9883 (>ª lc.0 Iulkas Ndrls, Mntîbagas, >454>7 y >49< sdrvlk cl pukta cl pnrtdcn pnrn nknbdznr lb dktlräs cl bns vnkgunrcdns bdtlrnrdns par bblgnr n uk pðibdma papubnr njpbdnca. Sljîtdmns Sljîtdmns y jatdvas clsdgkncas maja edstardns clb marnzýk sl cdvubgnk lk bn jacnbdcnc clb fabbltêk lk tnkta tlxtas cl bn flbdmdcnc qul lsqudvnk lb makfbdmta lstätdma l dclabýgdma lk lstl flkýjlka cl maksuja bdtlrnrda. =.>8. Seajpsak, ]tdte. Jatdf-Dkclx af Fabo Bdtlrnturl. >4=9- >4=7. Ibaajdkgtak0 Dkcdnkn \kdvlrsdty, >4. Vdcnb cl Inttdkd, Ilrtn. Mulktas y blylkcns papubnrls cl bn Nrglktdkn. Iulkas  Ndrls0 Lcdmdakls Mubturnbls Nrglktdkns, >458->453, >8 tajas. Marpus camujlktnb cl mulktas y blylkcns arnbls rlmablmtncns lk cdstdktns pravdkmdns nrglktdkns.

3. Nbgukns cl bns prdkmdpnbls rlvdstns

 Nkterapas www.nkterapas-lcdtardnb.maj/rlvdstnQnkterapas.nsp

K° >66/7 clcdmnca n Mubturn papubnr. papubnr. Munclrkas clb DKN www.dknpb.gav.nr Ylvdstn clb Dkstdtuta Knmdaknb cl Nktrapabagên (Nrglktdkn). Lstucas cl Bdtlrnturn arnb ettp0//www.fmes.unbg.pt/mlna/DKM/rlvdstn.etjb Ylvdstn cl bn \kdvlrsdcnc cl Nbgnrvl.

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 @aurknb af Fabobarl Ylslnrme ettp0//www.dkcdnkn.lcu/~fabobarl/dkclx.etjb Xuibdmnmdýk clb Clpnrtnjlkta cl Fabobarl y Ltkajusdmabagên cl bn \kdvlrsdcnc cl Dkcdnkn qul praparmdakn uk fara dktlrknmdaknb pnrn bns dkvlstdgnmdakls rlflrdcns n farjns lxprlsdvns y mrlntdvns trncdmdaknbls cl taca lb jukca. Dksubn www.dksubn.ls VAML] (BN]) CLB YAJNKMLYA. >443. Dksubn, . Clsmrdpmdýk clb mnjpa Ls uk lquêvama frlmulktl makfukcdr bn ‒mrêtdmn tlxtunb‚ mak bn ‒mrêtdmn bdtlrnrdn‚. Vnbl bn

plkn nmbnrnr, lktakmls, qul bn cdsmdpbdkn qul tdtubn lstl mnpêtuba pravdlkl clb tärjdka nbljîk nmuþnca par Xnub Jnns (>497) Slxtordtdo, muyn trncummdýk bdtlrnb ls mrêtdmn clb tlxta, lktlkcdcn ka lk tärjdkas cl nkîbdsds bdtlrnrda sdka maja bn jntlrdnbdznmdýk jdsjn cl bn tnrln cl lcdmdýk clb tlxta. Lflmtdvnjlktl, bn mrêtdmn tlxtunb sl clfdkl maja ‒lb nrtl qul tdlkl maja fdk prlslktnr uk tlxta clpurnca lk ba pasdibl cl tacas nqulbbas lbljlktas lxtrnþas nb nutar‚ (Iblmun >5). Atrns clkajdknmdakls, maja mrdtdmn tlstunbl a mrdtdmn clb tlsta, pravdlklk cl bn lsmulbn dtnbdnkn, jdlktrns qul lmcýtdmn (clb grdlga äocasds), tärjdka nmuþnca par lb ilklcdmtdka frnkmäs Caj Elkrd ^ulktdk (>496), nbucl nb nmta cl cl lktrlgn cl ukn airn par pnrtl clb nutar n uk pðibdma dktlrlsnca lk lbbn. ]d idlk bn lcdmdýk cl tlxtas ls uka cl bas jîs djpartnktls qulenmlrls cl bn fdbabagên (‒bn fdbabagdn mubjdkn klbbn mrdtdmn tlstunbl‚, cdrî Gdargda Maktdkd), ka ls marrlmta eajabagnrbns par majpblta, yn qul bn fdbabagên ls ukn cdsmdpbdkn jîs njpbdn, qul ninrmn ukn slrdl cl snilrls qul majprlkclk mulstdakls edstýrdmns, bdkgòêstdmns y lxlgätdmns cdrdgdcns ka sýba n lcdtnr sdka tnjidäk n dktlrprltnr tlxtas clb pnsnca. Lk tnb slktdca, y lk makslmulkmdn mak ba nfdrjnca par Yuida Savnr (39), pulcl clmdrsl qul ka taca fdbýbaga en cl slr lcdtar cl tlxtas, plra taca lcdtar cl tlxtas clil slr, slr, klmlsnrdnjlktl, uk fdbýbaga, nb jlkas slgðk bn clfdkdmdýk qul Njärdma Mnstra enml cl bn cdsmdpbdkn0 Lcdtnr uk tlxta sdgkdfdmn majprlkclrba? par lsa ka instn snilr pnblagrnfên kd mapdnr ntlktnjlktl, sdka qul eny qul dr vdlkca n mncn pnsa, sd ls pasdibl, bn blmmdýk clb jnkusmrdta a clb djprlsa. Lstn bniar nujlktn lk cdfdmubtncls n jlcdcn qul lb tlxta ls jîs nktdgua a bn blkgun jîs sdkgubnr. Makmlidcn nsê, bn tnrln clb lcdtar mdlktêfdma ls rlsubtnca cl ukn bnrgn lbniarnmdýk tämkdmn, y bn puibdmnmdýk cl uk tlxta vdlkl n slr lb maraknjdlkta cl bn bniar fdbabýgdmn. (>776)

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Bn klmlsdcnc cl lcdtnr uk tlxta surgl nktl bn praibljîtdmn qul djpbdmn qul cltlrjdkncn airn bdtlrnrdn sl makslrvl lk kujlrasas tlstdjakdas, yn slnk jnkusmrdtas a djprlsas, lk mapdns rlnbdzncns par lb nutar a nkýkdjns, lk lcdmdakls pýstujns a marrlgdcns par lb prapda mrlncar, fnbsdfdmncns a mlksurncns par n`lkas, cdsplrsn lk puibdmnmdakls plrdýcdmns y rlukdcn pastlrdarjlktl lk uk vabujlk, lb munb n su vlz pulcl slr bulga rllcdtnca dktracumdlkca kulvns vnrdnktls a rllsmrdturns cl bn b n airn lk mulstdýk. Lk bêklns glklrnbls, pulcl clmdrsl qul munkta jîs nbl`nca lstî uk tlxta lk lb tdljpa, jîs nbtlrnca sl lkmulktrn lk su bnrgn mnclkn cl trnksjdsdýk, yn qul bns sumlsdvns mapdns sulblk nmujubnr lrrarls, dktlrpabnmdakls n`lkns n bn mrlnmdýk ardgdknb, rlfukcdmdakls, nmtunbdznmdakls (cl tdpa bdkgòêstdma, par l`ljpba) y mlksurns cl mdlrtas pnsn`ls, qul nbl`nk bas tlstdjakdas makslrvncas cl ba qul ful su ardgdknb a nrqultdpa. Enstn lb ncvlkdjdlkta cl bn djprlktn, bas tlxtas sl trnksjdtênk lk farjn jnkusmrdtn n trnväs cl ukn jubtdpbdmdcnc cl mapdns qul cl nbgukn jnklrn dink cltlrdarnkca bn airn prdjdglkdn. ]dk ljinrga, maktrnrdnjlktl n ba qul pulcl plksnrsl, bn djprlktn tnjpama ful uk rljlcda lfdmnz pnrn lstn ‒prîmtdmn cl bn vnrdnktl‚, yn qul dktracu`a lrrarls sdjdbnrls n bas qul majltên uk mapdstn cl uk tlxta jnkusmrdta y mrlý atras kulvas, pracumta cl bn utdbdznmdýk cl tdpas jývdbls (par l`ljpba, mnrnmtlrls dkvlrtdcas, ajdsdýk cl têtubas a lpêgrnfls lk ukn airn pnrn nearrnr lspnmda, clflmtas cl tdktn). Ba jdsja amurrdrî lk pblka sdgba UU mak bas tlxtas lcdtncas lk plrdýcdmas, cakcl bas lrrarls sl nmujubnk clidca n qul bn ltnpn cl marrlmmdýk cl prulins par pnrtl cl bas nutarls sulbl ajdtdrsl par fnbtn cl tdljpa. Ls prlmdsnjlktl taca lstl pramlsa lb qul dktlrlsn nb lcdtar y lk cakcl rncdmn su tnrln, maksdstlktl lk clsiraznr bns sumlsdvns mnpns cl vnrdnktls y gbasns ”qul sak bn cljastrnmdýk clb pnsa clb tdljpa sairl bas tlxtas”, pnrn bblgnr nb tlxta prdjdtdva, marabnrda cl su qulenmlr. Nsê, nktl cltlrjdkncn pburnbdcnc cl jnkusmrdtas cl ukn jdsjn airn ”y pastlrdarjlktl cl farjns djprlsns”, bn mrêtdmn tlxtunb sl prapakl clvabvlr uk tlxta ukdtnrda, lktlkcdca maja lb jîs prýxdja nb lsmrdta par lb nutar. ]ýba munkca sl cdspakl cl uk tlxta fdclcdgka ls pasdibl rlnbdznr aplrnmdakls cl blmturn l dktlrprltnmdýk qul plrjdtlk nrrdinr n rlsubtncas mlrtlras. Makamdcêsdjns cl dktrusas cak @unk lk lb a‒Xrýbaga Glklrnb‚tanmnjsus airns par bas ylrrassak clbns bas qul`ns mapdstns, qulJnkulb par clsdcdn clslktlkcdjdlk clslktlkcdjdlkta idnink lb slktdca n su airn makfukcdlkca bns bltrns a bns pnbnirns, trnstamnkca nsê lb sdgkdfdmnca cl su lsjlrncn mrlnmdýk nutardnb (prlvlkmdýk `ustdfdmncn bn clb kaibl mnstlbbnka, yn qul bns vnrdnktls qul prlslktnk bas slds tlstdjakdas lk qul sl en trnksjdtdca lb Makcl Bumnkar lxmlclk bns vldktl jdb). Vdlkl tnjidäk n bn jljardn lb mnsa cl uk marrlmtar clsntlkta, qudlk mak ukn Edstardn \kdvlrsnb cl bn Dkfnkmdn prlsmdkcdý cl ukn gnblrên cl idagrnfêns dkfnjls pnrn clspbnznr n Iargls enmdn lb n`lka tlrrdtarda cl bn pulrdmubturn. Lb jdsjêsdja Yufdka @. Mulrva, pncrl cl bas lstucdas bdkgòêstdmas njlrdmnkas, clmdcdý mbnusurnr su Cdmmdaknrda cl makstrummdýk y rägdjlk cl bn blkgun mnstlbbnkn lk bn bltrn C munkca sl cda mulktn cl qul bas tlxtas sairl bas qul insnin sus lstucdas bdkgòêstdmas lrnk bns clfdmdlktls y rltamncns lcdmdakls cl bn Idibdatlmn cl Nutarls Lspnþa-

45

 

 bls cl Ydvnclklyrn. Bn lcdmdýk mrêtdmn clb Jnrtêk Fdlrra rlnbdzncn par Mnrbas N. N . Blujnkk vdka n cljastrnr muîk pama nflmta lrn @asä Elrkîkclz n bn marrlmmdýk cl prulins cl djprlktn y mýja nbgukns lrrntns nbtlrnink sdgkdfdmntdvnjlktl lb slktdca clb tlxta. Bn lcdmdýk cl Bn znpntlrn pracdgdasn puibdmncn par Gudbblrja Gud bblrja cl Sarrl Sarrl lk bn lcdtardnb lcdtardn b Basncn (>4=5), prlslktnin uk lstnca tlxtunb makgrulktl mak bn rlprlslktnmdýk tlntrnb rlnbdzncn lk Iulkas Ndrls lk cdmdljirl cl >4=3, n plsnr cl bns cdflrlkmdns qul pulclk ncvlrtdrsl ncvlrtdrsl lk ukn mapdn jlmnkagrnfdncn jlmnkagrnfdncn,, prlsujdibljlktl tajncn clb ardgdknb barqudnka. @unk cl Jnkclvdbbn, lb mäblirl vdn`lra jlcdlvnb nutar clb Bdira cl bns jnrnvdbbns clb jukca, lrn uk l`ljpba cl tablrnkmdn rlbdgdasn slgðk bas jnkusmrdtas makslrvncas clb sdgba UDV y uk dktrnksdglktl clflksar cl bn artacaxdn mntýbdmn lk bns vlrsdakls djprlsns mnstlbbnkns clb sdgba UVD.  UVD.  Lstas pamas l`ljpbas dbustrnk enstn quä pukta bns jnbns lcdmdakls sak mnpnmls cl glklrnr ‒jakstruas elrjlkäutdmas‚ (Bumên Jlgêns 3) a mýja uk tlxta pulcl trnksfarjnrsl nb vnrdnr bns makcdmdakls cl su rlmlpmdýk, dkmbusa enstn bblgnr n slr partncar cl ukn dclabagên lxnmtnjlktl apulstn n bn prajavdcn lk su gäklsds. Maja sastdlkl Idzznrrd (946), bns prlguktns ‒±quä lcdtnjas1‚ lcdtn jas1‚ y ‒±mýja lcdtnjas1‚ rlplrmutlk cdrlmtnjlktl lk atrns cas0 ‒±quä blljas1‚ y ‒±mýja dktlrprltnjas1‚. ]dk ljinrga, clil enilr pamns pîgdkns tnk snbtlncns lk bn edstardn clb bdira maja bns

qul bblvnk par têtuba ‒Bn prlslktl lcdmdýk‚, ‒Kulstrn lcdmdýk‚ a ‒Mrdtlrdas lcdtardnbls‚. Xnrncý`dmnjlktl, sak djpartnktêsdjns, yn qul cnk mulktn cl bn tnrln clb lcdtar (n jlkuca nrcun y rlfblxdvn), y fukmdaknk maja ncvlrtlkmdn a nvdsa nmlrmn cl bns mnrnmtlrêstdmns cl bn lcdmdýk y cl su utdbdznmdýk maja tlxta fdnibl pnrn lb nkîbdsds elrjlkäutdma (ka ls ba jdsja ukn lcdmdýk mrêtdmn, rlnbdzncn tajnkca lk mulktn tacas bas tlstdjakdas makslrvncas, qul ukn sdjpbljlktl nkatncn pnrn lb usa lsmabnr, a ukn qul jaclrkdzn bns grnfêns cl tlxtas nktdguas nb pukta cl niabdr bns eulbbns tljparnbls cl bn blkgun, u atrn qul sdjpbljlktl rlpracuml sýba uka cl bas jumeas tlstdjakdas lk bas qul lb tlxta en mdrmubnca). ]d idlk bn tnrln cl lcdmdýk cl tlxtas sl rljaktn n bas grnjîtdmas nbl`nkcrdkas cl bas sdgbas DDD n.M. y DD n.M, niamncas n rlmuplrnr bas paljns eajärdmas y bas tlxtas cl bas trîgdmas grdlgas, maja tacn cdsmdpbdkn qul plrcurn lk lb tdljpa lvabumdaknca clscl lktakmls, iusmnkca n`ustnr sus makmlptas y plrflmmdaknr susenjätacas cl trnin`a. Bl`as cl lrdgdrsl maja ukn jltacabagên jakabêtdmn y vltustn, bn mrêtdmn tlxtunb en rlvdsnca plrjnklktljlktl sus pastubncas, n bn vlz qul clktra cl su slka en glklrnca nmnbarncns cdsmusdakls qul, sd idlk lk nbgðk mnsa pucdlrak lstnr tlþdcns cl mdlrta mlba knmdaknbdstn, enk sdgkdfdmnca nvnkmls makmrltas lk lb jaca cl lcdtnr l dktlrprltnr bas tlxtas bdtlrnrdas. bdtlrnrdas. Bn mrêtdmn madkmdcl lk slþnbnr n bas Eujnkdstns clb sdgba UV maja bas prdjlras lk npbdmnr mrdtlrdas fdbabýgdmas pnrn bn lcdmdýk cl tlxtas. Ncjdrncarls cl bn mubturn grlmabntdkn nktdgun, iusmnink rlmuplrnr su blgnca lsmrdta prlsmdkcdlkca cl bns mapdns a vlrsdakls rlnbdzncns curnktl bn Lcnc Jlcdn, n bns qul maksdclrnink djplrflmtns. Bl mnil n uk dtnbdnka, Frnkmdsma Yaiartlbba (>6->475, prdvdblgdý bas pastubncas cl bn lsmulbn dtnbdnkn cl martl klabnmejnkkdnka, nukqul nb jajlkta cl prapaklr ukn jltacabagên dksdstn lk qul slrî lb lcdtar, gudnca par su iulk `udmda, qudlk lbd`n bn jltacabagên slgðk lb tlxta n lcdtnr, yn qul ‒mncn mnsa ls ðkdma y pnrtdmubnr‚ (Arcukn 9). ]lrî lk lb jnrma cl bn mdlkmdn pasdtdvdstn clb sdgba UDU cakcl bn mrêtdmn tlxtunb dkdmdnrî uk mnjdka tlkcdlktl n lbdjdknr taca mrdtlrda sui`ltdva, mak lb ai`lta cl afrlmlr bn lcdmdýk cl uk tlxta ba jîs rdgurasa pasdibl jlcdnktl bn rlmakstrummdýk clb nrqultdpa. Lstn dcln cl rlmakstrummdýk cl bn airn bdtlrnrdn ls makslmulktl mak lb mbdjn mubturnb cl bn äpamn y mak bn rlmakstrummdýk clb dkcalurapla lk lb mnjpa bdkgòêstdma. Nb rlsplmta, ka ls ukn madkmdclkmdn jajlkta bn bdkgòêstdmn n lstniblmlr glklnbagêns pnrn qul fdbdnr lk bnslstl cdstdktns blkguns luraplns majpnrncn (lqudvnblktlstlkcdlrn nb stljjn  stljjn macdmuj macdmuj cl bas fdbýbagas) utdbdznkca pramlcdjdlktas sdjdbnrls n bas cl bn mrêtdmn tlxtunb, maja lb jätaca majpnrntdva. Ful Onrb Bnmejnkk (>74=->5), fdbýbaga nbljîk niamnca sairl taca n bn lcdmdýk cl tlxtas mbîsdmas y klatlstnjlktnrdas, qudlk pnsý n bn edstardn maja lb pncrl cl bn jaclrkn mrêtdmn tlxtunb. ]dk ljinrga, maja nfdrjn Glrjîk Arcukn0 Bnmejnkk cda su kajirl n uk jätaca qul, lk vlrcnc, ls airn cl bn bniar rlukdcn cl sus nktlmlsarls y cl maktljparîklas y slgudcarls. Lb enilrsl makmlktrnca lk su kajirl bas rlsubtncas cl ukn tnrln jðbtdpbl sl clidý n su clcdmnmdýk lxmbusdvn n bn lcdmdýk cl tlxtas, n su enidbdcnc pnrn farjubnr prlsmrdpmdakls jltacabýgdmns lk farjn sdstljîtdmn, nb taka arnmubnr mak qul lxpakên, n bn ntjýsflrn cl vlklrnmdýk qul sl mrlý lk su lktarka y n bn lxnbtnmdýk qul cl äb edmdlrak sus cdsmêpubas. (3=)

>88

 

Lk su lcdmdýk clb Kulva Slstnjlkta (>5=8, >539) y cl Cl knturn rlruj cl Bumrlmda (>5), Bnmejnkk prlslktý lb jätaca qul, jlcdnktl uk pramlcdjdlkta rdgurasa, plrjdtên rlmakstrudr ardgdknbls plrcdcas cl bas tlxtas. Bn lcdmdýk mrêtdmn rlqulrên nsê cl trls aplrnmdakls0 >) rlmlksda, maksdstlktl lk bn rlmablmmdýk cl tlstdjakdas, bn majpnrnmdýk lktrl lbbas jlcdnktl bn mabnmdýk cl vnrdnktls, y lb trnznca cl uk stljjn qul, n trnväs cl lrrarls majukls lktrl bas jnkusmrdtas, cdlrn mulktn cl sus rlbnmdakls cl pnrlktlsma? 9) ljlkcntda, bn rlmakstrummdýk clb nrqultdpa a tlxta fukcncar cl tacn bn fnjdbdn jlcdnktl bn lkjdlkcn cl lrrarls y bn slblmmdýk s lblmmdýk cl vnrdnktls, sdljprl n pnrtdr cl bn fdbdnmdýk cl bas tlstdjakdas lvdclkmdncn lk lb stljjn, y =) ardgdklj cltlglrl ( lstniblmlr lb ardglk), muyn prltlksdýk maksdstên lk bblgnr nb n b tlxta clb nutar, lstniblmlr su dclktdcnc, su äpamn y bns fulktls par äb utdbdzncns. Lk bn dkmbusdýk clb prdjlr pnsa, bn rlmlksda, rncdmnin bn grnk kavlcnc bnmejnkkdnkn, clidcn lk pnrtl, maja rlmulrcn lb jakujlktnb lstucda cl Sdjpnknra (>7-=3, 34-69), n fdbýbagas y tlýbagas pratlstnktls clb sdgba UVDDD ”bas prdjlras lk lb dktlkta cl npbdmnr uk stljjn n tlxtas mbîsdmas y iêibdmas”, nsê maja tnjidäk n fdbýbagas maktljparîklas, maktrdiudcarls lk bas jätacas pnrn lstniblmlr bn glklnbagên cl bn trncdmdýk jnkusmrdtn. Maja yn sl edmdlrn rlflrlkmdn, bas Eujnkdstns l`lrmênk bn ljlkcntda n trnväs clb matl`a mak atras mýcdmls a nplbnkca n bn mak`lturn, plra slrî n pnrtdr cl Bnmejnkk, mak bn dkmarparnmdýk cl bn rlmlksda y bn mbnsdfdmnmdýk glklnbýgdmn cl jnkusmrdtas, qul sl lxtdrpnrî munbqudlr tdpa cl dktlrprltnmdýk curnktl lstn ltnpn (‒ rlmlkslrl  rlmlkslrl sdkl dktlrprltntdakl dktlrprltntdakl lt passujus lt cliljus‚). ]l trntn cl `uzgnr sýba mak bn nyucn cl bas elmeas y cl enbbnr rlgbns pnrn lvdtnr bn dktudmdýk, ba munb djpbdmnin uk nvnkml frlktl n bns lcdmdakls djprlsdakdstns clb sdgba UVDDD. ]dk ljinrga, y plsl n su maksabdcnmdýk maja jätaca cl lcdmdýk mdlktêfdmn clktra y fulrn cl Nbljnkdn, su jltacabagên lktrý lk mrdsds, y n prdkmdpdas clb sdgba UU yn maslmenin rlnmmdakls apulstns. Bn bdkgòêstdmn majpnrncn, cdsmdpbdkn lk iagn par lktakmls, djpakên mrdtlrdas qul lvdclkmdnink mdlrtn sdjpbdmdcnc lk lb jaca cl dktlrprltnr bns clturpnmdakls tlxtunbls, munkca lstucdas sairl lb vubgnrdsja fakätdma ”nsdjdbnibl n bns marrupmdakls grîfdmns” plrjdtênksllstniblmlr mnusns psdmabýgdmns lk su ardglk. Xar tdpa atrn pnrtl, lb jätaca cl Bnmejnkk eniên tlrjdknca npbdmnkca rêgdcnjlktl n taca cl tlxtas cl praibljîtdmn cdvlrsn, tnkta mbîsdmas maja jlcdlvnbls lk blkgun vubgnr, y trnznin lk amnsdakls lstljns dkklmlsnrdas mak bas qul sl prltlkcên irdkcnr nutardcnc n blmmdakls qul lb slktdca majðk cljastrnin qul ka pacênk slr nutäktdmns. Nsdjdsja, frlktl n trncdmdakls majpbl`ns (juy kujlrasns a majpbdmncns par maktnjdknmdakls), lb jätaca sl vabvên mnsd djprnmtdmnibl. d jprnmtdmnibl. @aslpe Iäcdlr (>563->4=5) slrî bn fdgurn clstnmncn qul surgdrî lk apasdmdýk nb jätaca bnmejnkkdnka. Makamên idlk sus rlgbns y fukcnjlktas, yn qul lk >554 eniên puibdmnca uk nktdgua paljn frnkmäs, lb Bnd cl b—Ajirl cl @lnk Ylknrt, sdgudlkca lb jätaca clb fdbýbaga nbljîk. ]dk ljinrga, lk >495, y bulga cl nknbdznr sus prapdns lcdmdakls nsê maja tnjidäk bns cl su jnlstra Gnstak Xnrds y atrns qul utdbdznink lb jätaca bnmejnkkdnka, clsmuirdý mak sarprlsn qul bn jnyarên cl bas stljjntn lrnk

>8>

 

iêfdcas, y qul lstn lstrumturn idknrdn sýba lqudvnbên n ukdr a slpnrnr tlstdjakdas mak lrrarls majukls, plra enmên djpasdibl clmdcdr lb vnbar cl ukn rnjn sairl atrn, par ba qul bn clmdsdýk qulcnin n `udmda clb fdbýbaga, qudlk cliên prdvdblgdnr uk tlstdjakda par sairl bas cljîs. Cl lstn jnklrn, Iäcdlr pakên lk cucn bn vnbdclz clb jätaca jlmîkdma bnmejnkkdnka, y prapakên bn lcdmdýk clb iak jnkusmrdt   a maclx aptdjus, nb munb lb lcdtar cliên marrlgdr sýba lk bas lrrarls jîs lvdclktls. ]d idlk sl prapugknin uk rltarka n bn ai`ltdvdcnc camujlktnb, ls pasdibl ncvlrtdr ukn vulbtn n bn tämkdmn cl bas nktdguas eujnkdstns. ]us mrêtdmns, ngucns y mbnrnjlktl lkukmdncns, lrnk blgêtdjns lk mdlrta pukta, y rlprlslktnrak ukn rlnmmdýk maktrn bn npbdmnmdýk jlrnjlktl jlmîkdmn clb jätaca cl Bnmejnkk. Xar ukn pnrtl, sus nfdrjnmdakls sl tdþlrak cl uk knmdaknbdsja fdbabýgdma nktdglrjnka, tnkta lk Frnkmdn maja lk Iäbgdmn? par atrn, ka clil sasbnynrsl qul lk lb lsmlptdmdsja iäcdlrdnka nbgukas lkmaktrnrnk ukn lxmusn pnrn su makfarjdsja a su plrlzn. Xar tacas lstas jatdvas, Iäcdlr maslmeý ncelsdakls dkjlcdntns n su prapulstn, qul lk lb fakca ai`ltnin lb makmlpta cl tlxta mrêtdma bnmejnkkdnka, nb qul maksdclrnin uk jlra makstrumta, uk pracumta sui`ltdva clrdvnca clb gusta majidkntarda cl uk fdbýbaga jaclrka. ]dk ljinrga, su tlktncarn prapulstn clb iak  iak jnkusmrdt  (qul  (qul clflkcên bn lcdmdýk cl uk tlxta ‒rlnb‚) lsmakcên uk pukta cäidb sairl lb munb sl npaynrênk sus ncvlrsnrdas0 ±quä slgurdcnc eniên cl lstnr atargnkca jîs mrlcdidbdcnc n uk sdjpbl mapdstn nktls qul nb vlrcnclra nutar cl bn airn1 Maja pacrî ncvlrtdrsl, njins jltacabagêns (bnmejnkkdnkn y iäcdlrdstn) rlprlslktnk cdstdktns jnklrns cl nmlrmnjdlkta nb nrtl lmcýtdma, sd idlk kdkgukn tdlkl uk vnbar nisabuta kd pulcl npbdmnrsl sdk tlklr lk mulktn bn knturnblzn clb tlxta n lcdtnr a su trncdmdýk edstýrdmn. edstýrdmn. Cl Cl lstns cas grnkcls marrdlktls cl bn mrêtdmn tlxtunb iratnrîk cas kulvas rltaþas0 par uk bnca, bn Kulvn Fdbabagên, rlprlslktncn par lstucdasas dtnbdnkas maja Inrid, Xnsqunbd y Maktdkd y, par atra, bn prapulstn knmdcn clb pravamncar lstucda cl Ilrknrc Mlrqudgbdkd, Äbagl cl bn vnrdnktl (>454), qul tlkcrên maktdkuncarls lk Frnkmdn y lk LL\\. Jdlktrns bn prdjlrn sl lrdgên maja ukn rlnmmdýk nktdiäcdlrdstn, bn slgukcn lxnmlrinin suscdstdkgudý pastubncas enstn bas bêjdtls jîspasturns lxtrljas.clfdkdäkcabns maja ‒pnrjlArcukn (3-89

 

lcdmdýk vnbarn lb tlxta maja tlstdjakda cl bn blkgun, par ba qul rlsubtn cl grnk utdbdcnc n bas bdkgòdstns (qudlkls frlmulktljlktl enmlk aêr sus qul`ns par bns rlgubnrdznmdakls grîfdmns, rlgbns cl nmlktunmdýk y puktunmdýk dktracumdcns par bas lcdtarls jaclrkas, qul clsfdgurnk bns pnbnirns dkenidbdtîkcabns maja ai`lta cl su nkîbdsds), plra sl vulbvl dkmýjacn (munkca ka djprnmtdmnibl lk mnsa cl tlxtas lxtlksas) pnrn su utdbdznmdýk lk bas lstucdas bdtlrnrdas. En cljastrnca vnbar, sdk ljinrga, pnrn lb mnsa cl tlxtas `urêcdmas, maja bas fulras jlcdlvnbls mnstlbbnkas, qul par su jdsjn makcdmdýk, vdvlk lk rlfukcdmdakls y vnrdnktls jðbtdpbls. ]dk ljinrga, lb lxpaklktl jîs lxtrlja cl bn pasturn ‒elrnmbêtln‚ slrî Mlrqudgbdkd. Clscl ukn ardlktnmdýk clmakstrummdakdstn, y rltajnkca lb makmlpta cl vnrdnkml a javdbdcnc nmuþnca par Pujtear maja fnmtar makstdtutdva lslkmdnb cl bas tlxtas jlcdlvnbls, pastubn lb edplrtlxta maja bn sabumdýk qul, clscl bn dkfarjîtdmn, plrjdtl bn lxdstlkmdn vdrtunb clb tlxta lk sus cdflrlktls vlrsdakls y tlstdjakdas makslrvncas (y yn ka lk uka saba, maja prapakên Iäcdlr).  N trnväs cl mdlrtas pastubncas faumnubtdnkas, iusmn clstlrrnr bns kamdakls cl nutar y tlxta, makmlptas mnpdtnbls clb plksnjdlkta clmdjakýkdma frnkmäs, qul lrnk bas qul dktlktnink rlstniblmlrsl n trnväs cl bn npbdmnmdýk jlmîkdmn clb jätaca cl Bnmejnkk. ]uitdtubn su bdira maja ukn ‒edstardn mrêtdmn cl bn fdbabagên‚ (mdlkmdn qul `ustnjlktl curnktl lb sdgba UDU eniên iusmnca rlmakstrudr lb ardgdknb clb nutar), y sastdlkl qul ästn, nb dktlktnr fd`nr uk tlxta, eniên trndmdaknca a fnbslnca su knturnblzn, maksdstlktl lk bn eltlraglkldcnc a vnrdnmdýk. Xar lbba, bn lcdmdýk edplrtlxtunb kdlgn taca dktlkta cl dktlrvlkmdýk lk lb tlxta, nuk munkca lstuvdlrn rlspnbcnca par bn fdbabagên a bn edstardn cl bn blkgun, y cl`n lk jnkas clb blmtar bn lblmmdýk cl bas tlstdjakdas lk bn pnktnbbn cl bn majputncarn, nsê maja tacn atrn dkfarjnmdýk nklxn prlpnrncn par lb lcdtar lcdtar.. ]d idlk su prapulstn rlsubtnin slcumtarn y su cdsmursa pravamntdva (ba qul bl vnbdý slgudcarls cl uka y atra bnca clb Ntbîktdma), plmý cl pnrmdnbdcncls y cl nbgukns fnbsns makmlptunbdznmdakls. Lk prdjlr bugnr, su edstardn cl bn fdbabagên lrn nisabutnjlktl rlcummdakdstn y gnbamäktrdmn, tlrjdknin mak Iäcdlr y pnrlmên clsmakamlr tacns bns cdsmusdakls cl bas bn fdbabagên dtnbdnkn cl martlbnklabnmenjnkkdnka. Xar atrn pnrtl, mrlnin ukn ‒mubturn cl mapdstns‚ supbnktnkca fdgurn clb nutar nutar,, maksdclrnca uk makmlpta jaclrka (supasdmdýk lrrncn, yn qul lk bn Lcnc Jlcdn su clfdkdmdýk ls nisabutnjlktl prlmdsn, maja sl vdlrn lk Cak @unk Jnkulb). Xar ðbtdja, sd idlk ls mdlrta qul bas tlxtas jlcdlvnbls vdvlk lk vnrdnktls, ka sdgkdfdmn qul lsns trnksfarjnmdakls slnk lslkmdnbls n su knturnblzn sdka sýba bns eulbbns par lb pnsa clb tdljpa. Lsta qudlrl clmdr qul lb tlxta maja vnrdnmdýk lxdstl clscl bn makstrummdýk nmtunb cl bn mrêtdmn, plra ls djplksnibl qul uk blmtar jlcdlvnb cdspusdlrn cl taca lb ninkdma cdnmrýkdma clb qul eay cdspakljas. Blên ‒lb‚ tlxta clscl ‒uk‚ tlstdjakda (n ba suja y lxmlpmdaknbjlktl pacrên cdspaklr cl cas), plra l`lrmdlkca ukn blmturn b lmturn sdkmrýkdmn. Snbls ljintls clb iäcdlrdsja y sus marrdlktls rlkavncarns pacrênk supaklr uk nmarrnbnjdlkta u ngakên clb bnmejnkkdsja. ]dk ljinrga, maja sastdlkl Mednrdkd (36), lb jätaca cl Bnmejnkk en lstnca y lstî plrjnklktljlktl lk mrdsds, trnksmurrl lk ltn-

>8=

 

pns cl rlbntdvn bntlkmdn a cl lxpbasdýk vdrublktn. N prapýsdta cl lstn tlksdýk tlýrdmn, y nb clfdkdr lb mnjdka cl lvabumdýk jltacabýgdmn cl jumeas lcdtarls (qul ful lb suya), Maktdkd clmbnrn0 ‒pnrn slr eay bnmejnkkdnkas, ls dkcdsplksnibl enilr ntrnvlsnca uk nprlkcdzn`l nktdbnmejnkkdnka (ls clmdr, Iäcdlr) y ukn lxplrdlkmdn pastbnmejnkkdnkn (ls clmdr, clmdr, sd ka atra lk fdbabagên mbîsdmn, Xnsqunbd)‚ (65).>  T ls qul `ustnjlktl ukn cl bns prdjlrns y jîs maktukclktls rlspulstns nb iäcdlrdsja pravdka cl Gdargda Xnsqunbd (>554567->43>), rlprlslktnktls cl bn lsmulbn fdbabýgdmn dtnbdnkn, qul rlardlktnrak bas pastubncas bnmejnkkdnkas majidknkca lb rdgar lstljîtdma mak bn edstardn cl bn trncdmdýk cl mncn tlxta y rlsmntnkca lb ducdmduj clb lcdtar nbbê cakcl fulrn klmlsnrda dktlrprltnr pnrn lkjlkcnr. lkjlkcnr. Xnsqunbd clstnmn bn sdkgubnrdcnc cl mncn trncdmdýk jnkusmrdtn tajnkca bas tlstdjakdas dkcdvdcunbls ka maja sdjpbls partncarls cl lrrarls y vnrdnktls sdka maja lb pracumta cl cltlrjdkncn makfdgurnmdýk mubturnb cl su äpamn0 sl trntn cl maksdclrnr lb tlxta maja nbga vdva y cdkîjdma qul ls rl-prapulsta lk lb tdljpa n trnväs cl bn lcdmdýk mrêtdmn. Clidca n lsta, ka pulcl lxdstdr ukn rlmltn ukdvlrsnb pnrn bn jdsjn, par ba munb lb lcdtar mrêtdma clilrî l`lrmdtnr su `udmda pnrn qul su nmtdvdcnc ka sln  jlmîkdmn sdka jltýcdmn. Snjidäk Snjidäk Inrid dksdstdrî lk lb rlmakamdjdlkta y bn dkcdvdcunbdznmdýk cl bas praibljns cl mncn tlxta, pnrn ba munb lb jätaca clilrî ncnptnrsl n bns klmlsdcncls pnrtdmubnrls nktls qul l`lrmlr ukn jlmnkdznmdýk nisabutnjlktl ai`ltdvn. Cl lstl pastubnca surgdrî ukn cl bns jnyarls maktrdiumdakls cl bn lsmulbn klabnmejnkkdnkn lkukmdncn par Gdnkfrnkma Maktdkd (>4>9->448)0 bn clfdkdmdýk cl lcdmdýk mrêtdmn maja ‒edpýtlsds cl trnin`a, bn jîs sntdsfnmtardn sntdsf nmtardn (a sln, lmakýjdmn) qul rlðkn lk uk sdstljn, bas cntas‚. Bdjdtnrsl n uk ðkdma tlstdjakda ls, par lkcl, sýba ukn edpýtlsds pasdibl (bn jîs makslrvncarn mrêtdmnjlktl, nukqul tnb vlz ka bn jîs lmakýjdmn). Lk lstl slktdca, pulcl rlsubtnr jîs lmakýjdmn bn lcdmdýk qul tajl lk mulktn tacas bas tlstdjakdas y lk bn munb, grnmdns n bn lxenustdvdcnc clb npnrnta mrêtdma, lb blmtar lstä lk makcdmdakls cl maktrnpaklr bns vnrdnktls pnrn vlrdfdmnr lb trnin`a clb lcdtar l dkmbusa cdsmrlpnr mak äb.  Nb lsmlptdmdsja iäcdlrdnka, qul cl nbgukn pbnsjnca jnklrn eniên bn cdsmusdýk tlýrdmn, Maktdkd apakl lb aptdjdsja jltýcdma, lk supnrnbdznca tlarên cl bn cdfrnmmdýk maja mnkak cl rlmakstrummdýk tlxtunb, iusmnkca maktrnclmdr bn vlrcnc prlsuktnjlktl argîkdmn clb ‒iak jnkusmrdt‚. Lk ukn trncdmdýk pburnb, pulcl aislrvnrsl curnktl bn ma bbntda qul lxdstlk bugnrls lk cakcl bns blmmdakls vnrênk sdgkdfdmntdvnjlktl, cnkca bugnr n inknbdznmdakls y jnbns blmturns. Mnil prlguktnrsl par quä bas tlstdjakdas dkkavnrak cl lsl jaca y sd bn mnusn ka lstnrên lk uk aistîmuba enbbnca lk lb ardgdknb, yn sln par rnzakls sljîktdmns a par ukn cdfdmubtnc pnblagrîfdmn. Bl mnil lktakmls nb lcdtar utdbdznr su `udmda mrêtdma pnrn rlstdtudr bn blmtda cdffdmdbdar  ardgdknrdn  ardgdknrdn qul cda bugnr nb ninkdma cl vnrdnktls par clslktlkcdjdlkta clb mapdstn. ]d, slgðk bas pastubncas pas tubncas iäcdlrdstns, sl makfên sýba lk lb ‒jl`ar jnkusmrdta‚, ka sabnjlktl sl ajdtl lb npartl cl bas atras tlstdjakdas, sdka qul ka lxdstl farjn cl bamnbdznr bns dkkavnmdakls jdjltdzncns lk lb tlxta a nqulbbas pnsn`ls lk bas munbls lb cltlrdara clb ardgdknb en qulcnca amubta.

>83

 

\ka cl bas ðbtdjas mrêtdmas lk maktrdiudr nb nfdnkznjdlkta klabnmejnkkdnka ls Mlsnrl ]lgrl (k. >495), qudlk trnin`n mak fukcnjlktas clb lstrumturnbdsja y bn sljdýtdmn cl bn Lsmulbn cl Snrtu. Snrtu. ]dljprl n pnrtdr cl bn djpartnkmdn cl bn edstardn cl bas tlxtas, iusmn rlmuplrnr bn cdjlksdýk clb tdljpa lk bn trnksjdsdýk tlxtunb. Bas trls lbljlktas mak bas qul trnin`n lb lcdtar ”jnkusmrdtas, vnrdnktls y lrrarls” farjnk ukdcncls lstrumturnbls mak uk sdstljn prapda qul sl dktlgrnk n uk sdstljn jnyar ”lb tlxta”, lk cakcl makfbuylk cas sdstljns0 lb clb jaclba qul cliên mapdnrsl (a lb clb nutar), y lb clb tlstdjakda makslrvnca (a lb clb mapdstn).  N pnrtdr clb makmlpta cl cdnsdstljn utdbdznca lk cdnblmtabagên (par lb munb sl clfdklk a lb suprnsdstljn nb munb sl rljdtlk cas sdstljns nfdkls, a lb sdstljn cl majprajdsa lktrl cas sdstljns lk maktnmta), makmbuyl qul taca tlxta makslrvnca lk ukn mapdn sl makfarjn maja uk cdnsdstljn lk lb munb sl maktnmtnk lb sdstljn clb prapda tlxta y lb clb jaclba. Lstas pnrîjltras tlýrdmas enmlk qul bas makmlptas cl vnrdnktl, lrrar y blmmdýk lqudpablktl sl ngruplk lk lb tlxta lk cas sdstljns majpbljlktnrdas0 lb cl bns blmmdakls makslrvncns (sdstljn clb tlxta) y lb cl bns blmmdakls dkkavncns (sdstljn clb tlstdjakda a su jaclba). In`a lstl  lstl prlsupulsta, prlsupulsta,  lb pramlsa cl bn mapdn ka ls lktlkcdca maja uk nmta clturpncar sdka maja uk flkýjlka mrlncar. Lk grnk jlcdcn, ]lgrl cdrdjên iulkn pnrtl cl bn pabäjdmn lktrl iäcdlrdstns y bnmejnkkdnkas0  N bas iäcdlrdnkas, iäcdlrdnkas, qul qul clfdlkclk clfdlkclk ba makmrlta makmrlta y camujlktnb camujlktnb cl mncn jnkusmrdta, jnkusmrdta, sl pulcl lk lk lflmta jastrnr qul lstn makmrlmdýk lsmakcl bn maprlslkmdn y n jlkuca lb nktngakdsja cl cas a jîs sdstljns, bas munbls cltlrdarnk bns rlbnmdakls lstrumturnbls clb tlxta. Xar atrn pnrtl, lb makmlpta cl cdn sdstljn dkcuml n maksdclrnr uk pama prdjdtdva lb makmlpta cl rlmakstrummdýk, jîs a jlkas jlmîkdmn, clb tlxta. Ls jl`ar sustdtudrba par lb cl dktlrprltnmdýk cl sdstljns y cdnsdstljns0 bn rlmakstrummdýk rlnbdzncn sýba nbbê cakcl bns makmbusdakls sak dkmaktravlrtdibls ls uk l`lrmdmda pnrmdnb y lxplrdjlktnb. Lk jd apdkdýk, bn lkslþnkzn jîs pasdtdvn cl lstns maksdclrnmdakls ls qul bn cdnbämtdmn lktrls bas sdstljns lk maktnmta rlpracuml bas jajlktas cl bn edstardn cl bns dkstdtumdakls bdtlrnrdns, sýba clktra cl bn munb bn edstardn cl bn trncdmdýk tlxtunb vulbvl n lkmaktrnr su lspnmda y su slktdca. (69)

Ka aistnktl lb vnbar cl lstns makmlptunbdznmdakls, bn grnk cdfdmubtnc pnrn lb lcdtar maksdstl lk paclr clbdjdtnr bns fraktlrns lktrl uka y atra sdstljn, sairl taca lk bas mnsas cl maktnjdknmdýk a pärcdcn cl tlstdjakdas lk bn mnclkn tlxtunb. Xnrn fdknbdznr, fdknbdznr, trnljas n mabnmdýk uk pnr cl l`ljpbas qul, par su rdqulzn y irlvlcnc, makclksnk ba lxpulsta enstn nquê lk rlflrlkmdn n bn tnrln cl lcdmdýk. Lb prdjlra, lstucdnca par Cnriarc, Gnrmên y Xlbblk (=8>) nknbdzn ukn blmmdýk clb Bdira cl bas gntas, ukn mablmmdýk cl rlbntas l`ljpbnrls clb sdgba UDV cl jnrmncn mrêtdmn samdnb, pnrn ncvlrtdr qul lb lcdtar ka clil bdjdtnrsl n trnksmrdidr lb jnkusmrdta sdka n lkjlkcnrba pnrn rlstdtudr lb slktdca, cl`nkca sdljprl makstnkmdn cl su s u dktlrvlkmdýk lk lb npnrnta mrêtdma0   Jnkusmrdta  ny ukn lrrlzn

Gnynkgas (>568) fnmlk ukn elrl`ên

Karterup (>485) nyuknk l rlznk

Olbblr (>48<

 

Bn jl`ar blmmdýk ls bn slgukcn, nyuknk l rlznk, makfdrjncn par lb tlxta bntdka cl Aca cl Melrdtak qul sdrvl cl fulktl nb tlxta mnstlbbnka  dl`uknkt   (dl`uknkt ),), maja tnjidäk par bn praxdjdcnc sljîktdmn qul lstas cas vamnibas gunrcnk lk bn prasn eajdbätdmn. Lb prýxdja l`ljpba prlslktn lb flkýjlka cl ‒cdfrnmmdýk‚ (Maktdkd >8>->89), a sln, ukn prabdflrnmdýk cl blmmdakls plrlgrdkns, n sdjpbl vdstn lqudvamncns, qul djpdclk lblgdr ukn lk pnrtdmubnr, enmdlkca qul lb lcdtar clin nplbnr n su prapda ducdmduj. ]l trntn cl uk vlrsa clb paljn Mbnrasmura (mapbn DDD, 97), ukn cl bns pdlzns bêrdmns jîs rlprlslktntdvns cl @unk cl Jlkn, cdvubgnca n trnväs cl mnkmdaklras jnkusmrdtas clb sdgba UV, UV, cl bn vlrsdýk djprlsn clb Mnkmdaklra Glklrnb cl >> y cl cdvlrsns lcdmdakls qudkdlktdstns09 ‒Mn idlk tlkga ya qul knsmd par plknr /  rlyknktl ]nturka lk lb mnkmra jdsjaZ Bi Ja rlyknktl ]nturka lk lb mnjpa eajdzdkaZ Glk rlyknktl ]nturka lk lb mnkla juy fdkaZ B>7 A>456), lcdtarn cl bns palsêns jlkarls cl @unk cl Jlkn, en pacdca pac dca mak`lturnr bn blmtda cdffdmdbdar  cdffdmdbdar  ardglk  ardglk cl tacns bns vnrdnktls0 ‒rlyknktl ]nturka lk lb Mnkmra, jd sdka‚  rldknktl  (rldknktl ]nturka lk Mîkmlr, jd sdgka). Lrrarls cl blmturn cl bas mapdstns a mn`dstns, ncvlrtdibls lk mulstdakls pnblagrîfdmns a tdpagrîfdmns, enirênk sdca bas mnusnktls cl bns nisurcns dktlrprltnmdakls y cdsbntls sljîktdmas. sljîktdmas. Lb clrratlra cl bn mrêtdmn tlxtunb plrjdtl vdsbujirnr rutns nkmens y slkclras, pdmncns y mnjdkas, mnbblmdtns y eulbbns jîs a jlkas nkcncns.  nkcncns. Lcdtnr uk tlxta ls qudzîs ukn cl bns prîmtdmns praflsdaknbls jîs lxdglktls pnrn uk grncunca lk Bltrns, yn qul lqudvnbl n paklr lk prîmtdmn tacas bas snilrls ncqudrdcas n ba bnrga cl bn mnrrlrn ukdvlrsdtnrdn ukdvlrsdtnrdn (grnjîtdmn, sdktnxds, edstardn cl bn blkgun, pnblagrnfên, bdkgòêstdmn, fdbabagên, edstardn, mrêtdmn bdtlrnrdn, fdbasafên, blkguns mbîsdmns y jaclrkns) lk uk trnin`a sairl lb munb eny qul tajnr clmdsdakls plrjnklktljlktl plrjnklktljlktl pnrn rlsabvlr praibljns puktunbls qul lb tlxta prlslktn. Xarqul yn ba clmên mak `ustlzn lb grnk rlkavncar cl bn mrêtdmn tlxtunb y maksujnca jnlstra Jdmelbl Inrid (>4=5)0 ‒db pdô s—djpnrn fnmlkca‚ ( sairl  sairl taca, taca, sl nprlkcl nprlkcl enmdlkca).

Katns  

>. Bn trncummdýk ls kulstrn. 9. Bns sdgbns marrlspakclk n bas sdgudlktls tlstd- Glklrnb cl Elrknca clb Mnstdbba  cl >>? B>70 jakdas0 Bi0 Mnkmdaklra cl Elrilrny  (Irdtdse  (Irdtdse Bdirn- Bnilrdkta cl bn lcdmdýk slvdbbnkn cl >7? A>4=5. • Iäcdlr, @aslpe. ‒Bn trncdtdak jnkusmrdtl cu Bnd cl b—Ajirl. Yäfblxdaks sur b—nrt c—äcdtlr bls nkmdlks tlxtls‚. Yajnkdn  BDV (>495)0 >6>->46, =9>-=478. >->88. • Idzznrrd, Euga A. ‒Vldktl nþas cl rlfblxdýk sairl mrêtdmn tlxtunb (>45=-988=)‚. Ylvul Mrdtdqul cl Xed babagdl Yajnkl (988=-9883)0 946-=98. • Iblmun, Nbilrta. Jnkunb cl mrêtdmn tlxtunb.  Jncrdc0 Mnstnbdn, >45=. • Mnstra, Njärdma. ‒Bn mrêtdmn fdbabýgdmn cl bas tlxtas‚. Blkgun, lkslþnkzn y bdtlrnturn (Lsiazas).  Jncrdc0 Vdmtardnka ]uîrlz, >493. >7>->47. • Mlrqudgbdkd, Ilrknrc. ‒Äbagl cl bn vnrdnktl‚. Bnk gngls >7 (>45=)0 95-98 gdugka >45>). Vlrakn0 \kdvlrsdtè clgbd stucd cd Xncavn, Fnmabtè cd Lmakajdn l Majjlrmda, Dstdtuta cd Bdkgul l Blttlrntul ]trnkdlrl cd Vlrakn, >459. 3456. • Cnriarc, Ilrknrc? Gnrmên, Jdmelb y Xlbblk, Ylkä. ‒Ylsplta y jnkdpubnmdýk cl bas tlxtas0 ±mýja lcdtnr bas tlxtas jlcdlvnbls1‚. Nmtns clb cl b D

• Bumên Jlgêns, @asä Jnkulb. ‒Bn mrêtdmn tlxtunb nktl lb sdgba UUD0 bn prdjnmên clb tlxta‚. Xrapulstns tlýrdma-jltacabýgdmns tlýrdma-jltacabýgd mns pnrn lb lstucda cl bn bdtlrnturn  edspîkdmnn jlcdlvnb. Bdbbdnk vak clb Wnbcl Jaelka,  edspîkdm lcdtarn, Jäxdma0 \kdvlrsdcnc Knmdaknb Nutýkajn cl Jäxdma-\kdvlrsdcnc Nutýkajn Jltrapabdtnkn (Xuibdmnmdakls cl Jlcdlvnbdn 97), 988=. 3>7-348. • Jnns, Xnub. Slxtordtdo.  Bldpzdg0 Sluiklr, >497. _Slxtunb Mrdtdmdsj. Srncummdýk dkgblsn cl Inrinrn Fbawlr,, Axfarc0 Mbnrlkcak, >44=3. Ylpr. Ylpr. Jdbnka0 Jakcncard, >473? Fdrlkzl0 Bn Blttlrl, >455. • ^ulktdk, Caj. Lssnds cl mrdtdqul tlxtulbbl (Lmcatdqul). Xnrds0 Xdmnrc, >496. • Yaucdb, @lnk. ‒Äcdtdak cl tlxtl, nknbysl tlxtulbbl lt pakmtuntdak (Iråvls räfblxdaks sur bls ämrdts lk prasl)‚. Mnedlrs cl Bdkgudstdqul Edspnkdqul Jäcdävnbl = (>475)0 964-944. • Yaucdb, @lnk (lc.).  @nmaia cl bn @uktn, lb cl bns Blyls0 Aluvrls. D. ]ujjn cl bas kulvl tdljpas cl bas pbldtas. Nklxls cls Mnedlrs cl Bdkgudstdqul Edspnkdqul Jäcdävnbl 3, Xnrds0 Obdkmosdlmo, >456. • Yuida Savnr, @anquêk.  Bn vdl`n cdasn. Cl bn Fd babagên n bn pasjaclrkdcnc.  Nbmnbî cl Elknrls0 Mlktra cl Lstucdas Mlrvnktdkas, 9883. • ]lgrl, Mlsnrl. ]ljdatdmn fdbabagdmn. Slsta l jaclbbd mubturnbd. Sardka0 Ldknucd, >474. Srnc. lsp. cl

Lkmulktra Frnkma-Nbljîk cl Edspnkdstns, 4 nb >9 cl jnrza cl >454.  Frnkofurt nj Jndk0 Vlrvulrt Vlrbng. 947-=83. • Cl Kdgrds, Mnrbn. ‒Dgkarnkzn jdtabagdmn l cdffrnzdakl cd vnrdnktd klbbl palsdl jdkard cl @unk cl Jlkn‚. Jlcdalva Yajnkza >> (>456)0 >>>->98.

@asä Juþaz Ydvns, ]ljdatdmn fdbabagdmn (Slxta y  jaclbas mubturnbls). Jurmdn0 \kdvlrsdcnc, >448. Sdjpnknra, ]linstdnka. Bn glklsd clb jltaca clb Bnmejnkk. Fdrlkzl0 Bl Jakkdlr Jakkdlr,, >46=. • Pujtear, Xnub. Lssnd cl paätdqul jäcdävnbl. Xnrds0 ]ludb, >479.

>87

 

9. Ylslþn cl cas mnsas l`ljpbnrls  N maktdkunmdýk, maktdkunmdýk, sl rlslþnk cas mnsas qul dbustrnk cdstdktas jaclbas cl nmlrmnjdlkta mrêtdma-jltacabýgdma n bn cdsmdpbdkn, uka surgdca lk Lurapn y atra lk Njärdmn clb ]ur. ]ur.  Nsê maja lb bdira cl Iblmun, par su jdsja têtuba cl ‒Jnkunb‚, ‒Jnkunb‚, tdlkcl fukcnjlktnbjlktl fukcnjlktnbjlktl enmdn bn prîmtdmn, lb bdira cl Arcukn, jîs ninrmncar par su dkmbusdýk cl nsplmtas edstýrdmas, pacrên nsdjdbnrsl n uk ‒Majplkcda‚ y lrdgdrsl, maja tnb, lk airn cl maksubtn glklrnb y pnrtdmubnr n bn vlz, lk tnkta ls tnjidäk (maja lb cl Iblmun) lb rlsubtnca cl su prapdn prîmtdmn lmcýtdmn. 9.>. Iblmun, Nbilrta. Jnkunb cl mrêtdmn tlxtunb. Jncrdc0 Mnstnbdn, >45=, =68 pp.

Mak `ustdmdn pulcl nfdrjnrsl qul ful lb prdjlr jnkunb cl mrêtdmn tlxtunb lk blkgun lspnþabn y qul n plsnr cl bas jîs cl vldktl nþas trnksmurrdcas clscl su npnrdmdýk maktdkðn jnktlkdlkca ukn vdglkmdn dkcdsmutdcn. Iblmun ba prlslktn maja ukn guên dkdmdnb qul vn ‒clscl bas îriabls dclnbls clb eulrta tlýrdma n bn slbvn makfusn cl bn prîmtdmn‚ (>9)? clfdkl nsê n bn mrêtdmn tlxtunb maja ukn cdsmdpbdkn mak uk fdk ljdklktljlktl prîmtdma0 lb cl lcdtnr tlxtas. N plsnr cl bn makamdcn rlkulkmdn cl bn Lsmulbn Fdbabýgdmn Lspnþabn n ncaptnr bn jltacabagên cl Bnmejnkk ”slgurnjlktl par lb plsa y nbmnkml cl makmlptas maja ‒trncdmdaknbdcnc‚, ‒lstnca bntlktl‚ a ‒vdcn lk vnrdnktls cl bas tlxtas‚ far`ncas lk lb jnrma clb klatrncdmdaknbdsja cl Jlkäkclz Xdcnb”, Iblmun ls cl bas prdjlras lk lb îjidta edspîkdma qul mbnrnjlktl sl dksmrdil clktra cl ukn bêkln klabnmenjnkkdnkn a trnksbnmejnkkdnkn, ka sdk nktls rlpnrnr lk qul ‒ls lb jlkas jnba cl bas jätacas makamdcas‚ (>>). Lk lstl slktdca, bn nplbnmdýk nb iulk `udmda clb lcdtar sl rlpdtl maja ukn makstnktl n ba bnrga clb bdira y su prapulstn ls qul sl clil dktlktnr bblvnr n mnia ‒bn jlkas jnbn cl bns lcdmdakls pasdibls‚ (>86). Bns nfdrjnmdakls nktlcdmens jntdznk ukn ncelsdýk artacaxn l dkmakcdmdaknb nb jätaca mrlnca par lb fdbýbaga nbljîk. Iblmun ls maksmdlktl cl bn cdfdmubtnc cl ncnptnr ukn tlarên surgdcn cl bn prîmtdmn lcdtardnb cl tlxtas mbîsdmas, qul rlsubtn n vlmls cljnsdnca rêgdcn a bdjdtncn pnrn su npbdmnmdýk lk tlxtas jaclrkas a lsmrdtas lk blkguns rajnkmls. Cl nbbê lb maksdclrnr bn lcdmdýk mrêtdmn maja ‒ukn edpýtlsds cl trnin`a‚, y n bn lmcýtdmn maja ukn mdlkmdn lxplrdjlktnb qul afrlml ukn slrdl cl maksl`as glklrnbls lxtrnêcas cl ukn prîmtdmn pburdslmubnr pburdslmubnr.. Xnrtdlkca clb pastubnca qul dkcdmn qul mrêtdmn tlxtunb l edstardn cl bn b n trnksjdsdýk sak dkslpnrnibls, Iblmun cdvdcl lb bdira lk cas pnrtls majpbljlktnrdns (‒Slarên-Xrîmtdmn‚ (‒Slarên-Xrîmtdmn‚ y ‒Bn trnksjdsdýk lk bn edstardn‚) edstardn ‚) n bns qul bls ngrlgn ukn ðbtdjn slmmdýk ljdklktljlktl prîmtdmn maksdstlktl lk bn rlpracummdýk cl 43 bîjdkns cl tlxtas jnkusmrdtas l djprlsas cl bas sdgbas UDV nb UU, qul rlsubtnk cl grnk utdbdcnc pnrn l`lrmdtnr bn praibljîtdmn clsnrrabbncn n ba bnrga clb bdira. Lstl ful uk pukta qul supa cdstdkgudrba cl jnkunbls prlmlclktls, maja bas cl Xnub Jnns (Slxtordtdo, >497) a Elrjnkk Frãkolb (Slsta mrdtdma m rdtdma l mrdtdmn clb tlsta, >464), qul clsnrrabbnink bn jntlrdn lk insl n lxpbdmnmdakls jngdstrnbls, y qul bulga ful slgudca maja jltacabagên cdcîmtdmn lk bas jnkunbls cl Frn-

>85

 

cl`ns Yulcn (Dktracummdýk n bn lcdmdýk cl tlxtas jlcdlvnbls mnstlbbnkas,  >44>), Xärlz Xrdlga (Bn lcdmdýk cl tlxtas, >447? Dktracummdýk glklrnb n bn lcdmdýk clb tlxta bdtlrnrda, 988>) y ]îkmelz-Xrdlta Iar`n (Maja lcdtnr bas tlxtas jlcdlvnbls. Mrdtlrdas pnrn su prl slktnmdýk grîfdmn, >445). \kn cl bns mnrnmtlrêstdmns cl su lxpasdmdýk maksdstl lk dr clfdkdlkca mudcncasnjlktl mncn tärjdka pnrn cdstdkgudr bn kajlkmbnturn lsplmêfdmn y lvdtnr mnlr lk makfusdakls tlýrdmns. Clidca n qul bn mrêtdmn tlxtunb tdlkl maja fdk prlslktnr uk tlxta clpurnca lk ba pasdibl cl tacas nqulbbas lbljlktas lxtrnþas nb nutar (y lb lrrar ls maksustnkmdnb nb nmta cl bn mapdn), clilrî ntlkclr n ästas lk prdjlr bugnr, sairl taca parqul sak lb lbljlkta fukcnjlktnb pnrn fdbdnr bas tlxtas y paclr bblgnr nsê nb nrqultdpa. Iblmun rlnbdznrî ukn clfdkdmdýk clb lrrar rlmakamdlkca muntra tdpas cdflrlktls (ncdmdýk, ajdsdýk, nbtlrnmdýk clb arclk y sustdtumdýk), pnrn pastlrdarjlktl p astlrdarjlktl ”sdgudlkca bas pastubncas cl bn Kulvn Fdbabagên” cdstdkgudr lktrl ‒lrrar majðk mak`uktdva‚ (lb qul cas mapdstns pulclk majltlr dkclplkcdlktljlktl) y ‒lrrar majðk slpnrntdva‚ (lb qul uk mapdstn ka pulcl ncvlrtdr a suisnknr par mak`lturn a mak lb nuxdbda cl atras jnkusmrdtas), makmlptas djprlsmdkcdibls pnrn bn ltnpn cl bn rlmlksda. Lk rlbnmdýk mak lstl tljn, ls djpartnktl rlmarcnr qul lk jumeas mnsas, lb lstucda cl vnrdnktls en plrjdtdca clsjlktdr nvlkturncns rnzakls dclabýgdmns lxpulstns par nbgukas majlktncarls maja lxpbdmnmdýk n bn cdvlrglkmdn cl blmmdakls lktrl cdstdktas tlstdjakdas, munkca sak ntrdiudibls lk rlnbdcnc n mnusns jlmîkdmns pracumta clb jlra nmta cl bn mapdn. Ls lb mnsa clb Lkxljpba UBDD clb Makcl Bumnkar , cakcl sl clkukmdn bn edpamrlsên cl bns  ilgudkns0 atras jnkusmrdtas rlljpbnznk lstl tärjdka par vdl`n a par  plblgrdkn. \k lstucda pnblagrîfdma rlvlbn qul lb mnjida sairlvdka clidca n bn jnbn dktlrprltnmdýk qul uk mapdstn edza cl ukn nirlvdnturn y n ukn blmtda fnmdbdar  (a   (a trdvdnbdznmdýk) qul ba bblvý n rlgubnrdznr lb tärjdka enmdn bn pnbnirn jlkas lxtrnþn a jîs makamdcn pnrn äb. Iblmun cdstdkgul cas fnsls jltacabýgdmns lk lb pramlsa cl bn lcdmdýk mrêtdmn0  rlmlksda (maksdstlktl lk bn fdbdnmdýk a lb lstniblmdjdlkta cl rlbnmdakls lktrl bas cdstdktas tlstdjakdas lk qul sl en makslrvnca ukn airn) y makstdtutda tlxtus (prlslktnmdýk cl uk tlxta mrêtdma nmajpnþnca par uk npnrnta cl vnrdnktls y atras cntas nuxdbdnrls ðtdbls pnrn bn majprlksdýk clb blmtar). Mncn ukn cl lstns fnsls ls lb rlsubtnca cl ukn slrdl cl pnsas, n snilr0 curnktl bn rlmlksda, n) faktls mrdtdmnl, maksdstlktl lk bn rlmablmmdýk y nkîbdsds edstýrdma cl tacas bas tlstdjakdas (enml nquê ukn cdstdkmdýk lktrl ukn trncdmdýk mak uk saba tlstdjakda a mak vnrdas, y sd ls jnkusmrdtn a djprlsn)? i) mabbntda macdmuj, bn mabnmdýk a matl`a cl bas tlstdjakdas makslrvncas qul plrjdtn cnr mulktn cl tacns bns vnrdnktls (ls qudzîs, par lb tdpa cl trnin`a, bn fnsl jîs dkgrntn y ukn cl bns jîs clbdmncns clb pramlsa lcdtardnb)? m) lxnjdkntda y slblmtda, par jlcda cl bn munb bn slblmmdýk cl vnrdnktls ncqudlrl uk jntdz vnbarntdva, yn qul plrjdtdrî fdbdnr bas tlstdjakdas n trnväs clb makmlpta cl ‒lrrar majðk‚, y c) makstdtutda stljjntds, ltnpn cakcl sl trnzn lb lstljn a îriab glklnbýgdma qul lxpbdmn bns rlbnmdakls lktrl bas cdstdktas tlstdjakdas.

>84

 

Xar atrn pnrtl, bn makstdtutda tlxtus makstn cl n) lxnjdkntda y slblmtda cl vnrdnktls, cakcl sl cdstdkgul lktrl rlfukcdmdakls, rlcnmmdakls y marrlmmdakls lflmtuncns lk bas tlstdjakdas curnktl lb pramlsa cl trnksjdsdýk, nsê maja tnjidäk lktrl vnrdnktls cl nutar y vnrdnktls cl mapdstn, i) ljlkcntda, cakcl sl bblvnk n mnia bns lkjdlkcns, yn sln apl macdmuj u apl dkglkdd  (lk  (lk muya mnsa rlmajdlkcn jîxdjn pruclkmdn), m) cdspasdtda tlxtus, pbnktlnkca mýja sl vn n prlslktnr lb tlxta mrêtdma lk ba rlflrlktl, par l`ljpba, n praibljns cl grnfêns, cdvdsdýk cl pnbnirns, nmlktunmdýk y puktunmdýk, nsê maja tnjidäk bns cdvdsdakls dktlrkns clb tlxta, qul sl clilrîk rlspltnr a mnjidnr slgðk lb gäklra nb qul lsl tlxta plrtlklml, y par ðbtdja, c) nppnrntus mrdtdmus mrdtdmus, qul maksdgkn bns vnrdnktls clb rlsta cl bas tlstdjakdas y, lk atra npnrtnca, bns katns cl majlktnrda qul nuxdbdlk nb blmtar pnrn ukn jl`ar majprlksdýk clb tlxta. Nb N b rlsplmta, mnil clstnmnr qul Iblmun dksdstl lk jnrmnr qul nsê maja bn mrêtdmn tlxtunb tdlkcl n afrlmlr uk tlxta fd`nca (mnrîmtlr lstîtdma), lb npnrnta mrêtdma clilrî rlfbl`nr (lk bas lrrarls, lk bns dkkavnmdakls y lk bns vnrdnktls grîfdmns) bn edstardn clb tlxta lk su trnksjdsdýk (mnrîmtlr cdkîjdma). Lk lstn munbdcnc rncdmn su vnbar camujlktnb pnrn bas lstucdas cl blkgun y lstdba. Xnrn dbustrnr mncn uka cl lstas pnsas, Iblmun sl vnbl clb Makcl Bumnkar , tlxta clb qul eniên elmea uk jdkumdasa lstucda sairl su trnksjdsdýk trnksjdsdý k lk >458, y clbBdira cl Iulk  Njar , uk tlxta cdfukcdca lk trls jnkusmrdtas plra qul, sdk ljinrga, prlslktn ukn rlc cl praibljns tlxtunbls tnk vnrdncas qul bl instn maja jaclba pnrn l`ljpbdfdmnr prîmtdmnjlktl taca, y clb qul enrî ukn lcdmdýk mrêtdmn mnsd cdlz nþas jîs tnrcl. ]l mujpbl, nsê, ukn cl bns prljdsns iîsdmns cl bn cdsmdpbdkn, maksdstlktl lk knmlr cl ukn prîmtdmn. Lk bn slgukcn pnrtl clb bdira, lstucdn bn trnksjdsdýk cl tlxtas jlcdlvnbls y cl bas sdgbas UVD y UVDD. Cl lstas ðbtdjas, nknbdzn bn trncdmdýk djprlsn, tnkta lk farjnta bdira maja lk pbdlgas sulbtas, y su praibljîtdmn lsplmêfdmn (djprlsas plrcdcas, lcdmdakls prlpnrncns par lb nutar a sdk su dktlrvlkmd dktlrvlkmdýk), ýk), maja nsê tnjidäk bn trncdmdýk jnkusmrdtn, fukcnjlktnb pnrn lb nugl cl bn palsên mnkmdaklrdb cl nqulbbas sdgbas a maja lxpbdmnmdýk pnrn bn lsmnslz cl tlstdjakdas jnkusmrdtas lk lb gäklra tlntrnb. Clcdmn atra mnpêtuba n bas tlxtas clb sdgba UVDDD y n mdlrtas praibljns puktunbls, maja bn cdfusdýk cl bdilbas

pabêtdmas y bns lcdmdakls pýstujns, pnrn fdknbdznr mak lb lstucda cl bn trnksjdsdýk curnktl bas sdgbas UDU y UU. Nquê bn prlksn tdlkl ukn prlslkmdn fukcnjlktnb, y sl nknbdznk lsplmdnbjlktl bas kulvas tdpas cl lrrar majltdcas par bn bdkatdpdn a bn fatamajpasdmdýk fatamajpasdmdýk,, qul sak cdflrlktls n bas qul rlnbdznink bas nktdguas majpaklcarls majpaklcarls mak ‒tdpas jývdbls‚. ]d idlk Iblmun prlslktn bas praibljns jîs djpartnktls pnrn lb lcdtar, qudzîs lb clsnrrabba cl lstn ðbtdjn ltnpn eay kas rlsubtl uk tnkta dksufdmdlktl, par ba munb rlqulrdrên cl ukn njpbdnmdýk cl makmlptas y l`ljpbas, cncns bns pasdidbdcncls qul afrlml trnin`nr mak supbljlktas bdtlrnrdas cl bas cdnrdas, puibdmnmdakls plrdýcdmns a rlvdstns mubturnbls, rlplrtardas qul ntlsarnk vlrcnclrns ‒plrbns bdtlrnrdns‚, abvdcncns n vlmls enstn par bas jdsjas mrlncarls qul prlstnrnk nbgukn vlz bn mabniarnmdýk cl su pbujn. Xar bn lxpasdmdýk mbnrn y cdcîmtdmn qul enml cl bas praibljns y ltnpns cl lcdmdýk, bns clfdkdmdakls cl tlrjdkabagên lsplmêfdmn y bn l`ljpbdfdmnmdýk niukcnktl mak tlxtas

>>8

 

bdtlrnrdas cl tacns bns äpamns, lstl jnkunb sl tarkn ukn vlrcnclrn elrrnjdlktn cl maksubtn y ls nmaksl`nibl maja ukn cl bns prdjlrns blmturns par pnrtl cl qudlk clsll dkmursdaknr lk lstl mnjpa. 9.9. Arcukn, Glrjîk. Lmcýtdmn. Xraibljîtdmn cl bn lcdmdýk cl tlxtas. Onsslb0 Lcdtdak Yldmelkilrglr (Slntra (Slntra clb ]dgba cl Ara, Lstucdas Bdtlrnrdas 33), 9888, =38 pp.

]l bl clil n Glrjîk Arcukn bn dkslrmdýk cl bn Nrglktdkn lk ukn cdsmdpbdkn cl bn qul lstnin prîmtdmnjlktl nuslktl. Grnmdns n su trnin`a lmcýtdma trncumdca lk lcdmdakls y lk rlfblxdakls tlýrdmns sairl lb îrln cl lstucda, n bn fukcnmdýk, lk lb jnrma clb MAKDMLS,, clb ]ljdknrda cl Lcdmdýk y Mrêtdmn Slxtunb, n bn mrlnmdýk cl MLS c l bn rlvdstn Dkmdpdt, y n bn farjnmdýk cl cdsmêpubas, bagrý rlmakamdjdlkta dktlrknmdaknb. Nbnk Clylrjakc (Dkmdpdt UU-UUD 9888-988>0 =99), uka cl bas grnkcls jnlstras clb jlcdlvnbdsja lk Dkgbntlrrn, apdkn qul par jlcda cl bn prdjnmên atargncn n bas nsplmtas macdmabýgdmas y cl edstardn clb tlxta maja pukta cl pnrtdcn jltacabýgdma en sdca qudlk jîs en dkfbudca, n prdkmdpdas clb sdgba UUD, lk bn dkvlstdgnmdýk sairl mrêtdmn tlxtunb, ba munb ls vlrdfdmnibl lk bas trnin`as cl Xlcra Mîtlcrn lk Lspnþn, a cl Cnvdc Eaao y Inrry Snybar lk Dkgbntlrrn. Snb maja sl nvdsn lk bas Xrlbdjdknrls, lstl bdira ful majpulsta mak bas iarrncarls qul cl`nrn Arcukn nb jardr lk >444, y sak lb fruta cl sus iðsqulcns y rlfblxdakls curnktl bnrgas nþas cl lcdmdýk y jngdstlrda. Xbnkdfdmnca lk sdltl mnpêtubas, majdlkzn par rlvdsnr nbgukas makmlptas lmcýtdmas iîsdmas, pnrn bulga prlslktnr ukn edstardn fukcnjlktnbjlktl mrêtdmn cl bn cdsmdpbdkn (‒Bn trnksjdsdýk clb tlxta y bn mrêtdmn tlxtunb‚, ‒Bn mrêtdmn tlxtunb lk lb sdgba UU‚, ‒Bn mrêtdmn tlxtunb nb jnrglk cl bn trncdmdýk bntdkalurapln‚), mak dktlräs lk bas enbbnzgas, makmlptas ðtdbls y fnblkmdns cl mncn marrdlktl a nmlrmnjdlkta jltacabýgdma n ba bnrga clb tdljpa, clscl bn Nktdgòlcnc nb Xasjaclrkdsja. Bn Edstardn tdlkl uk bugnr djpartnktl lk lstl majplkcda parqul Arcukn ls maelrlktl mak bas pastubncas cl su jngdstlrda0 ‒makamlr bn edstardn prapdn clb tlxta n lcdtnr‚ (988) qul lrn ukn cl sus rlgbns iîsdmns pnrn bn lcdmdýk mrêtdmn y bn qul sastlkên bn dcln cl ‒tlxta lk lb tdljpa‚. \k qudkta mnpêtuba sairl macdmabagên cljulstrn qul bn jntlrdnbdcnc cl bas tlxtas lrn atra nsplmta ntlkcdibl, djpartnktêsdja pnrn su tlarên cl bn mabbntda lxtlrkn, rlmakamdcn maja ukn cl bns npartnmdakls jîs ardgdknbls lk lb mnjpa cl bn lmcýtdmn, surgdcn n pnrtdr cl su lcdmdýk cl bn Mrýkdmn clb Yly cak Xlcra y clb Yly cak Lkrdqul, su elrjnka el rjnka  cl Xlcra Býplz cl Nynbn. Lb nkîbdsds cl bas nsplmtas lxtlrkas clb mýcdml (ba qul bulga Glklttl clkajdknrên pnrntlxtas) plrjdtên vdsunbdznr bns jnrmns qul bn trnksjdsdýk y bn rlmlpmdýk eniênk cl`nca lk bas tlstdjakdas. Grnmdns n lbbn ls pasdibl bn clpurnmdýk y bdjpdlzn clb tlxta n bas fdkls mrêtdmas, maja pulcl slr bn rlstdtumdýk cl bn lstrumturn ardgdknb cl uk tlxta a bn edpýtlsds nmlrmn cl bas prdjlras lstncdas cl rlcnmmdýk, cl bas qul mnrlmljas cl tlstdjakdas.

>>>

 

Bn lcdmdýk cl tlxtas djprlsas cl bas sdgbas UVD y UVDD amupn lb slxta mnpêtuba, n mnrga cl Bdbdn Flrrnrda cl Arcukn, qudlk npartn su lxplrdlkmdn lcdtardnb lk bdiras cl mninbblrêns y airns tlntrnbls clb ]dgba cl Ara. Sacn bn praibljîtdmn rlflrdcn n lrrarls cl bas mn`dstns a majpaklcarls, mak`ukta cl prlbdjdknrls a pnrntlxtas, cdflrlkmdns lktrl vnrdnktls cl cl lcdmdýk, cl ljdsdýk y cl lstnca, y mlksurn l`lrmdcn sairl bas l`ljpbnrls, airn maja prlîjiuba pnrn bn majprlksdýk clb flkýjlka bdirlsma. N pnrtdr cl bn clfdkdmdýk cl lcdmdýk mrêtdmn, bns ðbtdjns pîgdkns nbuclk nb mnsa makmrlta cl bas djprlsas nktdguas. ]l rlmaglk mnsas puktunbls sairl bas qul sl cnk nbgukns prlmdsdakls y suglrlkmdns utdbêsdjns nb jajlkta cl lcdtnr airns bdtlrnrdns cl lstas sdgbas. Lb ðbtdja mnpêtuba rlsujl bns rlfblxdakls cl Arcukn sairl bn lcdmdýk mrêtdmn, qul ka lstî aibdgncn n afrlmlr uk lstljn sd ka ls plrtdklktl. ]lgðk su makmlpmdýk, ästl ka clil slr uk marabnrda aibdgnca sdka uk dkstrujlkta cl trnin`a nb qul lb lcdtar rlmurrl pnrn n`ustnr vnrdnktls. Lb nsplmta qul vlrcnclrnjlktl mnbdfdmn n ukn lcdmdýk maja ‒mrêtdmn‚ ls, ncljîs clb tlxta mrêtdma, su npnrnta cl vnrdnktls. Arcukn lktlkcên qul sd idlk ls aivda qul tacn tlarên knml cl ukn prnxds, ka sdljprl sl ncvdlrtl qul bn tlarên ka sl nprlkcl lk lb pbnka tlýrdma. Lsa ls ba qul sl julstrn mbnrnjlktl lk lstl bdira, qul vdlkl n slr bn sêktlsds cl su prîmtdmn lmcýtdmn.

=. Nbgukas atras mnsas l`ljpbnrls Lktrl bn niukcnktl idibdagrnfên rlflrdcn nb tljn, sl slblmmdaknk nbgukas mnsas qul l`ljpbdfdmnk cdstdktas niarcn`ls clktra clb mnjpa cl bn mrêtdmn tlxtunb a qul sl lrdglk maja elrrnjdlktns dkstrujlktnbls cl praincn lfdmnmdn. =.>. Menrtdlr, Yaglr. Dksmrdidr y iarrnr0 mubturn lsmrdtn y bdtlrnturn (sdgbas UD-UVDDD) . Iulkas Ndrls0 Ontz, 9886, 9, 956 pp. \kn iulkn guên jltacabýgdmn pnrn nmmlclr n bas lstucdas sairl mrêtdmn glkätdmn. ]l irdkcnk bas lbljlktas pnrn lb nkîbdsds l dktlrprltnmdýk cl bas pnplbls cl trnin`a cl uk nutar y lb mak`ukta cl prl-tlxtas qul cnk mulktn cl su pramlsa mrlntdva. Bas cas ðbtdjas mnpêtubas, n trnväs cl lstucdas y lcdmdakls sairl tlxtas makmrltas, niarcnk l`ljpbas cl bdtlrnturn nrglktdkn.

>>9

 

=.=. Bumên Jlgêns, @asä Jnkulb. ‒Lcdtnr lk Dktlrklt (mel qunkta pdnml db jakca å  irlvl sagka)‚. Dkmdpdt  UVDDD  UVDDD (>445)0 >-38.  Nrtêmuba sairl lb npravlmenjdlkta npravlmenjdlkta cl bn dkfarjîtdmn lk lb mnjpa cl bn mrêtdmn tlxtunb. ]l trntnk cdstdktas tdpas cl lcdmdakls lblmtrýkdmns nmmlsdibls lk Dktlrklt, bns pasdidbdcncls lcdtardnbls clb edplrtlxta, bns idibdatlmns tlbljîtdmns (maja lb Xra`lmt Gutlkilrg) y bas praylmtas cl idibdatlmns cdgdtnbls ukdvlrsdtnrdns, maja uk mnjpa prapdmda pnrn bn mrlnmdýk cl kulvas jaclbas cl lcdmdakls mrêtdmns. =.3. Jnmolkzdl, Cnvdc. N Jnkunb af Jnkusmrdpt Srnksmrdptdak Srnksmrdptdak far tel Cdmtdaknry af tel Abc ]pnkdse Bnkgungl (wdte ]pnkdse Srnksbntdak iy @asä Buds Jaurl) . Jncdsak0 Edspnkdm ]ljdknry af Jlcdlvnb ]tucdls, >453, 66 + 34 bîjdkns. Clscl ukn pasturn madkmdclktl mak bn ‒Kulvn Fdbabagên‚, enml lsplmdnb edkmnpdä lk lb pramlsa cl lcdmdýk clb tlxta. ]d idlk irdkcn uk pnkarnjn glklrnb, tnkta cl bn edstardn maja cl bns fnsls cl bn mrêtdmn tlxtunb, sl cltdlkl lk bas nsplmtas cl bn prlslktnmdýk grîfdmn, lk lb npnrnta mrêtdma y lk bn nkatnmdýk clb tlxta pnrn fnmdbdtnr su majprlksdýk. Fnmsêjdbls cl jnkusmrdtas l djprlsas cl cdvlrsns äpamns mdlrrnk lb bdira n jaca cl l`ljpbdfdmnmdýk.

>>=

 

=.5.  Ydma, Frnkmdsma (cdr (cdr.). .). Djprlktn y mrêtdmn tlxtunb lk lb ]dgba cl Ara . Vnbbncabdc. Fukcnmdýk ]nktnkclr Mlktrnb Edspnka-Mlktra pnrn bn Lcdmdýk cl bas Mbîsdmas Lspnþabls, 9888, =8= pp. \k tlxta yn mbîsdma qul, par bn mnbdcnc cl sus maktrdiumdakls dkcdvdcunbls, sl en makvlrtdca mnsd lk uk jnkunb cl maksubtn sairl lb tljn. ]l lstucdnk mulstdakls rlflrdcns n bn djprlktn jnkunb, bn prlpnrnmdýk cl bas ardgdknbls cl djprlktn pnrn su lcdmdýk, bns marrlmmdakls cl prulins cl djprlktn, bas pbdlgas sulbtas y bas praibljns cl bn trnksjdsdýk djprlsn. Mnsd tacas bas nrtêmubas vnk nmajpnþncas par bîjdkns dbustrntdvns qul plrjdtlk camujlktnr y makfraktnr bns l`ljpbdfdmnmdakls. =.4. Yajnkml Xedbabagy , UBV0 > (>44>), 98. Yuida Savnr, @anquêk. Bn vdl`n cdasn. Cl bn Fdbabagên n bn pasjaclrkdcnc. Nbmnbî cl Elknrls0 Mlktra cl Lstucdas Mlrvnktdkas, 9883, 6 pp. \kn edstardn mrêtdmn cl bn Fdbabagên, clscl sus dkdmdas maja mdlkmdn tacapaclrasn sa-

irl bn munb sl npaynink bas lstucdas bdtlrnrdas lk Ammdclktl, enstn su lsmdsdýk, n fdkls clb slgukca jdblkda, lk ukn slrdl cl cdsmdpbdkns (bdkgòêstdmn, mrêtdmn tlxtunb a edstardn cl bn blkgun) y su lkfrlktnjdlkta mak bns kulvns lsmulbns cl bn mrêtdmn bdtlrnrdn. Lktrl sus prapulstns jîs rdmns lstî bn cl lkbnznr nsplmtas cl bn fdbabagên mak bn elrjlkäutdmn maktljparîkln, bn sljdýtdmn y bns lstrumturns sdjiýbdmns clb djngdknrda, y lb makvamnr n bas fdbýbagas pnrn dktlrvlkdr nmtdvnjlktl lk trnin`as cl lcdmdýk lk bas kulvas jlcdas dkfarjîtdmas. =.>>. ]tussd, Nbfrlca. Bn mrdtdmn clb tlsta. Iabakdn0 Db Jubdka (]trujlktd cd fdbabagdn rajnkzn, >4545>, ls bn ðkdmn rlvdstn lk blkgun lspnþabn clcdmncn lktlrnjlktl n praibljns y jätacas cl bn mrêtdmn tlxtunb cl airns lk lspnþab cl bn Xlkêksubn y cl Njärdmn, clscl bn Lcnc Jlcdn n kulstras cêns. Lb ðbtdja kðjlra (UUV-UUVD), ma-

>>3

 

rrlspakcdlktl n bas 9< nþas cl lcdmdýk dkdktlrrujpdcn cl bn rlvdstn, maktdlkl bas êkcdmls nmujubntdvas y cl jntlrdns cl tacas bas vabðjlkls nktlrdarls. Cdrlmtar0 @asä Buds Jaurl D]]K0 8=96-843> Wli0 ettp0//www ettp0//www.makdmlt.gav .makdmlt.gav.nr/wliul/slmrdt/puibd.etjb .nr/wliul/slmrdt/puibd.etjb l-jndb0 slmrdtHmakdmlt.gav slmrdtHmakdmlt.gav.nr .nr Mrdtdmn clb tlsta Ylvdstn muntrdjlstrnb clb Clpnrtnjlkta cl Lstucdas Yajnkmls cl bn \kdvlrsdcnc cl Yajn ‒Bn ]npdlkzn‚, npnrlmdý par prdjlrn vlz lk >445. Mncn fnsmêmuba lstî clcdmnca n uk tljn a cdsmdpbdkn lk pnrtdmubnr0 lb prdjlra, n mulstdakls cl rlblvnkmdn fdbabýgdmn, edstardagrîfdmn y tlýrdmn? uk slgukca cl mnrîmtlr jdsmlbîkla, y uk tlrmlra mak trnin`as lk mursa y rlslþns cl taca ba puibdmnca lk Dtnbdn lb nþa prlmlclktl. ]d idlk sl nmlptnk trnin`as mak npraxdjnmdakls jltacabýgdmns cdvlrsns, lxdstl ukn prlpakclrnkmdn cl bn mrêtdmn tlxtunb, prlslkmdn mbnrn clscl lb têtuba qul inutdzn lstn puibdmnmdýk. Cdrlmtar0 Yailrta Nktaklbbd D]]K0 >>97->>38 l-jndb0 mrdtdmntlstaHukdrajn>.dt Wli0 ettp0//w=.ukdrajn>.dt/stucdlurapld/mrdtdmn/ ettp0//w=.ukdrajn>.dt/stucdlurapld/mrdtdmn/dkclx.etj dkclx.etj ]mrdptarduj Xuibdmnmdýk sljlstrnb clcdmncn fukcnjlktnbjlktl n mulstdakls cl macdmabagên, maktlxta mubturnb y idibdagrnfên rlflrdcn n bas jnkusmrdtas jlcdlvnbls luraplas, mak lsplmdnb dktlräs lk bns kulvns tlmkabagêns nuxdbdnrls pnrn lb nkîbdsds jntlrdnb cl bas jdsjas. Fukcncn lk >436 par M. Gnspnr, F. Bykn y F. Jnsnd, nmtunbjlktl ls lcdtncn par lb Mlktrl c—Ätucls cls Jnkusmrdts cl bn Idibdateåqul Yaynbl Nbilrt Dlr cl Iruxlbbls y par lb Dkstdtut cl Ylmelrmel lt c—Edstadrl cls Slxtls clb MKY] cl Frnkmdn. L`lrml su cdrlmmdýk uk Majdtä mdlktêfdma dktlrknmdaknb.

D]]K0 88=6-4779 Wli0 ettp0//www ettp0//www.smrdptarduj.il .smrdptarduj.il l-jndb0 rlvul-smrdptardujHdret.mkrs.fr smrdptardujHoir.dt Mubturn Klabntdkn Ylvdstn cl fdbabagên rajîkdmn puibdmncn trdjlstrnbjlktl par lb Dstdtuta cd Fdbabagdn Yajnkzn cl bn \kdvlrsdcnc cl Yajn. Mrlncn lk >43>, nmagl trnin`as sairl fdbabagên rajîkdmn y praibljîtdmn rlflrdcn n bn mrêtdmn tlxtunb, mak lsplmdnb dktlräs enmdn bn lcdmdýk cl tlxtas irlvls. Cdrlmtar0 Yailrta Mrlspa, Nkkn Flrrnra y ]nvlrda Gudcn D]]K0 8=4>-><

 

Yajnkdn Ylvdstn trdjlstrnb maksngrncn nb lstucda cl bns blkguns y bdtlrnturns rajîkdmns. Fukcncn par Gnstak Xnrds y Xnub Jlylr lk >579, ls lcdtncn par bn ]amdätä Frnkçndsl cls  Njds cl bn Yajnkdn. Ls uk iulk rlplrtarda pnrn enbbnr lcdmdakls cl tlxtas irlvls y maksdclrnmdakls tlýrdmns nmlrmn cl bn mrêtdmn tlxtunb lk uk bnpsa cl trls sdgbas. D]]K0 88=>6

 

3. Bdtlrnturn y nrtls    Nkn Bên Gnirdlbakd 

>. Clsmrdpmdýk clb mnjpa Bn blylkcn ntrdiuyl lb knmdjdlkta cl bn pdkturn n bn `avlk ed`n cl uk nbfnrlra qul cdiu`ý sairl uk jura lb maktarka clb njnca qul lstnin n pukta cl pnrtdr. Bn nuslkmdn en farjnca pnrtl cl bn knturnblzn cl bn djnglk vdsunb clscl sus arêglkls y su fulrzn en rlsdcdca, tnjidäk clscl sus arêglkls, lk lb paclr cl rlstnurnr lsn nuslkmdn. Xar atrn pnrtl, ls snidca qul bdtlrnturn ka surgdý lk sabdtnrda, sdka nmajpnþncn cl bn jðsdmn y bn cnkzn, ls clmdr, `ukta mak bn jnkdflstnmdýk jîs nistrnmtn y bn lxprlsdýk cakcl bn prlslkmdn clb mulrpa dkstnbn ukn jîxdjn jntlrdnbdcnc. Lktrl bn susplksdýk cl ba tnkgdibl y su cajdkda nisabuta, bn bdtlrnturn en jnktlkdca ukn rlbnmdýk prdjnrdn mak bns pnbnirns pnbn irns qul, n su vlz, bn en pulsta lk rlbnmdýk mak lb rlsta cl bns nrtls, cnca qul bn edstardn, bn tlarên y bn mrêtdmn cl mncn ukn cl bns jnkdflstnmdakls nrtêstdmns lkmulktrnk su lxprlsdýk, prlmdsnjlktl, lk bns pnbnirns. ]dk ljinrga, bn bdtlrnturn tnjidäk lxplrdjlktn ukn nuslkmdn qul nkelbn suisnknr. Cl bn jdsjn jnklrn qul bn djnglk ” bn fdgurn elmen

tlxta, pnrn clmdrba lk bas tärjdkas cl Bauds Jnrdk” ls malxdstlktl mak bn nuslkmdn clb rlflrlktl nb qul rlprlslktn, lb tlxta bdtlrnrda slrî malxdstlktl mak bn nuslkmdn vdsunb cl bns djîglkls qul clsmrdin. Wnbbnml ]tlvlks (>7>) nfdrjnin qul bn palsên y bn pdkturn, maja lb rlsta cl bns nrtls, majplksnk ba plrcdca lk mncn ukn. Xar ba tnkta, ka rlsubtn sarprlkclktl qul bn bdtlrnturn enyn njidmdaknca bn mnpnmdcnc cl bn pdkturn pnrn pracumdr djîglkls, ukns djîglkls muyns prapdlcncls pra pdlcncls fêsdmns (lspnmda, mabar mabar,, buz, tlxturn) kukmn snbcrîk knturnbjlktl n su lkmulktra. Xlra bn bdtlrnturn y bn pdkturn ka sýba lstîk ukdcns par bns rlsplmtdvns mnrlkmdns. Njins majpnrtlk lb elmea cl tlklr ukn sabn fulktl cl l`lmumdýk0 bn jnka clb nrtdstn a lb lsmrdtar. T njins, n cdflrlkmdn cl bn jðsdmn y bn cnkzn, lstîk clstdkncns n fd`nrsl fd`nrs l cl uk jaca sljl`nktl sairl uk sapartl jntlrdnb. ^udzî slnk ästns bns rnzakls par bns munbls bn vdkmubnmdýk mak bn pdkturn snbtl tnk n bn

vdstn lk lb jnpn cl bns rlbnmdakls edstýrdmns lktrl bn bdtlrnturn y bns nrtls. Lstn vdkmubn-

>>7

 

mdýk ncqudrdý curnktl sdgbas bn npnrdlkmdn cl ukn jurnbbn dklstnibl lktrl cas tlrrdtardas cdstdktas, mnrnmtlrdzncn par bas sdgkas cl sumlsdvas clrrdias y rlmakstrummdakls, par bn prlslkmdn cl dkkujlrnibls pnsncdzas y pulktls qul bn ntrnvlsnink, par ratukcns frnsls grnincns sairl sus pnrlcls, lktrl bns qul sairlsnbl bn qul bn clfdkdý0 ut pdmturn  palsds. ]ljl`nktl clfdkdmdýk, qul bn pdkturn ls maja bn palsên, bl djprdjdý lb mnrîmtlr cl ukn majpnrnmdýk, majpnrnmdýk qul djpbdmnin cl par sê ukn `lrnrquên0 bn palsên lrn nqulbba n ba qul bn pdkturn cliên nspdrnr. Bn jurnbbn ka slpnrnin cas tlrrdtardas mak dgunbls clrlmeas. Xnrn clsmuirdr bns mnusns cl bas mrêjlkls majltdcas maktrn bn djngdknmdýk cl bas pdktarls lk kajirl cl bn rltýrdmn mbîsdmn, pnrlml djpaklrsl lb mäblirl ncngda0 melrmelz bn fljjl! T bn fljjl slrên, lk lstl mnsa, bn palsên, lsta ls, bn bdtlrnturn. Bn suplrdardcnc qul sl nrragnrak bns pnbnirns n ba bnrga cl bn edstardn cl bn rlbnmdýk lktrl bn bdtlrnturn y bn pdkturn sýba ful majpnrnibl lk amnsdakls mak lb grnca cl slrvdcujirl mak bn qul bn ðbtdjn sl sajltdý n bn prdjlrn. Mak taca, cdmen edstardn sl makstdtuyý tnjidäk n trnväs cl färtdbls mrumls y prästnjas, tnb maja ba lxprlsn lb sêjdb cl ukas vlrsas cl Jdmenlb Frdlc (‒Xawlrs‚, >4=4)0 ‒Aur iacdls nrl tel mbaslc lyls af n  sdkgbl nkdjnb, / Aur stntls af jdkc sa lxtrljl tely nrl tel snjl. / Bdol tel nrts, wl blkc lnme atelr klw pawlrs.‚ _Kulstras mulrpas sak bas a`as mlrrncas cl uk sýba nkdjnb, / Kulstras lstncas jlktnbls tnk lxtrljas sak bas jdsjas / Maja bns nrtls, kas prlstnjas kulvas paclrlsZ. Enbbnjas bn prdjlrn lvdclkmdn cl uk prästnja sljl`nktl lk lb mnkta UVDDD cl bn Dbêncn cl Eajlra. ]l trntn cl bn clsmrdpmdýk clb lsmuca qul Elflsta far`ý pnrn Nqudbls n pltdmdýk cl Sltds. Bn knrrnmdýk cl bns jðbtdpbls lsmlkns cdspulstns maja muncras makmäktrdmas lk lb lsmuca y bn pabdmrajên qul bns rlvdstl trnksjdtlk uk lflmta pdmtýrdma. Makstntnr lstl mruml lktrl ba vlrinb y ba vdsunb lk uk tlxta eajärdma clilrên slr ukn rnzýk jîs qul sufdmdlktl pnrn bblvnrkas n maksdclrnr bns rlbnmdakls lktrl bn bdtlrnturn y bns nrtls vdsunbls lk lb lstucda cl bn edstardn cl bn bdtlrnturn. Xlra, ncljîs, lxdstlk atrns trls rnzakls fukcnjlktnbls cl arclk jltacabýgdma. Bn prdjlrn, sdgudlkca n @njls Elfflrknk (‒]plnodkg far Xdmturls0 tel reltardm af nrt mrdtdmdsj‚), ls qul bns clsmrdpmdakls cl ai`ltas nrtêstdmas lk bn bdtlrnturn rlfbl`nk bas makmlptas cajdknktls cl rlprlslktnmdýk cl bn rlsplmtdvn äpamn. Bn slgukcn en sdca farjubncn par Wlkcy ]tldklr lkSel Mabars af Yeltardm (>6) munkca sastdlkl qul bns majpnrnmdakls lktrl bn bdtlrnturn y bn pdkturn sdljprl tlrjdknk par rlvlbnr bns karjns lstätdmns cl bn äpamn lk muya jnrma sl aislrvlk. Xdlrrl Iaurcdlu (>449) clsnrrabbý bn tlrmlrn lk Bls rågbls cl b—nrt nb lstniblmlr bns insls cl uk jätaca cl nkîbdsds samdabýgdma qul slrên ncaptnca par bn jnyarên cl lstucdas bdtlrnrdas sairl bns rlbnmdakls dktlrnrtêstdmns lk lb sdgba UDU puibdmncas curnktl bns ðbtdjns cämncns. Bns nbdnkzns lktrl bas lsmrdtarls y bas pdktarls cl bn Frnkmdn clmdjakýkdmn pracu`lrak ukn lstätdmn qul prltlkcên slr ‒purn‚ y, lk makslmulkmdn, rajpên su vêkmuba trncdmdaknb mak bn ätdmn, ba qul plrjdtdý nb mnjpa bdtlrnrda nbmnkznr su nutakajên, bl`as cl bns lsflrns cl bn pabêtdmn, bn rlbdgdýk y bn lmakajên. Lk sêktlsds, bns dkvlstdgnmdakls sairl bdtlrnturn ka clilrênk lxmbudr n prdard bn edstardn cl bns rlbnmdakls

>>5

 

lktrl ästn y bn pdkturn, cnca qul cdmens rlbnmdakls dktlrvdkdlrak cl jnklrn nmtdvn lk lb jnrma glklrnb cl bns makfdgurnmdakls lstätdmns y bns dclns lsplmêfdmns cl jdjlsds qul nblktnrak n bns jdsjns lk cdvlrsas plrêacas, nsê maja lk bn farjnmdýk clb îjidta cakcl makfbuylk bns prîmtdmns y bns tlarêns bdtlrnrdns jaclrkns. Clscl lb pukta cl vdstn cl bn edstardn cl bas tlxtas, bns clsmrdpmdakls cl lsmucas maktlkdcns lk bas paljns äpdmas cl Eajlra (Dbêncn, UVDDD, 375-685) y Vdrgdbda (Lkldcn, VDDD, 696-7=>), nsê maja bn ntrdiudcn n Elsêaca (Els. ]mut. >=4-=>7), makstdtuylk bns prdjlrns trnkspasdmdakls vlrinbls makamdcns mak mnrîmtlr pdmtýrdma. Clscl lb pukta cl vdstn cl bn lbniarnmdýk makmlptunb, bns rlbnmdakls lktrl bn bdtlrnturn y bn pdkturn lkmaktrnrak su prdjlr dktärprltl lk ]djýkdcls cl Mlas (sdgba VD n. M.), slgðk lb tlstdjakda cl uk npnrtnca cl Cl gbardn Ntelkdlksduj (DDD, =36f) sairl bn lknrgldn ”tärjdka rltýrdma qul sl rlfdlrl prlmdsnjlktl nb paclr cl rlprlslktnmdýk vdsunb cl bns pnbnirns”, cakcl Xbutnrma rlmagl bn majpnrnmdýk mak bn qul lb paltn bêrdma fukcý bn trncdmdýk tlýrdmn cl jnyar lsplsar sairl bns marrlspakclkmdns dktlrnrtêstdmns0 bn palsên ls pdkturn pnrbnktl y bn pdkturn ls palsên jucn. ]l en nfdrjnca qul lb usa qul ]djýkdcls enmên clb mabar lk sus prapdas vlrsas npuktn enmdn bn makmlpmdýk prlcajdknktljlktl prlcajdknktljlktl vdsunb qul tlkên cl bn palsên. ]dk ljinrga, lk uka cl bas lsmnsas bdiras puibdmncas lk mnstlbbnka sairl lb ardglk cl bns nknbagêns dktlrnrtêstdmns, Klus Gnbê (Xalsên sdblkmdasn, pdkturn qul  enibn) cljulstrn qul bn majpnrnmdýk cl ]djýkdcls euidlsl sdca djplksnibl lk ukn mubturn arnb cakcl bn lsmrdturn ka atargnrn n bn pnbnirn ukn vdsdidbdcnc sljl`nktl n bn cl bn pdkturn y, lk makslmulkmdn, makslmulkmdn, fd`nrn lb paljn n mdlrtn cdstnkmdn clb nutar pnrn fnvarlmlr rlfblxdakls maja bn cl ]djýkdcls sairl bn palsên lk rlbnmdýk mak bn pdkturn, ls clmdr, cakcl fulrnk pasdibls farjubnmdakls prapdns cl ba qul jîs tnrcl sl maksdclrnrn tlarên bdtlrnrdn. Xnrn slr lxnmtas, fulrak Xbntýk (Ylpðibdmn, mnp. U) y Nrdstýtlbls (Xaätdmn) qudlkls lflmtunrak uk prdjlr clsnrrabba tlýrdma cl bn majpnrnmdýk pnrn blgdtdjnr lb mnrîmtlr slmubnr y lsplmêfdmnjlktl nrtêstdma cl bns airns bdtlrnrdns, slpnrnkca cl lstl jaca bn palsên y bn pdkturn clb rlsta cl bns tloeknd , ba qul majpartnin nsdjdsja slpnrnr lb flkýjlka lstätdma cl atras. Cdmea clsnrrabba nbmnkzý su jîxdjn lxprlsdýk curnktl lb Ylknmdjdlkta in`a lb nuspdmda clb cdmtuj ljnknca clb vlrsa =6> cl bn Lpdstabn nc Xdsa kls cl Earnmda, qul majpnrn bn pdkturn pd kturn mak bn palsên _ut pdmturn palsdsZ. Bas jðbtdpbls slktdcas qul sl nsamdnrak mak lstn lxprlsdýk bl makfdrdlrak ukn edstardn dkclplkcdlktl cl bn fulktl tlxtunb lk bn qul npnrlml, ukn edstardn qul en sdca mnbdfdmncn cl ‒niusa dktlrprltntdva‚ (N. Gnrmên Ilrrda y S. S. Elrkîkclz Flrkîkclz >7, 98). Nbgukas fdbýbagas, trns aislrvnr qul bn Lpdstabn nc Xdsakls, bn fnjasn Nrs paltdmn, mnrlml cl bas jnrmncarls cdsmursdvas prapdas clb gäklra lpdstabnr y prlslktn sdjdbdtucls lstdbêstdmns mak bns Acns clb jdsja Earnmda, enk slþnbnca qul bn airn trnksgrlcl lk lb pbnka prîmtdma cl bn lsmrdturn bn purlzn glkärdmn lk bn qul dksdstl ukn y atrn vlz lk lb pbnka tlýrdma, fdlb n bas prlmlptas nrdstatäbdmas. Lstn cucn sairl bn dclktdcnc glkärdmn clb tlxta dkvamnca pnrn bns majpnrnmdakls lktrl bns cas nrtls rlvlbn cl farjn lbamulktl bn dktrdkmncn rlbnmdýk qul sdljprl ukdý bn tlarên clb ut pdmturn palsds mak bn tlarên cl bas gäklras bdtlrnrdas

>>4

 

y nrtêstdmas, rnzýk par bn munb Jdmenlb Frdlc (‒Sawnrc n ]uprljl Fdmtdak‚) tlrjdkn bbnjîkcabns ‒tlarêns elrjnkns‚, lk mbnrn nbusdýk n bn lxprlsdýk sn`akn ‒sdstlr nrts‚, qul clsdgkn bn palsên y bn pdkturn lk lb maktlxta cl sus dktlrmnjidas. Ls klmlsnrda cl`nr mbnra, sdk lxtlkclrkas nb rlsplmta, qul lb nsmlkclktl l`lrmdca par lb cdmtuj earnmdnka y bn nknbagên nrdstatäbdmn lktrl bn trnglcdn y bn pdkturn (Xaätdmn >334i, >3=398

 

Clkds Cdclrat nirên uk kulva lspnmda cl yuxtnpasdmdakls lktrl bn pdkturn y bn bdtlrnturn, a bns majpasdmdakls cl @njls Seajsak nbmnkznink bn dktlksdcnc vdsunb lxdgdcn par bn paätdmn dmakabýgdmn n bn qul sl ncsmrdiênk (rlfbl`nkca nsê ”slgðk lxpbdmn Elrilrt Ylnc (939)” bns makvlkmdakls pbîstdmns cl bas pndsn`ls cl Ydmenrc Wdbsak), Blssdkg clmdcên paklr fdk n bns majpnrnmdakls ardgdkncns par lb prlmlpta earnmdnka, y bn fnsmdknmdýk qul eniên lkglkcrnca lk lsmrdtarls y pdktarls par bn palsên clsmrdptdvn y bn nblgarên rlsplmtdvnjlktl. Mak lb Bnamaaktl , Blssdkg lstniblml ukn cdstdkmdýk lktrl lb tlrrdtarda cl ba vdsdibl, cakcl lb pdktar nrtdmubn bas mulrpas lk ukn sumlsdýk lspnmdnb, y lb tlrrdtarda jîs vnsta, vdsdibl l dkvdsdibl n bn vlz, cakcl lb paltn cdspakl bns nmmdakls lk ukn sumlsdýk tljparnb. Cl lstn farjn, slpnrn bas jlcdas lxprlsdvas cl mncn nrtl, ls clmdr clmdr,, bas cdvlrsas sdgkas y bns tämkdmns qul bls marrlspakclk, nsê maja bns lsflrns cakcl clilk ljpblnrsl0 bas mulrpas cl bn pdkturn malxdstlk lk lb lspnmda, bns nmmdakls cl bas paltns trnksmurrlk lk lb tdljpa. Nb clspbnznr lb praibljn pbnktlnca pb nktlnca par bns majpnrnmdakls dktlrnrtêstdmns clb pbnka tljîtdma nb pbnka farjnb cl bns airns cl nrtl, Blssdkg sl makvdlrtl, slgðk Lrkst Gajirdme (=6), lk lb fukcncar cl bn lstätdmn jaclrkn. Lstn nfdrjnmdýk rljdtl n kulstra majlktnrda dkdmdnb sairl lb elmea cl qul makamlr bns vdmdsdtucls cl bn trncdmdýk clb ut pdmturn palsds plrjdtl ukn jl`ar majprlksdýk clb muncra glklrnb cl bas flkýjlkas bdtlrnrdas y nrtêstdmas cl bn äpamn jaclrkn. Lk tnb slktdca, rlsubtn djprlsmdkcdibl makstntnr qul bn dkfbulkmdn clb Bnamaaktl n ba bnrga clb sdgba UDU y pnrtl clb UU lk bn tlarên y bn mrêtdmn bdtlrnrdns, nsê maja bn tlarên y bn mrêtdmn clb nrtl, en sdca majpnrnibl n bn cl bn trncdmdýk clb ut pdmturn palsds maktrn bn qul sl prakukmdý, tnkta lk djpartnkmdn maja lk plrjnklkmdn. Curnktl lb sdgba pnsnca, uk slmtar cl bn mrêtdmn bdtlrnrdn maktdkuý rlpdtdlkca mak nqudlsmlkmdn sus pastubncas, plsl n qul lb rajnktdmdsja eniên ljilstdca mak curlzn maktrn lbbas. \ka cl bas camujlktas jîs lbamulktls nb rlsplmta ls lb tlxta ‒Bns pdkturns‚ cl Nugust y Mnrabdkl ]meblglb (>744), qul rlðkl bas majlktnrdas cl uk grupa cl plrsakn`ls n pnrtdr cl bns djprlsdakls qul lxplrdjlktnk nb aislrvnr bn mablmmdýk cl muncras clb jusla cl Crlscl. Lb pragrnjn cdvdsar cl Blssdkg lkmulktrn nquê su nktngakdstn0 sl pastubn ukn cdsabumdýk cl bas bêjdtls lktrl bns nrtls, cdsabumdýk qul nrrnstrn maksdga bas bêjdtls lktrl bas gäklras cdstdktdvas cl farjns bdtlrnrdns a pdmtýrdmns, lktrl bn palsên, bn prasn y bn mrêtdmn cl nrtl, y lktrl lb paltn, lb nrtdstn y lb mrêtdma. Xnrn uk nkîbdsds jîs lxtlksa cl lstns trnksfarjnmdakls jl plrjdta rljdtdr nb blmtar n jd trnin`a ‒Dktlrprltnmdakls tlýrdmns y paätdmns sairl bns rlbnmdakls lktrl bdtlrnturn y pdkturn. Irlvl lsiaza edstýrdma clb Ylknmdjdlkta n bn Jaclrkdcnc‚. Mak lb rajnktdmdsja, bn býgdmn tlrrdtardnb cl bn Dbustrnmdýk ljpdlzn n qulirnrsl, lb bdrdsja sl bdilrn clb paljn vlrsdfdmnca y plkltrn bn prasn, lb mabar sl bdilrn cl bn bêkln y plkltrn bn pdkturn cl pndsn`ls, n bn pnr qul bns djîglkls vdsunbls plkltrnk bn bdtlrnturn, bn vdcn plkltrn lk bns nrtls y ästns, maja blênjas lk bas vlrsas cl Frdlc, sl prlstnk kulvas paclrls lktrl sê pnrn ntrnvlsnr mak rlkavncn mrlntdvdcnc bns niabdcns fraktlrns. ]ýba tlkljas qul plksnr lk bn prasn paätdmn cl Mentlnuirdnkc, bas muncras cl Mnspnr Mnspn r

>9>

 

Frdlcrdme y @. J. W. Surklr, a lb njidmdasa praylmta aplrêstdma cl Ydmenrc Wngklr, pnrn rlmakamlr mýja ba nktlrdar sl bblvnin n mnia lk bn prîmtdmn.  N jlcdncas clb sdgba UDU, bas prdkmdpdas sairl bas qul sl lrdgên bn cdstdkmdýk clb Bna Bnamaaktl ”bn cdjlksdýk tljparnb cl bn palsên y bn cdjlksdýk lspnmdnb cl bn pdkturn” fulrak cdbuyäkcasl par lflmta cl bns makvlrsdakls sljîktdmns cl bns mntlgarêns cl tdljpa y lspnmda clrdvncns cl bns prîmtdmns samdnbls jaclrkns, tnb maja ba lxpbdmn Cnvdc Enrvly (Sel Makcdtdak af Xastjaclrkdty, >454) rlkavnkca bas mbîsdmas nrgujlktas lk lstl slktdca cl Xdlrrl Frnkmnstlb (Xldkturl lt samdltä, >4) y Elkrd Blfåivrl (Bn pracumtdak cl b—lspnml, >473). Nsdjdsja, sl rlmakamlk cdvlrsas fnmtarls qul lstdjubnink bn ntrnmmdýk lktrl lsmrdtarls y nrtdstns, lktrl lsmrdturn y pdkturn0 bas nvnkmls cl bn mdlkmdn y bn tlmkabagên pnrn majprlkclr y lxpbatnr bas jlmnkdsjas cl vdsunbdcnc eujnkn? bn makfarjnmdýk cl uk jlrmnca bdtlrnrda y nrtêstdma cl idlkls sdjiýbdmas qul atargnin nbgðk grnca cl bdilrtnc frlktl n bas mdrmudtas cl maksuja cl bn iurgulsên? a lb clmbdknr cl bas snbakls cl pdkturn afdmdnbls, qul fnvarlmên bn nplrturn cl mdrmudtas prdvncas cl lxpasdmdýk y makvlrtên n bas lsmrdtarls jîs clstnmncas cl bn äpamn lk mrêtdmas cl nrtl. ]d enstn nqulb jajlkta eniênk sdca bas pdktarls qudlkls nmucênk n bn bdtlrnturn pnrn lxtrnlr tljns y mrdtlrdas majpasdtdvas, fulrak bas paltns qudlkls nmucdlrak n pnrtdr cl lktakmls n bas muncras pnrn lbniarnr sus vlrsas y mrêtdmns. Lk pnbnirns cl @akntenk Mrnry (3), tuva bugnr uk pramlsa cl lxnjlk y clstlrrdtardnbdznmdýk clb slktdca mbîsdma cl bn vdsdýk, muya lstncda fdknb ful bn ljnkmdpnmdýk y cljamrntdznmdýk cl bn jdrncn. A, pnrn clmdrba lk bns cl Jnrtdk @ny (9), sl pracu`a ukn ‒clsknrrntdvdznmdýk cl ba amubnr‚, ls clmdr, uk clidbdtnjdlkta clb majprajdsa cl ba fdgurnb mak ba tlxtunb. Bn nutakajên nbmnkzncn par bas nrtdstns dktlrvdka lk bn rlclfdkdmdýk clb pnplb cl bas paltns lk lb kulva jnpn mubturnb cl bn jaclrkdcnc0 bas prdjlras, n jlcdcn qul sl dkclplkcdznink clb paclr dkstdtudca, klmlsdtnink mncn vlz jîs cl bn mrêtdmn cl nrtl cl bas slgukcas, y bn prîmtdmn cl lstn mrêtdmn plrjdtên n sus nutarls bn pasdidbdcnc cl rlmuplrnr lb nsmlkcdlktl pðibdma qul eniênk plrcdca clidca n bn papubnrdcnc mrlmdlktl clb tlntra y bn kavlbn lk plr`udmda cl bn palsên. Bn majpbl`n trnjn cl nspdrnmdakls y frustrnmdakls djpbêmdtns n bn rlc cl nbdnkzns tl`dcns lk lb slka cl lstn ‒samdlcnc cl nrtdstns‚ kas plrjdtl majprlkclr npnrlktls pnrnca`ns maja bn qul rlprlslktn lb mnsa cl Menrbls Inuclbndrl (>=>, >39), qudlk dkdksdstên lk makclknr tlýrdmnjlktl bas dktlrmnjidas lktrl bn bdtlrnturn, bn pdkturn y lb rlsta cl bns nrtls nsamdîkcabas mak bn clmnclkmdn cl su tdljpa, plra qul sl lktrlgnin lk bn prîmtdmn sdk rlpnras n pravamnrbas, tnb maja ba rlvlbnk sus paljns sairl nrtdstns y muncras, nsê maja lb lxtrnarcdknrda mak`ukta cl sus lsmrdtas lstätdmas. Xnrn bn edstardn cl bn bdtlrnturn y lk lb jnrma cl bas lflmtas cl bn trncdmdýk majpnrntdvn mak bn pdkturn, mairn jîxdjn djpartnkmdn lb gäklra clb paljn lk prasn, qul Inuclbndrl mnkakdzý lk >569 mak su ]pbllk cl Xnrds. ]l trntn cl ukn farjn bdtlrnrdn qul mrdstnbdzý n trnväs cl dktlrslmmdakls mak bns nrtls vdsunbls y par jlcda clb blkgun`l tnk nbtnjlktl plrjlnibl n bn vdsunbdcnc qul cajdknin bn slgukcn jdtnc clb sdgba UDU, pnrn lxprlsnrba lk pnbnirns

>99

 

cl @ny. Ls nsajirasa ncvlrtdr qul nplkns lxdstlk trnin`as sairl lb paljn lk prasn ”lk su jnyarên, rlstrdkgdcas n bn gäklsds y lvabumdýk clb gäklra” y sak mnsd dklxdstlktls lk mnstlbbnka. Bn jnyarên rlpnrn lk bns fdbdnmdakls clb gäklra mak bns nrtls vdsunbls, nukqul tdlkcl n maksdclrnrbns lxtrnpabncns clb maktlxta edstýrdma cl bn trncdmdýk clb ut  pdmturn palsds0 Bl Xaåjl lk prasl. Cl Inuclbndrl `usqu—è kas `aurs cl ]uznkkl Ilrknrc (>4453)? Xdmtardnbdstdm Xaltdms cl Cnvdc ]matt (>453)? ‒Inuclbndrl, Xeäknodstdsmapdl. Bn pldkturl lt bl jat‚ cl @nmquls Grdvlb (>456)? Bdrl bl paåjl lk  prasl cl Jdmelb ]nkcrns (>44446)? y Bn paäsdl lk prasl frnkçndsl cu UVDDl sdåmbl è kas  `aurs cl Merdstdnk Blray (988>). Snb maja yn eljas npuktnca, lk apasdmdýk n bn makvdmmdýk mak bn qul lb rajnktdmdsja eniên prlfdgurnca lb frakcasa jnpn cl bns rlbnmdakls dktlrnrtêstdmns qul nmninjas cl clsmrdidr mak lxtrljn irlvlcnc ”y qul, cl maktdkunr, ninrmnrên bns vnkgunrcdns clb sdgba pnsnca”, lb Bnamaaktl maktnrên tacnvên mak rlnslguras. Kas rlflrdjas nb bdira Sel Klw Bnamaak cl Drvdkg Iniidtt (>4>8) ( >4>8) y nb lksnya ‒S ‒Sawnrcs awnrcs n Klw Bnamaak‚ Bn amaak‚ cl Mbljlkt Grllkilrg (>438). Lb prdjlra qudsa nslstnr uk gabpl maktrn lb clsiarcl cl ljamdakls prapdmdnca par lb rajnktdmdsja, bn ‒edplrtrafdn cl bn slksnmdýk n mastn cl bn ntrafdn cl bns dclns‚ qul, slgðk lstl nutar, ardgdknin bn makfusdýk lktrl bns nrtls y bas gäklras bdtlrnrdas. Bn tlarên maktrnrdn n bns nknbagêns dktlrnrtêstdmns dktlrnrtêstdmns cl Iniidtt lstnin nb slrvdmda cl rldvdkcdmnr bas dclnbls cl ukn ‒mubturn lblvncn‚ lk maktrnpasdmdýk mak bas lxplrdjlktas vnkgunrcdstns, jdlktrns qul bn cl Grllkilrg makvnbdcnin bn ljnkmdpnmdýk cl bn pdkturn clb prdjlr munrta clb sdgba UU cl su yuga klambîsdma, lb jaclba lsmubtýrdma (prlcajdknktl lk Ammdclktl clscl qul lb nrtl idznktdka njidmdaký bas pbdlguls y bns prafukcdcncls lstntunrdns), l dkspdrnin ba qul äb jdsja clfdkên maja ukn ‒npabagên edstýrdmn clb nrtl nistrnmta‚. Xamas nþas clspuäs, Elbjut Entzflbc rlnfdrjnin cl kulva bns blyls clb Bnamaaktl nb sastlklr qul slguênk sdlkca sufdmdlktljlktl vîbdcns y rlstrdmtdvns mak rlsplmta n bns djdtnmdakl djdtnmdaklss y bns trnkspasdmdakls bdtlrnrdns dkspdrncns lk bns nrtls vdsunbls. Ls prlmdsa rlmarcnr qul bn airn cl Entzflbc, Bdtlrnturl terauge Nrt. N Klw Nppranme ta Frlkme Bdtlrnturl (>4446=). Bas nvnkmls cl bas lstucdas majpnrntdstns (bn Nsamdnmdýk Dktlrknmdaknb cl Bdtlrnturns Majpnrncns sl fukcý lk >49=

 

]dk ljinrga, lb lstucda bdtlrnrda cl bns rlbnmdakls dktlrnrtêstdmns ljpdlzn mak nktlrdardcnc nb nvnkml clb majpnrntdsja. Bn prlguktn sairl lk quä jajlkta bn trncdmdýk clb ut pdmturn palsds sl makvdrtdý lk ai`lta cl dkvlstdgnmdýk bdtlrnrdn lk îjidtas nmncäjdmas kas rljdtl n majdlkzas clb sdgba pnsnca. Lb makmdlkzuca nrtêmuba cl Wdbbdnj Eawnrc ‒\t pdmturn palsds‚, puibdmnca lk >484, majdlkzn snidnjlktl par lb prdkmdpda0 sl prapaBnamaaktl kl rlmakstrudr bn ‒lxtlksn y kaibl glklnbagên‚ Blssdkg (clsclpbnktln Nbilrtd enstn Cu Frlskay, Frlskay , pnsnkca par Cabml, @ukdus yclbIlbbard, lktrl cl atras). Nsdjdsja, uka cl bas dktlrragnktls jîs dktlrlsnktls lk rlbnmdýk mak bn edstardn cl bns ‒nrtls elrjnkns‚, plsl n ba munb ka en sdca rltajnca sufdmdlktls vlmls clscl lktakmls0 ±lk quä tdpa cl palsên plksnink bas nrtdstns-mrêtdmas qul bn dkmbuylrak lk ukn majpnrnmdýk mak bn pdkturn curnktl sdgbas1 Bn klmlsdcnc cl clfdkdr bas tärjdkas djpbêmdtas lk bn nknbagên, nsê maja bn cdkîjdmn y bas ai`ltas cl sus dktlrmnjidas, y bas pramlcdjdlktas pnrn nknbdznrbas mak ukn plrsplmtdvn bdtlrnrdn, pracu`a nbgukns rlfblxdakls lxmlpmdaknbls lk bn cämncn clb 380 ‒Sel Xnrnbblbdsj iltwllk Bdtlrnturl nkc tel Nrts‚ cl Ylkä Wlbblo (>439), ‒]pntdnb Farj dk Jaclrk Bdtlrnturl‚ cl @aslpe Frnko (>43437), ‒Jlteac dk tel ]tucy af Bdtlrnturl nkc dts Ylbntdak ta Atelr Fdkl Nrts‚ cl G. Gdavnkkdkd (>434), y Sel Nrts nkc  dts Dktlrrlbntdaks Dktlrrlbntdaks cl Seajns Jukra (>434). Bn dkfbulkmdn clb mak`ukta cl lstas nutarls, n lxmlpmdýk cl Frnko (par jatdvas qul lxpakcrljas jîs nclbnktl), ka trnsmlkcdý jîs nbbî cl bn cämncn cl >468 clidca n bn drrupmdýk y clspbdlgul cl bas lstucdas lstrumtulstrumturnbdstns y sljdabýgdmas. Bn ntlkmdýk qul nmnpnrnrak lk glklrnb bns airns puibdmncns lktrl bas nþas 68 y 78 par Jdmelb Faumnubt y Yabnkc Inrtels sairl lb praibljn cl bns fdbdnmdakls clslncns y farzncns lktrl bns pnbnirns y bns djîglkls makclký tnjidäk nb abvdca bn pabäjdmn lktrl Jkljasdkl0 pnrnbblba trn bn blttlrnturn l bl nrtd vdsdvl cl Jnrda Xrnz (>47>) y ‒Sel Xnrnbblb af tel Nrts0 ]ajl Jdsgdvdkgs nkc n Fndkt Nffdrjntdak‚ cl @njls Jlrrdjnk (>479->47=). Cliljas nb caibl nrtêmuba cl Jlrrdjnk lb npartl cl pnutns pnrn sdstljntdznr bn clbdjdtnmdýk clb ai`lta cl lstucda, nsê maja lb pbnktlnjdlkta cl edpýtlsds y lb clsnrrabba cl dkvlstdgnmdakls qul suplrnrnk bn dcln, prlcajdknktl lk Xrnz y atras nutarls prlmlclktls, cl qul bns nknbagêns lktrl bns nrtls rlspakclk lxmbusdvnjlktl n bns dkfbulkmdns jutuns lk lb maktlxta cl uk plrêaca edstýrdma lsplmêfdma. Jlrrdjnk nknbdzn cl dgunb jaca bns prainidbdcncls cl qul lb blkgun`l cdspakdibl pnrn ukn mrêtdmn sairl bns rlbnmdakls lktrl bns nrtls pulcn lsmnpnr n bn jltîfarn. Lstns cas ðbtdjns npraxdjnmdakls, qul aibdgnk n mulstdaknr tnkta bn vnbdclz cl bn npbdmnmdýk cl uk jdsja lsquljn cl plrdacdznmdýk n bn edstardn cl cas nrtls cdflrlktls (prljdsn prapdn cl bas lkfaquls insncas lk bn dcln cl Pldtgldst ) maja lb mnrîmtlr jltnfýrdma clb vamniubnrda mak lb qul clsmrdidr y majprlkclr bas flkýjlkas qul makfarjnk bn trncdmdýk clb ut pdmturn palsds, enk sdca clsnrrabbncas clsnrrabbnca s cl jnklrn lkmajdnibl lk ‒Xlrdacs dk tel Nrts0 ]oltmels nkc ]plmubntdaks‚ cl Bnwrlkml Bdpodkg (>478), ‒Xlrdacdzntdak nkc Dktlrnrt  Nknbagdls‚ cl Nbnstndr Fawblr (>479) y,y, jîs tnrcl, lk ‒]edftdkg Jltnpears0 Jltnpears0 dktlrnrts dktlrnrts majpnrdsaks nkc nknbagy‚ cl Blaknrc Cdlplvllk (>454). Nktls cl pnsnr n maksdclrnr bas

>93

 

lstucdas qul cnk bas prdjlras pnsas lk cdrlmmdýk maktrnrdn nb jätaca yuxtnpasdmdaknb a plrdacdmdstn, rlsubtn klmlsnrda clstnmnr qul Jlrrdjnk ful lb prdjlra lk lkukmdnr uk dktlrragnktl tnk sdjpbl maja djprlsmdkcdibl nb ljprlkclr munbqudlr lstucda sairl bns rlbnmdakls lktrl bdtlrnturn y nrtl0 ±lk quä tdpa a tdpas cl rlbnmdýk lstnjas plksnkca1 p lksnkca1 Ka slrî enstn jlcdncas cl bn cämncn clb 58, mak bn airn cl W. @. S. S. Jdtmelbb, qul sl sl mrdtdmnrî dkmnpnmdcnc cl bn sljdýtdmn pnrn cl`nr cl cl bnmrllr qul bn djnglk makstdtuyl uk ‒sdgkabnknturnb‚ y sl lkfntdznrîk bns bdjdtnmdakls majpnrnmdýk edstardmdstn pnrn nknbdznr bns rlbnmdakls lktrl bns pnbnirns y bns djîglkls. Clscl bn plrsplmtdvn cl lstl nmncäjdma cl bn \kdvlrsdcnc cl Medmnga, qul clcdmý su tlsds camtarnb n Wdbbdnj Ibnol, lb jlkmdaknca dktlrragnktl clil slr rlfarjubnca, pulsta qul ba djpartnktl, jîs qul munbqudlr rlbnmdýk dktlrnrtêstdmn lk sê jdsjn, maksdstl lk clsmuirdr n quä dktlrlsls, paclrls l dclabagêns ailclml. Bn edpýtlsds qul prlcajdkn lk sus lksnyas Dmakabagy (>456) y Xdmturl Selary  (>443)   (>443) ls bn cl ukn bumen cl tdktls dmakambnstns lktrl bas sdgkas bdkgòêstdmas y bas sdgkas pdmtýrdmas qul rlpracuml bas nktngakdsjas cl mbnsl, rnzn y gäklra ”ls clmdr, bns lstrntlgdns cl cajdknmdýk clb atra” djpbêmdtas lk bn rlsplmtdvn mubturn. Jdtmelbb sl prapakl rlclsmrdidr bn majpbl`n rlbnmdýk lktrl tlxta l djnglk maja uk ‒cajdkda lsplmêfdma cl dkvlstdgnmdýk, muyas prdkmdpdas fukcnjlktnbls y praibljns lstîk nrtdmubîkcasl lk bn nmtunbdcnc‚ (‒]eawdkg ]lldkg0 n mrdtdqul af vdsunb mubturl‚ >74)0 bas lstucdas vdsunbls. Bas lstucdas vdsunbls sl ardgdknrênk lk tarka n ba qul Jdtmelbb bbnjn ‒gdra pdmtýrdma‚, lk maktrnpnrtdcn maktrnpnrt dcn n bn kamdýk cl ‒gdra bdkgòêstdma‚ mak bn qul Ydmenrc Yarty (Sel Bdkgudstdm Surk0 Ylmlkt Lssnys dk Xedbasapedmnb Jlteac , >467) clfdkdý bn jaclrkdcnc fdbasýfdmn, mnrnmtlrdzncn par bn elgljakên cl bas praibljns rlbnmdakncas mak lb cdsmursa vlrinb. Lb ‒gdra pdmtýrdma‚ ka sl marrlspakclrên lxmbusdvnjlktl mak ukn äpamn sdka qul slrên uk tapas qul sl rlpdtl n ba bnrga cl bn edstardn, lk madkmdclkmdn mak bas jajlktas cl ‒pîkdma a lufardn‚ lufardn ‚ qul ba vdsunb pravamn lk ukn mubturn. Cas cl bas prlsupulstas prdkmdpnbls cl bas lstucdas vdsunbls sak qul bn jdrncn ls ukn makstrummdýk samdnb y qul bn djnglk ka ls uk sdgka knturnb qul clil slr plrmdidca, sdka uk sdgka mubturnb qul clil slr rlmakamdca (Irysak 69<

 

nþas, cakcl lxpbdmn qul lk bn dkvlstdgnmdýk sairl bn mubturn vdsunb makfbuylk bn edstardn clb nrtl, bn lstätdmn, bn tlarên sairl bas jlcdas nucdavdsunbls y lb mdkl, bn fdbasafên, bn sljdabagên, lb psdmankîbdsds, lb njpbda lsplmtra cl bas lstucdas sairl bas nsplmtas argîkdmas y jlktnbls cl bn vdsdýk, bn samdabagên clb lsplmtîmuba, bn nktrapabagên vdsunb, ltmätlrn (‒]eawdkg ]lldkg0 n mrdtdqul af vdsunb mubturn‚ >67). Bn pabäjdmn qul lxdstl lktrl bas lstucdas y bn lk tlarên y bn edstardn n rtl ls majpnrnibl nrtl maknþas bn qul bas lstucdas mubturnblsvdsunbls dkstnbnrak rlbnmdýk mak basclblstucdas bdtlrnrdas ukas ntrîs. Bas lstucdas mubturnbls y vdsunbls nsujlk ns ujlk ukn cljamrntdznmdýk cl bas tlxtas y bns djîglkls, jdlktrns qul bns cdsmdpbdkns trncdmdaknbls ”bas lstucdas cl bdtlrnturn, bn tlarên l edstardn clb nrtl” prltlkclk rlsgunrcnr bn rlsplmtdvn lslkmdnbdcnc bdtlrnrdn a nrtêstdmn cl bas tlxtas y bns djîglkls maja munbdcncls dktrêkslmns cl sus ai`ltas cl lstucda. ]uprdjdr bn bdtlrnturn clb eardzaktl trnkscdsmdpbdknr cl bas ba s lstucdas vdsunbls ”clb jaca lk qul Jdtmelbb ba enml” slrên ukn jlcdcn pnrn lvdtnr bn rljdsdýk cl bas jdsjas n bas lstucdas mubturnbls cl bas qul sl clsprlkcdlrak y, lk makslmulkmdn, cl bas qul tlkcrênk qul jnktlklrsl nbl`ncas pnrn cdflrlkmdnrsl. Lb ðbtdja mnpêtuba cl bn prdjlrn pnrtl cl uk bdira juy rlmdlktl cl Klbby Ydmenrc (9887) lsmbnrlml bn blgdtdjdcnc cl bas rlmbnjas qul lb ‒nrtl mrêtdma‚ (pracumtar cl djîglkls qul sl kdlgnk n slr nisaridcns par bn matdcdnkldcnc cl bn gbainbdznmdýk mnpdtnbdstn) cdrdgl n bas lstucdas vdsunbls y nblrtn sairl bas rdlsgas cl qul bn ‒snbucnibl‚ rlbntdvdznmdýk cl bn trnsmlkclkmdn ukdvlrsnb cl ba lstätdma tlrjdkl makfdknkca bns lxprlsdakls nrtêstdmns n bas blkgun`ls ukdfarjls y cýmdbls clb cdslþa, bn puibdmdcnc y bas jlcdas cl majukdmnmdýk cl jnsns. Bn dkvlstdgnmdýk sairl bns rlbnmdakls lktrl bn bdtlrnturn y lb nrtl pacrên lkmaktrnr, frlktl n bas lstucdas mubturnbls y vdsunbls, ukn nbtlrkntdvn sljl`nktl lk lb majpnrntdsja n bn qul nrgujlktn Ydmenrc, ls clmdr,, qul ntdlkcn n bn lsplmdfdmdcnc bdtlrnrdn (bn ‒bdtlrnrdlcnc‚) cl sus ai`ltas cl lstucda. clmdr Lk uk trnin`a qul tlrjdkn rlfblxdaknkca, prlmdsnjlktl, sairl bas nbmnkmls y bas bêjdtls cl bn npbdmnmdýk cl bas lstucdas cl bdtlrnturn majpnrncn n bn trncdmdýk clb ut pdmturn pal sds, Jnrên Slrlsn Grnjugbda (‒Srls praibljns pnrn lb majpnrntdsja‚ 96

 

prdkmdpda, lpdstabnrls” lktrl lb paltn y lb nrtdstn, sdka tnjidäk bn rlbnmdýk (‒makstdtutdvn‚, slgðk Grnjugbda) cl bn bdtlrnturn nrglktdkn mak bn bdtlrnturn lurapln l dkslrtnrbn lk lb maktlxta cl bn trncdmdýk majpnrntdvn mak bn pdkturn, jîs nbbî clb îjidta bntdkanjlrdmnka. Nktls cl maktdkunr, mnil slþnbnr qul uka cl bas npartls cl jnyar trnsmlkclkmdn sairl bn trncdmdýk clb ut pdmturn palsds clscl lb majpnrntdsja en sdca lb cl Bla ]pdtzlr (‒Sel ak nnGrlmdnk \rk— ar maktlkt vrs. Jltngrnjjnr‚). rlblvnkmdn clkulslstl nrtêmuba―Acl sl clil qul praparmdakn bn clfdkdmdýk cl ämfrnsds jîs Bn lxtlkcdcn enstn tras cêns0 ‒bn clsmrdpmdýk cl uk ai`lta cl nrtl par jlcda cl pnbnirns‚, y lk fukmdýk cl bn munb bn kamdýk cl ämfrnsds en cl`nca cl slr uk nsukta lxmbusdva cl bn rltýrdmn pnrn dkmarparnrsl nb vnsta mnjpa cl bn tlarên bdtlrnrdn (Gnirdlbakd ‒Ämfrnsds‚). Ba qul eljas cdmea cljulstrn qul, n cdflrlkmdn cl ba qul amurrl mak atras tljns prapdas cl bn tlarên bdtlrnrdn (maja lb cl rlprlslktnmdýk a lb cl bas gäklras, qul Nrdstýtlbls niarcn juy tljprnknjlktl lk bn Xaätdmn), lxdstl uk nidsja tljparnb lktrl bns prîmtdmns cl bas paltns qul dkdmdnrak bn trncdmdýk clb ut pdmturn palsds y bns rlfblxdakls qul fulrak atargnkca n bns jdsjns nbgðk grnca cl ukdcnc n trnväs cl su dktlrprltnmdýk tlýrdmn. Cdmea lk atrns pnbnirns, bn trncdmdýk cl lstucdas sairl bn cdbntncn edstardn cl bas flkýjlkas susmdtncas par bns nknbagêns lktrl bn bdtlrnturn y bn pdkturn ls juy irlvl lk rlbnmdýk mak lstn jdsjn edstardn. Bn pragrlsdvn ukdfdmnmdýk tlýrdmn qul nmninjas cl jlkmdaknr, lk bn jlcdcn qul en nvnkznca sntdsfnmdlkca lxdglkmdns lpdstljabýgdmns, grnvdtn lk bn nmtunbdcnc sairl prîmtdmns y ai`ltas cl lstucda idlk clfdkdcas. Snbls prîmtdmns y ai`ltas makfdgurnk jacnbdcncls juy vnrdncns cl bdtlrnturn pdmtýrdmn ”qul vnk clscl lb paljn clsmrdptdva a bn dktlrprltnmdýk paätdmn cl muncras, lstdbas y tämkdmns nrtêstdmns enstn bn majpasdmdýk cl tlxtas vdsunbls”, jacnbdcncls lktrl bns munbls bn ämfrnsds amupn uk bugnr tnk prdvdblgdnca prdvdblgdnc a maja rlstrdkgdca n plqulþas mêrmubas cl lsplmdnbdstns. Jdtmelbb (Xdmturl Selary >-9), Elfflrknk (Jusluj af Warcs =) y Grnkt ]matt (=8>) praparmdaknk bn clfdkdmdýk jîs rlmdlktl y jlkas rlstrdmtdvn rlstrd mtdvn cl bn kamdýk cl ämfrnsds0 bn rlprlslktnmdýk vlrinb cl ukn rlprlslktnmdýk vdsunb. ]pdtzlr edza mäblirl bn ‒Acl ak n Grlmdnk \rk‚ cl @aek Olnts maja l`ljpba pnrncdgjîtdma cl ämfrnsds vlrsdfdmncn. Lktrl bns ämfrnsds lk prasn, enbbnjas munbdcncls paätdmns y vdsunbls cdfêmdbjlktl suplrnibls lk bas frngjlktas f rngjlktas cl @aek Yusodk sairl s airl bn pdkturn cl pndsn`l cl W. @. J. Surklr Surklr,, pnrn mdtnr n uk nutar lktrl bn pbätarn cl bas pasdibls. Lk rlbnmdýk mak atras ai`ltas a prîmtdmns nsamdncns mak bn trncdmdýk clb ut pdmturn palsds y susmlptdibls cl lstucda, rlvdstl ukn knturnb djpartnkmdn bn airn cl lsmrdtarls-nrtdstns a nrtdstns-lsmrdtarls, muyn kýjdkn ninrmnrên clscl Jdgulb Îkglb y Wdbbdnj Ibnol enstn Lbsn vak Frlytng-Bardkgeavlk y Jdkn Bay, pnsnkca par Vdmtar Euga, Cnktl Gnirdlb Gn irdlb Yasslttd a Lcgnr Clgns, lktrl jumeêsdjas atras. Snjidäk Snjidäk bn rlvdstlk bns dkkujlrnibls mabniarnmdakls l dktlrmnjidas lktrl lsmrdtarls y nrtdstns lk bn farjnmdýk cl grupas qul lkmnrknk uk javdjdlkta, maja bas prajdklktls mnsas clb surrlnbdsja lk Frnkmdn y lb grupa cl Ibaajsiury lk Dkgbntlrrn. Cl tnbls nbdnkzns rlsubtý bn puibdmnmdýk cl airns jdxtns, maja bn Xrasl cu trnkssdiärdlk cl Ibndsl Mlkcrnrs (>4>=) dbustrncn par ]akdn Clbnukny a bns kavlbns cl

>97

 

Vdrgdkdn Waabf mak tnpns cdslþncns par su elrjnkn, bn pdktarn Vnklssn Ilbb. Bn bdtlrnturn pnklgêrdmn clidcn nb dktlräs cl bas lsmrdtarls par cltlrjdkncns airns y nrtdstns ninrmn flkýjlkas lxtrnarcdknrdas maja bns clsmrdpmdakls cl airns djngdknrdns clb Mnidklt cl Jaksdlur cl ]mucäry  (>636),  (>636), nsê maja bas rltrntas cl nrtdstns maktljparîklas cl paltns, tnb maja ba rlfbl`nk ‒N Gayn‚ cl Yuiäk Cnrêa a bns kujlrasns majpasdmdakls qul, lktrl Xnub Äbunrc y Bauds Nrngak clcdmnrak Xniba Xdmnssa, Jnrmbas Flrknkc Bäglr, Bäglr atras, lk bn prdjlrn jdtnc clb sdgban pnsnca. Nsdjdsja, baMengnbb s rltrntasy cl nrtdstns lk tarka n bas qul sl makstruylk fdmmdakls bdtlrnrdns, lktrl bas qul bn mrêtdmn en maksngrnca nb Frlkeaflr cl ‒Bl Melf c—ŝuvrl dkmakku‚ cl Eakarä cl Inbznm, lb Mbnucl Bnktdlr cl B—řuvrl cl Äjdbl Pabn y lb Lbstdr cl È bn rlmelrmel cu tljps plrcu cl Jnrmlb Xraust. Bn mrêtdmn a prasn cl nrtl, nr tl, dkdmdncn par Clkds Cdclrat enmdn bn slgukcn jdtnc clb sdgba UVDDD, lktrl muyas lxpaklktls bntdkanjlrdmnkas sairlsnbl Amtnvda Xnz, makstdtuyl atrn cl bns prîmtdmns cl dktlräs. Bn jdsjn trnsbncn bas lstucdas sairl bns rlbnmdakls dktlrnrtêstdmns n uk îjidta bdkcnktl mak lb qul amupnk bas lstucdas sairl bns trnksfarjnmdakls clb sdstljn cl bas gäklras bdtlrnrdas. Lk lstl nsplmta ncqudlrlk rlblvnkmdn maja ai`lta cl nkîbdsds bas lflmtas qul bns munbdcncls prapdns cl bns nrtls pbîstdmns, lb lspnmda y bn vdsunbdcnc, tdlklk lk bas pramlcdjdlktas makstrumtdvas cl bns nrtls vlrinbls. Xar ukn pnrtl, jîs nbbî cl bn gäklsds y bn lvabumdýk clb paljn lk prasn, n bn qul yn eljas nbucdca, sl djpakl maksdclrnr bn palsên vdsunb. Bn jdsjn dkvdtn n rlmarrlr ukn edstardn qul vn clscl ]djdns cl Yacns (m. =88 n. M.) y bas mnrjdkn fdgurntn  bntdkas enstn bas mnbdgrnjns, mabbngls, tniblnux-paåjls y bn palsên makmrltn cl kulstras cêns, pnsnkca par bas ljibljns, nmrýstdmas y bnilrdktas, ls clmdr, bas nrtdfdmdas vdsunbls qul, lk pnrtl, bn Jltnjätrdmn cl @unk Mnrnjulb arclkn y cdfukcl curnktl lb Inrrama. Bn edstardn cl bn palsên vdsunb jaclrkn mulktn mak nutarls tnk cdvlrsas maja ]täpenkl Jnbbnrjä, Gudbbnujl Npabbdkndrl, Vdmlktl Eudcaira, Abdvlrda Gdrakca, Glrnrca Cdlga a Elkrd Jdmenux. Xar atrn pnrtl, bn makstrummdýk clb lspnmda lk bn bdtlrnturn bd tlrnturn makstdtuyl cl par sê uk tljn jlrlmlcar cl ntlkmdýk ”y uka cl bas jîs nrcuas cl lstucdnr cncn bn cdfêmdb nclmunmdýk lktrl bas jlcdas býgdmas cl dktlrprltnmdýk y bn lbniarnmdýk cl edpýtlsds vlrdfdmnibls” y nbdlktn bns dkvlstdgnmdakls sairl bns trnkspasdmdakls farjnbls clscl bn pdkturn n bn bdtlrnturn qul sl clsprlkclk, par l`ljpba, clb djprlsdakdsja.  djprlsdakdsja.  Kas amupnrljas jîs nclbnktl cl bn lspnmdnbdcnc bdtlrnrdn l dktlktnrljas rlsujdr n maktdkunmdýk nbgukas npartls lk tarka nb ðbtdja tljn jlkmdaknca, lb djprlsdakdsja lk bn bdtlrnturn. Bn makcdmdýk sdkýptdmn mak bn qul lb lspnmda sl dksmrdil lk bns kavlbns cl  Nbpeaksl Cnuclt ”lk qudlk ‒sl jlzmbnk lb lsmrdtar y lb pdktar‚” makcu`a n Flrcdknkc Irukltdårl (5=) n lstniblmlr, lstniblmlr, ka sdk rltdmlkmdns, bns prdjlrns nknbagêns lktrl bn bdtlrnturn y lb djprlsdakdsja pdmtýrdma. Bns dclns qul slmukcnrênk lstns tljprnkns maksdclrnmdakls pravdkdlrak clb kdlta clb pdktar prlrrnfnlbdstn Farc Jncax Irawk, lb kavlbdstn Farc Jncax Farc, qudlk lbniarý lk ‒Ak Djprlssdakdsj‚ (>4>3) ukn ‒guên‚ clb djprlsdakdsdjprlsdakdsja maja jätaca bdtlrnrda, cakcl sugdlrl n bas lsmrdtarls ljpblnr ‒tacas bas rlmursas prapdas cl ukn prastdtutn‚ pnrn jnktlklr vdvn bn ntlkmdýk clb blmtar. Lktrl cdmeas rlmur-

>95

 

sas sl clstnmn lb usa cl djprlsdakls l djîglkls qul sugdlrnk uk lpdsacda lk bugnr cl bn knrrnmdýk cdrlmtn clb jdsja. Atra paltn y mrêtdma dkgbäs, Nrteur ]yjaks (=3=), tnjidäk dksdstdý lk cljastrnr qul lb djprlsdakdsja bdtlrnrda rlqulrên bn ‒ukdýk cl jðbtdpbls munbdcncls‚, lktrl bns qul cdstdkguên jdrnr mak uk a`a qul taca ba vln, maja sd bn ðkdmn amupnmdýk clb lsmrdtar fulrn vlr. Mak taca, lk ‒B—―Djprlssdakdsjl bdttärndrl—0 ukl rävdsdak‚, Ilrknrc Vaudbbauxlk(66) rlmulrcnlstuvdlrak qul bns dktlrprltnmdakls cl bns trnkspasdmdakls djprlsdakdstns bn bdtlrnturn suiarcdkncns n mrêtdmns bns mntlgarêns clsmrdptdvns makmlidcns par bn prdjlrn rlmlpmdýk clb djprlsdakdsja pdmtýrdma nbrlclcar cl >573, nktls qul bns jdsjns fulrnk rlbntdvdzncns y rlfarjubncns par bn edstardn clb nrtl maktljparîkla. Lk makslmulkmdn, sugdlrl ka clsclþnr bn djpartnkmdn qul bn rupturn djprlsdakdstn mak lb lspnmda lumbdcdnka mbîsdma ncqudrdý sairl bn lspaktnkldcnc clb ‒a`a dkamlktl‚, rupturn pakclrncn par bns prdjlrns rlfblxdakls mrêtdmns. Lk lb jnrma qul praparmdakn lstn dktlrprltnmdýk clb djprlsdakdsja pdmtýrdma, lb djprlsdakdsja bdtlrnrda ka lqudvnbcrên n rdqulzn y niukcnkmdn cl clsmrdpmdakls vdsunbls, sdka qul lstnrên makstdtudca par lb ‒lflmta cl lspnmda‚ rlsubtnktl cl bn ‒sdjubtnkldcnc tlýrdmn‚ cl bas majpaklktls tlxtunbls (@aeksak =), ukn sdjubtnkldcnc sljl`nktl n bas puktas cl vdstn jðbtdpbls qul clspbnznk lb pukta cl vdstn ðkdma cl bn plrsplmtdvn mbîsdmn lk bn pdkturn pastlrdar n bn slgukcn jdtnc clb sdgba UDU. ]dk ljinrga, mnil prlguktnrsl muîbls sak bas jlmnkdsjas par bas munbls uk lsmrdtar makstruyl nb lsmrdidr y uk blmtar rlmakstruyl nb bllr uk lflmta cl lspnmda sljl`nktl. Ylspakclr lstn mulstdýk lxdgl ntlkclr nb flkýjlka cl bn djngdklrên vdsunb, uk ai`lta cl lstucda fraktlrdza lktrl cdvlrsns cdsmdpbdkns, qul niarcnk sus nsplmtas fêsdmas, paätdmas, majukdmntdvas y psdmabýgdmas (Jdtmelbb, Dmakabagy >8). Bas psdmabýgdmas sak, mak tacn prainidbdcnc, bas jîs frlmulktncas par bas lsplmdnbdstns lk lcumnmdýk y bas jlkas frlmulktncas frlmulkt ncas par bas lsplmdnbdstns lk bdtlrnturn, jatdva par lb qul mnil clstnmnr bn lxdstlkmdn cl lstucdas cakcl bn tlarên bdtlrnrdn y bn psdmabagên magkdtdvn makfbuylk pnrn trntnr cl lxpbdmnr mýja bn dkfarjnmdýk lspnmdnb maktlkdcn lk bns djîglkls sl rlprlslktn lk bn jlktl lk nuslkmdn cl munbqudlr atrn plrmlpmdýk vdsunb qul ka sln bn cl bns jlrns bltrns cdspulstns lk frnsls sairl ukn pîgdkn. Sel Xaltdms af tel Jdkc—s Lyl. Bdtlrnturl nkc tel Xsymeabagy af Djngdkntdak cl Merdstapelr Mabbdks (>44>) ls uk lksnya qul clsnrrabbn bns edpýtlsds farjubncns par ]tlpelk Oassbyk lk Djngl nkc Jdkc (>458) y prapakl lxpbarnr bns rlbnmdakls lktrl lb blkgun`l, bn djngdknmdýk jlktnb y bn plrmlpmdýk vdsunb mak lb fdk cl lbniarnr ukn ‒tlarên paätdmn cl bn vdsunbdznmdýk‚. Ls pnrtdmubnrjlktl dktlrlsnktl lb mnpêtuba qul lxnjdkn bns lqudvnblkmdns lktrl lb ‒a`a cl bn vdstn‚ y lb ‒a`a cl bn jlktl‚, ls clmdr, lktrl vlr l djngdknr. Lbblk Lsramo, par su pnrtl, en puibdmnca Ylnclr—s Lyl0 Vdsunb Djngdkg ns Ylnclr Ylspaksl (>443), cakcl afrlml ukn rlmakstrummdýk cl bas nvntnrls lxplrdjlktncas par bn djnglk vdsunb lk bn tlarên bdtlrnrdn y bn psdmabagên magkdtdvn curnktl bn slgukcn jdtnc clb sdgba UU. Lsramo maksdgul farjubnr nrgujlktas makvdkmlktls sairl bns bdjdtnmdakls qul prlslktnk bas jaclbas trncdmdaknbls cl nkîbdsds bdtlrnrda, muyn

>94

 

ardlktnmdýk ls lxmbusdvnjlktl bdkgòêstdmn, frlktl n bas tlxtas cakcl niukcnk bns djîglkls y qul, lk makslmulkmdn, lxdglk slr nknbdzncas clscl ukn plrsplmtdvn vdsunb. Lk majpnrnmdýk mak bas lstucdas cl bn edstardn clb nrtl, n rtl, bas lstucdas cl edstardn, tlarên y mrêtdmn bdtlrnrdns pnrlmlk tlklr par ba glklrnb tnk pamn prlcdspasdmdýk n ncaptnr cdmen plrsplmtdvn maja dktlräs enmdn bn trncdmdýk clb ut pdmturn palsds y su dkfbulkmdn. Lstn sdtunmdýk sl nmlktðn jîs lb îjidta edspnkanjlrdmnka. Eny qul qul bn grnk jnyarên cl bastacnvên trnin`as cllkdkvlstdgncarls nrglktdkas puibdmncas lkslþnbnr bas ðbtdjas cdlz nþas qul enk lxpbarnca bas dktlrmnjidas, bns nprapdnmdakls y bns trnkspasdmdakls lktrl bn bdtlrnturn y lb nrtl a lktrl lsmrdtarls y pdktarls mak ukn plrsplmtdvn dktlrcdsmdpbdknrdn cl nkîbdsds y mrêtdmn mubturnb plrtlklmlk n edstardncarls clb nrtl. Bn katardlcnc qul en gnknca par su lrucdmdýk y rdgurasdcnc vulbvl mnsd dkklmlsnrda dksdstdr lk bas npartls cl @asä Ljdbda Iurumðn pnrn maksabdcnr uk lspnmda cl dkvlstdgnmdýk y trnksjdsdýk cl jnrmas tlýrdmas y elrrnjdlktns jltacabýgdmns jîs nbbî cl bas bêjdtls trncdmdaknbls cl bn edstardn clb nrtl y bas qul djpaklk bns jnkdflstnmdakls nrtêstdmns maktljparîklns n kdvlb bamnb, y niarcnr nsê lb mnsd dkninrmnibl eardzaktl cl lktrlmruznjdlktas clb nrtl mak bn bdtlrnturn, bn jðsdmn y bn mdlkmdn lk lb mursa cl bn edstardn bntdkanjlrdmnkn y lurapln jaclrkn. Lbba rlprlslktn ukn prlamupnmdýk jnyar lk bn airn lk cas vabðjlkls Kulvn  edstardn nrglktdkn. Nrtl, samdlcnc y pabêtdmn, cdrdgdcn par Iurumðn (>444). Bns ukdakls lktrl muncras y tlxtas, y lktrl nrtdstns y lsmrdtarls, qul Bnurn Jnbasslttd Mastn nknbdzn lk lstn airn lk tarka nb mlktlknrda cl bn Ylpðibdmn Nrglktdkn sak prlslktncns jîs lxtlksnjlktl par bn jdsjn nutarn lk bn pastlrdar Bas prdjlras jaclrkas. Nrtl y samdlcnc lk Iulkas Ndrls n fdkls clb sdgba UDU  (9889).  (9889). Nsdjdsja, su mabniarnmdýk dkmbudcn lk uk kðjlra cl bn Ylvdstn cl mrêtdmn bdtlrnrdn bntdkanjlrdmnkn (9889) pakl cl jnkdfdlsta, lk lb cassdlr ‒Ba vdsdibl y ba blgdibl. Djîglkls y tlxtas maja praibljns‚ maktlkdca lk bn puibdmnmdýk, bn mnrlstên cl lstucdas bdtlrnrdas bntdkanjlrdmnkas sairl tljns qul rljdtnk n bn trncdmdýk clb ut pdmturn palsds lk majpnrnmdýk mak bas sujdkdstrncas clscl bn edstardn clb nrtl. Lstl mak`ukta cl trnin`as, n bas qul pacrênjas sujnr ‒Nrtura ‒Nrtura y lbbas. Cdîbagas lktrl bn palsên cl Nrtura Mnrrlrn y bn pdkturn maktljparîkln lk bn pascdmtncurn nrglktdkn‚ cl Vdvdnkn \suidngn (988=8

 

bdtlrnturn y bn pdkturn. Lk cdmen slrdl, clstnmnk bas lstucdas cl Eämtar Mdammedkd (>468), cakcl bn ‒rnzýk nurln‚ cl bn palsên cl Gýkgarn sl dkslrtn lk lb slka cl bn trncdmdýk ljibljîtdmn y bn djngdklrên cl ^ulvlca sl majpnrn mak bn clb Iasma. Nsdjdsja, makstdtuylk uk mnsa lxmlpmdaknb bas l`ljpbnrls 6 y 7 cl bn rlvdstn marcailsn Lsmrdtn  (>453, >458, 9886-87) cl bn prasn cl @unk @asä ]nlr lxnjdkn lb ukdvlrsa nrtêstdma lk lb qul grnvdtn bn airn y bn idagrnfên cl lstl kavlbdstn, tnb maja ba sugdlrlk mak fulrzn bns pdkturns qul nirlk y mdlrrnk maja jatdvas Bn grnkcl (988468). Lk uk lksnya sairl lb pdktar Flrknkca Lspdka, ]nlr (33) nslgurnin qul ba qul atargnin sdkgubnrdcnc n ukn airn ka lrn ‒lb mîbmuba plcnktl y bniardasa, sdka lb glsta dktrnksflrdibl qul mncn nrtdstn l`lmutn nuk sdk prapakärslba, y enstn n plsnr suya, mak bn tatnbdcnc cl su slr‚. Munkca lstl glsta bblvn n uk lsmrdtar enmdn bn pdkturn, clilrên lxdstdr bn vabuktnc cl dktlrprltnrba lk lb maktlxta edstýrdma y tlýrdma cl bn trncdmdýk cl bas dktlrmnjidas dktlrnrtêstdmas pnrn suplrnr lb glsta plcnktl y bniardasa cl dktlrprltnrba lxmbusdvnjlktl lk tärjdkas bdtlrnrdas.

>=>

 

Idibdagrnfên mdtncn • Inuclbndrl, Menrbls. Ämrdts sur b—nrt. Xnrds0 Bdirndrdl Gäkärnbl Frnkçndsl, >449. • Irysak, Karjnk, J. Eabby y O. Jnxly, lcdtarls. ‒]ljdabagy nkc Vdsunb Dktlrprltntdak‚. Vdsunb Selary. Xndktdkg nkc Dktlrprltntdak.  Axfarc0 Xabdty Xrlss, Ibnmowlbb, >44>. • Irukltdårl, Flrcdknkc. ‒B—Djprlssdakdsjl cnks bl rajnk‚. Bl Yajnk knturnbdstl. Xnrds0 M. Bävy, >55=. • Iurumðn, @asä Ljdbda, cdrlmtar. Kulvn edstardn nr glktdkn. Nrtl, samdlcnc y pabêtdmn. Saja D. Iulkas  Ndrls0 ]ucnjlrdmnkn, >444. • Mdammedkd, Eämtar. Gýkgarn y bn trncdmdýk cl bas lj ibljns. Ineên Ibnkmn0 Munclrkas clb ]ur, >468. • Mrnry, @akntenk. B—nrt cl b—aislrvntlur. Vdsdak lt  jaclrkdtä nu UDUl sdåmbl.  Srncummdýk cl Fräcärdm Jnurdk. Këjls0 @nmqulbdkl Menjiak, >443. • Cnbjnrakd, Jdgulb. ‒Katns cl uk prafnka lk

• Gajirdme, Lrkst. ‒Bn cdvlrsdcnc cl bns nrtls. Lb bugnr clb ―Bnamaaktl— lk bn vdcn y airn cl G. L. Blssdkg (>794->75>)‚. Srdiutas. Vlrsdýk mubturnb mub turnb cl  kulstrns trncdmdakls. Jäxdma0 FML, >44=. • Grnjugbda, Jnrên Slrlsn, Slrlsn, ‒Srls ‒Srls praibljns pnrn lb majpnrntdsja‚. Arids Slrtdus0 Slrtdus0 rlvdstn cl tlarên y mrêtdmn bdtlrnrdn >9 (9886). Lk0 ettp0//>6=.>8.=8.98= 05858/AridsSlrtdus/kujlras/kujlra->9/9-grnjugbda.pcf, (93/89/85). • Elfflrknk, @njls. N. W. Jusluj af Warcs0 tel Xaltdms af Lopernsds fraj Eajlr ta Nseilry , Medmnga0 Sel \kdvlrsdty af Medmnga Xrlss, >44=. • Elfflrknk, @njls. N. W. ‒]plnodkg far Xdmturls0 tel reltardm af nrt mrdtdmdsj‚. Warc & Djngl, > (>444)0 >4-==. • @ny, Jnrtdk. Cawkmnst Lyls. Sel Clkdgrntdak af Vdsdak dk Swlktdlte-mlktury Frlkme Seauget . Ilr-

pdkturnYlvdstn (n prapýsdta clyBn grnkcl  cl ]nlr)‚.6-4. Atrn  pnrtl. cl bltrns nrtls  >8 (9886-87)0 Cdnrda cl Xalsên 73 (jnya-`ubda cl 9887). Lsmrdtn 6 (`ubda cl >453) y 7 (`ukda cl >4547443. • Jdtmelbb, W. @. S. ‒Dktlrcdsmdpbdknrdty nkc Vdsunb Mubturl‚. Sel Nrt Iubbltdk. 77/ 3 (>448.etjb (99/89/85). • Gnirdlbakd, Nkn Bên. ‒Ämfrnsds‚, Lnclj utrnqul Lurapn 6 (9885), lk prlksn. • Gnbê, Klus. Xalsên sdblkmdasn, pdkturn qul enibn. Inrmlbakn0 Lb Nmnktdbnca, >444. • Gnrmên Ilrrda, Nktakda y Slrlsn Elrkîkclz Flrkîkclz. \t palsds pdmturn. Xaätdmn clb nrtl vdsunb. Jncrdc0 Slmkas, >455. • Gabn, Euga, @unk @asä ]nlr y Euga Xnclblttd. Bn trnjn in`a bns npnrdlkmdns.  Jäxdma0 Nrtls cl Jäxdma, 9888.

af vdsunb mubturl‚.  @aurknb af Vdsunb Mubturl  >/ 9 (9889)0 >65>. • Ylnc, Elilrt, Dk Clflksl af ]elbbly nkc Atelr Lssnys. Bakcak, Sarakta0 W. Eldkljnk Btc., >4=6. • Ydmenrc, Klbby Klbby.. Frnmturns cl bn jljardn. Iulkas  Ndrls0 ]dgba UUD, 9887. • ]nbtnkn. Ylvdstn cl bdtlrnturn y trncummdýk   > (988>-9883) y 9 (98844>)0 =8>->=.

>=9

 

• ]pdtzlr, Bla. ‒Sel ―Acl ak n Grlmdnk \rk— ar maktlkt vrs. Jltngrnjjnr‚. Majpnrntdvl Bdtlrnturl 7/= (>449=.

>==

 

9. Ylslþn cl cas mnsas l`ljpbnrls ]l enk slblmmdaknca cas trnin`as puibdmncas mak mdkma nþas cl cdflrlkmdn qul, lk jumeas nsplmtas, rlsubtnk sljdknbls pnrn lb lstucda cl bns rlbnmdakls lktrl bdtlrnturn y nrtls. \ka cl lbbas, lsmrdta par uk edstardncar clb nrtl, ful lb prdjlra lk nknbdznr mak ukn plrsplmtdvn edstýrdmn bns mnusns y bns makslmulkmdns cl bns nsamdnmdakls lktrl bn pal-

sên y bn pdkturn rlbnmdakncns bn prlljdklkmdn trncdmdýk clb ut pdmturnlbpalsds  lk bn lstätdmn mbnsdmdstn. Lb atra, mak lsmrdta par uk tlýrdmacly bn mrêtdma bdtlrnrda, lxpbarn patlkmdnb sdjiýbdma y vdsunb cl ukn pnrtl cl bn bdtlrnturn cl fdkls clb sdgba UDU y prdkmdpdas clb UU mak lb fdk cl cljastrnr qul ästn ncqudlrl mnrnmtlrêstdmns lspnmdnbls y, lk makslmulkmdn, ka ncaptn bn fdbdnmdýk lxmbusdvn mak lb tdljpa qul eniên lstniblmdca Blssdkg. 9.>. Bll, Ylksslbnlr W. ‒\t Xdmturn Xalsds. Sel Eujnkdstdm Selary af Xndktdkg‚. Sel  Nrt Iubbltdk. 99/3 (>438)0 >47-964. (Lcdmdýk lk mnstlbbnka0 \t pdmturn palsds. Bn tlarên eu jnkêstdmn cl bn pdkturn, trncummdýk cl Maksulba M aksulba Bumn cl Slkn, Slkn, Jncrdc0 Mîtlcrn, >459).

Lk >438, Ylksslbnlr W. Bll, uk cdsmêpuba cl Lrwdk Xnkafsoy y Wnbtlr Frdlcbnkclr, clcdmý uk lxtlksa trnin`a n ‒lsiaznr lb clsnrrabba cl bn tlarên eujnkdstn cl bn pdkturn lk bn mrêtdmn lurapln cl bas sdgbas UVD y UVDD, y aislrvnr mýja ful lstdjubncn par bn majpnrnmdýk cdrlmtn a djpbêmdtn lktrl bn pdkturn y bn palsên‚. Lb trnin`a lk mulstdýk, ‒\t Xdmturn Xalsds0 Sel Eujnkdstdm Selary af Xndktdkg‚, sl puibdmý par prdjlrn vlz lk Sel  Nrt Iubbltdk, ful rllcdtnca maja bdira par bn lcdtardnb Kartak lk >467 y trncumdca mak pastlrdardcnc nb frnkmäs, lb dtnbdnka y lb mnstlbbnka. Nktls cl bn puibdmnmdýk clb trnin`a cl Bll, bn trncdmdýk ardgdkncn n pnrtdr clb bamus earnmdnka nplkns maktnin mak lstucdas lk lb jukca nmncäjdma sn`ýk, snbva lxmlpmdakls maja ‒\t pdmturn palsds‚ cl Wdbbdnj Eawnrc (XJBN, >484). Lb bdira makstdtuyl uk lstucda djprlsmdkcdibl sairl lb nrtl clb Ylknmdjdlkta y sl nrtdmubn lk tarka n trls edpýtlsds prdkmdpnbls. Bn prdjlrn, qul bas trntncas cl pdkturn qul npnrlmdlrak lk Dtnbdn, Frnkmdn l Dkgbntlrrn lktrl > (>43-38. Xnrt D? 7/9 (>43=<

 

nb lkn`lknrbl lb lspnmda. Makmlidca lk lb jnrma cl bn tlarên farjnbdstn clb edstardncar clb nrtl Wdbelbj Warrdkglr sdgudlkca bn dktlrprltnmdýk qul eniên rlnbdznca cl bn jdsjn lb paltn djngdstn S. L. Eubjl, lb lksnya cl Frnko rlprlslktý bn prdjlrn farjubnmdýk maktljparîkln cl ukn tlarên eltlracaxn apulstn n bn camtrdkn cdvdsarn cl Blssdkg. Xlra ästl ka ful lb ðkdma jatdva qul cltlrjdký bn dkmbusdýk cl ‒]pntdnb Farj dk Jaclrk Bdtlrnturl‚ lk lblktrl mnkak cl bny >44>, tlarên susmdtý bdtlrnrdn.ukn Srnslxtlksn slr njpbdnca parqul lb nutar y rllcdtnca lk slds amnsdakls >435 pabäjdmn pulcl slgudrsl lk Sel ]pntdnb Farj dk Bdtlrnturl (mak lcdmdýk n mnrga cl @lffrly ]jdttlky y Nkk Cngedstnky, Cngedstnky, >45>), n bn munb Frnko rlspakcdý clscl bn mäblirl rlvdstn cl bn \kdvlrsdcnc cl Medmnga Mrdtdmnb Lkqudry par jlcda cl bas nrtêmubas ‒]pntdnb Farj0 Nk Nkswlr ta Mrdtdms‚ (>477) y ‒]pntdnb Farj0 ]ajl Furtelr Ylfblmtdaks‚ (>475). Lktrl bas mrêtdmas jîs clstnmncas qul dktlrvdkdlrak lk cdmen pabäjdmn lstuvdlrak Frnko Olrjacl y W. @. S. Jdtmelbb. Olrjacl lsmrdidý Sel ]lksl af nk Lkcdkg (>46458), sl prlguktý n su vlz sd lrn pasdibl qul uk tlxta mnrlmdlrn cl lspnmdnbdcnc, cnca qul bn farjn lspnmdnb slrên uk nsplmta dksasbnynibl tnkta cl bn pracummdýk maja cl bn rlmlpmdýk cl bn bdtlrnturn lk tacns bns äpamns y bns mubturns. Mak lb prapýsdta cl suplrnr bns klgntdvns makkatnmdakls dclabýgdmns mak bns qul Olrjacl niarcnin bn ‒farjn lspnmdnb‚ cl Frnko, Jdtmelbb sustdtuyý lb makmlpta par lb cl ‒farjn tlmtýkdmn‚. Mak äb nspdrnin n rlprlslktnr lb prdkmdpda makstrumtdva cl bn knrrntdvn bdtlrnrdn jaclrkn, cakcl bas lpdsacdas, jîs qul lxdstdr n trnväs clb tdljpa, pnrlmlk malxdstdr cdspulstas lk ukn cdjlksdýk lspnmdnb. Lstn mnrnmtlrêstdmn slrên, slgðk Gärnrc Glklttl (Fdgurls >466), ukn prlrragntdvn clb blkgun`l bdtlrnrda y sl nmtdvnrên lk lsl ‒dktlrvnba vnrdnibl, mak frlmulkmdn djplrmlptdibl plra sdljprl nmtdva, lktrl bn bltrn y lb lspêrdtu, qul bn rltýrdmn bbnjnin fdgurn‚.

=. Nbgukas atras mnsas l`ljpbnrls Bn prlslktl slblmmdýk iusmn afrlmlr uk rlplrtarda cl trnin`as qul trnksjdtn, lk nbgukn jlcdcn, bn vnrdlcnc tnkta cl tljns maja cl puktas cl vdstn n bas qul sl nirl lb lstucda cl bns rlbnmdakls lktrl bn bdtlrnturn y lb nrtl. ]dk prltlksdakls cl lxenustdvdcnc, bas nutarls y airns rlukdcas n maktdkunmdýk majpbljlktnk bn idibdagrnfên mdtncn lk bas npnrtncas nktlrdarls. =.>. Mnssngkl, Nbilrt. ‒B—nrt paur b—nrt lt bls nrts pbnstdquls‚. Bn teäardl cl b—nrt paur  b—nrt lk Frnkml Melz bls clrkdlrs rajnktdquls lt bls prljdlrs ränbdstls. ]lyslb0 Menjp

Vnbbak, >447.

>=6

 

\k bdira nktdmdpntarda l dk`ustnjlktl abvdcnca qul sl puibdmý lk >486 y ka ful rllcdtnca enstn mnsd uk sdgba clspuäs, nb qul Xdlrrl Iaurcdlu mnbdfdmn cl ‒jngkêfdma‚ lk su airn Bls rågbls cl b—nrt (>449). =.9. Inrtsme, ]encd y @ès Lbsklr, Lbsklr, lcdtarls. Mbnssdmnb Xedbabagy  >89  >89 (9887)0 >->84.

\kn rlmapdbnmdýk amea lksnyas rlnbdzncas par prlstdgdasas sl niarcn mak kulvas cl lkfaquls bn ämfrnsds lk lb jukca nktdgua ymbnsdmdstns bn trncdmdýkcakcl mbîsdmn. Xraparmdakn ukn lxmlblktl idibdagrnfên sairl lb tljn. =.=. Eudzdkgn, @aenk, ‒Bn djnglk y bn pnbnirn, D‚, ‒Bn djnglk y bn pnbnirn, DD‚. Lb ataþa cl bn Lcnc Jlcdn, vlrsdýk cl @asä Gnas, Jncrdc0 Nbdnkzn, 9883. \k trnin`a cl vnbar dklstdjnibl puibdmnca par prdjlrn vlz lk >497 y trncumdca nb mnstlbbnka lk >4=8, qul lxpbarn lk bas mnpêtubas 98 y 9> bns nknbagêns lktrl bns lxprlsdakls bdtlrnrdns y pdmtýrdmns clb sdgba UV UV.. =.3. Ordlglr, Jurrny. ‒Sel Lopernstdm Xrdkmdpbl nkc tel ]tdbb Javljlkt af Xaltry? ar Bnaoöak Ylvdsdtlc‚. Sel Xbny nkc Xbnml af Mrdtdmdsj. Inbtdjarl0 @aek Eapodks Xrlss, >467. ]d ]pdtzlr trnkspusa lk bas nþas =7

 

=.5. Xdmeads, Mbnucl.  Nbiuj Inuclbndrl, dmakagrnpedl räukdl lt majjlktäl pnr Mbnucl Xdmeads. Xnrds0 Gnbbdjnrc, >473. Lb jukca cl bns djîglkls par lb qul trnksdtý Menrbls Inuclbndrl, rlmakstrudca y majlktnca par uka cl bas jnyarls lsplmdnbdstns lk lb paltn frnkmäs. Lb bdira pulcl majpbljlktnrsl mak cas airns puibdmncns mak`uktnjlktl mak @lnk-Xnub Nvdml, Bls

clssdks cl Inuclbndrl (Xnrds0 Slxtulb, 988=). (Xnrds0 Slxtulb, 988=) y Xnssdak Inuclbndrl0 B—dvrlssl cls djngls =.4. Yacrêgulz cl bn Fbar Fbar,, Flrknkca. Blmturns cl bn djnglk sdjiýbdmn. Jncrdc0 Nbdnkzn, >448. Wngklr, Xltlr, lcdtar lcdta r. Dmaks. Slxts. Slxts. Dmakatlxts. Lssnys ak Lopernsds nkc Dktlrjlcdnbdty. Ilrbdk nkc Klw Taro0 C. Gruytlr, >446. Wngklr clsnrrabbn bns kamdakls cl ‒dmakatlxta‚ l ‒dktlrjlcdnbdcnc‚, y rlðkl trnin`as cl rlmakamdcas lsplmdnbdstns qul lstucdnk cdmeas flkýjlkas lk bas sdgbas UVDDD y UDU.

3. Nbgukns cl bns prdkmdpnbls rlvdstns

Lstucdas vdsunbls ettp0//www.lstucdasvdsunbls.klt/rlvdstn/dkclx.etj MLCLNM. Mlktra cl camujlktnmdýk y lstucdas nvnkzncas sairl nrtl (Jurmdn, Lspnþn). Djngl _&Z Knrrntdvl. Akbdkl Jngnzdkl af tel Vdsunb Knrrntdvl ettp0//www.djnglnkcknrrntdvl.il/dkclx.etj

\kdvlrsdcnc Mntýbdmn cl Bavndkn (Iäbgdmn). Djngls rl-vuls ettp0//www.djnglsrlvuls.arg/dkclx.pep DKEN. Dkstdtuta Knmdaknb cl Edstardn clb Nrtl (Xnrês, Frnkmdn). Dktlrnmtdaks. DNWD]/NDLYSD Nssamdntdak Iubbltdk ettp0//www.dnwds.arg/   Nsamdnmdýk  Nsamdn mdýk dktlrkn dktlrknmdaknb mdaknb cl cl lstucdas lstucdas sairl sairl bns rlbnmdakl rlbnmdaklss lktrl lktrl bn pnbnirn pnbnirn y bn djnglk djnglk (Xnrês, Enjiurga y Jdmedgnk).  @aurknb af tel Wnriurg Wnriurg nkc Maurtnubc Dkstdtutl Dkstdtutl

>=5

 

ettp0//wnriurg.sns.nm.uo/`aurknb/  Dkstdtuta Wnriurg. \kdvlrsdcnc cl Bakcrls (Dkgbntlrrn). Slxtdjngl. Ylvul c—ätucl cu cdnbagul tlxtl-djngl ettp0//www.rlvul-tlxtdjngl.maj/dktra>.etj

\kdvlrsdcnc @lnk Jaubdk Byak = (Frnkmdn). Warc & Djngl @aurknb ettp0//www.tnkcf.ma.uo/`aurknbs/tdtbls/89666956.nsp Cdrlmtar0 @aek Cdxak Eukt. Snybar & Frnkmds Graup (Bakcrls, Dkgbntlrrn).

>=4

 

>38

 

. Clsmrdpmdýk clb mnjpa Bas nknbdstns mubturnbls rlmakamlk ukn lxpbasdýk cl bn jljardn lk lb jukca ammdclktnb maktljparîkla. \k mak`ukta cl kamdakls tlýrdmns makstrudcns par Xdlrrl Karn, Szvltnk Sacarav, Gdargda Ngnjilk, Jdmelb Xabbno npartnk vnbdasas dkstrujlktas cl nkîbdsds pnrn plksnr lb lxtlrjdkda knzd y bas mnjpas cl makmlktrnmdýk cl bn Nbljnkdn Ardlktnb. Lstn mubturn cl jljardasas, lstî clbdjdtncn tlýrdmnjlktl lk Nrglktdkn par bas trnin`as cl Lbdznilte @lbdk, ]usnkn Onufjnk, Bucjdbn cn ]dbvn Mntlbn, Xdbnr Mnbvldra y  Nbl`nkcrn Ailrtd lktrl atras. Bn rlbnmdýk mak bn bdtlrnturn cl tlstdjakda en sdca trnin`ncn par Nkn Jnrên Njnr ]îkmelz, Yassnkn Kafnb, Nkn Bakgakd y Ilntrdz ]nrba. Lk bn makfarjnmdýk clb mnjpa ls sdgkdfdmntdva lb makmlpta cl jnrmas samdnbls cl bn jljardn cl Jnurdml Enbiwnmes. Lb nutar slþnbn bn lxdstlkmdn cl ukn jljardn mablmtdvn y cl jnrmas samdnbls qul aplrnk lk su makstrummdýk. Lk bn jlcdcn lk qul kulstra plksnjdlkta dkcdvdcunb sl rluidmn lk lstas jnrmas tdlkl bn mnpnmdcnc cl rlmarcnr.

Lstns lstrumturns dkmbuylk bas rlmulrcas dkcdvdcunbls cl jumeas jdljiras cl ukn jdsjn samdlcnc. Ka sak sdjpbls farjns vnmêns cakcl rlmulrcas vnrdncas y cdstnktls lkmn`nk ukas mak atras maja pdlzns cl uk rajplmnilzns. ]l trntn cl dkstrujlktas pnrn rlmakstrudr ‒ukn djnglk clb pnsnca nmarcl mak mncn äpamn y lk sdktakên mak bas plksnjdlktas cajdknktls cl bn samdlcnc‚ (Enbiwnmes >8). Lk lstl slktdca, bas rlbntas tlstdjakdnbls makstruylk bas lkukmdncas clscl bas qul sl argnkdznk bns jljardns cl bn rlprlsdýk rlprlsdýk.. Bns fraktlrns jývdbls cl bns cdsmdpbdkns qul dktlgrnk lb mnjpa cl lstucda cl bns jljardns lk makfbdmta y sus tljns lk pugkn lxpaklk bns cdfdmubtncls clb trnin`a cl rlmakstrummdýk clb pnsnca rlmdlktl. ]u niarcn`l majprajltl tnkta bn blmturn cl tlstdjakdas y knrrntdvns plrsaknbls sairl bn vdablkmdn pabêtdmn y bn rlprlsdýk maja bns dkvlstdgnmdakls tlýrdmns y mrêtdmns nmlrmn cl lsns prîmtdmns. Enibnjas cl uk tlrrdtarda

>3>

 

lk lb qul uk lstucda cl Xdbnr Mnbvldra a uk tlstdjakda cl Nbdmdn Xnrtkay aplrnk maja trnin`as knrrntdvas lk tnkta makfdgurnmdakls cdsmursdvns qul cnk farjn n bns lxplrdlkmdns trnujîtdmns clb pnsnca. Bn jljardn ls uk clilr, ukn klmlsdcnc `urêcdmn, jarnb y pabêtdmn? lb tlstdjakda ls su jaca knrrntdva. Lk bns fraktlrns clb gäklra sl pulclk plksnr mdlrtns knrrntdvns cl bns jdbdtnkmdns cl bas nþas sltlktn maksdclrncns maja >

‒bdtlrnturn bns vdrtucls‚, sdk fdsurns pasdibls lstlelradmas tdpa cl rlbntas bas elmeas ka sl lvnbðnk lkcltärjdkas cl mlrtlzns nisabutns. Bas. Lk takas y grnkcdbamulktls plrjdtlk maksdclrnr ukn rlfblxdýk mrêtdmn sairl bn bumen nrjncn. ]dk ljinrga, lk tnkta npnrnta bdtlrnrda, lb tlstdjakda ka pulcl lkmlrrnrsl lk ukn rlpltdmdýk lstlrlatdpncn cl vlrcncls maksngrncns. Lb rlbnta jnlstra clb mnjpa ls Xaclr y clsnpnrdmdýk cl Xdbnr Mnbvldra. Lb bdira pastubn bn majpbl`dcnc cl lstn jntlrdn jdlktrns makstruyl uk tlstdjakda sairl su suplrvdvlkmdn lk bas mnjpas cl makmlktrnmdýk lk bn Nrglktdkn y argnkdzn sus pratamabas cl blmturn. Lb dkfarjnktl mbnvl, lb lktrlvdstncar y lb nknbdstn makvdvlk lk ukn jdsjn lsmrdturn. Lb mlktra nutardnb ls pabdfýkdma? lstî ntrnvlsnca par bns maktrncdmmdakls cl bn mubpn y bn vlrgòlkzn y bn fnktnsjngarên cl bns zakns grdsls. Bn jntlrdnbdcnc clb rlbnta y bns mbnvls pnrn ukn aplrnmdýk mrêtdmn sairl äb malxdstlk lk uk jdsja tlrrdtarda. Lstn jdsjn mbnvl pnrnca`nb dbujdkn bn blmturn clb bdira cl Xrdja Blvd, Bas eukcdcas y bas snbvncas. Nktl lb ilbba y clsgnrrncar rlbnta nmaktlml bn jdsjn prlguktn0 ±lstnjas nktl lb arclk cl ba tlstdjakdnb a lstnjas enibnkca cl ukn rlfblxdýk mrêtdmn sairl bn vabuktnc cl cnr tlstdjakda1 Bn cdflrlkmdn lktrl uka y atra tlxta lstî jnrmncn par bas usas cl bns plrsakns grnjntdmnbls0 jdlktrns Mnbvldra sl clscdiu`n lk bn tlrmlrn plrsakn, Blvd tajn bas rdlsgas cl bn prdjlrn plrsakn. Njias dksmrdilk grnkcls glstas tlýrdmas cl êkcabl jarnb.  Nb jajlkta cl plksnr lk tärjdkas cl uk trnylmta mrêtdma, lb gäklra tlstdjakdnb sl prlslktn maja uk jaca cdsmursdva pnrn dksmrdidr bns jljardns trnujîtdmns. Mak ukn rltýrdmn prapdn, bn fdgurn clb tlstdga sl dkstnbn lk lb mlktra cl bn lsmlkn bdtlrnrdn. Bn plrsakn cl bn mrýkdmn rlnb cl bas elmeas sl makvdlrtl lk plrsakn`l cl uk rlbnta tlstdjakdnb. Lb cdsmursa cl bn jljardn makvlrtdca lk tlstdjakda ncaptn farjns rajîktdmns a rlnbdstns pnrn fartnblmlr bn mrlcdidbdcnc clb knrrncar y bn vlrnmdcnc cl su edstardn. Clscl bn prdjnmên clb cltnbbl sl makstruyl uk rlbnta fulrtljlktl mlktrnca y mak prltlksdakls cl tatnbdcnc. Ls Xrdja Blvd qudlk enibn clb ‒clilr cl jljardn‚. Lb sairlvdvdlktl nmtðn par clblgnmdýk? sýba pulcl maktnr lb mulkta cl bn julrtl qudlk lstî cl vulbtn lk lb jukca cl bas vdvas. Kncdl en vulbta cl bn mîjnrn cl gns a cl uk ‒vulba cl bn julrtl‚, sl trntn cl rlbntas cdflrdcas y jlcdncas, pnbnirns sdk prulins qul sl makvdlrtlk lk camujlktas nktl bn nuslkmdn cl pnplbls ‒afdmdnbls‚. Bas rlbntas tlstdjakdnbls ka plrtlklmlk nb mnkak bdtlrnrda? sdk ljinrga cdsputnk uk lspnmda pnrtdmubnr clktra clb sdstljn. Lk lstl slktdca, ukn bêkln cl dkvlstdgnmdakls mrêtdmns lk lstl mnjpa clil dktlrlsnrsl ka par lb cdsmursa dkstdtumdaknb sairl bn bdtlrnturn y sus farjnmdakls sdka par sus bêjdtls. Lb tlstdjakda knml cl bns lxplrdlkmdns lk bas jîrglkls cl bn bdtlrnturn. Lstl kðmbla tlýrdma sl vdkmubn mak bns cdjlksdakls dktlrkns

>39

 

clb gäklra. Lb clsnrrabba dkusdtnca clb c lb cdsmursa tlstdjakdnb lk Njärdmn Bntdkn n pnrtdr cl bn cämncn clb slslktn lstdjubn bn prlamupnmdýk dktlblmtunb par cdflrlkmdnr su lstntuta. ]l enk amupnca cl bn mulstdýk Ylkä @nrn y Elrkîk Vdcnb. Clscl bn marrdlktl mrêtdmn cl bas lstucdas suinbtlrkas enk cltlrjdknca bn makcdmdýk ‒rlprlslktntdvn‚ cl bas tlstdjakdas mlktranjlrdmnkas. Clscl atrn pasdmdýk lpdstljabýgdmn, Lbzidltn ]obacawson (93) en bn grnvdtnmdýk clsl‒cdflrlkmdn‚ makstdtumdýk clb slþnbnca gäklra. Kdkgukn cl bns clb casmakmlpta pasdmdakls en amupncaclclByatnrc clfdkdr lk bns bnmnrnmtlrêstdmns clb gäklra munkca lb dkfarjnktl cl bas elmeas ka ls uk su`lta nknbfnilta y ls lk lstl pukta lk lb qul sl uidmn jd npartl n bn mulstdýk.

Xratamabas clb tlstdjakda

Lb nmtunb pratamaba clb gäklra tlstdjakdnb lxpbarn farjns cl rlprlslktnmdýk qul slnk mnpnmls cl pracumdr ukn cdsmaktdkudcnc lk lb prlslktl, sdk sdtunr lb pnsnca lk ukn äpamn clfdkdtdvnjlktl mlrrncn. Lstn pburnbdcnc vulbvl utýpdmn bn pasdidbdcnc cl ukn jljardn ukdfdmncn. Bns lxplrdlkmdns clb pnsnca lvdclkmdnk ukn frngjlktnmdýk pravamncn par bn cdkîjdmn jdsjn cl bn vdcn y su trnksmurrdr. Lb makfbdmta pulcl lstnr clktra cl uk jdsja su`lta, enidtnca par rlmulrcas pburnbls a lk bumen mak su prapdn rlprlslktnmdýk cl eärals frnmnsncas. Lk lb clintl bdtlrnrda, lb gäklra tlstdjakdnb prdvdblgdn lb maktlkdca sairl bn farjn. ]dk ljinrga, nb makstrudr ukn farjn pnrn bn lxplrdlkmdn clb pnsnca, bn lsmrdturn tlstdjakdnb pakl lk lvdclkmdn ba qul ls prapda cl tacn knrrntdvn0 lb elmea cl slr sdljprl ukn plrsplmtdvn sairl ba amurrdca. Bn rlmakstrummdýk clb pnsnca ls dkmakmbusn, njidgun y sýba nbgukns zakns clb tlxta pulclk rlpracumdr ukn dkstnktîkln cl bn vlrcnc. Bn dkvlstdgnmdýk sairl bn lsmrdturn tlstdjakdnb supakl ukn rlmaksdclrnmdýk cl bas bêjdtls cl bn supulstn nutakajên clb mnjpa bdtlrnrda y uk clintl enmdn lb dktlrdar cl ukn mrêtdmn bdtlrnrdn lk makstnktl apasdmdýk n bas lstucdas mubturnbls. Lb kðmbla cl bn lsmrdturn tlstdjakdnb ls bn jljardn. Bn vaz cl bas tlstdgas cl bas elmeas sl lrdgl maktrn uk abvdca aibdgntarda djpulsta (Batjnk 73). Lxprlsn bn vabuktnc cl rlgdstrnr bn lxplrdlkmdn cl ndsbnjdlkta cl grupas jnrgdknbls y klgncas par lb sdstljn mlktrnb. Bn jljardn maja trnin`a, clfdkdcn maja uk jlmnkdsja mubturnb qul fartnblml lb slktdca cl plrtlklkmdn, tdlkl uk pnplb djpartnktl lk lstl dtdklrnrda mrêtdma. Lk uk slktdca pabêtdma, bas clintls nmlrmn cl plrêacas rlprlsdvas y cl vdablkmdn pabêtdmn sl pbnktlnk mak rlbnmdýk n bn klmlsdcnc cl makstrudr ýrclkls cljamrîtdmas. Bns bumens par clfdkdr y kajirnr ba qul tuva bugnr curnktl bas plrêacas cl gulrrn, vdablkmdn pabêtdmn a tlrrardsja cl lstnca, nsê maja bas dktlktas cl eakrnr y eajlkn`lnr n bns vêmtdjns l dclktdfdmnr n bas rlspaksnibls, sak vdstas maja pnsas klmlsnrdas lk bn lkukmdnmdýk tlstdjakdnb (@lbdk, Bas trnin`as >>). Lb tlstdjakda lxpakl, lk su makstrummdýk, ukn zakn fukcnjlktnb cl pnsn`l l dktlrslmmdýk cl ba tlxtunb y ba rlnb. Xulsta qul bn vlrcnc ls bn cl uk su`lta, sl pbnktln sdljprl lk lstas tlxtas ukn plrsplmtdvn pabêtdmn0 lb rlbnta tlstdjakdnb sl dkmbuyl lk ukn

>3=

 

trncdmdýk qul cl`n cl bnca bn mrllkmdn cl qul bn ai`ltdvdcnc ls pasdibl. pas dibl. Lsta djpbdmn ukn trnksfarjnmdýk lk bn dcln cl vlrcnc, y ls nquê lk cakcl sl lkmulktrnk bas lbljlktas qul makstdtuylk bn dclktdcnc clb gäklra.  Lb sdblkmda jîs djpartnktl ls lb qul sl tdlkcl sairl bn bumen nrjncn y sairl bn pasdidbdcnc cl jntnr. Bn sasplmen npnrlml frlktl n bn npnrlktl ‒trnkspnrlkmdn‚ cl bas tlstdjakdas. ‒dkfarjnktl‚yls nmtdva plrjdtl qul lb rlmartl clb lcdtar. Bn rlscdstnkmdn lktrl lbLblktrlvdstnca sujîs nucdlkmdn lksnynrlstrntägdma bn makstrummdýk cl ukn pulstn qul bas atras clb tlstdjakda lstîk cdspulstas n lsmumenr. lsmumenr. Bns vamls mnkýkdmns clb gäklra sak Ydgailrtn Jlkmeð y Cajdtdbn Inrrdas? bn tdpabagên cdsmursdvn sl argnkdzn cl nmulrca n cas marpus tlxtunbls0 lb tlstdjakda mnkýkdma y lb tlstdjakda bltrnca (Kafnb 37). Lb prdjlra sl mnrnmtlrdzn par uk sdstljn clsdgunb cl klgamdnmdýk cl bn pnbnirn lsmrdtn yn qul lb dkfarjnktl ls, lk glklrnb, dbltrnca? klmlsdtn cl bn lsmrdturn cl uk dktlblmtunb, majpdbncar cl sus rlmulrcas, pnrn nmmlclr nb lspnmda cl bn jljardn. Clktra clb marpus tlstdjakdnb bltrnca pulclk lstniblmlrsl cas grupas tlxtunbls0 nqulbbas clstdkncas n lknbtlmlr bn jljardn cl ukn äpdmn jdbdtnktl y nqulbbas pracumdcas pnrn rlbntnr bn lxplrdlkmdn cl bn tarturn. Xlrtlklmlk nb prdjlr grupa bas tlstdjakdas lk bas qul lb plrsakn`l mlktrnb ls uk eäral qul rlprlslktn bas ntrdiutas dclnbls cl su pnrtdca y mnl maja vêmtdjn dkjabncn lk uk mnjpa cl intnbbn. Bas tlstdjakdas sairl bns tarturns amubtnk bns nmmdakls pabêtdmns y jdbdtnrls cl bns vêmtdjns y sl cltdlklk lk uk rlbnta sairl lb cabar y bn jutdbnmdýk cl bas mulrpas. Bn makcdmdýk cl ba eujnka sl prdvdblgdn par sairl bn dclktdcnc cl bas jdbdtnktls y sus rnzakls. Lk njias mnsas bn vaz clb tlstdga ls elgljýkdmn y amupn bn tatnbdcnc clb lspnmda knrrntdva clb nutar. Xnrn jastrnr bas praibljns prapdas cl dkvlstdgnmdakls maja ästns, slblmmdaknjas uk maktlxta y uk marpus pnrtdmubnr0 lb cl bns knrrntdvns nrglktdkns cl bn pascdmtncurn. \ka cl bas praibljns jîs dktlrlsnktls clb mnjpa ls bn argnkdznmdýk clb marpus y bn pasdidbdcnc cl plksnr mbnsdfdmnmd mbnsdfdmnmdakls akls y tdpabagêns cdsmursdvns. Bas prdjlras knrrncarls tlstdjakdnbls pnrtdmdpnk cl bn edpýtlsds clb ‒fnjdbdsja‚9 mak lb qul @lbdk mnrnmtlrdzn nb javdjdlkta cl clrlmeas eujnkas lk Nrglktdkn. Bas lsmrdtarls sl clintlk, cl jnklrn pnrnca`nb, lktrl bn plrtlklkmdn nb grupa cl vêmtdjns cdrlmtns y bn vabuktnc pabêtdmn cl nsujdr sus mnusns. Lk tnkta pratngakdstns cl bn edstardn y cl su rlbnta, lstîk lxpulstas n jðbtdpbls sasplmens y makstnktljlktl tdlklk qul lxpbdmnr bas jatdvas cl bn lsmrdturn y sus jývdbls, sairl taca sd lb rlbnta ka sl dkdmdn mak bn fýrjubn ‒ya lstuvl neê‚. Lk bas prdjlras tlstdjakdas puibdmncas lk Nrglktdkn clscl >45= y enstn >454, bn fdgurn clb clsnpnrlmdca ls bn cl uk qulrlbbnktl qul sl vl clspa`nca cl bas jlcdas pnrn nrgujlktnr su clflksn y par lbba sl makvdlrtl lk vêmtdjn cl ukn sdkrnzýk? lb lkukmdnca cl bn äpdmn sl makstruyl clscl uk eäral tarturnca qul sairlvdvl nb jnb y bumen lk su maktrn. Lb rlbnta elgljýkdma ls sdk cucn lb bdira cl Jdgulb Iaknssa, Ylmulrca cl bn julrtl. ]l trntn clb prdjlr bdira qul kajirn bas mlktras mbnkclstdkas cl bn Lsjn y Fukls y makstruyl bas tlstdjakdas cl bas sairlvdvdlktls, dkmbusa nktls cl sus pnbnirns pn bnirns cdrlmtns. Iaknssa fukcn uk gäklra pnrtdmubnr cl bn bdtlrnturn nrglktdkn0 bn kavlbn tlstdjakdnb, fýr-

>33

 

jubn lk bn qul makvdvlk bn fdmmdýk y lb tlstdjakda mak glstas cucasas y maktrncdmtardas. Lb bdira dbujdkn ncljîs bn fdgurn clb jdbdtnktl jaktaklra y sus jljardns amupnk bn tatnbdcnc clb mnjpa lsmrdturnrda. Lk munkta n su lstätdmn, sdgul bas bdklnjdlktas mbîsdmas cl bn kavlbn rlnbdstn clmdjakýkdmn y makstruyl uk knrrncar ajkdsmdlktl lk tlrmlrn plrsakn. Lb plrsakn`l prdkmdpnb @ndjl Crd, jaclbnca slgðk bns vdrtucls clb jdbdtnktl dclnb, sl lkukmdncas prýxdjas nb bugnr nutar. . Iaknssa sl rlprlslktn maja uk makstruyl plrsakn`l mak slmukcnrda, tlstdga prdvdblgdnca clcl ba snutar bas rdkmakls slmrltas cl bn trnjn. Lsmrdta lk atrn blkgun y lk atra tlrrdtarda, uk rlbnta sdgkdfdmntdva y patlktl cl bas prdjlras nþas cl bn cljamrnmdn ls lb bdira cl Nbdmdn Xnrtkay, Sel bdtbl ]meaab, Snbls af cdsnpplnrnkml & survdvnb puibdmnca dkdmdnbjlktl lk dkgbäs lk Lstncas \kdcas lk >45< y rllcdtnca par prdjlrn vlz lk mnstlbbnka, lk Iulkas Ndrls lk lb 9886 mak lb kajirl Bn lsmulbdtn. Ylbntas tlstdjakdnbls. Frlktl nb taka grnkcdbamulktl y n bn prltlksdýk cl tatnbdcnc cl Iaknssa, lb tlstdjakda cl Xnrtkay npulstn n bn lsmrdturn cl ba jêkdja, nb mruml sui`ltdva y n bns mbnvls clb gäklra. Ka eny `udmdas cl vnbar sairl bn jarnb clb sairlvdvdlktl y qulcn lxpulstn, cl jnklrn nisabutn, bn nridtrnrdlcnc mak bn qul ncjdkdstrn bn julrtl lb npnrnta clsnpnrlmlcar clb lstnca. Bn edstardn nmaktlml maja ukn mnkmdýk dkfnktdb? bn tarturn sl cdml mak bas frngjlktas lktrlmartncas clb ]npdta Gba Gba Gba cl @asä ]linstdîk Snbbýk? bn julrtl `ulgn lk bn rakcn clb Nrraz mak blmel0 mak lstl sê, mak lstl ka. Nbdmdn ls bn jljardasn clb nisurca? mak bas a`as vlkcncas vn `uktnkca bas rlstas y bas abarls cl bas qul lstîk `ukta n lbbn lk lb mnutdvlrda. Ylgdstrn mudcncasnjlktl bns jnrmns cl ukn dclktdcnc vdabncn. ]ujn n ukn makstrummdýk paätdmn clb pnsnca cas nklxas camujlktnbls mak bn vabuktnc cl rlstdtudr bas b as kajirls y bns lcncls cl bns vêmtdjns nb jajlkta cl bn clsnpnrdmdýk y bas sairlkajirls y mnrnmtlrêstdmns fêsdmns cl sus vdmtdjnrdas. Bas cas l`ljpbas bblvnk nb lstucdasa cl bn bdtlrnturn tlstdjakdnb n pbnktnrsl prlguktns vdkmubncns n bas mrumls cl gäklra clktra clb mnjpa. Xnrtkay `ulgn mak uk nrtl cl ba jlkar y nplbn n bas cdjdkutdvas pnrn patlkmdnr lb jdlca? mak lkukmdncas cl eujar ba nbl`n y sl rlslrvn lb lspnmda prdvnca clb plksnjdlkta prapda. Iaknssa lkukmdn lb tlstdjakda lk tärjdkas cl uk cdsmursa jnsmubdka, jnyar y elradma. Bns jljardns lxpaklk bns pasdmdakls cl bn lkukmdnmdýk lk cltlrjdkncns fdgurnmdakls jnsmubdkns y fljlkdkns cl bn cdflrlkmdn. ]d Iaknssa makstruyl bn fdgurn clb trndcar pnrn enibnr cl bn clbnmdýk in`a tarturn, Xnrtkay nirl bn pulrtn pnrn dr n `ugnr-sl lk bn djpasdidbdcnc cl `uzgnr n bas sairlvdvdlktls. Cl jnklrn frngjlktnrdn, sdk takas äpdmas kd rldvdkcdmnmdakls jdbdtnktls paltdzn bn makcdmdýk cl ba eujnka frlktl n ba dkkajirnibl y ba nisurca cl bn bamurn clb tarturncar.  N pnrtdr clb 988= ls pasdibl plksnr atrn slrdl cl tlstdj tlstdjakdas0 akdas0 bas pnrt  pnrtls ls cl gulrrn gulrrn..  Eärals a trndcarls, bas plrsakn`ls ka sak clsnpnrlmdcas a vêmtdjns nisabutns, sak fukcnjlktnbjlktl ‒sabcncas‚. Xnrtl cl gulrrn, lk slktdca bdtlrnb uk lsmrdta irlvl qul sl lkvên pnrn cnr uk nvdsa a ukn katdmdn urglktl. Majpnrtl uk makmlpta dkdmdnb clb gäklra tlstdjakdnb clfdkdca par Ylkä @nrn y Elrkîk Vdcnb lk Slstdjakda y bdtlrnturn (>456) maja

>3<

 

ukn ‒knrrnmdýk cl urglkmdn‚. ]l sujn n lstn clkajdknmdýk bn majpbl`dcnc cl bn pnbnirn  gulrrn qul supakl lb lkfrlktnjdlkta cl l`ärmdtas y qul en sdca njpbdnjlktl clintdcn par bas argnkdsjas cl clrlmeas eujnkas pnrn cnr mulktn cl bn jdbdtnkmdn cl bns vêmtdjns. Bn dkmarparnmdýk cl bns knrrntdvns cl bn gulrrn y lb clbdta cl lstnca plrjdtl dkmbudr lk lb gäklra bdiras maja Lb trlk cl bn vdmtardn  cl Mrdstdkn Puolr, Bn iulkn edstardn cl @asä  Njarêk sabcncas  cl Jnrmlba kulvas `ustdmdlras elrlclras yclFudjas bn pnbnirn elradmn, lsmrdilkBnrrnquy. lk kajirlBas clnutarls, bas sabcncas julrtas, pnrny qul pulcnk, kulvnjlktl, enibnr par sê jdsjas. Bas rlbntas cl Puolr y Njarêk, par mnjdkas cdstdktas, vulbvlk n uk bugnr njidgua pnrn dkdmdnr bns jljardns0 bn dkfnkmdn. Njias slþnbnk lstl tdljpa maja uk pukta bêjdtl pnrn bn lblmmdýk cl bn jdbdtnkmdn. Lb rlmulrca clb par quä tdlkl qul vlr mak lxplrdlkmdns cl dk`ustdmdns vdvdcns qul sl rlmulrcnk maja ukn jnrmn qul bas majprajltl mak bn pnbnirn, mak bn dcln cl `ustdmdn y cl vlrcnc. Bn dkfnkmdn lktlkcdcn maja ukn cdjlksdýk edstýrdmn trnsmlkclktnb cn ukn rlspulstn n bas dktlrragnktls cl bas jljardasas. Clscl neê sl lxpbdmnk bas jatdvas y rnzakls cl uk prlslktl majintdva.= Bn makstrummdýk elradmn clb ya vulbvl n bn kamdýk cl lxplrdlkmdn.  Njarêk npulstn n uk rlgdstra nutaidagrîfdma, clscl su prapdn lxplrdlkmdn lxplrdlkmdn pabljdzn mak bas qul cdlrak ukn vlrsdýk lqudvamncn cl bas elmeas0 bas qul ka lstuvdlrak clktra. Bn iulkn edstardn ls bn clb sairlvdvdlktl, bn qul clsenml bas lrrarls qul majltdý lb edstardncar lk lb rlgdstra clscl fulrn. Xnrn cnr mulktn cl su lxplrdlkmdn lk bn bumen nrjncn dkvlktn uk mulkta, ‒uk tlxta bdtlrnrda insnca lk elmeas y plrsakn`ls plra rlmakstrudca n pnrtdr cl bn djngdknmdýk‚ (Njarêk 36

 

djpartnktl. Ba qul clsnpnrlmdý ful su jljardn, bn jljardn cl bas majintdlktls, qul ls ba qul ya qulrên rlsmntnr‚ (Bnrrnquy 9==). ]d lb pnrtl cl gulrrn clb sltlktn ls ukn fdmmdýk pnkfbltnrdn, lb pnrtl cl gulrrn ―86 ls ukn makstntnmdýk clb frnmnsa. ]l lsmrdil ncljîs clscl bas cl nin`a, clscl bas sabcncas. Ls frngjlktnrda y su taka lstî lxpulsta n bn jnkdpubnmdýk? ka ls uk bdira cl eärals cl vêmtdjns sdkanutar cl nmmdakls nrjncns jnrmnk lb fdknb trîgdmalkcllb bnlsmlknutapên clb MelkdGulvnrn. Maja amubtn tnjidäk susqul zakns cl pnrtdmdpnmdýk rda vdablkta? ka ls uk pratngakdstn sdka sd ka uk majlktncar cl vamls cdfusns. Bnrrnquy nb dgunb qul Puolr sl dkstnbnk lk ukn zakn grds nb trnksmrdidr y lsmumenr lb tlstdjakda cl ]dbvdn Sabmedksoy.3 Ästn ls qudzîs bn vaz jîs sasplmeasn, a nb jlkas bn jîs mulstdakncn par bas argnkdsjas cl clrlmeas eujnkas. ]upakl bn ljlrglkmdn, lk lb lsmlknrda pðibdma, cl bn vaz cl ukn cltlkdcn qul makvdvl mak su mnptar. mnptar. Jdbls cl prlguktns sl ljplmdknk lk iusmnr rlspulstns, ls ukn pnbnirn cljarncn, sdkuasn, qul lxpakl bn makfbdmtdvdcnc clb tlrrar y sus iarcls jîs nbl`ncas cl bas cdsmursas elradmas. ‒Ka sairlvdvê pnrn maktnr‚ (...) ‒sairlvdvê parqul lbbas qudsdlrak qul sairlvdvdlrn‚ (Puolr 9=7). Mulstdakn tnjidäk lb bugnr clb tlstdga y bn jarnb clb sairlvdvdlktl. ]u cdsmursa nkukmdn bn clsmajpasdmdýk clb pratamaba tlstdjakdnb y susplkcl bns mlrtdcujirls nktl bn djpasdidbdcnc cl maktnrba taca. Lstn knrrnmdýk frnmturn bns rlprlslktnmdakls qul bn dclktdfdmnk mak lb jukca cl bas cltlkdcas clsnpnrlmdcas y kas aibdgn n lsplrnr uk kulva pnmta lktrl bas lsmrdtarls clb tlstdjakda y sus dkfarjnktls. ]u vaz, makstrudcn, dkvlktncn a djpulstn sl sujn nb nrmedva cl bn jljardn y clscl nbbê mulstdakn su fnktnsjngarên. Lb clsnpnrlmdca ka ls ukn dkmýgkdtn. Bns cdstdktns rlprlslktnmdakls cl bns vêmtdjns maja sdbultns vnmêns, jdbdtnktls y sabcncas supaklk bn ljlrglkmdn cl prlguktns y pnbnirns kulvns pnrn lxpbdmnr bn rlprlsdýk. Kulstrn samdlcnc, ncnptîkcasl n kulvas tdljpas y n kulvas bdirltas rlprlslktn lb pnsnca cl cdvlrsns jnklrns. Mncn ukn cl lstns farjns cl kajirnr n sus pratngakdstns rlspakcl n vnrdas sdstljns cl makvlkmdakls l dktlrprltnmdakls. Munkca kulstrns fdmmdakls mnjidnk, sajas kasatras qudlkls bns jacdfdmnjas. Bas elmeas vdablktas sak pragrlsdvnjlktl rlmakamdcas y knrrncas? n jlcdcn qul kas nbl`njas clb idknrdsja dkdmdnb cl bn tlarên cl bas cas cljakdas sl mrln ukn slksnmdýk cl rlnbdcnc, pukta cl pnrtdcn cl kulvns pabêtdmns cl jljardns. Lstn kulvn bdtlrnturn tlstdjakdnb snbl n iusmnr bas makfbdmtas y tlksdakls sdblkmdncas. Iusmn ukn ‒lsmumen‚ cdflrlktl, rlqudlrl cl atras jîs lxtrnþas.45=, lb bugnr clb nutar ls lb bugnr clb fnjdbdnr. Bas bdiras sl lsmrdilk ‒clb bnca cl nquê‚ y bas bnzas cl snkgrl blgdtdjnk bn pasdmdýk clb rlmbnja cl `ustdmdn. Bn klmlsdcnc cl lxpbarnr ukn vlrcnc majprajltl n uk kasatras makamdca. Xratngakdstns, majpnþlras, majpnþlrns, elrjnkas, elrjnkns, jncrls y pncrls amupnk bas bugnrls clb tlstdga cl bas elmeas n bn vlz qul l`lmutnk lb jnkcnta cl enibnr par bas julrtas. ]d idlk enk mnjidnca bns prlguktns y bas plrsakn`ls qul makstruylk bas tlstdjakdas, lb

>37

 

snilr sdgul fulrtljlktl bdgnca n uk paclr qul ba nutardzn. Ka pulcl clsvdkmubnrsl cl bas pratamabas dkdmdnbls y cl su lxprlsdvdcnc patlkmdncn par bn mlrmnkên. ]ak lktakmls bns jacubnmdakls clb frnmnsa, bas pnrtls cl gulrrn, bn dkmarparnmdýk cl bas rlbntas cl jntdmls grdsls bas qul nirlk lb pratamaba clb gäklra n bn iðsqulcn cl prapasdmdakls sdk rlsabumdýk, vdstns clb pnsnca qul ka djpbdqulk vnbarnmdakls cagjîtdmns, qul slnk, pnrnca`nbjlktl, vlrcnclrns y fnbsns. Lb blmtar nirl ukn pulrtn jîs pburnb lk lb lsplsar cl bn bdtlrnturn tlstdjakdnb. N`lka nb rägdjlk mnkakdznca cl ukn rlprlslktnmdýk lk mbnvl cl vdrtuc a jakstruasdcnc martn lb mdrmudta cl bns rlpltdmdakls. ]ýba bn prlslkmdn cl uk blmtar lxtrnþa n ba fnjdbdnr clb tlstdjakda tlksn nb jîxdja bns rlprlslktnmdakls elradmns cajdknktls. ]u bugnr ls pabêtdmnjlktl jlkas trnkqudbdzncar y pulcl sastlklr ba maktrnrda n bas prlsupulstas clb bugnr cl nutar.

Katn  

>. ‒\kn knrrntdvn sustlktncn lk bn prlpakclrnkmdn cl bas järdtas dkcdvdcunbls cl bas gulrrdbblras ”sus vdrtucls ätdmns y n vlmls lstätdmns” dkedil (sustdtuyl a cdfdmubtn) bas nkîbdsds sairl lb javdjdlkta maja argnkdznmdýk suprndkcdvdcunb catncn cl mnrnmtlrêstdmns prapdns.‚ (Gntta, Lb mdlba par nsnbta =74)‚ 9. ‒Lb ‒fnjdbdsja‚ y lb ‒jntlrknbdsja‚ sak mrdtlrdas mlktrnbls cl bn ntrdiumdýk cl blgdtdjdcnc cl bn pnbnirn pðibdmn lk bn Nrglktdkn pascdmtntardnb. Curnktl bn cdmtncurn (>476->45=), tnkta bas jdbdtnrls maja lb javdjdlkta cl clrlmeas eujnkas utdbdznrak bn jntrdz fnjdbdnr pnrn dktlrprltnr su bugnr lk bn makfraktn-

trnmdýk qul fukmdaknin trns bas juras cl Mnjpa cl Jnya bbnjnca ―Lb mnjpdta—. ]u clmbnrnmdýk makstdtuyl bn mabujkn vlrtlirnb cl bn mnusn 65. • Cn ]dbvn Mntlbn, Bucjdbn. Ka enirî fbarls lk bn tujin clb pnsnca0 bn lxplrdlkmdn cl rlmakstrummdýk clb jukca cl bas fnjdbdnrls cl clsnpnrlmdcas. Bn Xbntn0 Nb Jnrglk, 988>. • Gntta, Elilrt. Lb mdlba par nsnbta. Lb javdjdlkta cl bdilrnmdýk knmdaknb (Supnjnras) y bn dzqudlrcn urugunyn (>46=->479). Jaktlvdcla0 Snurus, 9883. • Enbiwnmes, Jnurdml. Bas jnrmas samdnbls cl bn  jljardn. Inrmlbakn0 Nkterapas, 9883. • @nrn, Ylkä y Elrkîk Vdcnb, lcdtarls, Slstdjakda

•lkAilrtd, Nbl`nkcrn y Yailrta jaktn`l. Lsmrdturns cl bn Xdttnbugn. jdbdtnkmdn Jljardns y plksn jdlktas sairl bn edstardn. Iulkas Ndrls0 Lb mdlba par nsnbta, 9886. • ]nrba, Ilntrdz. Sdljpa pnsnca.  Iulkas Ndrls0 ]dgba UUD, 988449. • Wedtl, Enyclk. Jltnedstardn. Jäxdma0 Fakca cl Mubturn Lmakýjdmn, >449.

 y bdtlrnturn. Jdkklnpabds, Jdkklsatn0 Dkstdtutl af tel ]tucy af Dclabagdls nkc Bdtlrnturl, >456. • @lbdk, Lbdznilte. ‒Bn knrrntdvn plrsaknb cl ba ―dkvdsdibl—‚ Edstardn, Jljardn y Fulktls Arnbls. Mnrkavnbl, Vlrn, Flclrdma Barlkz y Yailrta Xdttnbugn, majpdbncarls. Iulkas Ndrls0 Jljardn Nidlrtn y MLCDKMD, 9886. 6=-74. • @lbdk, Lbdznilte. Bas trnin`as cl bn jljardn. Jncrdc0 ]dgba UUD, 9889. • Onufjnk, ]usnkn. ‒Ba blgnca y ba prapda. Bnzas fnjdbdnrls y trnksjdsdýk cl jljardns‚. ]ui `ltdvdcnc y fdgurns cl bn jljardn.  Lbdznilte @lbdk, ]usnkn Onufjnk, majpdbncarns. Iulkas Ndrls0 ]dgba UUD, 9886. • Blvd, Xrdja. Bas eukcdcas y bas snbvncas. Inrmlbakn0 Jumekdo, >454. • Bakgakd, Nkn. Srndmdakls. Bn fdgurn clb trndcar lk  bas rlbntas n mlrmn cl bas sairlvdvdlktls cl bn rl prlsdýk. Iulkas Ndrls0 Karjn, 9887. • Batjnk, @urd y Lsmulbn cl Snrtu. ]ljdýtdmn cl bn mubturn. Jncrdc0 Mîtlcrn, >474.

Camujlkta lk dktlrklt • @lbdk, Lbdznilte. ‒Vêmtdjns, fnjdbdnrls y mducncnkas/ns. Bns bumens par bn blgdtdjdcnc cl bn pnbnirn‚   Mnc. Xngu, Kra. 94 Mnjpdkns, @uby/Clm. (9887)0 =768. Lk0 ettp0//www.smdlba.ir/smdlba.pep1smrdpt:smdQ nrttlxt&pdc:]8>83-5===988788898888=&bkg:lk &krj:dsa (8>/83/85).

 

Slstdjakdas • Njarêk, @asä. Jaktaklras0 bn iulkn edstardn. Iulkas Ndrls0 Mntîbagas, 988443. • Bnrrnquy, Jnrmlba.  Fudjas sabcncas. Edstardn  slmrltn cl bn maktrnaflksdvn jaktaklrn.  Iulkas  Ndrls0 Ngudbnr, Ngudbnr, 9886. • Xnrtkay, Nbdmdn. Bn lsmulbdtn. Ylbntas tlstdjakdn bls. Iulkas Ndrls0 Bn iaeljdn, 9886. • Puolr, Mrdstdkn. Lb trlk cl bn vdmtardn. \kn sngn fnjdbdnr. Iulkas Ndrls0 ]ucnjlrdmnkn, 988=.

>34

 

9. Ylslþn cl cas mnsas l`ljpbnrls 9.>. Lbdznilte @lbdk. Bas trnin`as cl bn jljardn. Jncrdc y Iulkas Ndrls, ]dgba UUD cl Lspnþn Lcdtarls y ]dgba UUD cl Nrglktdkn Lcdtarls, 9889. (Lcdmdýk rlvdsncn lk dkgbäs, ]tntl  rlprlssdak  rlprls sdak nkc tel tel bniars bniars af af jljary jljary.. Jdkklnpabds0 \kdvlrsdty af Jdkklsatn Xrlss, 988=).

Lbdznilte @lbdk nknbdzn bns prlslkmdns pnsnca? ysucllsmrdturn bas pramlsas samdnbls majprajltdcas lk basy slktdcas nmtas cl clb rljljarnr abvdcnr. dkcngn Mulstdakn lb makmlpta cl ‒jljardn mablmtdvn‚, jastrnkca bn b n lxdstlkmdn cl makstrummdakls suplrpulstns, mak clsn`ustls makstdtutdvas, lkmuncrncns lk jnrmas samdnbls y lk rlbnmdakls cl paclr. Dkcdmn bn lxdstlkmdn cl uk majpbl`a tl`dca lk lb qul makvdvlk knrrntdvns maktrnstnktls y suturns eajaglkldzncarns qul dktlktnk djpaklr blmturns nrjýkdmns clb pnsnca y clspbnznr bas rlbntas cdsmarcnktls. Munkca sl tajn n bn jljardn maja ai`lta cl lstucda, bn rlbnmdýk lktrl edstardn y jljardn mairn atra slktdca, lsplmdnbjlktl munkca dkmarparn bn cdjlksdýk cl ba trnujîtdma. Bas nmaktlmdjdlktas trnujîtdmas sak nqulbbas qul par su dktlksdcnc glklrnk lk lb su`lta ukn dkmnpnmdcnc cl rlspakclr,, pravamnkca trnstarkas cdvlrsas lk su fukmdaknjdlkta samdnb. (64) clr

Lk lb bdira argnkdzn uk mnjpa cl lstucdas pnrtdmubnr pnrn bns jljardns cl cdmtncurns lk Njärdmn Bntdkn, rlvdsn bn trncdmdýk mrêtdmn, pnrtdmubnrjlktl bn frnkmlsn y rlpakl bas mulrpas y bns sui`ltdvdcncls clb maka sur. Ylbll ukn niukcnktl bdtlrnturn sairl bns vêmtdjns clb knzdsja y bas nvntnrls cl sus knrrntdvns y tlstdjakdas plrsaknbls. Lb rlsubtnca ls uk npnrnta mrêtdma lk javdjdlkta, uk paclrasa glklrncar cl prlguktns mnpnz cl fukcnr uk kulva blkgun`l mrêtdma plksnca y slktdca clscl uk nquê. @lbdk lxmlcl bn clbdjdtnmdýk cdsmdpbdknrdn y pbnktln bns fraktlrns jývdbls clb makmlpta cl jljardns y su mruml mak bn edstardn. Mulstdakn bas cdsmursas mlktrncas y rlpakl bn dcln cl makfbdmta y cdsputns pnrn plksnr bns blgdtdjdcncls cl bns pnbnirns cl bas jljardasas. Vdvdjas lk ukn lrn cl mablmmdakdstns. Ylgdstrnjas y gunrcnjas taca0 bns fatas cl dkfnkmdn y bas rlmulrcas cl bn niulbn lk lb pbnka prdvnca-fnjdbdnr, bns mablmmdakls cl cdnrdas y rlvdstns (a rlmartls) rlflrdcas n tljns a plrêacas qul kas dktlrlsnk, bas nrmedvas afdmdnbls y prdvncas cl taca tdpa. (4)

Bn nutarn nirl lb clintl clbdjdtnkca bas nbmnkmls cl ukn mubturn cl bn jljardn n bn vlz qul prlslktn ukn pulstn n pukta cl bn idibdagrnfên sairl lb tljn. @lbdk enibn cl bn makstrummdýk cl jljardns cdnbýgdmns y rlpakl cas katns mlktrnbls lk lstl makmlpta0 ‒Xrdjlra, lb pnsnca mairn slktdca lk su lkbnml mak lb prlslktl lk lb nmta cl rljljarnr/abvdcnr. ]lgukca, lstn dktlrragnmdýk sairl lb pnsnca ls uk pramlsa sui`ltdva? ls sdljprl nmtdva y makstrudca samdnbjlktl lk cdîbaga l dktlrnmmdýk‚ (97). Bas mrumls clb pnsnca y lb prlslktl y bas pramlsas cl klgamdnmdýk, bn tlksdýk lktrl ba qul sl pulcl

>88)

>

 

\k l`l mlktrnb ls lb trnin`a mak bas pramlsas cl trnksjdsdýk, elrlkmdn y nprlkcdzn`ls. @lbdk prapakl dkmarparnr bn cdjlksdýk sui`ltdvn lk bn iðsqulcn cl blkgun`ls nprapdncas pnrn maktnr ‒bas mulktas‚ cl bns jljardns lk makfbdmta. ]lþnbn bn klmlsdcnc cl bn makstrummdýk cl uk cdîbaga dktlrglklrnmdaknb y nplbn n sus jðbtdpbls farjns pnrn mak`urnr bas fnktnsjns clb pnsnca. Dbujdkn lb pnplb clb blmtar, mnpnz cl suplrnr bas sdblkmdas cl bas prlguktns bdiras cl jljardn cl bas sairlvdvdlktls lsmrdtas pasdibl. lk ydccse. Bn nutarn prapakl dkqudltnktls y nirl bns pulrtns`ucêas n uk jaclba Bn trnin`asn lsmrdturn cl bns jljardns ls tnjidäk ukn npnsdakncn dkvdtnmdýk nb cdîbaga y n bn pabäjdmn. 9.9. Ilntrdz ]nrba. Sdljpa pnsnca. Mubturn cl bn jljardn y gdra sui`ltdva. \kn cdsmu sdýk. Iulkas Ndrls0 ]dgba UUD, 988=)

Bns vdstns clb pnsnca lstîk rlbnmdakncns mak grupas qul iusmnk pasdmdakls cl cajdkda y bl djprdjlk ukn taknbdcnc? bns ‒vdstns‚ sak lspnmdas cl cdsputn. ]nrba dktracuml bn tlksdýk, maktlxtunb, lktrl bns knrrnmdakls edstýrdmns cl mdrmubnmdýk jnsdvn y bns rlgbns clb jätaca cl bn cdsmdpbdkn edstýrdmn dkmbudcns sus cdsputns nmncäjdmns. Lstas a`as jðbtdpbls suplrvdsnk bas jacas cl rlmakstrummdýk clb pnsnca. Nfdrjn qul lk lb mnsa pnrtdmubnr cl bas rlbntas cl jljardn lb usa cl bn prdjlrn plrsakn makvdlrtl nb tlstdjakda lk uk êmaka cl vlrcnc y amubtn bn plrsplmtdvn dclabýgdmn. Xar ba tnkta, prapakl bllr bas tlstdjakdas maja ‒vdstns clb pnsnca‚, dktlrprltnmdakls sui`ltdvns, ntrnvlsncns par ukn dclabagên y, par ba tnkta, djpasdibls cl slr maksdclrncns vlrcncls drrlvamnibls. Bn dktracummdýk cl ba sui`ltdva bl plrjdtl iusmnr lb cltnbbl lxmlpmdaknb, lb rnstra cl ba qul sl rlsdstl n bn karjnbdznmdýk. Mak bn frnkqulzn slvlrn qul su makcdmdýk cl vêmtdjn vabvdý nucdibl, Xrdja Blvd sastuva qul lb mnjpa cl makmlktrnmdýk ka lkkaiblml n sus vêmtdjns? pacrên ngrlgnrsl qul tnjpama lb earrar

>449. Clbdjdtn lb mnjpa praibljîtdma cl uk gäklra cl ka fdmmdýk, sus bêjdtls lktrl ba rlnb y

ba fdmtdmda y lktrl bn bdtlrnturn y lb tlstdjakda. Njnr ]îkmelz trnin`n mak bas ljlrglktls

>456. Lk lb prýbaga Ylkä @nrn prapakl ukn prdjlrn clfdkdmdýk clb gäklra maja ‒knrrnmdýk cl urglkmdn‚. Bn mablmmdýk cl trnin`as argnkdzn ba qul el bbnjnca tlstdjakda mnkýkdma mnrnmtlrdznca par uk sdstljn clsdgunb cl klgamdnmdýk cl bn pnbnirn lsmrdtn yn qul lb dkfarjnktl ls, lk glklrnb, dbltrnca y klmlsdtn cl bn lsmrdturn cl uk dktlblmtunb qul nmtðn maja lb majpdbncar cl sus rlmulrcas. Lstl sdstljn cl dktlrmnjida y sus býgdmns majpbl`ns plrjdtl lb dkgrlsa cl bas ‒sdk vaz‚ nb lspnmda cl bn jljardn lsmrdtn. Lb bdira nirl bn cdsmusdýk lktrl ba mnkýkdma y ba qul ka plrtlklml n lstn rlgbn l dbujdkn bas clintls sairl lb makmlpta cl bdtlrnturn clscl lb mnjpa nmncäjdma kartlnjlrdmnka. =.=. Lbzidltn, ]obacawson. Slstdjakda edspnkanjlrdmnka. Xltlr Bnkg0 Klw Taro, >449. Argnkdzn bn glklnbagên clb tlstdjakda lk Njärdmn Bntdkn y bn maktdkudcnc clb glsta tlstdjakdnb clscl bns lsmrdturns mabakdnbls enstn bn jaclrkdcnc. Enml ukn prapulstn tdpabýgdmn pnrn argnkdznr cas tdpas cl cdsmursas? dkcdmn lk prdjlr bugnr bas tlstdjakdas dkjlcdntas (cdrlmtas)0 lb tlstdjakda blgnb, bn lktrlvdstn, bn nutaidagrnfên, lb cdnrda, bns jljardns, bns mrýkdmns, qul pulclk slrvdr cl c l prl-tlxtas pnrn bas tlstdjakdas jlcdntas. Lk slgukca bugnr slþnbn lb mnsa cl bas tlstdjakdas jlcdntas, argnkdzncas sdljprl par uk lcdtar qul trnksmrdil bn edstardn cl uk dkfarjnktl. ]obacawson pakl lsplmdnb ntlkmdýk lk bn lsmrdturn cl Jdgulb Inrklt y bns lstrntlgdns cl vnbdcnmdýk cl bas tlstdjakdas cl bas nþas sltlktn n bn vlz qul slþnbn bn grnvdtnmdýk clb makmlpta cl ‒cdflrlkmdn‚ cl Byatnrc lk bn makstdtumdýk clb gäklra. =.3. Mnrjlk Xlrdbbd. Edstardagrnfên y fdmmdýk lk bn knrrntdvn edspnkanjlrdmnkn. Sumujîk0 Eujnkdtns, >447. Xlrdbbd argnkdzn bas tlxtas y bas nutarls cl uk jnpn bntdkanjlrdmnka frngjlktnca. Xnrtl cl ukn edpýtlsds pabêtdmn0 bas elmeas cabarasas cl bn edstardn lk Njärdmn Bntdkn sl lsmrdilk lk bn bdtlrnturn y ka lk bn edstardn. Mak bns mbnvls cl bn fdmmdýk y mak lb l`lrmdmda cl bn jltîfarn bn bdtlrnturn mulktn ba qul bn edstardn afdmdnb sdblkmdn. =.>. Xrdja Blvd. Bas eukcdcas y bas snbvncas. Inrmlbakn0 Jumekdo, >454. /Gdargda  Ngnjilk. 9889. 9889. Ba qul qulcn qulcn cl Nusmewdtz. Nusmewdtz. Vnblkmdn0 Vnblkmdn0 prl-tlxta, prl-tlxta, 9889. Lb tlstdjakda cl Blvd ls jngdstrnb, ilbba y tlrrdibl n bn vlz. ]u tlstdjakda sairl Nusmewdtz pbnktln bns makcdmdakls jarnbls cl ukn lkukmdnmdýk lxtrljn. ]us prlguktns vdsmlrnbls gdrnk lk tarka nb bugnr clb tlstdga y bn cdfêmdb pasdmdýk cl sairlvdvdlktl, sairlvdvdlktl, bn clbdjdtnmdýk cl bas makmlptas cl bn zakn grds, cl bn mubpn y bn vlrgòlkzn. ‒Ta lrn uk jusub jîk‚, bn pnrnca`n cl Xrdja Blvd rlblêcn par Ngnjilk (>7=) pbnktln ukn kulvn vulbtn cl tulrmn sairl bn djpasdidbdcnc cl vlr bn julrtl y enibnr cl lbbn0 ‒Ka sýba lb jusubjîk ls lb tlstdga dktlgrnb, sdka qul nearn enibn y ls tlstdga lk prdjlrn plrsakn. N pnrtdr cl lsl jajlkta clilrên lstnr mbnra lk quä slktdca lstn farjubnmdýk lxtrljn ”Ta, lb qul  eniba, lrn uk jusubjîk, ls clmdr nqulb qul ka pulcl enibnr lk kdkgðk mnsa” ka sýba maktrncdml bn pnrnca`n, sdka qul, dkmbusa, bn vlrdfdmn puktunbjlktl. Cl`ljas, par lsa,

>6, Ataþa 988=). Lk lstl slktdca @unk Mnrbas Edcnbga sastdlkl qul bn dkvlstdgnmdýk ‒trnksfdlrl kulva makamdjdlkta n bn lkslþnkzn, suplrnkca bn vdl`n makmlpmdýk cl nprlkclr cl prlstnca‚ (34). Bl`as cl dgkarnr bas clsnrrabbas tlýrdmas qul sl rlnbdznk lk atrns bntdtucls suirnyn bn klmlsdcnc cl qul bn dkvlstdgnmdýk ‒rlspakcn n bn rlnbdcnc samdalmakýjdmn cl bas pulibas‚ (34), n sus praibljns. Xnrn lbba ls klmlsnrda praja-

>44> sus nrtêmubas suirnynk bn lxdstlkmdn cl ukn ‒clucn‚, cl ukn mulktn plkcdlktl, cl uk rlsta n snbcnr n mnrga cl qudlkls trnin`nk lk lb îrln cl tlarên bdtlrnrdn. Xrlvdkdäkcasl tnkta cl bas prl`udmdas cl qudlkls sastdlklk qul ls pasdibl ukn prîmtdmn sdk tlarên maja cl qudlkls mrllk qul bn sabumdýk maksdstl lk ‒―in`nr— bas snilrls cl bn tlarên nb mnjpa cl bn lkslþnkzn jlcdnktl uk trnsvnsnjdlkta jlmîkdma‚ (Atrns trnjns 9>), dkstnbn uk praibljn lk ukn zakn cl iarcl cdsmdpbdknr. Lk >449 prlpnrn ukn nktabagên tlýrdmn qul sl en makvlrtdca lk rlflrlkmdn aibdgncn pnrn bas dkvlstdgncarls prlamupncas par bn rlbnmdýk lktrl bdtlrnturn l dkstdtumdýk. Lk Bdtlrnturn  y lcumnmdýk nmlrmn bas nrtêmubas n rtêmubas qul Xedbdppl ]abblrs, Yabnkc Inrtels, @akntenk Mubblr, Glrnrc Glklttl, Xdlrrl Oulktz, Wnykl Iaate, Yailrt Taukg y Ylja Mlslrnkd prlslktnk lk lb lkmulktra rlnbdznca lk >464 lk Mlrdsy-bn-]nbbl lk tarka cl bn lkslþnkzn cl bn bdtlrnturn ngrlgnkca ukn dktracummdýk lk bn qul nfdrjn0 ‒bn ―tlktnmdýk rlmurrlktl cl bas dktlblmtunbls bntdkanjlrdmnkas—, jlkmdakncn par Ljdbda Slktd Fnkfnkd, cl tajnr n bn tlarên maja uk makamdjdlkta pnrn slr lkslþnca y ka maja ukn elrrnjdlktn pnrn pbnktlnrsl dktlrragnktls ardgdknbls y praylmtas cl dkvlstdgnmdýk ncvdlrtl sairl bn klmlsdcnc cl plksnr lk pracumdr tlýrdmnjlktl sairl bn rlbnmdýk lktrl lcumnmdýk y bdtlrnturn‚ (>3). Lk >446 puibdmn uk nrtêmuba lk Arids Slrtdus. Ylvdstn cl tlarên y mrêtdmn bdtlrnrdn lk lb qul

>68

 

vulbvl sairl lstl praibljn, nukqul clscl uk îkguba cdflrlktl. Mak jnyar prlmdsdýk slþnbn uk mak`ukta cl tljns n dkcngnr glstnkca, tnb vlz sdk prapakärslba, ba qul dkvlstdgnmdakls pastlrdarls clsnrrabbncns lk cdstdktas bugnrls clb pnês makfdrjnrîk0 lb tlxta nrjn bn nglkcn cl bn cdcîmtdmn cl bn bdtlrnturn pnrn bn Nrglktdkn cl bas cdlz nþas sdgudlktls. Lk ‒Cdcîmtdmn cl bn bdtlrnturn y tlarên0 npuktls sairl bn edstardn cl ukn clucn‚ clbdkln bns zakns cl vnmnkmdn sairl bns qul lrn klmlsnrda pracumdr. Bns glklrnbdznmdakls dkdmdnbls lk tarka cl bn ‒clucn‚ sl n`ustnk rlmakamdlkca qul ls lb mnjpa jdsja cl bn cdcîmtdmn cl bn bdtlrnturn lb qul lstî dkvabumrnca clscl su mnrîmtlr cl glstnmdýk0 ‒bn makstrummdýk cl ukn cdcîmtdmn cl bn bdtlrnturn y lb rlmakamdjdlkta cl bn pracumtdvdcnc cl bn tlarên bdtlrnrdn lk su pramlsa en sdca, lk glklrnb, ukn tnrln pastlrgncn.‚ (9>3). Mak jîs cltnbbl puktunbdzn bas trnin`as n rlnbdznr0 ‒Bn mnrlkmdn cl dkfarjnmdýk sairl lb vnsta y majpbl`a mnjpa cl bn tlarên, bn nmujubnmdýk cl lxplrdlkmdns klgntdvns lk sus npbdmnmdakls lk bn lkslþnkzn a bas prl`udmdas fukcncas lk makmlpmdakls cl bn bdtlrnturn y cl bas snilrls sairl bn bdtlrnturn qul kdlgnk lsn pracumtdvdcnc en mnrnmtlrdznca mdlrtns tlkclkmdns lk bn farjnmdýk camlktl tlrmdnrdn y ukdvlrsdtnrdn.‚ (9>7). Cdvubgnmdýk qul rlnbdzn uk pramlsa cl  rldkvlkmdýk mntlgardnb sdtuncn  y cl nprapdnmdýk ntlktn nb bamus cl lkukmdnmdýk cl qudlk bn fdrjn0 ls tnjidäk bn prapdn edstardn cl qudlk enibn-lsmrdil bn qul sl pakl lk `ulga munkca sl mdtn ukn airn (Clrrdcn, Nparêns >7), munkca sl prltlkcl maktngdnr lb lktusdnsja par ukn mdlrtn farjn cl bllr bn bdtlrnturn (eny sdljprl nbbê dkvabumrncn ukn clmdsdýk tajncn rlsplmta cl ukn tlarên sairl bn bdtlrnturn qul supakl ukn pasdmdýk rlflrdcn n bn rlbnmdýk cl bn bdtlrnturn mak lb rlsta cl bas cdsmursas qul farjnk ukn mubturn y rlsplmta cl bn farjn cl bllr). Nsê qudlk enibn-lsmrdil, dksmrdil tnjidäk su prapdn edstardn `ukta n nqulbba qul ‒cdvubgn‚. Clscl >446 enstn bn nmtunbdcnc bns dkvlstdgnmdakls glklrncns clscl Nrglktdkn qul trntnk praibljns sairl bn rlbnmdýk lktrl bdtlrnturn y lkslþnkzn cnk mulktn cl bn maksabdcnmdýk cl bn cdcîmtdmn cl bn bdtlrnturn maja mnjpa cl dkvlstdgnmdýk maktravlrsdnb, ntrnvlsnca par cdsmusdakls y pabäjdmns qul paklk cl jnkdfdlsta bn pracumtdvdcnc cl sus clsnrrabbas. ]d idlk n bas lflmtas cl lstn prlslktnmdýk bas arclknjas uk tnkta lsquljîtdmnjlktl lk muntra grnkcls bêklns, sl pacrî aislrvnr qul bn tnxakajên ka prltlkcl slr rdgurasn (eny trnin`as qul pnrtdmdpnk cl jîs cl ukn). ]ê prltlkcl ardlktnr y nyucnr nb clsnrrabba cl futurns dkvlstdgnmdakls cl`nkca lktrlvlr bns zakns dkmdpdlktls a nqulbbns lk bns qul sl vlrdfdmn jnyar vnmnkmdn. ]lgðk lb tdpa cl praibljns cl bas b as qul sl amupnk pacljas lstniblmlr bas sdgudlktls grupas0

>6>

 

>.>. Knrrnmdýk cl prîmtdmns prapdns Ylmuplrnkca bn pasdmdýk qul clscl bn nktrapabagên suirnyn lb bugnr nmtdva clb ltkýgrnfa lk bn makstrummdýk cl bas cntas cl bn dkvlstdgnmdýk (Gllrtz, Bn dktlrprltnmdýk? Lb nktrapýbaga? Jnrmus y Fdsmelr), bns rlfblxdakls sairl bn lkslþnkzn n pnrtdr cl bn rlmuplrnmdýk cl prîmtdmns prapdns (@nmosak? Gaacsak, Lb mnjida) y bn marrdlktl qul

clfdlkcl bn djpartnkmdn cl bn knrrnmdýk cl bn lxplrdlkmdn maja ‒pracumta‚ (y ka maja uk ‒rlgdstra‚) clb dkvlstdgncar (Plbblr), sl vlrdfdmn ukn mrlmdlktl pracummdýk cl nrtêmubas qul npartnk nkîbdsds y/a mntlgarêns n pnrtdr clb rlbnta cl dkstnkmdns cl trnksflrlkmdn qul tdlklk n qudlkls lsmrdilk maja nmtarls prdkmdpnbls. Lk lstn bêkln mnil clstnmnr bn clmdsdýk tajncn par bas argnkdzncarls cl bas makgrlsas jîs djpartnktls clb mnjpa0 lb lqudpa cl cdcîmtdmn cl bn \kdvlrsdcnc cl Bn Xbntn rlnbdzn mncn cas nþas ukn rlukdýk cl mnrîmtlr knmdaknb `ukta n atrn ukdvlrsdcnc pðibdmn. Bas cas ðbtdjas makgrlsas enk maktrdiudca n mabamnr lk bn nglkcn cl bn cdcîmtdmn bas nvnkmls pracumdcas clscl lstn plrsplmtdvn. Ylmarcljas qul lb V Makgrlsa Knmdaknb cl Cdcîmtdmn cl bn blkgun y cl bn bdtlrnturn qul tuva bugnr lk bn \kdvlrsdcnc Knmdaknb cl Glklrnb ]nk Jnrtêk lk kavdljirl cl 988< bn dkstnbn lktrl sus l`ls tljîtdmas (‒Xrîmtdmns cl lsmrdturn, lsmrdturn cl bns prîmtdmns‚) y qul lb ðbtdja makgrlsa rlnbdznca lk sltdljirl cl 9887 lk bn \kdvlrsdcnc Knmdaknb cl ]nbtn bn rltajn sastlkdlkca lb clsngrlgnca cl cdflrlktls nsplmtas lktrl bas qul clstnma lb qul clsmrdia lk lstl npnrtnca. Bn makvamntardn n paklkmdns rlfulrzn ”jlcdnktl lb lkukmdnca qul mdta” bn dkmbusdýk cl lstl tdpa cl trnin`as lk lb mnjpa cl bn cdcîmtdmn cl bn bdtlrnturn maktrdiuylkca n atargnrbl lstntuta tlýrdma y lpdstljabýgdma nb vnbarnrba maja uk npartl n bn makstrummdýk clb makamdjdlkta, n bn majpasdmdýk cl uk snilr sairl nbga qul sl dgkarn0 ‒Bn lsmrdturn cl bns prîmtdmns camlktls maja kulva mnjdka pnrn bn pracummdýk lk bn cdcîmtdmn cl bn blkgun y cl bn bdtlrnturn‚. Yljnrma clb lkukmdnca bn pnbnirn ‒kulva‚0 slþnb clb mnrîmtlr ljlrglktl clb rlmakamdjdlkta n lstn farjn cl pracummdýk cl makamdjdlkta lk bas mnjpas cl bns cdcîmtdmns cl bn blkgun y cl bn bdtlrnturn. ]lþnbnjdlkta ka fartudta0 pulcl maksdclrnrsl ukn maktravlrsdn clb mnjpa bn qul sl pracuml lktrl qudlkls, sdk rlmakamlrba lxpbêmdtnjlktl, kdlgnk lb mnrîmtlr cl ‒makamdjdlkta‚ n lstas npartls. Xar l`ljpba, ukn majpdbnmdýk cl nrtêmubas sairl blkgun, bdtlrnturn y lkslþnkzn rlnbdzncn clscl bn \kdvlrsdcnc Knmdaknb clb Bdtarnb uidmn lk bn slmmdýk ‒Nklxa‚ ‒Nklxa‚ n bns dkvlstdgnmdakls rlnbdzncns n pnrtdr cl bn prapdn prîmtdmn (mf. Sartd, Sartd, Buqulz y Vdþns) sd idlk dkmarparn `ukta n atrns dkvlstdgnmdakls d kvlstdgnmdakls bn knrrnmdýk cl ‒\kn lxplrdlkmdn cl blmturn‚ (mf. Jlylr). Ls prainibl qul lb mnrîmtlr rlmdlktl cl lstn dkmbusdýk tlýrdmn y lpdstljabýgdmn lk uk mnjpa ntrnvlsnca par bns prlsmrdpmdakls jltacabýgdmns qul enmlk fama lk bn trdnkgubnmdýk cl cntas (Maelk y Jnkdak), lk bns dkvlstdgnmdakls cl mnjpa lsmrdtns lk tlrmlrn plrsakn y lk bn tniubnmdýk cl rlsubtncas munktdtntdvas, jatdvl lstns tlksdakls.  N bas lflmtas cl jastrnr lb mnrîmtlr dkmdpdlktl cl lstn plrsplmtdvn y tnjidäk su mrlmdlktl y frumtêflrn maksabdcnmdýk, lkujlra pnrtl cl bn pracummdýk lxdstlktl lk rlbnmdýk mak bas npartls nb mnjpa lsplmêfdma cl bn cdcîmtdmn cl bn bdtlrnturn. Xar l`ljpba, lk lb

>69

 

mdtnca makgrlsa clsnrrabbnca lk bn \kdvlrsdcnc \kdvlrs dcnc Knmdaknb cl Glklrnb ]nk Jnrtêk, lk bas ‒Xnklbls cl lsplmdnbdstns‚, sl dksmrdilk lk lstn bêkln bns majukdmnmdakls cl Mlmdbdn In`aur, Nbmdrn Ins, Jýkdmn Idiiý, Yasnkn Iabbdkd, Xntrdmdn Iustnjnktl, Jnrdkn Martäs y Ilntrdz Jnssdkl, Xnubn Bnilur, Jnrtn Klgrêk y bn prapdn. Lk lb jdsja lkmulktra, lk bns majukdmnmdakls lk jlsns y faras, bas trnin`as cl Karjn Nmastn, Mbnucdn Ngudrrl,  Nkcräs Nblgrakd, Jnrên Makdgbda, Jnrên Bnurn Cdmmukca y Bdzn Intdsttuzd, @unk Cajêkgulz, ]nrn Flrkîkclz y Jnrên Lstlr Jarn, Nbl`nkcrn Eulspl y Vlrýkdmn Lkrdma, Lstlbn Onbbny, Drlkl Obldk, Mnrabdkn Jnrlbbd, Xnubdkn \vdþn, Ncrdnkn Vnblktd y atrns y cl ]dbvdn ]lankl sl nrjnk clscl lstl bugnr. Lk lb DV Makgrlsa Knmdaknb cl Cdcîmtdmn cl bn Blkgun y cl bn Bdtlrnturn clsnrrabbnca lk Mýrcain lk lb nþa 988> bns majukdmnmdakls cl Jýkdmn Idiiý, Bdbdnkn Xlrnbtn, Mrdstdkn Fn`rl y Nkcräs Nbblgrakd pnrtlk cl bn knrrnmdýk cl sus prîmtdmns pnrn makstrudr prapulstns cdcîmtdmns lk rlbnmdýk n praibljns puktunbls. Lk lb ðbtdja makgrlsa mlblirnca lk ]nbtn bn mnktdcnc cl paklkmdns lk lstn cdrlmmdýk ls ukn julstrn cl su tlkclkmdn mrlmdlktl. Lk Bubð Maqulttl. Ylvdstn cl cdcîmtdmn cl bn blkgun y cl bn bdtlrnturn bas nrtêmubas cl Mnrabdkn Mulstn, Bdbdnkn Xlrnbtn, Glrjîk Yldjakca, Vnblrdn ]nrcd, Lbin Njnca y ]lrgda Frugakd nyucnk n lktlkclr par quä lstas trnin`as npartnk n bn makstrummdýk clb makamdjdlkta lk lb mnjpa cl bn lkslþnkzn cl bn bdtlrnturn. Lk lb jnrma cl bn Bdmlkmdnturn lk Lkslþnkzn cl bn Blkgun y cl bn Bdtlrnturn cl bn \kdvlrsdcnc Knmdaknb clb Bdtarnb, Jnrên Luglkdn Jlylr y Îkglb Xnrrn sastdlklk bns edpýtlsds cl sus Slsdkns n pnrtdr clb nkîbdsds cl sus prîmtdmns cl lkslþnkzn cl bdtlrnturn lk lb kdvlb Xabdjacnb0 bn lsmrdturn cl sus lxplrdlkmdns pnrtdmdpn clb mnjpa cl bn cdcîmtdmn cl bn bdtlrnturn lk bn qul dktlrvdlklk cdsmutdlkca lb bugnr clb jltnblkgun`l lk bns mbnsls (Jlylr, Bn pulstn) y prapakdlkca farjns cl dktlrslmtnr lb trnin`a cl blmturn y cl lsmrdturn n pnrtdr cl bn bdtlrnturn mulstdaknkca mdlrtns rutdkns qul nbl`nk cl bn blmturn (Xnrrn). Yassnkn Kafnb mrln clscl lb Dkstdtuta Dktlrcdsmdpbdknrda cl Lstucdas Bntdkanjlrdmnkas cl bn Fnmubtnc cl Fdbasafên y Bltrns cl bn \kdvlrsdcnc Knmdaknb cl Sumujîk lb grupa Jnkcrîgarn qul clscl >44< argnkdzn tnbblrls bdtlrnrdas y cdflrlktls pragrnjns cl blmturn pnrn kdþas y `ývlkls lk sdtunmdýk cl rdlsga samdnb. Bn majukdmnmdýk cl su lxplrdlkmdn (Kafnb, ‒Bdtlrnturn‚) julstrn ba qul bn bdtlrnturn pulcl  (Clrrdcn, Cljlurl)0 Kafnb mlktrn su trnin`a lk bn blmturn cl bn bdtlrnturn maja farjn cl makstrummdýk cl bn jljardn. Bn dkmbusdýk cl su edstardn plrsaknb lk bn rlmakstrummdýk cl sus clmdsdakls maja jlcdncarn nyucn n lktlkclr bn knturnblzn clb praylmta (mýja ls pulstn n fukmdaknr bn bdtlrnturn? quä makmlpta cl bdtlrnturn sastdlkl su trnin`a? quä nmtdvdcncls prajulvl y pnrn quä). Mdta uk pnsn`l qul plrjdtl clsmuirdr bns makvdmmdakls ätdmns y pabêtdmns qul bblvnk n rlnbdznr lstn prîmtdmn y tnjidäk n rlmakstrudrbn0 ‒Munkca ya lrn medmn, lb mnrtlb cl lktrncn n jd pravdkmdn dksmrdiên uk jlksn`l tlrrdibl0 ―Sumujîk, mukn cl bn dkclplkclkmdn y slpubmra cl bn suivlrsdýk—.‚ (>>>). Mdtn qul nyucn n lxpbdmnr lk quä caibl slktdca Kafnb iusmn dktlrvlkdr0 n pnrtdr cl su trnin`a camlktl y n pnrtdr cl bn knrrnmdýk cl su prîmtdmn. Clscl ]nbtn lb lqudpa cl dkvlstdgncarns kumblncns lk lb praylmta ‒Nirdlkca ‒Nirdlkca jukcas. ]nbtn bll y lsmrdil‚ npulstn n bn knrrnmdýk knrrn mdýk

>6=

 

cl bn lxplrdlkmdn maja farjn cl samdnbdznr uk jaca cl dktlrvlkdr lk lb mnjpa (Iustnjnktl, ‒Bn lsmrdturn‚? Yacrêgulz y @uîrlz, ‒Bn blmturn‚? Mnjpakava, ‒Farjnmdýk‚? Fn`rl y Mnjpuznka, ‒Kd iulkas‚). Mnil slþnbnr qul clsmrdia lk lstl npnrtnca farjns cl pracummdýk cl ukn marrdlktl dkmdpdlktl lk kulstra pnês. Ka tacas bas trnin`as bdstncas enk cnca bugnr n dkvlstdgnmdakls sdstljîtdmns. Snb Snb maja ]dbvdn ]lankl pbnktln lk rlbnmdýk n bns knrrnmdakls cl prîmtdmns qul rlmagl lk su lsmrdta0 ‒majpnrtlk nbga mak lb dkvlstdgncar qul jdrn clscl bn ltkagrnfên0 dktlktnk clsknturnbdznr bns prîmtdmns y pracumdr makamdjdlkta sairl bn lkslþnkzn‚ cl bn bdtlrnturn b dtlrnturn (4=3). Mnil prlmdsnr, `ukta n Gaacsak y Wnbolr Wnbolr,, qul bas lstucdas ltkagrîfdmas sl mnrnmtlrdznk par trntnr cl lxnjdknr bns rnzakls suiynmlktls iusmnkca dr jîs nbbî cl bn ‒clsmrdpmdýk cl ba qul sumlcl‚0 ‒eny lxmlblktls rlbntas clsmrdptdvas cl njidlktls lcumntdvas qul pulclk a ka slr ltkagrnfên‚, nmbnrnk. T prlmdsnk0 ‒bn ltkagrnfên ka ls uk dkfarjl‚ (96=). Ls clmdr, pnrn bblgnr n ukn ‒clsmrdpmdýk clksn‚ sl rlqudlrl uk tdpa cl nkîbdsds qul ka sl cltdlkl lk lb cltnbbl cl ba qul sl plrmdil lk uk lstnca cl sdtunmdýk. Mnil tnjidäk rljnrmnr qul eny nðk jumeas prl`udmdas n clstlrrnr lk rlbnmdýk n lstn bêkln cl dkvlstdgnmdýk qul rajpl mak lb supulsta cl bn klmlsdcnc cl uk ‒blkgun`l tämkdma‚ l dkmbuyl maja vnbar lb ntrnvlsnjdlkta cl bn sui`ltdvdcnc cl qudlk fdrjn. Ylmuplrnkca nbgukns cl lstns cdsmusdakls clscl bn drakên Gaacsak y Wnbolr nfdrjnk0 ‒rlmbnjnjas pnrtl cl bn insurn bdkgòêstdmn cl bns mdlkmdns samdnbls0 pnbnirns maja ―knrrntdvn—, ―edstardns—, ―rltrnta— l ―djîglkls— sak tärjdkas qul kas rlsubtnk ntrnmtdvas‚ (96=). Yljnrma ”`ukta n Gaacsak” qul bn dkvlstdgnmdýk lcumntdvn ka ls uk pramlsa ‒djpnrmdnb‚ sdka qul sl ‒trntn cl ukn ljprlsn qul sl ardgdkn lk ba samdnb y ba pabêtdma‚ (Lb mnjida 363

 

ukn makfbulkmdn tlýrdma-lpdstljabýgdmn qul sl pracuml lk lstl lspnmda (Glrinuca, Clrrdcn). Slrrdtarda a fnktnsên a zakn clb clsla djngdkncn n pnrtdr cl bn blmturn cl Clrrdcn. Mbäjlks (‒Lktrl‚? ‒Xräfnml‚) y Gdavnkknkglbd (‒Bn measl‚) suirnynk qul bn lsmrdturn clrrdclnkn dtlrn fdgurns qul clsnfênk bas bêjdtls lktrl ba qul pnrlml lstnr mbnrnjlktl mdrmuksmrdta lk uk lspnmda y ba qul qulcn fulrn cl äb (par l`ljpba, pnrlrgak  ls bn mntlgarên qul mrln pnrn praibljntdznr bas mrdtlrdas jîs usunbls lk bns cljnrmnmdakls lktrl airn y fulrn cl airn, lktrl tlxta y maktlxta, lktrl pdkturn y jnrma, lktrl tlxta y pnrntlxta? edjlk ls atrn fdgurn qul clsjnktlbn bn fraktlrn qul prltlkcl slpnrnr dktlrdar cl lxtlrdar). Xlra ncljîs Clrrdcn pracuml tlxtas qul clbdilrncnjlktl sl sdtðnk lk lb ‒lktrl‚ cl bas gäklras clb cdsmursa yn qul sus lsmrdtas ka plrtlklmlk lxmbusdvnjlktl kd n bn fdbasafên kd n bn mrêtdmn bdtlrnrdn kd n bn tlarên sairl bn bdtlrnturn sd idlk pnrtdmdpnk cl lbbns y/a rltajnk nbgukns cl sus farjubnmdakls, mntlgarêns a pramlcdjdlktas. Xar lxtlksdýk bbnja  zakn cl iarcl n bas lspnmdas cl dktlrslmmdýk qul sl mrlnk lk bas bêjdtls cl bns cdsmdpbdkns, sdk dkmbudrsl cl jaca majpblta lk kdkgukn plra rlmuplrnkca npartls cl tacns bns dkvabumrncns nmtunkca bn trnkscdsmdpbdknrdlcnc (Idxda y Elrlcdn) tacn vlz qul sl lktdlkcn par lbba bn makfbulkmdn cl mntlgarêns y farjns cl rlsabumdýk npartncns par cdstdktas mnjpas cdsmdpbdknrls qulniarcnrsl sl patlkmdnk lstucdnr ukcl praibljn a uk mak`ukta cl praibljns qul ka pacrên sýbapnrn clscl nbguka lbbas sdk rdlsgas cl inknbdznrba. Lk lstn zakn cl iarcl sl sdtðnk bas trnin`as qul rlnbdznk npartls n mulstdakls clb mnjpa cl bn cdcîmtdmn cl bn bdtlrnturn sdk plrtlklmlr  n   n äb (sdgudlkca bn cdstdkmdýk clrrdclnkn lktrl plrtlklkmdn y  pnrtdmdpnmdý  pnrtdmdpnmdýkk ”Clrrdcn, ‒Bn bad‚”). Ls pasdibl cdflrlkmdnr cas grupas0 par uk bnca, nqulbbas qul makstruylk mntlgarêns qul nyucnk n niarcnr praibljns cl bas qul sl amupn bn cdcîmtdmn? par lb atra, trnin`as cl cdvubgnmdýk. Lk lb prdjlr grupa sl dksmrdilk bas tlxtas cl Jnrên Nclbdn Cênz Yakklr (Mnrn y mruz? ‒Bn bdtlrnturn dkfnktdb0 tlrrdtarda‚? ‒]ltlktn‚? ‒Bdtlrnturn dkfnktdb0 prîmtdmns‚? ‒Bas mnjdkas‚), Jndtl Nbvnrnca y Lblkn Jnsslt (‒Lb tlsara‚), Jnrmlbn Nrpls y Karn Ydmnuc (Bdtlrnturn),  Nbl`nkcrdkn Nrgòlbbls Nrgòlbbls (‒^ul slpn maslr‚), maslr‚), Jnrên Mrdstdkn Ydvlra (‒Lstlrlatdpas‚), Grnmdlbn Jaktls (Bn fraktlrn? ‒Yltdrncas‚), Xntrdmdn Iustnjnktl (‒Bn bdtlrnturn `uvlkdb‚), ]usnkn Gýjlz (Bas dkfdkdtdvas), ]akdn Edcnbga Yasns (‒Xlksnr y lblgdr‚), Jnrên Slrlsn Slrlsn Nkcrultta (‒Lsmrdidr‚? ‒Bdiras‚), Yasnkn Kafnb (‒Bas cajdmdbdas‚), Jnrên Lblkn Bldzn (‒Grnmdlbn‚), Glrjîk Xrýsplrd (‒Clmdr‚, ‒Srnksfarjnmdakls‚), @argl Xnklsd (‒Lkrdqul‚? ‒Bn mn`n‚), Cnkdlb Bdko (Bn menkmen), Jdgulb Cnbjnrakd (\kn rlpðibdmn? ‒Xnrn ukn mrêtdmn‚) y Ilntrdz ]nrba (‒Bas lstucdas mubturnbls‚). Mnrn y mruz cl bn bdtlrnturn dkfnktdb (>455) ls uk lsmrdta fukcnmdaknb pnrn bn blmturn cl bn bdtlrnturn ‒pnrn kdþas y `ývlkls‚ cnca lb jaca lk qul clsnrtdmubn bns dktrusdakls qul bn aistnmubdznk, qul bn ‒karjnbdznk‚ (lk tärjdkas cl Faumnubt, Vdgdbnr ).). ]us prlmdsdakls sairl bas lflmtas cl bns dktrajdsdakls cl bn psdmabagên ps dmabagên lvabutdvn, cl bn plcngagên plcng agên y cl bn ätdmn dktlktnk clsnrtdmubnr ‒aistîmubas lpdstljabýgdmas‚ (Inmelbnrc? Mnjdbbakd? Glrinuca, ‒Aistîmubas‚) mrdstnbdzncas lk bn blmturn lsmabnr cl bn bdtlrnturn nb paklr n bn vdstn bns prîm-

>6<

 

tdmns qul niartnk nqulbba jdsja qul supulstnjlktl prajulvlk. Snb maja ba prltlkcl, Cênz Yakklr majpakl ukn ‒tlarên cl bn blmturn cl bas bdiras dkfnktdbls‚ (>>). Maktdkunkca lstn bêkln Jndtl Nbvnrnca y Lblkn Jnsslt lxpbdmnk par quä ‒bn bdtlrnturn dkfnktdb tlrjdký plrcdlkca lb rujia y clsnrrndgîkcasl cl bn slrdl bdtlrnrdn‚ (‒Lb tlsara‚ 39), iusmnkca lxpbdmnmdakls n pnrtdr cl cas ‒pdstns‚0 par uk bnca, trnin`nk bn rlbnmdýk lktrl bn bdtlrnturn dkfnktdb y bn bdtlrnturn cl jnsns makstruylkca ukn nknbagên lktrl bas rnsgas qul ]nrba cltlmtn lk bns ‒kavlbdtns slktdjlktnbls‚ (Lb djplrda) y bas qul lkmulktrnk lk bas bdiras cl blmturn usncas lk bas ðbtdjas nþas cl bn lsmulbn prdjnrdn. Xar lb atra, nknbdznk mýja bn cdjlksdýk plcngýgdma-cdcîmtdmn dkedil bn fukmdýk lstätdmn. Mruml kamdva clb qul rlspaksnidbdznk tnkta n bn lsmulbn maja nb jlrmnca0 ‒Lb plsa cl bn lsmulbn ls tnb qul jumeas tlxtas sl makstruylk lsplmêfdmnjlktl mak lb nubn lk bn jdrn‚ (3).

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Xntrdmdn Iustnjnktl cdsmutl uk mak`ukta cl rlprlslktnmdakls lstlrlatdpncns lk tarka cl bn ‒bdtlrnturn `uvlkdb‚ qul djpdclk bllr lsn bdtlrnturn maja tnb (‒Bn bdtlrnturn `uvlkdb‚). ]akdn Edcnbga Yasns nknbdzn nbgukas cl bas mrdtlrdas qul sastdlklk bn slblmmdýk cl tlxtas lk prîmtdmns cl jlcdnmdýk makvamnkca n rlvdsnr bns jatdvncns lk ‒tljns slkmdbbas‚ l edstardns dcêbdmns (‒Xlksnr y lblgdr‚). Lk lstn jdsjn cdrlmmdýk ]usnkn Gýjlz (Bas dkfdkdtdvas) rlvdsn muîbls sak bas pramlsas dclktdtnrdas qul bn blmturn pakl lk jnrmen lk bas `ývlkls mak bn makvdmmdýk cl qul ls klmlsnrda makamlr sus pramlsas pnrn majprlkclr quä sdgkdfdmn bllr pnrn lbbas y pnrn paclr maaplrnr lk ukn trnksflrlkmdn qul clsmnrtl bns makmlpmdakls cl bn blmturn maja ‒dkstrujlkta pnrn atrns masns‚ y maja ‒lktrlknjdlkta‚ (>8). Bas trnin`as cl @argl Xnklsd (‒Lkrdqul‚? ‒Bn mn`n‚), Jdgulb Cnbjnrakd (\kn rlpðibdmn? ‒Xnrn ukn mrêtdmn‚) y Cnkdlb Bdko (Bn menkmen) makstruylk mntlgarêns ðtdbls pnrn bns dkvlstdgnmdakls sdtuncns lk ukn zakn cl iarcl lktrl bn cdcîmtdmn cl bn bdtlrnturn y bn tlarên y bn mrêtdmn bdtlrnrdns. ‒Bn mn`n cl elrrnjdlktns a quä ka enmlr mak bn tlarên bdtlrnrdn‚, makflrlkmdn cncn par @argl Xnklsd lk lb jnrma clb Xrdjlr Makgrlsa Dktlrknmdaknb cl Farjnmdýk cl Xraflsarls argnkdznca lk ]nktn Fl par bn \kdvlrsdcnc Knmdaknb clb Bdtarnb lk clsmabamn cl bnXlzzakd, tlkclkmdn npbdmnmdakdstn nb rltajnr bns tlsds jîs>446, djpartnktls clbas su fukcnjlktas lksnya ‒Lkrdqul praflsar cl bdtlrnturn‚0 sus trnin`as paklk n bn tlarên bdtlrnrdn lk lb mlktra cl bns clmdsdakls qul tajn lb praflsar n bn earn cl majpaklr lb ai`lta qul cdslþn lk su mbnsl. Bl`as clb npbdmnmdakdsja  npbdmnmdakdsja, sus mak`lturns plrjdtlk sastlklr lb bugnr cl dktlrvlkmdýk clb camlktl maja nutar clb murrdmubuj (Glrinuca, Kd cdasls 64) nb rljnrmnr bas enidtus dkstdtumdaknbls qul nplbn n bllr mak mrdtlrda mrêtdma maksdclrnkca lsplmdnbjlktl qul sl clsnrrabbnk lk dkstdtumdakls cl farjnmdýk cl farjncarls. Xar su pnrtl lk Bn menkmen mak mnclkns Cnkdlb Bdko ntrdiuyl n bn mrêtdmn sairl bn bdtlrnturn uk ‒lflmta cl vlrcnc‚ y uk ‒mnrîmtlr cdflrlkmdnbjlktl plcngýgdma‚ (>7)0 slþnbnjdlktas qul nyucnk n sastlklr bn edpýtlsds cl bn mrêtdmn maja jlcdnmdýk. Jlcdnmdýk qul l`lrml lb mrêtdma munkca trnin`n maja ‒lksnydstn‚ (Gdarcnka, Jacas) tnkta maja munkca trnin`n maja praflsar. praflsar. Mrla, `ukta n Bdko, qul bns bn s mbnsls sak lspnmdas lk bas qul ‒sl lsmlkdfdmnk bns (...) lxplrdlkmdns lstätdmns qul kas dktlrplbnk‚ (>7)0 ‒bn mbnsl (jîs qul bn mîtlcrn) ls lb bugnr cl tacas bas dktlrmnjidas. (...) Bn mbnsl ls lb bugnr lxplrdjlktnb cl bn mrêtdmn. (...) Lsmumea jd vaz maja bn vaz cl atra y bn sajlta nb clsmräcdta.‚ (>6). Bn mbnsl, bns ‒makfdgurnmdakls cdcîmtdmns‚ (Bdtwdk) qul uk praflsar pr aflsar dkdkvlktn n pnrtdr cl su prapulstn cl mîtlcrn, bas nrtêmubas y lksnyas qul q ul fdrjn sak jlcdnmdakls qul maktrdiuylk lk bn farjnmdýk cl trncdmdakls, cl mîkakls, ls clmdr, cl jacas cl bllr y cl lsmrdidr sairl bn bdtlrnturn, lsplmdnbjlktl munkca lstîk cdrdgdcns n futuras farjncarls. Maja sastdlkl Cnbjnrakd0 ‒lsmrdidjas mrêtdmn parqul lkslþnjas bdtlrnturn lk bns ukdvlrsdcncls‚. T rljnrmn0 ‒lb jaca prdkmdpnb lk qul dktlrvlkdjas ls lsl‚ (\kn  rlpðibdmn >5). ]d pnrn bas lstucdas mubturnbls lb ‒su`lta suinbtlrka‚ lstî makfdgurnca par bns jdkarêns qul lk bas pnêsls cl pramlclkmdn sak ‒bas lxmbudcas‚, drýkdmnjlktl Cnbjnrakd bbnjn bn ntlkmdýk sairl bas ba s lxmbudcas cl kulstra maktlxta. ‒]u`lta slmukcnrda‚0

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nsê kajirn n lsl mak`ukta samdnb nb qul ls klmlsnrda prlstnr ntlkmdýk. Xuktunbjlktl, bn farjn cl dktlrvlkmdýk qul prapakl dkvabumrn n bn majukdcnc ukdvlrsdtnrdn majpbltn0 ‒sd cliljas ntlkclr n ba bamnb, ba rlgdaknb, ltm., kulstra praibljn nquê ka sak bns jdkarêns dclktdtnrdns, slxunbls a mubturnbls, kulstra praibljn ka ls ―lb su`lta suinbtlrka—, sdka lb su`lta slmukcnrda, bns jnyarêns samdnb y mubturnbjlktl lxmbudcns, pnrtl cl bns munbls slrîk lstucdnktls cl kulstras lstucdnktls lk bns lsmulbns slmukcnrdns clb Lstnca.‚ (‒Xnrn ukn mrêtdmn‚ >73). T suirnyn0 ‒]airl lsa, bn idibdagrnfên y bas fltdmels mrêtdmas jîs vlklrncas cl bn mrêtdmn mubturnb rncdmnb ka enk tlkdca jumea pnrn clmdrkas.‚ (>73). Lstn blmturn julstrn tnjidäk enstn quä pukta mncn vlz qul lk uk nubn cl bdtlrnturn sýba makvnbdcnjas bas snilrls mak bas qul lb lstucdnktl bblgn sdk paklrbas lk cdîbaga mak bas prapdas (pnrn lvdtnr, lk jumens amnsdakls, bns rlsdstlkmdns, bns cljnkcns qul bas cdîbagas ”lk lb slktdca cl Frldrl y cl Iuriubls” lxdglk), ka lstnjas sdka rlkukmdnkca n lkslþnr maktrdiuylkca, nb jdsja tdljpa, n bn rlpracummdýk y/a nb sastlkdjdlkta clb arclk samdnb lxdstlktl. Ntlkcnjas n lstns prlguktns0 ‒±Xar quä nbgukas cl bas nmncäjdmas jl`ar pngas y jl`ar lcdtncas clb jukca (qul par supulsta enk blêca n Onfon) sl ljplþnk lk qul bas bntdkanjlrdmnkas cl`ljas cl enmlrba y clcdquljas tacas kulstras lsfulrzas n bas cdsmursas ±Xarjdsjn quä supaklk qul su ―nglkcn— ls pabêtdmnjlktl prlflrdibl cl n bnYdgailrtn kulstrn1‚ Jlkmeð1 (>7=). Lk lstn cdrlmmdýk ]nrba (‒Bas lstucdas‚ 9=) nblrtn rlsplmta cl ba qul sl pdlrcl munkca sl sasbnyn ba qul `ukta n Buoîms bbnjnrênjas bn ‒grnk bdtlrnturn‚ (a ‒bn bdtlrnturn‚, n slmns ”‒Ylnbdsja‚ 4”) y pnrn lbba lvamn bns plrsdstlkmdns qul maja blmtarls julstrnk bas tlýrdmas cl bn bdtlrnturn qul ncjdrn (lk prdkmdpda, blmtarls cl bdtlrnturn muyn lkslþnkzn ]nrba vnbarn l dktlrplbn n ka ninkcaknr)0 ‒Jumeas cl kasatras vlkdjas cl Yabnkc Inrtels, cl Wnbtlr Ilk`njdk, nsê maja Eaggnrt bblgnin cl bn palsên cl Nuclk y Wdbbdnjs ka ninkcaký kukmn lb mnjpa cl bn bdtlrnturn dkgblsn. Slkljas Slkljas clrlmea n njias jukcas.‚ (9=). Lk lb slgukca grupa, ls clmdr, lktrl bas trnin`as cl cdvubgnmdýk, uidma bas qul el pracumdca ntlkcdlkca n bn cljnkcn pbnktlncn enml nbgukas nþas par Gustnva Iajidkd munkca cltlmtn lb ‒lsmnsa dktlräs qul bn lkslþnkzn cl bn bdtlrnturn ”edstardn, tlarên y prîmtdmn” en tlkdca pnrn lb mnjpa cl bas lstucdas bdtlrnrdas‚ (Atrns trnjns 54)? munkca rljnrmn bn lxdstlkmdn cl ukn ‒clucn cl bn tlarên bdtlrnrdn enmdn bn prîmtdmn cl bn lkslþnkzn qul cljnkcn n nqulbbn bas snilrls cl rlflrlkmdn pnrn bn makstrummdýk cl uk kulva makamdjdlkta lsmabnr sairl bn bdtlrnturn‚ (‒Bn bdtlrnturn‚ 63). Xnrn Iajidkd ls klmlsnrda dkvlktnr ‒lstrntlgdns cl cdvubgnmdýk‚ pnrn bas clsnrrabbas cl bn knrrntabagên, cl bn kulvn rltýrdmn, cl bas lstucdas mubturnbls, cl bn samdamrêtdmn, cl bns bdtlrnturns majpnrncns, cl bns bêklns cl bn fdbasafên qul rlnbdznk npartls n bn blmturn yn qul lktdlkcl qul lstl trnin`a plrjdtdrên cljamrntdznr snilrls qul plrjnklmlk rlmbudcas lk bn ukdvlrsdcnc (Atrns trnjns 9>? ‒Bn bdtlrnturn‚ 73). ]nilr tlarên bdtlrnrdn nyucn nb praflsar n lblgdr clscl quä bugnr majpaklr lb ai`lta ‒bdtlrnturn‚ qul nrjn pnrn mncn nubn (plrjdtl clmdcdr quä maktlkdcas lkslþnr, quä tlxtas cnr n bllr, clscl quä prlguktns,

>65

 

glklrnkca muîbls nmtdvdcncls, ltm., lk fukmdýk clb bugnr tlýrdma clscl lb munb dktlrragn n bn bdtlrnturn y ntlkcdlkca n bas ‒rnsgas y maktarkas‚ cl su maktlxta cl nmtunmdýk y n bns klmlsdcncls cl sus nbujkas). ]upulsta clscl lb qul pnrtê pnrn pracumdr cdflrlktls nrtêmubas qul dktlktnk maktrdiudr n bn cdsmusdýk rlsplmta cl bas pasdmdaknjdlktas pasdibls n bn earn cl djngdknr uk  nubn cl bdtlrnturn  ntlktn n bns pnrtdmubnrdcncls cl mncn sdtunmdýk cl trnksflrlkmdn (mnrnmtlrêstdmns cl bn rlgdýk, cl bn lsmulbn, cl bas lstucdnktls)? tnjidäk nknbdmä bas supulstas tlýrdmas, pabêtdmas y nxdabýgdmas pulstas lk `ulga lk cdflrlktls clmdsdakls rlmartncns clscl bn tlarên bdtlrnrdn (mf. ‒Xburnbdsja‚? ‒Bn rlvabumdýk lstrumturnbdstn‚? ‒Bn tlarên‚? ‒Bn bdtlrnturn‚). Xar atra bnca, maaplrä lk bn cdvubgnmdýk cl ukn rnjn cl bn fdbasafên qul nyucn n clsjaktnr jumeas cl bas aistîmubas lpdstljabýgdmas rlgdstrncas lk nubns cl bdtlrnturn cl LGI=, Xabdjacnb y cl lcumnmdýk suplrdar cl Nrglktdkn (Clrrdcn y bn makstrummdýk)? tnjidäk maktrdiuê n bn cdvubgnmdýk cl bas npartls cl In`tdk pnrn bn blmturn cl bn bdtlrnturn (‒In`tdk‚, ‒]lktdca‚). Mrla ”`ukta n Mbnucdn Býplz (‒Xrlslktnmdýk‚)” qul ls klmlsnrda prlguktnrkas lk quä jlcdcn ‒lb jltncdsmursa cl bn bdkgòêstdmn y cl bn tlarên bdtlrnrdn kas nyucý a ka n lvncdr nbgukns prlguktns mlktrnbls maja quä blkgun lkslþnjas, quä mnclkmdn cl vamls kas ardlktnk y muîbls kas apnrnbdznk‚ (>5). n bn tlarên majajlcdnktl uk mak`ukta cl makmlptas n lkslþnr n ‒npbdmnr‚ lkXlksnr bn lsmulbn jlcdnbdtlrnrdn lmbdpsnkca su jltnblkgun`l n bn bdtlrnturn ls uka cl bas jnblktlkcdcas glklrnca par bns dkstdtumdakls cl farjnmdýk cl jnlstras y praflsarls praf lsarls mak bas qul cdsmutlk lstns dkvlstdgnmdakls qul iusmnk maktrdiudr nb ljpaclrnjdlkta clb camlktl, n bn rldkstnbnmdýk cl su bugnr b ugnr dktlblmtunb (Ynkcd y Marka) pakdlkca lk mdrmubnmdýk lb nkîbdsds cl nbgukns cl bns makfusdakls glklrncns tnjidäk clscl lb Lstnca (par l`ljpba, mak bn ðbtdjn rlfarjn lcumntdvn) lk mruml mak bn vnrdlcnc cl pasdmdakls clscl bns munbls makstrudr uk  nubn cl bdtlrnturn. ]ýba ukn ‒jdrncn lstrîidmn‚ (]nrcd ‒Bn bdkgòêstdmn npbdmncn‚) sastlkcrên qul ls pasdibl sabumdaknr bas majpbl`as praibljns lcumntdvas n pnrtdr cl bns sabumdakls rlmltunbls cl bn bdkgòêstdmn npbdmncn a cl ba qul par trnsbnmdýk bbnja ‒tlarên bdtlrnrdn npbdmncn‚ (uk l`ljpba mbnra cl lstn farjn cl npbdmnmdakdsja0 bn prajavdcn par lb tlxta cl Mnstngkdka Lb nkîbdsds bdtlrnrda. Dktracummdýk jltacabýgdmn n ukn lstdbêstdmn dktlgrnb, rlmuplrnca lk jumens dkstdtumdakls cl farjnmdýk cl farjncarls enstn jlcdncas cl bas 48 ”Glrinuca ‒Djpraktn‚”). Lktdlkca ”mak Mnrabdkn Mulstn y Gustnva Iajidkd” qul bas snilrls rlqulrdcas lk bns prîmtdmns rlqudlrlk cl bn dktlrvlkmdýk cl npartls cl mnjpas cdvlrsas clscl ukn plrsplmtdvn klmlsnrdnjlktl jubtdcdsmdpbdknrdn.> Lk lstl slktdca rljnrma atra jnblktlkcdca qul lstas trnin`as iusmnk clspl`nr0 ka eny kdkgukn tlarên a ‒jätaca‚ qul sln vîbdca pnrn lkslþnr bdtlrnturn lk munbqudlr sdtunmdýk cl trnksflrlkmdn nb jnrglk cl bns makcdmdakls cl lkslþnkzn y cl nprlkcdzn`l. Bn tlarên bdtlrnrdn ls uk snilr pnrn lb praflsar, ka uk ‒makamdjdlkta lsmabnr‚. Xar ba tnkta bns prîmtdmns cljnkcnk lb trnin`a nrtlsnknb qul mncn praflsar rlnbdzn lk su nubn cl bdtlrnturn. Ka aistnktl pnrn paclr clmdcdr mak nutakajên mýja nrjnr lsas snilrls lsmabnrls sak klmlsnrdas bas makamdjdlktas qul bl plrjdtnk nb camlktl lblgdr clscl cýkcl enmlrba0 lb slktdca cl

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bn cdvubgnmdýk n bn qul npastnjas ls bn pulstn lk mdrmubnmdýk cl makamdjdlktas qul, enstn enml nbgukas nþas, sýba sl lkslþnink lk nbgukns ukdvlrsdcncls l dkstdtutas cl farjnmdýk camlktl clb pnês. ]l dktlktn nyucnr n prajavlr, maja dkcdmn Jnrtn Klgrêk, uk kulva jaca cl rlbnmdýk ‒lktrl bas snilrls makstrudcas lk lb mnjpa cl bn tlarên y lb cl bn prîmtdmn‚ (‒]nilrls‚ =>>). Vnbl suirnynr qul sd idlk lstas trnin`as ka surglk clb mnjpa lsplmêfdma cl bn cdcîmtdmn cl bn bdtlrnturn, maktrdiuylk n su clsnrrabba nb niarcnr praibljns sdtuncas lk ukn zakn cl dktlrslmmdýk mak bas qul bn amupnk. Fdknbjlktl, y clscl uk lspnmda qul pravdsardnjlktl bbnja ‒lpdstljabagên cl bn cdcîmtdmn cl bn bdtlrnturn‚, Lbin Njnca (‒Enmdn ukn cdcîmtdmn‚), Ilntrdz Idxda (‒Xnsas‚) y Gustnva Iajidkd (‒Nvntnrls‚) pabljdznk mak qudlkls uidmnk n bns cdcîmtdmns cl bn blkgun y cl bn bdtlrnturn maja uk mnsa clrdvnca cl bn cdcîmtdmn glklrnb (Iajidkd) y prapaklk kulvns farjns cl makstrudr lb lktrnjnca cl c l snilrls qul lktrnk lk `ulga lk bns dkvlstdgnmdakls clb mnjpa (Njnca? Idxda).

>.=. Ylmakstrummdakls edstýrdmns cl bn lkslþnkzn cl bncdflrlktls bdtlrnturn dkstdtumdakls lk Bns dkvlstdgnmdakls qul trntnk cl rlmakstrudr cl quä jaca cdstdktas martls edstýrdmas sl enk elmea mnrga cl bn lkslþnkzn cl bn bdtlrnturn y sus makslmulkmdns pnrn bn nmtunbdcnc julstrnk uk mrlmdlktl dktlräs, lsplmdnbjlktl clspuäs cl bn rldkstnbnmdýk cljamrîtdmn. Bns dkvlstdgnmdakls cl Gustnva Iajidkd (Bas nrrninbls), Vnblrdn ]nrcd (‒Clvlkdr Knmdaknb‚? Edstardn), ]lrgda Frugakd (‒Bas nknrqudstns‚? Djngdknmdýk), Xnabn Xdnmlkzn (‒Lkslþnkzn‚? ‒Blmturn‚? ‒Bn lsmlkn‚), @nmaia ]lttak (‒Bn bdtlrnturn‚), Glrjîk Xrýsplrd (Lkslþnkzn? ‒Bdtlrnturn lspnþabn‚) y Cnkdlbn Makdgbda (Lkslþnr ) lstucdnk prîmtdmns cl lkslþnkzn cl bn bdtlrnturn lk lb kdvlb prdjnrda, jlcda y suplrdar lk cdflrlktls martls edstýrdmas lk cdîbaga mak farjns cl blmturn rlnbdzncns fulrn cl bns dkstdtumdakls cl lcumnmdýk farjnb. Bas clsnrrabbas prapdas lk lstn bêkln (‒Xabäjdmns dktlrrujpdcns‚? ‒Lktrncns‚? ‒Cdsmusdakls‚? ‒Ylmrlnmdýk‚? ‒Srncummdakls ‒Srncummdakls tlýrdmns‚? ‒Sel Djpartntdak‚) rlspakclk n ukn zakn cl vnmnkmdn cltlmtncn par Iajidkd0 ‒Lxdstl ukn cdsmdpbdkn clkajdkncn tlarên bdtlrnrdn y lxdstl ukn edstardn nðk ka dkcngncn cl bn rlplrmusdýk cl lstn cdsmdpbdkn lk lb mnjpa cl bn lkslþnkzn.‚ (Atrns trnjns 76). Lb lstucda cl bns aplrnmdakls cl djpartnmdýk cl tlarêns par pnrtl cl mrêtdmas qul tnjidäk trnin`nrak maja praflsarls ukdvlrsdtnrdas n mnrga cl jntlrdns maja ‒Dktracummdýk n bn bdtlrnturn‚, ‒Bdtlrnturn nrglktdkn‚, ‒Slarên ‒Slarên Bdtlrnrdn‚ (a clkajdknmdakls sdjdbnrls) lk cdflrlktls mar mar-tls edstýrdmas (>468->478? >478->45=? pascdmtncurn enstn bn nmtunbdcnc) dktlktn jastrnr pramlsas dktlrrujpdcas, bêklns cl dkvlstdgnmdýk niartncns, jacas ‒mbnkclstdkas‚ (Mndssa y Yasn 96>) cl bllr. bllr. Mulstdakls qul cl`nk sus jnrmns lk bns prîmtdmns nmtunbls clsnrrabbncns lk atras kdvlbls clb sdstljn lcumntdva (rlmarcljas qul lk bns mnrrlrns cl bltrns cl bn ukdvlrsdcnc pðibdmn sl farjnk iulkn pnrtl cl bas praflsarls lk l`lrmdmda)

y lk lb jdsja sdstljn ukdvlrsdtnrda. Lstas trnin`as rlmakamlk uk nktlmlclktl djpartnk-

>78

 

tl lk Xraflssdkg Bdtlrnturl. Nk Dkstdtumdaknb Edstary  cl  cl Glrnbc Grnff0 tlxta fukcnmdaknb lk lb nkîbdsds edstýrdma clb bugnr cl bas lstucdas bdtlrnrdas lk bns ukdvlrsdcncls (dktracumdca par bas prdjlras pnplbls cl dkvlstdgnmdýk cl Iajidkd). Lstl tdpa cl dkcngnmdakls sl npayn lk bn rlmablmmdýk cl cntas qul plrjdtnk bn rlmakstrummdýk edstýrdmn0 pragrnjns cl mîtlcrn, pbnkdfdmnmdakls, munclrkas cl bas nbujkas (ncljîs cl bn blgdsbnmdýk lxdstlktl, camujlktas afdmdnbls, rlsabumdakls dkstdtumdaknbls), lktrlvdstns n dkfarjnktls mbnvl (praflsarls, nbujkas, idibdatlmnrdas). Ls djpartnktl clstnmnr lb bugnr mrlmdlktl qul mairnk lk kulstra pnês bns dkvlstdgnmdakls edstýrdmns qul, sustlktncns lk fulktls arnbls y pnrtdlkca cl bns idagrnfêns cl bas praflsarls y cl atras jlcdncarls (JmLwnk, Euilrjnk), rlmakstruylk prîmtdmns l dktlrvlkmdakls lk lb mnjpa cl bn lkslþnkzn cl bn bdtlrnturn qul maktrdiuylk nb nkîbdsds mrêtdma cl bn ‒jdmrafêsdmn clb paclr‚ (Faumnubt) n pnrtdr clb lstucda cl bns jdmrapabêtdmn  jdmrapabêtdmnss  dkstdtumdaknbls qul sl makstruylk lk tarka y n pnrtdr cl bns jdmrapabêtdmns cl lkslþnkzn (Ibnsl). Yljnrma `ukta n Gucjukscattdr qul ‒qudlkls lstucdnk ba qul bas camlktls lxplrdjlktncas snilk nmlrmn cl bn lkslþnkzn y clb jukca clb nubn sl lkmulktrnk dklvdtnibljlktl lk nbgðk jajlkta lsmumenkca edstardns qul bas jnlstras mulktnk‚ (6>) pnrncl clsmrdidr lsa qul pnrn lxpbdmnr lb aclsnrrabba cl sus prîmtdmns, cl sus nmdlrtas, sus lrrarls, cl snilk, bas makcdmdaknjdlktas cl bas lstêjubas qul aplrnrak lk sus dktlrvlkmdakls. ]uirnya tnjidäk qul ‒lk bn makstrummdýk y lb rlbnta cl ukn knrrntdvn eny sdljprl nbgudlk qul ls uk dktärprltl y qul lstî sdtunca (...) lktrl kulstrns lxplrdlkmdns y kulstras lsfulrzas par lktlkclrbns y clsmrdidrbns‚ (6=). Nkatn Gucjukscattdr0 ‒bas rlbntas ka sak kukmn jlrns mapdns clb jukca, maja djîglkls fatagrîfdmns? sak dktlrprltnmdakls‚ (6=). ]airl lsta, cas majlktnrdas0 par uk bnca, bns katns clb dkvlstdgncar,, mnil rlsnbtnr dkvlstdgncar rlsnbtnr,, tnjpama sak s ak rlpracummdakls ‒fatagrîfdmns‚ clspravdstns cl sui`ltdvdcnc0 lb dkvlstdgncar ls tnjidäk uk dktärprltl, uk knrrncar. T bn jltîfarn cl bn fatagrnfên jl nyucnrî n lxpbdmnr lstn mulstdýk0 jîs mlrmn cl Plbblr (=>9) qul cl Gucjukscattdr lk lstl nsplmta, ka mrla qul kdkgukn fatagrnfên pulcn jastrnr ‒bn vlrcnc purn y clskucn‚ cl uk elmea, ba ‒rlnb‚ (Bnmnk), sdk bns dktlrflrlkmdns supulstns par bns clmdsdakls cl qudlk tajn bn fata0 sl lbdgl uk îkguba cl lkfaqul, uk jaca cl lkjnrmnr, lkjnrmnr, sl grncðn bn buz, sl clmdcl bn cdstnkmdn. Bn fatagrnfên ls uk pracumta clb fatýgrnfa nsê maja bn dkvlstdgnmdýk ls uk pracumta clb dkvlstdgncar y ka uk rlgdstra ai`ltdva y cdstnktl clb cnta (sl aptn par cltlrjdkncns mntlgarêns tlýrdmns pnrn farjubnr lb praibljn clb qul sl rlmartnk cltlrjdkncas nsplmtas? sl prlfdlrl lstucdnr ukn mulstdýk lk pnrtdmubnr sasbnynkca atrns? sl lsmrdil lk prdjlrn a lk tlrmlrn plrsakn, ltm.). Xar atra bnca, lk rlbnmdýk n bas dkfarjnktls, lktdlkca `ukta n Gaacsak y Wnbolr qul ‒lb nmmlsa qul sl bl makmlcl nb dkvlstdgncar ls sdljprl nmmlsa n uk frngjlkta, y n vlmls, n uk dkvlkta cl bn djngdknmdýk‚ (978). Dkmbudr lstns vnrdnibls maja pnrtls clb trnin`a y ka maja nmmdclktls nyucn n lktlkclr bn knturnblzn majpbl`n cl bn dkvlstdgnmdýk sairl bn lkslþnkzn cl bn bdtlrnturn clsnrrabbncn clscl lstn bêkln.

>7>

 

>.3. Srnin`as cl cdngkýstdma y prapulstns cl dktlrvlkmdýk Xulcl sastlklrsl qul bn jdmraedstardn (Gdkziurg? Cnrktak) en tlkdca uk bugnr djpartnktl lk bn rlmakstrummdýk cl prîmtdmns cl lkslþnkzn qul plrjdtlk pracumdr snilrls sairl cdflrlktls praibljns cl bn cdcîmtdmn cl bn bdtlrnturn. Lk lstn bêkln ls pasdibl sdtunr bas trnin`as cl dkvlstdgnmdýk cl Mrdstdkn Fn`rl (‒Ydtunbls‚) y cl Iltdkn Mnjpuznka

(‒Bn blmturn‚), cl Jnrtdkn Fdttdpnbcd (‒Bn blmturn‚), cl Barlkn Mnjpakava (‒Bas plrgnjdkas‚), cl Xntrdmdn Iustnjnktl y cl Jnrên Dsnilb Bntrakmel (‒Ylsmntnkca‚), cl Mnrabdkn Mulstn (Cdsmutdr ),), cl Jýkdmn Idiiý (‒Bn bdtlrnturn‚), cl Lbin Njnca (‒±Mýja bllk...1‚), cl Gustnva Iajidkd (Yldkvlktnr ),), cl Jdrtn Flrkîkclz (‒Lb praibljn‚), cl Jnrtn Klgrêk (‒]nilrls tlýrdmas‚) y bas prapdas (‒Bn bdtlrnturn‚, ‒Bn lkslþnkzn cl bn blkgun y cl bn bdtlrnturn‚? ‒Blmturn‚? ‒Lb trnin`a‚? ‒Aistîmubas y flrtdbdcncls‚? ‒Bas maktrabls lpdstljabýgdmas‚). Lstl tdpa cl lstucdas sl mlktrn lk bn clsmrdpmdýk cl prîmtdmns puktunbls clsnrrabbncns lk cdstdktas bugnrls clb pnês qul cnk bugnr nb clintl sairl jacas cl dktlrvlkmdýk0 cdmens prîmtdmns jatdvnk bn aplrnmdýk cl rlprlguktnr, bn rlvdsdýk cl rlspulstns cncns n praibljns pnrtdmubnrls nktl bn ljlrglkmdn cl kulvas makfbdmtas, lb rlpbnktla cl farjns cl trnksflrlkmdn y cl bas snilrls qul sl klmlsdtnk pnrn rlnbdznrbns (Iajidkd,  >>4). lk lb nkîbdsds cl mnsas (]tnol), ls clmdr, lk lb lstucda cl  >>4). Xar atraYldkvlktnr  bnca, sustlktncns ukn sdtunmdýk lcumntdvn pnrtdmubnr qul prlslktn rnsgas qul plrjdtlk dclktdfdmnrbn maja ukn ljlrglkmdn sdkgubnr clktra clb maktlxta qul sl lstucdn, sl sdtðnk bns dkvlstdgnmdakls cl Mdktdn Mnrrdý, cl Grnmdlbn Elrrlrn cl Iltt, cl Karn Nbtlrjnk y cl Gustnva Gdjäklz. Lstucdas rlspnbcncas lk nkîbdsds cl camujlktas, cl mbnsls y cl jntlrdnbls lcumntdvas qul rlnbdznk sus npartls n uk praibljn lk pnrtdmubnr n pnrtdr clb mnsa qul nknbdznk tlkdlkca lk mulktn vnrdnibls n bns qul enk clmdcdca ntlkclr par maksdclrnrbns bns jîs rlprlslktntdvns, bns qul plrjdtlk ukn jl`ar clsmrdpmdýk cl quä ls ba qul enml cl ukn sdtunmdýk pnrtdmubnr uk ‒mnsa‚. Mnil rljnrmnr qul lstl tdpa cl dkcngnmdakls sl mnrnmtlrdznk par majpaklr lxîjlkls dktlksdvas cl ukn mulstdýk a cl ukn fnmltn cl ukn mulstdýk (Gaacsak y Wnbolr 96=). Vnbl suirnynr qul ba dktlrlsnktl clb tdpa cl dkvlstdgnmdakls cl julstrns rlprlslktntdvns, cl nkîbdsds cl mnsas y cl trnin`as lk jdmraedstardns lstî cnca par su lxpbêmdtn cdstnkmdn cl bns ‒lxpbdmnmdakls tatnbdznktls‚ (Lclbstldk y Ngudnr 96). Xasdmdaknjdlkta lpdstljabýgdma qul ka aistruyl cl kdkgðk jaca bn makstrummdýk cl mntlgarêns cl nkîbdsds pnrn lb mnjpa sdljprl qul sl aptl, maja ba enmlk Gaacsak y Wnbolr, par prdvdblgdnr bn ‒clsmrdpmdýk clksn‚ (lk tärjdkas cl Gllrtz, Bn dktlrprltnmdýk) nktls qul lb clsnrrabba cl prltlkmdasas nkîbdsds ninrmntdvas0 eny lk `ulga nquê ukn apmdýk qul ka dkvabumrn sýba mulstdakls ‒tämkdmns a jltacabýgdmns‚ sdka qul dkmbuyl lk lsns clmdsdakls pasdmdaknjdlktas pabêtdmas y ätdmas. Lb dkvlstdgncar clfdkl nquê lb tdpa cl rlbnmdýk qul lstniblml mak bas nmtarls dkvabumrncas y fd`n su pukta cl vdstn rlsplmta cl mýja pracumdr makamdjdlkta lk lb mnjpa (mýja lsmrdidr, lsmrdidr, pnrn qudlkls y pnrn quä).

>79

 

]l rlmajdlkcn qul lk dkvlstdgnmdakls cl lstl tdpa sl lflmtðl uk maktrab lpdstljabýgdma fulrtl cl bns vnrdnibls n aislrvnr lk mruml mak uk mudcnca lk bas jacas cl rlmablmmdýk cl bas cntas y mak bns mntlgarêns qul sl slblmmdaknk slblmmdakn k pnrn niarcnr lb praibljn yn qul bn ntlkmdýk n vnrdas fnmtarls (klmlsnrdas pnrn lb lstucda cl prîmtdmns qul sl bllk lk lb slka clb tl`dca samdnb) cljnkcn bulga su rlmuplrnmdýk lk lb jajlkta clb nkîbdsds. Xar ðbtdja mnil bbnjnr bn ntlkmdýk rlsplmta cl nbgukas nb gukas nsplmtas rlbnmdakncas mak bn lsmrdturn cl bas rlsubtncas cl bns dkvlstdgnmdakls lcumntdvns sairl bdtlrnturn. Xnrn lbba rlmurra n ukn mnrnmtlrdznmdýk cl @aek Ilrglr rltajncn par Gaacsak y Wnbolr Wnbolr.. Lk >475, lk ukn makflrlkmdn cdrdgdcn n bn Nsamdnmdýk ]amdabýgdmn Irdtîkdmn, @aek Ilrglr cdstdkgul lb usa prdvnca clb usa pðibdma cl bn fatagrnfên. Lktdlkcl qul lb prdjlra ‒mrln ukn maktdkudcnc sljl`nktl n bn maktdkudcnc cl bn qul ful ardgdknbjlktl tajncn‚ jdlktrns qul lb slgukca, par ba glklrnb, supakl paklrsl lk maktnmta mak ‒ba clsmakamdca‚ a, lk lb jl`ar cl bas mnsas, mak ‒masns qul sýba makamljas n trnväs cl atrns fatagrnfêns‚. Ilrglr nkatn0 ‒Bn fatagrnfên pðibdmn en sdca mlrmlkncn cl bn vdcn munkca sl bn tajý? y plrjnklml maja ukn djnglk ndsbncn, slpnrncn cl kulstrn lxplrdlkmdn‚ (966). Gaacsak y Wnbolr trnlk lstn cdflrlkmdnmdýk pnrn makstrudr ukn nknbagên mak bas lsmrdtas cl dkvlstdgncarls qul lstucdnk praibljns lcumntdvas. Lkmulktrnk qulpðibdmn‚. lsas trnin`as, mak frlmulkmdn, sl pnrlmlk instnktl n ba qul Ilrglr bbnjn ‒fatagrnfên Aislrvnk0 ‒bns clmbnrnmdakls lstîk makglbncns, slpnrncns cl su slmulkmdn y plgncns nb tlxta‚ (967). T ngrlgnk0 ‒lb maktlxta qul cn slktdca n bn mdtn ka surgl lk prdkmdpda cl bas cntas, kd sdqudlrn cl bn dktlrnmmdýk clb dkvlstdgncar mak lb jlcda y lb su`lta sdka mnsd êktlgrnjlktl cl bn mubturn clb dkvlstdgncar. ]l pravll uk maktlxta, plra nbdlknca clb jukca clb su`lta.‚ (967). ]d dkvlstdgnr ls pracumdr dkfarjnmdýk sairl nbga qul ka sl snil, ls djpartnktl nknbdznr lk lb jajlkta cl bn lsmrdturn cl bas rlsubtncas, mýja pracumdr lk fukmdýk f ukmdýk cl qul sln jl`ar npravlmencn par bas clstdkntnrdas. Ka lstî sýba nquê lk `ulga ukn mulstdýk tämkdmn cl pratamabas nmncäjdmas sdka tnjidäk ukn mulstdýk pabêtdmn, ätdmn y lstätdmn vdkmubncn nb jaca lk qul mrlljas clil lsmrdidrsl lb makamdjdlkta qul pracumdjas. Fdknbjlktl ukn ðbtdjn ‒rlmajlkcnmdýk‚. Lk nknbagên mak ba qul cltlmtnk Gaacsak y Wnbolr lk su maktlxta, ls frlmulktl lkmaktrnr lk bns dkvlstdgnmdakls lcumntdvns sairl bn lkslþnkzn cl bn bdtlrnturn lsmrdtns clscl Nrglktdkn ukn nutafdgurnmdýk clb dkvlstdgncar maja ‒bn plrsakn jîs plrspdmnz l dktlbdglktl cl tacns y maja bn ðkdmn ka vubklrnibl n bn fnbsn makmdlkmdn‚ (978). Snjidäk Snjidäk lk lb paba apulsta sl nmtðn clscl lb jdsja lxmlsa, dgunbjlktl clsfnvarnibl pnrn bn dkvlstdgnmdýk0 bn ‒makfrntlrkdznmdýk‚ qul tlrjdkn enmdlkca bugnr n ukn ‒fugn cl bn rlspaksnidbdcnc‚ y n ukn ‒fugn cl bn dclktdcnc‚ (97>) clb dkvlstdgncar. Lstl cdbljn cl arclk dclabýgdma, ätdma y pabêtdma, tnb vlz pulcn rlsabvlrsl clscl ukn pasdmdýk qul rl-sdtðl quä sdgkdfdmn dkvlstdgnr lk lb mnjpa cl bn lkslþnkzn cl bn bdtlrnturn0 ±mýja glklrnr snilrls `ukta n atras, kulstras mablgns, n pnrtdr cl kulstrns prlguktns jîs glkudkns sairl bas tljns qul kas dktlrplbnk, sairl

>7=

 

bas praibljns qul rlqudlrlk dktlrvlkmdýk1 ‒Makamdjdlkta prafukca sdgkdfdmn dktlräs prafukca‚, clmên Bniav. Snb Snb vlz lsn sln bn prljdsn cl pnrtdcn0 dktlräs par lb atra grnmdns n qudlk pacljas rlnbdznr kulstra trnin`a y n qudlk lsplrnjas paclr npartnrbl nbga n trnväs cl sus rlsubtncas.9

Katn  

>. Jl pnrlml djpartnktl rljdtdr n uk pnsn`l cl uk nrtêmuba cl Gustnva Iajidkd y cl Mnrabdkn Mulstn lk lb qul arclknk bas cdflrlktls mnjpas cdsmdpbdknrls qul npartnk n bn makstrummdýk clb makamdjdlkta lk bns cdcîmtdmns cl bn blkgun y cl bn bdtlrnturn0 ‒Lstn plrsplmtdvn dktlrcdsmdpbdknrdn sl cdflrlkmdn cl bn mbîsdmn y par jajlktas lxmbuylktl rlmurrlkmdn n bn psdmabagên, lk tnkta pnrtl cl bn tnrln cl mdrmuksmrdidr praibljns y farjubnr edpýtlsds pnrn muyn majprlksdýk ls klmlsnrda nplbnr nb usa cl pnrncdgjns pasdmdakncas lk bn rlfblxdýk plcngýgdmn, samdabýgdmn, mubturnb l edstýrdmn. Nsê sl en trnin`nca mak pastubncas cl bn plcngagên mrêtdmn (Gdraux, Jm Bnrlk), bn ltkagrnfên

murrdmubuj (Cl Nbin, Gaacsak), bn samdagäklsds cl cdsmdpbdkns lsmabnrls (Nbvnrnca, Iajidkd, Xdnmlkzn, ]nrcd) y lb pnrncdgjn cl bns prîmtdmns samdnbls (Faumnubt, Iaurcdlu, Cl Mlrtlnu, Menrtdlr), lk tärjdkas cl @lrajl Iruklr bn ―psdmabagên cl bn mubturn—, lktrl atras, pnrn prapaklr bn lkslþnkzn y lb nprlkcdzn`l cl bn blkgun y cl bn bdtlrnturn maja prîmtdmns samdnbls edstýrdmnjlktl makstdtudcns y lk plrjnklktl makfbdmta (Iajidkd, ]nrcd, Idxda, Dturrdaz, Mulstn).‚ (6) 9.  Ngrnclzma n Gustnva Iajidkd, n Lbin Njnca y n Mbnucdn Býplz lb tdljpa dkvlrtdca lk bn blmturn cl cdflrlktls vlrsdakls cl lstl trnin`a nsê maja lb lkvêa cl jntlrdnbls y bn glklrasn maaplrnmdýk  

cl bn lcumnmdýk (Yamowlbb, Ilrtlrby Iusqults), bn lk bn farjubnmdýk cl kulvns prlguktns, katns, su-

nktrapabagên dktlrprltntdvn (Gllrtz), bn tlarên clb glrlkmdns y majlktnrdas.

>73

 

Idibdagrnfên mdtncn • Nmedbbd, Lblkn. ‒Nktrapabagên l dclktdcnc cdsmd‒Bn bdtlrnturn ls cl lktrncn ukn prîmtdmn. Bn lspbdknrdn‚. Ylvdstn cl bn Lsmulbn cl Nktrapabagên  < mrdturn y bn bdtlrnturn lk bns prîmtdmns camlktls‚. (9888)0 4->6. Bubð Maqulttl. Ylvdstn cl cdcîmtdmn cl bn blkgun y ‒Lsmulbn y clsdgunbcnc samdnb. Nmlrmn cl bns lxpbdmnmdakls insncns lk ―ba mubturnb—‚. Bn farjnmdýk camlktl. Lvnbunmdakls y kulvns prîmtdmns lk lb clintl lcumntdva maktljparîkla. ]nktn Fl0 \kdvlrsdcnc Knmdaknb clb Bdtarnb, 9883. >54->43. • Nbvnrnca, Jndtl y Lblkn Jnsslt. ‒Lb tlsara cl bn `uvlktuc‚. Fdbabagên 93 (>454)0 3>-=-=>>. • Nkcrultta, Jnrên Slrlsn. ‒Lsmrdidr lk bn lsmulbn‚. Cdcîmtdmns cl bn blkgun y bn bdtlrnturn. Slarêns, clintls y prapulstns. Grnmdlbn Elrrlrn cl Iltt, majpdbncarn. Mýrcain0 \kdvlrsdcnc Knmdaknb cl Mýrcain, 988=. 9>=-9>. 4-=4. • Nrpls, Jnrmlbn y Karn Ydmnuc. Bdtlrnturn / Dkfnkmdn / Jlrmnca (lk prlksn). • Inmelbnrc, Gnstak. Bn farjnmdýk clb lspêrdtu mdlktêfdma. >435. Jäxdma0 ]dgba UUD, >458. • Idiiý, Jýkdmn. ‒]airl bn lsmdsdýk Lsmrdturn / Bdtlrnturn lk bn lkslþnkzn‚. Cdcîmtdmns cl bn blkgun  y bn bdtlrnturn. Slarêns, Slarêns, clintls y prapulstns. Grn-

cl bn bdtlrnturn 9 (988=)0 >8>>. • Idxda, Ilntrdz. ‒Xnsas enmdn ukn cdcîmtdmn samdamubturnb cl bn blkgun y bn bdtlrnturn0 samdabdkgòêstdmn y lcumnmdýk, uk mnjpa tlksdaknca‚. Bubð Maqulttl. Ylvdstn cl cdcîmtdmn cl bn blkgun y cl bn bdtlrnturn 9 (988=)0 93-= (9888)0 5=-43. • Ibnsl, @aslpe. ‒Bn jdmrapabêtdmn cl bn lkslþnkzn‚. Bn lkslþnkzn y bas praflsarls DD. >447. Dvar Gaacsak y atras, lcdtarls. Inrmlbakn0 Xndcýs, 9888. 9449. Bn trnjn cl bas tlxtas. Xraibljns cl bn lksl þnkzn cl bn bdtlrnturn. Iulkas Ndrls0 Bdiras clb ^udrqudkmea, >44>. Atrns trnjns. ]airl bn lkslþnkzn cl bn blkgun  y cl bn bdtlrnturn . (mak bn mabniarnmdýk cl Mbnucdn Býplz y Gnirdlbn Ordmolilrg). Yasnrda0 Eaja ]npdlks, >443. ‒Cdcîmtdmn cl bn bdtlrnturn y tlarên0 npuktls sairl bn edstardn cl ukn clucn‚. Arids Slrtdus. Ylvdstn cl tlarên y mrêtdmn bdtlrnrdn  9-= (>446)0 9>>-9>7. ‒Nvntnrls lk bn makfdgurnmdýk cl uk mnjpa0 bn cdcîmtdmn cl bn blkgun y bn bdtlrnturn‚. Bubð Maqulttl, Ylvdstn cl cdcîmtdmn cl bn blkgun y bn bdtlrnturn > (988>)0 93-==. ‒Bn bdtlrnturn lk bn lsmulbn‚. Lktrl bêklns. Sla rêns y lkfaquls lk bn lkslþnkzn cl bn lsmrdturn, bn  grnjîtdmn y bn bdtlrnturn. Jndtl Nbvnrnca, lcdtarn. Iulkas Ndrls0 Jnknktdnb, 988>. 568->468).). Iulkas Ndrls0 Jdþa y Cîvdbn, 9883. (>568->468 ‒Dkvlstdgnr lk cdcîmtdmn cl bn blkgun y bn bdtlrnturn0 uk kulva trntnca cl fraktlrns‚. Bubð Maqulttl. Ylvdstn cl cdcîmtdmn cl bn blkgun y cl bn  bdtlrnturn = (988445. =47>. Iulkas Ndrls0 Luclin, >444. 9=-39.  paclr. • Iuriubls, Kdmeabns. Lb cdîbaga lk bn lkslþnkzn. Slarên y prîmtdmn. >44=. Iulkas Ndrls0 Njarrartu, >444. • Iustnjnktl, Xntrdmdn. ‒Bn lsmrdturn cl bns prîmtdmns maja dkstrujlkta cl dkvlstdgnmdýk‚0 ‒Bn bdtlrnturn `uvlkdb0 maktravlrtdca mnjpa cl rlprlslktnmdakls cdvlrsns‚. Lsmumenkca mak bas a`as. Jdrncns y vamls sairl bn blmturn lk ]nbtn. Xntrdmdn Iustnjnktl y Iltdkn Mnjpuznka, lcdtarns. ]nbtn0 @YDjprlsdakls, 9886. >>-98? >=3=. • Iustnjnktl, Xntrdmdn y Jnrên Dsnilb Bntrakmel. ‒Ylsmntnkca vêkmubas mak bn blmturn0 lsmlkns cl blmturn vdvdcns par camlktls‚.  Lsmumenkca mak  bas a`as. Jdrncns y vamls sairl bn blmturn lk ]nbtn. Xntrdmdn Iustnjnktl y Iltdkn Mnjpuznka, lcdtarns. ]nbtn0 @YDjprlsdakls, 9886. 7>-5=. • Mnjdbbakd, Nbdmdn. Bas aistîmubas lpdstljabýgdmas lk bn lkslþnkzn. Inrmlbakn0 Glcdsn, >447. • Mnjpakava, Barlkn. ‒Bas plrgnjdkas cl Jlbquêncls. Ylfblxdakls sairl bn blmturn y bas blmtarls‚? ‒Farjnmdýk cl jlcdncarls. \kn pabêtdmn cl nmlrmnjdlkta n bn blmturn‚. Lsmumenkca mak bas a`as. Jdrncns y vamls sairl bn blmturn lk ]nbtn. Xntrdmdn Iustnjnktl y Iltdkn Mnjpuznka, lcdtarns. ]nbtn0 @YDjprlsdakls, 9886. =7-37? >>>->>4. • Mnktlra, Glrjîk. ‒Lcumnmdýk papubnr lk bn lsmulbn pðibdmn0 ukn npulstn n rlcaibnr‚. Bn far jnmdýk camlktl. Lvnbunmdakls y kulvns prîmtdmns lk lb clintl lcumntdva maktljparîkla. ]nktn Fl0 \kdvlrsdcnc Knmdaknb clb Bdtarnb, 9883. >44473. • Mnstardkn, @asä. ‒Bns prîmtdmns samdnbls lk bn farjnmdýk clb slktdca majðk. Bn knturnbdznmdýk lk bn psdmabagên‚. Clsdgunbcnc lcumntdvn. Bn knturnblzn maja prltlxta. ]dbvdn Bbajavntl y Mnrdkn Onpbnk, maarcdkncarns. Iulkas Ndrls0 Kavlcncls lcumntdvns, 988-=5.

(nvlm @nmquls Clrrdcn). Jdmelb Bdssl, lcdtar lcdtar.. Xnrds0 Gnbdbäl, >446. >6>->7>. ‒Xräfnml0 bl räflrrnkt‚.  @nmquls Clrrdcn lt  b—lsteätdqul. Kntenbdl Yalblks. Xnrds0 B—Enrjnttnk, 9888. 4->=. • Mndssa, Mbnucdn y Kdmabîs Yasn. ‒Cl bn makstdtutdak mbnkclstdkl c—uk kauvlb ai`lt‚. Ätucls frnkçndsls 9= (>457)0 934-964473. • Maelk, Bauds y Bnwrlkml Jnkdak. Jätacas cl  dkvlstdgnmdýk lcumntdvn. >454. Jncrdc0 Bn Jurnbbn, >448. • Makdgbda, Cnkdlbn. Bn lkslþnkzn cl bn bdtl rnturn lk bn pascdmtncurn. Ylfarjn Murrdmubnr  pnrn lb kdvlb jlcda cl bn Xravdkmdn cl ]nktn Fl (>453/>456/>448)0 maktdkudcncls, rupturns, sabn pnjdlktas. S  Slsds lsds cl Jnlstrên lk Cdcîmtdmns LsplL splmêfdmns (FE\M-\KB). Lk mursa. • Mulstn, Mnrabdkn. ‒Enmdn bn makstrummdýk cl ukn kulvn jdrncn sairl bas blmtarls y bn blmturn‚. Bubð Maqulttl. Ylvdstn cl cdcîmtdmn cl bn blkgun y bn  bdtlrnturn > (988>)0 4->5. ‒Bn lsmrdturn y bn blmturn maja prîmtdmns samdamubturnbls0 bn pracummdýk cl fdmmdakls lk tarka n bn dclktdcnc‚. Cdcîmtdmns cl bn blkgun y bn bdtlrnturn. Slarêns, clintls y prapulstns.  Grnmdlbn Elrrlrn cl Iltt, majpdbncarn. Mýrcain0 \kdvlrsdcnc Knmdaknb cl Mýrcain, 988=. >37->7>->58.

>76

 

• Cnrktak, Yailrt. Bn grnk jntnkzn cl gntas y atras lpdsacdas lk bn edstardn cl bn mubturn frnkml sn. >453. Jäxdma0 FML, >457. • Cl Nbin, Nbdmdn. Murrdmubuj0 mrdsds, jdta y plrs plmtdvns, Jäxdma, \KNJ, >443. ‒Mrdsds lstrumturnb glklrnbdzncn0 sus rnsgas y

• Ldsklr, Lbbdat. Lb a`a dbustrnca. Dkcngnmdýk munbdtntdvn y jl`arn cl bn prîmtdmn lcumntdvn. >448. Inrmlbakn0 Xndcýs, >445. • Fndksac, Xnubn. ‒Xairlzn y trnylmtardns lsmabnrls cl ncablsmlktls jncrls y ljinrnzncns. \kn mrêtdmn n bas lkfaquls cltlrjdkdstns‚. Clsdgunbcnc

maktarkas samdnbls‚. Bn farjnmdýk camlktl. Lvn bunmdakls y kulvns prîmtdmns lk lb clintl lcumntdva maktljparîkla. ]nktn Fl0 \kdvlrsdcnc Knmdaknb clb Bdtarnb, 9883. 9456. 934-957.  Nparêns. Jardr Ja rdr -lsplrnrsl (lk) bas ‒bêjdtls cl bn vlrcnc‚. >446. Inrmlbakn0 Xndcýs, >445. Cljlurl. Jnurdml Ibnkmeat , Xnrds0 Gnbdbäl, >445. • Cênz Inrrdgn, Îkglb. Camlktl y pragrnjn. Ba  dkstdtumdaknb y ba cdcîmtdma.  Iulkas Ndrls0 Ndqul, >44455. ‒Bn bdtlrnturn dkfnktdb0 tlrrdtarda cl suivlrsdakls‚. Bn mubturn cl bas gäklras.  Bdsn Irncfarc, lcdtarn. Yasnrda0 Ilntrdz Vdtlria, 988>. >>=->97. ‒Bdtlrnturn dkfnktdb0 cl ―jlkar— n ―jnyar—‚. Edstardn mrêtdmn cl bn bdtlrnturn nrglktdkn. Saja >>. Bn  knrrnmdýk gnkn bn pnrtdcn. pnrtdcn. Lbsn Crumnraff, cdrlmtarn clb vabujlk. Kal @dtrdo, cdrlmtar cl bn mablmmdýk. Iulkas Ndrls0 Ljlmä, 988>. >-. ‒]ltlktn inbmakls y kdkgukn fbar fb ar.. Nmlrmn cl bns blmturns mrêtdmns dkvdsdibls lk bn bdtlrnturn dkfnktdb‚. Cdcîmtdmns cl bn Blkgun y bn Bdtlrnturn. Slarêns, clintls y prapulstns.  Grnmdlbn Elrrlrn cl Iltt, majpdbncarn. Mýrcain0 \kdvlrsdcnc Knmdaknb cl Mýrcain, 988=. 99>-996. ‒Bdtlrnturn dkfnktdb0 prîmtdmns mubturnbls cl bn slrvdcujirl‚. Lkmulktras. Kluquäk0 \kdvlrsdcnc Knmdaknb clb Majneul, 9889=->=>. • Flkstlrjnmelr, Gnry. ‒Srls nsplmtas cl bn fdbasafên cl bn dkvlstdgnmdýk sairl bn lkslþnkzn‚. Bn  dkvlstdgnmdýk cl bn lkslþnkzn, D. Lkfaquls, tlarêns  y jätacas. Jlrbdk Wdttramo, Wdtt ramo, lcdtar. lcdtar. Inrmlbakn0 Xndcýs, >456. >35->47>. Jncrdc0 Bn Xdqultn, >474. • Frldrl, Xnuba l Drn ]ear. ‒Went ds n ―cdnbagdmnb jlteac— af tlnmedkg1‚.  @aurknb af Lcumntdak  >64 (>457)0 >>-=>. • Frugakd, ]lrgda. ‒Bas nknrqudstns clb vldktl0 lpdsacdas cl blmturn y cdsdclkmdn‚. Cdcîmtdmns cl bn  blkgun y bn bdtlrnturn bdtlrnturn.. Slarêns, Slarêns, clintls y prapulstns. prapulstns.

lk bn @urdscdmmdýk Mýrcain. Mýrcain0 Iru`ns. >4-36. Grnmdlbn Elrrlrn cl Iltt, majpdbncarn. Mýrcain0

\kdvlrsdcnc Knmdaknb cl Mýrcain, 988=. =87-=>9.

>77

 

‒Bn lsmrdturn cl dkvlkmdýk maja prîmtdmn mubturnb0 su pnplb lk bn Cdcîmtdmn cl bn blkgun y cl bn bdtlrnturn‚. Bubð Maqulttl. Ylvdstn cl cdcîmtdmn cl  bn blkgun y cl bn bdtlrnturn = (98847=. Inrmlbakn0 Glcdsn, 988455. Inrmlbakn0 Xndcýs, 9883. Ylfblxdakls nktrapabýgdmns sairl tljns fdbasýfdmas. 9888. Inrmlbakn0 Xndcýs, 9889. • Glktdbd, Xniba. ‒]ýba bn lcumnmdýk snbvn (n bas jîs rdmas)‚. Bn farjnmdýk camlktl. Lvnbunmdakls  y kulvns prîmtdmns lk lb clintl lcumntdva maktljparîkla. ]nktn Fl0 \kdvlrsdcnc Knmdaknb clb Bdtarnb, 9883. 58-56. • Glrinuca, Nknbên. ‒Aistîmubas y flrtdbdcncls lpdstljabýgdmns lk bns trncummdakls cl tlarêns0 nprapdnmdýk y mrlnmdýk lk lb mnjpa cl bn cdcîmtdmn‚. Xrdjlr Makgrlsa Knmdaknb sairl Xraibljîtdmns ]amdnbls Maktljparîklns. ]nktn Fl0 \kdvlrsdcnc Knmdaknb clb Bdtarnb, 988>. MC-YAJ. ‒Bn rlvabumdýk lstrumturnbdstn0 lb djpnmta lk bn tlarên‚? ‒Bn tlarên bdtlrnrdn clspuäs clb lstrumturnbdsja0 pnkarnjn glklrnb‚. Slarên y mrêtdmn DD. ]nktn Fl0 \kdvlrsdcnc Knmdaknb clb Bdtarnb, 988>. 7-33. ‒Bn bdtlrnturn y lb makamdjdlkta0 nkîbdsds cl nbgukns pasdmdakls‚.  Slarên y mrêtdmn DD. ]nktn Fl0 \kdvlrsdcnc Knmdaknb clb Bdtarnb, 9889. 7->9 (9889)0 6>-65. ‒Bas maktrabls lpdstljabýgdmas lk lb mnjpa cl bn cdcîmtdmn0 bns lstrntlgdns cl bns cdsmdpbdkns, bns majukdcncls cl dkvlstdgnmdýk y lb paclr pabêtdma‚. Cdcîmtdmns cl bn blkgun y bn bdtlrnturn. Slarêns, Slarêns, clintls y prapulstns.  Grnmdlbn Elrrlrn cl Iltt, majpdbncarn. Mýrcain0 \kdvlrsdcnc Knmdaknb cl Mýrcain, 988=. 964-973.

‒Bn lkslþnkzn cl bn blkgun y cl bn bdtlrnturn lk Slrmlr Mdmba cl LGI0 jnblktlkcdcas, sdblkmdnjdlktas y sdkämcaquls lk bn blmturn cl bn sdtunmdýk nmtunb‚. Lcumnmdýk, blkgun`l y samdlcnc = (9889468->478). Edstardn pnrmdnb cl bn makfdgurnmdýk cl uk aistîmuba lpdstljabýgdma pnrn bn blmturn‚. Blkgun y  bdtlrnturn. Xrîmtdmns cl lkslþnkzn, plrsplmtdvns pl rsplmtdvns y  prapulstns.  ]nktn Fl0 \kdvlrsdcnc Knmdaknb clb Bdtarnb, 9886. >64-98=. ‒Blmturn y lsmrdturn maja maktlkdca trnksvlrsnb. Xrapulstns n pnrtdr cl prîmtdmns lk mursa‚. Blmturns y lsmrdturns. Fukcnjlktas y prapulstns cl lkslþnkzn.  ]nktn Fl0 \kdvlrsdcnc Knmdaknb clb Bdtarnb, 9886. 7-=6. ‒Lb trnin`a cl blmturn y cl lsmrdturn n pnrtdr cl tlxtas bdtlrnrdas. Xrapulstns clrdvncns clb nkîbdsds cl prîmtdmns camlktls lk Xabdjacnb y lk mdmbas iîsdmas ukdvlrsdtnrdas‚. Blmturns y lsmrdturns. Fukcnjlktas y prapulstns cl lkslþnkzn. ]nktn Fl0 \kdvlrsdcnc Knmdaknb clb Bdtarnb, 9886. >8=->>5. ‒Srncummdakls ‒S rncummdakls tlýrdmns clb lstrumturnbdsja y cl bn lstdbêstdmn clscl Nrglktdkn0 ukn dktlrprltnmdýk‚. Slarên Bdtlrnrdn D. ]nktn Fl0 \kdvlrsdcnc Knmdaknb clb Bdtarnb, 9886. 9468->478)‚. DDD Makgrlsa Kn-

• Gaacsak, Dvar. Lb mnjida lk lb murrdmubuj. >447. Inrmlbakn0 Amtnlcra, 9888. • Gaacsak, Dvar y Yai Wnbolr. ‒Maktnr mulktas‚. Bn knrrntdvn lk bn lkslþnkzn, lb nprlkcdzn`l y bn  dkvlstdgnmdýk. >44468->478)‚. Makgrlsa Dktlrknmdaknb ¨Srnksfarjnmdakls mubturnbls. Clintls cl bn tlarên, bn mrêtdmn y bn bdkgòêstdmn¨. Iulkas Ndrls0 \kdvlrsdcnc cl Iulkas Ndrls, 9887. MC-YAJ. ‒]lktdca/sdgkdfdmnca‚. Kulva Cdmmdaknrda cl bn tlarên cl Jd`ndb In`tdk. Xnjpn Nrîk, cdrlmmdýk y maarcdknmdýk. Mýrcain0 Flrrlyrn Lcdtar L cdtar,, 9886. Clrrdcn y bn makstrummdýk cl uk kulva mnkak mrêtdma pnrn bns airns bdtlrnrdns. Mýrcain0 \kdvlrsdcnc Knmdaknb cl Mýrcain y ]nrjdlkta lcdtar, lcdtar, 9887. ‒Sel Djpartntdak af Selardls dk Nrglktdklnk Bdtlrnry Mrdtdmdsj (>468->478)0 Xabdtdmnb Clrdvntdaks af sajl Selarltdmnb Nppraprdntdaks‚. UVDDD Makgrlss af tel Dktlrkntdaknb Majpnrntdvl Bdtlrnturl Nssamdntdak. Yda cl @nkldra0 \kdvlrsdcncl Flclrnb ca Yda cl @nkldra, 9887. MC-YAJ. • Gdkziurg, Mnrba. Lb qulsa y bas gusnkas. Lb mas jas slgðk uk jabdklra clb sdgba UVD. >476. Inrmlbakn0 Jumekdo, >44>. • Gdarcnka, Nbilrta. Jacas clb lksnya. Cl Iar gls n Xdgbdn. Yasnrda0 Ilntrdz Vdtlria, 988446. 5>-46. • Gdraux, Elkry. ‒Mrdtdmnb Xlcngagy, mubturnb pabdtdms nkc tel cdsmaursl af lxplrdlkml‚.  @aurknb af Lcumntdak >67 (>45. ‒Ylncdkgs tlxts, bdtlrnmy, nkc tlxtunb nuteardty‚.    @aurknb af Lcumntdak >79 (>448)0 53->8=. Bas praflsarls maja dktlblmtunbls. Enmdn ukn  plcngagên mrêtdmn clb nprlkcdzn`l.  >455. Inrmlbakn0 Xndcýs, >448. • Gdraux, Elkry y Xltlr JmBnrlk. ]amdlcnc, mubturn y lcumnmdýk. Jncrdc0 Jdþa y Cîvdbn, >445. • Gýjlz, ]usnkn. Bas dkfdkdtdvas cl bn blmturn. Cdsmursdvdcnc l dclktdcncls lk bn `uvlktuc nrglktdkn cl bas 48. Mýrcain0 \kdvlrsdcnc Knmdaknb cl Mýr-

>445. 968-97=. • Gaacsak, Dvar y atras. Bn lkslþnkzn y bas praflsarls (Vab. D Bn praflsdýk cl lkslþnr? Vab. DD Bn lkslþnkzn y sus maktlxtas? Vab. DDD Bn rlfarjn cl bn lkslþnkzn lk uk jukca lk trnksfarjnmdýk). >447. Inrmlbakn0 Xndcýs, 9888. • Grnff, Glrnbc. Xraflssdkg Bdtlrnturl. Nk Dkstdtutdaknb Edstary . Medmnga0 Sel \kdvlrsdty af Medmnga Xrlss, >457. • Gucjukcscattdr, ]dgruk. ‒Bn knturnblzn knrrntdvn clb snilr plcngýgdma sairl bas maktlkdcas‚.   Bn knrrntdvn lk bn lkslþnkzn, lb nprlkcdzn`l y bn  dkvlstdgnmdýk.  >44445. . • Elrrlrn cl Iltt, Grnmdlbn, Karn Nbtlrjnk y Gustnva Gdjäklz. ‒Farjnmdýk camlktl y pracummdýk lcdtardnb. Makcdmdakls cl nmmlsdidbdcnc y maksuja cl tlxtas‚.  Farjnmdýk camlktl y Ylfarjn. \k nkîbdsds cl mnsa lk bn @urdscdmmdýk Mýrcain. Mýrcain0 Iru`ns. >5. • Edcnbga Yasns, ]akdn. ‒Xlksnr y lblgdr bdtlrnturn pnrn ncablsmlktls‚.  Lsmumenkca mak bas a`as. Jdrncns y vamls sairl bn blmturn lk ]nbtn. Xntrdmdn Iustnjnktl y Iltdkn Mnjpuznka, lcdtarns. ]nbtn0 @YDjprlsdakls, 9886. >37->44445. >5=-9=449. Iulkas Ndrls0 Njarrartu, >444. • @uîrlz, Yaxnkn y Xntrdmdn Yacrêgulz. ‒Bn blmturn majpnrtdcn trnspnsnkca juras. Blmturn lk bn Xlkdtlkmdnrên cl Vdbbn Bns Yasns (]nbtn)‚. Lsmumenkca mak bas a`as. Jdrncns y vamls sairl bn blmturn lk ]nbtn.  Xntrdmdn Iustnjnktl y Iltdkn Mnjpuznka,

cain, 9883.

lcdtarns. ]nbtn0 @YDjprlsdakls, 9886. 44->87.

>74

 

• Onpbnk, Mnrdkn y ]dbvdn Bbajavntl. ‒Ylvdsdýk clb clintl nmlrmn cl bn clsdgunbcnc lcumntdvn lk bn samdabagên cl bn lcumnmdýk0 bn rlljlrglkmdn clb cltlrjdkdsja idabýgdma‚. Clsdgunbcnc lcumntdvn. Bn knturnblzn maja prltlxta.  ]dbvdn Bbajavntl y Mnrdkn Onpbnk, maarcdkncarns. Iulkas Ndrls0

• JmLwnk, Euktlr y Odlrnk Lgnk. ‒Dktracummdýk‚. Bn knrrntdvn lk bn lkslþnkzn, lb nprlkcdzn`l y bn  dkvlstdgnmdýk. >44445. 4-9>. • Jlylr, Jnrên Luglkdn. Bn pulstn lk lsmlkn cl

Kavlcncls lcumntdvns, 9887->35. • Bldzn, Jnrên Lblkn y atrns. Lktrl bdiras y blmtarls D. Lb tlxta bdtlrnrda. Iulkas Ndrls0 Bugnr Bugnr,, 988>. Lktrl bdiras y blmtarls DD. Xrajamdýk cl bn blmturn y  rlvdstns. Iulkas Ndrls0 Bugnr Bugnr,, 988>. • Bdko, Cnkdlb. Bn menkmen mak mnclkns, Iulkas  Ndrls0 Lcdmdakls clb Lmbdpsl, >443. • Bdtwdk, Lcdte. Bns makfdgurnmdakls cdcîmtdmns. \kn kulvn nglkcn pnrn bn lkslþnkzn suplrdar. Iulkas Ndrls0 Xndcýs, >447. ‒Bns vnrdnmdakls lk lb nrtl cl knrrnr0 ukn kulvn cdjlksdýk pnrn ukn kulvn nglkcn cdcîmtdmn‚. Xrapulstn lcumntdvn 98 (>444)0 =7-38. • Bajns, Mnrbas y Nkcräs Asara. Lb lkfaqul ma jukdmntdva cl bn lkslþnkzn cl bn blkgun. Inrmlbakn0 Xndcýs, >443. • Bajns, Mnrbas. Mýja lkslþnr n enmlr masns mak  bns pnbnirns. Slarên Slarên y prîmtdmn cl bn lcumnmdýk bdk gòêstdmn. Vabujlk D y DD. Inrmlbakn0 Xndcýs, >444. • Býplz, Mbnucdn. ‒Xrlslktnmdýk clb kðjlra = cl Bubð Maqulttl‚. Nmtns clb V Makgrlsa Knmdaknb cl Cdcîmtdmn cl bn Blkgun y cl bn Bdtlrnturn Eajlkn`l  n Jndtl Nbvnrnca. Gustnva Iajidkd, lcdtar lcdtar.. Iulkas  Ndrls0 Lb enmlcar, enmlcar, 9887. >4.

 bn vaz (n prapýsdta cl ―Vngakls trnkspartnk euja— cl Nbl`nkcra \rcnpdbbltn). Slsdkn cl Bdmlkmdnturn lk Lkslþnkzn cl bn Blkgun y bn bdtlrnturn. Idibdatlmn cl bn FE\M-\KB, 988= (jdjla). ‒\kn lxplrdlkmdn cl blmturn‚. Bas nbujkas, bas camlktls y bas tlxtas. Majprlkclr y pracumdr lsmrdtas lk lb nubn. ]nktn Fl0 \kdvlrsdcnc Knmdaknb clb Bdtarnb, 9886. >>->5. • Jaktls, Grnmdlbn. Bn fraktlrn dkcýjdtn. Lk tarka  n bn makstrummdýk y clflksn clb lspnmda paätdma.  Jäxdma0 FML, >444. ‒Yltdrncas n bn sajirn cl kulstras pîrpncas‚. Lkmulktras. Kluquäk0 \kdvlrsdcnc Knmdaknb clb Majneul, 98834->67. • Klgrdk, Jnrtn. ‒]nilrls tlýrdmas y prîmtdmn camlktl0 rnzakls cl uk clslkmulktra‚. Lcumnmdýk,  blkgun`l y samdlcnc > (988=)0 =87-=>9. • Kafnb, Yassnkn. ‒Bas cajdmdbdas cl bn jljardn lk bn bdtlrnturn dkfnktdb nrglktdkn‚. nrglkt dkn‚. Lk0 www.umj.ls/dkfa/  www.umj.ls/dkfa/  lsplmuba/kðjlra9=/jljQnrgl.etjb(>>/84/87). ‒Bdtlrnturn pnrn medmas y jljardns0 mablmmdýk cl blmturns‚. ]ui`ltdvdcnc y fdgurns cl bn jljardn. Lbdznilte @lbdk y ]usnkn Onufjnk, majpdbncarns. Iulkas Ndrls0 ]dgba UUD, 9886. >>>->94. • Xnklsd, @argl. ‒Bn mn`n cl elrrnjdlktns a quä ka enmlr mak bn tlarên bdtlrnrdn‚. Xrdjlr Makgrlsa Dktlrknmdaknb cl Farjnmdýk cl Xraflsarls. ]nktn Fl0

•Lkslþnr Býplz Mnsnkavn, y Ncrdnkn Flrkîkclz. bdtlrnturn. Jnrtdkn Fukcnjlktas tlýrdmas. Xra pulstn cdcîmtdmn. Iulkas Ndrls0 Jnknktdnb, 98846=. Xabäjdmn  sairl lb rlnbdsja. rlnbdsja. Ydmnrca Xdgbdn, Xdgbd n, majpdbncar. majpdbncar. Iulkas Ndrls0 Lc. Is. Ns., >459. 4-=7. • Jnrmus, Glargl y Jdmenlb Fdsmelr. Fdsmelr. Bn nktrapaba gên maja mrêtdmn mubturnb. mub turnb. \k jajlkta lxplrdjlktnb lk bns mdlkmdns eujnkns. >456. Iulkas Ndrls0  Njarrartu, 9888. • JmLwnk, Euktlr. ‒Bns knrrntdvns lk lb lstucda cl bn camlkmdn‚. Bn knrrntdvn lk bn lkslþnkzn, lb  nprlkcdzn`l y bn dkvlstdgnmdýk.  >44446 bdtlrnturn‚. Fdbaba gên (Bn vaz clb atra. Eajlkn`l n Lkrdqul Xlzzakd)  93 (>454)0 8. ‒Xabäjdmns amubtns‚. Iabltêk >> (988=)0 7-> (988>)0 >>9->>7. • Xdnmlkzn, Xnabn. ‒Lkslþnkzn cl bn bdtlrnturn y pramlsas cl mnkakdznmdýk lk bn lsmulbn jlcdn nr-

Euktlr y Odlrnk Lgnk, majpdbncarls. Iulkas Nd- glktdkn (>466->476)‚. Bubð Maqulttl. Ylvdstn cl lk-

rls0 Njarrartu, >445. 9=6-9 (988>)0 56-46.

>58

 

‒Blmturn, ncablsmlkmdn y mnkak lsmabnr lk bn  Nrglktdkn lktrl >466 y >476‚. Ylvdstn cl Bltrns 5 (988=)0 >667->64.

Bdtlrnturn pnrn kdþas y `ývlkls. Blmturn, mrêtdmn y lkslþnkzn. ]nktn Fl0 \kdvlrsdcnc Knmdaknb clb Bdtarnb, 988=. 7-9=. ‒Clmdr lb jnr0 nbgukns edpýtlsds sairl bn farjnmdýk camlktl‚. Xraibljns cl lkslþnkzn cl bn bdtl rnturn. ]nktn Fl0 \kdvlrsdcnc Knmdaknb clb Bdtarnb, 988=. >=7->3>. Lkslþnkzn cl bn bdtlrnturn lspnþabn lk bn ukdvlr sdcnc. Clrdvnmdakls cdcîmtdmns lk bn makfdgurnmdýk clb maktlkdca. ]nktn Fl0 \kdvlrsdcnc Knmdaknb clb Bdtarnb, 988=. ‒Bdtlrnturn lspnþabn a nmlrmn cl uk nkcnr clsmaksabnca‚. Blkgun y bdtlrnturn. Xrîmtdmns cl lkslþnkzn, plrsplmtdvns y prapulstns. ]nktn Fl0 \kdvlrsdcnc Knmdaknb clb Bdtarnb, 9886. 99=-9447. • Ynkcd, @ucd y Byk Marka. ‒Bas praflsarls maja dkkavncarls‚.  Bn lkslþnkzn y bas praflsarls DDD.  >447. Dvar Gaacsak y atras, lcdtarls. Inrmlbakn0 Xndcýs, 9888. >64-9=7. • Yldjakca, Glrjîk. ‒\kn lxplrdlkmdn cl blmturn mak ncubtas jnyarls lk maktlxtas ka farjnbls‚. Bubð Maqulttl. Ylvdstn cl cdcîmtdmn cl bn blkgun y cl bn bdtlrnturn 9 (988=)0 >>9->98. • Ydvlra, Jnrên Mrdstdkn. ‒Lstlrlatdpas qul supd-

‒Xrîmtdmns cl lsmrdturn, knrrnmdýk l djngdknmdýk y su rlbnmdýk mak bn nprapdnmdýk clb makamdjdlkta‚. Bubð Maqulttl. Ylvdstn cl cdcîmtdmn cl bn blk gun y cl bn bdtlrnturn = (988>9->9>. Edstardn cl bn lkslþnkzn cl bn blkgun y cl bn  bdtlrnturn. Iulkas Ndrls0 Lb Parznb, 9886. • ]nrba, Ilntrdz.  Lb djplrda cl bas slktdjdlktas. Knrrnmdakls cl mdrmubnmdýk plrdýcdmn lk bn Nrglktd kn (>4>7->497). Iulkas Ndrls0 Karjn, >45=-9=. • ]lankl, ]dbvdn. ‒Xrnmtdmnktls qul prnmtdmnk lk nubns cl kdvlb jlcda, lsmrdilk, sdstljntdznk y sl prlguktnk0 iarrncarls pnrn ukn cdcîmtdmn cl bn blmturn y bn lsmrdturn‚.  Nmtns clb V Makgrlsa Knmdaknb cl Cdcîmtdmn cl bn Blkgun y cl bn Bdtlrntu rn Eajlkn`l n Jndtl J ndtl Nbvnrnca. Gustnva Iajidkd, lcdtar.. Iulkas Ndrls0 Lb enmlcar lcdtar enmlcar,, 9887. 496-4=8>->=8. • ]tnol, Yailrt. Dkvlstdgnmdýk mak lstucda cl mn sas. >44445. • Sartd, Lstlbn, ]akdn Buqulz y Fnidnkn Vdþns. ‒Blmturn y lsmrdturn0 uk clsnfêa dkstdtumdaknb‚. Bas

jas makslgudr‚. Jaclba plksnr.  ]nktaa Sajä0  ]nkt Sajä0 \kdvlrsdcnc Knmdaknb clbpnrn Bdtarnb y Fukcnmdýk Idmn, >44>. 3>-43. • Yacrêgulz, Bdcdn. ‒Lsmulbn cl Xairls a Xlcngagên clb Aprdjdca‚. Bn farjnmdýk camlktl. Lvnbunmdakls y kulvns prîmtdmns lk lb clintl lcumntdva maktljparîkla. ]nktn Fl0 \kdvlrsdcnc Knmdaknb clb Bdtarnb, 9883. 993-995. • ]nc, Knkmy. ‒Ylslþn cl Lkslþnr bdtlrnturn‚. Lcumnmdýk, blkgun`l y samdlcnc = (988 (988>)0 >9>->96.

 nbujkas, bas camlktls y bas ]nktn tlxtas.Fl0 Majprlkclr  pracumdr lsmrdtas lk lb nubn. \kdvlrsdcncy Knmdaknb clb Bdtarnb, 9886. 4=->83. • Wdbbdnjs, Ynyjakc. Jnrxdsja y bdtlrnturn. >477. Inrmlbakn0 Xlkêksubn, >458. • Plbblr, Knkmy. ‒Bn rnmdaknbdcnc knrrntdvn lk bn dkvlstdgnmdýk lcumntdvn‚. Bn knrrntdvn lk bn lk slþnkzn, lb nprlkcdzn`l y bn dkvlstdgnmdýk.  >44445. 943.

>5>

 

9. Ylslþn cl cas mnsas l`ljpbnrls 9.>. Iajidkd, Gustnva. Bas nrrninbls cl bn bdtlrnturn. Bn edstardn cl bn lkslþnkzn bdtlrn rdn lk bn lsmulbn slmukcnrdn nrglktdkn nrglktdkn (>568->468). Iulkas Ndrls0 Jdþa y Cîvdbn, 9883.

Lstn dkvlstdgnmdýk jlrlml slr clstnmncn par su rdgar jltacabýgdma y par bns maktrdiumdakls qul rlnbdzn nb mnjpa cl bn cdcîmtdmn cl bn bdtlrnturn nb mabniarnr lk bn clsmakstrummdýk cl bns cdmatajêns tlarên / prîmtdmn, makamdjdlkta ukdvlrsdtnrda / atras jacas cl pracumdr snilrls, y parqul sdlktn bns insls pnrn ukn cdsmusdýk rlsplmta cl quä qulrljas clmdr mak bn lxprlsdýk ‒snilr bdtlrnturn‚ munkca kas rlflrdjas n lstl ai`lta lk lb maktlxta cl prîmtdmns cl lkslþnkzn. Npartn cntas puktunbls sairl prîmtdmns dkkavncarns clsnrrabbncns lk bn lsmulbn jlcdn nrglktdkn lk lb plrêaca lstucdnca n pnrtdr cl uk rlblvnjdlkta lxenustdva cl cntas qul mruzn lb nkîbdsds cl bns pabêtdmns cl Lstnca mak lb lstucda cl prapulstns lsplmêfdmns clsnrrabbncns lk bn lcumnmdýk farjnb y ka farjnb qul pulclk maksdclrnrsl, n su vlz, mbnras lstucdas cl ‒mnsas‚. Mnil clstnmnr bns cdsmdpbdkns qul pakl lk dktlrslmmdýk pnrn pracumdr su nkîbdsds0 ‒Mak nbga cl fdbýbaga, cl edstardncar, cl idibdatlmnrda, cl glkltdstn, mak nbga cl mrêtdma bdtlrnrda y tnjidäk cl plcngaga jl dktracu`l lk bas fnsmdknktls l dktrdkmncas mnjdkas cl rlmakstrudr bn edstardn cl c l ukn cdsmdpbdkn lsmabnr.‚ (99). ]u praibljn cl dkvlstdgnmdýk, su klmlsdcnc cl rlmuplrnr cntas cl bn edstardn pnrn dkmarparnrbas nb lstucda cl sdtunmdakls cdcîmtdmns nmtunbls, ls glklrnca n pnrtdr cl su trnin`a maja praflsar cl kdvlb jlcda y maja praflsar ukdvlrsdtnrda0 sak lsns prîmtdmns bns qul bl julstrnk bn klmlsdcnc cl dkcngnr bns sdtunmdakls sd tunmdakls cl lkslþnkzn lk lb jnrma cl uk eardzaktl qul dkmbuyn lb nkîbdsds edstýrdma (99). Fdknbjlktl, bas ai`ltdvas qul ba ardlktnk cdmlk instnktl rlsplmta clb jaca lk qul Iajidkd pdlksn bn prîmtdmn dktlblmtunb0 ‒Nmnsa ‒Nmnsa tnjidäk jl ntrnvlsnin bn fnktnsên cl dkmdcdr0 cnr n makamlr bns prîmtdmns cl bn lkslþnkzn cl bn bdtlrnturn lk bn edstardn bl irdkcnrên n bas praflsarls maktljparîklas, n jds mablgns, pdstns mlrtlrns, uk lspl`a lk prafukcdcnc lk cakcl jdrnrsl y clscl nbbê rlmakamlr ukn glklnbagên cl sus prapdns prîmtdmns, cl sus prapdas jacas cl enmlr enmlr.‚ .‚ (9=). Iajidkd lxpbdmdtn qul npartn makamdjdlkta lk uk lspnmda cl vnmnkmdn munkca lk lb mnpêtuba qul bbnjn ‒Xbnktla clb praibljn‚ suirnyn ‒bn mnsd tatnb dklxdstlkmdn cl trnin`as qul niarclk nsplmtas vdkmubncas mak bn rlbnmdýk lktrl lcumnmdýk y bdtlrnturn‚ (94). 9.9. Xrýsplrd, Glrjîk. Lkslþnkzn cl bn bdtlrnturn lspnþabn lk bn \kdvlrsdcnc. Clrdvnmdakls cdcîmtdmns lk bn makfdgurnmdýk clb maktlkdca. ]nktn Fl0 \kdvlrsdcnc Knmdaknb

clb Bdtarnb, 988=. Lstn dkvlstdgnmdýk, pracumdcn maja Slsds Slsds cl Jnlstrên lk Cdcîmtdmns Lsplmêfdmns (Fnmubtnc cl Eujnkdcncls y Mdlkmdns cl bn \kdvlrsdcnc Knmdaknb clb Bdtarnb), niarcn lb jaca lk qul sl en lkslþnca bdtlrnturn lspnþabn lk bn farjnmdýk suplrdar ukdvlrsdtnrdn lk Nrglktdkn. Clb trnin`a clstnma fukcnjlktnbjlktl f ukcnjlktnbjlktl trls nsplmtas. Xar uk bnca, lb mudcnca lk bn nrtdmubnmdýk dktlrkn0 su têtuba, n jaca cl prajlsn, prlmdsn lb l`l sairl lb qul sl mlktrn cljnrmnkca uk ai`lta y bulga, uk nsplmta puktunb qul sl lstucdn clscl uk lstrntägdma mruml cl cntas. Lb praibljn clb mnkak sl dktlrslmtn mak bn clsmrdpmdýk cl bn argnkdznmdýk clb ‒snilr nmlrmn cl bn bdtlrnturn lspnþabn lk bn ukdvlrsdcnc‚ (>=9) y famnbdznk lb nkîbdsds cl bn makfdgurnmdýk clb maktlkdca lk bas pragrnjns cl mîtlcrn lk bas qul Xrýsplrd cltlmtn trls jacas cl argnkdznmdýk clb snilr0 ‒Lb prdjlra cl lbbas tdlkl qul vlr mak uk mrdtlrda tljparnb, lb slgukca mak lb prdvdblgda cl tljîtdmns ljlrglktls y lb tlrmlra mak prapulstns mlktrncns lk clrdvnmdakls cl bn tlarên qul djpnmtnk cdrlmtnjlktl lk bas jacas cl argnkdznmdýk clb maktlkdca‚ (>=9). Fdknbjlktl mnil suirnynr bn mudcncasn rlmuplrnmdýk cl tacns bns dkvlstdgnmdakls prlvdns pracumdcns sairl lb tljn rlmartnca qul sl paklk lk cdîbaga mak clmdsdakls tajncns clscl lb mnjpa cl bn tlarên bdtlrnrdn lk fukmdýk cl makstrudr npartls n bn cdcîmtdmn cl bn bdtlrnturn.

=. Nbgukas atras mnsas l`ljpbnrls =.>. Mnrrdý, Mdktdn. Xraylmtas lcumntdvas ‒nbtlrkntdvas‚ nb ]dstljn Lcumntdva Afdmdnb0

Slksdakls lktrl pragrnjîtdmns y aplrntdvdcnc lk nbgukns prapulstns cl bn Xravdkmdn cl ]nktn Fl. ]nktn Fl0 \kdvlrsdcnc Knmdaknb clb Bdtarnb, 9883. >5=

 

Lstn Slsdkn cl Bdmlkmdnturn lk Bltrns (Fnmubtnc cl Eujnkdcncls y Mdlkmdns cl bn \kdvlrsdcnc Knmdaknb clb Bdtarnb) sl rlnbdzý mak lb suisdcda cl ukn Ilmn Knmdaknb qul bn Fukcnmdýk Nktarmens atargý n ‒lstucdnktls clstnmncas‚ pnrn makmbudr sus lstucdas cl grnca lk 988= y ful prljdncn par bn MYLFNB (Jäxdma) lk 9887. Bn dkvlstdgnmdýk jlrlml clstnmnrsl par vnrdns rnzakls. Jltacabýgdmnjlktl ls djpartnktl lb jaca lk qul trnin`n mak bas lstucdas cl mnsa0 lb mrdtlrda cl slblmmdýk ailclml n bns mnrnmtlrêstdmns cl bn paibnmdýk qul makmurrl n bas lstniblmdjdlktas lcumntdvas (‒mnsa >0 paibnmdýk cl jlkarls lk rdlsga‚? ‒mnsa 90 paibnmdýk idbdkgòl niardglk‚, ‒mnsa =0 paibnmdýk mak fdbasafên cl vdcn jdkardtnrdn‚). Snjidäk Snjidäk mnil suirnynr bn prlmdsn lblmmdýk cl bns mntlgarêns cl nkîbdsds y su nrtdmubnmdýk mak lb trnin`a cl mnjpa qul, grnmdns n ukn mudcncasn slblmmdýk cl vnrdnibls, bagrn lxtrnlr bas cntas qul klmlsdtn pnrn lb niarcn`l clb praibljn qul sl prapakl y qul sl trnkspnrlktn lk lb têtuba. Fdknbjlktl bn cltlmmdýk cl dkfarjnktls mbnvl (n qudlkls sl rlnbdzn lktrlvdstns lk prafukcdcnc) y lb nkîbdsds cl camujlktas (Xraylmtas Lcumntdvas Dkstdtumdaknbls cl bns lsmulbns slblmmdakncns, pragrnjns cl mîtlcrn, pbnkdfdmnmdakls y gudakls cl mbnsls cl bas camlktls, mnrpltns cl bas nbujkas) makcuml n ukn prlmdsn clsmrdpmdýk cl bn farjn lk qul bas maktlkdcas clb îrln cl blkgun cl bdtlrnturn niarcncas lk bns lsmulbns, ba qul plrjdtl nknbdznr mrêtdmnjlktl enstny quä pukta bassak ai`ltdvas ‒pragrlsdstns‚ clkukmdncas lk bas Xraylmtas Lcumntdvas Dkstdtumdaknbls bagrnk trncumdrsl lk prapulstns cdcîmtdmns makmrltns. =.9. Xdnmlkzn, Xnabn. Mnkak lsmabnr y lkslþnkzn cl bn bdtlrnturn lk bn lsmulbn jlcdn  nrglktdkn (>466->476). S  Slsds lsds cl Jnlstrên lk Lkslþnkzn cl bn Blkgun y cl bn Bdtlrnturn. Yasnrda0 \kdvlrsdcnc Knmdaknb cl Yasnrda, 988>. Bas rlsubtncas cl lstn Slsds, rlnbdzncn pnrmdnbjlktl grnmdns n ukn Ilmn clb Fakca Knmdaknb cl bns Nrtls (>444), fulrak majukdmncas lk cdflrlktls prlslktnmdakls (‒Lkslþnkzn‚? ‒Blmturn‚). Lstn dkvlstdgnmdýk jlrlml clstnmnrsl par mýja dktlrslmtn cntas qul tajn clb nkîbdsds ‒clb cdsmursa plcngýgdma y lcdtardnb lk bn Nrglktdkn lktrl >466 y >476‚ (‒Blmturn‚ >553

 

npartn y sl clstnmn par su mbnrdcnc jltacabýgdmn0 sl prlslktnk bns prlguktns dkdmdnbls qul cdlrak bugnr n bn dkvlstdgnmdýk, bns edpýtlsds mbnvl y bns suisdcdnrdns, bns rlbnmdakls lktrl bns mntlgarêns lblgdcns pnrn niarcnr lb praibljn y bas trls l`ls sairl bas qul sl mlktrn lb nkîbdsds? sl clsnrrabbnk bas nrgujlktas y sl mdlrrn bn majukdmnmdýk cl bas rlsubtncas mak uk npnrtnca clkajdknca ‒rlfblxdakls fdknbls‚ qul rlmuplrn bas bnzas qul sl enk clspblgnca lktrl bas cntas. 3. Nbgukns cl bns prdkmdpnbls rlvdstns

Bubð Maqulttl. Ylvdstn cl cdcîmtdmn cl bn blkgun y bn bdtlrnturn. Cdrlmtar0 Gustnva Iajidkd. Djprlsn. Xuibdmnmdýk lsplmêfdmn cl bas mnjpas cl bns cdcîmtdmns cl bn blkgun y cl c l bn bdtlrnturn. L-jndb0 bubumaqulttl988>Hyneaa.maj.nr Lcumnmdýk, blkgun`l y samdlcnc. Xuibdmnmdýk clb Dkstdtuta pnrn lb Lstucda cl bn Lcumnmdýk, lb Blkgun`l y bn ]amdlcnc lk

bn sl prlslktnk rlsubtncas cl dkvlstdgnmdakls cdflrlktls vasqul y mnjpas cdvlrsas. \kdvlrsdcnc Knmdaknb cl Bnsairl Xnjpn. Djprlsnpraibljns y cdgdtnb lklcumntdbn insl cl cntas cl Fulktl Nmncäjdmn cl LI]MAeast. L-jndb0 dlblsHeujgp.ukbpnj.lcu.nr Xnplbls clb Xrapnbl. Xuibdmnmdýk lsplmdnbjlktl clcdmncn n Bdtlrnturn pnrn kdþas y `ývlkls. \kdvlrsdcnc Knmdaknb cl Mýrcain. ettp0//www.ffye.ukm.lcu.nr/pragrnjns/prapnbl/pnplbls.etj Djngdknrdn. Ylvdstn qudkmlknb lsplmdnbjlktl clcdmncn n Bdtlrnturn pnrn kdþas y `ývlkls. Wli0 ettp0//www ettp0//www.djngdknrdn.maj.nr .djngdknrdn.maj.nr Xrapulstn lcumntdvn. Xuibdmnmdýk cl FBNM]A lk bn qul sl prlslktnk rlsubtncas cl dkvlstdgnmdakls sairl cdflrlktls praibljns lcumntdvas y mnjpas cdvlrsas. Djprlsn y cdgdtnb (lk farjn pnrmdnb). Wli0 ettp0//www.prapulstnlcumntdvn.fbnmsa.arg.nr/dkclx.pep ettp0//www.prapulstnlcumntdvn.fbnmsa.arg.nr/dkclx.pep Blmturn y vdcn. Ylvdstn bntdkanjlrdmnkn cl blmturn. Xuibdmnmdýk cl bn Dktlrknmdaknb Ylncdkg Nssamdntdak lk bn qul sl prlslktnk rlsubtncas cl dkvlstdgnmdakls sairl cdflrlktls praibljns lcumntdvas rlbnmdakncas mak bn blmturn? frlmulktljlktl bas nrtêmubas rltajnk lsmlkns cl trnin`a mak bn bdtlrnturn. Djprlsn y cdgdtnb lk bn insl cl cntas cl Fulktl Nmncäjdmn cl LI]MAeast. Wli0 ettp0//blmturnyvdcn.arg.nr

>5<

 

Xrapulstns. Cl bn praibljîtdmn clb nubn n bns prapulstns makmrltns. Xuibdmnmdýk clb Mlktra cl Bdkgòêstdmn Npbdmncn cl bn Fnmubtnc cl Eujnkdcncls y Nrtls cl bn \kdvlrsdcnc Knmdaknb cl Yasnrda lk bn qul mak frlmulkmdn npnrlmlk nrtêmubas sairl lkslþnkzn cl bn bdtlrnturn. Djprlsn. Xrntdquls. Ylvul cl rlmelrmel lk cdcnmtdqul cu frnkçnds. Xuibdmnmdýk qul rltajn rlsubtncas cl dkvlstdgnmdakls cl cdcîmtdmn cl bn blkgun y cl cdcîmtdmn cl bn bdtlrnturn. Vlrsdýk djprlsn y cdgdtnb c dgdtnb (lk farjn pnrmdnb). Wli0 ettp0//www ettp0//www.prntdquls-mrlslf.maj .prntdquls-mrlslf.maj Lcumntdaknb Selary. \kdvlrsdty af Dbbdkads. Xuibdmnmdýk lk bn qul sl prlslktnk rlsubtncas cl dkvlstdgnmdakls cl plcngagên, samdabagên y fdbasafên cl c l bn lcumnmdýk. Djprlsn y cdgdtnb lk bn insl cl cntas cl Nmncljdm ]lnrme Xrljdlr cl LI]MAeast. L-jndb0 LcSelaryHudm.lcu  @aurknb af Lcumntdak.

\kdvlrsdty \kdvlrsdty. . Xuibdmnmdýk lk bnclqul sl prlslktnk rlsubtncas cl dkvlstdgnmdakls cl Iastak plcngagên, samdabagên y fdbasafên bn lcumnmdýk. Djprlsn y cdgdtnb lk bn insl cl cntas cl Nmncljdm ]lnrme Xrljdlr cl LI]MAeast. L-jndb0 LcSelaryHudm.lcu Xlrsplmtdvns. Ylvdstn trdjlstrnb cl Lcumnmdýk Majpnrncn. Xuibdmnmdýk qul prlslktn rlsubtncas cl dkvlstdgnmdakls sairl cdflrlktls praibljns lcumntdvas y mnjpas cdvlrsas. Argnkdznmdýk cl Lstncas Dilranjlrdmnkas pnrn bn Lcumnmdýk, bn Mdlkmdn y bn Mubturn. Wli0 ettp0//www.ald.ls/arg>6.etj ettp0//www.ald.ls/arg>6.etj Ylvdstn Irnsdbldrn cl Lcumnçía. Xuibdmnmdýk cl bn NKXLc (Nssamdnçía Knmdaknb cl Xýs-Grncunçía l Xlsqudsn lj lcumnçía) lk bn qul sl prlslktnk rlsubtncas cl dkvlstdgnmdakls sairl cdflrlktls praibljns lcumntdvas y mnjpas cdvlrsas. Wli0 ettp0//www.nkplc.arg.ir/ril/ril/ril.etj ettp0//www.nkplc.arg.ir/ril/ril/ril.etj Lcumnçía l Xlsqudsn. Xuibdmnmdýk cl bn Fnmubcncl cl Lcumnçía cn \kdvlrsdcncl cl ]ía Xnuba lk bn qul sl prlslktnk rlsubtncas cl dkvlstdgnmdakls sairl cdflrlktls praibljns lcumntdvas y mnjpas cdvlrsas. Mncn kðjlra ncljîs mlktrn pnrtl cl sus nrtêmubas lk uk l`l tljîtdma. Cdspakdibl lk Dktlrklt (clscl lb k° 9< enstn bas nmtunbls)0 www.smdlba.ir/smdlba.pep www.smdlba.ir/smdlba.pep

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Nklxa

Bdiras sairl dkvlstdgnmdýk y gäklras nmncäjdmas Jdgulb Cnbjnrakd 

Bn idibdagrnfên glklrnb cdspakdibl sairl bn lbniarnmdýk cl uk praylmta cl dkvlstdgnmdýk ka ls juy niukcnktl, y ls juy lsmnsn bn qul sl rlfdlrl n bn lbniarnmdýk cl uk praylmta sairl praibljns mubturnbls y bdtlrnrdas. ]dk ljinrga, bn idibdagrnfên mak têtubas sairl tljns jîs a jlkas ljpnrlktncas mak bas cl lstl bdira plra sdk uk rlmartl lsplmêfdma, ls clmdr rlflrdcn nb mnjpa cl bns mdlkmdns samdnbls a cl bn dkvlstdgnmdýk ukdvlrsdtnrdn lk glklrnb, ls lxtrljncnjlktl mapdasn, y juy vnrdncn tnkta lk lb rlmartl y lb lkfaqul maja lk mnbdcnc, utdbdcnc rlnb y prafukcdcnc lk lb trntnjdlkta cl bas tljns. Xar atrn pnrtl, n `uzgnr par bn idibdagrnfên lcdtncn lktrl fdkls cl bas 48 y 9887, ls katnibl lb clsnrrabba, tnkta tlýrdma maja npbdmnca n bn lkslþnkzn, cl bns dkvlstdgnmdakls cl lkfaqul bdkgòêstdma bd kgòêstdma sairl majukdmnmdýk mdlktêfdmn y gäklras nmncäjdmas (eny, pnrn qul sl tlkgn ukn dcln, lsplmdnbdstns lk clsmrdpmdýk y tdpabagdznmdýk enstn clb gäklra ‒rlsujlk‚ a ‒nistrnmt‚ cl nrtêmuba cl rlvdstn mdlktêfdmn). En enidca ncljîs ukn prabêfdmn pracummdýk cl jnkunbls cl ncdlstrnjdlkta nmncäjdma pnrn lstucdnktls clb mdmba dkdmdnb a clb grnca, nbgukas cl mnbdcnc y rlflrdcas n tljns cl lsmrdturn l dkvlstdgnmdýk plra, knturnbjlktl, yn dknprapdncas pnrn grncuncas qul nspdrlk n pbnkdfdmnr ukn tlsds cl pasgrnca a ukn ilmn cl dkvlstdgnmdýk.  Xnrn ntlklrkas nb lkfaqul prîmtdma y nmatnca cl lstns pîgdkns, majlkmljas par rlmarcnr qul lb bdira cl Lma, Mýja sl enml ukn tlsds, sl vlkcdý y sdgul vlkcdäkcasl jumea par trls rnzakls0 bn prdjlrn ls qul \jilrta Lma ls ukn jnrmn cl nutar clscl bdiras suyas cl grnk  djpnmta maja  Npamnbêptdmas l dktlgrncas? bn slgukcn rnzýk ls qul Mýja sl enml ukn tlsds lstî rlpblta cl aislrvnmdakls, suglrlkmdns y ncvlrtlkmdns juy ðtdbls, slksntns y praincns? bn tlrmlrn rnzýk, nmnsa bn prdkmdpnb, ls qul sl tdtubn ‒mýja sl enml ukn tlsds‚, y qul lb sujnrda clb bdira jnktdlkl lsn grnjîtdmn y bn nsamdn nb taka cl bn frnkqulzn prîmtdmn (‒^uä ls ukn tlsds y pnrn quä sdrvl‚, ‒Muîkta tdljpa

sl rlqudlrl , Mýja lvdtnr slr lxpbatnca par lb cdrlmtar , ltm.). Lb bdira sdgul sdlkca ukn

>57

 

elrrnjdlktn ðtdb, nukqul tuva djdtnmdakls lspnþabns, frnkmlsns y njlrdmnkns (par ba jlkas) cl cdvlrsa tlkar n ba bnrga cl bas nþas, nbgukns cl bns munbls lxaridtnrak enstn cl jnklrn dklsmrupubasn lb taka cl bn nutayucn y cl ba dklsplmêfdma.> Lk rlsujlk, bn idibdagrnfên jîs niukcnktl y qul sl enbbn frlmulktljlktl lk cdvlrsas dcdajns l dkmbusa lk trncummdakls ls clb tdpa cl Mýja sl enml ukn tlsds0 prajltl rlsabvlr lb praibljn cl bn pbnkdfdmnmdýk y rlcnmmdýk cl bn dkvlstdgnmdýk n blmtarls cl bns jîs cdvlrsns cdsmdpbdkns, tnkta qul lk jumeas mnsas sl cdrdgl n bn vlz nb lstucdnktl cl mdlkmdns samdnbls y eujnkns y nb cl knturnbls y lxnmtns. Cnca qul lb clstdkntnrda cl lstl bdira b dira ka ls uk jltacýbaga kd uk samdýbaga cl bn dkvlstdgnmdýk, sdka uk prdkmdpdnktl lk bn dkvlstdgnmdýk bdtlrnrdn qul iusmn dkstrujlktas (a uk camlktl cl tnbblrls cl lbniarnmdýk clb praylmta cl tlsds, y ka lb praflsar cl uk mursa cl lpdstljabagên), prlslktnjas n maktdkunmdýk ukn nktabagên juy slblmtdvn, lk bn qul pramurnjas dkmbudr bdiras qul, n bn vlz, enynk rlsubtnca ðtdbls n pnrls y prlclmlsarls clb blmtar cl lstl bdira (ls clmdr n atras ilmnrdas y tlsdstns) y qul rlprlslktlk mncn uka uk tdpa cl airn cl bns qul mdrmubnk sairl lstas tljns. Bas slpnrnjas, maja sl vl, lk trls grnkcls mbnsls cl trnin`as ”nukqul vnrdas lktrnrênk lk jîs cl ukn mbnsl”, y ngrlgnjas uk irlvl majlktnrda ardlktncar lk nbgukas têtubas0 >. ]airl lb afdmda y bns prîmtdmns

Cld, E. Cnkdlb. Bn tlsds. Mýja ardlktnrsl lk su lbniarnmdýk. Iulkas Ndrls0 Xrajltla Bdiras, 9886. Lma, \jilrta. Mýja sl enml ukn tlsds. Sämkdmns y pramlcdjdlktas cl dkvlstdgnmdýk, lstucda y lsmrdturn. Inrmlbakn0 Glcdsn, >44>. Frngkdårl, @lnk-Xdlrrl. Nsê sl lsmrdil ukn jakagrnfên. Iulkas Ndrls0 Fakcl cl Mubturn Lmakýjdmn, >446. Jîs nclmunca pnrn tlsdkns cl bdmlkmdnturn a jakagrnfêns fdknbls cl grnca, sdrvl ka aistnktl maja dktracummdýk prîmtdmn glklrnb n bns tnrlns cl pbnkdfdmnr y ljprlkclr dkvlstdgnmdakls.   Obldk, Drlkl (maarcdkncarn). Lb tnbblr clb lsmrdtar ukdvlrsdtnrda. Iulkas Ndrls0 Xrajltla Bdiras, 9887. Clstdknca prdkmdpnbjlktl n lstucdnktls cl grnca. Ncljîs cl mnrnmtlrdznr bas gäklras nmncäjdmas lk tärjdkas tdpabýgdmas y prngjîtdmas, dkmbuyl nbgukns cdstdkmdakls y makmlptas klmlsnrdas (vg. ‒lxpaklr, lxpbdmnr, nrgujlktnr‚) y vnrdas mnpêtubas y slgjlktas cl utdbdcnc pnrn bns tnrlns cl iðsqulcn idibdagrîfdmn, fdmen`l, pbnkdfdmnmdýk.

>55

 

Bngjnkavdme, Cnvdc. Bdira cl lstdba pnrn ukdvlrsdtnrdas. Sumujîk0 DK]DB, Fnmubtnc cl Fdbasafên y Bltrns, \KS, \KS, >447. Bngjnkavdme, Cnvdc. Afdmda mrêtdma. Katns cl dktracummdýk n bn bdtlrnturn edspnkanjl rdmnkn. Wnsedkgtak0 ALN-Dktlrnjlr, >443. Jnkmusa, Euga Y. Jltacabagên cl bn dkvlstdgnmdýk lk mdlkmdns samdnbls. Bdklnjdlktas tlýrdmas y prîmtdmas cl sljdalpdstljabagên. Iulkas Ndrls0 Xndcýs, >444. ]l mulktn lktrl bas jl`arls jnkunbls glklrnbls prýxdjas n kulstra mnjpa cdsmdpbdknr.. Lk lb jnrma cl ukn lxpasdmdýk knr lxpas dmdýk lpdstljabýgdmn glklrnb qul ka ls klmlsnrda ncaptnr pnrn npravlmenr maja jntlrdnb cl rlfblxdýk y makstrummdýk cl plrsplmtdvns prapdns, lb bdira pracdgn suglrlkmdns prîmtdmns cl rlnb utdbdcnc. Dgunb qul lb cl Lma, dkmbuyl ukn iulkn guên pnrn nprlkclr n fdmenr y n mbnsdfdmnr y argnkdznr bns fdmens. Maja jumeas lsmrdtas cl lstl gäklra, ls n vlmls dkklmlsnrdnjlktl rldtlrntdva. Ful rldjprlsa par tlrmlrn vlz lk 9886. Srnj(p)ns cl bn majukdmnmdýk y bn mubturn , nþa 9, k° >7, slptdljirl cl 988=. Kðjlra clcdmnca nb tljn ‒Slsds. \kn lblmmdýk nmncäjdmn‚ cl lstn rlvdstn cl bn fnmubtnc cl Xlrdacdsja y Majukdmnmdýk ]amdnb cl bn \KBX. Dkmbuyl nrtêmubas sairl lb pbnk cl tlsds, bn lblmmdýk clb tljn y atras praibljns cl jätaca? bn ardlktnmdýk ls majukdmabýgdmn y samdabýgdmn.

Vîzqulz, Grnmdlbn, maarcdkncarn. Guên cdcîmtdmn clb cdsmursa nmncäjdma lsmrdta. ±Mýja sl lsmrdil ukn jakagrnfên1 Jncrdc0 Lcdkujlk, 988>. Insnca lk uk nkîbdsds bdkgòêstdma l dktlrmubturnb clb cdsmursa nmncäjdma, clstdknca dkdmdnbjlktl n lstucdnktls luraplas muyn blkgun jntlrkn ka ls lb lspnþab. Dkmbuyl slgjlktas cl utdbdcnc prîmtdmn pnrn pbnkdfdmnr bn lsmrdturn cl tlxtas nmncäjdmas, pnrn lstrumturnr nrgujlktnmdakls, y atras rlmursas bdkgòêstdmas, cdsmursdvas y rlcnmmdaknbls.  Tukd, @asä Nbilrta y Mbnucda N. \rinka. Sämkdmns pnrn dkvlstdgnr. Ylmursas jltaca Tukd,  býgdmas pnrn bn prlpnrnmdýk cl praylmtas cl dkvlstdgnmdýk. Mýrcain0 Lcdtardnb Iru`ns, 9886, trls vabðjlkls. Lb têtuba pulcl rlsubtnr nbga makfusa, yn qul jumens pîgdkns sl clcdmnk n bn cdvubgnmdýk cl praibljns cl lpdstljabagên cl bn mdlkmdn lk glklrnb, n clfdkdmdakls y tnxakajêns (lk nbgukas mnsas nbga lbljlktnbls y cdsmutdibls, lk atras cl dktlräs y utdbdcnc pnrn lb prdkmdpdnktl). Ka aistnktl, ls cl bn mbnsl cl bdiras qul bulga cl ntrnvlsnr ukn blmturn cl sdstljîtdma suirnynca, rlsnbtnca y gbasn jnrgdknb qulcnk makvlrtdcas lk iulkns mn`ns cl elrrnjdlktns.

>54

 

9. ]airl gäklras nmncäjdmas y tdpabagêns cdsmursdvns

Mdnpusmda, G. Slxtas lsplmdnbdzncas y tlrjdkabagên. Inrmlbakn0 Dkstdtuta \kdvlrsdtnrda cl Bdkgòêstdmn Npbdmncn, 988=. Knrvn`n cl Nrkaux, Lbvdrn, J. Cd ]täfnka y M. Xlrldrn. Blmturn  Blmturn y lsmrdturn lk bn \kdvlr sdcnc. Iulkas Ndrls0 Luclin, 9889. ]wnbls, @aek. Glkrl Nknbysds. Lkgbdse dk nmncljdm nkc rlslnrme slttdkgs. Mnjirdcgl0 Mnjirdcgl \kdvlrsdty Xrlss, >448. Vîzqulz, Grnmdlbn, maarcdkncarn. Lspnþab mak fdkls nmncäjdmas0 cl bn majprlksdýk  n bn pracummdýk cl tlxtas. Jncrdc. Lcdkujlk, 98848

 

mdýk‚. Xar lsa, pnrn snilr quä tdlklk lk jlktl nbgukas cl qudlkls ba lvnbðnk, kukmn lstnrî cl jîs qul uk dkvlstdgncar lk tljns cl bdtlrnturn a nrtl rlmarrn nbgukn vlz bns pîgdkns cl bdiras clb tdpa cl Bn dkvlstdgnmdýk lk mdlkmdns lxplrdjlktnbls cl Cl Nsðn, Clbfdka y atras (lsplmdnbjlktl mnpêtubas maja ‒Nmlrmn ‒Nmlrmn cl bn mdlkmdn‚ a ‒Bn rlcnmmdýk y lvnbunmdýk cl praylmtas y trnin`as mdlktêfdmas‚). Fdknbjlktl, dkmbudjas nquê cas bdiras têpdmas clb mnjpa clb qul, maja ncvlrtdjas nb prdkmdpda, lstl bdira prltlkcdý lxprlsnjlktl npnrtnrsl, ls clmdr bas qul trntnk bn tljîtdmn prapdn cl bas mursas ukdvlrsdtnrdas cl jltacabagên y cl lpdstljabagên cl bns mdlkmdns samdnbls, maja ba sak lb cl ]meustlr y lb cl ]njn`n. Lsn tljîtdmn ka clilrên slr n`lkn n bn lkmdmbaplcdn cl uk dkvlstdgncar munbqudlrn, nukqul pnrn lsa ka ls klmlsnrda makfukcdrbn mak bn ncqudsdmdýk cl clstrlzns prîmtdmns kd mak lb makamdjdlkta cl karjns y mýcdgas clb afdmda lk cdvlrsas mnjpas cl trnin`a. Iaurcdlu, Xdlrrl, @lnk-Mbnucl Menjiarlcak, @lnk-Mbnucl Xnsslrak. Lb afdmda cl  samdýbaga. Jncrdc0 ]dgba UUD, >4744=. ]njn`n, @unk. Lpdstljabagên y jltacabagên. Lbljlktas pnrn ukn tlarên cl bn dkvlstd gnmdýk mdlktêfdmn. Iulkas Ndrls0 Luclin, >444, =ª lc. ]meustlr, Fäbdx Gustnva. Lb jätaca lk bns mdlkmdns samdnbls. Iulkas Ndrls0 Lcdtarls ]meustlr, cl Njärdmn Bntdkn, 9883.

Katn  

>. Xar supulsta, lsa sl clil lk pnrtl n clmdsda- tdma fnmsêjdb jlmnkagrnfdnca, maja lk bn prdjlrns kls lcdtardnbls, lktrl bns qul sl mulktnk enstn lcdmdakls, plra jumeêsdjas nþas clspuäs cl bn clsvlrgakzncns rldjprlsdakls clb bdira cl Lma jnsdfdmnmdýk clb usa cl majputncarns y pramlsn-

mak bn pnrtl VD. Bn rlcnmmdýk clfdkdtdvn lk dcäk- carls cl tlxtas.

>4>

 

Katdmdn sairl bas nutarls

Gbardn I. MEDMASL ls Camtarn lk Bltrns par bn \kdvlrsdcnc cl Iulkas Ndrls. En

puibdmnca bdiras y nrtêmubas lk rlvdstns lsplmdnbdzncns clb pnês y clb lxtlrdar rlflrdcas nb rajnkmlra, bn äpdmn mnstlbbnkn, bn bdtlrnturn papubnr y bns rlbnmdakls lktrl arnbdcnc y lsmrdturn. Lktrl sus bdiras mnil clstnmnr Yajnkmlra trncdmdaknb nrglktdka, Bakcak0 \kdvlrsdty, 9889? Nvlkturns clb ^ud`atl lk bn \KBX. \KBX. 7< @ayns cl bn Mablmmdýk Mlrvnktdkn cl  bn Idibdatlmn Xðibdmn. Mntîbaga. Mntîbaga. Malcdtarn, Bn Xbntn0 \kdvlrsdcnc, 988