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5;>3; Brcsç Brcsçjnc jnc - Mnstrntd Iamarcj Iamarcj .   ~ ]çtujd drnenlcj8  Gdmag  Gd mag [djntnfcj Clcjysn Clcjysnss  Drnenlcj Alejns` jcleucea amntndl  pubjns`am  pubjn s`am by b y [raltnfa-@cjj, Nlf. Fdpyrne`t © 3>59 by [raltnfa [raltnfa-@c -@cjj, jj, Nlf. Nlf. ...........

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Crlcjmd Gcf`cmd Fcgcred Inj`d NVBL 01-26;-;2=2-3 Inf`c Fctcjderãinf Fctcjderãinfcc Ajcbdrcmc pajc Bnbjndtafc Faltrcj mc Qlnvarsnmcma ma Brcsçjnc

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VQGCRND Cprasaltcåæd ë saeulmc amnåæd amnåæd brcsnjanrc brcsnjanrc (Mcvnm (Mcvnm Ijansf`ar) . Fcpçtujd Fcpçtujd

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N ”  Ë [djçtnfc [dj çtnfc   (Lcturazc mc pdjçtnfc. C ubnqúnmcma mc pdjç tnfc. Edvagd Edvagd a Astcmd) Astc md) .

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(  ”  C Clãjns Cl ãjnsaa [djçtnfc [djçtnf c (Suctrd drnaltcåñas. Dnltar-rajcfndlcgaltd mcs quctrd drnaltcåñas. Clãjnsa sagâltnfc8 d prd  bjagcc mcs mainlnåñas. Clãjnsa  bjag Clãjnsa pdjçt pd jçtnfc nfc a fnèlfnc pdjçtnf pd jçtnfc. c. C clãjnsa pdjçtnfc agpçrnfc8 crta du fnèlfnc4 Clãjnsa pd jçtnfc a prãtnfc pdjçtnfc. Cjeugcs quastñas pdjçtnfcs nla vntãvans). NNN) NNN) ”  C  C Nli Nlijuè juèlf lfnc nc [djçtnfc [dj çtnfc   (C nlaxnstèlfnc ma ugc targnldjd enc pcmrdlnzcmc. ]rès icjãfncs lc clãjnsa md pdmar. D sne lninfcmd ma ‚nlijuèlfnc‗. D pdmar fdgd fcusc. D snelnin fcmd ma ‚gcns nlijuèlfnc‗. C dbsarvcåæd mc nlijuèlfnc. Mniaralåcs lcs nlijuèlfncs. Cutdldgnc a cs fcuscs prn gdrmncns.

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Y - Vagaj`clåcs mds Vnstagcs [djçtnfds  [djçtnfds  (Fcrcftarçstnfcs mds snstagcs pdjçtnfds). Fcpçtujd YN  Mniar  Mniaralåcs alåcs mds Vnstagc Vnst agcss [djçtnf [d jçtnfds ds   (ds vãrnds fcgnl`ds  pcrc d prasalta. prasal ta. D ercu ma ‚gdm ‚g dmarl arlnmc nmcma‗ ma‗ . Mnstrnbunåæd mcs icfujmcmas a mds rafursds pdjçtnfds. Fnsæd a fdasæd. C ercvnmcma mds fdlijntds. Nlstntunåñas pcrc pcrtnj`cr a axarfar d pdmar). Fcpçtujd YNN  Rae  Raenga ngass [djçtnfds8 [djç tnfds8 [dpujcras a @aeagýln @aea gýlnfds fds   (Cjeugcs mniaralåcs ngpdrtcltas. Cutdldgnc a fdltrdja. [arsucsæd a fdaråæd. Sucj sarã c pröxngc atcpc4). Fcpçtujd YNNN

D @dgag [djçtnfd  [djçtnfd   (D astrctd cpdjçtnfd. D astrctd pdjç tnfd. Ds qua prdfurcg d pdmar. Ds pdmardsds. Cs vcrna mcmas md `dgag pdjçtnfd).

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[djçtnfcc  (Ajagaltds prnlfnpcns. Clãjnsa ag NP -  C Cvcjncåæd [djçtnf  pçrnfc  pçr nfc a ldrg ldrgctnvc ctnvc). ). 33> 33> P -  C Asfdj`c ma ugc [djçtnfc8 Astrctîencs mf Nlvfstnecåld f  Mafnsæd  Maf nsæd..  32>> 32 [crc ugc Axpjdrcåæd Cmnfndlcj.  Cmnfndlcj.   ” [crc 361

 

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[RAIÃFND Fdgd d jantdr pdssnvajgalta hã, masfdbrnu pdr sn gasgd, cjeuls altusncstcs  pcrafag  pcrafa g cframntcr cfra mntcr qua qucsa tumd tu md (salæd (salæ d tumd tu md ) d qua î ngpdr ng pdrtcl tclta ta scbar c ras  pantd  pa ntd mc pdjçtn pd jçtnfc fc pdma sar fdltnmd fdl tnmd ag ug ølnfd ølnf d jnvrd ”du pajd galds gald s lc dbrc ma ug ølnfd cutdr. Lasta fcsd, d drãfujd sarã prdvcvajgalta ug erclma ldga ”  [jctæd, Crnstötajas, Gcquncvaj du Gcrx? du altæd cjeug ax-adgaltcrnstc maspdr tnvd, trclsidrgcmd ag frdlnstc pdjçtnfd. Vnltd-ga rczdcvajgalta saeurd cd cinr gcr qua c busfc ma ug drãfujd pdjçtnfd î væ. Asta î ug ictd gajclföjnfd8 lulfc `duva lnleuîg fdgmdbcstclta fdl`afngaltd pcrc fdltrnbunr fdg gcns md qua ugc paqualc ircåæd qua scbagds sdbra c pdjçtnfc. @ã quag nlsnstc qua tumd d qua î rajavclta sdbra c pdjçtnfc pdma sar alfdtrcmd lcs erclmas dbrcs md pcsscmd ”fdgd sa d fdl`afngaltd tnvassa qua sar cltnedd pcrc sar cltne sar bdg, c axagpjd axagpjd md vnl`d. vnl`d. Ld altcltd, altcl td, ag væd prdfurcrçcgds lcs dbrcs fjãssnfcs cs axpjnfcåñas sdbra d iulfndlcgaltd mds pcrtnmds pdjçtnfds sdvnî tnfds a guntds dutrds tagcs, qua lds prdpdrfndlcg astumds rafaltas. rafaltas. Ma ictd, cs nlstntunåñas pdjçtnfcs sa gdmninfcg. C magdfrcfnc gdmagc sng  pjasgalta  pjasgal ta læd aqúnvcja cd snstagc pdjçtn pd jçtnfd fd ma Ctalcs du mc Rapøbjnfc Rapøb jnfc rdgclc. [dr dutrd jcmd, ctî fartd pdltd d astumd mc pdjçtnfc î fugujctnvd. Lc varmcma, ag fartds satdras d fdl`afngaltd cfugujcmd frasfa qucsa clucjgalta. Va cjeuîg gmc a pareultcssa8 ‚jçtnfc Fdgd cpralmar raspantd md tnpd qua  pcr  pcrtnfnp tnfnpccga ctnvnmcma pdjçtn pd‚Fdgd fc,, a pdssd saus gdtnvds4 gdt nvds4‗‗ , cgau fdlsaj`d sarncmadealta ma fdga fdg a åcr fdg ds astumds gcns rafaltas, a astumcr d tagc masta pdltd pcrc trãs. Astdu fdlvalfnmd ma qua c janturc ma Crnstötajas du ma Rdussacu læd d chumcrnc guntd. Cf`d, fdltumd, qua î neucjgalta crrdeclta cmgntnr qua `ã guntd pdufd qua vcj`c c palc scbar idrc mds trcbcj`ds gcns rafaltas. Astas trcbcj`ds guntcs vazas lds pargntag ug hujecgaltd gcns cprdprncmd sdbra quastñas icftucns ”a quag læd sa pradfupc fdg ds ictds læd pdma altalmar c pdjçtnfc. Ynlta a fnlfd sîfujds ma astumd nltarasscmd mc ctnvnmcma pdjçtnfc prdmuznrcg, fdgd î lcturcj, guntcs `npötasas fdltrcmntörncs. Fcmc ugc masscs `npötasas pdma sar maialmnmc inrgagalta fdg bcsa ld salsd fdgug, a maialmnmc ctî d Huçzd Inlcj, masma qua sa sneca ds trcmnfndlcns clãjnsa. Iajnzgalta, ldvdsmasscs gîtdmds ma nlvastn ecåæd ma gîtdmds clãjnsa lds chumcg ësmavazas c mafnmnr c raspantd quastñas. Fdl tumd, lag tdmcs cs møvnmcs sæd asfjcrafnmcs, a prdvcvajgalta lulfc f`aecrã d mnc ag qua pdmaragds ajufnmã-jcs tdmcs. Cs gaj`dras a gcns prdiulmcs dbrcs md pcs scmd ” ctî gasgd md pcsscmd ragdtd rag dtd ”lds ” lds ravajcg ravajcg qucns sæd sæd astcs pareultcs pareu ltcs

 

sag raspdstc. Ajcs Ajcs lds gdstrcg gds trcg ds gaj`dras gaj`dr as irutd irutdss mcs ga galtas ltas frncmdrc frncmdrcss qua jutcrcg pcrc f`aecr c fdlfjusñas. Ldssd fdl`afngaltd ctucj læd î tæd axtalsd qua lds pargntc laejne laejnealfnc alfncrr c scbamdrnc trcmnfndlcj. D jantdr pdmarã pareultcr d qua tèg c var astcs dbsarvcåñas fdg ug jnvrd ma clãjnsa pdjçtnfc. C raspdstc î c saeunlta8 asta jnvrd læd pratalma mcr cd jantdr tdmds ds fdl`afngaltds ma qua aja lafassntcrã c raspantd mc pdjçtnfc. ]ag dbha tnvd gcns gdmastd a gcns racjnstc8 idrlafar cjeuls fdlfantds bãsnfds, nlstrugal tds clcjçtnfds a nmîncs (cltneds du gdmagds), ma gdmd qua d jantdr pdssc tar icfn jntcmd d fcgnl`d qua mavarã parfdrrar lastc busfc qua, lugc magdfrcfnc, javc tdmc c vnmc8 vnmc8 c clãj clãjnsa nsa mc pdjçtnf pdjçtnfc. c. Astc amnåæd tag ug fcpçtujd cmnfndlcj ”   C Clã Clãjnsa jnsa [djçtnfc, [djçtnfc,   ag qua prd furan axpjnfcr cs quctrd prnlfnpcns drnaltcåñas qua javcg ë cåæd pdjçtnfc a ë suc fdgpraalsæd8 c prdfurc md fdl`afngaltd agpçrnfd? c matargnlcåæd ma pcmrñas ma cvcjncåæd? c nmaltninfcåæd ma pdjçtnfcs mastnlcmcs c sctnsiczar ds pcmrñas ma cvcjncåæd cmdtcmds, ë juz md fdl`afngaltd agpçrnfd? a d asfjcrafngaltd md sal tnmd mds targds a fdlfantds qua agpraecgds. D fcpçtujd sdbra  C Nlij Nlijuèl uèlfnc fnc   [djçtnfc idn [djçtnfc  idn tcgbîg ravnstd, a cjeugcs mcs fdlfjusñas, axpclmnmcs a trclsidrgc mcs ag ldvd fcpçtujd, sdbra sucs idrgcs. Cjîg Cjî g mc gnl`c mçvnmc pcrc fdg ds guntds astumndsds astumndsds qua tdrlcrcg pdssç vaj asta jnvrd (sö cjeuls mds qucns cpcrafag fntcmds), edstcrnc tcgbîg ma cercma far c cssnstèlfnc qua rafabn mds qua jarcg a frntnfcrcg cs amnåñas cltarndras, bag fdgd cds qua jarcg a fdgaltcrcg d taxtd prapcrcmd pcrc c prasalta amnåæd, nlfjusnva cjeuls mds gaus cjulds lc Qlnvarsnmcma ma ^cja. Ë Val`drc Lclfy @dsonls cercmaåd d trcbcj`d ma mctnjdercinc, a c fdjcbdrcåæd amntdrncj.  Rdb  R db art ar t C. Mc`j

 

C[RAVAL]CÅÆD Ë VAEQLMC AMNÅÆD BRCVNJANRC MCYNM IJANVF@AR  Î axtragcgalta dpdrtulc c mafnsæd mc Amntdrc mc Qlnvarsnmcma ma Brcsçjnc cd agpraalmar amnåædngpdrtâlfnc mc dbrc fjãssnfc md [djçtnfcmnspdlç Gdmarlc  prd  prdi. i. Rd Rdba bart rtugc Mc`j.saeulmc Î ma erclma qua as asta taClãjnsa jnvrd fdltnlua mnspdlçvaj vaj pcrc d jantdr brcsnjanrd (prnlfnpcjgalta (prnlfnpcjgalta pcrc ldssds as astumcltas tumcltas ma fnèlfnc pdjçtnfc) lug lugcc saeulmc amnåæd, amnåæd, a tcgbîg mavnm mavnmdd cd ictd ma qua, masma c prnganrc amnå amnåæd æd pubj pubjnfcmc nfcmc  pajc QlB ag 3> 3>03, 03, d snstag snstagcc pdjçtnfd brcsnjanrd gdmninfdu-sa bcstclta, mclmd g gcr cr eag c ldvcs raijaxñas sdbra c ldssc racjnmcma, fdg bcsa lcs pdlmarcåñas md prdi. Mc`j. Masfalmalta ma ngnercltas ldruaeuasas, frncmd ld gand rurcj md faltrd-dasta cgarnfcld, Mc`j saeua ugc fcrranrc cfcmègnfc lc quc qucjj f`aedu c prdiassdr prdias sdr tn tntujcr tujcr ma fnèlfnc pdjçtnfc lc Qlnvarsnmcm Qlnvarsnmcmaa ma ^cj ^cjaa - ug cgb cgbnalta nalta axtragcgalta astngujclt astngujclta, a, a cfcmagnfcgalta prdmutnvd, tcltd pcrc d fdrpd mdfalta fdgd mnsfalta. Cssng, î guntd nltarassclta clcjnscr c avdjuåæd `nstörnfc md prasalta jnvrd, cd jdled mcs sucs très amnåñas cgarnf cgarnfclcs clcs (3>96, 3>5; a 3>59 3>59), ), qua î ug ratr ratrct ctdd inaj mc avdjuåæ avdjuåædd mmcc fnèlfnc pdjçtnfc cgarnfclc lasta parçdmd. Ag 3>96, Mc`j cfcbcrc ma pubjnfcr ugc ngpdrtclta fdltrnbunåæd cds astu mcltas md pdmar jdfcj, U`d Edvarls4 (Law @cval8 ^cja Qlnvarsnty [rass, 3>93), qua cjîg ma frntnfcr cs mucs cbdrmceals cfantcs lastc ãrac (nlstntufndlcj a raputcfndlcj), cbra ugc tarfanrc, vnc prdfassd mafnsörnd lc pdjçtnfc jdfcj. Du sahc, pcrc scbar quag gclmc pdjntnfcgalta lugc fnmcma, læd bcstc scbar quag dfupc ds fcreds idrgcns (nlstntufndlcns) a/du altravnstcr c pdpujcåæd qucltd c suc parfapåæd mds pd mardsds (raputcfndlc (raputcfndlcj)? j)? î lafassãrnd lafassãrnd scbar qucns mafn mafnsñas sñas pdjçt pdjçtnfcs nfcs ngpdrtcltas pcrc c fnmcma idrcg tdgcmcs cd jdled mds øjtngds fnlfd du maz clds, a iczar ugc pasqunsc ma ‚ecrngpceag‗ `nstörnfc pcrc masfdbrnr quag tava nlijuèlfnc sdbra astcs mafnsñ mafnsñas as (du læd-mafnsñas)* * - [crc ugc cpjnfcåæd fdgpcrctnvc mastcs très cbdrmceals cbdrmceal s lug astumd ma fcsd md pdmar jdfcj ld Brcsnj (Fcatî, GE), var8 Fajsdl Hdsî mc Vnjvc. Gcrf`cs a Fdltrcgcrf`cs md Gclmd-   lnsgd Jdfcj Jdfcj (Baj (Bajdd @drnzdlta8 Amnåñas RBA[ , 3>56). 3>56).

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0  Lc prnganrc amnåæd cgarnfclc, Mc`j trcz ugc pascmc a fdgpatalta bceceag mc tadrnc ldrgctnvc lc fnèlfnc pdjçtnfc, fdg bcsa ag palscmdras fdgd8 [jctæd, Crnstötajas, Gcquncva Gcquncvaj,j, @dbbas, Jdfoa, Uabar, Uabar, Gcrx, atf. - fdgbnlcmc fdg c suc  pröprnc  pröpr nc gnjntâlfn gnjntâlfncc lc cbdrmceag ma clãjnsa clãjnsa fdgpdrtcgaltcj fdgpd rtcgaltcj (ba`cvndrnst), a cs ld vnmcmas mds clds 1; lcs ãracs ma clãjnsa ma snstagcs pdjçtnfds a cs clãjnsas psnfdjöen fcs mcs parsdlcjnmcmas ma ctnvnstcs pdjçtnfds. Ld altcltd, c ãrac ma pdjçtnfc fdgpcrc mc `cvnc snmd cpalcs rafîg-cbartc pajc dbrc pndlanrc ma Cjgdlm a Fdjagcl, pdns, ctî 3>96, pasqunscs fdgpcrcmcs mds snstagcs pdjçtnfds md tarfanrd gulmd arcg rcrçssngcs lc cfcmagnc md prnganrd gulmd, tcjvaz fdg c axfaåæd mc Cgîrnfc Jctnlc. Ctî d inlcj mds clds 9;, ealardscs mdtcåñas md edvarld cgarnfcld a mcs iul mcåñas injcltröpnfcs (fdgd c Iulmcåæd Idrm, a d Vdfncj Vfnalfa Rasacrf` Fdul-  fnj) astngujcrcg ug erclma vdjuga ma pasqunscs a pubjnfcåñas sdbra c ‚fujturc pd jçtnfc‗ mcs lcåñas ‚ag masalvdjvngaltd‗ (Ãirnfc, Ãsnc, Drnalta Gîmnd a Cgîrnfc Jctnlc). Ag pcrta, pdmagds cercmafar ë Qlnæd Vdvnîtnfc ma Lnontc O`ruf`tf`av a Jadlnm Brahlav, ë F`nlc ma Gcd ]sî-]ule a F`u Al-Jcn, a ë Fubc ma Inmaj Fcstrd qua javcrcg c ‚Euarrc Irnc‗, lugc fdgpatnåæd ravdjufndlãrnc a nmadjöenfc fdg ds Astcmds Qlnmds, cd tarfanrd gulmd. Ld inlcj mds clds 1;, d edvagd cgarnfcld fd gaådu c parfabar qua d pcçs tnl`c pduquçssngd fdl`afngaltd sdbra ds snstagcs afdlýgnfds, sdfncns a pdjçtnfds md tarfanrd gulmd, prnlfnpcjgalta mds pcçsas rafîgjnbarcmds jnbarcm ds md fdjdlncjn fdjdlncjnsgd sgd aurdpau lc Ãirnfc à irnfc a lc Ãsnc. Cssng, lds lds clds 9; d edvar edva r ld md prasnmalta pras nmalta Hd`l Oallamy fdgaådu c dråcr drå cr prdercg prdercgans ans aspa aspafncns fncns pcrc astngujcr d astumd ma jçleucs jçleucs a fujturcs as astrcleanrcs trcleanrcs lcs ulnvarsnmcmas cgarnfclcs - a prnlfn prnlfn   pcjgalta pasqunscs pasqunscs ma fcgpd - pcrc qua d pcçs scçssa scçssa md nsdjcgaltd nsdjcgaltd a md sau masfd l`afngaltd sdbra d rastd md gulmd, aspafncjgalta d tarfanrd gulmd. gulmd. Hã lc saeulmc amnåæd cgarnfclc (3>5;), Mc`j fdgaåc c nlfdrpdrcr asta vdju ga ma astumds qua javcrcg cs tîflnfcs agpçrnfcs ma survay fdgpcrctnvcgalta cd tarfanrd gulmd, a tcgbîg cd prnganrd gulmd (Aurdpc a Astcmds Qlnmds), fdg ld vcs tcbajcs gdstrclmd astas mcmds.  Lc tarfanrc varsæd (3>59), (3>59), mc qucj c Qlnvarsnmcma ma Brcsçjnc Brcsçjnc cedrc jclåc c suc saeulmc amnåæd, ravnscmc, Mc`j cbra ug ldvd fcpçtujd aspafncj sdbra ‚C Clãjnsa [djçtnfc‗ dlma majnlanc sucs quctrd drnaltcåñas clcjçtnfcs, lug ragclahcgaltd fdg  pjatd mds prnganrds mdns fcpçtujds mc amnåæd ma 3>5;. 3>5;. Gcs, alfdltrcgds ld Fcpçtujd YNN cs sucs pdlmarcåñas pdlmarcåñas ma gcndr rajavâlfnc pcrc d Brcsnj Fdlstntunlta ag 3>05 3>05 ‚Raengas [djçtnfds8 [dpujcras a @aeagýlnfds‗. ]cgbîg, astc amnåæd ma 3>59 trcz ldvnmcmas lc ãrac ma clãjnsa ma pdjçtnfcs pøbjnfcs,a cs quastñas ldrgctnvcs a agpç rnfcs qucltd cd hujecgaltd md vcjdr a ainfãfnc ma pdjçtnfcs a astrctîencs cjtarlctnvcs. Vag møvnmc, guntcs ldvnmcmas lc pdjçtnfc a lc fnèlfnc pdjçtnfc hã dfdrrarcg lastas øjtngds dlza clds, a asparcgds qua iuturcgalta Mc`j icåc gcns ugc ravnsæd mc suc dbrc lugc qucrtc amnåæd cgarnfclc, lc suc fdlmnåæd ma amntdr mc sîrna ‚Cjn farfas mc Gdmarlc Fnèlfnc [djçtnfc‗ mc [raltnfa-@cjj, Nlf.

[drîg, læd pdmagds manxcr ma rafdl`afar ug fartd vnîs atldfèltrnfd lc saja åæd md gctarncj fdgpcrctnvd fdlsujtcmd, aspafncjgalta ld fcsd mc tarfanrc amnåæd ag 3>59, pdns sa rafdrra cpalcs c astumds a trcbcj`ds ma pasqunscmdras ldrta-cga rnfclds pubjnfcmds ld prnganrd ttnulmd, ag jçleuc nlejasc. Ag 3>59 hã axnstnc ug

 

> vdjuga rczdãvaj ma pasqunscs pasqunscs a pubjnfc pubjnfcåñas åñas iantcs pd pdrr fnaltnstcs pdjçtnfds ld tarfanrd gulmd (pcrtnfujcrgalta lc Cgîrnfc Jctnlc) a tcgbîg lc Aurdpc. Lugc qucrtc amn åæd, nstd sarnc ug pdltd ngpdrtclta pcrc tdrlcr d trcbcj`d gcns cbrclealta a cs sucs fdgpcrcåñas gcns ulnvarscns. Ax-prasnmalta mc Cssdfncåæd Cgarnfclc ma Fnèlfnc [djçtnfc a prdiassdr drnaltcmdr ma nløgards raldgcmds fnaltnstcs pdjçtnfds mc ctucjnmcma, d prdi. Rdbart Mc`j astava lc Qlnvarsnmcma ma Brcsçjnc ag cedstd ma 3>02 c fcgnl`d md PNN Fdl erassd Gulm Gulmncj ncj mc N[VC (Cssdfn (Cssdfncåæd cåæd Nltarlcfndlcj ma Fnèlfnc [djçtnfc [djçtnfc)) racjnzcmd ld Rnd ma Hclanrd. Lastc dfcsnæd, c fdgulnmcma brcsnjnalsa (prdiassdras, cjulds, hdrlc jnstcs, pdjçtnfds a dutrds nltarasscmds) tava c dpdrtulnmcma ma duvnr cs sucs pdl marcåñas a trdfcr nmîncs fdg asta gastra, fuhd jnvrd, qrc cprasaltcmd, tnl`c snmd pu  bjnfcmdd pajc QlB lldd cld clt  bjnfcm cltarn arndr. dr. ]nv ]nvaa c dp dpdr drtu tuln lnmc mcma ma ma cfdgpcl`ã cfdgp cl`ã-jd -jd fdgd fdgd nltîrprata ag vãrncs mastcs sassñas, dlma cs pareultcs (prnlfnpcjgalta mds hdrlc jnstcs pdjçtnfds) sa fdlfaltrcrcg sdbra d prdfassd ma ‚trclsnåæd‗ pdjçtnfc ld qucj d Brcsnj sa alfdltrcvc lcquaja cld (ajanåñas mnratcs pcrc edvarlcmdr, vdtd vnlfujcmd, atf.). C pcrtnr ma 3>00, asparcgds qua d prdi. Mc`j ratdga cd Brcsnj pcrc qua pds scgds duvnr cs sucs ldvcs nmîncs, prnlfnpcjgalta ld fdltaxtd mc icsa inlcj (asparc gds) mc ‚trclsnåæd trclscmc‗ ma ug raenga pdjçtnfd `aeagýlnfd pcrc ug raenga gcns pdpujcr. Mcvnm Ijansf`ar Brcsçjnc, satagbrd ma 3>05

 

FC[Ç]QJD N C [DJÇ]NFC  Lctur  Lc turazc azc mc [djçtnfc [djçt nfc Sua mnstnleua d cspaftd pdjçtnfd mc sdfnamcma `ugclc4 Sucns sæd cs fcrcf tarçstnfcs md snstagc pdjçtnfd, fdgpcrcmcs, pdr axagpjd, fdg cs md snstagc afd lýgnfd4 Agbdrc ds qua astumcg c pdjçtnfc lulfc sa tal`cg pds pdstd td ma cfdrmd lc raspdstc c asscs pareultcs, ajas talmag c fdlfdrmcr c raspantd ma cjeuls pdltds  prnlfnpcns.  prnlfn pcns. [rdvcvajgalta [rdvcvajgal ta lnleuî lnleuîg g rahantcrã rahantc rã c ldå ldåæd æd ma qua ug snstagc pdj p djçtn çtnfd fd î ug fdlhultd matargnlcmd ma rajcåñas pdjçtnfcs. Vng, gcs qua sæd ‚rajcåñas  pdjçt  pd jçtnfc nfcs‗ s‗44 3 Vdbra astc quastæd, ug ngpdrtclta pdltd ma pcrtnmc (agbdrc læd nltanrc [djçtnfc, asfrntc galta fjcrd) î c dbrc ma Crnstötajas, [djçtnfc,  asfrntc ag 661 a 662 c. F. Lc prn [djçtnfc Crnstötajas ganrc pcrta mc [djçtnfc  Crnstötajas creugaltc fdltrc ds qua cjaecg qua tdmds ds tnpds ma cutdrnmcma sæd nmèltnfds? prdfurc mnstnleunr c cutdrnmcma md jçmar pdjç ns  (fnmcma tnfd, lugc cssdfncåæd, du pöj du pöjns (fnmcma)) ma dutrds tnpds ma cutdrnmcma, tcns fdgd c axarfnmc pajd sal`dr sdbra d asfrcvd, pajd gcrnmd sdbra c aspdsc, pajds pcns sdbra ds inj`ds. Crnstötajas Crnstöt ajas cmgnta, c mgnta, pdrîg, qua pajd galds ug cspaftd mc cssdfnc cssdfncåæd åæd pdjç pd jç

cutdrnmcma,   du edvarld. edvarld.   Fdg aiantd, Crnstötajas mainla c tnfc î c axnstèlfnc ma cutdrnmcma,  pöjn  pö jnss , du cssdfncåæd pdjçtnfc, fdgd ‚c cssdfncåæd gcns sdbarclc a nlfjusnvc‗. [crc aja, c fdlstntunåæd î ‚c dreclnzcåæd ma ugc pöjns, ugc pöjns, fdg  fdg raspantd c saus öreæds, ma gdmd earcj, gcs aspafncjgalta fdg raiarèlfnc ëquaja öreæd pcrtnfujcr qua î sdbarcld ag tdmds ds cssultds‗2. Qg mds frntîrnds utnjnzcmds pdr Crnstötajas  pcrcc fjcssninfcr cs fdlstnt  pcr fdls tntunå unåñas ñas î c mat matarg argnlc nlcåæd åæd mc pcrta pcr ta md fdrpd fdr pd fdjatnvd fdjatn vd ag cutdrnmcma du qua sa jdfcjnzc c cutdrnmcma  du d edvarld. Masma ds tagpds ma Crnstötajas cframntcvc-sa qua ugc rajcåæd pdjçtnfc cutdrnmcma,   d edvarld edvarld   du d  pdmar.  pdmar.   Cssng pdr mavnc ngpjnfcr ma cjeug gdmd c cutdrnmcma, axagpjd, ug mds gcns ngpdrtcltas sdfnöjdeds gdmarlds, d cjagæd Gcx Uabar (309=-3>2;), cinrgdu qua ugc cssdfncåæd mavnc sar fdlsnmarcmc pdjçtnfc lc ga mnmc ag qua ‚c ngpjagaltcåæd mc suc drmag î javcmc c fcbd fdltnlucgalta, maltrd ma ugc fartc ãrac, gamnclta c cpjnfcåæd a c cgacåc mc idråc içsnfc pdr  pcrta  pcr ta mds cmg cmgnln nlnstrc strcmdr mdras‗ as‗ . [ [dr drtc tclt ltd, d, agbdrc agb drc Uabar tal` t al`cc cfaltu cfa ltucmd cmd d cspaftd tarrntdrncj mc cssdfncåæd pdjçtnfc, md gasgd gdmd fdgd Crnstötajas aja aspafnin

 

32

Clãjnsa Clãjn sa [djçtnfc Gdmag Gdmagcc

fdu qua ugc rajcåæd ma cutdrnmcma du ma edvarld fdlstntuçc ugc mcs sucs fcrcf tarçstnfcs assalfncns6. [crc mcr ug øjtngd axagpjd, ug ngpdrtclta fnaltnstc pdjçtnfd fdltagpd râlad, @crdjm Jcsswajj, mainla c fnèlfnc pdjçtnfc, alqucltd mnsfnpjnlc agpçrnfc, fdgd ‚d astumd mc idrgcåæd md pdmar a mc pcrtnfnpcåæd md pdmar‗, cinrgclmd qua ug ‚ctd pdjçtnfd‗ î ugc cåæd axafutcmc ‚lugc parspaftnvc ma pdmar‗=. Cs ãracs ma cfdrmd a mascfdrmd mcs pdsnåñas ma Crnstötajas, Uabar a Jcss wajj, c raspantd mc lcturazc mc pdjçtnfc, sæd njustrcmcs pajc Ineurc 3. Crnstötajas,

Rajcåñas ma  pdmar, edvarld  du cutdrnmcma  (Jcsswajj)

CB

B Rajcåñas tarrntdrncns (Uabar)

CBF CF

BF

Rajcåñas ag   jjjjnnnjjjjjjjjjjjjjjn cssdfncåñas fcpczas ma

cutd-suinfnîlfnc (Crnstötajas) - • ▫ j n ¿ ¿ 3' ' Ineurc 3 Uabar a Jcsswajj (fdgd qucsa tdmds ds dutrds palscmdras pdjçtnfds) jdfcjnzcg cs rajcåñas pdjçtnfcs maltrd md fçrfujd C fçrfujd C ” d fdlhultd mcs rajcåñas ma pdmar, edvar ld du cutdrnmcma. [crc Jcsswajj, pdr mainlnåæd tumd d qua sa alfdltrc ag  C î    pd jçtnfd  pdjçtn fd.. Crnstö Crnstötajas tajas a Uabar mainlag mainl ag ‚pdj ‚p djçtn çtnfd fd‗‗ ma gd gdmd md c axnenr ug ugcc dduu gcns fcrcftarçstnfcs cmnfndlcns, nlmnfcmcs pajds fçrfujds  B   B   a F.  Uabar, pdr axagpjd, fdlsnmarc qua d mdgçlnd md pdjçtnfd læd cbrclea tumd maltrd ma  C   C   du ma B, ma  B,   gcs sng d qua sa alfdltrc lc ãrac fdgug CB. fdgug  CB.   Agbdrc Crnstötajas sahc galds fjcrd c raspantd masta pdltd, læd `ã møvnmc ma qua aja jngntc cnlmc gcns d mdgç lnd md pdjçtnfd, rastrnlenlmd-d ës rajcåñas ag cssdfncåñas fcpczas ma cutd-suinfnèlfnc (F). [drtcltd, pcrc Crnstötajas c ‚pdjçtnfc‗ sa ramuznrnc ë ãrac CBF. ãrac CBF. Nlmubntcvajgalta, tumd qua Crnstötajas a Uabar f`cgcrncg ma ‚pdjçtnfd‗ sarnc ‚pdjçtnfd‗ tcgbîg pcrc Jcsswajj, gcs asta astalmarnc c cbrcleèlfnc mc suc mainlnåæd ma gdmd c nlfjunr cjeugcs fdnscs qua Uabar a Crnstötajas manxcrncg ma

 

C [djçtnfc

36

idrc88 ugc agprasc a ug snlmnfctd, pdr axagpjd, idrc axagp jd, tarncg cspaftds ‚pdjç ‚p djçtnf tnfds‗ ds‗ . Yc gds mainlnr, pdrtcltd,wug snstagc pdjçtnfd, cumcfndscgalta, fdgd qucjquar  astruturc parsnstalta ma rajcåñas `ugclcs qua'alvdjvc fdltrdja, nlijuèlfnc, pdmar    du cutdrnmcma, ag gamnmc snelninfctnvc snelninfctnvc*. *. i   C Qbnqúnmcma mc [djç [djçtnfc tnfc  Læd `ã møvnmc ma qua c mainlnåæd mainlnå æd qua cprasaltcg cpras altcgds ds î g un untd td cgpjc. Ajc snelninfc, lc varmcma, qua guntcs cssdfncåñas, qua c gcndrnc mcs passdcs læd fdl snmarc ‚pdjçtnfcs‗, pdssuag snstagcs pdjçtnfds8 fjubas, agprascs, snlmnfctds, drec lnzcåñas rajnendscs, erupds fçvnfds, trnbds prngntnvcs, fjæs, pdssnvajgalta ctî cs icgçjncs. @ã très fdlsnmarcåñas qua pdmag asfjcrafar c ldåæd pdufd icgnjncr ma qua qucsa tdmcs cs cssdfncåñas `ugclcs tèg ug cspaftd pdjçtnfd8 3) Drmnlcrncgalta icjcgds mc ‚mnraåæd‗ du ‚cmgnlnstrcåæd‗ ma ug fjuba, ugc agprasc, atf. F`aecgds gasgd c masfravar tcj mnraåæd du cmgnlnstrcåæd fdgd ‚mntctdrncj‗, ‚magdfrãtnfc‗, ‚raprasaltctnvc‗ du ‚cutdrntãrnc‗, a lds raia rngds ë ‚pdjçtnfc‗ du ‚pdjntnfceag‗ axnstalta ag tcns cssdfncåñas. 2) Qg snstagc pdjçtnfd raprasaltc cpalcs ug ug   cspaftd ma ugc cssdfncåæd. Suclmd mnzagds qua matargnlcmc passdc î ug gîmnfd, ug prdiassdr du ug ic zalmanrd, læd quaragds mnzar qua sahc cpalcs cpalcs   gîmnfd, prdiassdr du iczalmanrd.  Læd `ã cssdfncåæd `ugclc `ug clc qua sahc axfjusnvcgalt axfjus nvcgaltaa pdjçt pd jçtnfc nfc ag td tdmd mdss ds saus cspaftds8 cs passdcs gcltèg guntcs rajcåñas cjîg mcs ma pdmar a cutdrnmcma ” 

rajcfndlcmcs fdg d cgdr, d raspantd, c mamnfcåæd, cs fralåcs fdguls, atf. 6) Ldssc mainlnåæd lcmc mnz c raspantd mds gdtnvds gdtnvds `ugclds?  `ugclds? læd ngpjnfc, ag cbsdjutd, c cinrgctnvc ma qua ag tdmds ds snstagcs pdjçtnfds cs passdcs sæd ngpujsndlcmcs pdr pdmardscs prassñas çltngcs qua cs javcg c mdgnlcr ds dutrds? qua ds jçmaras pdjçtnfds cjgahcg, cpcnxdlcmcgalta, cjfclåcr pdsnåñas ma cutdrn mcma? qua c pdjçtnfc raprasaltc, nltrnlsafcgalta, ugc tarrçvaj jutc pajd pdmar. [dma-sa fdlfabar rajcåñas ma cutdrnmcma gasgd altra passdcs masprdvnmcs ma pcn xæd pajd pdmar, du ag sntucåñas ag qua cs passdcs pdssuçmcs pajc gcndr sama ma cutdrnmcma tnvassag galdr prdbcbnjnmcma ma cjfclåã-jc. Ds çlmnds zuiçn md Vumdasta mds Astcmds Qlnmds mc Cgîrnfc, pdr axagpjd, pcrafag tar tnmd ug saltngaltd guntd idrta ma qua c prdfurc md pdmar arc njçfntc, a ma qua ds qua masahcg d pdmar læd mavag tè-jd9. Gcns pröxngd mc ldssc axparnèlfnc tagds d  pdlt  pd ltdd ma vnstc, qua læd î rcrd altra alt ra ds gagbrds gagb rds ma guntcs gun tcs dreclnzcåñas prnvc mcs, ma qua hustcgalta cquajas qua gcns quarag prasnmn-jcs tèg galds fdlmnåñas ma mnrnen-jcs. Fdltumd, qucjquar qua sahc c avnmèlfnc idrlafnmc pajc cltrdpdjdenc du pajd idjfjdra, d pdltd ngpdrtclta î d saeunlta8 ldssc mainlnåæd guntd ealî rnfc ma snstagc pdjçtnfd prctnfcgalta læd icz qucjquar prassupdsnåæd c raspantd mc lcturazc mc gdtnvcåæd `ugclc. C maspantd mc suc cgpjntuma, c mainlnåæd lds chumc c trcåcr cjeugcs mnstnlåñas frçtnfcs qua guntcs vazas læd sæd bcstclta lçtn mcss lc mc lcss mnsfu mnsfuss ssña ñass fdguls fdguls.. B j j t t    ¿

 

3=

Clãjnsa [djçtnfc Gdmarlc

[DJÇ]NFC A AFDLDGNC AFDLDGNC C clãjnsa pdjçtnfc jnmc fdg d  pdmar, d ed edva vagd gd  a c cutdrnmcma.  C afdldgnc sa nltarassc pajds rafursds asfcssds a c prdmuåæd du mnstrnbunåæd ma bals a sarvn åds. C pdjçtnfc î ug mds cspaftds ma ugc erclma vcrnamcma ma nlstntunåñas8 c afd ldgnc î dutrd massas cspaftds. [dr nssd ug afdldgnstc a ug fnaltnstc pdjçtnfd  pdmag  pdm ag astum ast umcr cr c gasgc nlstntu nls tntunåæ nåæd, d, gcs d prng p rnganr anrdd sa dfupcrã dfup crã prngdrm prng drmncjg ncjgalt altaa fdg c utnjnzcåæd ma rafursds asfcssds, a d saeulmd fdg ds prdbjagcs rajcfndlc mds fdg d pdmar, d edvarld a cutdrnmcma. [drîg, fdgd c gcndrnc mcs mnstnlåñas trcåcmcs altra ds tagcs ma nlvastnecåæd a raijaxæd, c mniaralfncåæd altra pdjçtnfc a afdldgnc tcgbîg læd î pariantcgalta fjcrc.* VNV]AGCV [DJÇ]NFDV A VNV]AGCV AFDLÝGNFDV Guntcs passdcs cpjnfcg nlmnsfrngnlcmcgalta targds fdgd ‚magdfrcfnc‗, ‚mntcmurc‗, ‚fcpntcjnsgd‗ a ‚sdfncjnsgd‗ neucjgalta cds snstagcs pdjçtnfds a cds afdlýgnfds. Astc talmèlfnc ma fdliulmnr ds snstagcs pdjçtnfds fdg ds afd lýgnfds lcsfa mc icjtc ma ug fdlhultd pcmrdlnzcmd ma mainlnåñas, mc neldrâl fnc mc drneag `nstörnfc massas targds a, ag cjeuls fcsds, md masahd ma axpjdrcr ug targd pdjçtnfd cjtcgalta icvdrãvaj, du masicvdrãvaj (fdgd ‚magdfrcfnc‗ du

mntcmurc ), fdg d dbhatnvd ma nlijunr lcs ctntumas cj`ancs c raspantd mds snstagcs afdlýgnfds. C varmcma, pdrîg, î qua ds cspaftds pdjçtnfds ma ugc nlstntunåæd læd sæd ds gasgds cspaftds afdlýgnfds. @nstdrnfcgalta, ds targds ‚magdfrcfnc‗ a ‚mn tcmurc‗ sa tèg raiarnmd c snstagcs pdjçtnfds? ‚fcpntcjnsgd‗ a ‚sdfncjnsgd‗, c nlstntunåñas afdlýgnfcs. Javclmd ag fdltc d gdmd fdgd assas targds tèg snmd agpraecmds `nstdrnfcgalta, cs saeunltas mainlnåñas pcrafag cprdprncmcs8 3) Qgc ‚magdfrcfnc‗ î ug snstagc  pd  pdjçt jçtnf nfdd   ag qua c dpdrtulnmcma ma  pcrtnf  pcr tnfnpc npcrr mcs mafnsñas î fd fdgp gpcrt crtnj` nj`cmc cmc cgp cgpjcg jcgalta alta pdr pd r tdmd td mdss ds fnmcmæds cmujtds. 2) Qgc ‚mntcmurc‗ î ug snstagc pd  pdjçt jçtnf nfdd  ag qua c dpdrtulnmcma ma pcrtn fnpcr mcs mafnsñas î jngntcmc c uls pdufds. 6) ‚Fcpntcjnsgd‗ î ug snstagc afdlýgnfd ag qua c gcndr pcrta mcs ctnvn mcmas afdlýgnfcs ngpdrtcltas sæd axarfnmcs pdr agprascs, sdb prdprnamcma a fdltrdja pcrtnfujcras. =) ‚Vdfncjnsgd‗ î ug snstagc afdlýgnfd ag qua c gcndr pcrta mcs ctnvnmc mas sæd axafutcmcs pdr öreæds md edvagd du mc sdfnamcma.** Fcmc pcr ma targds ” magdfrcfnc magdfrcfnc   a mntcmurc, fcpntcjnsgd  a sdfncjnsgd   ngpjnfc ugc mnfdtdgnc, a cs mnfdtdgncs ma gdmd earcj sæd nlsctnsictörncs. Fdg aiantd, guntds snstagcs pdjçtnfds læd sæd lag tdtcjgalta magdfrãtnfds lag *L.R. -

C nltarsafåæd mastas mdns cspaftds cbrclea d fcgpd ldvd ma clã clãjns jnsaa ma pdjçtnfcs  pø bjnf  pøbj nfcs cs,, (va (varr pãe pãe.. 31) 31).. **L.R. ”Ld Brcsnj, tagds ugc dutrc vartalta, d fcpntcjnsgd ma Astcmd.

 

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nltanrcgalta mntctdrncns? ag guntds pcçsas cs dparcåñas pcrtnfujcras a edvarlc galtcns sa fdgbnlcg ma guntcs gclanrcs fdgpjaxcs. Asscs fdgbnlcåñas læd sö magdlstrcg cs mainfnèlfncs mc mnfdtdgnc ‚fcpntcjnsgd-sdfncjnsgd‗ fdgd cfal tucg d ictd ma qua cjeuls prdfassds a nlstntunåñas pdmag sar fdlsnmarcmds pcrta md snstagc snstagc afdlýgnfd, pcrc cj cjeu euls ls inls, inls, a pcrta pcr ta md snstagc pdjçtnfd, pdjç tnfd, pcrc dutrds. D pdltd c jagbrcr î qua, c maspantd mnssd (tcjvaz gasgd pdr fcusc mnssd), tag snmd fdlfantucjgalta øtnj mnstnleunr fartds cspaftds mc vnmc fdgd ‚afdlýgnfds‗ a dutrds fdgd ‚pdjçtnfds‗. VNV]AGCV A VQBVNV]AGCV Sucjquar fdjaåæd ma ajagaltds qua nltarceag ma cjeugc idrgc pdma sar fdlsnmarcmc fdgd ug snstagc8 ugc ecjãxnc, ug tnga ma iutabdj, ug öreæd jaens jctnvd, ug pcrtnmd pdjçtnfd5. Cd raijatnr sdbra ds snstagcs pdjçtnfds, vcja c palc tar ag galta quctrd pdltds, qua mnzag raspantd c qucjquar ug massas snstagcs8 3) Mnzar qua cjed î ug ‚snstagc‗ î ugc idrgc cbstrctc (du sahc, clcjçtnfc) ma var fdnscs fdlfratcs. Mavagds tar funmcmd, pdrtcltd, ag læd fdliulmnr cs fdn

scs fdlfratcs ag sn gasgcs fdg ds snstagcs clcjçtnfds. Qg snstagc î ug mds saus cspaftds, cbstrcçmd mc racjnmcma pcrc aiantd clcjçtnfd. [dr axagpjd8 d snstagc fnrfujctörnd ma ug gcgçiard? d snstagc ma parsdlcjnmcma ma ugc passdc. 2) C ing ma matargnlcr d qua astã maltrd ma matargnlcmd snstagc, a idrc maja, prafnscgds nmaltninfcr saus jngntas. jngntas.   Nstd Nst d ës vazas vazas î iãfnj iãfnj ”fdgd ”fdgd ld fcsd md snstagc sdjcr, du d u mc Fdrta Vupragc mds Astcmds Qlnmds Qln mds mc Cgîrnfc ”, gcs dutrcs vazas raquar ugc mafnsæd crbntrãrnc. [dr axagpjd8 qucns mavag sar cs irdl tanrcs md snstagc bn-pcrtnmãrnd ldrta-cgarnfcld4 Mava assa snstagc nlfjunr sö ds mnrnealtas mds mdns pcrtnmds, du tdmds ds saus gagbrds4 @cvarã quag maialmc c nlfjusæd tcgbîg mds qua sa nmaltninfcg fdg ds rapubjnfclds a ds magdfrctcs, agbdrc idrgcjgalta læd partalåcg c lal`ug pcrtnmd. Gcns cmnclta pratalmd  prdpd  prd pdrr ugc mainlnåæd mainlnå æd mds ‚jngnta ‚jng ntas‗ s‗ mds snstagcs pdjç p djçtnfd tnfds. s. 6) Qg snstagc pdma sar ug ajagaltd, du subsnstagc, ma dutrd snstagc, gcns cgpjd. [dr axagpjd8 c tarrc î ug subsnstagc md snstagc sdjcr, qua pdr suc vaz î ug mds ajagaltds mc ldssc ecjãxnc. Astc î ug subsnstagc md ulnvarsd. C Fdgnssæd ma Rajcåñas Axtarndras md Valcmd Iamarcj, ld Brcsnj, î ug subsnstagc md Valcmd, qua î ug ajagaltd md snstagc jaensjctnvd. =) Qg gasgd ajagaltd pdma iulfndlcr fdgd subsnstagc ma mdns du gcns snstagcs mniaraltas, qua sa sdbrapñag cpalcs pcrfncjgalta. Cssng, ug prdiassdr ulnvarsntãrnd pdma sar ug gagbrd ctnvd ma matargnlcmc cssdfncåæd cfcmègnfc, ma ug pcrtnmd pdjçtnfd a ma ug fartd erupd ma prassæd. Varã øtnj targds astcs dbsarvcåñas ag galta quclmd qunsargds fdlsnmarcr c mniaralåc altra al tra ds snstagcs snstagcs pdjçtnfds pdjçt nfds a ds snstagcs sdfncn sdfncns. s. VNV]AGCV [DJÇ]NFDV A VNV]AGCV VDFNCNV Sua î ugc ‚sdfnamcma magdfrãtnfc‗4 A ugc ‚sdfnamcma sdfncjnstc‗, ‚cutd

 

39

Clãjnsa [djçtnfc Gdmarlc

sdfncj   rntãrnc‗ du ‚nltarlcfndlcj‗4 Ma qua idrgc sa pdma mnstnleunr ug snstagc sdfncj jçtnfd fd44 ma ug snstagc pd snstagc pdjçtn [areultcs fdgd astc sæd guntd mniçfans ma raspdlmar, pdns ds targds ‚sdfnamcma‗ a ‚snstagc sdfncj‗ sæd agpraecmds ngprafnscgalta, gasgd pdr sdfnöjdeds. Ma gdmd earcj, fdltumd, d targd ‚sdfncj‗ î cbrclealta, nlfjusnvd8 cs rajcåñas pdjçtnfcs a afdlýgnfcs sæd tnpds aspafçinfds ma rajcåñas sdfncns. Agbdrc ‚snstagc sdfncj‗ sahc uscmd ës vazas fdg ug saltnmd gcns aspafçinfd, sau snelnin fcmd î tcgbîg cgpjd. ]cjfdtt [crsdls, d fdl`afnmd sdfnöjded ldrta-cgarnfcld, mainla snstagc sdfncj pdr très fcrcfta fcrcftarçstnfcs8 rçstnfcs8 3) c nltarc nltarcåæd åæd ma mucs du gc gcns ns pas sdcs? 2) d ictd ma qua cd cenrag asscs passdcs javcg ag fdltc c idrgc fdgd cs dutrcs væd cenr? 6) d ictd ma qua ës vazas ajcs ceag ag fdlhultd, vnsclmd c dbha tnvds fdguls0. [drtcltd, ug snstagc sdfncj î ug tnpd ma drmalcåæd guntd nlfju snvd.

F Vdfnamcma

CF Vnstagcs  pdj/tn  pd j/tnfd fdss

BF Vnstagcs afdl afdlýgnf ýgnfds ds

Ineurc 2 Ma cfdrmd fdg [crsdls, ug snstagc pdjçtnfd, du afdlýgnfd, fdlstntunrnc ugc pcrta, cspaftd du subsnstagc ma ug snstagc sdfncj. Astc fdlfapåæd î njus trcmc pajc Ineurc 2, dlma C dlma  CF  F  raprasaltc  raprasaltc d fdlhultd ma tdmds ds sub subsnst snstagcs agcs pdjç B F  raprasaltc tnfds, a C a  CB   raprasaltc ds subsnstagcs qua pdmag sar fdlsnmarcmds fdgd pdjçtn  CBF  BF   fds du afdlýgnfds, mapalmalmd md cspaftd qua lds nltarassc. Axagpjds ma  C sarncg c Ealarcj Gdtdrs, c Hultc ma Edvarlcmdras md Vnstagc Iamarcj ma Ra sarvc, c Ceèlfnc md Dråcgaltd ”lds Astcmds Qlnmds mc Cgîrnfc. Axagpjds brc snjanrds sarncg c fdgpcl`nc Ydjoswceal, d Gnlnstîrnd mc Iczalmc, d Bclfd Faltrcj. magdfrãtnfc   fdgd ug snstagc Cssng, pdmagds mainlnr ugc sdfnamcma magdfrãtnfc

 

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sdfncj qua fdltîg læd sö subsnstagcs pdjçtnfds magdfrãtnfds gcs tcgbîg dutrds subsnstagcs, qua fdltrnbuag ma idrgc mnratc du nlmnratc pcrc idrtcjafar ds prd fassds pdjçtnfds qua fdltrnbuag ma idrgc mnratc du nlmnratc pcrc idrtcjafar ds  prdfassds pd pdjçt jçtnfd nfdss mag magdfrã dfrãtnfd tnfds. s. Nlv Nlvarscg arscgalta alta,, ug ugcc sdfnamcma cu cutd tdrnt rntãr ãrnc nc pdr mainlnåæd fdltarnc guntds subsnstagcs ngpdrtcltas, tcns fdgd c icgçjnc, erupds rajnendsds, d snstagc amufcfndlcj ”tdmds ajas mclmd cpdnd cds prdfassds pdjçtn fds tdtcjntãrnds. Ycgds fdlsnmarcr cqun mdns axagpjds8  C Magdfrcfnc lc Cgîr Cgîrnfc nfc (3061  (3061-30= -30=;) ;) d njustra njustra asfrn  Ld sau icgdsd icgd sd jnv jnvrd rd C td irclfès Cjaxns ma ]dfquavnjja rajcfndldu ug fartd løgard ma ‚fcuscs ngpdr tcltas qua talmag c gcltar c rapøbjnfc magdfrãtnfc lds Astcmds Qlnmds‗. Assc jnstc nlfjun læd sö c astruturc fdlstntufndlcj gcs tcgbîg c nlaxnstèlfnc ma ug

erclma astcbajafngaltd gnjntcr, c neucjmcma ma fdlmnåñas sdfncns a afdlýgnfcs, ugc afdldgnc cerçfdjc prösparc a ds fdstugas a fralåcs rajnendscs mds ldrtajçtn tnfd fd   ma cgarnfclds>. ]dfquavnjja palscvc qua cs parspaftnvcs ma ug snstagc pd snstagc pdjç gdfrãtnfd a scmnd lds Astcmds Qlnmds arcg erclmagalta raidråcmcs pajd ictd ma qua suc Fdlstntunåæd magdfrãtnfc tnl`c rcçzas ag guntds dutrds cspaftds mc sdfnamcma.   [dr nssd c sdfnamcma ldrta-cgarnfclc pdmnc sar qucjninfcmc ma ‚magd sdfnamcma. frãtnfc‗. Ag fdltrcsta, guntds dbsarvcmdras arcg passngnstcs c raspantd md iuturd mc magdfrcfnc lc Cjagcl`c, mapdns mc Vaeulmc Euarrc Gulmncj, pdr cframntc rag qua vãrnds cspaftds mc sdfnamcma cjagæ arcg guntd cutdrntãrnds, a talmncg c prahumnfcr cs rajcåñas pdjçtnfcs magdfrãtnfcs. Assas dbsarvcmdras sa pradfupc vcg vcg sdbratum sdbratumdd fdg c talmèl talmèlfnc fnc mcs nlstntunåñas sdfnc sdfncns ns ma ma td tdmds mds ds tnpds c cmqun rnrag idrgcs ma mdgçlnd a subgnssæd ”c icgçjnc, cs asfdjcs, cs nerahcs, cs agpra scs a, ma gdmd earcj, tdmd d rajcfndlcgaltd altra cs cutdrnmcmas edvarlcgaltcns (fnvns du gnjntcras) a ds fnmcmæds fdguls. D ictd ma qua arc prafnsd nlstntunr ugc magdfrcfnc pdjçtnfc lug cgbnalta sdfncj prapdlmarcltagalta cutdrntãrnd læd cuspnfncvc d iuturd mc magdfrcfnc lc Cjagcl`c. @dha, fdltumd, `ã dbsarvcmdras qua vèag fdg gcndr dtngnsgd c parspaftnvc mc magdfrcfnc lcquaja pcçs, hustc galta pdr cf`crag qua d fcrãtar cutdrntãrnd mcs dutrcs nlstntunåñas sdfncns astã ag mafjçlnd." Edvarld a Astcmd Ag tdmcs cs sdfnamcmas cs passdcs talmag c masalvdjvar axpaftctnvcs gcns du galds pcmrdlnzcmcs c raspantd md fdgpdrtcgaltd sdfncj ag ugc vcrnamcma ma sntucåñas. Cpralmag c sa fdlmuznr fdgd ug `öspama, ug pcn, ug latd? c tar ‚aspçrntd aspdrtnvd‗, c cenr fdgd sdjmcmd, bclfãrnd, prdgdtdr, hunz, atf. Icjc  iull åñas åñ as   du  pcpîn  pcpînss (rdjas) (rdjas)   qua tdmds masagpal`cgds, pcssclmd gds, cssng, ag  iu *L.R. -

Fdlvî Fdlvîg g jagbrcr qua c ‚radrnaltcåæd ‗ magd frãtn frãtnfc fc mc Rapøbjnfc Rapøbjnfc Iamarcj mc Cja Cja gcl`c sa mau sdbra idrta tutajc mds très cjncmds altra 3>=1 a 3>16, ld fjngc mc f`cgcmc Euarrc Irnc. U djircg djircg I. @clmrnamar, Uast Eargcl Idranel [djnfy, 3>=>   - 3>968 Nltarlctndlcj [ra [rassu ssura ra clm Mdg astnf Raspdl sa sa   (Vtclidrm, Vtclidrm Qln varsnty [rass, 3>95).

 

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Clãjnsa [djçtnfc Gdmarlc

ma ug pcrc dutrd rcpnmcgalta.  Lds snstagcs pdjçtn pd jçtnfds fds fdgpjaxds fdgp jaxds a astãvans `ã ug masalvdjvng masalv djvngaltd altd mds  pcpîns pdjçtnf pdjç tnfds. ds. Mastas, ds gcns avnmaltas avnmal tas sæd ds axarfnmds pajds qua ajcbdrcg, ajcbdr cg, nltarpratcg a cpjnfcg ldrgcs ma fugprngaltd dbrnectörnd pajds gagbrds md snstagc pdjçtnfd. C fdjaåæd masscs  iul  iulåña åñas, s,  lug snstagc pdjçtnfd mcmd, fdlstntun sau edvarld. Fdgd î lcturcj, ag fcmc gdgaltd assas pcpîns, du iulåñas, sæd ma sagpal`cmds sagpa l`cmds pdr nlmnvçmuds nlmnvçmuds matargnlcmds, passd passdcs cs fdlfratcs fdlfratcs - d Valcmdr Valcmdr Iu jcld, d Edvarlcmdr Bajtrcld, d [raiantd Vnfrcld. Gcs ag guntds snstagcs ds pc  pîns pargclafa pargc lafag g nlcjtarc nlcj tarcmds mds,, gasgd quclmd quc lmd axarfnmds axarfn mds pdr pd r ugc ug c sufassæd ma

nlmnvçmuds, agbdrc mniaraltas ctdras pdsscg nltarpratcr d gasgd pcpaj ma gc lanrcs mniaraltasiiO]òs Astcmds Qlnmds, pdr axagpjd, Haiiarsdl, Hcfosdl, Jnlfdjl, ]`admdra Rddsavajt, Unjsdl a Irclojnl Rddsavajt cgpjncrcg sufassnvcgalta d  pcpaj mc prasnmèlfnc, prasnm èlfnc, axpclmnl axpc lmnlmd-d md-d cjîg md qua tnl`c tnl `c snmd ld gdga gd galtd ltd ag qua  pcsscrcg c axarfè-jd, iczalmd iczalm d fdg qua cs passdcs pcsscssag c tar ta r ugc gcndr axpaftctnvc c raspantd md qua ug prasnmalta pdmnc du mavnc iczar, jaentngcgalta.  Lajsdl [djsby cinrgc8 ‚@ã tcltcs tcl tcs gclanrcs gclanrc s mniaralt mnia raltas as ma sar prasnma pra snmalta lta qucl qu cltd td d løgard ma passdcs masahdscs ma axarfar c iulåæd prasnmalfncj‗3;. Fdltumd, cs axpaftctnvcs axnstaltas fdg rajcåæd cd pcpaj cprdprncmd c sar masagpal`cmd  pajd prasnmalta prasnm alta pdmag pdm ag jngntcr jng ntcr cs nldvcåñas pratal pra talmnm mnmcs cs pajd df dfupc upclta lta md fcred fcred  ”u g ictd mrcgc  ”ug mrc gctnzc tnzclta lta pajc mafnsæd td tdgc gcmc mc pajd prasnmalta pras nmalta Hd Hd`ls `lsdl dl,, mds Astc mds Qlnmds, ag 3>90, quclmd praiarnu læd sa fclmnmctcr ë raajanåæd pdrqua læd  pdmnc  pdm nc axarfar axarfa r c iulåæd iu låæd prasnmalfncj prasnmalf ncj ma gclanrc gcl anrc qua fdlsnmarcvc cmaqucmc. cmaqu cmc. ; jantdr pdmarã pareultcr, pdrîg, sa cd mainlnr ‚Edvarld‗ fdgd inzagds læd astcragds frnclmd ug ldvd prdbjagc. Va `ã ugc erclma vcrnamcma ma snsta gcs pdjçtnfds ”mds snlmnfctds ës ulnvarsnmcmas, pcçsas a dreclnsgds nltarlcfnd lcns ”qua mnzar sdbra d Edvarld4  Suclmd lds raiarngds cd ‚Edvarld‗, lds Astcmds Qlnmds du ld Brcsnj, tdmds scbagds d qua quaragds mnzar. Ma tdmds ds edvarlds axnstaltas lcs vãrncs cssdfncåñas, ag matargnlcmd tarrntörnd, `ã ug qua cmgntngds ma gdmd earcj fdgd ‚d Edvagd‗. Sua î qua d fcrcftarnzc, fdgpcrc tnvcgalta cds dutrds ‚edvarlds‗4.'?' [dmagds fdlsnmarcr très tnpds ma raspdstc8 V 3) ‚D ‚ D Edvarld‗ tag dbhatnvds dbhatnvds ‚gcns ajavcmds‗ ajavcmds‗ a ‚gcns ‚gcns ldbras‗ ldbras ‗ . Astc ras ras  pdstc  pds tc cprasalt cpra saltcc pajd galds très mninfujmcmas. mninfujmcm as. C prnganrc prng anrc î qua, qu a, fdgd cs passdcs passdcs mnsfdrmcg c raspantd md qua î ug dbhatnvd ‚gcns ajavcmd‗ du ‚gcns ldbra‗, a ctî gasgd sdbra sa ug matargnlcmd dbhatnvd astã salmd saeunmd, asta frntîrnd  pdma læd chumcr chumc r guntd gu ntd c mainlnr mainl nr qua ‚edvarld‗ ‚edvar ld‗ fdrraspdl fdrra spdlma ma cd ‚ Edvarld Edv arld‗‗ . Ag saeulmd juecr, c maspantd md ictd ma qua cs passdcs guntcs vazas mnsfdrmcg c  prdpö  prd pösn sntd td mc gclanrc gclan rc ma drmalcr drma lcr ds dbhatnvds du vcjdras, a pdmag pdm ag ctî gasgd cf`cr qua ds dbhatnvds md Edvarld sæd runls, c varmcma î qua ajcs fdlfdrmcg fdg d qua î (a læd î) d Edvarld. Qg clcrqunstc, pdr axagpjd, læd tag møvnmcs ma qua astã salmd dprngnmd pajd Edvarld. Ag tarfanrd juecr, qua mnzar sdbra ds gcus Edvarlds4 [dr axagpjd8 mavagds cmgntnr qua tcltd ds Edvarlds magdfrã tnfds fdgd ds tdtcjntãrnds tèg dbhatnvds ldbras4 Asta pdltd pcrafa jdenfcgalta cbsurmd.

 

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Astc raspdstc fdliulma, pdrtcltd,iò prdbjagc ma fdgd mainlnr d Edvarld fdg c tcraic gcns mniçfnj, a gcns ngpdrtclta, ma asfdj`ar ug frntîrnd qua fcrcfta rnza rnza d ‚bd ‚bdg g ‗ a d ‚g ‚gcu‗ cu‗ Edvarld. Cltas ma mafnmnr qucj î c gaj` gaj`dr dr idrgc ma Edvarld, prafnscgds scbar ag qua fdlsnsta d Edvarld4 2) Crnstötajas lds sueara dutrc pdssnbnjnmcma8 ‚d Edvarld‗ pdma sar mnstnl-

eunmd pajd fcrãtar mc cssdfncåæd ë qucj partalfa c scbar, ugc cssdfncåæd pdjç tnfc qua î cutd-suinfnalta, ld saltnmd ma qua pdssun tdmcs cs qucjnmcmas a rafur sds lafassãrnds pcrc ugc bdc vnmc. Astc mainlnåæd cprasaltc cjeugcs mcs gasgcs mninfujmcmas mc prnganrc. Cjîg mnssd, sa idssa cpjnfcmc astrntcgalta, mavarçcgds fdlfjunr qua læd axnsta lal`ug Edvarld. C nltarpratcåæd nmacjnzcmc ma Crnstöta jas mc fnmcma-Astcmd sa cicstcvc guntd mc racjnmcma. Ctalcs læd arc cutd-suinfnal ta md pdltd ma vnstc fujturcj, afdlýgnfd du gnjntcr. Lc varmcma, ds ctalnalsas læd tnl`cg fdlmnåñas ma ecrcltnr suc pröprnc pcz du nlmapalmèlfnc? sag cjncmds, læd pdmncg saquar gcltar c jnbarmcma mds saus fnmcmæds. D qua arc varmcmanrd fdg rajcåæd ës fnmcmas eraecs î neucjgalta varmcmanrd `dha. 6) D Edvarld î qucjquar Edvarld qua fdlsaeua raeujcgaltcr ma gdmd axfjusnvd d usd jaeçtngd mc idråc içsnfc lc ngpjagaltcåæd mcs raercs qua cpjnfc c ug matargnlcmd tarrntörnd33. D snstagc pdjçtnfd qua raøla ds rasnmaltas massa tarrntöAstc tarrntörnd rnd a mainlnåæd d raspaf raspaftnvd tnvd Edvar Edvarld ld fdlstntuag As Astcmd tcmd332. sueara ngamnctcgalta trèsugquastñas8 3) Ds nlmnvçmuds qua læd ctucg fdgd raprasaltcltas md Edvarld lulfc  pdma  pd mag g uscr c idråc ma gdm gdmdd jaeçtng jaeçtngd4 d4 A ds pcns qua bct bctag ag lds inj`ds4 C ras  pdstc  pd stc î c saeunlta8 D Edvarld ma ug Astcm Astcmdd læd gdldpdjnzc  lafasscrncgalta d usd mc idråc, gcs tag cutdrnmcma axfjusnvc pcrc mainlnr ds jngntas maltrd mds qucns c idråc pdma sar uscmc jaentngcgalta. C gcndrnc mds Edvarlds pargnta cds nlmnvçmuds d usd mc idråc, ag fartcs fnrfulstâlfncs. [dr axagpjd8 agbdrc guntds Edvarlds prdçbcg cs pulnåñas fruîns du axfassnvcs ngpdstcs pajds pcns cds inj`ds,  pargnt  par gntag ag qua astas øjtn øjtngd gdss sahcg aspclfcmds. [dr du dutr trdd jcmd jcmd,, d bdx bdxaa ” ug aspdrta2)bcsacmd lc vndjèlfnc ”î pargntnmd guntds pcçsas.Cinlcj, læd `ã A frngnldsds qua lædiçsnfc sæd cpcl`cmds pajcag rama mc hustnåc4  pcçss qua astahc jnvr  pcç jnvraa ma csscjtds, `d `dgn gnfçm fçmnds nds a ddutr utrcs cs idrg idrgcs cs ma vndjèlfnc, a ds frn gnldsds pdmag asfcpcr ës sclåñas mc Jan. Fdltumd, d pdltd î qua c pratalsæd md Edvarld ma raeujcgaltcr c vndjèlfnc î sustaltcmc quclmd sö pdufcs passdcs sa mnspñag c fdltastcr sarncgalta d mnrantd axfjusnvd md Astcmd ma pulnr ds frn gnldsds. Cssng, axnsta c vndjèlfnc frngnldsc, gcs ajc læd î jaeçtngc. 6) A cs fnrfulstâlfncs ag qua c vndjèlfnc a c idråc sa ealarcjnzcg, fdgd cfdltafa murclta ugc ravdjuåæd du euarrc fnvnj4 Lasta fcsd, læd `ã ugc raspdstc snleujcr qua sctnsicåc. Ag cjeuls parçdmds d Astcmd pdma manxcr ma axnstnr, pdr læd `cvar Edvarld fcpcz ma sustaltcr suc pratalsæd ma raeujcgaltcr axfjusnvc galta ug d usd jaeçtngdctî mc ug idråcfartd içsnfc. Yãrnds Edvarlds pdmag astamaprnvn jîend? tarrntörnd gdgaltd cmgnlnstrcmd pajdmnsputcr Edvarld ug Astcmd pdma sar mnvnmnmd, pcssclmd c sar cmgnlnstrcmd pajds Edvarlds ma mdns du gcns Astcmds.

 

2;

Clãjnsa [djçtnfc Gdmarlc

[dmagds tar rczdãvaj fartazc ma ugc fdnsc8 Suclmd guntcs passdcs, lug matargnlcmd tarrntörnd, fdgaåcg c pýr ag møvnmc c pratalsæd ma ug Edvarld ma

raeujcgaltcr c idråc, d Astcmd axnstalta fdrra d parned ma mnssdjuåæd.

 

FC[Ç]QJD NN C CLÃJNVA [DJÇ]NFC Ynrtucjgalta lnleuîg astã idrc md cjfclfa ma cjeug snstagc pdjçtnfd. C  pdjçt  pd jçtnfc nfc î ug ic ictd td nlavntãvaj lc vnmc md `dgag. `dgag . Læd `ã quag læd sa alvdjvc ag cjeug gdgaltd ag cjeug tnpd ma snstagc pdjçtnfd. C pdjçtnfc î nlasfcpãvaj, a nlasfcpãvans sæd tcgbîg sucs fdlsaqúèlfncs/As tc cinrgctnvc pdmarnc dutrdrc sar fdlsnmarcmc ratörnfc, gcs `dha î ug ictd brutcj,  pcjpãvaj. Cs cjtarlctnvc cjtarl ctnvcss ma mastrunr mast runr c `ugclnm `ug clnmcma cma du frncr fdlmnåñas pdjçtnfcs pdjç tnfcs qua ”iantc pargntcg sdbravnvèlfnc mc aspîfna î lasta gdgaltd d dbhatd ma ugc asfd j`c pajcc pdjçtnfc a pdr pdjçtnfds. @ã, pdrtcltd, ugc raspdstc avnmalta ë pareultc sdbra  pd  pdrr qua clcjnsc clcjnscrr cc    pdjçtnfc.  pdjçtn fc.   Cje Cjeug ugcs cs passdcs passdcs pdmag praiarnr astumcr astu mcr c pdjçtnfc pdjç tnfc ma gdmd mnstclta, mnstc lta, fdltagpjctnvd, gcs læd `ã møvnmc ma qua axnstag dutrds fcgpds gcns sctnsictö rnds pcrc p crc c ffdltag dltagpjcå pjcåæd æd .\Æ]gaj` .\Æ]gaj`dr dr rczæd pcrc cprngdrcr cprng drcr ldssc fcpcfnmcma ma clãjnsa pdjçtnfc î d ictd ma qua astc clãjnsa lds.chumc c fdgpraalmar d gulmd ag qua vnvagds, c iczar asfdj`cs gcns nltajnealtas altra cs cjtarlctnvcs qua aliraltcgds, c nlijualfncr cs trclsidrgcåñas nlaraltas c tdmd snstagc pdjçtnfdY[crc cenr ma idrgc nltajnealta ld tarrald mc pdjçtnfc î prafnsd sajafndlcr funmcmdsc galta ldssds dbhatnvds, pcrc cjfclåcr c gcndr pcrta majas fdg d fustd gcns bcnxd  pdssçvaj. Suctrd Drnaltcåñas [crc fdgpraalmar, a pcrc cenr ma idrgc nltajnealta, idrgujcgds guntcs va zas ugc nlmcecåæd iulmcgaltcj, qua vcrnc, fdgd î lcturcj, ma sntucåæd pcrc sn tucåæd. Iraqúaltagalta astc nlmcecåæd cssuga c saeunlta idrgc8 fdgd pdssd  pdssd  cenr pcrc gaj`drcr astc sntucåæd4 sntucåæd4 (C sntucåæd pdma sar gnl`c, mc gnl`c icgçjnc, mc gnl`c inrgc, md gau pcçs? mds pdbras, mds gcns fcpcfntcmds, md pdvd, ma tdmc c `ugclnmcma). Gcs `ã dutrc pareultc qua prafnsc sar iantc pravncgalta8 ag qua fdlsnstnrnc ‚gaj`drcr‗ c sntucåæd4 Fdgd mnstnleunr d gaj`dr md pndr4 A surea ugc tarfanrc pareultc8 fdgd cfdltafag cs fdnscs ld gulmd racj4 [dr axagpjd8 Va cframntd qua c pcz î gaj`dr md qua c euarrc, a quard pravalnr c euarrc, prafn sd iczar cjeugc fdnsc c raspantd mcs fcuscs mc euarrc. Gcs, qucns sæd cs fcuscs mc euarrc4 Astcs très pareultcs pareultc s prassupñag prassupñ ag cs raspdstcs c ugc qucrtc quc rtc nlmcecåæd, ma ma tcj gdmd iulmcgaltcj, qua guntcs vazas prasugngds qua sucs raspdstcs sæd avn-

 

22

 , ,  

Clãjnsa [djçtnfr Gdmagc

maltas, a lag tagds fdlsfnèlfnc ma qua `ã ugc pareultc c sar raspdlmnmc. Astc nlmcecåæd iulmcgaltcj mnz raspantd cd saltnmd saltnmd   mds targds a mcs cinrgctnvcs qua icåd. [dr axagpjd8 fdgd mainld euarrc4 euarrc4 Fdgd  Fdgd mavd mnstnleunr c euarrc ma dutrcs idrgcs ma vndjèlfnc4 Fcmc pareultc raprasaltc ugc drnaltcåæd mniaralta fdg raspantd cd gul md. C prnganrc lds drnaltc ld saltnmd mc masfdbartc ma ugc pdjçtnf ugc pdjçtnfc. c. Fdg  Fdg c sa eulmc prdfurcgds nmaltninfcr ldrgcs, ldrgcs, du  du frntîrnds, pcrc cvcjncr pdjçtnfcs cjtarlc tnvcs. Fdg c tarfanrc, prdfurcgds masfdbrnr rajcåñas agpçrnfcs agpçrnfcs   altra ajagaltds md gulmd racj. C qucrtc raprasaltc ugc taltctnvc ma ajufnmcr snelninfcmds. snelninfcmds.   Cs sng, icjcgds sdbra drnaltcåæd ma ugc pdjçtnfc, drnaltcåæd ldrgctnvc, drnaltcåæd agpçrnfc, drnaltcåæd sagâltnfc. Mapalmalmd mc quastæd ag qua idfcjnzcgds ldssc ctalåæd, lug mcmd gdgaltd mc clãjnsa pdjçtnfc, lds raiarngds ë clãjnsa ma ugc pdjçtnfc, ë clãjnsa ldrgctnvc, agpçrnfc a sagâltnfc (du fdlfantucn). C DRNAL]CÅÆD AG[ÇRNFC C clãjnsa agpçrnfc î   gcns avnmalta lcs fnèlfncs lcturcns, gcs astã prasalta tcgbîg lcs fnèlfncs mc sdfnamcma a md fdgpdrtcgaltd. Ds fnaltnstcs prdfurcg masfravar, axpjnfcr a pravar snstagctnfcgalta cfdl tafngaltds maltrd md sau mdgçlnd ma nlvastnecåæd. [rdfurcg nmaltninfcr a mas fravar rajcåñas astctçstnfcs, prdbcbnjçstnfcs, iulfndlcns a fcuscns altra dfdrrèl fncs, fdnscs a passdcs. Axagpjds ma prdpdsnåñas agpçrnfcs cpcraltagalta varmc manrcs sæd c jan mc nlîrfnc ma Ecjnjau? c saeulmc jan ma Lawtdl? c jan mds ecsas ma Bdyja? c aqucåæd a 7g2  7g2  ma Anlstanl. Dutrds axagpjds, galds ajaecltas pdrîg ngpdrtcltas, a prdvcvajgalta varmcmanrds, sæd cs cinrgctnvcs ma qua c cspnrnlc cjnvnc c mdr ma fcbaåc a iugcr prdvdfc fâlfar ld pujgæd, ma qua ds dparãrnds ma gdmd earcj sa nlfjnlcg gcns md qua cs passdcs ma fjcssa gîmnc c vdtcr ag fclmn mctds asquarmnstcs. C drnaltcåæd agpçrnfc læd sa jngntc ë fnèlfnc. Astc î cpalcs ug masalvdjvn galtd gcns snstagãtnfd a rainlcmd ma drnaltcåæd qua î bãsnfc ag tdmcs cs pas sdcs. Lnleuîg pdmarnc vnvar suc vnmc mnãrnc sag ugc drnaltcåæd agpçrnfc fdg ra jcåæd ë racjnmcma. ]umd qua iczagds ”gasgd ds ctds gcns sngpjas, fdgd asfd vcr ds maltas, pdr axagpjd ”sa rajcfndlc ma idrgc nlasfcpãvaj fdg ldsscs fral åcs c raspantd mc lcturazc agpçrnfc md gulmd (fralåcs qua pdmag sar icjscs). D qua mnssagds c prdpösntd md pcpaj mcs fralåcs lc ldssc vnmc qudtnmnclc sa cpjnfc tcgbîg ës fralåcs fnaltçinfcs.\Ma gdmd earcj, c vcjnmcma mcs prdpdsnåñas agpç rnfcs ”gasgd mcs ‚jans fnaltçinfcs‗ ”mapalma md gdmd fdgd d dbsarvcmdr par faba a nltarpratc d gulmd. [drtcltd, cs prdpdsnåñas agpçrnfcs pdmag sar cjtarc mcs du raiutcmcs ë juz ma ldvcs dbsarvcåñas, parfapåñas, axparnèlfncs du nltar pratcåñ  pra tcåñaãh. aãh. $ ng ngpd pdrtc rtclta lta jagbrcr, jagbrc r, pd pdrt rtcl cltd td,, qua quc quclmd lmd lds raiarn raiarngds gds c ugc drnaltcåæd agpçrnfc tagds ag galta ugc aspîfna ma pareultc ngpjçfntc, a c ras  pdstc  pds tc axpjç ax pjçfntc fntc (fra (fralåc, låc, prdpdsnåæd prdpd snåæd,, jan fnaltçinf fna ltçinfcc du pragnssc agpçrn ag pçrnfc fc bcsacmc ld salsd fdgug) pdma læd sar varmcmanrc.

 

C Clãjnsa [djçtnfc

26

C DRNAL]CÅCD LDRGC]NYC C clãjnsa ldrgctnvc î   fcrcftarçstnfc mc rajnenæd a mc injdsdinc, tdrlclmd-sa  pcrtnfu  pcr tnfujcrg jcrgalta alta avnmalt avnmaltaa ag fcgpds tcns fdgd ds mc îtnf îtnfcc a mc injdsdinc pdjç pdjçtntnfchFdgd c drçaltcåcd agpçrnfc, c drnaltcåæd ldrgctnvc îúgc përtà ]laVfâp2tian3 ma fralåcs cåñas. Gasgd lds cspaftds gcns gulmclds mc vnmc fdgldsscs bcsa lc fralåca ma qua cjeugcs fdnscs sæd gaj`dras md qua dutrcs. Ctîcengds? cqua-? ldåæd sdbra Zjas qua prdiasscg sö busfcr d pröprnd nltarassa prafnscg tar cjeugc ldåæd  sdbra Z ,c lc lctu tura razc zc massa nltarassa8 sarã aj ajaa c iajnfnmcma4 C rnqu rnquazc azc4, 4, S prczar4 Hç Suclmd ugc drnaltcåæd ldrgctnvc astngujc ugc busfc ma fdl`afngaltd gcns snstagãtnfc, raspdlma guntcs vazas c pareultcs fdgd8 Sua quaragds mnzar  pdr ‚b ‚bdg dg ‗ du ‚gaj` ‚g aj`dr dr‗‗ 4 @cvarã ug ga gaj`d j`drr fr frntîr ntîrnd nd snleujcr pcr pcrcc cvcjncr d qua î  bdg ” tcj fdgd c iajnfnmcma, c jnbar jnbarmcma mcma,, c neucjmcma, du c hustnåc4 Ag fcsd ci cinr nr gctnvd, ma qua gdmd astæd nltarjnecmds astas frntîrnds4 Fdgd pdmagds scbar d qua î ‚bdg‗4 [dmagds mnzar qua ldssd fdl`afngaltd md qua î ‚bdg‗ î dbha tnvd (ld gasgd saltnmd ag qua cframntcgds qua ldssd fdl`afngaltd ld fcgpd mcs fnèlfncs lcturcns î dbhatnvd), du sarã aja tdtcj du pcrfncjgalta subhatnvd4 As tcgds dbrnecmds c busfcr d qua î ‚bdg‗4 [dr qua rczæd4

C DRNAL]CÅÆD AG ]ARGDV MA [DJÇ]NFCV C VAEQNR   pdjçtnf jçtnfcs cs (pdjnfnas) (pd jnfnas) c C drnaltcåæd ag targds ma  pd  c saeunr prdfurc nmaltninfcr cs cåñas mastnlcmcs c fdlstrunr ugc ‚pdlta‗ altra c sntucåæd axnstalta a ug iu turd pdssçvaj, qua cframntcgds sarã gaj`dr. Yagds qua cjed î nlsctnsictörnd, qua ragds trclsidrgã-jd ma gdmd qua sa tdga gcns sctnsictörnd, a busfcgds ugc sd jçtnfc,,  nstd î, ugc fdlmu juåæd8 ugc pd ugc  pdjçtnfc fdlmutc tc qua ld ldss jjav avaa md pdltd dlma lds alfdl trcgds pcrc d pdltd cdlma quaragds f`aecr/Asta î ug axarfçfnd qua tdmds prc tnfcgds, cd asfdj`ar rdupcs, ug fdjîend, ug prctd ld fcrmãpnd md rastcurclta, ug fclmnmctd ld qucj vdtcragds lcs ajanåñas. @dha, c clãjnsa snstagãtnfc mcs pdjçtnfcs î iantc pajcs passdcs raspdlsãvans  pajc fd fdlm lmutc utc mds Edvarlds, mcs inrgcs, a dreclnzcåñas ma g gdmd dmd earcj. Fdl Fdltum tumd, d, agbdrc c prãtnfc mc clãjnsa ma pdjçtnfcs mavc sar tæd cltnec qucltd d palscgaltd `ugcld, fdgd ctnvnmcma nltajaftucj gatdmnzcmc ajc î fdgpcrctnvcgalta ldvc.  Lasta pcr pcrtnfu tnfujcr, jcr, c clãjn clãjnsa sa mcs ppdjçt djçtnfc nfcss mniara mc clãjnsa ag agpçrn pçrnfc fc a mc ld ldrgc rgctnvc, tnvc, qua `ã gnj`cras ma clds fdlstntuag ctnvnmcmas nltajaftucns snstagãtnfcs. i C assèlfnc mc drnaltcåæd ag targds mc pdjçtnfc c saeunr idfcjnzc cs cjtarlc htnv  htnvcs cs axns axnstalt taltas as a sucs fdlsaqúèl fdlsaqúèlfncs. fncs. C masahcbnjnmcma ma cm cmdtc dtcrr ug ugcc pd pdjçtn jçtnfc fc matargnlcmc vc vcnn mapalmar mds dbhatnvd dbhatnvdss ag vvnstc nstc (pdr axagpjd axagpjd88 c ramuåæd md lç lç  vajj ma masagpraed) a mc lctur va lcturazc azc ma ugc sntucåæd aspafçi aspafçinfc nfc (c afdld afdldgnc gnc astã nlnl- \  TT 

Nijcfndlcmc4 Ag rafassæd4 Astcelcmc4). Lc prãtnfc, pdrtcltd, c clãjnsa mcs pdjçtn fcs, iantc ma gclanrc snstagãtnfc, raijata guntcs vazas cs fcrcftarçstnfcs aspafncns =a ugc sntucåæd fdlfratc, ds dbhatnvds pcrtnfujcras a ugc clãjnsa agpçrnfc ax-

 

2=

Clãjnsa [djçtnfc Gdmagc

trcçmc ma cjeug fcgpd aspafncjnzcmd md fdl`afngaltd ”c afdldgnc, c gamnfn lc, c fnèlfnc pdjçtnfc, tnfh. tnfh.   Mnsfuta-sa, `dha, c raspantd mc pdssnbnjnmcma ma qua c clãjnsa mcs pdjçtnfcs sa trclsidrga lug fcgpd aspafncj md fdl`afngaltd. C DRNAL]CÅÆD VAGÂL]NFC C clãjnsa sagâltnfc prdfurc sagâltnfc prdfurc ajufnmcr snelninfcmds, ag aspafncj d snelninfc md mds fdlfantds gcns ngpdrtcltas (pdr nstd î f`cgcmc ës vazas ma ‚clãjnsa fdl fantucn‗). Axagpjds ma clãjnsa sagâltnfc sæd d prnganrd fcpçtujd masta jnvrd, qua  prdfu  pr dfurc rc asfjcrafar d saltnmd saltn md md targ targdd ‚p ‚pdj djçtn çtnfc fc‗‗ , a d prasalta pras alta fc fcpç pçtu tujd jd,, qua as tumc d qua altalmagds pdr ‚clãjnsa pdjçtnfc‗. Ld pröxngd fcpçtujd, quclmd ax  pjdrcrag  pjdr cragds ds d salt saltnmd nmd ma cjeuls fdlf fdlfantd antdss fcpntcns (pdmar (pd mar,, nlijuèlfnc, nlijuè lfnc, cu cutd tdrnm rnmc c ma), astcragds iczalmd tcgbîg clãjnsa sagâltnfc. asfjcrafngaltd md saltnmd mds targds qua uscgds î ug ajagaltd ng  pdrtc  pd rtclt ltaa mc clãjnsa pdjçt pd jçtnfc nfc,, pdrqua pdr qua gu guntds ntds massas targ t argds ds læd tèg tè g ugc ug c mainln mainl n åæd cfantc  - drmnlcrncgalta.  Magdfrcfnc, jnbarmcma,cgbçeuds? ravdjuåæd, fdaråæd, pdmar, tdmds tdm ds astas astas targds sæ sædd ldtdrncgalta l dtdrncgalta cgbçeu ds? sau saltnmdpdmar,  vcrn vcrnc, c,  neucjmcma  neucjmcma gasgd altra ds fnaltnstcs pdjçtnfds a ds aspafncjnstcs ag injdsdinc pdjçtnfc. Cs taltctnvcs iantcs pcrc asfjcrafar assas mniaraltas snelninfcmds, du pcrc aspafninfcr ug saltnmd pcrtnfujcr, læd rasujtcrcg ctî `dha ag cfdrmd ealarcjnzcmd36 .i  D Nltar-rajcfndlcgal Nltar-rajcf ndlcgaltd td mcs Suctrd Drnaltcåñas Mnz-sa ës vazas qua c clãjnsa agpçrnfc prdfurc cjfclåcr d fdl`afngaltd md md   qua î?  î?  c drnaltcåæd ldrgctnvc, d fdl`afngaltd md qua mava sar?  sar?  a c drnaltcåæd fdg raspantd ës pdjçtnfcs c saeunr, d fdl`afngaltd ma fdgd f`aecr md qua î cd  cd  qua mava sar.  sar.  Astc cinrgctnvc î axctc. Fdl Fdltumd tumd,, sarnc sarnc ug arrd cframntcr cfram ntcr qua fcmc fcmc drnaltcåæd busfc fdl`afngaltd ma ug tnpd fdgpjatcgalta nlmapalmalta mds dutrds. C clãjnsa mcs pdjçtnfcs raquar c fdgpraalsæd md qua î   fdgd md qua mava  mava  sar?   î ugc fdgbnlcåæd aspafçinfc cpjnfcmc c fnrfulstâlfncs fdlfratcs tcl sar? tcltd td mc clãjnsa agpçrnfc fdgd mcs pragnsscs ldrgctnvcsn Qgc pdjçtnfc sarnc hujecmc gã sa sa bcsacssa lug icjsd altalmngaltd md gulmd, ma gdmd qua læd javcssa cds rasujtcmds cjgahcmds. Qg bdg axagpjd sarnc c asfdj`c ma matargnlcmc pdjçtn fc, pcrc fdltrdjcr c nlijcåæd, qua lc varmcma pndrcssa d surtd nlijcfndlãrnd. Mn zagds tcgbîg qua ugc pdjçtnfc î gã sa ajc javc cd qua fdlsnmarcgds ugc gã fdlsaqúèlfnc ”gasgd qua tcj aiantd idssa pravnstd. C pdjçtnfc lcznstc ma ajngn lcåæd mds humaus arc gã pdrqua sau dbhatnvd arc gcu? c ainfãfnc mds gands ag  praecmdss ag tc  praecmd tcjj ajngnlcåæd ajng nlcåæd sö pdmnc pd mnc td tdg g cr pndr pnd r c pdjçtn pd jçtnfc fc ag sn. sn.

Agbdrc sahc öbvnd qua cd clcjnscr ugc pdjçtnfc prafnscgds axcgnlcr gands a inls, supña-sa ës vazas vazas qua c clãjnsa ldrgctn ldr gctnvc vc trct tr ctcc cpalcs mds inls, a c clãjnsa clãjnsa agpçrnfc, mds gands. C mninfujmcma mastc fdlfapåæd rasnma ld ictd ma qua, fdgd  hã nlmnqua nlm nquan,n, tdmc td mc clãjnsa clãjnsa ldrgctn ldr gctnvc vc prassupña prassupñ a ugc ug c fralåc fra låc agpçrnfc agp çrnfc.. Qgc prassu pras su  pdsnåæd pdma pdm a sar rajctnvcgalta rajctnvc galta trnvncj, öbvnc, du earcjgalta earcjgal ta cfantc ” fdgd c

 

C Clãjnsa [djçtnfc

21

nmînc ma qua c gcndr pcrta pcr ta mcs passdcs passdcs praiara d prczar ë mdr. mdr. Fdltumd, Fd ltumd, qucjquar clãjns clã jnsaa ldrgctnvc gcns fdgpjatc sa bcsanc bcsanc drmnlcrncgalta lug l ug fdlhultd fdlhu ltd ma fral åcs bcstclta ajcbdrcmd, fuhc vcjnmcma læd î öbvnc, lag ulnvarscjgalta cfantc. [dma pcrafar rczdãvaj fdlfjunr, pdrtcltd, qua c clãjnsa mcs pdjçtnfcs axnea cs mucs dutrcs gdmcjnmcmas ma clãjnsa? qua c clãjnsa ldrgctnvc axnea fralåcs ag  pçrnfc  pçr nfcss ma cjeug tnpd? tnp d? gcs qua î pdssçvaj pdssçva j prdfa prd famar mar c ugc ug c clãjnsa agpçr ag pçrnfc nfc sag  pragnsscs ldrgctnv ldrg ctnvcs cs du ma pdjçt pd jçtnfc nfc.. Maltr Ma ltrññ mastc mas tc parspa pa rspaftnv ftnvc, c, c fnèlfnc ”nlfju snva c fnèlfnc sdfncj ”prdfurc masfdbrnr d fdl`afngaltd dbhatnvd, qua nlmapal ma mcs ldrgcs qua matargnlcg d qua î bdg a d qua î gcu. D fnaltnstc prdfurc î, læd prasfravar d qua mavarnc sahu (Hasfdbrnr a masfravar d qua î, læd Asta pdltd ma vnstc ngpjnfc, pdrîg, cjeugcs pareultcs, fuhcs raspdstcs sæd dbhatd ma iurndsc fdltrdvîrsnc8 d fdl`afngaltd dbhatnvd î racjgalta pdssçvaj ”  gasgd lcs fnèlfncs f nèlfncs lcturcns4 lctu rcns4 Va î cssng, cssng, aja î pdssçvaj tcgb tc gbîg îg lcs fnèlfncs rajc fndlcmcs fdg ds saras `ugclds4 [dr dutrd jcmd, gasgd qua c raspdstc c astcs mucs pareultcs cinrgctnvc, sarnc masahãvajAstcs prdfurcr d fdl`afngaltd agpçrn fd sag qucjquaridssa pradfupcåæd fdg ds vcjdras4 sæd quastñas cjtcgalta fdl trdvartnmcs. Cjeuls satdras cjaecg qua c clãjnsa pdjçtnfc alvdjva sagpra, pajd galds ngpjnfntcgalta, cjeugc drnaltcåæd agpçrnfc a ldrgctnvc. Ds qua cpöncg asta  pdlt  pd ltdd ma vnstc jagbrc jag brcg g qua, qua , lc prãtnf prã tnfc, c, cs drnalt drn altcåñ cåñas as agp a gpçrn çrnfc fc,, lldrg drgctnv ctnvcc a ma  p  pdj djçtn çtnfc fc cpcrafag cpcra fag guntc gu ntcss vazas fdgbnlcmc fdgb nlcmcss lc clãjnsa pdj p djçtn çtnfc fc.. Ma ictd ic td,, ës vazas vazas asscs drnaltcåñas sa gnsturcg ma tcj idrgc qua læd pdmagds tar fartazc sdbra cs nltalåñas md cutdr. [dr axagpjd8 sa cjeuîg lds mnz, du jagds ag cjeugc pcrta, qua ‚ds ldrta-cgarnfclds sagpra praiarnrcg c magdfrcfnc c dutrcs idrgcs ma edvarld‗ , pdmagds infcr aspafujclmd sa astc cinrgctnvc mav mavaa sar sar altalmnmc altalmn mc purc galta fdgd masfrnåæd agpçrnfc du sa sa trctc ma ugc rafdgalmcåæd mc magd frcfnc, frc fnc, nltarpratcm nltarp ratcmcc fdgd c gaj`dr idrgc ma edvarld edvarld.. Fjcrcgalta, d saltnmd qua ctrnbuçgds c prdpdsnåñas masta tnpd mapalma, ag pcrta, ma fdgd nltarpratcgds cs nltalåñas md cutdr mc cinrgctnvc. Lc gamnmc ag qua cs nltarpratcgds gcj, ctrnbunragds ug saltnmd aqunvdfcmd cd saltnmd mc cinrgctnvc ag sn gasgc. Asta tnpd ma cgbneúnmcma î fdgug lc clãjnsa pdjçtnfc, læd sö pdrqua d clcjnstc pdjç tnfd læd avnmalfnc suc nltalåæd gcs tcgbîg pdrqua d jantdr du duvnlta ës vazas j`a ctrnbun ugc drnaltcåæd qua pdma læd tar snmd pratalmnmc3=.  Clãjns  Cl ãjnsaa Vagâltn Vag âltnfc8 fc8 D [rdbjagc [rdb jagc mcs m cs Mainlnåñ Mainl nåñas as

C clãjnsa mcs pdjçtnfcs, c clãjnsa ldrgctnvc a c clãjnsa agpçrnfc magclmcg fartcs prassupdsnåñas qua rcrcgalta sæd axpjnfntcmcs lc pröprnc clãjnsa. [dr axagpjd8 tdmc clãjnsa agpçrnfc sa bcsanc lc pragnssc ma qua d ulnvarsd læd î fcötnfd? qua cprasaltc fartcs raeujcrnmcmas, cjeugcs mcs qucns pdmag sar parfabn mcs? qua c prdvc mc axnstèlfnc ma ugc raeujcrnmcma pratîrntc idrlafa ugc bcsa rc fndlcj pcrc c axpaftctnvc ma qua c gasgc raeujcrnmcma dfdrrc ld iuturd, ag nmèltnfcs fnrfulstâlfncs. [dr trãs ma fcmc pragnssc alfdltrcgds, ldrgcjgalta, dutrc pragnssc. [dr nssd tdmc clãjnsa cmgnta, ld pdltd ma pcrtnmc, cjehgshhrassu-

U n/çt

 

29

Clãjnsa [djçtnfc Gdmarlc

 pd stdss qua læd sæd mnsfutnmds.  pdstd mnsfu tnmds. Va læd idssa idssa cssng, astcrçc ast crçcgds gds lugc lug c ‚raerassæd nlinlntc‗, a lulfc pdmarçcgds nlnfncr ldssc clãjnsa. Cjîg ma vãrncs pragnsscs injdsöinfcs, ds très tnpds ma clãjnsa pdjçtnfc prassu  pñag  pña g ug fdlsnmarãvaj cfdrmd cfdr md c raspantd ras pantd md saltnmd salt nmd mds targds targ ds ajagaltc ajag altcras. ras. Cj euls targds sngpjasgalta prafnscg sar manxcmds sag mainlnåæd? md fdltrãrnd, al trcrçcgds trcrçcg ds tcgbîg tcgb îg lugc lug c ‚rae ‚ raera rassæ ssædd nlinlntc‗ , du lug fçrfujd vnfnds vnfndsd, d, ag qua fc fc mc targd idssa mainlnmd gamnclta d agpraed ma dutrds targds, qua pdr suc vaz idssag mainlnmds gamnclta d usd mds prnganrds, cm nlinlntug. Cd nlinlntug. Cd mainlnr c gcnd rnc mds targds prafnscgds pcrcr, gcns du galds crbntrcrncgalta, lds saltnmds qua cframntcgds astcr fdltnmds lc jnleuceag drmnlãrnc. Qgc idlta ma mninfujmcma, pdrîg, î d ictd ma qua cjeugcs passdcs (nlfju snva cjeuls astumndsds) mnsfdrmcg læd sö c raspantd mds targds, gcs sdbra d qua î ugc mainlnåæd. Qg gîtdmd bcstclta fdgug ma ajufnmcr d saltnmd ma ug tar gd fdlsnsta fdlsnsta ag astnpujcr ugc mainlnåæd mainlnåæd - prasugnvajgalt prasugnvajgalta, a, gcltalmd gcltal md fdlfdr mâlfnc fdg ds saltnmds gcns ngpdrtcltas mcs pcjcvrcs, raenstrcmds lds mnfndlã rnds. Qgc mainlnåæd masta tnpd î f`cgcmc ldgnlcj, ldgnlcj,   a pdma sar altalmnmc fdgd ugc prdpdstc prdp dstc ma cfdrmd c raspantd raspantd md usd mds targds31 targ ds31.. ; usd lç lçtnm tnmdd mc targnldjdenc lds chumc c altalmar altal mar fdg fjcrazc fjcrazc c pdjçtn pd jçtn fc ”ugc ctnvnmcma ag qua c jnleuceag î agpraecmc guntcs vazas cgbneucgal ta, pdr vazas fdg dbhatnvds prdpceclmçstnfds. Fdltumd, î prafnsd javcr ag fdltc ds jngntas mcs mainlnåñas. Cs mainlnåñas ldgnlcns, pdr axagpjd, lcmc lds mnzag sdbra ds ‚ictds‗ ”sdbra d qua cfdltafa ld gulmd ‚racj‗. Læd sa pdma prdvcr qua ug ictd mc racjnmcma pdjçtnfc, afdlýgnfc, du ma dutrc lcturazc sahc varmc manrd du icjsd sngpjasgalta mainlnlmd ug targd. Cs mainlnåñas lds chumcg c fdgpraalmar c jnleuceag, gcs, pdr sn gasgcs, læd lds pargntag fdgpraalmar d gulmd ‚racj‗. [crc nssd lafassntcgds ma  prdp  prdpdsnå dsnåñas ñas agpçrnfcs,  agpçrnfcs,   qua cinrgcg gcnss md qua cs mainlnåña gcn mainlnåñass - iczag cinrg cinrgctnvc ctnvcss qua, pajd galds ag prnlfçpnd prnlfçp nd pds scg sar fdlinrgcmcs du raiutcmcs pajc axparnèlfnc. Ans ug axagpjd ma cinrgctnvc agpçrnfc8 ag 3>=5, lal`ug pcçs fdg ug  prdm  pr dmut utdd lcfndlcj lcfnd lcj br brut utdd  par fcput  fcp ut   ma galds ma QVV 2;; tnl`c ug pcrtnmd ma dpdsnåæd jaecj fdg gcns ma maz pdr faltd mds juecras ld Jaensjctnvd. [crc mafnmnr sa astc cinrgctnvc î varmcmanrc, prafnscgds mainlnr funmcmdscgalta saus targds.

Sua mavagds altalmar pdr ‚pcrtnmd ma dpdsnåæd jaecj‗4 Fdltumd, pdr gcns qua mnsfutcgds cs mainlnåñas, læd taragds fdlmnåñas ma prdvcr c vcjnmcma mc prdpd snåæd sa læd axcgnlcrgds fartds ‚ictds‗ ”mcmds agpçrnfds, nlidrgcåæd c ras  pa ntd md gu  pantd gulmd lmd racj, ld cld ma 3>=5. (Nlfnm (Nl fnmalt altcjg cjgalt alta, a, sarnc pdssçvaj ra raiut iutcr cr c cinrgctnvc fdg pajd galds ug fcsd8 c çlmnc). Axpjnfcmd cssng, d qua mnssagds  pcrafa öbvnd? fd fdlt ltum umd, d, î fdgug fdg ug c mninfujmcma m ninfujmcma ag mnstnleunr mnstnleu nr altr a ltraa ugc ug c mainlnåæd mai nlnåæd a ugc prdpdsnåæd agpçrnfc, ld fcgpd mc clãjnsa pdjçtnfc. Fdlsnmaragds Fdlsnm aragds,, pdr axagpjd, c quastæd (guntd (gunt d mabc mabctnmc) tnmc) mcs mcs rajcåña rajcåñass altra fcpntcjnsgd, sdfncjnsgd a magdfrcfnc. Qsclmd ds targds mainlnmds ld prnganrd fcpçtujd masta jnvrd, pdmagds rajcfndlcr quctrd rajcåñas jdenfcgalta pdssçvans (vnma c Ineurc 6). Lal`ugc masscs fdgbnlcåñas î axfjuçmc pajc mainlnåæd. Va fc mc ugc mcs fdgbnlcåñas axnsta ma ictd, du læd (du c prdbcbnjnmcma ma qua axns-

 

C Clãjnsa [djçtnfc

25

tc), î cjed qua axnenrã ugc clãjnsa agpçrnfc mds snstagcs afdlýgnfds pcsscmds a ctucns. Fdgd ds maialsdras md fcpntcjnsgd ës vazas creøag, î varmcma qua c ma gdfrcfnc læd pdmarnc axnstnr lcs lcåñas nlmustrncjnzcmcs sag ugc afdldgnc fc  pntcjnstc4  pntcj nstc4 Î varm varmcma, cma, fdg fdgdd Jalnl a du dutrd trdss palsc palscmdras mdras a jçma jçmaras ras fdg fdgulns ulnstcs tcs tèg mntd, qua ugc afdldgnc fcpntcjnstc sö pdma axnstnr cssdfncmc c ugc mntcmurc pd jçtnfc4 Agbdrc quastñas masta tnpd læd sahcg iãfans ma raspdlmar, lulfc f`aec rçcgds c raspdlmè-jcs sngpjasgalta axcgnlclmd mainlnåñas. 'MTpdltd ngpdrtclta î qua c idrgujcåæ idrgujcåædd ma mainlnåñas pdma chumcr lc clãj clãjnsa nsa sagâltnfc, qua pd pdrr ' suc vaz pdma chumcr c fdgpraalsæd mcs cinrgctnvcs ma clãjnsas ldrgctnvc, agpçrn fc a ma pdjçtnfcs. Fdltum Fdltumd, d, c clãj clãjnsa nsa sagâltnfc lulfc ppdm dmaa substntu substntunr nr astcs dutrcs

; snstagc snstagc afdlýgnfd è8

; sn snsta stagc gc pd pdjçtnfd jçtnfd î8 N NN NNN NY

fcpntcjnstc sdfncjnstc fcpntcjnstc sdfncjnstc

magdfrãtnfd magdfrãtnfd mntctdrncj mntctdrncj Ineurc 6

 Clãjns  Cl ãjnsaa [djç [djçtnfc tnfc a Fnèlfnc [djçtnfc fcgpdsc md alsnld alsnl d fnèl a mcfnc pasq pasqunsc, unsc,fc (uscmc ld gand cfcmèg cfcmègnfd nfdmamds Astc Astcmds mdspdjçtn Qln fnèlfnc pdjçtn pdjçtnfc mds mc Lds Cgîrnfc, axprassæd  (uscmc ag juecr ‚clãjnsa fc‗) mniulmnu-sa cgpjcgalta lasta sîfujd? c pcrtnr mc mîfcmc ma 3>1;, assc ax ag dutrds  prassæd sa ppdp dpujc ujcrnz rnzdu du tcg tcgbîg bîg ag  dutrds pcçsas39. C gctîrnc astumcmc lds ma  pcrtc  pc rtcga galtd ltdss ulnva ulnvarsntã rsntãrnds rnds ma fnèlfnc pd pdjçtn jçtnfc fc,, pajds fnal fnaltnst tnstcs cs pdjçt pd jçtnfd nfdss (ë (ëss vaza vazass

f`cgcmds ma pdjntnföjdeds) î, lcturcjga lcturcjgalta, lta, c clãjnsa pdjçtnfc. Agbdrc d targd ‚ fnèl fnèlfnc fnc pdjçtn pdjçtnfc‗ fc‗ su suenr enrcc ugc drnaltcåæd axfju axfjusnv snvcc ld sal tnmd mc clãjnsa agpçrnfc, læd î d qua cfdltafa35. Ds fnaltnstcs pdjçtnfds a ds ma  pcrtc  pc rtcga galt ltds ds cfcmèg cfcmègnfds nfds ma fnèlfnc pd pdjçt jçtnf nfcc sa pra pradfu dfupcg pcg fdg tdmd td mdss ds quc quctrd trd tnpds ma clãjnsa pdjçtnfc. Assas mapcrtcgaltds gcltèg cjeuls fursds fdg d dbha tnvd ma masfravar a astumcr ds snstagcs pdjçtnfds axnstaltas, a dutrds mastnlcmds c astumcr nmîncs ldrgctnvcs, aspafncjgalta qua idrcg masalvdjvnmcs pajds ercl mas palscmdras pdjçtnfds. Fdgd cs nmîncscsmassas palscmdras, guntds fursds fdg  bnlcg  bnl cg c clãjnsa ldr ldrgct gctnvc nvc fdg c agp agpçrnf çrnfc? c? fdl fdlidrg idrgaa hã vngds, quc qucjqu jquar ar fursd qua idfcjnza c clãjnsa ldrgctnvc prafnscrã nlfjunr tcgbîg c clãjnsa agpçrnfc. Cs sng, c [djçtnfc [djçtnfc ma  ma Crnstötajas fdltîg ugc mnsfussæd vntcj sdbra cs ravdjuåñas. Fd gd lal`ug fursd ma fnèlfnc pdjçtnfc pdma masalvdjvar-sa pdr guntd tagpd sag mcr cjeugc ctalåæd cds fdlfantds utnjnzcmds lassc fnèlfnc, aja prafnscrã nlfjunr tcgbîg c clãjnsa sagâltnfc. Qgc bdc pcrta mc fnèlfnc pdjçtnfc sagpra fdltava ngpjçfntc ugc clãjnsa ma pdjçtnfcs. C gcndrnc mds fnaltnstcs pdjçtnfds tag lcturcjgalta dpnlnñas pas-

 

20

Clãjnsa Clãjn sa [djçtnfc Gdmagc Gd magc

sdcns sdbra tagcs ma pdjçtnfc edvarlcgaltcj. Ld altcltd, sö rafaltagalta ds fnaltnstcs pdjçtnfds prdfurcrcg masalvdjvar nlstrugaltds nltajaftucns øtans ë fdgpraalsæd ma cjtarlctnvcs ma pdjçtnfc axnstaltas ag sntucåñas pcrtnfujcras, pc rc f`aecr ë rafdgalmcåæd ma matargnlcmcs pdjçtnfcs30. Î guntd famd cnlmc pcrc scbar qucj sarã c fdltrnbunåæd mds fnaltnstcs pdjçtnfds pcrc c clãjnsa ma pdjçtn fcs3> . Î pdssçvaj qua, fdgd mnsfnpjnlc cfcmègnfc, astc clãjnsa prafnsa cbrclear vãrnds fcgpds mcs ‚fnèlfncs pdjçtnfcs‗ ”d mnrantd, c afdldgnc a c fnèlfnc pdjçtn fc prdprncgalta mntc. *  C Clãjnsa Clãj nsa [djçtnf [dj çtnfcc Agpçrnfc Agp çrnfc88 Crta Cr ta du Fnèlfnc Fnèlfnc44 ; C clãjnsa clãjnsa pdjçtn p djçtnfc fc agpçrnfc ag pçrnfc sarã sarã ugc fnèlfnc du ugc crta4 Lc gnl`c dpn d pn lnæd î cs mucs fdnscs, lc gamnmc ag qua guntds mds saus cspaftds pdmag sar md gnlcmds gcns icfnjgalta pajc prãtnfc, a d tranlcgaltd suparvnsndlcmd î ugc cr ta. [dr dutrd jcmd, quclmd quag c cpjnfc tastc asfrupujdscgalta sucs tadrncs a ealarcjnzcåñas, tdgclmd fdgd pdltd ma raiarèlfnc mcmds axparngaltcns, gamncl ta dbsarvcåæd funmcmdsc, fjcssninfcåæd a galsurcåæd, c clãjnsa pdjçtnfc agpçrn fc î fnaltçinfc lc suc cbdrmceag. Lc gamnmc ag qua assa gîtdmd javc c prdpd snåñas tastãvans, ma fcrãtar earcj, c clãjnsa pdjçtnfc pdma sar fdlsnmarcmc fdgd fnaltçinfc tcgbîg lds saus rasujtcmds./ C dpåæd altra cbdrmcr c clãjnsa pdjçtnfc agpçrnfc fdgd crta du fnèlfnc fdlstntun tagc ma mabcta fcjdrdsd. Ynstc fdgd fnèlfnc, alfdltrcgds cnlmc ugc mniaralåc, altra ds qua prdfurcg agujcr cs fnèlfncs lcturcns, fdgd c içsnfc a c quçgnfc, a ds qua cframntcg qua d astumd md fdgpdrtcgaltd `ugcld î nltrnl safcgalta mnstnltd md astumd mc lcturazc ag sucs gclniastcåñas læd-fujturcns. Guntds mds qua cmdtcg asta øjtngd pdltd ma vnstc creugaltcg qua læd

 pdma gds f`aecr c fdg  pdmagds fdgpraa praalma lmarr aiatnv aiatnvcgal cgalta ta ugc cåæd `u `ugcl gclcc sa læd ctalt cta ltcr cr  gds pcrc sau saltnmd subhatnvd8 d saltnmd qua tag, pcrc quag c axafutc, c nltal åæd qua c prasnma. Qgc pcrtçfujc ctýgnfc, pdr axagpjd, læd tag ugc nltalåæd?  pcrc d içsnfd sau fdgp fd gpdr drtcg tcgal altd td î masprdvnmd maspr dvnmd ma snelninfcåæd subhatnvc. [dr ns sd c içsnfc sa jngntc c masfravar c ctnvnmcma ma gdmd purcgalta axtarld, ag tar gds içsnfds. Gcs gasgd ugc cåæd sngpjas fdgd vdtcr læd pdma sar fdgpraal mnmc garcgalta fdgd ctnvnmcma içsnfc. [dmarçcgds ngcenlcr d gdmd fdgd d eastd ma vdtcr sarnc parfabnmd pdr ug gcrfncld qua læd fdl`afassa ldssc jnl euceag a læd tnvassa c galdr nmînc c raspantd md qua ds `cbntcltas tarrastras as tnvassag iczalmd. Md pdltd ma vnstc md dbsarvcmdr gcrfncld, altrcr lugc fcbn la ma vdtcåæd a lugc fcbnla tajaiýlnfc pcrafarncg cåñas guntd sagaj`cltas. D fcrãtar nlfdgpjatd mcs masfrnåñas purcgalta axtarlcs a içsnfcs mc ctnvn mcma `ugclc, fdgbnlcmd fdg c mninfujmcma ag f`aecr c ugc fdgpraalsæd cma qucmc mcs fcrcftarçstnfcs subhatnvcs qua mæd ë fdlmutc `ugclc ugc bdc pcrta mc *L.R. -

[crc ugc vnsæd mc avdj avdjuåæd uåæd mc Fnèlfn Fnèlfncc [djçtnfc ld Brc Brcsnj snj,, var8 Bdjn Bdjnvcr vcr Jcgd ulnar, Fnèlfn lfncc [djçtn [djçtnfc fc lds Cl ds 0;   ‚C Fnèlfnc [djçtnfc ld Brcsnj‗, ag Jcdulnar dre.,/3 Fnè (Brcsçjnc, Amntdrc mc Qlnvarsnmcma ma Brcsçjnc, pp. =;5-=66)? a Bdjnvcr Jcgdulnar a Iarlclmd @. Fcrmdsd, "C Bnbjndercinc ma Fnèlfnc [djçtnfc sdbra d Brcsnj (3>=> MC C M D V, V,   30 (3>50), pp. 6-62. 3>5=)‗,  M

 

C Clãjnsa [djçtnfc

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suc ngpdrtâlfnc, javdu cjeuls astumndsds ë vnsæd passngnstc ma qua fdgpraalmar ‚fnaltninfcgalta‗ ugc `ugclc î ngpdssçvaj. Dutrds fdlsnmarcg, ug fartd dtngnsgd, qua ds cåæd prdbjagcs alvdjvnmds pdr astc fdgpraalsæd sæd fdg mniçfans, gcs læd nlsuparãvans. Ds passngnstcs sdirag fdg c ircquazc `cbntucj md pariaf fndlnsgd. Lasta fcsd, d pariaffndlnstc pcrafa mnzar qua læd `ã lcmc qua vcj`c c  palcc alt  pal altra ra c neldrâ neldrâlfnc lfnc prdiu pr diulm lmc, c, lug axt axtrag ragd, d, a d ffdl` dl`afng afngaltd altd mcs rae raeujcrnujcrnmcmas qua alfdltrcgds lc içsnfc a lc quçgnfc, ld dutrd axtragd. Nstd î cbsur md. Læd `ã møvnmc ma qua ugc fartc ramuåæd mc ldssc nlfartazc î gaj`dr md qua c nlfartazc tdtcj. Lnleuîg pdma creúnr sarncgalta qua c nlvastnecåæd snstagãtnfc læd tag fdlmnåñas ma cgpjncr ldssd fdl`afngaltd, a pdrtcltd ma ramuznr ldssc nlfartazc. " Î varmcma, pdrîg, qua c nlfartazc pcrafa sar ugc fcrcftarçstnfc assalfncj ma tdm t dmcc c vnmc pdjçtnfc. C cl clãjn ãjnsa sa pdjçtnf pdjçtnfcc snstagãtnfc pdma ramu ramuzn-jc zn-jc ag pcrta? fdltumd, gasgd c gaj`dr clãjnsa pdjçtnfc manxc ug ercu ajavcmd ma nlfartazc lc ldssc fdgpraalsæd mc ctnvnmcma pdjçtnfc. [ajd iuturd pravnsçvaj c ølnfc farta zc c raspantd mc vnmc pdjçtnfc pcrafa sar astc nlfartazc. [dr nssd c cåæd pdjçtnfc nltajnealta tarã qua sa bcsacr lc pragnssc ma qua d fdl`afngaltd pdjçtnfd tag jngntas fjcrds, agbdrc læd pargclaltas/Lds Fcpçtujds qua saeuag alfdltrcra gds cjeuls ictdras qua prdvdfcg nlfartazc ld ldssd fdl`afngaltd pdjçtnfd. Ld Fcpçtujd P vdu suearnr cjeugcs idrgcs ma jnmcr fdg assc nlfartazc.  Clãjns  Cl ãjnsaa [djçtnf [djçtnfcc a [rãtnfc [djçtnfc [djç tnfc

Agbdrc c clãjnsa pdjçtnfc snstagãtnfc a c prãtnfc pdjçtnfc sa suparpdl`cg,  prafnscgds mnstnleunr ugc mc dut dutrc. rc. Fdgd cfdlta cfdltafa fa ld fcgpd mc crta crta,, ugc pas sdc fcpcz ma clcjnscr a frntnfcr læd î lafasscrncgalta ug bdg axafutclta. C fcpcfnmcma ma iczar ugc clãjnsa pdjçtnfc î mniaralta mc ainfãfnc lc cåæd  pdjçtnf  pdj çtnfc. c. Lc `nst `nstörnc örnc ldrtaldrta-cgarn cgarnfclc, fclc, scbagds qu quaa Hcgas Gcmnsd Gcmnsdll idn ug clcjns tc pdjçtnfd brnj`clta. Vaus mnsfursds lc Fdlvalåæd Fdlstntunlta ma 3506, a ds Fc  pçtu  pç tujd jdss qua asfravau pcrc ]`a Iamarcjnst  *   * d magdlstrcg. Fdgd prasnmalta, fdl tumd, Gcmnsdl idn gamçdfra. Ag fdltrcsta, Irclojnl Rddsavajt tnl`c guntc `cbn jnmcma, nltunåæd a cstøfnc fdgd jçmar pdjçtnfd, a tava èxntd fdgd prasnmalta? ld altcltd, læd alfdlrcragds lds mdfugaltds a fcrtcs qua asfravau ugc clãjnsa md gdmd fdgd ctucvc lc [rasnmèlfnc fdgpcrãvaj cds astumds iantds, guntds clds mapdns, pdr vãrnds astumndsds. Gasgd qua Rddsavajt tnvassa taltcmd masfravar suc ctucåæd pdjçtnfc, tarnc fdlsaeunmd4 Ycja jagbrcr qua d crtnstc fdlsugcmd guntcs vazas læd fdlsaeua axpjnfcr fdgd a pdr qua axarfa tæd bag suc crta. Cjeugcs vazas, cs mucs fdnscs vèg hultcs. Uddmrdw Unjsdl, pdr axagpjd, Fdlerassndlcj   idn `nstdrncmdr a fnaltnstc pdjçtnfd cltas ma sar pdjçtnfd. ; jnvrd Fdlerassndlcj Edvarlgalt,   qua asfravau ag 300=, quclmd tnl`c cpalcs 20 clds, cnlmc `dha î Edvarlgalt, jnmd lds Astcmds Qlnmds ”gcns ma ug sîfujd mapdns. [dr dutrd jcmd, fdgd ed *L.R. -

Astc ng pd rtcl ta dbrc ma clãjnsa clãjnsa pdjçtnf c idn pubjnfcmc pajc pajc Amntdrc mc Qlnv Qlnvars arsn n mcma ma Brcsçjnc ag 3>0=.

 

6;

Clãjnsa [djçtnfc Gdmagc

varlcmdr a fdgd Unj Unjsd sdl l mag magdlstrdu dlstrdu ugc ajavcmc prd infnèlfnc, ma ctîLaw qua Harsay c dpdsnåæd cds prasnmalta, saus dbhatnvds pýs ag avnmèlfnc fartds cspaftds mc suc parsdlcjnmcma qua d prahumnfcrcg fdgd pdjçtnfd2;. Lc varmcma, tdmd pd jçtnfd prafnsc tar ugc fartc fcpcfnmcma pcrc c clãjnsa pdjçtnfc, agbdrc guntcs va zas læd fdlsnec axpjnfcr tumd d qua scba. C fdgpjaxnmcma mcs pdjçtnfcs lcfndlcj a nltarlcfndlcj `dmnarlcs, qua frasfa rcpnmcgalta, axnea d cugaltd fdrraspdl malta mc fdgpatèlfnc clcjçtnfc mds jçmaras pdjçtnfds. D trcmnfndlcj f`aiata pdjç tnfd, fuhd fdl`afngaltd mc pdjçtnfc arc astrantd a pcrdquncj, î ugc ineurc qua as tã mascpcrafalmd mc vnmc pdjçtnfc ldrta-cgarnfclc, ag pcrta pdrqua læd fdlsa eua aliraltcr ds prdbjagcs fdgpjaxds mc ldssc arc ma alarenc lufjacr a sctîjntas crtninfncns. *

 Cjeug  Cje ugcs cs Suastñas Suastñ as [djçtnfcs Nlavntãvans Nlavntãv ans " C pd pdjçtnfc jçtnfc î ugc axparnèlfnc cltnec a uln ulnvar varscj. scj. t)a t) a gdmd pcrtnfujcr, c cclã lã jnsaa pdjçt jns pdjçtnfc nfc prdspardu ag tdmcs ccss fujturcs qua rafabar rafabarcg cg c aldrga `arclåc mds eraed eraedss prî-f prî-frnstæ rnstæds ds - ast astaa pdvd pdufd lugardsd, gcs qua tava tæd erclm erclmaa nl ijuèlfnc. Fdgd guntcs crtas a fnèlfncs, c clãjnsa pdjçtnfc cjfclådu ug axtrcdrmn lãrnd ercu ma sdinstnfcåæd altra ds eraeds mds tagpds ma Vöfrctas, [jctæd a Crns

tötajas, vnlta a fnlfd sîfujds ctrãs. Masma cquajc îpdfc, c fnvnjnzcåæd md Dfnmal ta vag mclmd ë `nstörnc erclmas palscmdras pdjçtnfds, qua prdfurcrcg raspdstc  pcrcc cs quas  pcr quastñas tñas iulm iulmcga cgaltcn ltcns. s. Lc var varmcma, mcma, læd î uug g ax axceard ceard mnzar qua tdmd td mdss ds erclmas palscmdras pdjçtnfds, fuhcs dbrcs tèg `dha nltarassa, inzarcg astcs gas gcs pareultcs. Altra ajcs, cs gcns ngpdrtcltas sæd8 3) Sucj d pcpaj md pdmar a mc nlijuèlfnc lds snstagcs pdjçtnfds4 ?[dr axag  pjd8 `ã nnijnc ‚a ‚ajnta jnta mnrnea mnr nealta lta‗‗ lds Ast Astcmd cmdss Q Qlnmds lnmds mc Cgîrnfc4 2) Sua tèg ma fdgug ds snstagcs pdjçtnfds, a ag qua mniarag uls mds du trds4/[dr /[ dr axagpjd8 c masne masneucjmc ucjmcma ma pdjçtnf pdjçtnfcc î ug ajagal ajagaltd td nlav nlavntãv ntãvaj aj qua dfdrra ag tdmds, aassas ssas snstagcs4 6) Sucns sæd cs fdlmnåñas qua javcg ë astcbnjnmcma, ë gumclåc a ë ravdju åæd ag mniaraltas snstagcs pdjçtnfds4 Sua î lafassãrnd pcrc qua sa gcltal`c c  pcz a sa avnta c vndj vndjèlfn èlfnc4/[ c4/[dr dr axa axagpj gpjd8 d8 pdm pdmaa ug edvarl edvarldd pd pdpu pujcr jcr tar ta r èx èxnt ntdd lu lu  gc lcåæd agarealta4 D masalvdjvngaltd afdlýgnfd rãpnmd pdma chumcr ds ed varlds pdpujcras a avntcr nltarvalåñas gnjntcras lasscs lcåñas4 =) Ma qua idrgc cs passdcs sa fdgpdrtcg pdjntnfcgalta4 Sucns sæd cs fc rcftarçstnfcs md  @d  @dg g d ppdj djntnf ntnfus us 4[ 4[dr dr axagpj axagpjd8 d8 ds pdjçtnfds sæ sædd iulmcgaltcjgal ta passdcs qua busfcg d pdmar4 1) Sucj d gaj`dr tnpd ma snstagc pdjçtnfd4 Fdgd î pdssçvaj cvcjncr mniaral tas tnpds ma snstagc pdjçtnfd4 [dr axagpjd8 pdmag ds ldrta-cgarnfclds hustninfcr suc fralåc ma qua læd `ã gaj`dr snstagc md qua c magdfrcfnc4 9) Fdgd pdmagds cenr fdg prumèlfnc ld gand mc er erclma clma nlfartazc qua pc *L.R. -

Ld Brcsnj, Brcsnj , d gaj` @alrnqua dr axagpjd ma stc mucjnmcma tcjvaz sahc sahc d md fnaltnstc pdjçtnfd a salcmdr Iarlclmd Fcrmdsd.

 

C Clãjnsa [djçtnfc

63

rafa fcrcftarnzcr c vnmc pdjçtnfc4/[dr axagpjd8 mavag ds edvarlds axparngaltcr gcns, cltas ma tdgcr mafnsñas sdbra cs pdjçtnfcs c saeunr4

D jantdr alfdltrcrã ugc mnsfussæd c prdpösntd mc prnganrc pareultc lds Fcpçtujds ]rès a Suctrd? mc saeulmc, lds Fcpçtujds Fnlfd a Vans? mc tarfanrc, ld Vata? mc qucrtc, ld Dntd? mc qunltc, ld Ldva? mc saxtc, ld Maz. C prnganrc nlmcecåæd axnea ugc clãjnsa sagâltnfc, murclta c qucj î prafnsd mainlnr d fdlfantd iulmcgaltcj. Cs très pareultcs saeunltas alvdjvag prnlfnpcj galta ugc clãjnsa agpçrnfc. C qunltc magclmc gcns ugc mnsfussæd ma clãjnsa ldrgctnvc, a c øjtngc, ma clãjnsa mcs pdjçtnfcs c saeunr. ]dmcs cs pareultcs tèg c gasgc sngpjnfnmcma nlicltnj qua fcrcftarnzcg cs erclmas nlmcecåñas qua iczagds sdbra c vnmc. Væd iãfans ma idrgujcr, guntd mniç fans ma raspdlmar. Asta jnvrd læd pratalma mcr-j`as raspdstc, gcs cpalcs idrlafar cjeuls mds nlstrugaltds clcjçtnfds lafassãrnds pcrc prdfurcr ugc raspdstc ma gdmd nltaj nltajnealta nealta..

 

FC[N]QJD[DJÇ]NFC NNN C NLIJQÈLFNC ‚Fdltrdja‗, ‚pdmar‗, ‚nlijuèlfnc‗ a ‚cutdrnmcma‗ læd sæd pcjcvrcs ma usd axfjusnvd mds pdjçtnfds a mds fnaltnstcs pdjçtnfds. Duvngds icjcr ld ‚pdmar‗ md edvarld, md mnl`anrd? ld ‚pdmar‗ aspnrntucj? ag ‚pdmar‗ afdlýgnfd, ‚pdmar‗ lcfndlcj, ‚pdm ‚ pdmar‗ ar‗ pras prasnmal nmalfncj fncj.. ]dmds icjcgds ag ‚pdmar‗, a cmgntngds qua ds dutrds scbag c qua lds raiarngds. Fdlidrga vngds ld Fcpçtujd N, d fdlfantd ma pdmar î iulmcgaltcj  pcrcc c clãjnsa pd  pcr pdjçtn jçtnfc fc.. C ldå ldåæd æd ma pd pdjçt jçtnf nfc, c, a ma snstagc ppdj djçtn çtnfd fd,, prassu prassupña pña qua targds fdlnd "fdltrdja‗, ‚pdmar‗, ‚nlijuèlfnc‗ a ‚cutdrnmcma‗ tal`cg ug sal tnmd mainlnmd. Lc varmcma, pdrîg, astcs pcjcvrcs sæd cgbçeucs? sau snelninfcmd î fdgpjaxd fdgp jaxd,, a ës vazas lds asfcpc asfcpc.. Z  C Nlax Nl axnst nstèl èlfnc fnc ma Qg Qgcc ]argnldjden ]argnldjdencc [cmrdlnzcmc  Læd `ã cfd cfdrmd rmd earcj sdbra d ssalt altnmd nmd ma pcjcvrcs fd fdgd gd ‚p ‚pdm dmar ar‗‗ a ‚ nli nlijuè juèl l fnc‗, lag lc jnleuceag md fnaltnstc pdjçtnfd lag lc jnleuceag fdgug. Ds fnal tnstcs pdjçtnfds agpraecg ugc vcrnamcma ma targds8 ‚pdmar‗, ‚mdgçlnd‗, ‚md gnlcåæd‗, ‚nlijuèlfnc‗, ‚cutdrnmcma‗, ‚fdltrdja‗, ‚parsucsæd‗, ‚idråc‗, ‚fdar åæd‗, atf. [dr fdlvalnèlfnc, pdmagds mnzar qua astas targds snelninfcg ‚nlijuèl fnc‗ ! D Dss fnaltnstc fnaltnstcss pdjç pdjçtnfd tnfdss guntcs vvazas azas læd ds mainlag? a quclmd d iczag, sucs mainlnåñas lag sagpra sæd neu neucns cns.. A Agbdrc gbdrc tcns targds tal` tal`cg cg tnmd ug pcpaj iul mcgaltcj lc `nstörnc mc clãjnsa pdjçtnfc, c gcndrnc mds palscmdras pdjçtnfds pcra fag tar cmgntnmd, fdgd d iaz Crnstötajas, qua arcg fdlfantds qua læd prafnsc vcg sar guntd axpjnfcmds, prasugnvajgalta pdrqua sau saltnmd pdmnc sar fdg  praal  pra almnm mnmdd pajds `dg `dgals als ma salsd fdg fdgug ug23 23.. Ctî gasgd Gcquncvaj, icsfnlcm icsfnlcmdd  pajdd hde  paj hdedd md pdm pdmar, ar, usd usduu ugc vcrnamcma ma targ targds ds læd-ma læd-mainlnmds inlnmds pcr pcrcc masfravar a axpjnfcr c vnmc pdjçtnfc. Lc varmcma, cs øjtngcs mîfcmcs prdvcvajgalta tasta gul`crcg gul`crc g gcn gcnss asidråds snstag snstagãtnfd ãtnfdss pcrc mainlnr ttcns cns fdlfantds md qua tdmds ds gnjèlnds cltarndras lc `nstörnc md palscgal palscgaltd td ppdjç djçtnfd tnfd22 22.. Ag fdlsaqúèlfnc, fdlsaqúèlfnc, `du `du  va ugc erclma gaj`drnc ld asfjcrafngaltd massas fdlfantds. Fdltumd, cnlmc `d  ha , ds cut  ha, cutdra drass læd uscg ds targ targds-sneln ds-snelninfclm infclmd-nliju d-nlijuèlfnc èlfnc md gasgd gd gdmd8 md8 d qua pcrc ug î ‚nlijuèlfnc‗, pcrc dutrd î ‚pdmar‗. [dr :l mucs pcjcvrcs nlmnstnltcgalta.

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Clãjnsa [djçtnfc Gdmarlc

]rès Ic Icjãf jãfncs ncs lc Clãjns Clãjnsaa mmdd [dm [dmar  ar  Icjãfnc mc ulnmcma md pdmar. Guntcs pdmar.  Guntcs vazas palscgds ld pdmar fdgd ugc ulnmcma fdltçluc, `dgdeèlac, qua pdma sar trclsiarnmc ma ug ctdr pcrc dutrd, gcs læd pdma sar pcrtnj`cmc. Du sa tag tdmd d pdmar du læd sa tag lal`ug pd mar.

Ag fdltrcsta fdg d qua cfdltafa fdg c rnquazc, c pdsnåæd sdfncj a dutrds vcjdras, guntcs passdcs læd fdlsaeuag nltarpratcr d pdmar fdgd ugc vcrnãvaj c qua pdma ctrnbunr ma vcjdras. [crc asscs sö tag mdns sa vcjdras8 zard duugc ug. vcrnamcma Fdgd c rnquazc a c ralmc pdmagpassdcs cmqunrnrd pdmar tdmc ugc ec gc ma vcjdras ” 3; faltcvds, 1 fruzanrds, 1; 1;.;; .;;;; fruzanrds du 1 gnj`ñas mmaa fru fru  zanrds ”, ”, î iãfnj fdlfabar mniaral mniaraltas tas idrgcs ma mnstrnbuç-jcs altra ds gagbrds ma ug erupd. Suclmd f pdmar î vnstd ulntcrncgalta, sö sa cmgnta ugc idrgc ma mns trnbunåæd8 cjeuls d tèg lc suc tdtcjnmcma, dutrds sngpjasgalta læd d tèg26. C taltctnvc ma ngpdr astc mnfdtdgnc ë rnquazc, ë ralmc du cd stctus  sdfncj stctus sdfncj  prahumnfcrnc  prahum nfcrnc ma idr idrgc gc cbsurmc a maslafassãrnc ldssc fcpcfnmcma ma masfravar suc mnstrnbunåæd ag guntcs sdfnamcmas. Agbdrc sahc mniçfnj qucltninfcr d pdmar, læd `ã gdtnvd pcrc fdlfabar masta gdmd d pdmar, c cutdrnmcma, d fdltrdja, d mdgç lnd du c nlijuèlfnc. Icjãf Ic jãfnc nc mc fdliusæd md pd pdma marr fdg ds ra rafur fursd sds. s. Fdgpcra  Fdgpcra d jantdr astcs mucs cinrgctnvcs8 3) ‚Mnl`anrd raprasaltc nlijuèlfnc.‗ 2) ‚Cd mafnmnr ag icvdr md cugaltd md subsçmnd ë prdmuåæd ma janta, d  prasnmalta  pras nmalta idn nliju nlijualfncm alfncmdd pajds prd prdmu mutdr tdras, as, qua fdl fdltrn trnbu buçrc çrcg g idr idrtag tagal alta ta pcrc suc fcgpcl`c ajantdrcj.‗  Lc prng prnganrc anrc cinrgctnvc, mnl`anrd mnl`anrd   a nlijuèlfnc nlijuèlfnc   pcrafag aqunvcjaltas. D mn l`anrd î fdlfabnmd fdgd ugc idrgc ma nlijuèlfnc. D dbhatnvd mc prdpdsnåæd sarã mainlnr ‚nlijuèlfnc‗4 Va idssa cssng, bcstcrnc substntunrgds ugc pcjcvrc pajc dutrc, ag qucjquar fdltaxtd. Va d inzargds, pdrîg, varninfcragds qua tcj substn tunåæd earc fdliusñas, a ctî gasgd cbsurmds. Cjîg mnstd, manxcrçcgds ma parfa  bar d saltnm saltnmdd nltaercj md qua quara quaragds gds cinrgcr. Fdlsnmara Fdlsnmaragds, gds, pd pdrr axagp axagpjd, jd, c cinrgctnvc8 6) ‚D prasnmalta tag guntc nlijuèlfnc sdbra d Fdlerassd, quclmd asta ma fnma c raspantd md lçvaj mcs maspascs gnjntcras.‗ Vubstntunlmd ‚nlijuèlfnc‗ pdr ‚mnl`anrd‗, tarçcgds8 =) ‚D prasnmalta tag guntd mnl`anrd sdbra d Fdlerassd, quclmd asta mafn ma c raspantd md lçvaj mcs maspascs gnjntcras.‗ Sua quar nstd mnzar4 ‚]ag mnl`anrd pcrc jnmcr fdg d Fdlerassd4‗ ‚...  pcrc nlijualfnc nlijualfncrr d Fdlerassd4‗  Læd scbagds fdgd fdg fd g pjat pj atcr crcc ircsa sag cjta cjtarcr rcr d saltnm saltnmdd ma ‚‚nliju nlijuèlfnc èlfnc‗‗ , du altæd cicstcr c supdstc aqunvcjèlfnc ma ‚mnl`anrd‗ a ‚nlijuèlfnc‗. Suclmd mainlngds ‚nlijuèlfnc‗ du ‚pdmar‗ sngpjasgalta fdgd d aqunvc jalta c rafursds parmagds aspafninfnmcma a neldrcgds ug prdbjagc agpçrnfd ra javclta - scbar ssaa c rajcåæd ma nlijuèlf nlijuèlfnc nc ma mava va ssar ar axpjnfc axpjnfcmc mc pajd gd gdmd md fdg fdgdd ug

 

C Nlijuèlfnc [djçtnfc

61

mds ctdras qua majc pcrtnfnpc usc saus rafursds. Iczagds ugc cinrgctnvc sag nl vastneã-jc a sag prdfurcr magdlstrã-jc. Icjãfnc mc fdliusæd md pdmar fdg ds prègnds a prnvcåñas. Ycgds prnvcåñas.  Ycgds fdlsnma

rcr cs saeunltas cinrgctnvcs8 c) ‚Fdgd ds prdmutdras ma janta fdltrnbuçrcg pascmcgalta pcrc suc fcg  pcl`cc ajant  pcl` a jantdrc drcj‗ j‗  b) ‚d prasnmalta prasnm alta idn nlijualfnc nliju alfncmd md pdr ajas‗ f) ‚cd mafnmnr cugaltc cug altcrr d subsçmnd ë prdmuåæd ma ma janta. Ag fdlsaqúèlfnc,‗ fdlsaqúèlfnc ,‗ m) ‚c ralmc massas prdmutdras cugaltdu.‗ Ycja ldtcr qua (m) î   ugc fdlsaqúèlfnc fdlsaqúèlfnc   ma (f), (f),   a pdrtcltd, nlmnratcgalta, ugc fdlsaqúèlfnc ma (c) (c) a  a (b). (b). C  C mafnsæd prasnmalfncj chumc c axpjnfcr d cugaltd mc ralmc mds prdmutdras ma janta, mc gasgc idrgc fdgd (c) (c) chumc  chumc c axpjnfcr (b) (b)   a(f). Astcs a(f).  Astcs rajcåñas cpcrafag lc Ineurc =.

Ineurc = Va mainlçssagds ‚nlijuèlfnc‗, du ‚pdmar‗, fdgd aqunvcjaltas axctds c sucs fdlsaqúèlfncs, ld tdfclta ë mnstrnbunåæd ma prègnds a ma prnvcåñas, astcrçcgds tcgbîg trctclmd ma quastñas agpçrnfcs pdr mafratd. Læd magdlstrcrçcgds ugc rajcåæd axnstalta, ”c prdfjcgcrçcgds. [dmar-sa-nc supdr qua c mniaralåc altra ugc rajcåæd ma nlijuèlfnc (b),  fdg raspantd c fartds rasujtcmds du mafnsñas (f), (b), fdg (f),   a sa fdlsaqúèlfncs ma tcj rajcåæd, ag targds ma prègnds a ma prnvcåñas (m), (m),   î tæd öbvnc qua læd pargntnrnc ugc fdliusæd. Nliajnzgalta, læd î cssng. @ã trcbcj`ds ngpdrtcltas ld fcgpd mc tadrnc sdfncj qua fdliulmag cs mucs fdnscs2= . D Vnelninfcmd ma  ma  ‚Nlijuèl Nlij uèlfnc fnc ‗ @ã ug cfdrmd earcj earcj c raspantd md ictd ic td ma qua ds targds - qua snelnin snelninfcg fcg nlijuèlfnc ”sa raiarag c rajcåñas altra saras `ugclds. [dssd icjcr md ‚pdmar md

l /g  

69

Clãjnsa [djçtnfc Gdmarlc

`dgag sdbra c lcturazc‗, du md ‚pdmar‗ qua axaråd sdbra gau fæd? ug taöjded  pdma ga galfnd lfndlcr lcr d ‚pdm ‚p dmar ar ma Maus‗ Maus ‗ , du c ‚ nlijuèlfnc nliju èlfnc mnvnlc sdbra ds cfdlta cf dltafn fn galtds‗. Ld fcgpd mc clãjnsa pdjçtnfc, pdrîg, ds targds ”qua snelninfcg nl ijuèlfnc ”sa ”sa rastrnleag ldrgcjgal ldrgc jgalta ta ës rajcåñas rajcåñas altra alt ra ctdras ctd ras `ugclds. ▫•  Ld g dgalt dg altd, d, pdm pdmag agds ds fcptu fc pturc rcrr d saltnmd salt nmd ma ug tnpd tnp d ealîrnfd ma rajcåæd ra jcåæd `ugclc ”c nlijuèlfnc gclniastc   du axpjnfntc.  Cmgntcgds qua d jantdr cinrga8 ‚Drmald qua tdmds ds gdtdrnstcs qua astæd mnrnenlmd lastc ruc gcltal`cg saus vaçfujds lc pnstc mc mnrantc.‗ C gcndrnc mcs passdcs cf`crnc qua d jantdr astcrnc sdiralmd mcs icfujmcmas galtcns sa nlsnstnssa ag qua `cvnc magdlstrcmd cjeugc nlijuèlfnc sdbra ds gdtdrnstcs. [dr dutrd jcmd, sa ug pdjnfncj icrmcmd sa fdjdfcr lugc nltarsafåæd a mnrnenr d trãiaed, læd `cvarã møvnmc ma qua astcrã axarfalmd nlijuèlfnc sdbra ds gdtdrnstcs. [drtcltd, sa `ã mucs passdcs lug snstagc, C   a B, C  nlijualfncrã B  lc gamn mc ag qua d fdgpdrtcgaltd ma B  sa cjtarcr ld saltnmd masahcmd pdr C.

D [dmar fdgd fdg d Fcus Fcuscc [crc ajufnmcr c ldåæd ma ‚nlijuèlfnc‗ ë juz md salsd fdgug, agpraeuan targds fdgd ‚nlmuznr‗, ‚fcusc‗ a ‚prdvcr‗. Guntds cutdras suearag qua sa main lc ‚nlijuèlfnc‗ fdgd ug tnpd aspafncj ma rajcåæd fcuscn. Cssng, c cinrgctnvc8 ‚C nlijualfnc B pcrc iczar P‗ sarnc alulfncmc cssng8 ‚C fcusc mc cåæd P ma B.‗21 Ycgds supdr cedrc qua mucs passdcs astahcg fcgnl`clmd pdr ugc fcjåcmc? ugc alfdstc cfnmaltcjgalta lc dutrc, qua manxc fcnr sau agbruj`d. Læd `ã møvnmc ma qua pdmagds cinrgcr qua c prnganrc idn c fcusc (læd-nltalfndlcj) mc quamc md  pcfdta  pcf dta?? gcs læd læ d mnrçcg mnr çcgds ds qua ajc nlijualfndu  c dutrc pcrc qua manxcssa fcnr d qua javcvc lc gæd. Vö uscrçcgds d varbd ‚nlijualfncr‗ sa cquajc passdc tnvassa iantd majnbarcmcgalta fdg qua c dutrc manxcssa fcnr d agbruj`d ”pcrc nlfdgd mã-jc, ma brnlfcmanrc, pcrc rdubcr d agbruj`d du pdr qucjquar dutrc rczæd. [crafa, pdrtcltd, qua quclmd nsdjcgds c ‚nlijuèlfnc‗ ma tdmds ds magcns cspaftds ma ugc nltarcåæd `ugclc, mclmd-j`a ngpdrtâlfnc aspafncj, d qua lds nltarassc gcns î d ictd ma qua ug mds pcrtnfnpcltas massc nltarcåæd fdlsnec d qua masahc (du pajd galds sa cprdxnga mnssd) iczalmd fdg qua c dutrc chc ma matar gnlcmc gclanrc. Suaragds f`cgcr ctalåæd pcrc c rajcåæd ma fcusc-a-aiantd altra d qua C masahc a d qua B icz. Rafaltagalta, Lceaj prdpýs ugc idrgujcåæd qua cfaltuc cfalt uc aspafninfcgalta astas cspaftds. ]cj idrgu idrgujcåæd, jcåæd, pcrcircsacmc, pcrcircsacm c, î c saeunlta8 saeunlta8 ‚Nlijuèlfnc î ugc rajcåæd altra ctdras tcj qua ds masahds, praiarèlfncs du nltalåñas ma ug du gcns ctdras ciatag c fdlmutc, du c mnspdsnåæd ma cenr, ma ug du gcns ctdras mnstnltds.‗29 NLIJQÈLFNC GCLNIAV]C A NG[JÇFN]C  Lceaj mag magdl dlstr strdu du qua ugc mainl mainlnåæd nåæd ma ‚ nlijuèl nlij uèlfnc fnc‗‗ , ma cfdrmd cfdrm d fdg as tcs jnl`cs, pargnta cbdrmcr ugc mninfujmcma cltnec gcns axntdscgalta md qua cs mainlnåñas prdpdstcs ctî altæd. Astc mninfujmcma fdlsnsta lc nlijuèlfnc ngpjçfntc

 

C Nlijuèlfnc [djçtnfc

65

ma C sdbra B rasujtclta mc axpaftctnvc  ma B c raspantd md qua C masahc. C lctu razc mc nlijuèlfnc ngpjçfntc infcrã fjcrc sa c mnstnleunrgds prnganrcgalta mc nl ijuèlfnc gclniastc8 ‚Va C masahc d rasujtcmd P? sa C cea fdg c nltalåæd ma fcuscr d fdgpdrtc galtd ma B ld saltnmd ma racjnzcr P? a, sa fdgd rasujtcmd mc cåæd ma C, B prd furc racjnzcr P, lasta fcsd C axarfa ugc nlijuèlfnc gclniastc sdbra B.‗ C nlijuèlfnc gclniastc î gcns iãfnj ma parfabar md qua c nlijuèlfnc ngpjçfn tc, qua rasujtc ma axpaftctnvcs. Ag 3>65, Irnamrnf`25 prdpýs c ‚raerc mcs racåñas cltafnpcmcs‗, rajctnvc ë sntucåæd ag qua ‚ug ctdr, B, chustc suc fdlmutc cd qua cframntc sar d masahd ma dutrd ctdr, C, sag tar rafabnmd qucjquar galsceag ax  pjçf  pj çfnt ntcc sdbra cs praiarèl praia rèlfncs fncs du nltal nlt alåña åñass ma C, mnra mn ratc tc du nlmnra nlm nratc tcg g al alta ta‗‗ 20. Irnamrnf` mau axagpjds pcrc magdlstrcr qua sa lds fdlfaltrãssagds ax fjusnvcgalta lc nlijuèlfnc gclniastc, sarncgds javcmds guntcs vazas c subastn gcr du gasgd gasgd c læd parfabar c nlijuèlfn nlijuèlfncc ma ug ctdr ngpdrtclta - fdgd c nl ijuèlfnc md [crjcgaltd brntâlnfd sdbra c fdlmuåæd mc pdjçtnfc axtarlc pajd Idranel Diinfa2>. Va læd javcrgds ag fdltc cs axpaftctnvcs, taragds mninfujmc ma ag axpjnfcr aiantd mcs sa ajanåñas cutdrnmcmas ajantcs.clta Lc gamnmc ag qua pjalcgalta ugc masscs dcutdrnmcmas drnaltcsdbra pajd cs rasujtcmd mc ajanåæd rndr, astcrã salmd nlijualfncmc gclniastcgalta pajds ajantdras? gcs quclmd sa eunc pajd masahd ma fdlsaeunr raajanåæd, a pajc suc axpaftctnvc mc iuturc racåæd mds vdtcltas, du mds fdltrnbunltas pcrc suc fcgpcl`c ajantdrcj, astcrã suhantc ë nlijuèlfnc ngpjçfntc mastas. Cs mainlnåñas cltarndras tdrlcg mniçfnj jnmcr fdg axagpjds fdgd astas, ag qua c nlijuèlfnc î gamnmc pdr axpaftctnvcs. Cedrc, pd rîg, tagds fdlmnåñas ma mainlnr c nlijuèlfnc ngpjçfntc ma idrgc fdlsnstalta fdg ldssc mainlnåæd earcj ma nlijuèlfnc. ‚Va C masahc d rasujtcmd P, altæd, gasgd qua C læd chc fdg c nltalåæd ma fcuscr d fdgpdrtc fdg pdrtcgal galtd td ma B ma ma gdmd c racjnzc racjnzcrr P, astcrã axarfalmd nlijuèl fnc ngpjçfntc sdbra B sa sau masahd ma qua P sa racjnza fcuscr ctds ma B ld saltnmd mc racjnzcåæd ma P.‗ Agbdrc sahc idrgcjgalta fdrratc, î ugc mainlnåæd ma jnleuceag guntd pa scmc. Ycgds mcr dutrd axagpjd8 lds Astcmds Qlnmds, d raprasaltclta Unjbur Gnjjs arc rafdl`afnmd fdgd ug mds fdlerassnstcs gcns nlijualtas, mavnmd cd pc  paj qua masagpal`cv masag pal`cvcc fdgd fdg d prasnma pra snmalta lta mc Fdgnssæd ma Gands6 Gands6;; mc Fâgcrc mds Raprasaltcltas (qua sa dfupc ma tdmc c jaensjcåæd dråcgaltãrnc), ctî pamnr ma gnssæd massa pdstd, ag 3>5=, mavnmd c ug asfâlmcjd passdcj. Læd pdma `cvar møvnmc ma qua Gnjjs tnl`c guntc nlijuèlfnc lc Fdgnssæd ma Gands. ]cgbîg læd sa pdma quastndlcr d ictd ma qua cquajc Fdgnssæd tag erclma nlijuèlfnc lc cåæd md Fdlerass Fdlerassdd ag gctîrnc gctî rnc trnbutã trnb utãrnc63 rnc63.. Fdltumd, Fdl tumd, cpcraltag cp craltagalta alta tcl td c Fd Fdgn gnss ssæd æd fdgd c Fâgcrc mds Raprasaltcltas tnl`cg tcgbîg ugc erclma nlijuèlfnc sdbra Gnjjs. Sucltd ë Fâgcrc, mapdns qua d pjalãrnd rahantdu ug mds prnganrds prdha tds ma ngpdrtâlfnc cprasaltcmds pdr Gnjjs, asta pcssdu c tar guntd funmcmd, avn tclmd maialmar pdsnåñas qua pumassag sar marrdtcmcs. Cssng, mavnmd c asta asidråd ld saltnmd ma cltafnpcr cs racåñas md pjalãrnd, ds raprasaltcltas axar-

 

60

Clãjnsa [djçtnfc Gdmagc

fncg nlijuèlfnc ngpjçfntc sdbra Gnjjs. Cjîg mnssd, maltrd mc Fdgnssæd, Gnjjs sa agpal`cvc ag fdlsaeunr fdlsalsd. ‚C assèlfnc mc idrgc ma jnmarclåc axarfnmc  pdrr Gnjj  pd njjs, s, bcsacmc bcsac mc lc busfc ma fdlsalsd, fdlsalsd , î c mapalmè mapa lmèlfnc lfnc gøtu gø tucc ”ug rajcfndlc rajcfnd lc galtd altra Gnjjs a suc Fdgnssæd ngpjnfclmd ugc mupjc nlijuèlfnc8 ma Gnjjs sdbra c Fdgnssæd, a mastc sdbra Gnjjs.62 ‗ [crafarnc, pdrtcltd, qua c nlijuèlfnc axarfnmc pdr Gnjjs sdbra c Fdgnssæd arc ugc gnsturc mcs gdmcjnmcmas gclniastc gclniastc   a ngpjçfntc. U Vnelninfcm Vnelninfcmdd ma ‚Gcns Gcns Nlijuè Nli juèlf lfnc„ nc„\ Cedrc qua hã vngds pdr qua ugc mainlnåæd fcuscn, ma cfdrmd fdg cs jnl`cs  prdpds  prd pdstcs tcs,, pcrafa cmcptcr-sa gaj`d ga j`drr c ldssd dbhatnvd dbha tnvd,, prafnscgds al alira iralt ltcr cr ug  prdbjag  prdb jagcc ngpdr ng pdrtcl tclta8 ta8 fdgd masfravar c nlijuèlf nliju èlfnc nc rajctnvc ma mniaralt mnia raltas as ctdras lug snstagc pdjçtnfd, du ma ug gasgd ctdr ag mniaraltas parçdmds du fnrfuls tâ tâlf lfnc ncss mns tnl tc s\ Qgc clcjdenc pdma chumcr. Ds afdldgnstcs guntcs vazas quarag scbar fdgd c ralmc a c rnquazc sa mnstrnbuag lug pcçs. [dr axagpjd, qucj d fdain fnalta ma masneucjmcma ma ralmc lds Astcmds mc Cgîrnfc4 Ag qua gamnmc ds trn  butd  bu tdss gdmninfcg gdmnin fcg c mnstr m nstrnbunå nbunåæd æd ma ralmc4 C masneucjmcma ma ralmc ralm c altra a ltra pratds pra tds a  brclfds,, altra  brclfds alt ra `dgals `dg als a guj`aras guj`ara s lc idråc ma trcbcj trc bcj`d `d astã mngnlunlmd4 mngnlu nlmd4 Cd gamnr c ralmc, ds afdldgnstcs tèg ugc erclma vcltceag8 c axnstèlfnc md mnl`anrd fdgd gand ma trdfc. Agbdrc d mnl`anrd sahc ugc ulnmcma fdlva lnalta pcrc c galsurcåæd mc ralmc, læd î ugc gamnmc pariantc. Fdltumd, pcrc guntds inls d qua quaragds scbar î c ralmc rafabnmc sdb c idrgc ma mnl`anrd8 c ralmc gdlatãrnc.  gdlatãrnc.  Gcs fdgd sa pdmarnc gamnr g amnr d pdmar pdm ar du c nlijuèlfnc mds mds ctdras ctdras maltrd ma ug snstagc4 Qgc galsurcåæd sctnsictörnc lds mavarnc pargntnr c matar gnlcåæd md ercu ma nlijuèlfnc md gasgd gdmd fdgd ds tastas ma nltajneèlfnc nlmnfcg d SN, ds targýgatrds gamag ds ercus ma tagparcturc a d mnl`anrd gama c ralmc. [dmarçcgds scbar qucj c nlijuèlfnc rajctnvc ma fcmc ctdr. Nliajnzgalta,  pdrîg,  pdrî g, lnleuîg lnleu îg idn fcpcz, ctî `dha, ma fdlfaba fdlf abarr tcj ulnmcma uln mcma ma gamn g amnåæd åæd66 66.. D AVFD[D A D MDGÇLND MC NLIJQÈLFNC D mdgçlnd mc nlijuèlfnc ma ug ctdr fdlsnsta ld fdlhultd mds dutrds ctd ras qua rafabag suc nlijuèlfnc. D asfdpd mc suc nlijuèlfnc sa raiara cds cssultds ag qua tcj nlijuèlfnc sa icz saltnr. Cssng, cd axarfar nlijuèlfnc, ug ctdr nlijual fnc ug fartd mdgçlnd, fdgpdstd ma dutrcs passdcs, fdg raspantd c ug asfdpd mainlnmd ma cåñas du pramnspdsnåñas. [dmagds fcjfujcr c ralmc tdtcj ma ugc icgçjnc ceraeclmd c ralmc drnenlcmc ma vãrncs idltas ”scjãrnd, hurds, cjueuaj rafabnmd, mnvnmalmds, atf. Va sdgcrgds c ralmc tdtcj ma tdmcs cs icgçjncs ma ugc fctaedrnc f`aecragds c ug vcjdr cera

ecmd pcrc cquajc fctaedrnc. Ld fcsd mc nlijuèlfnc, pdrîg, hã î mniçfnj astngcr c nlijuèlfnc rajctnvc maltrd ma ug mcmd asfdpd a mdgçlnd, a læd scbarçcgds fdgd

 

C Nlijuèlfnc [djçtnfc

6>

‚sdgcr‗ c nlijuèlfnc ma vãrnds asfdpds a mdgçlnds, pcrc f`aecr c ug vcjdr rapra saltctnvd mc nlijuèlfnc ceraecmc. Sucjquar cinrgctnvc sdbra c nlijuèlfnc qua læd nlmnfcr fjcrcgalta d mdgç lnd a d asfdpd c qua sa raiara fdrrarã d rnsfd ma læd tar saltnmd. Suclmd duvn gds mnzar qua ‚C î guntd nlijualta‗, vcja c palc nlmcecr8 ‚Nlijualta sdbra qua ctdras, fdg raspantd c qua cssultds4‗ Guntcs vazas ds dbsarvcmdras sa aqunvdfcg  pdrquaa læd idrgujcg  pdrqu idrg ujcg astc ast c pareul par eultc tc assalfncj. Cssng, astumds ast umds pndlanrds pndl anrds sdbra c quastæd md pdmar lcs fdgulnmcmas læd marcg ctalåæd ë pdssnbnjnmcma ma qua ds jçmaras fdgulntãrnds pumassag axarfar nlijuèlfnc ag cjeuls tarralds gcs læd ag dutrds. Ë gamnmc qua ds nlvastnecmdras pcsscrcg c sa pradfupcr fdg cs mniaral åcs ld ‚asfdpd‗ ma nlijuèlfnc, fdgaåcrcg c parfabar qua c nlijuèlfnc ma ug jç mar ma fdgulnmcma î iraqúaltagalta aspafncjnzcmc. Qgc fartc passdc nlijualfnc cs mafnsñas c raspantd md snstagc asfdjcr, gcs læd sdbra d zdlacgaltd urbcld,  pdrr axa  pd a xag g pjd6 pjd 6=. D LiYAJ, DQ GDL]CL]A, MC NLIJQÈLFNC D prdbjagc ma fdgd ‚sdgcr‗ c nlijuèlfnc ma ug ctdr fdg raspantd cds mniaraltas asfdpds, pcrc læd icjcr lc ‚sdgc‗ mc nlijuèlfnc ag mniaraltas asfdpds a mdgçlnds, læd pýma sar rasdjvnmd. Va fdlsnmarcgds c nlijuèlfnc ugc rajcåæd fcsucj, d gdltclta mc nlijuèlfnc ma C sdbra ug rasujtcmd P mavarnc sar aqunvc jalta cd rasujtcmd (ës cåñas ma B, qua sdirau c nlijuèlfnc). Agbdrc astc fdlfap åæd sahc guntd fjcrc, ds fnaltnstcs pdjçtnfds talmag c sa cicstcr majc, mavnmd ës mninfujmcmas ag gamnr d aiantd ctrnbuçvaj c ugc supdstc fcusc. Cd qua pcrafa, ugc mainlnåæd ma cfdrmd fdg asscs jnl`cs trcmuznrnc ugc mainlnåæd ag dutrc, gcs læd prdpdrfndlcrnc saeurd maltclta gamnr c nlijuèlfnc.  Lceaj  Lce aj creugaltc creug altc,, ug pdrîg, pdrîgand g, qua d gdltc gd lta md pdma pd marr pdma sar gamnm ga mnmdd pdr gand ma ugc tîflnfc astctçstnfc fdl`afnmc fdgd  pct  pct`` clcjysns ” clãjnsa ma mapalmèlfnc iulfndlcj61. Nliajnzgalta, astc tîflnfc prassupña ugc prdinfnèlfnc gctagãtnfc qua astã idrc md cjfclfa ma guntds fnaltnstcs pdjçtnfds. Cjîg mnssd, suc cpjnfcåæd raquar ug lçvaj ma galsurcåæd qua ag earcj ujtrcpcssc d qua axnsta, pcrc pdmar dbsarvcr c nlijuèlfnc69. C maspantd mastcs masvcltceals, c prdpdstc ma Lceaj î snelninfctnvc ag tar gds ma ajufnmcåæd a drnaltcåæd md palscgaltd a mc pasqunsc md fdlfantd ma ‚nlijuèlfnc‗. C quastæd assalfncj î c saeunlta8 ag qua gamnmc a pramnspdsnåñas ma dutrds4 Sucnsquar qua sahcg ds gîtdmds agpraecmds pcrc f`aecr c ugc ras  pdst  pdstc, sa fdrratc. fdlfabarg fdlf abargds ds d pdma pd marr fdgd fd gd ugc idrgc ma fcuscåæd, c pare p areultc ultc idrgu idrg u jcmc c,astã

C NLIJQÈLFNC ]D]CJ Va utnjnzãssagds ugc gamnmc pcrc cvcjncr c nlijuèlfnc ma ug ctdr maltrd ma matargnlcmds asfdpd a mdgçlnd, tarçcgds sagpra d prdbjagc ma fdgd sdgcr c nlijuèlfnc ma matargnlcmd ctdr ag vãrnds asfdpds a mdgçlnds, pcrc mnaacr c ug

 

=;

Clãjnsa [djçtnfc Gdmarlc

vcjdr ceraecmd. Fdgd matargnlcrçcgds, pdr axagpjd, sa d pdmar tdtcj md prasn malta î gcndr md qua d md Fdlerassd4 C mninfujmcma î c saeunlta8 læd pcrafa `cvar ug gîtdmd dbhatnvd sctnsictö rnd pcrc gamnr ds asfdpds ”c pdjçtnfc axtarlc, c trnbutcåæd, d dråcgaltd, c dpn lnæd pøbjnfc, cs ajanåñas, atf. C cvcjncåæd mc ngpdrtâlfnc rajctnvc mc nlijuèlfnc sdbra asscs ãracs talma c sar crbntrãrnc, du subhatnvc (surea ug prdbjagc clãjded quclmd prdfurcgds fdgpcrcr mdns ctjatcs qua fdgpatag ag aspdrtas mniaral tas). [crafa rczdãvaj mnzar qua ug ctdr sö tag gcndr nlijuèlfnc ceraecmc sdbra dutrd sa c nlijuèlfnc ma C î læd galdr md qua c ma B ag qucjquar cssultd, a gcndr md qua ajc ag pajd galds ug cssultd. Lc vnmc racj, pdrîg, lag sagpra alfdltrcgds sntucåñas tæd lçtnmcs. C pdma tar gcns nlijuèlfnc md qua B ld fcg  pd md snstagc asfdjcr, a B sar gcns nli nlijua jualta lta ld tar tarra rald ld mcs ldg ldgacåñ acåñas as pdjç pdjçtnfc tnfcs. s.  Lasta fcsd, qua pdma pdmagds gds mnzar4 ]cjv ]cjvaz az pumî pumîssagd ssagdss ctr ctrnb nbunr unr pasds mnia mniaral raltas tas c mnstnltds cssultds, gcs ds pasds idrådscgalta sarncg crbntrãrnds. Va d snstagc asfdjcr rafabar d pasdtcns 3, qua pasd mavagds mcr ës ldgacåñas pdjçtnfcs8 2, 1 du ;,14 A fdgd hustninfcr pasds4 [dma-sa palscr qua c mngalsæd tdtcj md mdgçlnd ma ug ctdr mã ugc ga mnmc md sau pdmar tdtcj. Yagds, pdrîg, qua nstd javcrnc c cbsurmds, lc fdgpcrc åæd md pdmar tdtcj ma mnstnltds ctdras, pdrqua manxcrnc ma fdlsnmarcr d gdltclta ma pdmar maltrd ma ug mcmd asfdpd, a c nlfdgpcrcbnjnmcma mc nlijuèlfnc ag mniaraltas asfdpds. Va C pdma gdbnjnzcr 1.;;; vdtds pcrc qucjquar fclmnmctd qua cpöna, a B gdbnjnzc 3;.;;; vdtds, pcrafa rczdãvaj cmgntnr qua c nlijuèlfnc ma B, ld asfdpd ajantdrcj, î gcndr md qua c ma C. Asta, fdltumd, pdma gdbnjn zcr sagpra 9 vdtds ld fdlsaj`d cmgnlnstrctnvd ma 33 gagbrds. Varnc ug aquç vdfd, lasta fcsd, nlsnstnr ag qua d pdmar tdtcj ma B î gcndr, sö pdrqua aja fdl saeua Læd d mdbrd magds, vdtds. mnspd mnspdgds, ctu ctucjg cjgalt alta, a, ma ug g îtdm ît dmdd nmacj pcrc rasdjvar d prdb prdbjag jagcc ma fdgd fdgpcr fdgpcrcr cr ctdras fdg mniaraltas lçvans ma nlijuèlfnc, nlijuèlfnc, ag mniaraltas fcg  pds. ]cjv ]cjvaz az c jnåæd gcns ng ngpd pdrtc rtclt ltaa qua astc mninfu mninfujmcm jmcmaa alsnlc cd aastu stumcl mclta ta ma fnèlfnc pdjçtnfc î c lafassnmcma ma agpraecr tdmc fcutajc, a guntc fjcrazc, lcs fdgpcrcåñas ma nlijuèlfnc du pdmar. Fdgd ag dutrds tarralds, ld fcgpd mc clãjnsa pdjçtnfc î prumalta axpjnfcr sa astcgds sdgclmd jcrclhcs, gcåæs, du jc rclhcs a gcåæs.

 C Dbsa Dbsarvcåæ rvcåædd mc Nlijuèl Nlij uèlfnc fnc

 Lasta pd pdlt ltdd d jantd ja ntdrr pdm pdmarã arã par pareul eultcr, tcr, fdg ngpcfnèl ngpcfnèlfnc8 fnc8 sa lc prã prãtnf tnfcc î tæd mniçfnj cvcjncr c nlijuèlfnc, fdgd pdmaran cpralmar cjeugc fdnsc quclmd dbsarvcr c nlijuèlfnc lc vnmc racj ”ld Fdlerassd, pdr axagpjd4 C raspdstc î qua c ldåæd idrgcj ma nlijuèlfnc  a ds gands ma gamnr d pdmar lds sarvag fdgd euncs  pcrc c dbsarvc dbsarvcåæd åæd a c clãjnsa, gcs astas frntî frntîrnds rnds pdufcs vazas sæd cctal talmnm mnmds ds par par  iantcgalta. D dbsarvcmdr pdjçtnfd fcpcz idrgujc assalfncjgalta cs pareultcs suearnmcs ctî cqun pajc ldssc clãjnsa sagâltnfc. Aja pdma nlmcecr, pdr axagpjd, qua pas

 

C Nlijuèlfnc [djçtnfc

=3

sdcs du erupds tèg gcndr nlijuèlfnc sdbra c jaensjcåæd trnbutãrnc, ld Fdlerassd. Agbdrc c masfrnåæd mds gdmajds ma nlijuèlfnc tal`c snmd murclta guntd tagpd cssultd prngdrmncjgalta ma hdrlcjnstcs a `nstdrncmdras, lcs øjtngcs mîfcmcs tnva gds d mascbrdf`cr ma cgpjds asidråds, pajds fnaltnstcs pdjçtnfds, mnrnenmds cd astumd ma snstagcs ma nlijuèlfnc fdlfratds a fdltagpdrâlads, aspafncjgalta ld lçvaj jdfcj65. C gcndrnc massas trcbcj`ds idfcjnzc c nlijuèlfnc gclniastc, gcs cjeuls cutdras dbsarvcrcg c ngpdrtâlfnc mcs racåñas cltafnpcmcs ld prdfassd ajantdrcj, a mc nlijuèlfnc axarfnmc pajds ajantdras a fdltrnbunltas ma fcgpcl`cs ajantdrcns sdbra cs cutdrnmcmas ajantcs. Rafaltagalta, ug massas cutdras60 magdlstrdu qua ag pcrta substclfncj c fdlmutc, ds prdfassds a cs pdjçtnfcs mds fdlerassnstcs ldrta-cgarnfclds pdmag sar axpjnfcmds cmaqucmcgalta pajd masahd ma raajanåæd. Dutrd aspafncjnstc6> magdlstrdu qua cs maspascs md Edvarld Iamarcj, lds Astc mds Qlnmds, cugaltcg earcjgalta lds clds ajantdrcns, a gcns cnlmc lcquajas ag qua `ã ajanåñas pcrc prasnmalta. Astas cugaltds læd sæd cfnmaltcns? rasujtcg ma  prassñas axarfnmcs axarf nmcs pajd prasnmalta prasnm alta ag axarfçf axa rfçfnd, nd, a pajd pcrtnm pc rtnmdd edvarlnstc, fdg d dbhatnvd ma frncr ug fjngc ajantdrcj icvdrãvaj.*  Mniaralåcs  Mniaral åcs lcs Nlijuèl Nlij uèlfncs fncs [dr gcns frucs du ngpariantcs qua sahcg ldsscs dbsarvcåñas, scbagds qua ugc mcs fcrcftarçstnfcs gcns fdguls mds snstagcs pdjçtnfds î c mnstrnbunåæd masn eucj mc nlijuèlfnc. [dr qua assc masneucjmcma4 Cmgntnlmd qua tal`cgds dbsar vcmd a masfrntd d gdmd fdgd c nlijuèlfnc sa mnstrnbun pajds gagbrds ma cjeuls snstagcs pdjçtnfds, fdgd pdmarçcgds axpjnfcr d qua alfdltrcgds4 Ma gdmd earcj, cs mniaralåcs ld lçvaj ma nlijuèlfnc axarfnmc pajcs passdcs pdmag sar ctrn  buçmcs  buçm cs mnratcg mnra tcgalt altaa c très ictdras ictd ras iulmcgal iulmc galtcns. tcns. 3) Mniaralåcs lc mnstrnbunåæd ma rafursds pdjçtnfds. F`cgcgds ma ‚rafursd  pdj  p djçt çtnf nfdd ‗ d gand pajd qucj ugc ug c passdc pdma pdm a nlijualfnc nliju alfncrr d fdgp fd gpdrt drtcg cgal altd td ma dutrc8 mnl`anrd, nlidrgcåæd, cjngaltds, c cgacåc md usd mc idråc, ug agpraed, c cgnzcma, c sntucåæd sdfncj, c `cbnjnmcma jaensjctnvc, atf.

2) Ycrncåñas lc ainfãfnc fdg qua ds nlmnvçmuds uscg saus rafursds pdjçtn fds rasujtcltas ma mniaralåcs ag mdtas, dpdrtulnmcmas a nlfaltnvds pcrc cpralmar a prctnfcr gîtdmds ma cåæd pdjçtnfc. 6) Ycrncåñas lc cgpjntuma md usd ma rafursds fdg dbhatnvds pdjçtnfds. [dr axagpjd8 altra mucs passdcs ma neucj rnquazc, ugc pdma utnjnzcr sau pctrngýlnd sdbratumd pcrc cmqunrnr nlijuèlfnc, a dutrc pcrc tar èxntd lds laeöfnds. Astcs vc rncåñas pdmag sar ctrnbuçmcs c mniaralåcs ma gdtnvcåæd, axparnèlfnc a qucjnin fcåæd. *L.R. -

Ag bdrc læd `chc astumds agp çrnfds lastc ãrac ld Brcsn Brcsnj, j, cpcral taga lta asta iia a lýgald î cnlmc gcns cfaltucmd cqun, `chc vnstd ds cugaltds sufassnvds mastcs maspascs ajantdrcns ag 3>50, 3>02 a 3>09.

 

Clãjnsa [djçtnfc Gdmagc Gdmag c

=2

C RAMA MA FCQVCJNMCMA C Ineurc 1 lds gdstrc c idrgc fdgd cs mniaraltas fcuscs sa altrajcåcg lugc ‚rama ma fcuscjnmcma‗. C clãjnsa mc nlijuèlfnc læd mniara ma dutrcs clãjnsas fcuscns. [dr axagpjd8 fdgd pdmagds axpjnfcr ug nlfèlmnd ijdrastcj4 Va fdlfjuç gds qua idn prdvdfcmd pdr cjeuîg qua cfcgpdu lugc fjcranrc, tarã fcuscmd d nlfèlmnd majnbarcmcgalta4 Ag fcsd cinrgctnvd, pdr qua masahcrnc pýr ided lcquajc ijdrastc4 Va sau ctd idn majnbarcmd, fdgd axpjnfcr c icjtc ma funmcmd fdg qua cenu4 ]arncg `cvnmd dutrcs fcuscs fdgpjagaltcras4 Cs ãrvdras astcrncg axfassnvcgalta rassaqunmcs4 Ag fcsd cinrgctnvd, pdr què4 Fdgd axpjnfcr tcns fdlmnåñas gatadrdjöenfcs4 Astcragds cssnstnlmd c ug fnfjd ma safc ma jdlec murcåæd4 [dr qua cs cutdrnmcmas læd ngpamnrcg ds cfcgpcgaltds, ag tcns fdl mnåñas4 N Mniaralåcs ag c) mdtas  b) axp axparnè arnèlfnc lfnc

qua javcg c

NN Mniaralåcs ag c) rafursds rafursds pdjçtnfds p djçtnfds  b)gdtnvc  b)g dtnvcå6d å6d

qua javcg c NNN Mniaralåcs ag c) `cbnjntcåæd pdjçtnfc

qua javcg c

 b  b)) gamnm ga mnmcc ag qua ds rafursd r afursdss sVd sVd uscmds pcrc cssaeurcr nlijuèlfnc pdjçtnfc

qua pdr suc vaz javcg c Ineurc 1

NY Mniaralåcs ag nlijuèlfnc pdjçtnfc

 Lugc axpjnfcåæd axpj nfcåæd fcuscn idfcjnzcgds idfcjnzcg ds ldssc ldss c ctalåæd ctal åæd lds cspaftds cspa ftds qua gcns mapalmag ma ldssds dbhatnvds a nltarassas. A pdssçvaj qua masahagds fdgpraal mar pdr qua cs passdcs qua iczag cfcgpcgaltd sa masfunmcg md ided, lc aspa rclåc ug prdercgc ma raeujcgaltcåæd, du ma chumcr mac qua pravalåæd mds nlfèlmnds ijdrastcns. [dma sarnlidrgcåæd qua ldssd pøbjnfc, nltarassapdssc sahc matargnlcr ma qua gdmd cs cutdrnmcmas ijdrastcns pdmag pravalnr ds nlfèlmnds, du altæd nlijunr ld tagpd ‚bdgbcrmaclmd‗ luvals lcs îpdfcs gcns safcs. Va c clãjnsa fcuscn lds axnenssa c nmaltninfcåæd fdgpjatc mcs fcuscs alvdjvnmcs, sarnc ngpdssçvaj targnlcr ldssc tcraic. D gasgd cfdltafa fdg clãjnsa mc nlijuèlfnc. Ldssds nltarassas î qua ma targnlcg d pdltd ag qua lds matagds ld prdfassd clcjçtnfd. Ydjtclmd c fdlsn marcr c Ineurc =, taragds nltarassa prngdrmncj ag axpjnfcr cs fdlsaqúèlfncs (m) mcs cåñas md prasnmalta du cs pröprncs cåñas (b) a (f)4 Lc prnganrc `npötasa,  

C Nlijuèlfnc [djçtnfc

=6

idfcjnzcragds ag prnganrd pjcld d pcpaj md prasnmalta (fdg c nmînc ma qua  pdm  pdmara aragds gds trcl ass cs mafnsñas pjanta crc ug öreæd nlmap nlmag apal alma malt lta) a) du d u d cs rajcf rajcfndlc ndlc galtd altratrclsia astasiarnr arnr ds asscs prdmutdras mapcrc (palsclmd raeujcgaltcr fdltrn  bunåñas  bunåñ as pcrc pcr c cs fcg fcgpcl` pcl`cs cs ajantdrcns)4 ajantdrcns) 4 Cjtarlc Cjt arlctnvc tnvcgal galta, ta, ldssd nltarassa pdmarã pdm arã faltrcjnzcr-sa ld astumd ma fdgd fartcs masneucjmcmas ma rafursds, `cbnjntcåñas a nlfaltnvds javcg c mafnsñas qua raidråcg cs masneucjmcmas sdfncns. [dmag `cvar cnlmc dutrds cspaftds qua lds nltarasscg prngdrmncjgalta. [dr axagpjd8 sa qunsargds axpjnfcr pdr qua fartcs passdcs qua tdgcg mafnsñas edvarlcgaltcns, fdgd d prasnmalta, idrgujcg sucs mafnsñas, pdmarçcgds axcgn lcr ds aiantds ma8 Vaus ctucns vcjdras, ctntumas, axpaftctnvcs, nlidrgcåñas. Vaus vcjdras a sucs ctntumas, fralåcs, nmadjdencs, astruturc ma parsdlcjnmcma a pramnspdsnåñas cltarndras, du gcns iulmcgaltcns. D prdfassd ma sajaåæd, rafrutcgaltd du cfassd qua pargnta c csfalsæd mas scs passdcs ës pdsnåñas qua dfupcg. Cs raercs mafnsörncs qua cmdtcg? cs astruturcs pdjçtnfcs a d snstagc fdlstn tufndlcj. Cs dutrcs nlstntunåñas mc sdfnamcma ”cs astruturcs afdlýgnfcs, sdfncns, rajnendscs, fujturcns a amufcfndlcns qua javcg ë mnstrnbunåæd mds prnlfnpcns ra fursds. C fujturc pravcjafalta, ag aspafncj c fujturc pdjçtnfc. Ds cfdltafngaltds `nstörnfds qua nlijualfncrcg c fujturc, cs nlstntunåñas, astruturcs, atf. Nlmubntcvajgalta, ugc axpjnfcåæd fdgpjatc mcs rajcåñas ma nlijuèlfnc lug snstagc pdjçtnfd prdfurcrnc masfravar a axpjnfcr ds aiantds ctrnbuçvans c tdmds assas cspaftds mc rama ma fcuscåæd sdfncj, a dutrds cnlmc. Astc, fdltumd,

sarnc ugc tcraic tæd nlealta qua pdmarnc sarvnr fdgd prdercgc ma trcbcj`d mds fnaltnstcs sdfncns pör guntcs earcåñas. Altragaltas, î ngpdrtclta aspafninfcr ds cspaftds qua astcgds fdlsnmarclmd. Frnc-sa guntc fdliusæd a fdltrdvîrsnc qucl md ds clcjnstcs idfcjnzcg cspaftds mniaraltas mc rajcåæd fcuscn ma pdmar sag axpjnfcr fjcrcgalta qucns ds aiantds qua masahcg avnmalfncr. Guntc frçtnfc ma muvnmdsc rajavâlfnc sa bcsanc lc cssartnvc ma qua d pasqunscmdr sdfncj cbdrmdu ug cspaftd ‚aqunvdfcmd‗, du læd idrlafau ugc axpjnfcåæd ‚fdgpjatc‗. “ 'D prdbjagc læd astã ag qua d pdmar tag mucs icfas, ag vaz ma ugc sö fdgd cinrgcg cjeuls cutdras=;, du gasgd qua d løgard ma sucs icfas sahc, très=3 trè s=3.. Lc varmcma, d qua cfdltaf cfd ltafaa î qua `ã ug løga lø gard rd nlmainln nlm ainlnmd md ma vçlfu vçl fujds jds▫▫ frçtnfds lc fcmanc ma fcuscåæd, a pdrtcltd ug løgard nlmainlnmd ma ‚icfas‗ md pdmar=2.  TT 

 C  Cuu td tdll dg nc a cs Fc Fcusc uscss [rngdrmncns D fdgpjagaltd jöenfd mc nlijuèlfnc î c cutdldgnc. Lc gamnmc ag qua C nlijualfnc B c raspantd ma ug cssultd P, B parma c cutdldgnc fdg rajcåæd c C, ld qua fdlfarla c P. Fdlvarscgalta, B î cutýldgd fdg rajcåæd c C, ld qua

 

==

Clãjnsa [djçtnfc Gdmarlc

mnz raspantd c P, lc gamnmc ag qua C læd nlijualfnc c fdlmutc du cs nltalåñas ma B, ld tdfclta ëquaja pdltd.  Lug snstagc nsdjcmd, a fdg fdgpcrc pcrctnvcg tnvcgalta alta paq paqual uald, d, pdm pdmagd agdss masfd masfdbrnr brnr ctdras qua sæd cutýldgds ag rajcåæd c tdmds ds magcns ctdras lds cssultds ma ngpdrtâlfnc iulmcgaltcj. Astas fdlstntunrncg cs fcuscs prngdrmncns ”d qua fdl snmarcgds fdgd ‚ds faltrds ma pdmar‗, d ‚erupd mnrnealta‗, c ‚astruturc ma pd mar‗, atf. Gcs, lds snstagcs gcndras, qua læd sæd nsdjcmds, î mniçfnj nmaltninfcr asscs fcuscs prngdrmncns? ës vazas à ngpdssçvaj. Cs fcmancs ma fcuscåæd sa astal mag nlmainlnmcgalta ld aspcåd a ld tagpd, nlfjunlmd sagpra dutrds ctdras, qua nlijualfncg ctdras, qua pdr suc vaz nlijualfncg ctdras... cm nlinlntug.  nlinlntug.  Lastas fcsds, c rama ma fcuscåæd î ug ulnvarsd qua sa axpclma sag fasscr. ▫Caxpclsnbnjnmcma nlmainlnmc mcs ramas ma fcuscåæd frnc prdbjagcs læd sö "pcrc ë clãjnsa mc nlijuèlfnc gcs tcgbîg pcrc c clãjnsa ma guntds snstagcs fcuscns lc lcturazc a lc sdfnamcma? Lc prãtnfc, tcltd lc clãjnsa pdjçtnfc fdgd lcs fnèl fncs lcturcns, astã Axpclsnbnjnmcma nlmainlnmc sö pdma sar cbdrmcmc pajc aspafnin fcåædd majnbarcmc mds jngntas md snstagc pajd qucj lds nltarasscgds. [dma sar suin fcåæ fnalta pcrc lös scbar qua, ld fdlfarlalta ë gcndrnc mds cspaftds rajcfndlcmds fdg d trcbcj`d ma Hdæd, [amrd fdltrdjc Gcrnc, qua fdltrdjc Hdæd. Fdg rajcåæd c dutrds cspaftds, pdrîg, pdmagds prafnscr scbar quag fdltrdjc [amrd. Fartcs nltarpratcåñas fdlijntnvcs fdltnmcs ag mniaraltas clãjnsas md pdmar surea sur eag g pdrqua ctdras du nlstntunåñas vn vnstds stds ffdgd dgd cutý cutýldgd ldgds, s, axarfalmd nlijuèl fnc sdbra dutrds ctdras maltrd ma ug fartd subsnstagc, pdmag sar nltarpratcmds fdgd salmd læd-cutýldgds a rajctnvcgalta galds nlijualtas fdg raspantd c

ctdras du nlstntunåñas qua pdmag sar nlfjuçmds lug snstagc gcns cgpjd. Astc ‚raerassæd‗ lc jdfcjnzcåæd mcs fcuscs prngdrmncns î gcns vnsçvaj lds snstagcs  pdjçtnf  pd jçtnfds ds `narã `narãrqu rqunfds nfds tcns fdgd ug ugcc ulnm ulnmcma cma gn gnjntcr, jntcr, ugc bur burdfr dfrcfnc cfnc edvarlc galtcj, ugc inrgc, du ugc mntcmurc. Lastas snstagcs, cs cutdrnmcmas ma lçvaj  pdufd  pdu fd ajavcmd sæd cut cutýld ýldgc gcss fdg rajcåæd cds saus su subdrm bdrmnlcmd nlcmds? s? g gcs cs sa subd subdr r mnlcg cds suparndras. ; prdfassd ma ‚raerassæd‗ f`aec cd ing fdg d fdlhultd mds suparndras qua dfupcg ‚d fuga‗. Lcturcjgalta, d ‚fuga‗ ma ugc `narcr qunc pcrtnfujcr pdma læd sar fdgpjatcgalta cutýldgd8 ds dinfncns fdgclmcltas ma ugc fdrpdrcåæd pdmag sar nlijualfncmds pajd gnlnstrd mc Maiasc, qua pdr suc vaz î nlijualfncmd pajd prasnmalta mc Rapøbjnfc, qua rafaba c nlijuèlfnc ma... atf. Fdgd vagds, d edvarld a c dreclnzcåæd sdfncj, lug Astcmd lcfndlcj, sæd guntö gcns fdgpjaxds md qua ds snstagcs `narãrqunfds sngpjas, ma qua mã axag  pjd ug ugcc ulnm ulnmcma cma gnjntcr gnjntcr.. [dr nssd cs ‚‚fcuscs fcuscs prng prnganrcs anrcs‗‗ sæd gcns mmniçfans niçfans ma jdf jdfc c jnzcr ”infcgds gasgd sag scbar sa axnstag. Ma cfdrmd fdg c tadrnc gcrxnstc, lcs sdfnamcmas fcpntcjnstcs c fjcssa fcpntcjnstc mdgnlc ulnjctarcjgalta c prdmu åæd. Lasta saltnmd, ajc pdma sar fdlsnmarcmc ugc ‚fcusc prngdrmncj‗4 Gcs asta î ug pdstujcmd taörnfd, du ugc `npötasa? læd î ugc masfrnåæd pariantcgalta varn infcmc mds Astcmds lcfndlcns fdltagpdrâlads læd-sdfncjnstcs, fdg edvarlds ‚magdfrãtnfds‗. Ma cfdrmd fdg c tadrnc magdfrãtnfc, lcs magdfrcfncs d pdvd fdlstntun c ‚fcusc prnganrc‗. Gcs pdufds clcjnstcs pdjçtnfds fdlsnmarcrncg astc

 

C Nlijuèlfnc [djçtnfc

=1

ugcvarmcma, masfrnåæd md snstagc ctucj qucjquar lcfndlcj.  Lc varmcm a, ldssctnsictörnc snstagcs qua læd sædpdjçtnfd as astrn trntcg tcgal alta ta ma `narãrqun `narã rqunfds, fds,Astcmd gcs iulfndlcg iulf ndlcg fdg guntds fdltrdjas gøtuds, læd `ã gdtnvd pcrc supdr qua axnstcg ‚fcuscs  prngan  prn ganrcs‗ rcs‗ .

N@/QIF

 

FC[N]QJD NY CV IDRGCV MA NLIJQÈLFNC Raiarnlmd-sa cd prasnmalta ma ugc Fdgnssæd md Fdlerassd, ug fdlerassns tc mnssa8 ‚Læd uscrnc d targd  pdmardsd.   Mnrnc cltas nlijualta.  @ã ugc mniaral åc‗=6.

Ma ictd, ds targds nlijuèlfnc, pdmar, cutdrnmcma  a fdltrdja suearag saltn mds mniaraltas. Cjeugcs vazas asscs mniaralåcs sæd sutns, mniçfans ma parfabar. C jnleuceag mc pdjçtnfc, a mc clãjnsa pdjçtnfc, î, ag erclma pcrta, vcec, pdufd lç tnmc, cgbçeuc. Fdltumd, c clãjnsa pdjçtnfc infcrnc gcns pdbra sa iýssagds dbrnecmds c uscr cpalcs d saltnmd ealîrnfd md targd nlijuèlfnc.  Guntcs ngpjnfcåñas pcrtnfujcras tarncg qua sar neldrcmcs, sa c clãjnsa pdjçtnfc læd mnstnleunssa cs mniaraltas idr gcs ma nlijuèlfnc. Fdlsnmaragds, pdr axagpjd, fdgd cs mniaralåcs ma saltnmd cmqunrag ng  pdrtâl  pdr tâlfnc fnc frufncj last lastcs cs mucs sntucåñas8 ‚Iczalmd-ga fdlsfnalta md gau tcjaltd gusnfcj, gnl`c prdiassdrc ma gø snfc nlspnrdu-ga c ga tdrlcr ug fdgpdsntdr? pdr nstd j`a mavd atarlc erctnmæd.‗ ‚Cgacåclmd gctcr-ga fdg c pnstdjc qua alfdstdu lc gnl`c fcbaåc, d jc mræd ga dbrnedu c j`a mcr c fdgbnlcåæd md fdira, iurtclmd cs afdldgncs ma tdmc c gnl`c vnmc.‗ ]agds cç mdns axagpjds ma nlijuèlfnc,   ld saltnmd ealîrnfd md targd. Gcs `ã ugc prdiulmc mniaralåc altra ajas. Agbdrc sahc ngpdrtclta iczar mnstnlåñas, nstd læd snelninfc qua pdmagds iczè-jcs sngpjasgalta astnpujclmd ug fartd løgard ma mainlnåñas==. D tagc mas ta Fcpçtujd î d snelninfcmd ” d cspaftd sagâltnfd mc clãjnsa. Ma ictd, mavnmd ë lafassnmcma ma fdgulnfcr ug saltnmd lc clãjnsa pdjçtnfc, cs dbrcs qua trclsgn tag c fdgpraalsæd ötngc md pdmar a mc nlijuèlfnc ag sntucåñas fdlfratcs sæd guntcs vazas gnlufndscs, masfrntnvcs, sutns, agpraeclmd ug vdfcbujãrnd vcrncmd a gctnzcmd. Lasta Fcpçtujd idfcjnzcragds cs idrgcs ma nlijuèlfnc qua sæd ngpdr tcltas pcrc lös. Cs mnstnlåñas qua trcåcrgds lds chumcræd c altalmar c nlijuèl fnc,  agbdrc c masfrnåæd cmaqucmc ma ug snstagc pdjçtnfd fdgpjaxd, fdgd ugc fdgulnmcma jdfcj, cqun agpraecmds. agpraecmd s. raquanrc jnleuceag mnsfrngnlctnvc qua axfama ds fdlfantds

NU/N/IF  

=0 Clãjnsa [djçtnfc Gdmarlc  Nlijuèlf  Nlij uèlfnc nc [dsntnvc a Laectnvc C rajcåæd ealîrnfc mainlnmc ld Fcpçtujd cltarndr rafaba ugc vcrnamcma ma ldgas ” nlijuèlfnc, nlijuèlfnc, fdltrdja, pdmar   a cutdrnmcma.  Fdgd c pcjcvrc nlijuèlfnc sa chustc gdmarcmcgalta bag cd usd drmnlãrnd, prdpdl`d-ga c usã-jc fdgd d ld ga massc rajcåæd earcj. Hã vngds qua î pdssçvaj mnstnleunr c nlijuèlfnc ngpjçfntc  a c axpjçfntc   du rafdl `afar astc mnstnlåæd, manxan manxan ma galfndlcr galfnd lcr ug cspaftd mc nl gclniastc.  Cd rafdl`afar ijuèlfnc qua pdmarnc pcrafar clýgcjd. [crc matargnlcr sa C nlijualfnc B, d fdfantd axpdstd ld øjtngd Fcpçtujd læd axnea axnea axpjnfntcgalta qua B prafn prafnsa sa raspdl

mar ma gdmd icvdrãvaj cds masahds ma C=1. Nstd î, ag earcj, cmgntnmd ngpjnfntc galta. Cjeugcs vazas, pdrîg, pdma-sa quarar masfravar axagpjds ma nlijuèlfnc laectnvc ” nstd î, fcsds ag qua C javc B c raspdlmar fdltrc  ds masahds ma C, a læd ma cfdrmd fdg ajas. Hã sa fdgaltdu pdr axagpjd, qua, cd frntnfcr d [jcld Gcrs`cjj, Vtcjnl chumdu c suc cprdvcåæd pajd Fdlerassd ldrta-cgarnfcld. Drmnlcrncgalta astcgds nltarasscmds lc nlijuèlfnc pdsntnvc, du fdltrdja. Cs vãrncs idrgcs ma fdltrdja læd cprasaltcg irdltanrcs lçtnmcs? ajcs sa iulmag. Læd î pdssçvaj nlmnfcr ug pdltd prafnsd, ld fdltnluug  axnstalta, ag qua ugc sa trclsidrga lc dutrc. Fdgd asta î ug prdbjagc qua cpcrafa ag ugc vcstc ecgc mc nlvastnecåæd pdjçtnfc a sdfncj, læd masahd cfaltuã-jd cqun, pdr læd sar aspafçin fd mc clãjnsa mc nlijuèlfnc.

Ds Gands ma Nlijuèlf Nlijuèlfnc nc [dr mainlnåæd, C fdltrdjc B sa ds masahds ma C prdvdfcg ugc cjtarcåæd lc fdlmutc du lcs pramnspdsnåñas ma B. Cs mniaralåcs lds gands gamnclta ds qucns c fdlmutc du cs praiarèlfncs ma B sæd cjtarcmcs tèg ngpdrtclta snelninfcåæd. Ydj tagds c fdlsnmarcr ds axagpjds mcmds cltarndrgalta. [crc chumcr d cjuld c par fabar suc pdtalfncjnmcma fdgd fdgpdsntdr, c prdiassdrc ma gøsnfc sa bcsadu lc fdgulnfcåæd ma nlidrgcåñas qua ciatcrcg suc parfapåæd mcs cjtarlctnvcs axns taltas, gdmninfclmd cssng sucs cåñas du pramnspdsnåñas. D jcmræd, pdrîg, cjtardu cs cjtarlctnvcs mc vçtngc. Drmnlcrncgalta, quclmd C gumc cs cjtarlctnvcs ma B, prdfurcrã iczar fdg qua B parfabc astc gumclåc. Va B læd parfabar c gumclåc, suc fdgpraalsæd mcs fnrfulstâlfncs læd sa gdmninfcrã, a c cåæd masahcmc pdr C pdmarã læd dfdrrar. Ës vazas, pdrîg, C pdma ciatcr c fdgpraalsæd mc sntucåæd, pdr B, axfjusnvcgalta  pdrr gand mc trclsgnssæd  pd trclsg nssæd ma nlidrg nl idrgcåñas. cåñas. C ircsa ‚Funmcmd! ‚F unmcmd! Asta ind astã ajatrni a jatrnin n fcmd!‗ sarã suinfnalta pcrc ciatcr c fdlmutc ma B, sa B læd tnl`c ldtcmd d ind fcçmd ld f`æd. Cs cjtarlctnvcs pargclafag cs gasgcs8 B pdma prastcr ctalåæd cd ind, a avntcr d parned, du læd j`a mcr ngpdrtâlfnc, a fdrrar d rnsfd. Ld fcsd, C læd gdmninfdu astcs cjtarlctnvcs? sö gumdu suc parfapåæd pdr B, gamnclta c sø  bntc fdgulnfcåæd fdgul nfcåæd ma tranlcmc ugc nlidrgc nlidpcrc rgcåæd åæd ma ngpdrt ngpgcns drtâlfn âlfnc frçtnf frçtnfc. c.cutdgctnfcgalta Ld fcsd axtrag axt ragd, d,c sa ugc passdc hã idn raspdlmar duc galds astçgujdss aspafçinfds - ugc drmag, astçgujd drma g, du ugc sdjnfntcåæd ”d cspaftd mc fdgulnfdguln-

 

Cs Idrgcs ma Nlijuèlfnc

=>

fcåæd qua prdvdfc c cåæd ma B læd prafnscrã nlidrgcr tcgbîg sdbra ds prègnds. B raspdlma sngpjasgalta mc gclanrc qua cpralmau fdgd salmd cprdprncmc c ug snlc sn lcjj du astçgujd pcrtnfujcr. Fdgd î lcturcj, lc prãtnfc ugc rajcåæd ma nlijuèlfnc pdma mapalmar ma ugc fdgbnlcåæd massas mniaraltas gands. Læd dbstclta, pcrc ajufnmcr cs mniaral åcs frçtnfcs axnstaltas altra ds pdssçvans gands ma nlijuèlfnc, sarã øtnj mnstnleunr altra astas md gdmd cmnclta nlmnfcmd. C nlijuèlfnc pdr gand mc fdgulnfcåæd tranlcgaltd.   Cqua qua fdlsnsta ag ug snlcj pdma sar f`cgcmc ma fdltrdja pajd tranlcgaltd.

jc qua sa bcsanc ag fdgulnfcåñas qua trclsgntag nlidrgcåæd (fdrratc du læd) sdbra cs vcltceals a masvcltceals ma cåñas cjtarlctnvcs pdma sar f`cgcmc ma par ma par sucsæd. C sucsæd.  C nlijuèlfnc pdr gands qua fcuscg ugc gdmninfcåæd lc lcturazc mcs prö  prncs cjtarlctnv cjtar lctnvcs, cs, cfrasfalt cfras faltclmd-j clmd-j`as `as ugc vcltceag vcltce ag du ugc masvcltceag, pdma sar f`cgcmc ma nlmuåæd (nlmufagalt). C parsucsæd a c nlmuåæd fdlstntuag fctaedrncs guntd cgpjcs. Fcmc ugc majcs fdltîg subtnpds fdg mniaralåcs prãtnfcs a gdrcns tæd erclmas qua suc mns tnlåæd tag snmd cfaltucmc masma Vöfrctas, ag tdmcs cs gdmcjnmcmas ma clãjnsa  pdjçt  pd jçtnf nfc, c, sahc suc èlicsa prngcrnc prng crncgal galta ta agpçrnf agp çrnfc, c, ldrgctnv ldrg ctnvc, c, sagâltnfc sagâl tnfc du ma pd p d jçtnfcs jçtnf cs c saeunr. saeunr. FDL]RDJA [AJD ]RANLCGAL]D Qgc prassupdsnåæd fdgug î c ma qua d cpralmnzcmd dfdrra (axfjusnvc galta du læd) gamnclta d raidråd ma cåñas pcrtnfujcras, pdr gand ma prègnds. Ma cfdrmd fdg asta pdltd ma vnstc, cs raspdstcs `cbntucns sæd cs qua idrcg dbha td ma raidråd sctnsictörnd ld pcsscmd. [drtcltd, d fdltrdja pajd tranlcgaltd marn vcrnc mc parsucsæd a mc nlmuåæd cltarndras. Fdltumd, sa B idr tranlcmd, c parsuc sæd a c nlmuåæd sa tdrlcræd maslafassãrncs, axfatd pcrc ldvd raidråd du ratranlcgaltd lcga ltd dfcsndlc dfcsndlcj.j. Fdgd d parçdmd nlnfncj ma tranlcgaltd axnea parsucsæd a nlmuåæd, d fdl trdja pajd tranlcgaltd tag d sau fustd. Qgc vaz fdgpjatcmd d tranlcgaltd, as ta fustd î guntd ramuznmd, fdlsnstnlmd cpalcs lc fdgulnfcåæd mds snlcns lafas sãrnds. Cjîg mnssd, ugc jcrec prdpdråæd md fustd md fdltrdja pajd tranlcgaltd fcba læd cd ctdr qua axarfa fdltrdja, gcs ës ulnmcmas sdfncns pajcs qucns d nlmn vçmud cmqunrnu suc `cbntucåæd a sdfncjnzcåæd ”c icgçjnc, c asfdjc, d cgbnalta ma trcbcj`d, atf. Fdgd î ngpdssçvaj f`aecr c cmujtd sag masalvdjvar raspdstcs `cbntucns, axnsta ag tdmc sdfnamcma ug ajagaltd fdlsnmarãvaj ma fdltrdja pajd tranlcgal td. [dma sar tcgbîg qua `chc tcj ajagaltd lc gcndr pcrta mcs rajcåñas ma nl ijuèlfnc murcmdurcs. ]rctc-sa, sag møvnmc, ma ugc idrgc ubçquc ma nlijuèlfnc. C [ARVQCVÆD. [ARVQCVÆD RCFNDLCJ Qgc idrgc ma parsucsæd qua î guntcs vazas axagpjninfcmc fdgd masahãvaj sa icz gamnclta c fdgulnfcåæd rcfndlcj ”ug asidråd axntdsd, pdr C, ma iczar 

 

1;

Clãjnsa [djçtnfc Gdmarlc

fdg qua B sahc fcpcz ma fdgpraalmar suc sntucåæd ‚varmcmanrc‗, pdr gand ma nl rcfndlcj)  idrgcåæd varçmnfc. C parsucsæd pajc fdgulnfcåæd rcfndlcj (parsucsæd rcfndlcj)  astã ma cfdrmd fdg c nlhulåæd gdrcj ma Oclt, saeulmd c qucj mavagds sagpra trctcr ds dutrds saras `ugclds fdgd inls ag sn gasgds, læd fdgd gands pcrc cj

eug ing. C asta prdpösntd, cjeugcs passdcs pdmarncg dbhatcr ë fdlfapåæd mc  parsucsædd rcfndlcj fdgd ug tnpd  parsucsæ tnp d ma nlijuèl nlijuèlfnc. fnc. Fd Fdltu ltumd md,, ajc d î, fdgd fdg d cjeuls axagpjds magdlstrcræd. pravnla sau pcfnalta8 ‚Vatard fâlfar sal`dr pujgdlcr‗. læd manxcr Qg ma iugcr très gcådsQg pdr gîmnfd mnc fdrrarã ug rnsfd ajavcmd ma cmvdecmd cfdlsaj`c d fjnalta8 ‚Lc gnl`c dpnlnæd, sa d sal`dr javcr asta fcsd cd trnbulcj, c saltalåc j`a sarã masicvdrãvaj‗. Qg crquntatd axpjnfc8 ‚Vnltd guntd, gcs inz ug dråcgaltd mc fcsc qua d sal`dr quar fdlstrunr, a varninquan qua ujtrcpcsscrnc d jn gnta inlclfanrd qua astnpujdu‗. Ag fcmc fcsd, sa d fjnalta raspdlmar javclmd ag fdltc c ldvc nlidrgcåæd rafabnmc, d gîmnfd, d cmvdecmd a d crquntatd d taræd iantd cenr ma gdmd mniaralta md qua talmarnc c cenr cltas. Ag targds ma nlijuèl fnc, ds fnc,  ds masahds massas prdinssndlcns tarncg ciatcmd c fdlmutc du cs pramnspdsnåñas mds saus fdlsujaltas.  Læd î sag rczæd qua asfdj`n axagpj axagpjds ds rajctnvds cd rajc rajcfnd fndlcg lcgalt altdd altra  prdinssndlcns a saus fjnaltas.dsMaprdinssndlcns ict ictd, d, ds fömneds ma îtnfc îtnf c nlidrgcåñas prdinss prdinssndlcns ndlcns qua axneag qua, lassa rajcfndlcgaltd, sö trclsgntcg sa  hcg  hc g varmcmanrcs, varm cmanrcs, ag ttdm dmcc c gamnmc md sau fd fdl`a l`afng fngalt altd. d.

C [ARVQCVÆD GCLN[QJC]NYC C parsucsæd rcfndlcj raprasaltc ugc mcs idrgcs gcns purcs ma fdgulnfc åæd rcfndlcj. Gcs `ã guntcs gdmcjnmcmas masdlastcs ma fdgulnfcåæd, ag qua c nltalåæd læd î trclsgntnr nlidrgcåæd nlfdrratc. C parsucsæd pdma sar majnbarcmc galta alecldsc8 C prdfurc parsucmnr B c cenr læd pdr gand md idrlafngaltd ma nlidrgcåæd fdrratc sdbra ma quagclnpujctnvc mnspña, gcs quclmd gamnclta gclnpu gclnpujctnvc quclmd C cnlijualfnc jcåæd md altalmngaltd ma cs B. cjtarlctnvcs Dfdrra parsucsæd B pdr gand ma fdgulnfcåæd qua majnbarcmcgalta mnstdrfa, icjsninfc du dgnta cs  paftds  paf tds mc varmcma fdl`a fdl`afnmds fnmds pdr C, a qua, sa tcgbîg tcg bîg idssag fdl`afnm fdl` afnmds ds pdr  B, ciatcrncg ma idrgc ngpdrtclta suc mafnsæd. Cd fdltrãrnd mc parsucsæd rcfndlcj, c gclnpujctnvc vndjc d ngparctnvd gd rcj ma Oclt8 cs passdcs sæd trctcmcs læd fdgd inls, pdrîg fdgd gands, nlstru galtds du suhantds sag cutdldgnc. Agbdrc sa astnga, ma gdmd earcj, qua asta tnpd ma parsucsæd dfupc pdsnåæd atnfcgalta nliarndr cd mc parsucsæd rcfndlcj, læd î nlfdgug qua prdpdsnåñas injdsöinfcs du nmadjöenfcs hustninquag gands nl trnlsafcgalta gcus pcrc f`aecr c inls ldbras. Cssng, [jctæd rafdgalmdu d usd mc parsucsæd pdjçtnfds gclnpujctnvc pcrc astcbajafar suc cfdgpcl`crcg Rapøbjnfc=9. Ctrcvîs mc `nstörnc, gdvngaltds mc asquarmc a mc mnrantc ds pcssds ma [jc tæd. Idn cssng qua d prasnmalta Rnf`crm Lnxdl a saus cssassdras hustninfcrcg suc fdlmutc ld ‚fcsd Uctarecta‗.

 

Cs Idrgcs ma Nlijuèlfnc  C Nl mu åæ d

13

Guntcs vazas, Guntcs vazas, q uclm uclmdd C masahc masahc fdltrdjcr B fdg raspantd c ug matarg nlcmd asfdpd ma ctnvnmcma, læd bcstc qua fdgulnqua nlidrgcåæd (varmcmanrc du icjsc) sdbra cs cjtarlctnvcs ma cåæd ma B. Qg agpraecmdr qua pravnla sau agpraecmd ma qua sa asta altrcr ag erava sdirarã masfdltds ld scjãrnd, astcrã ldrgcjgalta mnzalmd c va varmcma, rmcma, gcs d agpraecmd pdmarã p dmarã praiarnr altrcr ag er erava ava.. D agpraec mdr pdmarã taltcr gclnpujcr c parfapåæd md ‚Va agpraecmd pdr gand ma gancs-varmcmas, du ctî gasgd ma galtnrcs fdgpjatcs8 vdfè altrcr ag erava parmarã d agpraed‗. Cnlmc cssng d agpraecmd pdma cf`cr qua sau scjãrnd î guntd bcnxd, ulnlmd-sa cds fdgpcl`anrds lugc erava fdg d dbhatnvd ma cugaltã-jd. D ag  prae  pr aecm cmdr dr p dmar dm arãã prai pr aiar arnr nr,, a l tæd tæ d , av avntc ntcrr c erava erav a mc mclm lmdd-j`a j`ass ug cu g al td, td , ma g dmd dm d c nlmuznr ds agpraecmds c pargclafarag ld trcbcj`d. D agpraecmdr nlijualfnc d agpraecmd cjtarclmd c lcturazc mcs mcs pröprncs cjtarlctnvcs cjtarlctnvcs ” tdrl clm d g gcns cns ctrcalta c asfdj`c ma fdltnlucr ld trcbcj`d. Fdgpcrctnvcgalta ë parsucsæd rcfndlcj, qua î fdlsnmarcmc ma gdmd earcj ug bdg prdfassd ma nlijuèlfnc, a ë parsucsæd gclnpujctnvc, cgpjcgalta fdlma lcmc, agbdrc jcrecgalta prctnfcmc, c nlijuèlfnc pdr gand ma prègnds læd cpra saltc fcrcftarçstnfc gdrcj pdsntnvc du laectnvc. Sucsa tdmd d gulmd fdlsnmarc nlmuåæd fdgd bbdc dc ag cje cjeugcs ugcs ssntucåña ntucåñas s a gã ag dutrcs. du trcs. [crc pdmar hujecr ssaa ugc agpraecmdr astã cenlmd bag cd diarafar c sa saus us agpraecmds ug cu cuga galtd ltd sc scjc jcrnc rncj, j,  pcrc  pc rc avntc av ntcrr c erava, erav a, du sa ug u g ag agpr prae aecm cmdd icz ba bag g ag cfa cfantã ntã-jd -jd,, praf pr afns nscr crçc çcg g ds cl clc c jnscr c sntucåæd ag sn gasgc maltrd ma ugc parspaftnvc söfnd-pdjçtnfc? prafnsc rçcgds ma ugc nmadjdenc, du injdsdinc pdjçtnfc, qua lds massa bcsa pcrc f`aecr c ug hujecgalt hujecgaltd. d. ; [D [DMAR  MAR  Fdg raspantd cds dutrds tnpds ma nlijuèlfnc pdr nlmuåæd, fdltumd, c quas tæd îtnfc î gcn gcnss ceumc, ceumc, gcns mnratc. mnratc. Ycgds supdr, pdr axagpjd, qua ug agpraec mdr cinrga8 ‚Qgc erava vndjc d fdltrctd qua c agprasc tag fdg d snlmnfctd. Va vdfès altrcrag ag era erava va,, rafdrraran ë Hustnåc, a maltrd ma ltrd ma vnlta a qu ctrd ``drcs drcs as as  tcræd tdmds tdm ds prasds‗ . Ycgds cmgntnr, tcgb îg, qua astc cinrgctnvc sa sahc hc varmcma varmcman n rc. Drc, alqu alqucltd cltd ld axagp axagpjd jd cltarndr c praiarèlfnc md agpraecmd idn gdmninfc gdm ninfc mc pajd cfrîsfn cfrîsfngd gd ma ug c cjtarlctn cjtarlctnvc, vc, gamnclta nlmuåæd pdsntnvc, pdsntnvc, las lasta ta axagpjd d agpra a gpraecmdr ecmdr gdmninfc gd mninfc ug ugcc ccjtarlctnvc jtarlctnvc axnstalta ”al ”altrc trcrr ag er erav avaa ”, ”, cfra cfrasfa sfalltclmd-j`a c parspaftnvc ma pulnåæd savarc. F`cgcgds ag earcj c nlijuèlfnc masta tnpd,, ag qua `ã sclåñas ssava tnpd avarc rcss pcrc d læd-fug prngal prngaltd, td, ma pd  p d m ar =5. Î pdssçvaj qua ds gagbrds mc Fdgnssæd ma Gands tnvassag ag galta astc fdlfapåæd md pdmar quclmd laecrcg qua Unjbur Gnjjs, sau prasnmalta, tnvassa ‚pdmar‗ sdbra ajas8 ‚[dmar ”quar mnzar, nlijuèlfnc4 Ld saltnmd ma nlijuèl fnc4 Fdlfdrmd fdg nssd. Aja tag fdlsnmarcåæd pajd gagbrd

 

12

Clãjnsa [djçtnfc Gdmarlc

 p d ma rd sd .‗   gcns ldvd, fdgd pajd gcns cltned. [dr nstd aja î pd  pdma mard rdsd sd..   Mnrnc cltas nlijualta.   @ã ‚Læd uscrnc d targd  pd ugc mniaralåc. [dmarnc fdgpcrã-jd fdg... Fcrj Ynlsdl. Fcrj tn l`c pdmar a d uscvc? læd tnl`c gamd ma usã-jd. Gnjjs î mniaral ta. Aja tag nlijuèlfnc. Læd quard mnzar ‚nlijuèlfnc‗ ld saltnmd ma qua icz ‚trãinfd ma nlijuèlfnc‗. Læd sa trctc ma ‚tdgc jã,

ga mã fã‗a ... fdlsaeua sagpra ulnr cs passdcs. Edzc guntd raspantd, tagAja nlijuèlfnc=0.‗ Vcbar axctcgalta d qua fdlstntun ugc parmc du prnvcåæd ‚savarc‗ î cjed crbntrãrnd. D qua fdlsnmarcgds ‚savard‗ mapalma mc ldssc axparnèlfnc, fujturc, fdlmnåñas, atf. Fdltumd, prdvcvajgalta altra tdmds ds pdvds a ag tdmcs cs îpd fcs d axçjnd, c prnsæd a c gdrta idrcg sagpra tnmds fdgd pulnåñas savarcs. [dr tcltd, quag pdma ngpdr tcns palcjnmcmas mava sar ngpdrtclta. Ma ictd, d Astcmd sö sa mnstnleua ma dutrds snstagcs pdjçtnfds lc gamnmc ag qua tag èxntd lc suc ranvnlmnfcåæd md mnrantd axfjusnvd ma matargnlcr cs fdlmnåñas ag qua cs palcjn mcmas savarcs ”qua trczag mdr içsnfc, rastrnåæd ma gdvngaltds, fdaråæd du gdr ta - pdmag sar agpraec agpraecmcs mcs jaentngcgalta. jaentngcgalta. C FDARÅÆD Ycgds supdr qua ug agpraecmd,  C ,   masaha masasparcmcgalta fdltnlucr trcbcj`clmd. Vuc aspdsc astã mdalta, d qua cfcrratc maspascs gîmnfcs guntd aja vcmcs? suc mçvnmc cugaltc, aja astã c pdltd ma valmar ds gövans pcrc fdlsaeunr `dlrcr ds fdgprdgnssds gcns pragaltas. [dr dutrd jcmd, d snlmnfctd læd pdma chumã-jd, pdrqua læd mnspña ma ug iulmd ma erava. Lastcs fnrfulstâlfncs, cs pra iarèlfncs ma C ,  ag drmag mafrasfalta, sæd cs saeunltas8 3) Fdltnlucr trcbcj`clmd fdg d gasgd scjãrnd. 2) Maspamnr-sa a crrclhcr dutrd agpraed. 6) Icza Iczarrcmgntnr eerav rava. a. tcgbîg qua d snlmnfctd astahc fdltrdjcmd pdr ajagaltds Ycgds frngnldsds, qua utnjnzcg c sntucåæd ma erava pcrc axtdrqunr mnl`anrd mcs agpra scs. Qg cealta md snlmnfctd prdfurc  C   pcrc mnzar-j`a8 ‚ Va vdfè palsc qua pdma manxcr ma iczar erava, astã guntd aleclcmd! Lös j`a mcragds ugc surrc, sa taltcr altrcr lc iãbrnfc. A sa prdfurcr dutrd agpraed, saus inj`ds pdmaræd sdirar cjeug cfnmalta‗. Mapdns ma raijatnr,  C  salta qua sucs cjtarlctnvcs sæd cedrc cs saeunltas8 3) Altrc A ltrc r ag erava erava.. 2) Fdltnlucr trcbcj`clmd (a fdrrar d rnsfd ma javcr javcr ugc surrc surrc). ). 6) Manxcr d agpraed (a fdrrar d rnsfd ma qua saus inj`ds ‚sdircg ug cfn malta‗).  C , Md pdltd ma vnstc cs pdrqua sucs cjtarlctnvcs sæd nlsctnsictörncs. Ajasæd sa vè dbrnecmd c iczar d quamalæd tdmcs quarnc, cs cjtarlctnvcs ragclasfaltas tdmcs pndras. Qg injösdid mnrnc qua  C  astã sdiralmd ugc  fdaråæd.  Lasta  La sta ax axag ag pj pjd, d, c ra rajcå jcåæd æd ma masfr sfrntc ntc alvdj alvdjva va ug c idrg id rgcc ma p dmar dm ar aspa aspafncj fncj  galta snlnstrc, pdns tdmcs cs cjtarlctnvcs cbartcs c  C  ngpjnfcg sclåñas savarcs.

 

Cs Idrgcs ma Nlijuèlfnc

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D qua quar qua aja icåc, suc sntucåæd vcn pndrcr.  C   î javcmd c asfdj`ar ug ugcc gã cj tarlctnvc pdrqua tdmcs cs dutrcs sæd pndras. D fcsd tçpnfd ma fdaråæd î d axag  pjdd md p rnl  pj rn l fçpn fç pndd ma masta sta F cp çt çtuj ujdd , qu cl m d d cssc cs scjtc jtclta lta ng ngpñ pña8 a8 ‚ C bdjsc bd jsc du c vn mc!‗ Cssng fdgd d pdmar î ugc idrgc ma nlijuèlfnc, c fdaråæd î ugc idrgc ma  pdma  pd mar. r. La Lag g td m d p dm ar î astr as trntc ntcg g al ta fd fdar arfnt fntnv nvd, d, ld sa salt ltnm nmdd mainl ma inlnm nmd. d. Va ``ãã nl nl  muåñas pdsntnvcs fdgbnlcmcs fdg sclåñas savarcs, pcrc cssaeurcr c fdlmutc masa  hcm  hc m c , c rajcåæd rajc åæd axns ax nsta talt ltaa î ma pd m ar ar,, gcs gc s læ lædd ma fdar fd aråæ åæd, d, l d salt sa ltnm nmdd astr as trntd ntd.. C IDRÅ C INVN INVNFC FC D pdmar a c fdaråæd læd axneag lafasscrncgalta d agpraed du c cgacåc mc idråc içsnfc. Fdltumd, astc astã ngpjnfcmc guntcs vazas ld pdmar a lc fdaråæd, agbdrc fdlstntuc ugc idrgc nlainfnalta ma nlijuèlfnc, fcl`astrc a fustdsc, pcrc cjfclåcr c gcndr pcrta mds dbhatnvds. Ds mîspdtcs pdmag ranlcr pajd gamd, gcs lulfc axfjusnvcgalta pajc idråc. A ctî gasgd ug mîspdtc lafassntc eucrmcs a sdjmcmds jacns a dbamnaltas. D mîspdtc læd pdma dbrnecr mnratcgalta pajc idråc tdmds ds saus sdjmcmds c iczar d qua quar. D qua tdrlc c fdaråæd aiatnvc læd î d usd mc idråc içsnfc, gcs c cgacåc ma iarnr pajc idråc içsnfc quag læd ctalmar cd qua sa masahc. C cgacåc mc idråc içsnfc guntcs vazas tdrlc c fdaråæd ug dbhatnvd aiatnvd, du ug masnlfaltnvd ë cåæd. D agpraed aiatnvd mc idråc pdma dfcsndlcjgalta chumcr c iczar c cgacåc ainfcz. Fdltumd, sa c cgacåc prafnscr sagpra sar axafutcmc, c fdaråæd pajc idr åc læd ctnlenrã saus dbhatnvds. Ma ictd, ug csscjtclta pdma gctcr suc vçtngc? gcs ug fcmãvar læd j`a cbrnrã d fdira. Va cs suparpdtèlfncs axafutcssag suc cgacåc lufjacr, pdmarncg mascpcrafar md gcpc. [drtcltd, d usd racj mc idråc içsnfc sne lninfc usucjgalta c icj`c ma ugc pdjçtnfc bcsacmc lc cgacåc md agpraed mc idr åc. FDL]RDJA QLNJC]ARCJ A RAFÇ[RDFD D fdltrdja læd î lafasscrncgalta ulnjctarcj? pdma tcgbîg sar gøtud, du rafçprdfd. Ycgds fdlsnmarcr, pdr axagpjd, ugc mnsfussæd ag qua fcmc passdc  prdf  pr dfur urcc nl nliju ijual alfn fncr cr cs du dutr trcs cs pa pajc jc pa pars rsuc ucsæ sædd rcfnd rcf ndlc lcj.j. Du altæ al tædd ug fdl fdlera erassns ssnstc tc qua prdfurc sagpra vdtcr ag prdhatds qua cercmcg c saus ajantdras. Lcs mafnsñas qua tdgc, cd vdtcr, aja sa alfdltrc sdb d inrga fdltrdja mds ajantdras, pdr gand ma sucs racåñas cltafnpcmcs. Fdltumd, sa tnvar èxntd ld sau asidråd pcrc gcltèjds cmaqucmcgalta nlidrgcmds sdbra d qua astã iczalmd ag sau icvdr, pdmarã nlijualfnã-jds, pajc parsucsæd rcfndlcj, ld saltnmd ma qua vdtag ld sau ldga lc ajanåæd saeunlta. Ds nltarfâgbnds du trclscåñas, qua cfdltafag fdg iraqúèlfnc lc vnmc afd lýgnfc a pdjçtnfc, pcrafag sagpra ngpjnfcr d fdltrdja gøtud8 fcmc pcrta gdmn infc sucs cåñas ag raspdstc c diartcs du prdgasscs iantcs pajc dutrc.

 

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Clãjnsa [djçtnfc Gdmarlc

[dssnvajgalta d axagpjd fdltagpdrâlad gcns ngpdrtclta ma fdltrdja ra fçprdfd î d snstagc ma mnssucsæd gøtuc qua tag chumcmd c pravalnr c euarrc lu fjacr.. Ds edvarlcltas ma fcmc pcçs tdg cg suc fjacr sucss mmafnsñas afnsñas cltafn cltafnpclm pclm d c raspdstc  prdvãvaj  prdvã vaj md mdss edva ed varl rlcl clta tass md d u tr trdd pcçs. pc çs. Fdgd Fd gd mds md s mdn mdnss jcm j cmds ds `ã c aaxp xpaf aftc tctn tnvc vc ma qua c euarrc lufjacr fcusa c mastrunåæd md sau pcçs, fcmc ug majas asfdj`a cjtar lctnvcs læd ngpjnfcg du cVdvnîtnfc cgacåc ngamnctc md agpraed crgcscutý lu fjacras. qua Agbdrc ds jçmaras dmcusd Qlnæd a mds Astcmds Qlnmdsmasahcg ldgds, uls fdg rajcåæd cds dutrds, ld qua mnz raspantd ë gcndrnc mcs sucs mafn sñas, ld fcgpd gnjntcr a mnpjdgãtnfd ajas pcrtnfnpcg ma ug snstagc ma fdltrdja rafçprdfd, irãenj gcs ma ngpdrtâlfnc nlastngãvaj pcrc c sdbravnvèlfnc ma tdmds.  Cvcjncåæ  Cvcj ncåæd d mcs Idrgc Id rgcss m a Nlijuèlf Nliju èlfnc nc

Astcs mnstnlåñas sæd ngpdrtcltas pcrc lös mavnmd cd sau snelninfcmd gdrcj a  prãt  pr ãtnf nfd. d. Sucsa Sucs a td m d s ta talm lmag ag ds c fdls fd lsnm nmar arcr cr c parsu pa rsucs csæd æd rc rcfn fndl dlcj cj,, pd r axag ax agpj pjd, d, fdgd gcns masahãvaj md qua c fdaråæd. Læd î iãfnj prdfamar c ugc cvcjncåæd ga mntcmc mcs mniaraltas idrgcs ma nlijuèlfnc. ]al`d qua ga jngntcr cqun c diarafar cjeugcs cje ugcs sueastñas sueastñas qua mavagds fdlsnmarcr ffdgd dgd nltrd mut mutörnc örncs, s, a læd fdlfjusn fdlfjusnvcs. vcs. Altra cs vãrncs idrgcs ma nlijuèlfnc, c parsucsæd rcfndlcj pdma cspnrcr c ugc sntucåæd gdrcj ølnfc, fdg c saeunlta iulmcgaltcåæd8 fdgd, pdr mainlnåæd, d ølnfd gand qua ajc utnjnzc î c fdgulnfcåæd axctc ma nlidrgcåñas qua sa fdlsn marc astrntcgalta varmcmanrcs, c parsucsæd rcfndlcj î ugc idrgc ma ajufnmcåæd,  ma asfjcrafngaltd.  Lc gamnmc ag qua c nlidrgcåæd fdg qua jnmc î varmcmanrc, læd pdma sar gcjîinfc cds magcns. [dma, sng, prdeldstnfcr ug gcj prdvãvaj8 ‚Va vdfè fdltnlucr iugclmd cssng, fdrrarã d rnsfd ma tar fâlfar pujgdlcr‗. Nltrnlsafcgalta, pdrîg, î lautrc8 la utrc8 læd cfrasfaltc lag mngnlun d bag cj`and. Md pdl td ma vnstc nlstrugaltcj (du axtrçlsafd) î masahãvaj, pdrqua, pajc ajufnmcåæd, pdma fcuscr d bag. Crgcmc fdg d fdl`afngaltd cmqunrnmd ctrcvîs mc fdgulnfcåæd rcfndlcj, c passdc qua c rafabau tag fdlmnåñas ma asfdj`ar c gaj`dr cjtarlctnvc.  Lædd î pd r cfcsd,  Læ cfc sd, p d rt rtcc l td , qua ld iul iu l m d ma g untc un tcss fdlf fd lfap apåñ åñas as mc sdf sdfna na mcma nmacj alfdltrcgds, gand asfdlmnmc, c nmînc mc nlijuèlfnc gøtuc. Cds dj`ds ma guntds ctalnalsas, ugc  pö  pöjns jns  nmacj pdmarnc tar assc qucjnmcma. C nlijuèlfnc sd  braa c cssagb  br cssa gbjîn jîncc pdjç pd jçtn tnfc fc,, pd r jç jçma mara rass mc qucj qu cjnmc nmcma ma ma [î [îrnf rnfjas jas,, rap r apdu dusc scrn rncc axf axfjus jusn n vcgalta lc suc axfapfndlcj qucjninfcåæd pcrc parsucmnr rcfndlcjgalta. C fdl fapåæd ma Rdussacu, ma ugc rapøbjnfc ag qua tdmds ds fnmcmæds idssag gdrcj galta jnvras, a dlma fdltumd astnvassag suhantds c jans mc suc pröprnc asfdj`c, fdltîg neucjgalta astc ldåæd. Ds fnmcmæds sa agpal`cg lug prdfassd ma par sucsæd rcfndlcj gøtuc, cfantclmd jnvragalta cs dbrnecåñas frncmcs pajcs mafnsñas fdjatnvcs, cpös majnbarcåæd. Asta î d nmacj ngpjçfntd ma bdc pcrta md palscgaltd magdfrãtnfd? a cpcrafa cnlmc gcns fjcrcgalta fdgd nmacj axpjçfntd md palsc galtd clcrqunstc. Fdltumd, lulfc cfdltafau qua ug erclma løgard ma passdcs tnvassa nlta

rcenmd murclta guntd tagpd, maltrd a idrc md sau erupd, sag masalvdjvar dutrds gands ma nlijuèlfnc, cjîg mc parsucsæd rcfndlcj.

 

Cs Idrgcs ma Nlijuèlfnc

11

C parsucsæd gclnpujctnvc, d pdmar, c fdaråæd, c cgacåc a d agpraed mc idråc içsnfc içsnfc sæd cspaf cspaftds tds fdguls mc vnmc pdjçtnfc. ]dmds ] dmds ds Astcmds uscg sau sau pd mar, nltarlcgalta, pcrc ecrcltnr d fugprngaltd mcs mafnsñas edvarlcgaltcns. Astas gîtdmds sæd fdguls ld rajcfndlcgaltd altra ds Astcmds? lc pdjçtnfc nltar lcfndlcj lcfndl cj c euarrc a c cgacåc ma euarrc tèg snmd uscmcs fdgd cjtarlctnvcs pcrc sntucåñas ma ngpcssa,  du ag juecr ma ug u g chusta pcfçinf pcf çinfd. d. Cs euarrcs fn fnvn vnss a cs ra vdjuåñas ngpjnfcg tcgbîg d pdmar a c fdaråæd? fcmc jcmd rafdrra ë idråc içsnfc  pcrc  pc rc ng p dr suc vdlt vd ltcm cmaa cd d u tr trdd . Cs passdc pas sdcss læd læ d parf pa rfab abag ag ës va vazas zas c ira iraqú qúèl èlfnc fnc fdg qua dfdrrag ravdjuåñas, euarrcs fnvns, ctds ma vndjèlfnc. @dha cnlmc, ag guntcs pcrtas md gulmd, c euarrnj`c, c jutc ravdjufndlãrnc, c vndjèlfnc a c supras sæd mds dpdsntdras pdjçtnfds pajc idråc içsnfc sæd prãtnfcs ldrgcns. D qua læd snelninfc snelninfc qua tcns dfdrrèlfncs dfdrrèl fncs sahcg gdrcjg gd rcjgalta alta hustnin hustninfãvans. fãvans. [dmar-sa-nc palscr, altæd, qua sö c parsucsæd rcfndlcj idssa gdrcjgalta hustninfãvaj. Cinlcj, c parsucsæd gclnpujctnvc vndjc ugc nlhulåæd îtnfc iulmcgaltcj, cgpjc galta cfantc, qua icvdrafa c varmcma, ag rajcåæd ë galtnrc. D pdmar, aspafncj galta sdb ma md fdaråæd, idråc cr  pa  pars rspa paftn ftnvc vc cmaidrgc fcuscr fcu scr mdr, r, du gaasg asquclmd g d c g d`ãrt rtaaagpraed , c d u trc tr c ma pa passd ssdc. c. [içsnfc, d rtc rt c l td, tdngpjnfc , d pdma pd mar  pdma  pd ma sar nl nltr trnl nlsa safc fcg g al alta ta gcjîi gc jîinfd nfd ”a c fdarå fd aråæd æd fart fa rtcg cg alta al ta d î. [crc avntcr gands nltrnlsafcgalta nlmasahãvans, pdmarçcgds fdlfjunr qua d ølnfd gand ma nlijuèlfnc gdrcjgalta cmgnssçvaj î c parsucsæd rcfndlcj. [dmagds f`cgcr asta prnlfçpnd ma  pr  prnl nlfn fnpn pnd d cbsd cb sdju jutd td   mc parsucsæd rcfndlcj. Î ugc sdju åæd qua javc ngamnctcgalta ë cutdfdltrcmnåæd, c læd sar qua sahc cmdtcmc ag âgbntd ulnvarscj. Ycgds supdr qua cjeugcs passdcs agpraeuag c parsucsæd gc lnpujctnvc du c fdaråæd pcrc fdlsaeunr d qua masahcg. Fdgd pdmagds cpjnfcr, altæd, d prnlfçpnd mc parsucsæd rcfndlcj4 [dr dutrd jcmd, pdmarçcgds fdlfjunr qua asta prnlfçpnd lds javc c utnjnzcr cpalcs c parsucsæd rcfndlcj pcrc mnssucmnr ds qua d vndjag. Fdltumd, sa c parsucsæd rcfndlcj læd idr ainfcz, fdgd cfdltafa ag guntds fcsds, infcragds sag ug gîtdmd aiatnvd pcrc sustaltcr d prnlfçpnd qua maialmagds. Va qunsargds pulnr du cgacåcr pulnr assas vndjcmdras, astcragds lös pröprnds pröp rnds c vndj vndjã-jd ã-jd.. D mnjagc qua masfravn gdstrc qua d prnlfçpnd cbsdjutd mc parsucsæd rc fndlcj sö pdma sar sustaltcmd sa idr cfantd ulnvarscjgalta. Ag fdlsaqúèlfnc, ctî gasgd ds pcfninstcs, a ds maialsdras mc læd-vndjèlfnc, rcrcgalta astæd prdl tds c astalmar sau prdercgc ma gdmd c fdbrnr tdmcs cs sntucåñas pdssçvans. [du fds majas nlsnstnrncg lc prdnbnåæd mcs jans qua raeujcgaltcg c pdjunåæd md cr a mc ãeuc, mds jngntas ma vajdfnmcma ag faltrds urbclds, md fdgîrfnd a usd ma crgcs ma ided. [dufds cinrgcrncg qua c ngpjagaltcåæd mcs jans læd mava hcgcns utnjnzcr gands fdarfntnvds, fdgd gujtcs a gasgd c prnsæd mds qua cs masraspan tag snstagctnfcgalta. snstagctnfcgalta.

[dr dutrd jcmd, d qua pcrc cjeuls î parsucsæd rcfndlcj pcrc dutrds pdma sar fdaråæd. Ag 3505, c Fdlvalåæd Fdlstntunlta Cgarnfclc laedfndu sdjuåñas pc fçinfcs pcrc cs fdltrdvîrsncs rajctnvcs ë ldvc Fdlstntunåæd ldrta-cgarnfclc. Qgc masscs sdjuåñas idn c gclutalåæd mc asfrcvnmæd. Qgc mîfcmc mapdns ma cbdjnmc c asfrcvnmæd, ag fdlsaqúèlfnc ma euarrc fnvnj qua fcusdu erclma mastrunåæd, ds jç

 

19

Clãjnsa [djçtnfc Gdmarlc

maras pdjçtnfds lcfndlcns altrcrcg ag altalmngaltd, ag Ucs`nletdl, pcrc par gntnr c rãpnmc rastcurcåæd mc supragcfnc brclfc ld Vuj. [crc ug dpdsntdr mc as frcvnmæd a mc supragcfnc brclfc `cvnc, lc îpdfc, cs cjtarlctnvcs ma parsucmnr ds sujnstcs c cbclmdlcr sucs fralåcs a prãtnfcs (d qua pcrafnc ngpdssçvaj), gdmninfcr c sntucåæd md Vuj pajc idråc, du gamnclta c cgacåc md usd mc idråc, du altæd  parg  pa rg nt ntnr nr qu quaa ds brcl br clfd fd s nngp gpusa usassa ssag g cds laerds la erds ug c tarr ta rrçv çvaj aj fdarå fd aråæd æd.. * Va astas axagpjds gdstrcg c mninfujmcma ag cmarnr fdlsnstaltagalta ë  pdsn  pd snåæ åædd saeul sa eulmd md c qucj qu cj l ulfc ul fc pdma pd mag g ds hhus ustn tnin infc fcrr d ag agpra praed ed ma g ands an ds ma nlij nl ijuè uèl l fnc nltrnlsafcgalta nlmasahãvans, ajas læd mascutdrnzcg d pdltd ma vnstc ma qua cjeuls mds gands qua prafnscgds agpraecr sæd nltrnlsafcgalta gcus. Chumcg c gdstrcr d trãenfd mnjagc aliraltcmd pajd pdjçtnfd. [dma-sa aliraltcr asta mnjagc ma gdmd raspdlsãvaj, du nrraspdlscvajgalta? fdltumd, ctî `dha lnleuîg fdlsa eunu avntã-jd. Qgc saeulmc sdjuåæd pcrc asta prdbjagc fdlsnsta ag sustaltcr qua ugc cåæd qua alvdjvc d usd md pdmar, du gasgd mc fdaråæd, î, ës vazas, gaj`dr md qua qucjquar cjtarlctnvc mnspdlçvaj. Cssng, pdmagds cf`cr qua c fdaråæd î nltrnl safcgalta gã, a fdltumd axtrçlsafc du nlstrugaltcjgalta masahãvaj ag fartcs fnrfulstâlfncs. Astc talsæd altra c nlmasahcbnjnmcma nltrçlsafc ma cjeuls gands ma nlijuèlfnc a suc nlavnt nlavntcbnjn cbnjnmcma mcma fdgd nlstrug altd î ug mds prdbjagcs prdbjagcs gcn gcnss par turbcmdra s mc vnmc vnmc md `dgag `dg ag fdgd sar sdfn sdfncj cj a pdjçtnfd.

* L .R .- D cutdr sa raiara ë f`cgcmc ‚ Bcre Bcrecl`c cl`c Vuhc‗ ma 3059, dlma , pcrc ecl`cr ugc ajanåæd parasnmalfncj agpctcmc, qua idn mafnmnmc lc Fâgcrc Bcnxc, d fclmnmctd valfamdr fdgprdgatau-sa c ratnrcr cs trdpcs iamarcns mf dfupcåæd mc raenæd Vuj, fcsd idssa ajantd. Cssng, ds sujnlds brclfds fdlsaeunrcg raastcbajaffr sau mdgçlnd sdbra ds laerds rcpnmcgalta.

 

FC[Ç]QJD Y VAGAJ@CLÅCV MDV VNV]AGCV VNV]AGCV [DJÇ]NFDV @ã mdns pdltds ma vnstc axtragds, cgbds guntd fdguls, sdbra ds snstagcs  p  pdd jçt jçtnf nfds ds.. Ma cfdr cf drmd md fd fdg g d pr prng nganr anrd, d, ds snstag snst agcs cs pd jçtnf jçt nfdd s l u lfc lf c vcr vcrncg ncg lds ld s saus cspaftds gcns ngpdrtcltas. Ma cfdrmd fdg d saeulmd, ajas sæd ma tcj idrgc pjãs tnfds qua pdmag sar cgdjmcmds c tdmcs cs praiarèlfncs. Agbdrc cjeugcs masscs mniaralåcs sahcg purcgalta sagâltnfcs, fdgd cfdltafa fdg prctnfcgalta tdmds ds mascfdrmds ld tarrald mc pdjçtnfc, ld iulmd d fdlijntd î gcns md qua sngpjas quastæd ma pcjcvrcs. Fdlsnmaragds, pdr axag  pjd,  pj d, c `npöt `np ötas asaa ma qu quaa td tdmm d s ds snstag sns tagcs cs pd jç jçtn tnfd fd s sæd mdg md g nlcm nl cmds ds p d r ug ugcc fjcssa mnrnealta, du ajnta edvarlclta ”dpnlnæd qua î cssdfncmc c très `dgals qua vnva rcg altra d øjtngd qucrtaj md sîfujd mazaldva a d prnganrd md sîfujd vnlta,  p  paa rç rçdd m d g crfc cr fcmd md p d r g untc un tcss g umcl um clåc åcss tu tug g u jtu dscs ds cs.. Md Mdns ns maja majass arcg ar cg ntcjnc ntc jncld lds8 s8 Ynjiramd [cratd (30=0-3>26) a Ecatcld Gdsfc (3010-3>=3)? d tarfanrd arc cja gæd,, gcs pcssdu erclma pcrta gæd pc rta mc suc vnmc lc Ntãjnc8 Rd bartd ba rtd Gnf`aj Gnf`ajss (3059-3>6 (3059-3>69). 9). ]dmds ds très cjfclåcrcg ldtdrnamcma altra ds palscmdras sdfncns masnjumnmds fdg c magdfrcfnc. C pcssceag cbcnxd raprdmuznmc, ma Gdsfc, pcrafa fdltar c assèlfnc mc suc creugaltcåæd8 ‚Altra ds ictds a talmèlfncs fdlstcltas alfdltrcmds ag tdmds ds dreclns gds pdjçtnfds, `ã ug tæ d avnmalta qua gasgd d dbsarvcmdr gcns fnrfulstclf fnrfulstclfncj ncj d ldtcrã. Ag tdmcs cs sdfnamcmas, masma cs galds masalvdjvnmcs, a qua gcj f`aec rcg ë cutdrc mc fnvnjnzcåæd, ctî ës gcns cvclåcmcs a pdmardscs, dbsarvcgds mucs fjcssas ma passdcs ”ugc fjcssa qua edvarlc a dutrc qua î edvarlcmc. C prnganrc,

sagpra c galds lugardsc, axarfa tdmcs cs iulåñas pdjçtnfcs, gdldpdjnzc d  pd  p d m a r a usui us uiru runn cs sucs vcl vcltcea tceals? ls? c saeu sa eulm lmc, c, ag bdrc bd rc gc gcns ns llug ug ards ar dsc, c, î mnr mnrnenm nenmcc a fdltrdjcmc pajc prnganrc, ma gdmd drc rajctnvcgalta jaecj drc gcns du galds crbntrãrnd a vndjaltd, idrlafalmd ë prnganrc, pajd galds lc cpcrèlfnc, ds gands gctarncns ma subsnstèlfnc a c nlstrurrnaltcjnmcma assalfncj pcrc c vntcjnmcma md dreclnsgd drecln sgd p djçtnfd =>.‗ =>.‗  Lc ax axtr trag agnm nmcm cmaa dp d stc st c astæ as tædd ds nl nleè eèlu luds ds (ag (a g bd bdrc rc lag la g sag sagpra pra huva hu valn lns) s) altusncstcs qua asparcg c f`aecmc mc Qtdpnc a prdfjcgcg d brava mascpcrafn g altd mc ‚p djçtnfc‗ djçtnfc ‗ ”tcjv ”tcjvaz az f`aeuag gas gasgd gd c cframntcr ln lnssd ssd.. Ds dbsarvcmdras mnsfdrmcg c raspantd md qua î parala lc pdjçtnfc, a md qua î susfatçvaj ma gumclåc? sarnc nlfdrratd suearnr qua asta î ug pdltd qua pdma

 

10

Clãjnsa [djçtnfc Gdmarlc

sar mafnmnmd inrgagalta ld ldssd ctucj astcmd ma fdl`afngaltd mc gctîrnc. Fcmc ug mds pdltds ma vnstc axtragds fdltîg ugc pcrta mc varmcma, gcs ds mdns sæd nlfdgpjatds. Sucltd Suc ltd ë nmînc ma qua c pd jçtnfc î nlinlntcgalta pjãst pjãstnfc, nfc, ugc cgpjc axpa rnèlfncc ”ag tagpd rnèlfn tagpdss gcns gcns rafaltas, rafaltas, c mcs mcs ldvc ldvcss lcåña lcåñass ”magdlstrc ”magd lstrc qua quclmd ugc sdfn sdfnamcm amcmaa axpujsc c pdjçtnfc ajc vdjtc fdg gcns çgpatd. Ma cfdrmd fdg far tds pcmrñas, c ‚ldvc pdjçtnfc‗ pdma sar guntd gaj`dr md qua c ‚vaj`c pdjçtnfc‗ (du d fdltrãrnd pdma cfdltafar)? ma qucjquar idrgc, pajd galds sdb cjeuls cspaftds cs mucs sa cssagaj`cræd.  Lasta  Las ta F cp cpçt çtuu jd masahd mas ahd f` f`cg cgcr cr c ct ctal alåæ åædd md jant ja ntdd r pcrc pc rc asscs rae raeujc ujcrnm rnmcma cmas, s, cpcraltagalta nlasfcpãvans. QGC SQAV]ÆD [RAJNGNLCR  Qgc pareultc prî prîvnc vnc mnz mnz raspantd cd løgard løga rd mds snsta snstagcs gcs pdjçtnfds axnstal tas ld gulmd. Lnleuîg scba qucltds axnstag. Mcmc c jctntuma mc ldssc mainln åæd ma ‚snstagc pdjçtnfd‗, pdmag `cvar gnj`ñas. Ag 3>90 `cvnc farfc ma 369  pcçsa  pc çsass nl nlmm apal ap alma malt ltas as a 92 fdjýl fdj ýlncs ncs a du tr trcs cs mapa ma palm lmèl èlfnc fncs. s. Qg sö p cçs cç s ”ds A stc st c mds Qlnmds mc Cgîrnfc ”fdltcvc 1; astcmds iamarcmds, 6.;=6  fd  fdul ultna tnas, s,   35.>>9 gulnfçpnds, 35.3== fnmcmas, 6=.950 mnstrntds asfdjcras nlmapalmaltas a 30.622 mnstrntds aspafncns aspafncns - sag icjcr lcs nløgarcs inrgcs, inrgcs, icgçjncs, cssdfncåñas cssdfncåñas vdjul vdjul  tãrncs, atf.1;.  Ldssd  Ld ssd fd fdl` l` af afng ng al altd td snstag sns tag ãtn ãtnfd fd cbrcle cbr cleaa sö paq pa q ual ua l c pcrt pc rtaa md fd g p drtc dr tc  galtd gal td ma ug løg løgard ard g untd ramuznmd massas massas snst snstagcs. agcs. C fnèlfnc fnèlfnc pd pdjçtnfc jçtnfc prder prdernma nma gamnclta d astumd aspafncjnzcmd ma tnpds pcrtnfujcras ma snstagc pdjçtnfd. D qua  pr dfur  prdf urcg cgds ds nm nmal altn tnin infc fcrr la lasta sta F cp çt çtuu jd sæd cs fc fcrc rcft ftar arçs çstnf tnfcs cs  earc  earcns ns  mds snstagcs  pd jçtn jç tnfd fd s ”du, ”d u, pa pajd jd g al alds ds,, md mdss sns snstag tagcs cs qua qu a alvd al vdjva jvag g gcns gc ns md qua qu a ug ugcs cs pduf pd ufcs cs  passdc  pas sdcs. s. D ja jant ntdr dr mava ja jag g br brcr cr qu quaa asscs sag sagaj` aj`cl clåcs åcs læd læ d fd l stntu st ntu ag pcrt pc rtaa mc mainlnåæd ma  snst  snstag agc c p d jç jçtnf tnf d ?   sæ sædd raeujcrnm raeujcrnmcmas cmas agpçrnfcs qua qua pdmag pdmagds ds alfdl trcr ag qu cjquar snstagc snstagc pdjçtnfd gcns cgpjd. cgpjd.

Fcrcftarçst Fcrcft arçstnfcs nfcs mds Vnstagcs [d jçtnfds

D fdltrdja sdbra ds rafursds pdjçtnfds î mnstrnbuçmd masneucjgalta, pdr quctrd rczñas8 3) Ag tdmc sdfnamcma `ã ugc fartc aspafncjnzcåæd ma iulåñas, a lcs sdfna mcmas cvclåcmcs astc aspafncjnzcåæd î gcndr. C aspafncjnzcåæd ma iulåñas (c mnvn sæd ma trcbcj`d) frnc mniaralåcs ma cfassd c mnstnltds rafursds pdjçtnfds. Qg gn lnstrd mcs Rajcåñas Axtarndras a ug gagbrd mc Fdgnssæd ma Rajcåñas Axtarndras md Valcmd Iamarcj tèg g guntd untd gcns cfas cfassd sd c nlidrgcåñas sdbr sdbraa c pd pdjçtnfc jçtnfc axtarlc md qua c gcndrnc mds fnmcmæds. 2) Mavnmd c mniaralåcs `armcmcs, lag tdmcs cs passdcs fdgaåcg suc vnmc fdg d gasgd cfassd cds rafursds? cquajas qua tèg ug pdltd ma pcrtnmc gaj`dr talmag, ag earcj, c cugaltcr suc vcltceag nlnfncj. Ag fartc gamnmc ds nlmnvç

 

Vagaj`clåcs mds Vnstagcs [djçtnfds

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muds a cs sdfnamcmas sæd prnsndlanrds md pcsscmd, a lulfc fdgaåcg ma ugc  tã  tã--   bujc rcs rcsc, c,  sdfncj du bndjöenfc. Cjeugcs vcltceals sæd bndjöenfcs? guntcs dutrcs  stctus tus,,  lçvaj ma amufcåæd du cspnrcåæd mds pcns. Sucjquar sæd sdfncns ”rnquazc,  stc qua sahc suc drneag, cs mniaralåcs lds mdtas bndjöenfds a sdfncns guntcs vazas sa gujtnpjnfcg, lc vnmc vnmc cmujtc, ag mniaralåcs mniaralåcs cnlmc gcndras. Ag tdmc pcrta cs dpd r tulnmcmas amufcfndlcns, pdr axagpjd, astæd, pajd galds ag pcrta, cssdfncmcs ë rnquazc, ë sntucåæd sdfncj du pdjçtnfc mds pcçsas. 6) Cs mniaralåcs mniaralåcs ag `arclåc bndjöenfc bndjöenfc a sdfncj, sdfncj, hultcg hul tcg alta fdg mniaralåcs ma axparnèlfnc, javcg ë vcrncåæd mds dbhatnvds a nlfaltnvds mds mniaraltas nlmnvç muds lc sdfnamcma. sdfnamcma. Î ngpdssçvaj ngpdssçvaj pcrc qucjquar sdfnamcma sdfnamcma prdpd p rdpdrfndlcr rfndlcr c tdmd td mdss ds saus gagbrds ug fdlhultd nmèltnfd ma gdtnvds a ma inlcjnmcmas? cs mniaralåcs ma gdtnvcåæd javcg, pdr suc vaz, c mniaralåcs ma qucjninfcåæd a ma rafursds ”lag tdmds tèg d gasgd ngpujsd pcrc sa mamnfcr ë pdjçtnfc, pcrc sa tdrlcr ug jçmar,  pcrc  pc rc cmqu cm qunr nrnr nr ds rafu ra fursd rsdss qua qu a j`as j` as parg pa rg nt ntcg cg fd fdll qunst qu nstcr cr nlij nl ijuè uèlf lfnc nc sdbra sdb ra ds d utrd ut rds. s. =) Inlcjgalta, fartcs mniaralåcs ag nlfaltnvds a dbhatnvds sæd ldrgcj galta alfdrchcmcs lcs sdfnamcmas c ing ma aqunpcr ds nlmnvçmuds pcrc trcbcj`cr ag mniaraltas iulåñas. Va tdmds qunsassag sar euarranrds, quag funmcrnc mds fcg  pdss a md ecmd4  pd ecm d4 D fçrf fç rfuu jd sa fd fdg g pj pjat atc8 c8 sagpra sag pra qua qu a c asp a spaf afncjn ncjnzcå zcåæd æd ma iu iulå låña ñass î fdlsnmarcmc vcltchdsc, matargnlcmcs mniaralåcs ma gdtnvcåæd sæd vnstcs tcgbîg fdgd balîinfcs. Gcs cs mniaralåcs ma gdtnvcåæd javcg, prdvcvajgalta, c mniaral åcs åcs ag rafursds rafursds ” pdr axagpjd, ë g cndr `cbnjntcåæd bîjnfc bîjnfc mds euarranrds, euarranrds, ag fdgpcrcåæd fdgpc rcåæd fdg ds pcstdras a cernfujtdras. cernfujtdras. [dr astcs quctrd rczñas13 pcrafa ngpdssçvaj frncr ugc sdfnamcma ag qua ds

rafursds rafurs ds pdjçtnfds pdjçtnfd sa mnstrnbuçssag ma idrg ngpdrtcltas c pariantcg alta neucj. neucj. Fdltumd, d jantdrs læd mava fdlfjunraltra qua ds lædcmujtds `ã mniaralåcs lc idrgc fdgd ds rafursds rafursds pdjçtnfd s sæd sæd mnstrnbuçmds mnstrnbuçmd s ag mniaraltas sdfnamcmas sdfnamcmas - asta asta î ug tagc trctcmd ld l d ldssd pröxngd F cpçtujd.

AG BQVFC MA NLIJQÈLFNC [DJÇ]NFC Cjeuls gagbrds md snstagc pdjçtnfd prdfurcg ecl`cr nlijuèlfnc sdbra cs  p  pdd jçtn jç tnff cs, cs , cs raercs raerc s a cs mafnsñ ma fnsñas as ed edva varl rlcg cgal altc tcns ns ” nstd ns td î, nlijuèlfnc pdjçtnfc.  Cs  passd  pa ssdcs cs us uscg cg c nl nliju ijuèl èlfn fncc p d jç jçtn tnfc fc qu quaa tè tèg g læd læ d la lafa fassc sscrnc rncg g alta al ta p d r sn gasg ga sgcs, cs, gcs pdrqua d fdltrdja sdbra d edvagd cs chumc c cjfclåcr cjeuls mds saus dbhatn vds. D fdltrdja md edvagd î ug gdmd tæd fdl`afnmd ma iczar pravcjafar ds dbhatnvds a ds vcjdras vcjdras md nlmnvçmud qua î mniçfnj mniçfnj ngcenlcr ngcenlcr ug snstagc snstagc pdjçtnfd pd jçtnfd ag qua cs passdcs læd prdfurcssag cugaltcr sau pdmar. Rut` Balamnft lds fdltc, ag  [  [c c tt ttaa g s d i Fujturcj,   qua ds çlmnds Xuln md Vumdasta ldrta-cgarnfcld læd sö læd alvnmcvcg alvnmcvcg erclmas asidråds pcrc fdlqunstcr d pdmar p dmar gcs f`aecvcg f`aecvcg gasgd c avntã-jd. Ag fdlsaqúèlfnc, masalvdjvarcg ug rntucj ajcbdrcmd pcrc ngpdr cs dbrnecåñas mcs iulåñas ma edvagd lds gagbrds asfdj`nmds pcrc nssd. ]agds qua fdlvnr, altratcltd, qua astc î ugc sntucåæd guntd rcrc. Qgc vaz vaz gcns gcns fcba fcba cfdlsaj`cr d jantdr c læd fdlfjunr qua tdm ds ds qua p rd furcg cjfclåcr nlijuèlfnc pdjçtnfc d iczag gdvnmds sngpjasgalta pajc ‚sama ma

 

9;

Clãjnsa [djçtnfc Gdmarlc

 p  pdd m a r‗ . A g bdrc bd rc as astc tc fdlfju fdl fjusæd sæd sahc fdg fd g ug , c avnmè av nmèlf lfnc nc ma qua qu a l æd î fdrr fd rrat atcc î g untd erclma. Ydjtcragds c astc quastæd ld Fcp Fcpçtujd çtujd YNNN. C MNV]RNBQNÅÆD MAVNEQCJ MC NLIJQÈLFNC NL IJQÈLFNC [DJÇ]NFC C nlijuèlfnc pdjçtnfc î mnstrnbuçmc masneucjgalta altra ds gagbrds ma ug snstagc pdjçtnfd. Astã fjcrd qua astc prdpdsnåæd sa rajcfndlc ma partd fdg c prn ganrc, qua tag c var fdg rafursds. D ictd ma qua cjeugcs passdcs tèg gcns rafursds md qua dutrcs pcrc nlijualfncr d Edvarld icfnjntc sau dbhatnvd ma fdlsa eunr tcj nlijuèlfnc. [dr dutrd jcmd, cs passdcs qua tèg gcndr nlijuèlfnc sdbra d Edvarldd pdmag Edvarl p dmag uscr assc assc nlijuèlfnc nlijuèlfnc pcrc d bta btarr gcns rafur rafursds sds pdjçtnfds. @ã guntds sîfujds qua sa tag dbsarvcmd c masneucjmcma mc nlijuèlfnc pdjç tnfc. Fdltumd, agbdrc guntds dbsarvcmdras fdlfdrmag fdg d ictd, mnsfdrmcg mc suc cvcjncåæd ”cjeuls d hustninfcg, dutrds d frntnfcg. Lc pcrta nlnfncj mc [dj  [ djçç  tnfc,   Crnstötajas prdfurdu axpjnfcr a hustninfcr cs mniaralåcs lc cutdrnmcma md sal`dr a md asfrcvd, md gcrnmd a mc aspdsc, md pcn a mds inj`ds. Ynlta sîfujds ma  pdns,  pd ns, ag pjalc pja lc îpdf îp dfcc mcs ‚ju ‚juza zas‗ s‗ , Rdu R duss ssac acuu p rd fu rdu rd u axpj ax pjnf nfcr cr (a c tcfd tc fd u ) cs mas masn n eucjmcmas ma pdmar, ag sau icgdsd alscnd  Mns  Mnsfur fursd sd sd sdbra bra cs Drneals Drn eals mc m c Masneucj Masne ucj  mc ma   (3511), ctrnbunlmd-cs ë masneucjmcma ma prdprnamcma ”cs qucns, saeulmd aja, sa sa mavncg ë masneucjmcma masneucjmcma ag du dutrds trds rafursds. Galds ma ug sîfujd gcns tcrma, Gcrx a Aleajs marcg ugc axpjnfcåæd sagaj`clta, ld  Gc  Gclni lnias astd td Fdgulns Fdg ulnstc, tc,   a lugc sîrna ma trcbcj`ds ravdjufndlãrnds. D nltarassa ag matargnlcr c drneag mc

masneu mas neucjm cjmcma cma pdjçtnfc fdltnl fdltnludu udu ctîddsfcgnl`d lds ldssds sds mn mncs. cs. Agpdr 3>60, Eullcr prdfurclmd J clmtgcl, ug cltrdpöjded inljclmès, saeunu cbartd Rdussacu axpjnfcr c masneucjmcma pdr gand ma ug axcga axcustnvd mcs sdfnamcmas prngn tn tnvcs vcs.. Vau jnvrd jnvrd tag ta g ug tçt tçtujd ujd qua ja jagbrc gbrc tcl td Rdussacu fdgd Gcrx Gcrx88 .= Drneag   mc Masneucjmc Masne ucjmcma ma mcs Fjcssas Vdfncns.

Ag 3>13, ug fnaltnstc pd pdjçtnfd jçtnfd ldrta-cgarnfcld, Mcv Mcvnm nm ]rugcl, dbs dbsarvdu8 arvdu8 ‚Asfrntdras mcs gcns mniaraltas pdsnåñas pdjçtnfcs, a usclmd ds gcns mnvar sds gîtdmds ma dbsarvcåæd, f`cgcrcg ctalåæd pcrc c axnstèlfnc, ag qucsa tdmds ds erupds, ma ugc gnldrnc ctnvc, nmaltninfcmc pdr targds fdlmalctörnds tcns fdgd ‚djnecrqunc‗ du ‚vaj`c eucrmc‗, du pdr targds ma cprdvcåæd, tcns fdgd ‚jnmarclåc fçvnfc‗ a ‚fnmcmæds ma aspçrntd pøbjnfd12.‗ Ës vazas c cinrgctnvc ma qua c nlijuèlf nlijuèlfnc nc pdjç pdjçtnfc tnfc sa mnstrn mnstrnbun bun masneucjgalt masneucjgaltaa î fdliulmnmc fdg c `npötas,a ma Gdsfc ma qua ag tdmd snstagc pdjçtnfd `ã ugc fjcssa mnrnealta. Gcs ugc prdpdsnåæd læd ngpjnfc c dutrc. Ydjtcragds c astc mns tnlåæd ld pröxngd Fcpçtujd, pdns c axnstèlfnc du nlaxnstèlfnc ma ugc fjcssa mnrn ealta î ug mds cspaftds ag qua ds snstagcs pdjçtnfds mniarag altra sn. Î varmcma,  pdrî  pd rîg g , qua sa f`cg f` cgcr crgd gdss ma ‚jç ‚jçma mara rass p d jçtn jç tnff d s ‗ ds nlmn nl mnvç vçmu muds ds qua qu a tèg tè g c g gcn cndr dr nlijuèlfnc pdjçtnfc, ldssc tarfanrc prdpdsnåæd ngpjnfcrã c cinrgctnvc ma qua tdmd snstagc pdjçtnfd tag jçmaras pdjçtnfds. A lasta saltnmd qua uscragds cqun d targd ‚jçmar‗, du c axprassæd ‚jçmar pdjçtnfd‗ ”pcrc raiarnr-lds ëquajas nlmnvç muds qua tèg c gcndr nlijuèlfnc ld snstagc pdjçtnfd.

 

Vagaj`clåcs mds Vnstagcs [djçtnfds

93

C BQVFC MA DBHA]NYDV FDLIJN]CL]AV. VQC RAVDJQÅÆD Ds gagbrds ma ug snstagc pdjçtnfd tèg dbhatnvds fdlijntcltas, qua sæd cbdrmcmds, altra dutrds gands, pajd edvagd md snstagc pdjçtnfd. D fdlijntd a d fdlsalsd sæd cspaftds ngpdrtcltas a fdgpjagaltcras mds snstagcs pdjçtnfds. Cs  passd  pas sdcs cs qua qu a vnvag vnva g ag fd fdg g ul ulnm nmcm cmaa l u l fc astæ as tædd ma c fdrm fd rmdd sdbra sdb ra tum tu m d ? fd fdll tum tu m d , sa fdltnlucg c vnvar ag fdgug, læd pdmag tar dbhatnvds nltanrcgalta mnsfdr mcltas. Agbdrc ds palscmdras pdjçtnfds tal`cg rafdl`afnmd astc mucjnmcma, cjeuls cfaltucrcg ug cspaftd gcns md qua d dutrd. Cjeuls, fdgd @dbbas, scjnaltcrcg c prdpalsæd mds `dgals pcrc d fdlijntd? dutrds, fdgd Crnstötajas a Rdussacu, suc nlfjnlcåæd d cfdrmdd apdmar c fddparcåæd. Ds prnganrds talmag c cfaltucr cc lafassnmcma ma pcrc fdlfaltrcr a c cutdrnmcma, c vcjdrnzcr c cutdrnmcma, dbamnèlfnc, c jacjmcma, d fdlidrgnsgd a c dbrnecåæd? d mavar a c mnsfnpjnlc. Ds  pals  pa lscm cmdr dras as md tn tnpp d ma C rn rnst stöt ötaj ajas as a Rdus Rd ussac sacu, u, qu quaa p ra raia iara rag g al ic ictn tnzz cr d ngal ng alsd sd tcjaltd `ugcld `u gcld pcrc c fddparcåæd, fddparcåæd, talmag c gdstrcr gd strcr qua ds snst snstagcs agcs pdjçtnfds ”   p  pcr crtn tnfu fujc jcrg rg alta al ta d A st stcm cmdd ”pd ”p d m ag chum ch umcr cr ds saras `u `ug g cld cl d s c parsa pa rsaeu eunr nr db dbhat hatnv nvds ds fdguls, c fdlqunstcr mnelnmcma a raspantd gøtud, c fdgpcrtnj`cr c jnbarmcma a c sa fdgpdrtcr ma idrgc raspdlsãvaj. Dpnlnñas axtragcmcs sdbra c fddparcåæd a d fdlijntd vèg cssdfncmcs, vnc ma raerc, ma dpnlnñas axtragcs c raspantd md Astcmd.

D tagdr pâlnfd md fdlijntd fçvnfd î fcrcftarçstnfd mcs idrgcs ma palscgaltd tdtcjntãrncs. Ld dutrd axtragd, ds clcrqunstcs axprngag suc fdlinclåc njngntcmc lc lcturazc fddparctnvc fddparctnvc md `dgag . D edvagd læd nltarvîg, lafasscrncgalta, fcmc vaz qua `ã ug fdlijntd altra ds dbhatnvds dbhatnvds a cs cåñas ma mniaraltas nlmnvçmuds. D fdlijntd î, g untcs vazas vazas,, cbdrmcmd gamnclta gands læd-pdjçtnfds ”frçtnfcs, iantnåcrnc, jnleuceag cerassnvc, du ctî gasgd surtds nsdjcmds ma vndjèlfnc. Ag guntcs sdfnamcmas ugc fartc gdmcjnmcma ma jutc passdcj î fdlsnmarcmc d gdmd ldrgcj ma cs passdcs rasdj varag fartcs mnsputcs passdcns. Brnecs fdg ds pul`ds dfdrrncg ldrgcjgalta ld  ir d l tn tnaa r  ldrta-cgarnfcld.  Lcs sdfna sd fnamc mcma mass fdg fd g pj pjax axcs cs,, ds fd fdll ij ijntd ntdss sæd, sæd , ag er ercl clma ma p c rta rt a , g amncm am ncmds ds,, crbntrcmds, suprngnmds, rasdjvnmds a trctcmds ma cjeugc idrgc pdr snstagcs pdjç tnfds mniaraltas md Astcmd. Vagpra quamaug fartd ercuqua ma dparcg fdaråæd ld î axnenmd, md qua î pargntnmd cds dutrds tnpds ‚edvarld‗ tarrntörndcjîg md Astcmd, cs cutdrnmcmas md Astcmd pdmag uscr d pdmar gcndr ma qua mnspñag, mavnmd cd fdltrdja axfjusnvd, pajd Edvagd, mcs fdlmnåñas ag qua c vndjèlfnc  pdma  pd ma sar agpr ag prae aecm cmcc jaen ja entng tng cg alta al ta.. Cssng, Cssng , d E dv dvag ag d nlta nl tarv rvîg îg sagpr sag praa qu quaa d fdlijntd î fdlsnmarcmd nlsdjøvaj pdr gands læd-pdjçtnfds, du pdr dutrds ‚edvarlds‗ qua læd d md Astcmd (qua f`cgcgds cqun ma Edvagd, fdg nlnfncj gcnøsfujc).  Lds A stcmd stc mdss Qlnm Ql nmds ds,, p d r axag ax ag p jd jd,, d Edva Ed vag g d l æd nlta nl tarv rvîg îg d rm rmnl nlcr crnc nc  galta lcs fdltrdvîrsncs trcbcj`nstcs, gcs quclmd ug fdlijntd prdjdlecmd altra snlmnfctds a pctrñas, lugc nlmøstrnc ngpdrtclta fdgd c md cåd, cgacåc prahumn fcr c afdldgnc lcfndlcj, d prasnmalta pdma nltarvnr.

 

92

Clãjnsa [djçtnfc Gdmagc

JAEN]NGNMCMA A JAEN]NGCÅÆD  Lu g sns  Lug snstag tagcc p d jç jçtn tnff d , ds jç jçma mara rass pr prdd furc fu rcg g css cssaeu aeurcr rcr qu quaa cs mafns ma fnsña ñass td g c  mcs sahcg cfantcs cgpjcgalta læd sö pdr g gamd amd mc vndj vndjèlfnc èlfnc,, mmaa pu pulnåæd lnåæd du fda fdar r åæd, gcs tcgbîg mavnmd ë fralåc ma qua sæd gdrcjgalta hustcs a cprdprncmcs, qucnsquar qua sahcg ds gands edvarlcgaltcns uscmds pcrc sdjufndlcr ds fdlijn tds. Ma cfdrmd fdg ug tnpd ma usd md targd, mnz-sa qua ug edvarld î ‚jaeçtn gd‗ sa d pdvd cframntc qua saus ctds, prdfamngaltds, mafnsñas, pdjçtnfcs, astru turcs, cutdrnmcmas du jçmaras sæd cprdprncmds, gdrcjgalta hustds ”sa tèg d mn rantd ma prdgujecr raercs dbrnectörncs. [drtcltd, ldssc qucrtc prdpdsnåæd aqúnvc ja c mnzar qua, lug snst snstagc agc pdjçtnfd , ds jçmaras prdf prdfurcg urcg jaentn jaentngcr gcr sucs cåñas ñas.. Suclmd c nlijuèlfnc ma ug jçmar sa ravasta ma jaentngnmcma, î cå drmnlcrnc galta fdl`afnmc fdgd ‚cutdrnm cma". C utdrnmcma, pdr tcltd , î ug tn tnpd pd aspaf aspafnc ncjj ma nlijuèlfnc ”c nlijuèlfnc jaeçtngc.  [dr nssd, ldssc qucrtc prdpdsnåæd aqunvc jalta tcgbîg ë cinrgctnvc ma qua, lug snstagc pdjçtnfd, ds jçmaras prdfurcg fdlvartar suc nlijuèlfnc ag cutdrnmcma. Fdgd nstd cfdltafa guntcs vazas, ds ia

lýgalds mc jaentngcåæd sæd ngpdrtcltas. Qg asfrntdr ma furndsnmcma jctc fdgd Gcx Uabar pradfupdu-sa qucsa qua axfjusnvcgalta fdg c cutdrnmcma a ds edvar lds jaeçtngds, cframntclmd, avnmaltagalta, qua d pdmar jaeçtngd arc guntd  p  pdu dufd fd fd fdg g ug , a læ lædd g ar araf afnc nc sar as astu tumc mcmd md.. Î iãfnj altalmar pdr qua ds jçmaras prdfurcg c jaentngnmcma. C cutdrnmcma î ugc idrgc guntd ainfcz ma nlijuèlfnc. Læd î tæd fdlinãvaj a murcmdurc qucltd c fdaråæd purc, gcs tcgbîg icfujtc cds jçmaras pdjçtnfds edvarlcr fdg ug gçln gd ma rafursds. Varnc ngpdssçvaj uscr d tanrdr, pdr axagpjd, pcrc axafutcr cs fdgpjaxcs tcraics ma ugc axtalsc dreclnzcåæd burdfrãtnfc gdmagc fdgd ds fdrrands, ug axîrfntd, ug erclma `dspntcj, ug snstagc asfdjcr, ug fdlejdgarc md ma agprascs. Varnc prdvcvajgalta ngpdssçvaj, du pajd galds guntd gcns fus tdsd, uscr sngpjasgalta prègnds mnratds. Suclmd ds subdrmnlcmds fdlsnmarcg cs drmals a cs nlfugbèlfncs qua rafabag fdgd gdrcjgalta dbrnectörncs, tdrlc-sa lafassãrnd cpalcs ug mnspèlmnd rajctnvcgalta paquald ma rafursds, sdb c idrgc ma scjãrnds, pcrc cssaeurcr ugc dparcåæd sctnsictörnc md snstagc. Agbdrc guntds tnpds mniaraltas ma snstagcs pdjçtnfds pdsscg cmqunrnr jaen tngnmcma, cs magdfrcfncs prafnscg jaentngcr-sa gcns md qua c gcndrnc mds du trds sn snsta stagcs. gcs. Ld jdled prczd, læd sa pdma ng pdr c magdfrcfnc c ug erupd, fdl trc suc vdltcma? ma ictd, c magdfrcfnc, prdvcvajgalta, læd sdbravnvarã sa ugc gnldrnc ngpdrtclta sa dpña c ajc, pdns cs nlstntunåñas magdfrãtnfcs sdirarncg gu ntd sa ugc gcndrnc pra prafn fnscs scssa sa ngp ngpdr, dr, fd fdlstcl lstcltag tagalta, alta, sucs maf mafnsñ nsñas as sdbr sdbraa ugc gnldrnc gnld rnc snelninfctn snelninfctnvc. vc. @ã ugc erclma vcrnamcma ma snstagcs pdjçtnfds qua fdlqunstcrcg jaengntnmcma ag mniaraltas juecras a ag mnstnltcs îpdfcs. Gasgd lc sdfnamcma rajctnvc galta magdfrãtnfc mds Astcmds Qlnmds mc Cgîrnfc, snstagcs pdjçtnfds qua raija tag prnlfçpnds fdltrcmntörnds ma cutdrnmcma cmqunrag jaentngnmcma. [dr axag  pjd88 cs ag  pjd agpr pras ascs, cs, ds öre öreæds æds edva ed varl rlcg cgal altcn tcnss a cje cjeug ugcs cs css cssdfn dfncåñ cåñas as rajne rajnendsc ndscss sæd dreclnzcmcs ma cfdrmd fdg ugc drmag `narãrqunfc, a læd saeulmd prnlfçpnds

 

Vagaj`clåcs mds Vnstagcs [djçtnfds

96

magdfrãtnfds. Fdltumd, guntds fnmcmæds qua ctrnbuag jaentngnmcma cd Edvagd ldrta-cgarnfcld, mavnmd ë suc astruturc magdfrãtnfc, fdlsnmarcg neucjgalta ja eçtngds assas snstagcs `narãrqunfds16. [dma mnzar qua qucsa tdmds ds snstagcs pd jçtnfds ngcenlãvans ”iaumcjnsgd, gdlcrqunc, djnecrqunc, crnstdfrcfnc `aramntãrnc,  pjut  pj utdf dfrc rcfn fnc, c, ed edva vag g d ra rapr pras asal altc tctnv tnvd, d, ma mag g df dfrc rcfn fncc m nrat nr atcc - hã cm cmqu qunr nrnr nrcg cg , ag cj eug juecr, tcj jaentngnmcma qua guntcs passdcs sa mnspusarcg c mcr sucs vnmcs  pcr  p crcc maial ma ialmèmè-jds jds..

MAVALYDJYNGAL]D MCV NMADJDENCV  Lug  L ug snstag snst agcc p d jç jçtn tnff d , ds jçm j çmar aras as,, drmn dr mnlc lcrn rncg cg al alta ta,, aspds asp dscg cg ug fd l hul hu l td ma mdutrnlcs nltaercmcs, nltaercmcs, gcns du galds parsnstaltas, qua qua tag d dbhatnvd dbhatnvd ma axpjnfcr

a hustninfcr suc jnmaralåc. F`cgcgds drmnlcrncgalta assas fdlhultds ma mdutrn lcs ma nmadjdencs.  Gdsfc ds f`cgc ma ‚iörgujcs pdjçtnfcs‗1=. Qgc mcs rczñas  pd  p d r qu quaa ds jçmar jçm aras as masalv mas alvdjv djvag ag nmadjd nma djdenc encss î öbvnc8 öbv nc8 qu quar arag ag jaen ja entng tngcr cr suc jnm jn m ar arcl cl  åc, fdlvartar suc nlijuèlfnc pdjçtnfc ag cutdrnmcma. Î guntd gcns afdlýgnfd edvarlcr pdr gand g and ma cutdrnmcma md qua gamnclta gam nclta c fdaråæd. fdaråæd. Cjeuls jçmaras, nlfjusnva cs cutdrnmcmas edvarlcgaltcns ma gcns cjtd lçvaj a saus cjncmds, maialmag ugc nmadjdenc qua hustninfc læd sö suc pröprnc jnmarclåc gcs d pröprnd snstagc pdjçtnfd astcbajafnmd. Vuc nmadjdenc sa tdrlc, cssng, din fncj, nlmnfclmd cs pragnsscs gdrcns, rajnendscs, icftucns a ma dutrc lcturazc qua  hu  hust stni ninf nfcg cg d snstag sns tagc. c. Qgc Qg c nmadj nma djde denc nc dinfnc din fncjj cj cjtc tcg g al alta ta masalv mas alvdjv djvnmc nmc fd l tîg tî g ldrldr gcgalta pcmrñas pcrc cvcjncr c dreclnzcåæd, cs pdjçtnfcs a ds jçmaras md snstagc, a tcgbîg ugc masfrnåæd nmacjnzcmc md gdmd fdgd d snstagc iulfndlc ”varsæd qua mngnlun d `nctd altra c racjnmcma a d dbhatnvd prasfrntd pajc nmadjdenc.  Ldss A stcmd  Ld stc mdss Qlnm Ql nmds ds,, c nmad nm adjde jdenc nc p d jç jçtn tnff c md g nlcl nl clta ta î c ‚ ma mag g df dfrc rcfn fnc‗ c‗ .  Lædd ` ã mø  Læ møvnm vnmcc ma qu quaa c p rdiu rd iull mn mnmm cm cmaa m d fd fdg g pr prdg dg nssd nss d fd fdg g c ma mag g df dfrc rcfn fnc, c, ë gamnmc qua sucs ngpjnfcåñas sæd altalmnmcs, a c mnspdsnåæd ma cpjnfcr saus  prnl  pr nlfç fçpp nds nd s c fcsds fcsd s fd fdlf lfra ratd tds, s, vcrncg vcr ncg g u nt ntdd al altr traa ds ld ldrt rtaa-cg cg ar arnf nfcl clds ds.. Sucns Su cns  quar qua sahcg asscs mnsfrapâlfncs, pdrîg, læd `ã møvnmc ma qua c ‚magd frcfnc‗ î c nmadjdenc dinfncj mc Lcåæd ldrta-cgarnfclc11. C maspantd md ictd ma qua ugc nmadjdenc mdgnlclta chumc ds jçmaras  pd jç jçtn tnfd fd s c cmqu cm qunr nrnr nr ja jaen entng tng nmcm nm cma, a, sarnc nrrac nrr acjns jnstc tc fd fdlf lfju junr nr qua qu a c ax axns nstè tèlf lfnc nc du d fdltaømd ma ugc nmadjdenc pdma sar axpjnfcmd nltanrcgalta pajds masahds mds jçmaras ma ravastnr ma jaentngnmcma suc fdlmutc, trclsidrgclmd cssng pd mar ag cutdrnmcma. Ma ug jcmd, d ictd ma qua guntcs passdcs qua læd pcrtn fnpcg massc jnmarclåc cfantcg c nmadjdenc raijata d masahd ma tar ugc axpjn fcåæd, ugc nltarpratcåæd mcs axparnèlfncs a mds dbhatnvds mc sdfnamcma, qua mè saltnmd ë vnmc a ë pdsnåæd dfupcmc pajd nlmnvçmud ld ulnvarsd. Varnc sur  pra  p raal almm alta al ta sa ds `d `dg g al als, s, qu quaa ` ã g nj`cr nj` cras as ma cl clds ds vèg pr prdd fu furc rclm lm d fd fdg g pr pra a almar d gdvngaltd mds cstrds, læd sa nltarasscssag tcgbîg pdr fdgpraalmar c drmag pdjçtnfc qua ds alvdjva. Fcgpýlnds clcjicbatds, vnvalmd ag fdlmnåñas ma erclma palørnc gctarncj a psnfdjöenfc, iraqúaltagalta cmdtcg ugc vnsæd md

 

9=

Clãjnsa [djçtnfc Gdmagc

gulmd qua ‚axpjnfc‗ a hustninfc cs masneucjmcmas sdfncns, saus pröprnds sdirn galtds a irustrcåñas19. Cjîg mnssd, cpascr mcs cpcrèlfncs, ds jçmaras læd pdmag nlvaltcr a gclnpu jcr crbntrcrncgalta ugc nmadjdenc mdgnlclta, pdns, ugc vaz cfantc cgpjcgalta ugc nmadjdenc, lug snstagc pdjçtnfd, c jnmarclåc tcgbîg sa tdrlc suc prnsndlan rc, fdrralmd fdrra lmd d rnsfd ma parma parmarr jaentngnmcma sa vndjcr cs ldrg ldrgcs cs nmadjöen nmadjöenfcs. fcs.  Lassas fcsd fcsds, s, ds jçm jçmar aras as p d m ag infcr inf cr ctî g asgd as gd ngpd ng pdssn ssnbn bnjnt jntcm cmds ds ma fug fu g  prnr  pr nr suc iulå iu låæd æd.. [d [drr ax axag agpj pjd8 d8 ag 3> 3>69 69,, lds ld s A stc stcmd mdss Ql Qlnmd nmds, s, d pras pr asnm nmal alta ta Rdd Rd d savajt idn raajantd pdr ngalsc gcndrnc. Suclmd c Fdrta Vupragc, d gcns ajavcmd öreæd humnfnãrnd md pcçs, fdgaådu c ngpuelcr, ugc cpös dutrc, cs gamnmcs md

 L  Laa w Macj  Ma cj   ma Rddsavajt, fdlsnmarclmd-cs nlfdlstntufndlcns, d prasnmalta rasdjvau

masiczar c gcndrnc `dstnj lc Fdrta pamnlmd cutdrnzcåæd cd Fdlerassd pcrc ld gacr sans ldvds gagbrds mcquaja trnbulcj. Rddsavajt avnmaltagalta læd pravnu d rassaltngaltd qua astc prdpdstc nrnc prdvdfcr, gasgd altra ds qua d cpdnc vcg. Ld dutdld ma 3>69 a ld nlvarld ma 3>65, ugc gcndrnc ngpdrtclta fdlsn marcvc qua c Fdrta Vupragc mavarnc sar gcns jnbarcj fdg raspantd ës gamnmcs md  L  Laa w Macj.  Gcs quclmd d prasnmalta clulfndu suc prdpdstc, ag iavaranrd ma 3>65, ajc ajc rafabau ngam ngamnctcgal nctcgalta ta c dpdsnåæd ma gcndrnc gcnd rnc substclfncj md Fdlera Fdlerassd, ssd, a ma ugc paqualc gcndrnc md pøbjnfd ag earcj. Ë gamnmc qua d mabcta sa prd jdlecvc, cugaltcvc c dpdsnåæd cd pamnmd ma Rddsavajt, tcltd ld Fdlerassd fdgd ld [cçs ma gdmd earcj. Ag hul`d, cs pasqunscs ma dpnlnæd pøbjnfc nlmnfc vcg qua 9; p dr faltd mds altravns altravnstcmds tcmds arcg fdl fdltrãrnds trãrnds ë gamnmc15. Ag huj`d, d  prdd hatd  pr ha td idn ra raha hant ntcm cmd. d. Ma Mapd pdns ns mnss mnssd, d, d pr prasn asnma malt ltaa Rd Rdds dsav avajt ajt l u lfc lf c racm ra cmqu qunrn nrnuu c nl n l ijuèlfnc qua tnl`c ld Fdlerassd, ag cssultds nltarlds. Murclta d mabcta c ras  pant  pa ntdd md tag ta g c, ds ra rapu pubj bjnf nfcl clds ds md L dr drta ta a ds mag ma g dfrã df rãtnf tnfds ds md Vuj cpra cp ralm lmar arcg cg c sa ulnr ag fdcjnzæd fdltrc d prasnmalta ”ugc jnåæd qua læd asquafarcg.*  Lædd sarnc racjns  Læ rac jnstc, tc, f d l tu tumm d , pr pras asug ug nr qua qu a ug ugcc nmadjd nma djdenc enc mdg md g nlcl nl clta ta î ug fdrpd ma fralåcs uld, fdlsnstalta, cfantd pdr tdmds maltrd ma ug snstagc pdjç tnfd. Ag prnganrd juecr, ë gamnmc qua sa masalvdjva ugc nmadjdenc pdjçtnfc fjcrc galta rafdl`afçvaj a crtnfujcmc, vcrnc aldrgagalta ma ug snstagc pdjçtnfd pcrc dutrd. Guntds snstagcs pdjçtnfds fdgpcrtnj`cg cpalcs c nmadjdenc pdjçtnfc qua agprastc jaentngnmcma cd Edvarld a cd Astcmd. Cssng, sarnc guntd gcns mniç fnj aspafninfcr c nmadjdenc mdgnlclta altra ds gagbrds ma ug snlmnfctd, du ma ugc erclma agprasc. Ag saeulmd juecr, lal`ugc nmadjdenc î fdgpjatcgalta nltaercmc, du nltarlcgalta fdlsnstalta. Cs nmadjdencs læd sæd lafasscrncgalta astãtnfcs8 ldvcs sntucåñas frncg c lafassnmcma ma ldvds dbhatnvds, èlicsas a axpjn fcåñas. [dr dutrd jcmd, ug fartd ajagaltd ma cgbneúnmcma î, ës vazas, vcltchdsd,  praf  pr afnsc nscg g alta al ta p dr drqu quaa pa parg rg nta ijaxn ija xnbnj bnjnm nmcm cmaa a g umcl um clåc åc.. D ic ictd td ma qua qu a c nmad n madjde jdenc nc sdvnîtnfc î cgbçeuc ld qua mnz raspantd c fdgd a quclmd c fdlmnåæd inlcj md fd gulnsgd sarã cjfclåcmc pargnta cds jçmaras sdvnîtnfds ugc gcreag ma jnbarmc ma ma cåæd, gcndr md qua sa `duvassa ug fcjalmãrnd prasfrntd a rçenmd ma atcpcs aspafçinfcs. 8L.R. -

D prasnmalta @ugb artd Fcstajj Fcstajjdd Brclf Brclfdd aliraltdu ug Fdler Fdlerass assdd gu ntd gcn gcnss mö fnj quclmd cugaltdu d løgard ma gnlnstrds md VçN-' ag dutubrd ma 3>91.

 

Vagaj`clåcs mds Vnstagcs [djçtnfds

91

Ag tarfanrd juecr, cs nmadjdencs mdgnlcltas prdvcvajgalta lulfc sæd cfan tcs ulnidrgagalta pdr tdmds ds gagbrds md snstagc. Guntds majas tèg cpalcs ug fdl`afngaltd rumngaltcr mc nmadjdenc crtnfujcmc pajds saus jçmaras? dutrds, tcjvaz nlcmvartnmcgalta, pdmag tar dpnlnñas prnvcmcs qua læd fdlfdrmcg ma tdmd fdg ds vcjdras nmadjöenfds. C maspantd mc suc palatrcåæd, a mcs dbsarvcåñas ceumcs qua raenstrdu sdbra ds Astcmds Qlnmds mc Cgîrnfc, ]dfquavnjja sag møvn mc axceardu c ulnidrgnmcma fdg qua ds ldrta-cgarnfclds aspdscvcg ds nmacns magdfrãtnfds ag 306;. @dha, fartcgalta, `ã ugc erclma vcrncåæd lasta pcrtn

fujcr. Fnmcmædsmaqua qua c dpdsnåæd tar d mnrantdagmaearcj frntnfcr d Edvar ld mnsfdrmcg quacf`cg ds fdgulnstcs du ds mava ravdjufndlãrnds pdsscg pra fdlnzcr gumclåcs ld snstagc pdjçtnfd. [assdcs qua cframntcg lc jnbarmcma ma dpnlnæd pdmag sar icvdrãvans ë suprassæd ma fartcs mnssnmèlfncs. Cjîg mnssd,  p  pcr crcc g untd un tdss c nma nmadjd djdenc enc md g nl nlcl clta ta,, du qucj qu cjqu quar ar nmad nm adjde jdenc, nc, pcraf pc rafaa rag ra g d tc, tc , nrra nr ra  javclta, cbstrctc, fdgpjaxc magcns pcrc sar parfabnmc c læd sar ma gdmd rumn g al tc tcr1 r100 . Ag qucrtd juecr, `ã sagpra quag rahanta c nmadjdenc mdgnlclta. Cjeuls gagbrds ma ug snstagc pdjçtnfd ”fdgulnstcs du icsfnstcs lug pcçs magdfrã tnfd? magdfrctcs lug pcçs cutdrntãrnd ”pdmag cmarnr ë nmadjdenc rnvcj. Fdgd cs  passdc  pas sdcss tè tèg g dbhat db hatnv nvds ds mnia mn iara ralt ltas as,, ds jçm jçmar aras as rc rcrc rcg g alta al ta avntc av ntcg g cjeug cje ugcc dpds dp dsnåæ nåæd, d, cbartc du dfujtc. [dufds snstagcs fdlsaeuag cpdnd earcj, ma tdmds ds saus gag  br ds.. Ds qua sa d p ñag  brds ña g c ug raeng raengaa g untc un tcss vazas icz iczag ag frçtn fr çtnfc fcss qua laecg la ecg c ja ja  entngnmcma md snstagc axnstalta. A iraqúalta tcgbîg qua ds frçtnfds maialmcg ugc cjtarlctnvc qua, cd fdltrãrnd md snstagc axnstalta, fdlsnmarcg jaeçtngc. Cjeugcs vazas, c nmadjdenc ravdjufndlãrnc ma ugc îpdfc sa trclsidrgc lc nmadjdenc mdgnlclta ma dutrc. Ld sîfujd mazdntd, c mdutrnlc magdfrãtnfc arc ravdjufndlãrnc? `dha, î c nmadjdenc dinfncj mds Astcmds Qlnmds mc Cgîrnfc a lc gcndr pcrta mc Aurdpc Dfnmaltcj. Lc Røssnc, d gcrxnsgd a d jalnlnsgd arcg nmadjdencs nmadjd encs ravdjufndlãrncs ctî ctî 3>35, qu quclm clmdd sa tdrlcrc tdrlcrcg g nmadjdencs dinfncn dinfncns, s, g d mninfcmcs pajds sufassdras ma Jalnl. Fdgd scbagds qua cs nmadjdencs lcsfag, sa masalvdjvag a gdrrag, a qua c nmadjdenc mdgnlclta ma ug snstagc fdltrcmnz c ma dutrds, pdmagds pareultcr sa tdmcs cs nmadjdencs tèg c gasgc vcjnmcma icftucj a gdrcj ”ug pdltd ma vnstc samutdr pcrc quag læd vè fdg bdls dj`ds c lafassnmcma ma asfdj`ar altra cs vãrncs vnsñas md gulmd qua fdlijntcg altra sn. Drc, læd `ã lcmc qua cpöna c nmînc ma qua tdmcs cs nmadjdencs sæd neucjgalta vãjnmcs. D NG[CF]D MA DQ]RDV VNV]AGCV [DJÇ]NFDV D iulfndlcgaltd ma ug snstagc pdjçtnfd î nlijualfncmd pajc axnstèlfnc ma dutrds snstagcs pdjçtnfds. Fdg cjeugcs axfaåñas, tæd rcrcs qua pdmag sar neld rcmcs (ug fjuba, du trnbd, guntd paquald a nltanrcgalta nsdjcmd, pdr axagpjd), ds snstagcs pdjçtnfds læd axnstag lug vãfud. Cicstclmd ds fcsds axfapfndlcns, tdmd snstagc pdjçtnfd gcltîg ‚rajcåñas axtarlcs‗, nstd î, crtnfujc-sa fdg dutrds snstagcs. Qgc fnmcma læd pdma neldrcr 

 

99

Clãjnsa [djçtnfc Gdmarlc

c axnstèlfnc md Edvagd lcfndlcj? ds edvarlds lcfndlcns prafnscg cmcptcr suc fdlmutc cd ictd ma qua axnstag altra dutrds edvarlds lcfndlcns, cjnclåcs a fdjn sñas ma pcçsas, bag fdgd dreclnzcåñas nltarlcfndlcns. Ctî gasgd ug fjuba, du ugc cssdfncåæd rajnendsc, læd pdma ctucr fdg fdgpjatc cutdldgnc. A ds jçmaras ma ug snlmnfctd prafnscg javcr ag fdltc cs cåñas pcsscmcs, ctucns a prdvãvans mcs

agprascs, mds dutrds snlmnfctds a md Edvagd. Î furndsd qua c gcndr pcrta mcs passdcs qua tèg c vnsæd ma ug snstagc pd jçtnfd nmacj neldrcg ds jngntas ngpdstds pajc axnstèlfnc ma dutrds snstagcs. Î iãfnj ngcenlcr ‚c bdc ngcenlcr b dc sdfnamcma‗ sa læd lds pradfupcgds pradfupcgd s fdg dutrcs sdfnamcmas, sdfnamcmas, pds snvajgalta gãs, qua dfupcg c pcnsceag. Fdlsaqúaltagalta, cs utdpncs pdjçtnfcs sæd ratrctcmcs fdstuganrcgalta sag cs nlfýgdmcs jngntcåñas ngpdstcs pajcs rajc åñas axtarlcs.  Lasta  Las ta pc pcrt rtnf nfuu jc jcr, r, c nlij nl ijuè uèlf lfnc nc md pa pals lscg cg al altd td eraed tag ta g snmd snm d pa parl rlnfn nfnds dsc, c,  pdns  pd ns c èlicsa èli csa md mdss pa pals lscm cmdr dras as p djçt dj çtnf nfdd s eraeds lc lcss vnr v nrtu tuma mass md mdss Astcm As tcmds ds pa paqu qual alds ds,, cutýldg cutýl dgds ds a cutãrqunfds, a suc prasulåæd ma ma qua c euarrc arc arc ug rajcfndlcgaltd lcturcj a nlavntãvaj altra ds Astcmds, javcvc-ds c neldrcr ds prdbjagcs drmnlãrnds mcs rajcåñas axtarlcs, ag tagpds ma pcz. Lds mnãjdeds ma [jctæd, qua tnvarcg aldrga nlijuèlfnc ld palscgaltd pdjçtnfd dfnmaltcj, `ã pdufcs raiarèlf raiarèlfncs ncs ës ës ra ra jcåñas axtarlcs. Crnstötajas, cjnãs, frntnfdu [jctæd pdr nssd, asfravalmd lc  [  [d d jçtn jç tn  fc8  ‚Va ugc  pö jns jn s   prafnsc tar ugc axnstèlfnc pdjçtnfc, a læd ugc vnmc nsdjcmc, î  bd g qua sau jaensj jae nsjcmd cmdrr mè ct ctal alåæ åædd cd cdss pc pcçsa çsass vnzn vn znl` l`ds ds‗‗ 1>. F d ltum lt um d, Crnst Cr nstöta ötajas jas tnl`c pdufd gcns c mnzar sdbra d cssultd md qua [jctæd. Ag fdltrcsta, gdmarlc galta d astumd mcs rajcåñas nltarlcfndlcns sa masalvdjvau lug rcgd aspafncj mc fnèlfnc pdjçtnfc. Gcs, fdgd pdmagds mnstnleunr cs rajcåñas nltarlcfndlcns mc pdjçtnfc nltar lc4 Ag dutrcs pcjcvr pcjcvrcs, cs, fdgd pdmagd pdm agdss mnstnleunr mnstnleunr ug snstagc snstagc pdjçtnfd ma dutrd4 Sucns sæd sæd cs cs ‚ irdltanrcs irdl tanrcs‗‗ ma ma ug snstagc snstagc pdjçtnfd4 pdjçtnf d4 Iajnzgal I ajnzgalta, ta, asscs asscs irdltanrcs guntcs vazas sæd fdlvalfndlcns. Cs irdltanrcs fdlvalfndlcns pdmag sar eaderãin fcs du mapalmar ma cjeugc fcrcftarçstnfc fdgd d pcecgaltd ma tcxcs, d rafabn galtd ma scjãrnds, c nlfjusæd lc jnstc mds gagbrds ma ug erupd, du mds agpraec mds ma ugc agprasc. Cs irdltanrcs masta tnpd raprasaltcg cjed gcns md qua ugc garc fdlval åæd4 [dssuag cjeugc prdprnamcma earcj du cbstrctc4 C raspdstc î cinrgctnvc, a lc clãjnsa pdjçtnfc agpraecgds guntcs vazas assc fcrcftarçstnfc pcrc matargnlcr sa ds jngntas fdlvalfndlcns fdnlfnmag fdg ds ‚racns‗. [dr axagpjd8 c Rapøbjnfc [dpujcr mc F`nlc (c F`nlc fdgulnstc) cinrgc qua sucs irdltanrcs nlfjuag ]cnwcl (Idrgdsc). Cjeuls jçmaras mc F`nlc lcfndlcjnstc, ag ]cnwcl, mnzag qua cs irdl tanrcs md sau pcçs nlfjuag d tarrntörnd f`nlès fdltnlaltcj. Drc, astas creugaltds gdrcns, jaecns du prdpceclmçstnfds læd sarncg cjtarcmds lafasscrncgalta pajc clãjnsa pdjçtnfc cbstrctc, gcs î pdssçvaj matargnlcr cs irdltanrcs md snstagc pdjç tnfd qua tag faltrd ag ]cnwcl, pcrc inls clcjçtnfds, sag qua pdr nssd cfantagds tcns irdltanrcs ird ltanrcs ‚clcjçtnfcs‗ ‚clc jçtnfcs‗ md pdl td ma vnstc vnstc jaecj jaecj du gdrcj. Ld prnganrd fcpçtu fc pçtu  jd masta jnvrd mainlngds  snsta  snstagc gc p d jçtn jç tn f d   fdgd qucjquar astruturc parsnstalta ma rajcåñas `ugclcs qua alvdjvag ma idrgc snelninfctnvc d pdmar, d mdgçlnd du c

 

Vagaj`clåcs mds Vnstagcs [djçtnfds

95

cutdrnmcma. Cssng, pcrc ds inls mc clãjnsa pdjçtnfc, pdma-sa trcåcr c irdltanrc ma ug snstagc pdjçtnfd, gcrfcmc pajc ramuåæd gcrfclta md pdmar md edvarld massa

snstagc. C rczæd pdr qua c jdlec irdltanrc altra d Fclcmã a ds Astcmds Qlnmds mc Cgîrnfc læd î cpalcs ugc jnl`c fdlvalfndlcj trcåcmc l d gcp gcpc, c, gcs d jn jngnta gnta qua sapcrc mdns snstagcs pdjçtnfds, astã ld ictd ma qua d pdmar mds edvarlds fclcmal sa a ldrta-cgarnfcld, a mds iulfndlãrnds qua ds raprasaltcg, mapalma guntd md jcmd mc irdltanrc dlma sa alfdltrcg. [dmag `cvar guntcs quamcs lc furvc ma pdmar ma ug edvarld? lasta fcsd, guntds pdltds mniaraltas pdmag sar fdlsnmarcmds fdgd irdltanrcs massa snstagc. C irdltanrc javcmc ag fdltc pajd clcjnstc mapalma mc quastæd qua astã salmd clcjns clc jnscmc cmc.. [dr axagpjd8 axagp jd8 ‚cd fdltrãrnd fd ltrãrnd ma gu ntds pcrtnmds aurdpaus, ds prnlfnpc prnlfnpcns ns  pcr  p crtnm tnm d s ldrta ld rta-c -cg g arnf ar nfcl clds ds læd læ d tè tèg g pr prdf dfam amng ngal altd tdss idrg id rgcns cns pcrc pc rc d rafa ra fabn bng g altd al td mds saus gagbrds, du farngýlncs ma nlnfncåæd. Læd `ã gagbrds idrgcns mds mdns  pcrt  pc rtnm nmdd s. F d l tu tumm d ...... ug c cg pjc pj c g cndr cn drnc nc md ajan aj antd tdrc rcmd md sa nmal nm altni tninf nfcc fdg fd g ug dutrd mds pcrtnmds prnlfnpcns‗9;. Mapalmalmd md prdbjagc qua astæd astumclmd, ds fnaltnstcs pdjçtnfds astnpujcg mniaraltas irdltanrcs pcrc ds pcrtnmds. D ‚pcr tnmd‗ sö tdmds ds jçmaras ds ctnvnstcs, ds cmaraltas trcmdspdma du ctînlfjunr gasgd ds quapdjçtnfds, sngpctnzcg fdg sucs tdmds pdsnåñas pdjçtnfcs. raens  Lædd ld  Læ ldss mavag mav agds ds pr prad ad fu pcr pc r sa cs ir irdl dlta tanr nrcs cs mds md s sns snstag tagcs cs p d jçtnf jç tnfdd s lds  pcra  pc rafa fara rag g cjed ijaxçv ija xçvans ans?? l c p rã rãtn tnfc fc,, cs ir irdl dlta tanrc nrcss fdlv fd lval alfnd fndlc lcns ns sæd quc qucsa sa sag sag   praa suinf  pr su infnal naltas tas.. S ucl uc l md nstd nst d l æd cfdl cf dlta tafa fa,, c icg ic g njnc njncrnm rnmcm cmaa fd fdg g d sns snstag tagcc astu as tu  mcmd, a c lcturazc md prdbjagc sdb clãjnsa, lds nlmnfcræd pdltds pajds qucns  pdma  pd mara rag g ds tr trcå cåcr cr ug c ir irdl dlta tanr nrcc clcj cl cjçtn çtnfc fc sctns sc tnsic ictö törnc rnc.. C NLAYN]CBNJNMCMA MC GQMCLÅC A dpdrtuld targnlcr asta Fcpçtujd scjnaltclmd ugc raeujcrnmcma ngpdr tclta qua cltafnpc d cssultd md Fcpçtujd qua saeua8 tdmds ds snstagcs pdjçtnfds sdirag gumclåcs. @ã guntd tagpd qua ds dbsarvcmdras vèg dbsarvclmd c gutcbnjnmcma mds snstagcs pdjçtnfds. [jctæd fdgaltdu8 ‚Vcbalmd qua tumd qua tag ug fdgaåd tcgbîg tag ug ing, ctî gasgd ugc Fdlstntunåæd fdgd c vdssc læd parmurcrã  pcrc  pc rc sagp sa gpra, ra, gcs gc s sa mnss mnssdjv djvarã arã fdg fd g d ta tag g p d ‗ . Fdg Fd g suc fcrc fc rcft ftar arçs çstn tnfc fc prai pr aiar arèl èlfnc fnc  pajcs  pa jcs ldåñ ld åñas as ta taör örnf nfcs cs ng ngcen cenlds ldscs cs a cjed rçenmc rçe nmcs, s, p rd m u td ma aspa as pafu fujcå jcåæd æd brnj` br nj`cl clta ta gcs læd tastcmcs ag fdlirdltd fdg c axparnèlfnc fdlfratc, [jctæd fdltnluc mas fravalmd d nlavntãvaj prdfassd ma mafcmèlfnc, gamnclta d qucj ctî c crnstdfrcfnc  pari  pa rian antc tc qua p rd p u l ` c maeala mae alarcv rcvcc lafa la fass sscr crncg ncg al alta ta ag ‚tng ‚t ng dfrc df rcfn fnc‗ c‗ (ed (edva varld rld mc `dl rc), a ag saeunm saeunmcc ag djnecrqunc djnecrqunc,, magdfrcfnc a pdr ing ag tnrclnc. Crnstötajas rahantcvc c mncjîtnfc pjctýlnfc, gcs mamnfdu ugc pcrta ngpdr tclta mc  [d  [djçt jçtnfc nfc   ës fcuscs mcs ravdjuåñas a mcs trclsidrgcåñas fdlstntufndlcns, cgpjnclmd c tadrnc mc gumclåc pdjçtnfc. Mavnmd cd sau vnedrdsd bdg-salsd, cnlmc `dha vcja vcja c palc jar saus fdgaltãrnds. fdgaltãrnds . Agbdrc ds astumndsds mc pdjçtnfc tal`cg tal `cg dbsarvcmd dbsarvcmd c gutcbnjnmcma mds sn sns s

 

90

Clãjnsa [djçtnfc Gdmagc

tagcs pdjçtnfds, î nltarassclta ldtcr qua tdmds ds qua prdpñag ug Astcmd nmacj earcjgalta ajngnlcg c gumclåc mc suc Qtdpnc. Valmd pariantd, d Astcmd nmacj læd pdma gumcr ”sa gumcssa, sarnc jdenfcgalta pcrc pndr. Fdlsaq úaltagalta, úaltaga lta, cs Qtdpncs pdjçtnfc s axfjuag du maspr masprazcg azcg c ldåæd ma gumclåc. [jctæd cmgntnu, pdrîg, qua ctî gasgd sau Astcmd pariantd sdirarnc gumclåcs ”qua mafcnrnc mafcnrnc lafasscrncgalta lafasscrncgalta ag idrgcs fcmc vaz vaz gcns gcns fdrrd fdrrdgpnmcs gpnmcs a maealarcmcs. (Gcs, fdlidrga Crnstötajas ldtdu, ‚quclmd f`aec ës tnrclncs, [jc tæd sa matîg. Aja lulfc axpjnfc sa ajcs gumcg du læd? a, sa gumcg, pdr qua nssd cfdltafa, a ag qua sa trclsidrgcg‗). Ocrj Gcrx pýs [jctæd pajd cvassd, pnltclmd d prdfassd `nstörnfd fdgd ugc trclsidrgcåæd nlfassclta a nlajutãvaj. Fdltumd, ugc vaz cjfclåcmd d astãend inlcj ” d fdgulnsgd ” tdmcs cs idråcs `nstörnfcs qua qua ctî altæd prdvdfcvcg c gumclåc mavncg prasugnvajgalta mascpcrafar. A ctî gasgd ds magdfrctcs mæd c altalmar, altalma r, ës va vazas zas,, qua c mag dfrcfnc î c atcpc inlcj mc avdjuåæd avdjuåæd pdjçtnfc. Fdl tumd, d qua scbagds î qua ag tdmc c `nstörnc mcs mcs nlstntunåñas pdjçtnfcs lulfc `duva ug snstagc ngutãvaj ngutãvaj..

 

FC[N]QJD YN MNIARALÅC MNIAR ALÅC V MDV VNV]A VNV]AGCV GCV [DJÇ]NFDV [DJÇ]NFDV D ictd ma qua `ã raeujcrnmcma lds snstagcs pdjçtnfds sueara qua `ã jngntas  pcrc  pc rc c g umcl um clåc åc.. D ic ictd td ma qua qu a ds sns snstag tagcs cs pd jçtn jç tnfd fdss sæd mnia mn iara ralt ltas as nlmn nl mnfc fc qua qu a î  pdss  pd ssçva çvajj gumãgu mã-jds jds.. Va cs sagaj` sag aj`cl clåcs åcs jng ntc ntcg g d qua qu a pdma pd mag g ds icza ic zar, r, cs mmnia niaral ralåcs åcs cgpjncg cs irdltanrcs md qua pdmagds rczdcvajgalta asparcr iczar. Cssng fdgd c fdlsfnèlfnc mcs raeujcrnmcmas pdma tcltd prdvdfcr c salscåæd ma saeurclåc fd gd c maprassæd, c parfapåæd mcs ag mniaralåcs asparclåcs a tagdras. Agbdrc Agbd rc prafn prafnsagds sagds vnvar vnvar cje cjeugc ugc pdma iidrg drg calealmrcr ma snstagc snstagc pdjçtnfd pdjçtnfd,, lag tdmds  prafns  pra fnscg cgds ds vnvar ag snstag sns tagcs cs mc ga gasg sgcc asp aspîfna îfna.. Cs mni mniar aral alåc åcss racns du pras pr asug ugn n mcs altra ds snstagcs î qua iczag fdg qua ug lds pcraåc bdg, dutrd tdjarãvaj, ug tarfanrd nlsupdrtãvaj. nlsupdrtãvaj. Asscs mniaralåcs sæd pdr magcns lugardscs pcrc qua pdsscgds rajcfndlãjcs. @dha, sdgds nlulmcmds pdr mcmds. Va trctãssagds tdmds ds ictds neucjgalta, ajas lds cidecrncg. Murclta guntds sîfujds, c nlidrgcåæd rajctnvc cds snstagcs  p  pdd jçtn jç tnfd fd s arc ar c læd læ d sö saja sajatnvc tnvc gcs asfcss asfcsscc a ngpr ng pras assnd sndlns lnstc. tc. D as asid idråd råd ma C rnst rn stöö ta ta  jas, qua rafdj`au nlidrgcåæd sdbra c vnmc pdjçtnfc ma 310 fnmcmas eraecs, idn øln fd? a gasgd assa asidråd jded sa parmau. Fdltumd, mapdns ma sîfujds ma mcmds tdtcjgalta nlcmaqucmds, ldsfdgaådu øjtngds clds d gdltclta mcscjufnlclta. nlidrgcåñas sdbra ds mniaraltas snstagcs pdjçtnfds c frasfar ag rntgd C ngpdrtâlfnc frasfalta ma tdmcs cs pcrtas md gulmd, gasgd cs gcns ra gdtcs, mapdns mc Vaeulmc Euarrc Gulmncj, d masalvdjvngaltd mcs fdgulnfc åñas ejdbcns, c mniusæd mc fnèlfnc pdjçtnfc a ma dutrcs fnèlfncs sdfncns pdr tdmd d gulmd, fdgd fcgpds ma astumd ctnvd, c axpclsæd mds mcmds mnspdlçvans, c ma gclmc fcmc vaz gcndr ma gaj`dras nlidrgcåñas pajds fnaltnstcs pdjçtnfds ”tumd nssd nssd fdltrnbunu pcrc c ‚axpjdsæd nlidrgctnvc‗ ld astumd mc pdjçtnfc. Murclta Mu rclta c mîfcmc ma 3>9;, pd pdrr axag pjd, ldvcs fdjaåñas ma mcmds sd sdbra bra ddss snstagcs pdjçtnfds lcfndlcns sa tdrlcrcg mnspdlçvans, sag galfndlcr c pjatdrc ma astumds sdbra snstagcs sublcfndlcns a nltarlcfndlcns. Astas ajagaltds nlfjuag gclucns ma mcmds qucltntctnvds93, fjcssninfcåæd ma pcçsas ma cfdrmd fdg nlmnfc mdras qucltntctnvds a qucjntctnvds92, clãjnsas ma prdbjagcs aspafçinfds fdg mcmds rajctnvds c 1; du 3;; pcçsas96, clãjnsas mds rasujtcmds ma nlvastnecåñas ma dpnlnæd  pøbj  pø bjnfc nfc lug lu g løg lø g ar ardd gc gcns ns jng ntc ntcmd md ma pcçs pc çsas as9=, 9=, a as astu tumd md s fdg fd g pcrct pc rctnv nvds ds ma prd pr d iulmnmcma sdbra ds snstagcs pdjçtnfds lcfndlcns du saus fdgpdlaltas, tcns fdgd ds pcrtnmds pdjçtnfds a c fujturc p djçtnfc91.

 

Clãjnsa [djçtnfc Gdmagc

5;

Agbdrc astc cvcjclf`a ma nlidrgcåñas frna prdbjagcs pcrc c clãjnsa icf tucj, ajc cbra ldvcs dpdrtulnmcmas, cnlmc læd axpjdrcmcs, ë ldssc fdgpraalsæd mcs sagaj`clåcs a mniaralåcs mds snstagcs pdjçtnfds, axpjnfclmd-cs a matargnlcl md sucs sucs fdlsaqúèlfncs99. Fdlsnmarcmc sdb astc juz, c clãjn clãjnsa sa pdjçtnfc pd jçtnfc g dmarlc dma rlc as tã sntucmc ld jngncr ma ugc ldvc icsa icsa md fdl`afngaltd fdl`afngal td `ugcld. `ug cld. QGC NLQLMCÅÆD MA ]N[DJDEENCV C ‚axpjdsæd ma nlidrgcåæd‗ c qua lds raiarngds sa iaz cfdgpcl`cr ma ugc nlulmcåæd ma tnpdjdencs ”prdpdstcs ma fjcssninfcåæd mds snstagcs pdjçtnfds.  Lc varm va rmcm cma, a, d ta targ rg d ‚ tn tnpd pdjd jden enc‗ c‗ infd in fduu tæ d l c g d mc al altr traa ds fnal fn altns tnstc tcss p d jçtn jç tn  fds, lc mîfcmc ma 3>9;, qua cicstdu dutrds targds pariantcgalta øtans, pdrîg gcns trcmnfndlcns, fdgd fdg d ‚ fjcssninfcå fjcssninfcåæd‗ æd‗ . Ld Vîtngd Fdlerassd Fdlerassd Gulmncj mc Cssd Cssd fncåæd Nltarlcfndlcj ma Fnèlfnc [djçtnfc, ag 3>95, sassñas nltanrcs idrcg mavdtc mcs cd töpnfd8 ‚ ]npdjdenc ]npdjdencss mds Vnstagcs Vnstagcs [djçtnfds‗ .  Lct  L ctuu rcjg rc jg al alta ta,, ds as asqu quag agcs cs ma fjcssninf fjcss ninfcåæd cåæd mds md s snstagc snsta gcss p d jçtn jç tnfd fd s sæd tæd tæ d cltneds qucltd d pröprnd astumd mc pdjçtnfc. Crnstötajas, pdr axagpjd, prdmuznu ugc fjcssninfcåæd bcsacmc ag mdns frntîrnds8 d løgard rajctnvd mds edvarlcltas (ug, pdufds du guntds) a d frntîrnd ma edvarld (sa d ‚nltarassa fdgug‗ du d ‚nltarass ‚nltar assaa pröprnd pr öprnd ‗ )95. )95. Î c saeunlta c fjcssninfcåæd crnstdtîjnfc8  Nltarassa  Nltar assa  Lø ga gard rd m a edv edvar arlc lclta ltass

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Magdfrcfnc

Astc icgdsc fjcssn fjcssninf infcåæ cåædd vag nlijualfnclmd d palscgaltd pdjçtnf d dfnmal tcj masma qua idn frncmc. @ã farfc ma gand sîfujd, pdrîg, Gcx Uabar frndu ugc fjcssninfcåæd qua tag tnmd cnlmc gcndr nlijuèlfnc altra ds fnaltnstcs sdfncns fdl tagpdrâlads. Uabar jngntdu suc ctalåæd cds snstagcs ag qua d edvarld arc cfan td fdgd jaeçtngd, a suearnu suearnu qua ds jçmaras mds snstagcs snstagcs pdjçtnfds pdmarncg pd marncg maial mar suc jaentngnmcma, jaentngnmcma, a ds gagbr ga gbrds ds massas massas snstagcs snstagcs cfantã cfantã-jc -jc fdg bcsa ag très frn tîrnds8 3) ]rcmnåæd.  C jaentngnmcma pdma bcsacr-s bcsacr-saa ‚lc fralåc astcbajafnmc lc scl scl tnmcma ma trcmnåñas ngagdrncns‗, a lc lafassnmcma ma dbamafar c jçmaras qua axar fag suc cutdrnmcma ma cfdrmd fdg c trcmnåæd. [crc Uabar asta î d axagpjd gcns ulnvarscj a prngntnvd ma cutdrnmcma. 2 ) Sucjnmcmas passdcns axfapfndlcns. C jaentngnmcma sa bcsanc lc ‚mavdåæd ë scltnmcma aspafçinfc a axfapfndlcj, cd cd `ardçsgd d u fcrãtar axagpjcr ma ug nl

mnvçmu d‗ , a ë drmag gdrcj du p djçtnfc qua aja ravajdu mnvçmud‗ ravajdu du nlstntunu.  Jaecjnmcm jnmcma. a.   C jaentngnmcma sa bcsanc lc fralåc ma qua d pdmar î axarfn 6 )  Jaec md ma gdmd jaecj? cs raercs fdlstntufndlcns, jans a pdmaras mcs cutdrnmcmas sæd

 

Mniaralåcs mds Vnstagcs [djçtnfds

53

cfantds fdgd dbrnectörnds pdrqua sæd jaecns. D qua î iantd jaecjgalta î tnmd fd gd jaeçtngd9>. C fcmc ugc mastcs trîs bcsas ma jaentngnmcma fdrraspdlma ugc idrgc ‚pu rc‗ ma cutdrnmcma8 3) c cutdrnmcma trcmnfndlcj? 2) c cutdrnmcma fcrnsgãtnfc? a 6) c cutdrnmcm c utdrnmcm a jaec jaecj. j. Cs fjcssninfcåñas ma Uabar a ma Crnstötajas idrcg qucsa pdstcs ma jcmd pa jcs ldvcs tnpdjdencs mc clãjns clãjnsaa pd jçtnf c5;. Cjeuls astumnds astumndsds ds suearag qua ds snsta gcs pdjçtnfds pdmag sar fjcssninfcmds fdgd cutdfrãtnfds, rapubjnfclds du tdtcjn tãrnds53 ? dutrds, fdgd snstagcs ma gdbnjnzcåæd, tadfrãtnfds, burdfrãtnfds du ma rafdlfnjncåæd522? dutrds cnlmc, fdgd djnec rafdlfnjncåæd5 djnecrqunc rquncss gdmarlnzcmdrcs, tdtcjntãrncs, trc trc  mnfndlcns a trcmnfndlcjçstnfcs, cjîg ma magdfrcfncs tutajcras a pdjçtnfcs56, du al tæd fdgd snstagcs clejd-ldrta-cgarnfclds, aurdpaus, prî-nlmustrncns du pcrfncj galta nlmustrncns a tdtcjntãrnds5=? fdgd snstagcs pdjçtnfds prngntnvds, ngpîrnds  pctr  pc trng ngdl dlnc ncns ns,, ng ngpî pîrnd rndss lýg lý g cmas cm as du ma fdlq fd lq unst un stc, c, Fn Fnmc mcma mas-A s-Astc stcmd md,, sns snstag tag cs ia iau u mcns, ngpîrnds burdfrãtnfds faltrcjnzcmds a sdfnamcmas gdmarlcs (magdfrãtnfcs, cutdfrãtnfcs, tdtcjntãrncs a ‚submasalvdjvnmcs‗)51. Mdns nlvastnecmdras cpjnfcrcg c tîflnfc astctçstnfc mc clãjnsa ma ictdras (icftd r clcj clcjysn ysns) s) a 90 fcrcftarçstnfcs ma 331 pcçsas, marnvclmd nlmutnvcgalta ugc tnpdjdenc ma dntd aspîfnas ma snstagcs  p  pdd jçtn jç tnff d s 59. (D u trd tr d c u td r c bcl bc l md ld u c jnl jnleuc eucea eag g tr trcm cm nf nfnd ndlc lcj,j, p rd p d l m d qua qu a ds snstagcs pdjçtnfds idssag fjcssninfcmds ag cgcjeclcmds, prnsgãtnfds a rairctcmds (iu (iusam, sam, p prn rnsgc sgctn tnf, f, ra irc fta mi3 . MA[DNV MC NLQLMCÅÆD Mnclta ma tcltcs tnpdjdencs, fcba c pareultc8 Sucj majcs î c gaj`dr4 Dbvnc galta, læd `ã ugc gaj`dr tnpdjdenc. Axnstag gnj`cras ma frntîrnds pcrc fjcssnin fcr ds snstagcs pdjçtnfd s? ds gcns gcns øtans saræd ddss qua ajufnmcrag gaj`dr d cspaftd mc pdjçtnfc ag qua astnvargds gcns nltarasscmds. Qg eaöercid fjcssninfcrnc ds sns tagcs pdjçtnfds ma cfdrmd fdg c ãrac qua dfupcg, ug magöercid, pajd frntîrnd mc pdpujcåæd? ug hurnstc, saeulmd sau fömned jaecj. Qg injösdid du taöjded, nl tarasscmd ag nmaltninfcr ‚d gaj`dr‗ snstagc, uscrnc frntîrnds îtnfds du rajnendsds. Qg fnaltnstc sdfncj, quaralmd matargnlcr fdgd c ravdjuåæd astã cssdfncmc ës fdlmnåñas afdlýgnfcs, pdmarnc fjcssninfcr ds snstagcs pdjçtnfds pajc ralmc rajctnvc a c iraqúèlfnc mds gdvngaltds ravdjufndlãrnds. Cssng, fdgd læd `ã ugc ‚ga j`dr gclanrc‗ ma fjcssninfcr cs passdcs, læd `ã ug gdmd axfjusnvd ma mnstnleunr a fjcssninfcr ds snstagcs pdjçtnfds qua sahc gaj`dr md qua ds dutrds pcrc qucjquar  p  prd rdpö pö sn sntd td.. MNIARAL ÅCV NG[ NG[DR]C DR]CL]AV L]AV

@ã nløgarcs mniaralåcs altra ds snstagcs pdjçtnfds, cjeugcs cssdfncmcs fdg fdlsaqúèlfncs ma tcj idrgc ngpdrtcltas ”aspafncjgalta ld qua sa raiara cd ed vagd pdpujcr ”qua garafag sar fntcmcs8 3) ds fcgnl`ds pcrc d prasalta? 2) d lçvaj söfndsöfnd-afdlýgnfd, afdlýgnfd, du ercu ma ‚g dmarlnmcm a‗ ? 6) c mnstrnbun mnstrnbunåæd åæd mcs `cbnjn mcmas a mds rafursds pdjçtnfds? =) cs bcsas ma inssæd a fdasæd? 1) c gcelntuma du

 

52

Clãjnsa [djçtnfc Gdmagc

savarnmcma mds fdlijntds? a 9) cs nlstntunåñas mastnlcmcs c fdgpcrtnj`cr a axarfar d pdmar. Agbdrc astc mniaralfncåæd ma fartd gdmd sa cpjnqua cds snstagcs pdjçtn fds ma tdmd pcrc idfdpdjçtnfd c ldsscmamnsfussæd vcgds prasugnr qua ldssd qucmrd ma raiarèlfn raitnpd, arèlfncs cs îmcr d snsta snug stagc gc ug pcçs matargnlcmd. Ds Yãr Yãrnds nds Fcgnl`ds pcrc pcrc d [rasalta [ras alta

]dmd snstagc pdjçtnfd cprasaltc, sdb fartds cspaftds, ug pcsscmd snleujcr. Astc læd î cpalcs ugc nmînc cbstrctc, pdns c `arclåc md pcsscmd nlijualfnc pasc mcgalta d prasalta a d iuturd. Mavnmd c mniaralåcs ld sau pcsscmd, fcmc ug mds 31; pcçsas md gulmd tag dpåñas mniaraltas. Cssng, ug pdvd qua sdirau sîfujds ma mdgçlnd cutdrntãrnd prdvcvajgalta læd sa trclsidrgcrã lugc magdfrcfnc as tãvaj ag pdufd tagpd. D Ercu ma ‚Gdmarlnmcma‗ 

C `nstörnc clfdrc ds snstagcs pdjçtnfds ag sdfnamcmas qua sa alfdltrcg ag mniaraltas atcpcs ma ‚masalvdjvngaltd‗ du ‚gdmarlnzcåæd‗. Astas targds, qua sæd `dha uscmds cgpjcgalta pajds fnaltnstcs pdjçtnfds, tèg ugc curc pcrdquncj, gcs sau saltnmd pdma tdrlcr-sa bcstclta aspafçinfd ”d bcstclta pcrc pargntnr ugc idrgc ma gamnåæd. Ag sugc, `ã mniaralåcs prdiulmcs altra ds pcçsas ag targds ma ralmc  p  paa r fcp fcpntc ntc , tcxc ma cjicbatnzcåæd, amufcåæd, fdl`afngaltds tîf lnfds, nlmustrncjnzcåæd, urbclnzcåæd, fnrfujcåæd ma hdrlcns a ravnstcs, fdgulnfc åñas ajatrýlnfcs, icfnjnmcmas ma trclspdrta, atf. Astas çlmnfas talmag c sa nltarrajcfndlcr88 ug pcçs rajctnvcgalta rajcfndlcr rajctnvcgalta galds ‚masalvdjvnmd‗ ‚masalvdjvnmd‗ lug fartd cspaftd, prd vcvajgalta sarã pdufd ‚masalvdjvnmd‗ ag dutrds, a vnfa-varsc50. ]cltd î cssng qua Russatt, usclmd mcmds qucltntctnvds, fjcssninfc cs ‚sdfnamcmas‗ ma 3;5 pcçsas ag fnlfd tnpds prnlfnpcns, rajcfndlcmds cbcnxd a masfrntds lc tcbajc qua d jantdr  pdma  pd marã rã axcg ax cgnl nlcr cr88 Icsa N ”Vdfnamcmas ‚trcmnfndlcns prngntnvcs‗. Icsa NN ”‚Fnvnjnzcåñas trcmnfndlcns‗. Icsa NNN ”Vdfnamcmas ma trclsnåæd. Icsa NY ”Vdfnamcmas ag ravdjuåæd nlmustrncj. Icsa Y ”Vdfnamcmas ma fdlsugd ma gcssc.

 Mnstr  M nstrnbu nbunåæ nåæd d mcs Icfujmc Icf ujmcmas mas a md s R Raf afur ursd sdss [ [dj djçt çtnf nfds ds

Cs icfujmcmas a ds rafursds pdjçtnfds sa cf`cg mnstrnbuçmds ma mniaraltas gdmds, ag mniaraltas snstagcs pdjçtnfds. Agbdrc sa mnstrnbucg masneucjgalta ag tdmds ds snstagcs, sau ercu ma masneucjmcma vcrnc. [dr axagpjd8 d fdl`afn galtd î ug rafursd qua fdltrnbun pcrc c idrgcåæd mcs icfujmcmas pdjçtnfcs. D cfassd cd fdl`afngaltd, ctrcvîs mc amufcåæd, î  masneucj, gcs ag cjeuls pcçsas tcj masneucjmcma î gcndr md qua ag dutrds. Va tdgcrgds c sntucåæd gulmncj ag

 

Mniaralåcs mds Vnstagcs [djçtnfds

56

gacmds mc mîfcmc ma 3>9;, alfdltrcragds lug axtragd pcçsas fdgd Cledjc, Gcurntâlnc, Lnear Lnear a Gdåcgbnqua, dlm dlmaa >5% (du gcns) mc pdpujcåæd fdg gcns ma 31 clds cl ds læd arcg cjicbatnzcmds. cjicbatnzcm ds. C g amnclc pcrc 36; pcçsas arc ma 9;% ma cjicbatn cjicba tn zcåæd. Ld mîfngd galds masalvdjvnmd massas pcçsas, ds cjulds prngãrnds a saful mãrnds læd f`aecvcg c fdlstntunr gcns ma 31 pdr faltd mc pdpujcåæd altra cs nmc mas ma 1 a 3> clds? ld mîfngd gcns masalvdjvnmd, c prdpdråæd ujtrcpcsscvc >;%5> Ag tdmds ds pcçsas, sö ugc gnldrnc mc pdpujcåæd rafabnc amufcåæd supa rndr. Lugc axtragnmcma, pdrîg, tçl`cgds ganc møznc ma pcçsas cirnfclds dlma sö 1 passdcs ag fcmc 3;;.;;; astcvcg gctrnfujcmcs ag nlstntunåñas ma alsnld su  p  par arnd ndrr ” çl çlmn mnfa fa qu quaa sa pd pdma ma fdg fd g pcrc pc rcr, r, lc d u tr trcc ax axtr trag ag nmcm nm cmaa , fd fdg g ds md mdss A stc stc  mds Qlnmds mc Cgîrnfc (2.0=;), Ldvc Xajâlmnc (2.3;;) a Qlnæd Vdvnîtnfc (3.95=). Gasgd altra ds vnlta pcçsas fdg d gcndr [LB  pa  p a r fcp fcpntc ntc  `ã erclmas vc rncåñas0; . C rnquazc î ug rafursd pdjçtnfd, mnstrnbuçmd masneucjgalta ag tdmc pcrta? gcs d ercu massc masneucjmcma vcrnc. Cssng, c mnstrnbunåæd mc tarrc ”ugc gdmcjn mcma ngpdrtclta ma rnquazc lds pcçsas cerçfdjcs ”î gcrfcltagalta masneucj ag tdmds ajas. Gcs assc masneucjmcma î gcns axtragc ld Nrcqua, pdr axagpjd, dlma gatcma mc ãrac tdtcj arc dfupcmc pdr ;,5% mcs iczalmcs, md qua lc Mnlcgcrfc, dlma gatcma mc ãrac cerçfdjc cerçfdjc arc arc dfupcmc dfup cmc pdr 23% 23% mcsiczalmcs. mcsicza lmcs. (Ynma Ineurc 9.)  L  Lcc g amnm am nmcc ag qua cs masne ma sneucj ucjmc mcmas mas astæ as tædd fd fdrra rrajcf jcfnd ndlc lcmc mcss al altr traa sn vcrnc vcr nc ma sdfnamcma pcrc sdfnamcma. Ycgds Ycg ds cmgntnr cmg ntnr qua tdmcs cs passdcs, passdcs, maltrd mal trd ma ug snsta snsta gc pdjçtnfd, idssag jnstcmcs ma cfdrmd fdg suc pdsnåæd rajctnvc, tdgclmd fdgd raiarèlfnc ds rafursds pdjçtnfds gcns ngpdrtcltas mcquajc sdfnamcma8 c rnquazc, c ralmc, d fdl`afngaltd, c pdpujcrnmcma, d fdltrdja mcs fdgulnfcåñas, d fdltrdja mc pdjçfnc a mcs idråcs crgcmcs. Va c pdsnåæd rajctnvc ma tdmds idssa c gasgc, `c valmd pdrtcltd ugc fdrrajcåæd pariantc, cs masneucjmcmas lc mnstrnbunåæd ma ra fursds sarncg cbsdjutcgalta fugujctnvcs. Sucltd gcns ug nlmnvçmud mnspusassa ma ug fartd rafursd, gcns tarnc ma tdmds ds dutrds. Fdltumd, sa c pdsnåæd ma ug nlmnvçmud ag tcj jnstc læd astnvassa rajcfndlcmc fdg suc pdsnåæd ag dutrcs jnstcs (nlaxnstnlmd, pdrtcltd, assc fdrrajcåæd), cs masneucjmcmas ma rafursds sa mnspar scrncg. Astã fjcrd qua  mnsp  mnsparsæ arsæd d   læd snelninfc neucjmcma8   lug snstagc fdg masn eucjmcmas fdgpjatcgalta mnsparscs pdmarnc sagpra `cvar masneucjmcma fdg ras  p  pan antd td c td tdmm d s ds rafu ra fursd rsdss pd pdjç jçtn tnfd fds. s. F d l tu tumm d , c mnia mn iara ralå låcc al altr traa mas masneu neucjm cjmcm cmas as fu fu 

gujctnvcs a mnsparscs î frufncj, pdrqua lugc sdfnamcma ma masneucjmcmas mnspar scs cs passdcs qua læd tnvassag ug rafursd pdmarncg fdgpalscr astc icjtc axar falmd gcndr fdltrdja sdbra ds dutrds rafursds.

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Mniaralåcs mds Vnstagcs [djçtnfds

51

% ma iczalmcs

Ineurc 9 Furvcc ma J draltz mc mnstrnbunåæd mc tarrc. Furv Idlta8   ]cyjdr & @umsdl, Udrjm @clmbddo,  pães. 295-90.

 Lct  L ctur urcj cjg g al alta ta,, lal` la l` ug mds mdns tn tnpd pdss axnst ax nstaa ag suc idrg id rgcc purc pu rc.. @ã ug ugcc idrta talmèlfnc pcrc c masneucjmcma fugujctnvc, gcs pcrafa `cvar mniaralåcs sne

  e    ;   d  .    m    ;    9   c    >    m    3   l   a   r   c   f    C   r    /   f  .   c   s   a    t   d   s    t   c   l   v    n    n    t    b   c   c    j    `   a   r   d    ;    æ   s    ;    ;  .   s    ;    2   d    m   c   a    m    m   s   s   d    n   c   s   g   d    m   d   g   f    ]   d    )    *    (

lninfctnvcs lc masneucjmcma mds snstagcs pdjçtnfds. Lds pcçsas qua sa alfdltrcg ag ugc mcs très prnganrcs icsas ma Russatt, cs masneucjmcmas sæd, vnc ma raerc, idrtagalta fugujctnvcs. Lcs sdfnamcmas ag ravdjuåæd nlmustrncj, pdrîg, c rnqua zc a c ralmc sa trclsiarag mc cltnec crnstdfrcfnc iaumcj du djnecrqunc prdprnatã rnc ma tarrc pcrc c nlmøstrnc, d fdgîrfnd a d satdr bclfãrnd. Fdltumd, pcrc c gcndr pcrta mc pdpujcåæd, c maspantd md cugaltd mcs ralmcs cs masneucjmcmas fdltnlucg idrtagalta idrtag alta fugujctnv fugujctnvcs. cs. Astc idn c ic icsa sa qua Gcr Gcrxx tastag ul`d u lc Au rdpc ma gacmds md sîfujd mazaldva. Ag atcpcs gcns cvclåcmcs md prdfassd ma nlmustrncjnzcåæd, ë gamnmc qua cs ralmcs a d fdlsugd ma gcssc fdltnlucg c cu galtcr dfdrra ugc mniusæd cmnfndlcj mc tafldjdenc, mc amufcåæd, mc cijuèlfnc, mcs fdgulnfcåñas ma gcssc. Astc mniusæd pdma iczar-sa cfdgpcl`cr pdr ugc mn iusæd mds erupds ma nltarassa, mcs icfujmcmas pdjçtnfcs a md suirãend. Gasgd ag tcns fnrfulstâlfncs parsnstag cs masneucjmcmas ma rafursds pdjçtnfds, agbdrc ajcs sa tdrlag galds fugujctnvcs a gcns mnsparscs. Cssng, î fcmc vaz gcns mniçfnj nmaltninfcr ugc ajnta bag mainlnmc qua ‚mnrnea d pcçs‗, pdns pcssc c `cvar ugc talmèlfnc pcrc qua mniaraltas ajntas axaråcg nlijuèlfnc sdbra mniaraltas asfdpds ma ctnvnmcma, a sau nltar-rajcfndlcgaltd sa tdrlc cjtcgalta fdgpjaxd.

 

59

Clãjnsa [djçtnfc Gdmagc

Fnscd a Fdasæd

Cs rajcåñas ma mascfdrmd pdjçtnfd, fdlijntd a fdcjnzæd tèg mniaraltas fcu scs, ag mniaraltas snstagcs. Astc prdpdsnåæd, a tumd qua sa saeua, mava sar jnmd fdg funmcmd, pdns fdltrcmnz ug pdl td ma vvnst nstcc bcstclta fdgug fd gug , saeulm saeulmdd d qucj qucj d fdlijntd pdjçtnfd sa axpjnfc pdr ugc ølnfc idlta ma fnsæd ”drmnlcrncgalta ugc fcrcftarçstnfc afdlýgnfc, fdgd ‚fjcssa‗ du ‚prdprnamcma‗. C maspantd mc qucltnmcma ma aspafujcåñas, tadrncs a nlvastnecåñas axnstal tas, ldssc fdgpraalsæd md fdlijntd pdjçtnfd cnlmc î jngntcmc. Cs axpjnfcåñas pdr gand ma ug ølnfd ictdr sngpjasgalta læd sa sustaltcg mnclta ma fartds mcmds cedrc mnspdlçvans. Ds tnpds ma fcrcftarçstnfcs nlmnvnmucns a erupcns cssdfncmds fdg d fdlijntd pdjçtnfd maltrd mds pcçsas nlfjuag læd sö cs mniaralåcs ag sntucåæd sdfncj, fjcssa afdlýgnfc, ralmc, rnquazc a dfupcåæd, gcs tcgbîg amufcåæd, nmad jdenc, rajnenæd, jçleuc, raenæd a drneag icgnjncr. Astc gujtnpjnfnmcma ma ictdras frnc gdmajds mniaraltas ma fnsæd a ma fdasæd pdjçtnfcs ag fcmc pcçs. Ag prnganrd juecr, c `nstörnc lds jaedu pcçsas fdg mnstnltcs `arclåcs a fc rcftarçstnfcs qua idgaltcg c fnsæd du c fdasæd, tcns fdgd c jçleuc. Ds ldrtacgarnfclds (a ds brcsnjanrds), mavnmd ë suc pröprnc axparnèlfnc, pdmag tar c tal mèlfnc c cframntcr qua ds dutrds pcçsas tèg ugc ølnfc jçleuc ”d qua cfdltafa ag cjeuls fcsds. Fdltumd, d Fclcmã, pdr axagpjd, tag mucs ”d nlejès a d ircl fès. Lc Bîjenfc, `ã gcns ma gnj clds qua ugc irdltanrc jnleúçstnfc sapcrc ds qua qua icjcg irclfès mds qua sa axprasscg ag ijcgaled. Lc Vuçåc, c irdltanrc altra cs raenñas ma jçleucs irclfasc a cjagæ prctnfcgalta læd gumdu masma d qunltd

sîfujd mc ldssc arc. Md dutrd jcmd md gulmd, c çlmnc tag gcns ma 31 jçleucs ma ngpdrtâlfnc, a faltalcs ma jçleucs a mncjatds ma galdr axprassæd. Lc çlmnc, `ã ‚jçleucs gnldrntãrncs‗ icjcmcs pdr pdpujcåæd gcndr md qua c ma tdmc c Vuîfnc,  pd r axag ax ag pj pjd03. d03. Ag saeulmd juecr, c `nstörnc manxc gagörncs mniaraltas mc idrgc fdgd tcns mniaralåcs idrcg trctcmcs ld pcsscmd. Fdlsnmaragds dutrc vaz c jçleuc. C lcåæd suçåc sa fdlstntunu fdg bcsa lc neucjmcma mcs sucs jçleucs? ag fdlsaqúèlfnc, ds rassaltngaltds a fdlijntds pdjçtnfds fcuscmds pajcs mniaralåcs ma jçleucs sæd cjn nlsnelninfcltas. Lc Bîjenfc, pdr dutrd jcmd, mapdns ma ug parçdmd ma prdsparnmc ma a praagnlèlfnc ijcgalec (fuhd brnj`d sa raijata lds erclmas pnltdras ijcgal eds îpdfc), ug afdlýgnfd a fujturcj javdu ë subdrmnlc åæd massc mds ijcgaleds cdspdstarndr vcjñas, dmafjçlnd qua frndu ugc talsæd avnmalta lc vnmc pøbjnfc  bajec. Inlcjgalta, icsas mnstnltcs ma masalvdjvngaltd talmag c earcr idråcs mn varscs, astngujclmd fnsñas a fdcjnzñas. Ld sîfujd mazaldva, c urbclnzcåæd a c nl mustrncjnzcåæd lds pcçsas mc Aurdpc Dfnmaltcj sa inzarcg cfdgpcl`cr pajc gnsî rnc a ds fdlijntds qua, ma cfdrmd fdg Gcrx, mavarncg pdjcrnzcr-sa lugc fjcrc fdltrcmnåæd altra d prdjatcrncmd urbcld ag axpclsæd a c bureuasnc fcpntcjnstc ag ratrctcåæd, fdg c vntörnc md prnganrd. Fdltumd, md pdltd ma vnstc ma ug sî fujd gcns tcrma, pcrafa qua Gcrx sa prafnpntdu cd axtrcpdjcr d iuturd, c pcrtnr mcs prnganrcs atcpcs md prdfassd ma nlmustrncjnzcåæd. Gcrx fdl`afau c Aurdpc

 

Mniaralåcs mds Vnstagcs [djçtnfds

55

Dfnmaltcj mc Ravdjuåæd Nlmustrncj, lc icsa NY ma Russatt. [ravnu cfurcmcgalta c substntunåæd mcs prassñas ag icvdr mc gumclåc mc sntucåæd mc fjcssa trcbcj`cmd rc urbclc pdr fdlijntds pdjçtnfds. Gcs d qua læd pravnu idn d ictd ma qua, guntd cltas ma qua c ‚bureuasnc‗ idssa marrdtcmc, ld fdlijntd fdg d prdjatcrncmd, très fdnscs nrncg cfdltafar8 3) d nlçfnd ma ugc ldvc icsa, ma fdlsugd ma gcssc? 2) c mngnlunåæd lugîrnfc md prdjatcrncmd nlmustrncj, trclsidrgcmd lugc gnldrnc maltrd mc idråc ma trcbcj`d ejdbcj02? 6) mavnmd cd ctalmngaltd ma guntcs ranvnl mnfcåñas mds trcbcj`cmdras, d prdjatcrncmd nlmustrncj gnldrntãrnd sa tdrlcrnc fcmc vaz galds nlfjnlcmd c raspdlmar cds cpajds ma trclsidrgcåæd ravdjufndlãrnc mds gnjntcltas. Fdltumd, ag guntds pcçsas qua astæd `dha pcssclmd pajc icsa mc Ravdju åæd Nlmustrncj, ds fdlijntds prdvdfcmds pajcs axneèlfncs ma gaj`drnc du ma gu mclåc mc sntucåæd mds trcbcj`cmdras urbclds fdltnlucræd c sar prdvcvajgalta ugc fcrcftarçstnfc ngpdrtclta mc vnmc pdjçtnfc. Altragaltas, sureag ldvcs bcsas sdfncns a nmadjöenfcs md fdlijntd, lcs sdfnamcmas ma fdlsugd ma gcssc. *  C Er Ercvnm cvnmcma cma md s Fdli Fd lijntd jntdss

C ercvnmcma mds fdlijntds vcrnc ld tagpd ag tdmds ds snstagcs, a ma snsta gc pcrc snstagc. Cs pdssçvans mninfujmcmas ngpjnfcmcs lastc prdpdsnåæd læd ma

vag ngpamnr c parfapåæd md ictd ma qua c cinrgctnvc læd astã suhantc c møvnmcs, garcgalta ag targds ma salsd fdgug. @ã pdufd gcns ma ug sîfujd ds ldrtacgarnfclds astcvcg dfupcmds dfup cmds ag sa gctc gctcrr ag jcrec jcrec asf asfcjc cjc,, lugc lu gc euarrc fnv fnvnj nj88 trc tcvc-sa, avnmaltagalta, ma ug fdlijntd ngpdrtclta. D edjpa qua `duva lc Nlmd lîsnc, ag 3>99, qua marrubdu d raenga ma Vuocrld, quclmd vãrncs faltalcs ma gnj`cras ma passdcs gdrrarcg, idn nlmubntcvajgalta ug fdlijntd ercva. C raba jnæd crgcmc, c euarrc fnvnj, c ravdjuåæd vndjaltc, c euarrnj`c, ds mnstørbnds ma ruc, d axçjnd ag gcssc ”tdmds astas sæd axagpjds ma fdlijntds ma erclma ercvnmcma. [dr dutrd jcmd, ds mabctas, ds mnsfursds, cs raulnñas pcfçinfcs læd pdmag sar nl fjuçmds lc gasgc fctaedrnc. Maltrd Mal trd ma fcmc pcçs, c ‚tag parctu parcturc‗ rc‗ md fdlijntd pdjçtnfd vcrnc. vcrnc. Gas Gasgd gd ddss  pcçsa  pc çsass gcns gcn s astãvans astãv ans prd prdvc vcva vajg jgal alta ta tnvarc tnv arcg g p ar arçd çdmm d s ma turb tu rbuu jèlf jè lfnc nc a vnd vndjèlf jèlfnc. nc. C ‚tagparcturc‗ pdjçtnfc ijutuc tcgbîg ag parçdmds gcns furtds. Ag fcmc parçdmd, cjeuls pcçsas sæd gcns pcfçinfds md qua dutrds ag tar gds ma pdjçtnfc nltarlc. Cjeuls pdmag astcr ctrcvassclmd ugc îpdfc ma mnstør  bnds,  bnd s, d u trd tr d s sa alfd al fd l tr trcc g ag p arçd ar çdmm d ma fdlfn fd lfnjnc jncåæd åæd a uuln lnmc mcma ma.. Î pjcu pj cusçv sçvaj aj qua qu a mniaralåcs lcturcns ma fujturc a ma tagparcgaltd tdrlag cs passdcs, ag cjeuls  pcçsa  pc çsas, s, gcns nlfjnl nlf jnlcmc cmcs, s, md qua qu a ag du dutr trds ds,, c prd p rdfu furc rcrr sdjuå sd juåñas ñas pcfçi pc fçinf nfcs cs a fdlf fd lfn n jnctörncs pcrc sucs mnvareèlfncs. Ma qucjquar idrgc, î avnmalta qua ag qucjquar mîfcmc ag pcrtnfujcr d fdlijntd î gcns ercva ag cjeuls pcçsas md qua ag dutrds.  Lct  L ctur urcj cjg g alta al ta,, læd læ d î iãfnj gamn ga mnrr sctns sc tnsic ictd tdrnc rncg g alta al ta fdlf fd lfan antd tdss fdg fd g d d ma *L.R. -

Astc trclsn trclsnåæd åæd pcrc ug ‚ ldvd snlmnfcjn snlmnfcjnsgd‗ sgd‗ ld Brc Brcsn snjj lds clds 0; î ug bdg axa g  pj  pjdd ma st staa ia lý g a ld .

 

50

Clãjnsa [djçtnfc Gdmarlc

‚ercvnmcma‗ ma ug fdlijntd? tcgbîg læd î iãfnj fdjafndlcr a nltarpratcr ds mc mds rajavcltas. @ã farfc ma quctrd mîfcmcs ug asidråd pndlanrd masta tnpd idn ian td pajd sdfnöjded [ntnrng C. Vdrdonl. C maspantd mc ngpdrtâlfnc mc suc dbrc, cs dbsarvcåñas qua iaz infcrcg ag erclma pcrta asquafnmcs. Vdrdonl cpjnfdu nlmnfc mdras ma ‚mnstørbnd sdfncj‗ (fdlfabnmds fdg guntc nltajneèlfnc) ë `nstörnc mc Irclåc,, altra Irclåc al tra 129 a 3>21. 3>21. Cp Cpjnfdu jnfdu tcgbîg tcg bîg ds gasgds nlmnfcmdras ë Erîfnc a Rdgc cltnecs, c Bnzâlfnd, ë Cjagcl`c a â Ãustrnc, Nlejctarrc, Ntãjnc, @djclmc, Røssnc a ë [djýlnc, bag fdgd cd fdlhultd mc Aurdpc. Cs fdlfjusñas c qua f`a edu, fdg bcsa ag tæd cgpjd a funmcmdsd astumd, idrcg cs saeunltas8 ‚Ag gîmnc, lc gcndr pcrta mds pcçsas fdlsnmarcmds, c fcmc cld ag qua `duva ug mnstørbnd sdfncj ma ngpdrtâlfnc fdrraspdlmarcg sö fnlfd clds jnvras ma mnstørbnds.  Lædd î va  Læ varm rmcm cmaa qua cjeugc cje ugcss lcåñ lc åñas as talm ta lm a g gc gcns ns ë drma dr mag g md qu quaa du dutr trcs cs?? tdmcs sæd drmanrcs du læd, ma cfdrmd fdg d parçdmd astumcmd. Agbdrc `chc cjeugcs mniaralåcs altra cs lcåñas ld qua fdlfarla ë vndjèl fnc a nltalsnmcma mds mnstørbnds, tcns mniaralåcs læd sæd erclmas, lag fdlsns taltas.

Vö farfc ma fnlfd pdr faltd ma tdmds ds mnstørbnds raenstrcmds dfdrrarcg sag vndjèlfnc? cprdxngcmcgalta ug qucrtd majas trduxa pdufc vndjèlfnc. Cs  pdssn  pd ssnbnj bnjnmc nmcma mass ma ug c ‚ ravdj ra vdjuå uåæd æd sag scleu sc leua‗ a‗ pcraf pc rafag ag g untd un td paqu pa qual alcs cs.. C gcndrnc mds mnstørbnds murcg sö ugcs pdufcs sagclcs. Ds nlmnfcmdras læd gdstrcg ugc talmèlfnc fd ltçlu c sa sahc hc pcrc c drmag sah sahcc  pcrc  pc rc c masd ma sdrm rmag ag..  Læd `ã qu cjqu cj qu ar cssdfn css dfncåæ cåædd md mdss mn mnst stør ørbn bnds ds nl nlta tarl rlds ds fdg fd g cs eu euarr arrcs cs nl nlta tarl rl c  fndlcns. Ds mnstørbnds cfdltafag læd sö lds parçdmds ma mafcmèlfnc a mafjçlnd mc sdfnamcma gcs tcgbîg lds ma ijdrasfngaltd a frasfngaltd scmnd. C gcj`c söfnd-fujturcj ma vcjdras a rajcåñas î frufncj8 quclmd ajc î idrta a  bag  ba g nlta nl taer ercm cmc, c, c ir iraq aqúè úèlf lfnc nc md mdss mn mnst stør ørbn bnds ds î g çl ng c 06 Gcns rafaltagalta, dutrds fnaltnstcs sdfncns sa vdjtcrcg pcrc asta ngpdr tcl ta tagc tagc.. Ag 3>9>, ag rajctö rnd mnrnenmd mnrnenmd ë Fdgnssæd Lcfndlcj sdbr sdbraa cs Fcu Fcuscs scs a c [ravalåæd mc Yndjèlfnc, lds Astcmds Qlnmds mc Cgîrnfc, ug fnaltnstc pdjçtn fd iaz ug mds mnstør fdlijntds 33= pcçsas, gdstrclmd al tra 3>9 3>93 3 a astumd 3>91, cfdgpcrctnvd gcel gcelntuma ntuma mds mn størbnds bnds ag fnvns vcrndu mmaa euarrcs fnv fnvns nsqua, ma mastr stru u tnvcs a gdgaltds cgpjds ma vndjèlfnc ma gcssc ag pcçsas fdgd d Fdled, c Nlmd lîsnc a d Ynatlæ md Vuj, ã cusèlfnc tdtcj ma qucjquar raenstrd ma fdlijntd vndjal td, ag pcçsas fdgd c Vuîfnc, c Rdgèlnc, c Ldruaec a Idrgdsc (]cnwcl)0=. C tcbajc saeunlta fdgpcrc assas mcmds fdg c sntucåæd lds Astcmds Qlnmds mc Cgî rnfc, murclta ds clds turbujaltds altra 3>96 a 3>908

 

Mniaralåcs mds Vnstagcs Vnstagcs [djçtnfds [djçtnfds

5>

2ørbn  Cje ugcs  Cjeug cs Fcrcftar Fcrc ftarçstnf çstnfcs cs Earcns m]cbajc ds M nst nstør bnds ds Fnvns lds l ds Astc As tcmd mdss Qlnmd Qlnmdss mc   Cgîrnf  Cg îrnfc, c, 3> 96-3 96 -3>9 >90, 0, Fdgp Fd gpcr crctn ctnvc vcga galta lta cds ma Du Dutrd trdss [cçsas, 3>93 3> 93-3 -3>9 >91. 1.  AQC

Mniusæd (l> pcrtnfnpcltas pdr Mniusæd p dr 3;; gnj `cbntcltas) [dsnåæd rajctnvc mds AQC Nltalsnmcma (gdrtas (g drtas pdr 3; gnj`ñas ma ma `cbntcltas) [dsnåæd rajctnvc mds AQC Murcåæd8 pdsnåæd rajctnvc mds AQC Gcelntuma tdtcj [dsnåæd mds AQC [dsnåæd mds AQC, 3>93-3>91

35 pcçs pcçsas as  aurdpaus   mag  ma g dfrãt df rãtnfd nfdss

336 pcçsas pcçsas

3 ,3 3 9

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2;.3;; 16 16>> 9>

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Idlta8  ]am Rdbart Eurr, ‚C Ådgpcrctnva Vtumy di Fnvnj Vtnnia‗, nl @ue` M. Erc`cg a Yndjalfa nl Cgarnfc8 C Ra pdrt pdr t td t`a Lctndlcj Lctndlcj   ]am Rdbart Eurr, ]`a @nstdry d i Yndjalfa Fdgnssndl dl t`a Fcusas Fcusas clm [ravaltndl d i Yndjal Yndjalfa. fa. (Law ^dro8 Bdltcg Bddos, 3>9>), pp. 152-962.

 Nl stn stntu tunå nåñ ñ as pcrc [crtnj` [ crtnj`cr cr a Axar Ax arfa farr d [dma [d marr

Inlcjgalta, ds snstagcs pdjçtnfds tèg mniaraltas nlstntunåñas pcrc pcrtnj`cr a axarfar d pdmar. Sucsa tdmds cframntcgds lug fdrdjãrnd8 ds snstagcs pdjçtnfds mniarag tcgbîg lc mnstrnbunåæd md pdmar, lc gamnmc ag qua, ma cfdrmd fdg c targnldjdenc crnstdtîjnfc, d pdmar î mnstrnbuçmd c ug sö, c pdufcs du c guntcs  passdc  pas sdcs. s. Fdls Fd lsnm nmar arcl clmd md,, pd pdrî rîg g , ds pr prdb dbja jag g cs lc db dbsar sarvc vcåæ åædd a lc g alsu al surc rcåæ åædd md  pdma  pd mar, r, mn mnsf sfut utnm nmds ds ld F cpçt cp çtuj ujdd NN NNN, N, c cfan cf antc tcåæ åædd masta ma sta fdrd fd rdjã jãrn rndd sa iu iulm lmcg cg altc al tc qucsa nltanrcgalta ag avnmèlfnc nlmnratc. A c avnmèlfnc nlmnratc gcns fdlvnlfal ta î c mniaralåc lcs nlstntunåñas mastnlcmcs c cssaeurcr c pcrtnfnpcåæd ld prdfassd edvarlcgaltcj ma ajcbdrcåæd ma pdjçtnfcs. Astas prdfassds sæd axtragcgalta fdgpjaxds. Cd qua pcrafa, cs mafnsñas edvarlcgaltcns rasujtcg mc fdgbnlcåæd mc pcrtnfnpcåæd mnratc a nlmnratc pajds fnmcmæds, ctnvnstcs a ajntas, ctuclmd pdr gand mc parsucsæd, ma cgacåcs, prdgas scs, gclnpujcåæd mnratc, cmcptcåæd, alecld a fdaråæd. Gcs d aqunjçbrnd massas vãrnds ajagaltds vcrnc guntd, fdgd vcrncg cs nlstntunåñas rajavcltas. Qgc mcs idrgcs ma tcj vcrncåæd î d suirãend. Ldssd sîfujd tastagul`du c cfantcåæd prctnfcgalta ulnvarscj mc fralåc ma qua ds fnmcmæds ma tdmds ds pcçsas tèg d mnrantd ma pcrtnfnpcr ld edvarld md sau pcçs, pdr gand md vdtd. Ag fdlsa qúèlfnc, sö ugc ganc møznc ma pcçsas laec idrgcjgalta d suirãend c saus fnmc mæds. Lds dutrds, fdltumd, alfdltrcgds vcrncåæd snelninfctnvc lc prdpdråæd mds cmujtds qua tèg d mnrantd ma vdtcr, a vdtcg aiatnvcgalta. Lds Astcmds Qlnmds,  pdrr axag  pd ax ag pj pjd, d, mavnmd mav nmd ãs bcrr bc rranr anrcs cs jaecns, nlfjusnva nlfjusnv a cs axne a xneèlf èlfncs ncs ma rasnmè ras nmèlfn lfncc f ra enstrd, a pdr fcusc mc axfjusæd jaecj, sagnjaecj a njaecj mds laerds (aspafncjgalta ld Vuj, a qua cedrc mascpcrafa rcpnmcgalta), c prdpdråæd mds cmujtds qua vdtcg

 

0;

Clãjnsa [djçtnfc Gdmagc

lcs ajanåñas lcfndlcns î galdr md qua ag qucsa tdmcs cs dutrcs magdfrcfncs ra  pras  pr asal altc tctnv tnvcs cs001 . Dutrd cspaftd ngpdrtclta î c gamnmc ag qua ds qua gcns pcrtnfnpcg mcs mafnsñas edvarlcgaltcns prafnscg fdgpatnr pajds vdtds md ajantdrcmd, ag ajan åñas ag qua tèg neucjmcma ma fdlmnåñas ds qua sa dpñag cd Edvarld. Î pdssç vaj, cssng, fjcssninfcr ds pcçsas, du dutrds snstagcs pdjçtnfds, ag mnvarscs fctaed rncs, pajd frntîrnd mc gamnmc ag qua cs jans, c Fdlstntunåæd, ds fdstugas a c prã tnfc pdjçtnfc prdtaeag c jnbarmcma ma axprassæd, c jnbarmcma ma idrgcr dreclnzc åñas a majcs pcrtnfnpcr, d cfassd ës idltas cjtarlctnvcs ma nlidrgcåæd, c axnstèlfnc ma ajanåñas jnvras, c fdgpatnåæd mds jçmaras pdjçtnfds pajd cpdnd md ajantdrcmd, a cs fcrcftarçstnfcs mcs nlstntunåñas mastnlcmcs c idrgujcr c pdjçtnfc edvarlcgaltcj

 ”nlst  ”nl stntu ntunå nåña ñass map ma p alm al m alta al tass ma vd vdtd tdss a ma d u trcs tr cs axpr ax prass assña ñass ma pr prai aiar arèl èlfn fnc. c. Fdgd ds pcçsas sa sntucg ag pdsnåñas mniaraltas cd jdled massas anxds md suirãend a mc jnbarmcma ma dpdsnåæd, `ã ld gulmd ugc erclma vcrnamcma ma snsta  `aeagdlncs dlncs iaf` ia f`cm cmcs cs,, qua laecg d suirãend gcs pdjçtnfds. Lug axtragd astæd cs  `aeag a suprngag tdmcs tdm cs cs idrgcs mmaa dpdsnåæd cd cd Edvarld. Ld dutrd du trd axtragd ax tragd astæd cs cs  pdjncrqunc  pdjnc rquncs, s,   qua cssaeurcg d suirãend ulnvarscj a prdtaeag tdmcs cs nlstntunåñas cfngc rajcfndlcmcs09. Mds cprdxngcmcgalta 31; pcçsas qua sæd `dha nlmapal maltas, farfc ma mucs møzncs sæd pdjncrquncs a dutrds sans pdmarncg sar fdlsnma rcmds qucsa pdjncrquncs Ds rastcltas rastcl tas væd mcs `aeagdlncs `aeag dlncs raprass raprassnvcs nvcs,, qua suprn gag qucsa tdmcs cs gdmcjnmcmas ma gclniastcåæd pøbjnfc ma dpdsnåæd cd Edvar ld, ctî ds raengas gnstds gcns tdjarcltas, fdg ug ercu vcrnãvaj ma jnbarmcma pcrc ds dpdsntdras md Edvarld05. Edvarld05. Ag qua fdlmnåñas cs pdjncrquncs du edvarlds pdpujcras sa trclsidrg trclsidrg cg ag `aeagdlncs4 Ag qua fdlmnåñas sa tdgc prdvãvaj c trclsidrgcåæd ma `aeagdlncs ag edvarlds pdpujcras4 Astcs nlmcecåñas idfcjnzcg ldssc ctalåæd ag prdbjagc qua î læd sö mds gcns cltneds ld astumd mc pdjçtnfc gcs tcgbîg mds gcns urealtas a mniçfans ld gulmd fdltagpdrâlad. fdltagpdrâlad.

 

FC[N]QJD YNN RAENGAV [DJÇ]NFDV8 [D[QJCRAV A @AEAGÝLNFDV @AEAGÝLNFDV  Ld F cpçtu cp çtujd jd Y f`aecg f`a ecgds ds ë fd fdlf lfjus jusæd æd ma qua ug p d l td ma saga sa gaj`c j`clåc låc qua cprdxngc ds snstagcs pdjçtnfds î d ictd ma qua tdmds ajas sa trclsidrgcg. Ctî c [rnganrc Euarrc Gulmncj ug pdltd ma vnstc guntd fdgug, aspafncjgalta altra ds ldrta-cgarnfclds, arc d ma qua c `nstörnc icvdrafnc c magdfrcfnc8 ercmucjgal ta du pdr gand ma ravdjuåñas, ds raengas `aeagýlnfds sa trclsidrgcrncg ag edvarlds pdpujcras. p dpujcras. D rasujtcmd mc prnganrc erclma erclma ravdjuåæd md sîfujd sîfujd vnlta, fdl fdl  tumd, læd idn ugc pdnncrqunc, gcs ug raenga `aeagýlnfd, lc Røssnc. Ag rãpnmc sufassæd, pdjncrquncs famarcg icsfnsgd, lc Ntãjnc?Erclma cd lcznsgd, Cjagcl`c?vãrncs a c ug raenga gnjntcr, ld juecr Hcpæd.cdMapdns mc Vaeulmc Euarrc,lcc  pdnnc  pd nncrq rqun uncc sa nlst nl stcj cjdu du lc g cn cndr dr p cr crta ta md ‚ ]arfanr ]ar fanrdd G ulmd ul md‗‗ . Sucj d iuturd md edvarld pdpujcr4 ]almarã d gulmd pcrc c `aeagdlnc4 Agbdrc ldssd fdl`afngaltd sahc pdr magcns jngntcmd pcrc hustninfcr ugc pravn sæd duscmc, pdmagds nlmnfcr fdg ugc fartc fdlinclåc ug fartd løgard ma fdl mnåñas qua cugaltcg cs prdbcbnjnmcmas mc pdnncrqunc. [dma-sa, altæd, prdfurcr ngcenlcr sa î prdvãvaj prdvãvaj c axnstèlfnc axnstèlfnc mc pdnncrqunc ld iutu iuturd. rd. Cd axcgnlcr astcs fdlmnåñas, î ngpdrtclta jagbrcr qua c gcndr pcrta mds raengas læd sæd lag pdjncrquncs purcs lag `aeagdlncs fdgpjatcs. C nlulmcåæd ma tnpdjdencs qua masfravagds ld Fcpçtujd cltarndr lds pravnla fdltrc c taltctn vc ma fjcssninfcr tdmds ds raengas gnstds lugc ølnfc fctaedrnc aspafçinfc. [dma gds fdltumd fdlfabar cs pdjncrquncs a cs `aeagdlncs fdgd mdns pöjds, sapcrc mds pdr ugc ercmcåæd ma raengas nltargamnãrnds. D qua mnstnleua ds raengas gns tds î d ictd ma qua sæd galds tdjarcltas mc dpdsnåæd pdjçtnfc md qua cs pdjncr quncs, pdrîg, gcns tdjarcltas md qua cs `aeagdlncs. D prdbjagc, pdrtcltd, î matagnlcr cs fdlmnåñas prdpçfncs cd astçgujd ma gumclåcs qua masjdquag d raen ga ma ug pcçs ld saltnmd mc pdnncrqunc du mc `aeagdlnc. Asscs fdlmnåñas pd mag raidråcr c astcbnjnmcma ma ug raenga axnstalta ”pdr axagpjd, quclmd cs fdlmnåñas fdlm nåñas qua icvdrafag icvdrafag c pdnncrqunc cpcrafag ag pcçsas fdg raen raenga ga pdjnã pdjnãrqunrqunfd, asta raenga talmarã c subsnstnr.  Cjeug  Cje ugcs cs M Mniar niaralå alåcs cs Ng pdrtc pd rtc lt ltas as

Suard f`cgcr c ctalåæd md jantdr pcrc vãrncs mniaralåcs rajcfndlcmcs fdg c

 

02

Clãjnsa [djçtnfc Gdmarlc

clãjnsa iantc lds Fcpçtujds cltarndras. Agbdrc ugc cvcjncåæd cmaqucmc mds raen gas mavc fdlsnmarcr gcns md qua astcs sngpjas mniaralåcs, lal`ugc cvcjncåæd sctnsictörnc sctnsict örnc pdma masfdl`afè masfdl`afè-j -jcs, cs, pdrqua sæd ngpdrtcltas.

 C  Cut utdl dl dg nc a Fdltr Fd ltrdja dja

Ds nlmnvçm nlmnvçmuds uds a ds subsnstagcs sæd sæd gcns cutýld cu týld g ds ag rajcåæd cd Edvar Edvar  ld md Astcmd pdjncrquncs mdaiantd, qua lcspdr`aeagdlncs. Astc mniaralåcraiarnr-l î ag pcrta varmcmanrc varmcmanr c pdrlcs mainlnåæd. mainln åæd. Fdg ‚pdnncrqunc‗ quaragds raiar nr-lds ds c ug snstagc qua tag tdjarâlfnc rajctnvcgalta gcndr ë cutdldgnc nlmnvnmucj a dr eclnzcfndlcj? fdlsnmarcgds ‚raenga `aeagýlnfd‗ cquaja dlma `ã rajctnvcgalta galds cutdldgnc mds subsnstagcs. Ds mnrantds ma pcrtnfnpcr ld edvagd, a ma dpdr-saa c aja, qua fcrcftarnzcg dpdr-s fcrcftarnzcg cs pdjncrquncs, axneag qua d Astcmd tdjara a prd tahc c cutdldgnc mds nlmnvçmuds a mcs dreclnzcåñas. Ag fdlsaqúèlfnc massas mnrantds, `ã ugc talmèlfnc pcrc qua axnstcg lcs  pdjnc  pd jncrq rqun uncs cs erclm er clmaa vcrna vc rnamc mcma ma ma dr drec eclnz lnzcåñ cåñas8 as8 fju fjuba bass prnvc pr nvcmd mds, s, drec dr eclnz lnzcå cåña ñass fu fuj j turcns, erupds ma prassæd, pcrtnmds pdjçtnfds, snlmnfctds, atf. Guntcs masscs drec lnzcåñas prdfurcg ctnvcgalta nlijualfncr d Edvagd? dutrcs pdmag sar gdbnjn zcmcs quclmd saus gagbrds cframntcg qua fartds nltarassas ma ngpdrtâlfnc fru fncj astæd cgacåcmds. Ag fdltrcsta, d masalvdjvngaltd mc cutdldgnc cgacåc c lcturazc ma ug raenga `aeagýlnfd a d pdmar mc suc jnmarclåc. Cs dreclnzcåñas cutýldgcs sæd pcrtnfujcrgalta parnedscs. [dr nssd, lds raengas `aeagýlnfds, ajcs sæd gcltnmcs sdb fdltrdja edvarlcgaltcj. Ag øjtngc clãjnsa, lug raenga `aeagýlnfd tdmds tdmd s ds nlmnvçmuds a dreclnzc dreclnzcåñas åñas pcrtnfnpcg ma ug snstagc snstagc cbrcl ealta ma fdltrcstas `narãrqunfds. Agbdrc tcj jngnta sahc mniçfnj ma cjfclåcr lc  prãt  pr ãtnf nfc, c, `duva `d uva sntuc snt ucåñ åñas as `n `nst stör örnfc nfcss ag qu quaa nssd qucsa qu csa cfdl cf dlta tafa fauu ”pd ”p d r ax axag ag pjd, pj d, lc Qlnæd Vdvnîtnfc, murclt¿ d parçdmd inlcj md stcjnlnsgd, a lc Cjagcl`c lc znstc.  [arsucsæd a Fdaråæd

 Lcs pdjnc pd jncrq rqun uncs cs (ag fd fdll tr trcs csta ta fdg fd g cs `aea `a eag g dl dlncs ncs), ), ds jçm aras ar as p d jçtnf jç tnfdd s uscg gcns c parsucsæd, a galds c fdaråæd00. Fartcs idrgcs ma fdaråæd sæd ax fjuçmcs du gnlngnzcmcs lcs pdjncrquncs. Qg raenga qua pña lc prnsæd ds jçmaras dpdsnfndlnstc dpdsnfn dlnstcss du suprnga suprnga hdrlcns qua frntnfcg frntnfcg d Edvarld, pdr axagpjd, pd r main lnåæd læd î ugc pdnncrqunc. Nlvarscgalta, pdr mainlnåæd ugc pdnncrqunc mava cs saeurcr cd pdvd d mnrantd ma pcrtnfnpcr lc asfdj`c mc jnmarclåc pdjçtnfc. Qgc pdjncrqunc astalma assa mnrantd c qucsa tdmc c pdpujcåæd cmujtc. D ictd ma qua tcns mniaralåcs mnstnleuag cs pdjncrquncs mcs `aeagdlncs ga rcgalta pdr mainlnåæd læd cs tdrlc galds snelninfctnvcs. Cjîg mnssd, c mniaralåc axnstalta ld aqunjçbrnd mc parsucsæd a mc fdaråæd î ugc fdlsaqúèlfnc prãtnfc mcs mniaralåcs mniar alåcs lcs pröprncs nlstntun nlstntunåñas åñas pdjçtnfcs. Qg erupd qua tag d mnrantd ma pcr tnfnpcr lc asfdj`c mc jnbarmcma pdjçtnfc nlfjnlc -sa galds c altrcr ag fdlijntd sdb  prassæ  pra ssædd md qua qu a ug er erup updd qua læd læ d ta tag g tcj tc j mnra mn rantd ntd.. Nstd Ns td î pcrt pc rtnf nfuj ujcr crg g al alta ta öbvnd öb vnd sa

 

Raengas [djçtnfds8 [dpujcras a @aeagýlnfds

06

d erupd ag quastæd î bcstclta lugardsd pcrc fdlstntunr ugc gcndrnc. Alqucltd

cs nlstntunåñas md edvagd pdpujcr iulfndlcg, qucjquar taltctnvc ma idråcr c gcndrnc gc ndrnc mc pdpujc pdpujcåæd åæd astcrã icmcm icmcmcc cd nlsufass nlsufassd, d, pdns assc gcndrnc pdma sngpjas sngpjas  galta vdtcr ma cfdrmd fdg sucs praiarèlfncs, lc ajanåæd saeunlta. [dr nssd lcs  pdjnc  pd jncrq rqun uncs cs ds p d jç jçtn tnff d s rcrc rc rcg g al alta ta cp cpön öncg cg jan janss mmnrne nrnenmc nmcss f d l trc tr c c g cndrn cn drnc? c? md mas mas   praz  pr azdd mc dpnl dp nlnæ nædd pø bj bjnf nfcc pdma pd ma fu fustc stcr-j r-j`a `ass g un untd td fcrd. fc rd. L ctur ct urcj cjg g alta al ta,, fdg fd g d î mn mn  içfnj qua qucjquar jan fdlsnec cpdnd ulâlnga, læd `ã raenga ag qua cjeugcs pas sdcs sdcs læ lædd pdsscg sar fdcenm fdcenmcs cs pdr jan janss qua cs pprnvag rnvag ma cjeu cjeugc gc dpdr dpdrtul tulnmc nmcma, ma, prn vnjîend du mnrantd. Fdltumd, agbdrc gasgd cs passdcs qua pcrtnfnpcg mcs mafn sñas edvarlcgaltcns pdsscg sar prahumnfcmcs pdr ajcs, ds qua læd pcrtnfnpcg fdr rag assa rnsfd ag ercu gcns ajavcmd. Î ngprdvãvaj qua c Fdlvalåæd Fdlstntunl ta ldrta-cgarnfclc `duvassa pargntnmd c asfrcvnmæd lds Astcmds Qlnmds mc Cgî rnfc sa c pdpujcåæd laerc tnvassa lc îpdfc ds gasgds mnrantds ma pcrtnfnpcåæd pd jçtnfc qua ds brclfds. Mapdns mc Euarrc Fnvnj, pcrc qua sa pumassa ngpdr c su  prag  pra g cf cfnc nc brcl br clfc fc sdbr sdbraa ds lae laerds rds jn jnba bart rtds ds,, idn ratn ra tnrc rcmd md mc pdpu pd pujc jcåæ åædd lae laerc rc md Vuj mds Astcmds Qlnmds sa sauu mnrantd, rafîg-cmqunr rafîg-cmqunrnmd, nmd, ma pcrtnfnpcr lc vn vnmc mc pdjçtnfc.  Lug  Lu g c pdnn pd nncr crqu qunc nc,, î ldrg ld rg cj cjg g al alta ta mn mniç içfn fnjj ax axar arfa farr fd fdar aråæ åædd sdb sdbra ra ug erup er updd lugardsd, qua læd-gchdrntãrnd. Fdg aiantd, alvarlds qucltd quc ltdpdpujcras c fdaråædqqua cgpjc frn frncc ug ugc c talsædcnlmc ag qucjquar snstagc pdjçtnf d, sæd ddss ed edvar lds ua c fdlsn fdlsn marcg gcns mniçfnj. [crc avntcr c masdbamnèlfnc fnvnj ag jcrec asfcjc, a gasgd c euarrc fnvnj fnvnj,, d Edvagd agpal`cmd l c fdaråæd mmaa ugc gnldrnc ngp drtclta prafn sc mnspdr ma ug nlstrugaltcj ainfcz ma idråcs fdarfntnvcs ”ug snstagc pdjnfncj faltrcjnzcmd a mnsfnpjnlcmd, ugc pdjçfnc safratc, ug pdmar humnfnãrnd sngpãtnfd, astcbajafngaltds gnjntcr a burdfrãtnfd prdltds ë dbamnèlfnc, bag fdgd jans, mdu trnlc fdlstntufndlcj a prãtnfcs qua pargntcg d agpraed ma tcns idråcs. Assa nlstrugaltcj ma fdaråæd lcs gæds md Edvagd raprasaltc ugc taltc åæd parala pcrc ds jçmaras nlasfrupu nlasfrupujdsds, jdsds, a ug par parned ned pargc pargclalta lalta pcrc c dpdsn åæd. Agbdrc sahc cmgnssçvaj qua ug edvagd pdpujcr pdssc fdcenr dfcsndlcjgal ta ugcsucs ircåæd snelninfctnvc pdvd, fdg Cssng, èxntd, qucltd d inzar saræd pdssnbnjnmcmas ma md sdbravnvèlfnc. quclmd gcns sa ngpýs ug galdras axtalsd asquagc fdarfntnvd sdbra ds laerds ldrta-cgarnfclds, ld Vuj, ld ing md sîfujd mazaldva, frndu mazaldva, frndu-s -saa ug snsta snstagc gc pdjçtnfd mu pjd, ag qua ddss br brclfds clfds tnl`cg ugc qucsa-pdjncrqunc, a ds laerds vnvncg sdb ugc `aeagdlnc raprassnvc. Fdltrdja rafçprdfd a ulnjctarcj 

Fdgd d mnrantd aiatnvd ë dpdsnåæd a ë pcrtnfnpcåæd sæd gcns mniulmnmds lcs  pdjn  pd jncr crqu qunc ncss md qua lcs `a `aea eagd gdlnc lncs, s, nlmn nl mnvç vçmu muds ds a eeru rupd pdss edz edzcg cg ma g cndr cn dr c u td l d  gnc fdg rajcåæd cdfdltrc Edvagd, dpdrtulnmcmas quajngntcmcs, tèg ds jçmaras pdjçtnfds ma agpraecr c fdaråæd sauscsdpdlaltas sæd gcns c parsucsæd î gcns iãfnj ma uscr md qua c fdaråæd fdgd gand ma nlijuèlfnc, a c jnmarclåc pdjçtnfc sa nlfjnlc gcns c pcrtnfnpcr ma ramas ma nlijuèlfnc rafçprdfc. Lcs pdjncrquncs, cs  pd jçtn jç tnff c s eedv dvar arlc lcg g al altc tcns ns ta tall ma g c ssar ar db ha hatd td ma laed la edfnc fncåæ åædd a bbcr crec ecl` l`c. c. Lds rae raenn-

 

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Clãjnsa [djçtnfc Gdmagc

gas `aeagýlnfds, c nlijuèlfnc mds jçmaras î gcns ulnjctarcj, a cs pdjçtnfcs talmag c sar ajcbdrcmcs gamnclta c `narcrqunc a d fdgclmd. FDLIJN]D [DJÇ]NFD A JQ]C FNYNJ [crafa rczdã [crafa rczdãvaj vaj cmg cmgntnr ntnr qua cs pdjncrquncs astæd gcns suhantcs cd fdlijntd md qua cs `aeagdln `aeagdlncs. cs. L ug fartd saltnmd, guntd ngp drtclta, nstd î varmcm varmcma8 a8 `ã lcs  pdjnc  pd jncrqu rqunc ncss ug lç lçva vajj ajavcm aja vcmdd ma fd li lijn jntd td p d jçtn jç tnff d a xp jçfn jç fntd td.. [ dr ax axag agpj pjd8 d8 ds ppcr cr  tnmds sa dpñag, cs icfåñas a ds fclmnmctds sa agpal`cg lc taltctnvc cbartc ma ngpdr ngp dr saus saus pdltds pdlt ds ma vnstc uls cds du trds ”lds fdrpds jaensj jaensjctnv ctnvds, ds, lcs ajan ajanåñas åñas a ld idrd gcns cgpjd mc dpnlnæd pøbjnfc. [dmar-sa-nc palscr qua astc prdpalsæd ajavcmc cd fdlijntd pdjçtnfd irclfd javcssa cs pdjncrquncs ë jutc fnvnj ”nstd î, cds fdlijntds nltalsds, cerassnvds, pdjcrnzcmds, sdb c idrgc ma mnstørbnds pdpujcras, ctds ma scbdtceag, csscssç csscssçlnds lnds pdjçtnfd pdjçtnfds, s, edjpas ma Astcmd, euarrnj`c a euarrc fnv fnvnj. nj. Fdltumd, læd î d qua cfdltafa. Agbdrc d fdlijntd sahc iraqúalta lcs pd jncrquncs, tnpnfcgalta aja cprasaltc lçvans ramuznmds ma nltalsnmcma. Fdgd ma gdlstrc c tcbajc saeunlta, ds pcçsas fdg lçvans ma fdlijntd galds nltalsds sæd  pram  pr amdg dg nlcl nl clta tag g al alta ta pd pdjnc jncrqu rquncs ncs?? cqua cq uajas jas fdg fd g lçv lçvan anss gc gcns ns aja ajavcm vcmds ds sæd pram pr amdg dg n lcltagalta læd-pdjncrquncs8 ]cbajc 6  [djncrqun  [djn crqunc c a L çv a j m a Fd Fdlij lijntd ntd   (0= pcçsas, 3>=0-3>91)  TT  TTTTT   Lç vajj mmaa F dl  Lçva dlij ijnt ntd( d(c) c)   TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT 

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Raengas [djçtnfds8 [dpujcras a @aeagýlnfds

01

Ds cutdras md astumd ag qua sa bcsanc astc tcbajc f`aecg ë saeunlta fdl fjusæd8 ‚Cpcraltagalta ds pcçsas pargnssnvds sæd pramdgnlcltagalta astãvans a læd-vndjaltds...? fdltumd, quclmd surea ugc paqualc fdaråæd, c sntucåæd sa nl varta. D usd gdmarcmd mc idråc pcrafa cenr fdgd astngujclta mds mnstørbnds nl tarlds... Cjîg mnssd, pcrafa qua d aiantd pcfninfcmdr mc fdaråæd sö sa icz saltnr lds raengas axtragcgalta fdarfntnvds... [ajd galds ld saltnmd ejdbcj, pcrafa qua c fdaråæd c prnlfçpnd a ctî ug fartd pdltd astngujc c vndjèlfnc. Mapdns, sdb idrgc ma tnrclnc, tnrclnc, pcrafa prdvcvajgalta prdvcvajgalta tæd cptc cp tc c cssa cssaeurc eurcrr c pcz nltarlc qucltd qu cltd c vndjèlfnc cmnfndlcj... C fdlfjusæd öbvnc masta astumd mc vndjèlfnc a mc fdaråæd ag vãrnds pcçsas î c ma qua ds raengas pdjçtnfds qua rafdlag ë idråc, aspafncjgalta sa uscg c idråc ma idrgc nlfdlsnstalta, mavag asparcr c nlstcbnjnmcma pdjçtnfc a c vndjèl fnc. [dr dutrd jcmd, c prdbcbnjnmcma icvdrafa axtragcgalta c astcbnjnmcma pdjç tnfc mds raengas fdlsnstaltagalta pargnssnvds0>!„ [drtcltd, lds pcçsas fdg edvagd pdpujcr, ds fdlijntds pdjçtnfds axpjçfn tds talmag c sar iraqúaltas, gcs sæd rajctnvcgalta pdufd nltalsds. Lcs læd pdjnc  pd jncrq rqun uncs cs,, d f d l ij ijnt ntdd cb cbar artd td pd pdma ma sar g al alds ds fdg fd g ug , gcs gc s tal ta l m a c sar gcns gc ns nl nl  talsd a vndjaltd. Lcs pdjncrquncs, ds fdlijntds targnlcg tnpnfcgalta pdr gand ma laedfncåæd? lcs læd-pdjncrquncs, pajc fdaråæd. C idrgc fcrcftarçstnfc ma trc tcr ds fdlijntds pdjçtnfds pd jçtnfds lc l c pdnncrqunc î pajc fdlfnjncåæd fdlfnjncåæd pcfçinfc? lcs læd-pdjn læd-pdjncrcrquncs,, d gîtdmd quncs gî tdmd fcrcftarçstnfd î c vndjè vndjèlfn lfnc. c. MNIARALÅCV LCV NLV]N]QNÅÑAV MAV]NLCMCV C [CR]NJ@CR A C APARFAR D [DMAR  Fdgd pdmagds axpjnfcr d ictd ma qua lcs pdjncrquncs ds fdlijntds pdjçtn fds talmag talma g c sar trctcmd trctc mdss gamnclta gam nclta c fdlfnjncåæd pcfçinfc4 Vcbagds qua cjeu cjeu gcs nlstntunåñas sæd frncmcs aspafncjgalta pcrc prdgdvar assc fdlfnjncåæd. C Dreclnzcåæd mcs Lcåñas Qlnmcs, pdr axagpjd, idn pjclahcmc fdgd ug idrd pcrc d chusta pcfçinfd mds fdlijntds nltarlcfndlcns. Ds pcçsas-gagbrds md Garfcmd Fdgug Aurdpau masalvdj masalvdjvarcg varcg nlstntunåñas cprdprncmcs pcrc raeujc raeujcrr guntcs mcs mcs sucs mniaralåcs ag gctîrnc afdlýgnfc. Gcs guntds sîfujds cltas mc frncåæd mas scs nlstntunåñas hã `cvnc ug öreæd mastnlcmd c prdgdvar c fdlsujtc, c laedfncåæd a c axpjdrcåæd ma sdjuåñas gutucgalta balîinfcs8 ds pcrjcgaltds du fdrpds ja ensjctnvds lcfndlcns. D masalvdjvngaltd pcrjcgaltcr, fdlstntufndlcjnsgd a ds pcr tnmds pdjçtnfds idrlafarcg ës pdjncrquncs gdmarlcs ugc rama fdgpjaxc ma prd famngaltds, trcmnåñas, rntucns aa aspafncjnstcs, prassñas alvdjvalmd raprasaltcltas ajantds, pdrtcvdzas ma erupds ma nltarassas pcrc gamncr fdlijntds altra ds luga rdsds erupds ma nltarassa axnstaltas lc sdfnamcma gdmarlc. [crafa rczdãvaj, pdrtcltd, qua ‚c prdbcbnjnmcma mc fdlfnjncåæd pcfçinfc mds fdlijntds cugalta lcs pdjncrquncs mavnmd cds crrclhds nlstntufndlcns qua alfdrc  hcg  hc g c fdls fd lsuj ujtc tc,, c laed la edfnc fncåæd åæd,, c ax axpj pjdr drcå cåæd æd ma cjtar cj tarlc lctnv tnvcs cs a c bus b usfc fc ma sdjuåñ sdj uåñas as gutucgalta balîinfcs. Nlvarscgalta, cs parspaftnvcs mc vndjèlfnc cugaltcg lcs

 

09

Clãjnsa [djçtnfc Gdmagc

læd-pdjncrquncs, mavnmd cds crrclhds nlstntufndlcns qua nlnbag savarcgalta tcns ctnvnmcmas‗. [dma sar qua c parspaftnvc mc pdjncrqunc sahc gcns brnj`clta hustcgalta lds  pcçsas  pcç sas dlma dl ma cs passd pas sdcs cs tal ta l m ag c mnrng mn rng nr sucs fdlt fd ltrd rdvî vîrs rsncs ncs p d r vnc v nc ppcf cfçi çinf nfc. c. [d [dma ma sar, tcgbîg, qua tcltd c pdjncrqunc fdgd c talmèlfnc pcrc c fdlfnjncåæd pcfçin fc sahcg sahcg prdmutd prdm utdss mcs gasgcs fcuscs fcuscs ” ma fartcs axparnèlfncs `nstörnfcs, pdr axagpjd, du ma lçvans ajavcmds ma masalvdjvngaltd afdlýgnfd. Agbdrc lasta  p  pdd l td td,, fdgd fd gd ag tcl tc l td s d utrd ut rds, s, prafns pra fnsag agds ds cfan cf antc tcrr d ictd ic td ma qua qu a ldss ld ssdd fdl` fd l`af afn n galtd ga ltd sdbra sdbra c g ctîrnc î guntd gu ntd jngntcmd, jngntcmd, `ã avnmèlfn avnmèlfncc fdlvnlfalta fdlvnlfalta ld saltnmd ma qua tdmcs cs mniaralåcs mniaralåcs galfndlcmcs ld øjtngd Fcp Fcpçtujd çtujd nlijualfncg nlijualfncg c prdbcbnjn mcma tcl td mc pdjncrqunc fdgd fdgd mc sdjuåæd sdjuåæd pcfçinfc mds fdlijn fdlijntds. tds. Hã aaxcgnlcgds xcgnlcgds ug c masscs masscs mniaralåcs - cs nlstntunåña nlstntunåñass pdjçtnfcs>; pdjçtnfc s>;.. Ycgds fdlsnmarcr cedrc cjeu cjeu gcs dutrcs. FCGNL@DV FCGN L@DV [CRC D [RAVAL]A Fdgd d ntnlarãrnd saeunmd pdr fcmc pcçs pcrc f`aecr ë sntucåæd prasalta î ølnfd, fcmc pcçs cprasaltc ugc mniaralta `arclåc ma fdlmnåñas qua matargnlcg c pdssnbnjnmcma mc pdjncrqunc a mc fdlfnjncåæd pcfçinfc mds fdlijntds. Bdc pcrta md rastclta masta Fcpçtujd sarã mastnlcmd c ugc taltctnvc ma axpjnfcr asscs `arcl åcs åcs `nstörnfcs, rnfcs ag pcrtnfujcrnmcmas. ]rès vcrncåñas sæd pcrtnfujcrgalta ldtãvans8 mucs ”c `arclåc ma subfujturcs rcs a d trctcg altd mcs fjcs fjcssa sass trcbcj`cmdras trcbcj`cmdras ”fdlstntuag ajagaltds ma ug fdl  hu l td gcns cg pjd pj d ma ic ictd tdra rass qua qu a vcg vcgds ds astu as tumc mcrr sapc sa pcrc rcmc mcg g alta. al ta. C tarf ta rfan anrc rc î d  prdfas  prd fassd sd `nst `n stör örnfd nfd ma g umcl um clåc åc.. Ag cjeuls cjeu ls pcçsa pc çsas, s, rav ravdju djuåña åñass vndj vn djal altc tcss (ag (a g p cr cr  tnfujcr euarrcs ravdjufndlãrncs ma nlmapalmèlfnc lcfndlcj) chumcrcg c ulnr d  pdvd  pd vd,, al q u c l td ag d u tr trdd s pcçs pc çsas as cs ravdju rav djuåñ åñas as manx ma nxcr crcg cg inssurcs inss urcs parg pa rgcl clal alta tas. s.  Ldss Astcm  Ld As tcmds ds Ql Qlnmd nmds, s, c ravdju rav djuåæd åæd mc nl nlma mapa palm lmèl èlfn fncc a d èxdm èx dmdd ag gcs gcssc sc md mdss fdjd fd jd  lds icvdrãvans ë Erc-Bratcl`c chumcrcg c idrhcr gntds ulninfcmdras a manxcrcg  pduf  pd ufcs cs fnf fnfctr ctrnza nzass ld pdvd pd vd ldrta ld rta-c -cg g ar arnfc nfcld ld.. Ag fd fdg g pcrc pc rcåæ åæd, d, c Ra Ravd vdjuå juåæd æd I rcl rc l  fasc frndu cltcedlnsgds qua parsnstnrcg pdr guntcs earcåñas, mnvnmnlmd ds ircl fasas. C Euarrc Fnvnj ldrta-cgarnfclc manxdu tcgbîg fnsñas murcmdurcs qua  pdma  pd mag g ctî `dha `d ha sar dbsarv dbs arvcmc cmcss lc vnmc p d jçtn jç tnfc fc md pcçs pc çs.. Lc Nlej Nl ejcta ctarr rrc, c, c Ra Ravd vdju ju  åæd [urntclc prdvdfdu ugc euarrc fnvnj, gcs c Ejdrn Ejdrndus dus Ravdju tndl  ma 3900 chu mdu c prdgdvar d ajavcmd fdlsalsd sdbra cssultds fdlstntufndlcns qua tag fc rcftarnzcmd d Ranld Qlnmd.  Lug  L ugcc parsp pa rspaf aftnv tnvcc mn mnia iara ralt lta, a, cjeuls cjeu ls pcçsa pc çsass edzcr ed zcrcg cg sîf sîfujd ujdss ma vnm vnmcc nlma nl ma   pal  p alma mall ta ta,, murc mu rcll ta ds quc qucns ns pu marc ma rcg g cfug cf uguj ujcr cr axpa ax parnè rnèlf lfnc nc p d jçtn jç tnfc fc,, mas masalv alvdjva djvarr sucs nlstntunåñas, earcr jacjmcmas, ragamncr fnsñas fujturcns, astcbajafar aling ug saltnmd lcfndlcj a nlstntunr gîtdmds pcrc fdlfnjncr ds fdlijntds nltarlds. Dutrds

 pc çsass sö rafa  pcçsa ra falt ltag ag alta al ta sa td t d g crc cr c g nl nlma mapa palm lmal alta tas, s, mapd ma pdns ns ma mîfc mî fcmc mcss d u sîf sîfujds ujds ma mdgçlnd astrcleanrd a fdjdlncjnsgd. Væd Astcmds ldvds, qua jutcg cnlmc pcrc racjnzcr suc nmaltnmcma lcfndlcj, cgacåcmds pdr fdlijntds cbartds du pdtalfncns,

 

Raengas [djçtnfds8 [dpujcras a @aeagýlnfds

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nlfcpczas cnlmc ma sustaltcr d juxd mc pdnncrqunc (pajd galds î d qua palscg su sucs cs ajn ajntas), tas), rafdrralmd ë fdaråæd pcrc g clta cltarr nltctc nltctcss c lcåæd a cs nlstntunåñas. ]cbajc = Fdlijntd [djçtnfd a L çva j ma Masalvdjvngaltd Fdlijntd Masalvdjvngaltd   Vöfnd-Afdlýgnfd VöfndAfdlýgnfd (0= pcçsas, pcçsas, 3>=0-3>91) Fdlijntd [ djçtnfd   Fdlijntd  Bcnxd  Bc nxd Ajavc Aja vcmd md  L çv a j ma m a Masa Ma salv lvdjv djvng ngal altd td   Vöfnd-Afdlýgnfd

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Qgc mc mcss nli nlijuè juèlfn lfncs cs gcn gcnss ngpdrtcltas lug snst snstagc agc pdjçtnfd î c mc ‚gdm ar lnmcma‗, du ‚lçvaj söfnd-afdlýgnfd‗. Qg astumd mds fdlijntds pdjçtnfds ag 0=  pcçsa  pc çsas, s, ma 3>= 3>=00 c 3>91, 3> 91, ma mag g dlst dl strc rc qua qu a ds pcçs pc çsas as rajc ra jctnv tnvcg cgal alta ta g d mag ma g d s tèg tè g ug lçvaj ma fdlijntd fjcrcgalta gcns bcnxd md qua ds mds pcçsas fdg sdfnamcmas trcmnfndlcns, trcmnfndlc ns, du ds pcçsas ag icsa icsa ma trclsnåæd md trcmnfndlcjnsg d pcrc c g dma dmar r lnmcma>3 . Læd î ma surpraalmar qua astas øjtngds pcçsas tal`cg d lçvaj gcns aja-x vcmd. [dr fdlsaeunlta8 ‚Altra tdmds ds pcçsas md gulmd, c prdbcbnjnmcma ma qua raeujag pcfninfc galta saus fdlijntds pdjçtnfds frasfa fdg d cugaltd md prdmutd lcfndlcj brutd  pa r fcpntc fcp ntc   a mds dutrds çlmnfas ma ‚gdmarlnzcåæd‗ cssdfncmds fdg d prdmutd  p  pdr dr ` c b nt ntcc l ta ta.‗ .‗

[crafa cnlmc galds muvnmdsd qua, astctnstnfcgalta, `ã ugc fjcrc cssdfnc r æ d altra d lçvaj söfn söfnd-afdlýgn d-afdlýgnfd fd mmaa mniaraltas pcçsas a c iraqúèlfnc mc pdjçtnfc

fdgpatntnvc ag earcj, a mc pdnncrqunc ag pcrtnfujcr8 ‚Altra tdmds ds pcçsas md gulmd, c iraqúèlfnc mds snstagcs pdjçtnfds fdg patnv  pa tnvnm nmds ds a mcs pd pdjnc jncrq rqun uncs cs c ug altc al tc fdg fd g d c ug a ltd lt d md p r d m u td lcfn lc fndl dlcj cj b ru td  p  paa r fcpntc  a ma dutrcs vcrnãvans cssdfncmcs fdg d prdmutd pdr `cbntclta>2  Lc sîrna ma fnl fnlfd fd icsas ma ma masa salv lvdj djvng vng al altd td afdl af dlýg ýg nfd nf d a p d jçtn jç tnff d , fdlf fd lfab abn n mc pdr Russatt, a masfrntc ld Fcpçtujd YN, 3;5 pcçsas sæd mnstrnbuçmds ma cfdrmd

 

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Clãjnsa [djçtnfc Gdmagc

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Dutrd axagpjd8 Bclos a ]axtdr fjcssnincg 331 pcçsas ma cfdrmd fdg d sns tagc ajantdrcj, mc saeunlta gclanrc8 3) Fdgpatntnvd   (sag prdnbnåæd c qucjquar pcrtnmd, du cpalcs c pcrtnmds axtragnstcs du axtrcfdlstntufndlcns). (L 7 =6) 2 )  [cr  [crfncjg fncjgalta alta fd g p at atnt ntnv nvd d  (ug pcrtnmd matîg 01% du gcns mcs fcmanrcs jaensjctnvcs). (L 7 >) 6 )  L  Læd æd -f -fdg dg pa tnt tntnv nvd d   (vdtcåæd ag jnstc ølnfc, du nlaxnstèlfnc ma dpdsnåæd ajantc). (L 7 6;) = )  C  Cg g bç bçeu eu d, læd-m læd -mata atarg rgnlc nlcmd md   du  læd-m  læd-matarg atargnlãva nlãvaj. j.  (L 7 66) Va fdgpcrcrgds ds =6 pcçsas qua tèg snstagc ajantdrcj fdgpatntnvd fdg ds

6; pcçsas mc fctaedrnc 6, varninfcragds qua c pdjçtnfc fdgpatntnvc astã cssdfncmc cd [LB gcns ajavcmd, ë gcndrë urbclnzcåæd, c ugc galdr prdpdråæd ma pdpujc åæd agpraecmc lc cernfujturc, gcndr cjicbatnzcåæd, fnrfujcåæd ma hdrlcns a du trds çlmnfas ma ‚gdmarlnzcåæd‗. Assas As sas mcmds mcmd s lds parg ntag iczar cs saeunltas saeunltas dbsarvcåñas8 dbsarvcåñas8 3) Lc vnznl`clåc ma QVV 2;;-QVV 21; ma [LB  pa  p a r fc fcpntc, pntc,  a galds, c prd  bcbnj  bc bnjnm nmcm cmaa ma `cva `c varr snstagc snsta gc p d jç jçtn tnfd fd fd fdg g patnt pa tntnv nvdd î tæd tæ d ramuz ram uznm nmcc qua cs vcrncåñ vcrn cåñas as ld [LB  pa r ffcp cpntc ntc  manxcg ma sar rajavcltas. 2) Lc drmag ma QVV 5;;-QVN 0;; ma [LB  par  p ar fcpntc, fcpntc ,  a cfngc mnssd, c  prdb  pr dbcb cbnjn njnmc mcma ma ma `cva `c varr snstagc snsta gc p d jç jçtn tnfd fd fd fdg g p atntn at ntnvv d î tæd tæ d erclma erc lma qu quaa cs vcrnc vcr nc

 

Raengas [djçtnfds8 [dpujcras [dpujcras a @aeagýlnfds

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åñas ld [LB  pa  p a r fcp ntc  læd sæd rajavcltas. 6) Fdltumd, Fdl tumd, c prdbcbnjnmcma mds sns snstagc tagcss pdjçtnfds fdgpatntnvds, a mc pdpdjncrqunc, læd mapalma axfjusnvcgalta md lçvaj söfnd-afdlýgnfd. @ã guntcs axfa åñas a cldgcjncs>6 cldg cjncs>6.. C cldgcjnc gcns mrcg ãtnfc î raprasaltcmc pajds Astcmds Qlnmds mc Cgîrn fc. Ld prnlfçpnd md sîfujd mazaldva, quclmd c pdnncrqunc frndu rcçzas lcquaja  pcç  p cçs, s, sucs fdlm fd lmnåñ nåñas as ar arcg cg ma ax tr trag ag d ‚ su subm bmas asal alvd vdjv jvng ngal altd td‗‗ , ma cf cfdr drmd md fdg fd g c gcndrnc mds çlmnfas çlmnfas uscmds ctucjgalta pcrc p crc fdgp fdgpcrcr crcr lçvans lçvans söfnd söfnd-afdlýgn -afdlýgnfds. fds. Hã idn astngcmd qua ag 30;; d [LB ldrta-cgarnfclmd  pa  p a r fcp fcpntc ntc   arc ma cpalcs QV$ 263, ag praåds ma 3>91 ”nstd î, î, galdr gal dr md qua d mc mc Euctagcj Euctagcjcc (QV$ (QV $ 203) du mc Lnfcrãeuc (QV$ 2>0) ld ing mc mîfcmc ma 3>9;. C pdpujcåæd mds Astcmds Qlnmds astcvc astcvc pramdg nlcltagalta nlcltag alta alechcmc alechcmc lc cernfujturc, c tcxc ma urbclnzcåæd arc axtrag a xtrag cgalta cg alta bcnxc8 cpalcs farfc ma 9% mds ldrta-cg ldrta-cgarnfclds arnfclds vn vnvncg vncg ag fn fn  mcmas fdg 2.1;; 2.1; ; `cbntcltas du gcns. gcns. Fdl tumd, c maspantd maspantd ma çlmnf çlmnfas as tæd masi masicvd cvd rãvans, nlstcurdu-sa cjn ugc pdnncrqunc. [dr dutrd jcmd, lc mîfcmc ma 3>9; c Qlnæd Vdvnîtnfc, c Rapøbjnfc Magd frãtnfc Cjagæ (Cjagcl`c Drnaltcj) a c F`afdsjdvãqunc ujtrcpcsscvcg d jngncr ma QVV 5;;-QVV 0;; ma [LB  pa  p a r fcpnt fcpntc, c,  gcltalmd fdltumd raengas `aeagýlnfds. Hã sa fcjfujdu qua ag 3>91 d [LB  pa  p a r fcpntc fc pntc  mc Qlnæd Vdvnîtnfc cjfclåcvc QV$ 3.915 (c praåds ldrta-cgarnfclds ma 3>91) ”du sahc, gcns ma très vazas d mds Astcmd Astc mdss Qlnmds ag 305;>=. 305 ;>=. ] , , , ]cbajc 9 Fdgpatnåæd [djçtnfc a Masalvdjvngaltd   Vöfnd-Afdlýgnfd (56 pcçsas)  [drfa  [d rfaltc ltcea eag g fdg fd g

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Clãjnsa [djçtnfc Gdmarlc

ajantdras ag ajanåñas lcfndlcns, a ugc mcs sntucåñas gcns mrcgãtnfcs ag gctîrnc ma axfjusæd a fdaråæd ma ugc gnldrnc ngpdrtclta. NEQCJMCMA A MAVNEQCJMCMA8 C MNV]RNBQNÅÆD MDV RAFQRVD [D JÇ]NFDV Ds fnaltnstcs pdjçtnfds tèg nlsnstnmd, ma gdmd earcj, ag qua ug ercu aja vcmd ma neucjmcma afdlýgnfd a sdfncj fdlstntun raqunsntd assalfncj pcrc c magd frcfnc. Idn d qua asfravau Rdussacu, ag D Fdltrctd Vdfncj8  ‚læd pargntnr lag  passdc  pas sdcss g un untd td rnfcs rnfc s lag la g gnsarãva gnsa rãvans. ns. As Astas tas mdns md ns ax trag tr ag ds ds,, lc turc tu rcjg jg a lta lt a nlsa nl sapc pcrã rã  vans, sæd neucjgalta ictcns pcrc d bag fdgug. Ma ug vèg ds cgneds mc tnrclnc? ma dutrd ds pröprnds tnrclds. D janjæd mc jnbarmcma pøbjnfc sa icz sagpra altra ajas8 ug fdgprc, d dutrd valma‗. Ds edvarlds pdpujcras axnstaltas læd sa cprdxngcg guntd md nmacj magd frãtnfd, gcs gasgd cssng sarncg cgacåcmds sarncgalta pajc masneucjmcma axtra gc lc mnstrnbunåæd mds rafursds pdjçtnfds, qua prdvdfcrnc erclma mniaralåc ld  p d m y x.Sag x.S agtny tnydd p d ta tall fnc fn c \ mds ånm ånmcm cmæd æds. s. Va ast astaa rc rcfn fndf dfçl çlnd nd as astã tã fd rr rrat atd, d, qucns sæd cs fdlsaqúèlfncs mds mniaraltas lçvans ma masalvdjvngaltd söfnd-afdlýgnfd sdbra c mnstrnbunåæd mds rafursds pdjçtnfds, a pdrtcltd sdbra c prdbcbnjnmcma mc  pdjncrq  pdj ncrqunc unc44 n‐C, idrgc fdgd ds rafursds pdjçtnfds sa alfdltrcg mnstrnbuçmds pajc pdpu jcåæd ma ug pcçs talma c vcrncr ma cfdrmd fdg sau lçvaj ma masalvdjvngaltd söfnd-afdlýgnfdh Fdg cjeugcs axfaåñas ngpdrtcltas, cs masneucjmcmas lc mnstrn  bu  bunå nåæd æd md mds s rafurs rafpcçsas ursds ds nlmustrncns pd jç jçtn tnfd fd s sæd g cndras cnd ras cnlmc lds pcçsa pclcquajas çsass fdg fd gqua sdfnam sdfsa namcma cmass cerãrncs, cerãrnclc s, galdras lds a galdras alfdltrcg icsa ma fdlsugd ma gcssc.‗ Ycgds axcgnlcr ag pdrgaldr astc prdpdsnåæd, fdlsnmarclmd cjeugcs mcs fcrcftarçstnfcs mds pcçsas qua sa alfdltrcg ag mniaraltas ‚icsas‗ md masal

vdjvngaltd söfnd-afdlýgnfd. söfnd-afdlýgnfd. / Ds pcçsas qua astæd lug lugcc ic icsa sa gu ntd nlnfncj nlnfncj md prdfassd ma masa masalvdj lvdjvngal vngal-Z td ag ear earcj cj læd tèg saquar cs cs nlstntunåñas gcns rumngal rumngaltcras tcras qua j`as pargntcg parg ntcg sustaltcr c pdjçtnfc fdgpatntnvc. Assas pcçsas, vnc ma raerc, cprasaltcg tcxcs ma  h  cjicbatnzcåæd g untd ramuznmcs, fcrafalmd mds rafursds afdlýgnfds afdlýg nfds a sdf sdfncns ncns la fassãrn fass ãrnds ds pcrc cssaeurcr cssaeurcr c amufcåæd ajagaltcr ajag altcr idrgcj mc huvaltum huva ltuma. a. Væ Vædd pcçsas pcçsas  pr  pram am dg nl nlcl cl ta tag g alta al ta ës cerã cerãrnds rnds,, a cs sdfnam sdffugujctnvcs, namcma cmass bcsacm bcs acmcs cs dlcvcjdr cernf ce rnfuj ujtu turc rc saqua nlf nlfjn jn lcg pcrtnfujcrgalta masneucjmcmas pdns mc tarrc ds nlmnvçmuds pdssuag læd sö matargnlc suc rnquazc a suc ralmc fdgd tcgbîg sau 'stctus  sdfncj, dpdrtulnmcmas ma amufcåæd, `cbnjntcåæd pdjçtnfc, cmgnlnstrctnvc a gnjntcr. [dr nssd c mnstrnbunåæd ma tdmds ds rafursds pdjçtnfds lasscs sdfnamcmas talma c sar guntd masneucj, sa c mnstrnbunåæd mc prdprnamcma mc tarrc î tcgbîg masneucj? ag fdlsaqúèlfnc, astc masneucjmcma ctnlea c mnstrnbunåæd md pdmar>9. [dr nssd î ngprdvãvaj qua `chc edvarld pdpujcr lugc sdfnamcma ma bcsa cerç fdjc, c læd sar qua c prdprnamcma mc tarrc sahc mnstrnbuçmc fdg fdlsnmarãvaj neucj mcma. Asta pdltd idn scjnaltcmd pajc prnganrc vaz axpjnfntcgalta pdr Hcgas @cr-

 

Raengas [djçtnfds8 [dpujcras a @aeagýlnfds

>3

rnletdl, ug asfrntdr nlejès md sîfujd mazassata, fuhcs nmîncs idrcg cfantcs pdr guntds mc Fdlvalåæd Fdlstntunlta ldrta-cgarnfclc. @crrnletdl cinrgdu,mds ag gagbars Dfaclc (3919)8 ‚C prdpdråæd du d aqunjçbrnd md mdgçlnd a mc prdprnamcma mc tarrc tag c gasgc lcturazc md ngpîrnd>5. Va ug sö `dgag pdma sar d sal`dr ma tdmd ug tarrntörnd, du pdssunr gcns md qua d pdvd ma gdmd earcj, lugc prdpdråæd ma très pcrtas ag quctrd, aja î ug Eræd-Val`dr,... a sau ngpîrnd î ugc gdlcrqunc cbsdjutc. Va sö pdssuag tarrc uls pdufds, du ugc fjcssa ldbra (du c ldbrazc a gcns d fjard), du sa tnvarag gcns md qua d pdvd ag prdpdråæd sagaj`clta ... d ng  pîrn  pî rndd sarã ug c g dlcr dl crqq un uncc gn gnstc stc.. Gcs sa tdmd d pdvd fdlsnstnr ag prdprnatãrnds, mnvnlmd-sa c tarrc altra ajas ma gdmd qua lal`ugc passdc, du erupd ma passdcs, qua fdlstntucg uls pdufds, du ugc crnstdfrcfnc, tal`cg gcns, d ngpîrnd ... sarã ugc fdgulnmcma (fdg-   gdl  g dlw w ac acjt jt`). `)." "

Ag sugc, pcrc @crrnletdl c mnstrnbunåæd md pdmar sa icz ag pcrcjajd ë mns trnbunåæd mc prdprnamcma mc tarrc. Î ug ialýgald qua pdma sar dbsarvcmd `dha ag guntcs pcrtas md gulmd qua sæd pramdgnlcltagalta cerãrncs. Astumclmd c rajcåæd altra c prdprnamcma iulmnãrnc a c pdjçtnfc, ag =5 pcçsas, Russatt alfdl trdu ugc fdrrajcåæd lçtnmc altra c masneucjmcma iulmnãrnc a c mntcmurc (a dutrcs gdmcjnmcmas ma læd-pdjncrqunc)>0. * Fdgd cs pdjncrquncs astæd fdlfaltrcmcs lds pcçsas qua ujtrcpcsscrcg c ic sa cerçfdjc md masalvdjvngaltd, a cs læd-pdjncrquncs sa fdlfaltrcg lds pcçsas  pra  p ramm dg nl nlcl cl ta tag g al ta cerãrn cer ãrnds, ds, sup supñaña-sa, sa, ës vaza vazas, s, qu quaa cs sdf sdfnam namcm cmas as urbc ur bclc lcss a nlmustrncns icvdrafag gcns c pdjncrqunc md qua cs cerçfdjcs. Fdltumd, fdgd c `ns

tör nc mds As törnc Astcmd tcmdss Qlnm Qlnmds ds a mm: :4 vãrnds dut dutrd rdss pcçsa pcçsass manxc fjcrd, ppdr dr sn gasgc c sd fnamcma cerãrnc læd rapaja c pdjncrqunc. [ajd fdltrãrnd, sa `duvar ug bdg fda infnalta ma neucjmcma lc mnstrnbunåæd mc tarrc, pdmarã sustaltcr cs nlstntunåñas mc  pdjn  pd jncr crqu qunc nc,, fd fdg g d d ma mag g dlst dl strc rc d axag ax agpj pjdd ldrt ld rtaa-cg cg arnf ar nfcl cld. d. A avnm av nmal alta ta,, pd pdrî rîg, g, qua astc fdlmnåæd î rcrc. ]arncg pdmnmd ds Astcmds Qlnmds masalvdjvar a gcltar nlstntunåñas ma edvarld pdpujcr murclta ugc icsa pramdgnlcltagalta cerãrnc sa læd tnvassag  ird d l tnar tn ar )   guntd cgpjc, qua tdrlcvc pdssçvaj c cqunsn tnmd ugc zdlc pndlanrc (c  ir åæd ma tarrc pdr qucsa tdmds ds qua quarncg cmqunrn-jc4 [rdvcvajgalta læd. Ag 3061, Cjaxns ma ]dfquavnjja asfravau8 ‚C prnlfnpcj fnrfulstâlfnc c icvdrafar ds Astcmds Qlnmds î c lcturazc md tarrntörnd `cbntcmd pajds ldrta-cgarnfclds. Vaus cltapcsscmds j`as marcg d cgdr ë neucjmcma a ë jnbarmcma. Gcs idn d pröprnd Maus qua j`as prdpdrfndldu ds gands pcrc pargclafarag neucns a jnvras, pdlmdds lug fdltnlalta sag jngntas‗>>. Ë gamnmc qua ug pcçs sa masalvdjva, c cernfujturc î masjdfcmc pajd fdgîr fnd a c nlmøstrnc. Agbdrc ds rafursds pdjçtnfds sa tdrlag ug pdufd galds fu *L.R. -

Ag 3>05, ds fdlstntunltas brcsnjan brcsnjanrds rds jutcrcg jutcrcg pcrc taltcr rasdjva rasdjvarr asta asta gasgd prd  bjag  bj ag c8 c ra rajc jcåæ åædd al tr traa c neuc ne ucjm jmcm cmaa iu lm nã nãrn rncc a c ma g df rcfn rc fnc. c.

 

>2

Clãjnsa [djçtnfc Gdmarlc Gdmarlc

gujctnvds, manxclmd ma sar gdldpöjnd pjald ma ugc paqualc ajnta, cugaltcg ds fdlijntds ë gamnmc qua satdras mc pdpujcåæd ctî altæd mdrgaltas pcsscg c tar axpaftctnvcs frasfaltas, a c axnenr gcns amufcåæd, saeurclåc afdlýgnfc, agpraed, neucjmcma afdlýgnfc a sdfncj, rafdl`afngaltd, pcrtnfnpcåæd, magdfrcfnc, atf. Ag sugc, fdg d masalvdjvngaltd ma fdlmnåñas icvdrãvans ë pdjçtnfc fdgpatn tnvc, a ë pdjncrqunc, cugaltc d løgard a c nltalsnmcma mds fdlijntds. Cssng, ug snstagc pdjçtnfd fdgpatntnvd pdma surenr a sar jded nlulmcmd pdr fdlijntds qua læd fdlsaeua fdltrdjcr. Gcns tcrma, fdltumd, ë gamnmc qua c nlmustrncjnzcåæd fdltnluc, frnc-sa ugc gcreag axtrc ma rafursds, cjîg mds qua sæd lafassãrnds pcrc c astrntc subsnstèl fnc? astc gcreag pdma icfnjntcr c sdjuåæd pcfçinfc mds fdlijntds. Cnlmc qua d lø gard mds fdlijntds fdltnlua ajavcmd, suc nltalsnmcma pdns ranvnlmnfc åñas gcns cltnecs sæd sæd ctalm ctalmnmcs, nmcs, cs masneucjmcmas gcns mafjnlc, `ug nj`cl nj`cltas tas acsdialsnvcs dialsnvc s ra muznmcs, a cs passdcs pcsscg c asparcr qua ds ldvds fdlijntds sahcg rasdjvnmds  p  pdd r gand ga nd ma sdjuå sdj uåñas ñas fdlf fd lfnjn njnctö ctörnc rncss rcz rczdãv dãvans, ans, qu quaa ds ga gand ndss ax axfa famm al alta tass tdrl td rlcg cg  pdssçva  pds sçvans. ns. Ds rafu ra furs rsds ds p d jçtn jç tnfd fdss sa mns mnspa parsc rscg g ma tc tcjj id idrg rgcc (a (ag g bd bdrc rc suc mnst mn strn rnbu bun n åæd fdltnlua masneucj) qua subsnstag pdufds erupds nltanrcgalta sag maiasc. Nlmubntcvajgalta ‚subsnstèlfnc‗ a ‚gcreag axtrc ma rafursds‗ læd tèg ug snelninfcmd prafnsd. D qua d gdrcmdr ma ugc cjmanc mc çlmnc fdlsnmarc cma qucmd ë suc suc subs subsnst nstèlfnc èlfnc ssarn arncc tdtcjgalta tdtcjg alta nlcmaqucmd nlcmaqucm d c ug ldrta-cgarnfcld. Læd dbstclta, d bdg-salsd lds nlmnfc qua c icgçjnc ma fjcssa gîmnc ldrta-cgarnfclc

tag ug axtrc ë suc mnspdsnåæd guntd gcndr md qua ugc icgçjnc rurcj nlmnclc. Mc gasgc idrgc, ds Astcmds Qlnmds, nl tdtug,  tèg gcndr ‚axfamalta‗ ma prd muåæd md qua c çlmnc. Ma qua gdmd c axnstèlfnc ma ug ‚axfamalta‗ ma prdmuåæd pdma icfnjntcr ds chustcgaltds sdfncns4 Assalfncjgalta, pdr gand md cugaltd md løgard ma sn tucåñas fdlijntnvcs qua pdmag sar sdjufndlcmcs ma gdmd gutucgalta vcltchdsd. Assa ‚axtrc‗ pdma icfnjntcr c fdgpalscåæd mcs pcrtas mds fdlijntds3;;. Nlvarsc galta, c vndjèlfnc talma c cugaltcr sagpra qua d ‚axtrc‗ mngnlun du mascpcra fa ”nstd î, sa c qucltnmcma tdtcj ma bals a sarvnåds mafjnlc (fdgd murclta ugc maprassæd), du sa cs axneèlfncs ma ‚subsnstèlfnc‗ cugaltcg (mavnmd c cjtarcåñas lcs ctntumas a nmîncs fdrraltas lc sdfnamcma)3;3. Nstd chumc c axpjnfcr pdr qua guntcs ravdjuåñas a dutrds mnstørbnds dfdrrag mapdns ma parçdmds ma prdsparnmc ma frasfalta? lassas parçdmds frncg-sa ldvcs axpaftctnvcs, a c pdbrazc axtragc md pcsscmd læd î gcns cfantãvaj. Suclmd d mafjçlnd (du c astcelcåæd afdlýgn fc) alfdltrc ugc furvc frasfalta ma axpaftctnvcs, cs ravdjuåñas a dutrcs idrgcs ma fdlijntd talmag tal mag c cug altc r3; r3;2. [crafa `cvar, cssng, mdns gdmds mniaraltas ma ramuznr cs masneucjmcmas fu gujctnvcs a ma cugaltcr c prdbcbnjnmcma md edvarld pdpujcr. D prnganrd, suea rnmd pdr @crrnletdl lc Nlejctarrc, pdr Rdussacu lc Irclåc a Haiiarsdl lds Astc mds Qlnmds, gamnclta c mngnlunåæd md ercu ma masneucjmcma lc mnstrnbunåæd mds rafursds rafurs ds pdjçtnfds p djçtnfds ” pdr axagpjd, gamnclta c ramnstrnbunåæd mc mc ttarrc, arrc, raidrgcs trnbutãrncs a c axpclsæd mcs dpdrtulnmcmas amufcfndlcns. Agbdrc guntds pcçsas sa tal`cg masalvdjvnmd lasta saltnmd, ctî `dha lal`ug fdlsaeunu ajngnlcr mnia

 

Raengas [djçtnfds8 [dpujcras a @aeagýlnfds

>6

ralåcs ngpdrtcltas pajd galds ag cjeuls rafursds pdjçtnfds snelninfctnvds ”ral mc, amufcåæd, gands ma fdgulnfcåæd, pcrtnfnpcåæd ag pcrtnmds, atf. D dutrd gd md sa bcsanc lc mnsparsæd mcs masneucjmcmas subsnstaltas, ma gclanrc qua nlmnvç muds du erupds ag gã sntucåæd fdg raspantd c cjeuls tnpds ma rafursds sa sntuag gaj`dr fdg raspantd c dutrds. Asta pcrafar sar d prdfassd saeunmd lds Astcmds Qlnmds mc Cgîrnfc, a prdvcvajgalta ag guntcs dutrcs lcåñas nlmustrncjnzcmcs.  L  Lct ctur urcj cjg g al ta ta,, cs mucs mu cs sdjuå sd juåñas ñas læ lædd sa ax axfj fjua uag g g utu ut u c g a l ta8 ta 8 ug lçva lç vajj aja ajavcmd vcmd ma nlmustrncjnzcåæd pdma ctalmar c idrtcjafar ds mdns snstagcs, læd sö mngnlunl md cs masneucjmcmas axtragcs qua fdlstntuag prnlfnpcjgalta ugc `arclåc mds  prng  pr ngan anrd rdss sns snstag tagcs cs nlmu nl must strn rncn cnss sdbr sd brap apds dstd tdss cd iaum ia umcj cjnsg nsg d gcs tcg tc g bîg bî g pajc pa jc mns  parsæ  par sædd pd r mn mnia iara ralt ltas as erup er upds ds mcs vvcl cltc tcea eals ls a ma masvc svcltc ltceal ealss rag clas cl asfa falt ltas as..  Lædd db st  Læ stcl cl ta ta,, g asgd as gd lcs sdfna sd fnamcm mcmas as ma fdls fd lsug ugdd ma gcs gcssc, sc, dlma dl ma cs masn eucjmcmas astæd suinfnaltagalta mnsparscs pcrc pargntnr c pdnncrqunc, cs masneucj mcmas ragclasfaltas fdlstntuag prdvcvajgalta idlta ma masfdltaltcgaltd a gdtnvd mcs ranvnlmnfcåñas ma gcndr magdfrctnzcåæd. Ag fdlsaqúèlfnc, ldvds gdmajds ma fdlijntd pdmag cpcrafar lds pcçsas qua sa alfdltrcg lc icsa ma fdl sugd ma gcssc. Astas ldvds tnpds ma fdlijntd, lc varmcma, hã fdgaåcrcg c sur enr. D alvdjvngaltd ma astumcltas ulnvarsntãrnds ag magdlstrcåñas a dutrcs ctn vnmcmas pdjçtnfcs, ld ing mc mîfcmc ma 3>9;, pdma sar ug pralulfnd mastc ldvc

icsa. Md gasgd gdmd fdgd c nlmustrncjnzcåæd cvclåcmc icvdrafa c magdfrctn zcåæd pdjçtnfc, sdb c idrgc ma pdnncrqunc, c icsa md fdlsugd ma gcssc, pdr al fdrchcr asidråds asidråds cmnf cmnfndlcns ndlcns pcrc magdfrc magdfrctnzcr tnzcr guntcs nlstntunåñas ”pdjçtnfcs, afd lýgnfcs, sdf sdfncns ncns,, amufcfnd amufcfndlcns lcns ”dlm ”dlmaa parsnstag cs masneucj masneucjmcmas. mcmas. BCVAV MC FNVÆD8 CV VQBFQJ]QRCV Fdlidrga vngds, ds pcçsas mniarag altra sn lc gamnmc ag qua sau pcsscmd j`as manxdu ugc `arclåc ma mniaralåcs subfujturcns ag gctîrnc ma rajnenæd, ceru  pcg  pc g al altd tdss ît îtln lnfd fds, s, rcå rcåc, c, jnl jnleuc euceag eag a tc tcg g bî bîg g ma g ag agörn örncs cs,, mc idrg id rg c fdg fd g d ast astcs cs mniaralåcs idrcg trctcmcs ld pcsscmd. Ds mdns cspaftds sæd ngpdrtcltas. ‚D lçvaj ma fdlsalsd lug pcçs ”a pdr fdlsaeunlta c prdbcbnjnmcma mc pdjncrqunc a mc sdjuåæd pcfçinfc mds fdlijntds, ”î nlijualfncmd tcltd pajd ercu ma mnvarsnmcma subfujturcj fdgd pajd gdmd fdgd cs mniaralåcs ag subfujturcs sæd fdlsnmarcmcs.‗ C `arclåc ma mniaralåcs subfujturcns cugaltc c ãrac ma fdlijntd pdtalfncj. D ictd ma qua c Ldvc Xajâlmnc, c Vuîfnc, c Ldruaec a c Nsjâlmnc sæd bcstclta `d gdeèlacs, md pdltd ma vnstc fujturcj, chumc c axpjnfcr sau lçvaj ma fdlijntd, rajc tnvcgalta bcnxd. Nlvarscgalta, cs lugardscs subfujturcs mc çlmnc fdltrnbuag  pasc  pa scmc mcg g al alta ta pc pcrc rc sau lç lçva vajj ma fd fdli lijn jntd td aja ajavc vcmd. md. Læ Lædd î ma su surp rpra raal alma mar, r, p d rtc rt c l td , qua cs pdjncrquncs sahcg guntd gcns fdguls lds pcçsas `dgdeèlads md qua lc quajas dlma `ã guntcs inssurcs fujturcns. [dr dutrd jcmd, c idrgc fdgd ds pcçsas trctcg sucs mniaralåcs subfujturcns axpjnfc ag pcrta ds raspaftnvds lçvans ma fdlijntd. Va asta lçvaj î gcns ajavcmd lc Bîjenfc md qua lc Vuçåc, pdr axagpjd, nstd pdma sar axpjnfcmd ag bdc pcrta pajd

 

>=

Clãjnsa [djçtnfc [djçtnfc Gdmagc Gdmag c

ictd ma qua c Vuçåc, fdg quctrd jçleucs, mucs rajnenñas a idrtas jacjmcmas fcltdlcns, fdlsaeunu avntcr c mnsfrngnlcåæd fdltrc sucs subfujturcs. Agbdrc ds Astc mds Qlnmds tal` cg tnmd èxntd rajctnvd ag avntcr fdlijn fdlijntds, tds, cpascr md sau pdvd pdvd tar erclma mnvarsnmcma îtlnfc a rajnendsc, c `nstörnc mc mnsfrngnlcåæd fdltrc ds fnmc mæds ma drneag drneag cirnfclc læd tag neucj neucj aag g lal`ug c dutrc dutr c pdjncrqunc. Astc `arcl åc ma mnsfrngnlcåæd raprasaltc, sag møvnmc, ugc fcusc mnratc mc jutc fnvnj qua vcrrau d tarrntö rnd ldrta-cgarnfcld ldrta-cga rnfcld lc mîfcmc ma 3>9;. 3>9;. Sucj sarã c [röxngc Atcpc4

Ag mniaraltas pcçsas, ds vãrnds ictdras qua axcgnlcgds cqun nltarceag ma gclanrc mniaralta. ]cns nltarcåñas, ës vazas, tèg ug aiantd ma fdgpalscåæd gø tuc. Î gcns iraqúalta, pdrîg, qua prdvdquag ug raidråd rafçprdfd ma fartds ictdras, cugaltclmd du mngnlunlmd mrcgctnfcgalta c prdbcbnjnmcma mc pdjncr qunc a md chusta pcfçinfd mds fdlijntds. Fdlsnmarclmd Fdlsnma rclmd c clãjnsa clãjnsa masalvdjvnmc lasta Fcpç F cpçtujd, tujd, d jantdr pdmarã saltnr saltnr-sa -sa

taltcmd c frar qua ugc avdjuåæd `nstörnfc nlaxdrãvaj javc ë idrgcåæd ma pdjncr quncs pdmardscs. pdmardscs. Ratd rlclm d ë tnpdjdenc ma Russatt, murclta cs très pr prnganrc nganrcss iic c sas tumd pcrafa trcbcj`cr  fdl  fdltrc trc   c pdjncrqunc a c sdjuåæd pcfçinfc mds fdlijntds. [dr axagpjd, c mnvarsn mnvarsnmcma mcma fujturcj axtragc, fdg tum d qua cs mnia mniaralåcs ralåcs ag sub fujturcs trczag fdgd ictdr ma fdaråæd a ma fdlijntd ”a qua pcrafa sar d mastnld tçpnfd mds pcçsas submasalvdjvnmds. Cssng, altra => pcçsas fdg ug lçvaj ma ur  bc lnzc  bcln zcåæ åædd ra rajc jctn tnvc vcg g alta al ta bcnx bc nxdd (lds (l ds qucn qu cnss g alds al ds ma 2; p dr falt fa ltdd mc pdpu pd pujc jcåæ åædd gdrcg ag fnmcmas fdg gcns ma 2;.;;; `cbntcltas), gcns mc gatcma rafcag lc øjtngc fctaedrnc mc tcbajc saeunlta ([djncrqunc a Fnsñas Vubfujturcns), fcrcftarn zclmd ug ercu axtragcmd ma pjurcjnsgd fujturcj. Ag fdltrcsta, altra ds pcçsas gcns urbclnzcmds, sdgalta farfc ma 32 pdr faltd tèg ug ercu axtragd ma pju rcjnsgd fujturcj a sdfncj. Cs tcxcs ma cjicbatnzcåæd gdstrcg fdrrajcåæd saga j`clta. ]cbajc 5  [djncrquncs  [djnc rquncs a Fnsñas Vubfuj Vub fujtur turcns cns

 Ra muznm mu znm cs  Gdm  Gdmarcm arcmcs cs

]dtcj pcçsas pcçsas  L> pd pdjnc jncrqu rquncs ncs [djncrquncs (% md tdtcj)

29 31 10%

 [rdlulfncmcs  [rdlulf ncmcs

 Axtra  Ax trag g cs

25 6 33%

66 9 30%

20 3; 69%

 L  Ldt dtc8 c8   Assc tcbajc sa bcsanc lc gnl`c fjcssninfcåæd mcs pdjncrquncs a ag mcmds sdbra fnsñas subfujturcns axtrcçmds ma Gcrna R. @cue, ‚Vdfncj clm Fujturcj [jurcjnsg cs c Fdlfapt  Cgar arnfc nfcll Hdu Hdurl rlcj cj d i Vdf Vdfndjd ndjdey ey,,  56 (ldvagbrd ma 3>95), nl Vdfncj Vystag Clcjysns‗,  Cg  pães.  pãe s. 2> ==-6; 6; =. L astc as tc tc ba jc, jc , c f dj djul ul c ma fns fnsña ñass ‚ R am u zn znmm cs ‗ î ma inln in ln mc f dg d ; d u 3, ld çlmnfa ma @cue? c fdjulc ‚Gdmarcmcs‗ fdgd 2 du 6? ‚[rdlulfncmcs‗ fdgd = du 1? ‚Axtragcs‗ fdgd 1, 9 du 5.

 

Raengas [djçtnfds8 [dpujcr [dpujcras as a @aeagýlnfds @aeagýln fds >1 Va qunsargds var astc rajcåæd ma dutrd âleujd, ds pcçsas fdg ug ercu ax tragd ma pjurcjnsgd sæd tcgbîg rajctnvcgalta ‚submasalvdjvnmds‗. [dr axagpjd8 très qucrtds mds 66 pcçsas fjcssninfcmds fdgd talmd ug ercu ‚axtragd‗ ma pju rcjnsgd fujturcj pdssuag tcgbîg ug [LB  p  par ar fc fcpntc pntc   nliarndr nliar ndr c QVV 31;? mds 29 pcçsas fdg ug ercu laejneçvaj ma pjurcjnsgd subfujturcj ug sdgalta tag ug [LB tæd bcnxd. 5; pdr faltd mds pcçsas fdg pjurcjnsgd axtragd fdlqunstcrcg suc nlmapalmèlfnc mapdns ma 3>=1, alqucltd 52 pdr faltd mcquajas fdg pdufd  pjur  pj urcjn cjnsg sgdd cjfcl cjf clåcr åcrcg cg c nlma nl mapa palm lmèl èlfn fncc clta cl tass ma 3 > 3 = 3;6. Fdgd vngds, ds pcçsas qua sa alfdltrcg lc icsa mc Ravdjuåæd Nlmustrncj astæd suhantds c fdlijntds rajctnvds rajctnvds ës ranvn ranvnlmnfcåñas lmnfcåñas md prdjatcrncmd prd jatcrncmd ag axpclsæd. Cjîg mnssd, c idrgc fdgd sæd trctcmcs cs rafjcgcåñas mds trcbcj`cmdras gclucns urbclds a rurcns, ld prdfassd ma nlmustrncjnzcåæd, pdma manxcr ugc `arclåc ma

rassaltngaltds du ma jacjmcmas. Lc Ntãjnc a lc Irclåc, pdr axagpjd, d ictd ma qua ds Edvarlds læd raspdlmarcg vnedrdscgalta ës axneèlfncs mc fjcssa trcbc j`cmdrc manxdu ug rasçmud ngpdrtclta ma quanxcs ld fcgpd sdfncj, afdlýgnfd a  p  pdj djçt çtnf nfdd . Lc Ldvc Ldv c Xajâl Xa jâlmnc mnc,, lc Cu Custr strãjn ãjnc, c, lc Vuî Vuîfnc, fnc, lc Ld Ldrua ruaec ec a lc Mnlc Mn lcgc gcrfc rfc,, ugc raspdstc edvarlcgaltcj ealardsc fngaltdu c jacjmcma mds trcbcj`cmdras læd-qucjninfcmds fdg rajcåæd ës nlstntunåñas pramdgnlcltas. Ë gamnmc qua ds pcçsas sa cprdxngcg mc icsa md fdlsugd ma gcssc, ds cltcedlnsgds pcrafag mafjnlcr, a cs ãracs ma cfdrmd cugaltcg. Cjeuls frçtnfds cjaecg qua d rasujtcmd î læd tcltd ug fdlsalsd rcfndlcj a aspdltâlad, gcs ug  psau  ps aumd mdfd fdls lsal alsd sd,, g cl np npuj ujcm cm d3;= d3;=? læd læ d d b st stcc l ta ta,, `ã nlm nlmnfc nfcåñ åñas as nlsd nlsdinsg insgãvan ãvanss ma qua tcj prdfassd dfdrra3;1. Varnc cvalturdsd, pdrîg, prdhatcr astc talmèlfnc nl mainlnmcgalta ld iuturd. Fartds tnpds ma quastñas, fdgd c pdjçtnfc axtarlc a c mnstrnbunåæd md pdmar, mc ralmc, mc rnquazc a ma dutrds prnvnjîends, læd sa pras tcg c sdjuåñas tîflnfcs, du c raspdstcs mainlntnvcs. Î rczdãvaj supdr qua ldvds fdlijntds a ldvcs nmadjdencs surenræd, ag tdrld masscs quastñas ”lc varmcma, pd mag hã tar fdgaåcmd c surenr, gasgd lds pcçsas gcns cijualtas3;9. @ã bdcs rczñas pcrc frar qua gasgd quclmd ds pcçsas cjfclåcg c icsa ma fdlsugd ma gcssc ”du c pröxngc icsa ld prdfassd ma masalvdjvngaltd, qucj quar qua ëg gamnmc satnccprdxngc d sîfujd ”c læd vnmds masc  pc  pcra rafar farã. ã. sahc Læd Læ d ajc pdma pd mag ds ta tarr qua ecrcl ec rcltnc ma qua qu a ds iutu iu turd rdssPPN fdli fd lijnt jntds dspdjçtnfc saræ sarædd rasdj rasdjvnmd s  pcfn  pc fninf infcg cgal alta ta,, ma qua ds nmacns mag ma g dfrã df rãtnf tnfds ds sa rac racjnz jnzcræ crædd gcn gcnss pjal pj alcg cg alta al ta,, ma qua ldvcs pdjncrquncs saræd nlstntuçmcs, nlstntuçm cs, du g gasgd asgd ma qua cs pdjncrquncs axnstaltas  pdma  pd maræ rædd sdbravnv sdb ravnvar. ar. F d ltum lt um d, læd î nrr nrrczd czdãva ãvajj aspa as parcr rcr qua, qu a, fdg fd g d cu g al td md ldssd fdl`afngaltd c raspantd mds prdbjagcs iulmcgaltcns trctcmds lasta Fc  p  pçt çtuu jd , cs passdcs pass dcs saræd saræ d fcp fcpczas czas ma cenr fdg gc gcndr ndr sc scbam bamdrn drnc, c, ramu ra muznl znlmd md c fdar fd ar  åæd, chustclmd saus fdlijntds ag pcz a cprngdrclmd d iulfndlcgaltd mds Ed varlds, fdgpcrctnvcgalta cds pcmrñas nmacns mc magdfrcfnc, rnedrdsds a nrrfcjnzcmds.

 

FC[N]QJD YNNN D @DGAG [DJÇ]NFD D pdltd ma pcrtnmc ma tdmc c tadrnc pdjçtnfc î d ictd ma qua ds gagbrds mc aspîfna `ugclc vnvag ag fdgug. Fdg pdufcs axfaåñas, ds saras `ugclds lulfc vnvag ag nsdjcgaltd fdgpjatd. Sucnsquar qua sahcg ds ictdras ma nlstnl td, `ãbntd, lafassnmcma du praiarèlfnc qua javcg cs passdcs c idrgcr sdfnamcmas, d `dgag magdlstrdu, murclta gnj`cras ma clds, qua î ug clngcj sdfncj. Fdltu md, agbdrc sahc ug clngcj sdfncj, lag pdr nlstnltd lag pdr cpralmnzcmd î lafasscrncgalta ug clngcj pdjçtnfd ”pajd galds fdg c gasgc fjcrazc fdg qua î ug sar sdfncj. Agbdrc vnvc lugc sdfnamcma, aja læd sa nltarassc lafasscrncgal ta pajc pdjçtnfc mc suc sdfnamcma, lag pcrtnfnpc ma gdmd ctnvd lc vnmc pdjçtnfc? læd vcjdrnzc cs nlstntunåñas pdjçtnfcs a ds vcjdras mc sdfnamcma ag qua vnva. Cjeu gcs passdcs passdcs iczag nstd, gcs lag la g tdmcs.  Læd db dbst stcl cl ta ta,, fdg fd g d ds saras `ug `u g clds cl ds sæd sdfnc sdfncns, ns, mas masalvd alvdjva jvag g snsta snstagcs gcs  pdjç  pd jçtn tnfd fd s. Î av avnma nmalta lta qua læd læ d pdma pd mag g vnvar ag fdg fd g ug sag g c lta lt a r raj rajcåñ cåñas as ma nlijuèlfnc? sagpra qua tcns rajcåñas sa tdrlcg astãvans a rapatnmcs, pcssc c axnstnr ug snstagc pdjçtnfd./ ' Lug saltnmd galds prafnsd, pdrtcltd, pdmagds mnzar (rapatnlmd Crnstöta jas) qua d `dgag î ug clngcj pdjçtnfd. Sucnsquar qua sahcg saus vcjdras a prad fupcåñas, astã sagpra nlavntcvajgalta cssdfncmd c snstagcs pdjçtnfds ”quanrc du læd, a gasgd qua læd d parfabc. Fdltumd, ds nlmnvçmuds qua sa alfdltrcg maltrd mds jngntas ma ug snstagc  pdj  p djçt çtnf nfdd læ lædd sa prad pr adfu fupc pcg g neu neucjg cjgal alta ta fdg fd g c vnmc vnm c pdjç pd jçtn tnfc fc.. Cjeul Cjeulss sæd nlmn nl mnia iara ral l tas ë pdjçtnfc? dutrds sa alvdjvag gcns prdiulmcgaltaa lcs ctnvnmcmas pdjçtn fcs. Gasgd maltra astas øjtngds, sö uls pdufds astæd ctnvcgalta agpal`cmds lc  busfc  bu sfc md pd pdma marr ” a mas masta tass cjeuls fdlsa fd lsaeua euag g gc gcns ns pdma pd marr md qua qu a dutr du trds ds.. C In In  eurc 5 gdstrc ds quctrd erupds qua galfndlcgds8 d astrctd cpdjçtnfd, d astrctd  pd  p d jç jçtn tnff d , ds qua busf bu sfcg cg d pdma pd mar, r, a ds qua tè tèg g pdma pd mar. r.

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Ineurc 5 D Astrctd Cpd jçtnfd

Fdgd d astrctd astrc td cpd cpdjçtnfd jçtnfd sa iulm iulmcc ngparfaptnvajgalta ngparfaptnva jgalta fdg d astrc astrctd td pd jç tnfd, c irdltanrc axctc altra ajas tag qua sar crbntrãrnc. Læd dbstclta, ds mdns as trctdss * pdmag sar mnstnleunmds. trctd mnstnleunmds. Guntds cfantcgds fdgd lcturcj qua d `dgag sahc ug clngcj pdjçtnfd? cs sng, c axneèlfnc mds fnmcmæds ctnvds, alechcmds, qua fdlstntuag d astrctd pdjçtn fd, læd raquar axpjnfcåæd. D gcns axtrcdrmnlãrnd î qua `chc ug astrctd cpdjçtn fd. [crafa varmcma, fdltumd, qua lc gcndrnc mds snstagcs pdjçtnfds ds qua as tæd nlidrgcmds sdbra c vnmc pdjçtnfc, a sa nltarasscg pdr ajc, læd raprasaltcg ugc prdpdråæd ngpdrtclta mds cmujtds? sæd ldrgcjgalta ugc gnldrnc. Gasgd lds pcçsas fdg edvarld pdpujcr, dlma `ã cgpjcs dpdrtulnmcmas ma pcrtnfnpcr lc  pd jç jçtn tnfc fc,, d astr as trct ctdd p d jç jçtn tnfd fd astã as tã jdlea jdl ea ma nl nlfju fjunr nr tdm td m d s ds fnmcm fnm cmæds æds.. C p cral cr alta tag g al al  ta ag tdmcs cs pdjncrquncs `ã ug løgard fdlsnmarãvaj ma fnmcmæds masnltarassc mds pajc pdjçtnfc a rajctnvcgalta nlctnvds? ag sugc, cpdjçtnfds.  Lfdg ctuu rcjg rccjgal alta ta,, `ã vcrncå vcr ncåñas ñas snelninfc snelma ninfctnvcs tnvcs ug snstag snst agcc pcrc pc rc ma d ufnmcmæds trd tr d , a ma cfdrmd Lct îpdfc. Fdltumd, d ictd qua ug ma løgard ngpdrtclta *L.]. -

D cutdr agpraec, ag nlej nlejès ès,, d targd strctug,   qua tcgbîg pdma sar uscmd ag juecr ma ‚astrctd‗, a fuhd pjurcj î strctc.

 

D @dgag [djçtnfd

>>

læd cprdvantc cs dpdrtulnmcmas ma pcrtnfnpcr lc vnmc pdjçtnfc pcrafa ug ialýga ld ulnvarscj. Gasgd cs Fnmcmas-Astcmd mc cltnec Erîfnc, qua cjeugcs vazas lds sæd cprasaltcmcs fdgd gdmajds ma pcrtnfnpcåæd magdfrãtnfc, læd astcvcg ngu las. Ag Ctalcs, pdr axagpjd, dlma c gcndrnc mds cmujtds (guj`aras, astrcleanrds a asfrcvds) asfrcvds) astcvc astcvc axfjuçmc axfju çmc mc pcrtnfnpcåæd pcrtnfnpcåæd pdjçtnfc, pd jçtnfc, ds `dgals qua tnl`cg fnmc mclnc, a qua fdlstntuçcg d  ma  mag g ds, ds ,  nlfjuçcg ug astrctd cpdjçtnfd fdlsnmarãvaj./ Va fdgpcrcrgds c fdlhafturc ma cjeuls astumndsds ma qua ld qunltd sîfujd cltas ma Frnstd d  ma g ds   fdlsnstnc ag trnltc du qucraltc gnj passdcs fdg c astngctnvc ma qua læd `cvnc gcns ma mazdntd gnj cssaltds ld  [l  [ l y x , dlma sa raulnc c cssag  bjîncc ma td  bjîn tdmm d s ds fnmcm fnm cmæd æds, s, a sa ja javcr vcrgd gdss ag fd fdls lsnma nmarc rcåæ åædd cma cmagc gcns ns d ic ictd td ma qua qu a  pcrc  pc rc cjeu cjeuls ls pr prdp dpös ösnt ntds ds d qudrug   arc mmaa 9.;;; , pcrafa pcrafa öbvnd qua ugc prdpdråæd ngpdrtclta md  ma  mag g ds   ldrgcjgalta læd cssnstnc ës sassñas mc cssagbjînc. Fdg aiantd, ‚pcrc cssaeurcr c prasalåc mds fnmcmæds lugc sassæd alicmdl`c, pdjnfncns fdg jdlecs fdrmcs gdj`cmcs ag tnltc raulncg ds fnmcmæds lc fdjnlc md  [l  [ l y x ‗ , dlmaa sa racjnz dlm racjnzcvc cvc c cssagbjînc3; cssag bjînc3;55. Lc îpdfc îpd fc ma Crnstötajas C rnstötajas,, ug sîfujd gcns tc tcr r ma, ds fnmcmæds rafabncg 9 öbdjds pdr mnc pcrc pcrtnfnpcr ma ugc cssagbjînc mc fnmcma ma C talcs3; tal cs3;00. Ës vaza vazass fdlsnma fd lsnmarcgd rcgdss cs ccssagbjîncs ssagbjîncs gulnfnpcns gul nfnpcns mc Ldvc Nlejctarrc gdmajds pcrtnfnpcåæd [drîg, axctcgalta fdgd ag Ctalcs,fdgd lasscs fnmcmasmaguntds fnmcmædsmagdfrãtnfc. læd sa nltarasscvcg pajd fugprngal td mds saus mnrantds du dbrnecåñas pd jçtnf jçtnfds ds 3;>. Gasgd `dha d prdbjagc prdbjag c î ceumd. ceumd. Ag guntcs pdjncrquncs, altra ug qunltd a ug taråd mds ajantdras qucjninfcmds ea rcjgalta manxcg ma vdtcr lcs ajanåñas lcfndlcns, a ugc prdpdråæd cnlmc gcndr sa cbstîg ma dutrds tnpds ma ctnvnmcma pdjçtnfc. Vdgalta gatcma mds cmujtds, lds Astcmds Qlnmds mc Cgîrnfc a lc Cjagcl`c, a ugc prdpdråæd galdr cnlmc lc Nl ejctarrc, Irclåc, Ntãjnc a ld Gîxnfd, cfdgpcl`cg d mabcta sdbra ds cssultds ma nltarassa nltar assa pøbjnfd p øbjnfd pajds hdrlcns, d rãmnd du c tajavnsæd33; tajavnsæd33;. [dr qua rczæd, gasgd lcs sdfnamcmas gdmarlcs, dlma c amufcåæd î cgpjc galta mniulmnmc, axnsta suirãend ulnvarscj a ug snstagc pdjçtnfd magdfrãtnfd, d astrctd cpdjçtnfd î tæd erclma4 C raspdstc axnenrnc guntd gcns aspcåd md qua pd magds utnjnzcr cqun, gcs î pdssçvaj taltcr ugc raspdstc brava333. t 3) D nlmnvçmud nlmnvçmu d sa nlfjnlc galds gald s c pcrtnfnpcr pcrtnfnp cr lc vnmc vnmc pdjçtnf pdjçtnfcc qu quclmd clmd ctrn  bunn ug vc  bu vcjdr jdr ramu ra muzn znmd md cds pr prèg ègnds nds qu quaa pd pdma ma aspa as parcr rcr massc pcrtn pc rtnfn fnpc pcåæ åæd, d, fdg fd g pc pc  rctnvcgalta cds qua rasujtcg ma dutrds tnpds ma ctnvnmcma. Ds prègnds qua ugc  passdc  pas sdc pd pdma ma d b ta tarr (d (duu asp asparc arc d b ta tar) r) mc ctnvnmc ctnv nmcma ma p d jçtnf jç tnfcc pdma pd mag g sar m nstr ns trnb nbuç uçmm ds, ds , ma gdmd fdlvalnalta, ag mucs fctaedrncs8 cs er  erctni ctninfc nfcåñ åñas as mnra mnratcs tcs,,  mafdrraltas mc  pröp  pr öprnc rnc ctnv ctnvnmc nmcma ma?? a cs vcltce vcltceals als nlstrug nlstrugaltcns, altcns, qua rasujtcg mcquajc ctnvnmcma. / Cs er  erctni ctninfc nfcåñ åñas as mnr mnratc atcss  nlfjuag d saltngaltd ma qua sa astã fugprnlmd cs dbrnecåñas ma fnmcmclnc, ds prczaras md nltarfâgbnd sdfncj fdg cgneds a fdl`a fnmds, d cugaltd mc cutd-astngc rasujtclta md fdltctd fdg passdcs ngpdrtcltas a md cfassd c nlidrgcåñas rastrntcs, c axfntcåæd mc vnmc pdjçtnfc vnstc fdgd ug  hdedd du fdg  hde fd g pa patnå tnåæd æd,, atf atf.. [crc [cr c g unt untcs cs passdc pas sdcs, s, pdrî pd rîg g , c ctnv ctnvnmc nmcma ma p d jçtnf jçt nfcc î gun*L.R. -

 

Ld Brc Brcsnj snj,, dlma d vdtd î dbrnectörnd , c cbstalåæd ajantdrcj î g ald r? 35 35,6% ,6% mds ajantdras cjnstcmds manxcrcg ma vdtcr ag 3>02.

3;;

Clãjnsa [djçtnfc Gdmarlc

td galds erctninfclta md qua dutrcs cåñas ”ld fcgpd mc vnmc icgnjncr, mc ra fracåæd, mcs cgnzcmas idrg cmcs l d gand prdinssndlcj du lc vnznl` clåci Guntds cf`cg qua c pcrtnfnpcåæd pdjçtnfc î guntd galds sctnsictörnc md qua d trcbcj`d, c janturc, c pasfc, ds aspdrtas, atf. C axpjnfcåæd mnstd astã, sag møvnmc, ld ictd ma qua d `dgag læd î nlstnltnvcgalta ug sar rczdãvj, rcfndfnlclta a fçvnfd. G untds mds ldssds masahds masahds gcns gcns ngparndsds a c id lta ma g untcs mcs ldsscs gcndras sctnsicåñas tèg rcçzas ag ngpujsds bndjöenfds a insndjöenfds, ag lafassnmcmas vn tcns. C vnmc pdjçtnfc dreclnzcmc f`aedu tcrma ld prdfassd avdjutnvd md `dgag? `dha aja aja cpralma c sa sa fdlmuznr fdg d ug p crtnfnpclta p djçtnfd fdg c chumc ma ug aqunpcgaltd nlstnltnvd qua rasujtc ma jdled masalvdjvngaltd ”a ës vazas fdg ds dbstãfujds maja marnvcmds. Avntcr c mdr, d masfdlidrtd a c idga, sctnsiczar sucs lafassnmcmas ma cgdr, ma saeurclåc, ma raspantd a saxucns fdlstntuag raqunsntds  p  par arg g c l al ta s, p rn rng g d rm ncns nc ns.. Ds g an andd s ma sctn sc tnsi sicz czèè-jd jdss r c p nm c g a l ta a s tæ d , vnc ma ra  erc,, idrc md fcgpd mc vnmc erc vnmc pdjçtnfc. / ¿Cs vcltceals nlstrugaltcns   asparcmcs mc ctnvnmcma pdjçtnfc pdmag sar mnvn mnmcs ag mucs fjcssas. Cjeugcs fdlstntuag vcltceals aspafncns pcrc c passdc ag  pc  p c rtnf rt nf u jc r d u saus sa us ic icg g njnc nj ncra rass ” u g ag p ra e d, p d r ax a g p jd . C vc l tce tc e ag p d m a sar ugc mafnsæd mafnsæd edvarlcgaltcj icvdrãvajh/'‐ icvdrãvajh/'‐dd Edvarld ax fatuc ug nlmnvçmud mcs ra ra ercs ma zdlacgaltd urbcld, pcrc qua aja pdssc cgpjncr suc fcsc? idrlafa ugc jn falåc? fdlfama nsalåæd md sarvnåd gnjntcr, mavnmd c ugc mninfujmcma icgnjncr? ra tnrc ug pdsta tajaiýlnfd qua mcvc mcvc gcu cspaftd c ug juecr? juecr? prdp drfndl c cssnst cssnstèl èl fnc cerçfdjc du g aj`drc d su prng altd ma ãeuc ma ug c fcsc‗ 332 .'t c rc fa rtcs pas sdcs, sdc s, assc asscss vcltceals aspafn aspafncns cns fdlstntu ag nlfaltnvd suinfnalta pcrc c pcrtnfnpcåæd  pd  p d jçtn jç tnff c . Gcs cs vcltceals pcrtnfujcras rcrcgalta sa astalmag ma idrgc suinfnalta galta cgpjc pcrc pdmar cbrclear tdmd d fdlhultd mds fnmcmæds. C gcndrnc mas tas læd asparc md Edvarld salæd balaiçfnds (du fustds) fdjatnvds ”fdlsaqúèl fncs ma mafnsñas qua ciatcg erupds lugardsds, tcns fdgd d mds fdltrnbunltas, mds balainfnãrnds mc pravnmèlfnc sdfncj, mds gdtdrnstcs, atf. Cs mafnsñas sdbra c euarrc a c pcz, c pdjçtnfc axtarlc, c pdjçtnfc gnjntcr a cjeuls dutrds cssultds pd mag ciatcr vnrtucjgalta tdmc c fdgulnmcma lcfndlcj. Fdltumd, cjeugcs passdcs læd cframntcg qua asscs ctnvnmcmas edvarlcgaltcns pdmag nlijunr sdbra ajcs. Qg astumd mcs ctntumas a ctnvnmcmas pdjçtnfcs mds fnmcmæds ma quctrd pdjncrquncs a ma ug raenga ulnpcrtnmãrnd (d Gîxnfd) fdlstctdu qua farfc ma très qucrtcs pcrtas mc pdpujcåæd mds Astcmds Qlnmds mc Cgîrnfc a md Ranld Qlnmd cframntcvcg qua cs cåñas md Edvarld Lcfndlcj talmncg c cprngdrcr cs fdlmnåñas md pcçs? gatcma mds fnmcmæds palscvc mc gasgc idrgc lc Cjagcl`c a lc Ntãjnc? ld Gîxnfd, farfc ma ug saxtd. Ds magcns arcg `dstns, fîtnfds, nlsaeurds, nlsaeurds, du læd tnl`c g d pnlnæd id rg cm c3' c3'*6 .'[ crc cjeugcs passdcs, p dr tcl td , cs rafdg palscs mc ctnvnmcm a sæd mns tcltas a vcecs, ag fdgpcrcåæd fdg cs ma dutrcs ctnvnmcmas gcns fdlfratcs a nga mnctcs. Ag sugc, pcrc guntcs passdcs ds fustds ma dpdrtulnmcma md alvdjvngaltd  pd  p d j çt n f d sæd aj ajav av cm ds ma mag g cn cnss pc pcrc rc hu stni st ninf nf c r suc p c rt rtnf nf np c å æ d lc vn vnmc mc p d j ç t n f c . y 2) Cs passdcs sa nlfjnlcg galds cd alvdjvngaltd lc pdjçtnfc sa palscg

 

D @dgag [djçtnfd

3; 3;33

qua læd `ã mniaralåcs snelninfctnvcs lcs cjtarlctnvcs qua sa cprasaltcg mnclta ma jcs? qua, ag fdlsaqúèlfnc, læd ngpdrtc guntd d qua inzarcg.H\s passdcs qua ma fjcrcg læd sa ngpdrtcr ‚fdg d pcrtnmd qua ecl`a c ajanåæd prasnmalfncj asta cl d‗ sa cbstaræd ma vd tcr g untd gcns prdvcvajgalta prdvcvajgalta md qua cs qua mnzag d fdl trãrnd33=. @ã passdcs qua manxcg ma vdtcr du, cd fdltrãrnd, pcrtnfnpcg lc pdjç tnfc pdrqua cframntcg qua ds pcrtnmds læd j`as prdpdrfndlcg ugc asfdj`c aiatn vc. Asta î ug pdltd ma vnstc pdssnvajgalta gcns fdgug altra ds ldrta-cgarnfc lds md qua altra ds fnmcmæds ma dutrcs pdjncrquncs. [dr axagpjd8 lugc fdgpc rcåæd altra ldrta-cgarnfclds a ldruaeuasas, altra ds prnganrds ‚=; pdr faltd cframntcvcg qua ds mdns pcrtnmds læd mniarncg altra sn, a dutrds 0 pdr faltd læd scbncg sa `cvnc cjeugc mniaralåc altra ajas‗ ajas‗ . Al tra ds ldruaeuasas, pdrîg , sö ‚ 33 pdr faltd cf`cvcg cf`cvcg qua læd `cvnc `cvnc mniaralåc altra ds pcrtnmds, a dutrds 0 pdr fal td l æd scbncg sa `cvnc cjeugc mniaralc al tra ajas‗ 331. 6) Ò nlmnvçmud astã galds nlfjnlcmd c pcrtnfnpcr mc pdjçtnfc sa cf`c qua d qua icz læd tag ngp drtâlfnc, pdrqua læd pdma cjtarcr snelninfct snelninfctnvcgalta nvcgalta d rasuj rasuj tcmd mc vnmc pdjçtnfc. Guntcs nlvastnecåñas hã magdlstrcrcg c axnstèlfnc ma ugc idrta rajcåæd altra c fdlinclåc lc ngpdrtâlfnc md qua sa icz a c axtalsæd md lds sd alvdjvngaltd pd jçtnfd. *Sucltd *Sucltd gcns ircfd d ‚ saltng altd mc ainf ainfãfnc ãfnc pdjçtn fc‗ , g aldr c nlfjnlcåæd nlfjnlcåæd pcrc d alvdjvng altd lc p d jçtn fc 33\ . C fdlinclåc lc pröprnc fcpcfnmcma ma sar ainfcz lc vnmc pdjçtnfc mapalma ma guntds ictdras. Assc fdlinclåc pdma raijatnr, lcturcjgalta, ugc cvcjncåæd rac jnstc mc sntucåæd. Læd î ma surpraalmar qua ds qua fdlsnmarcg ds rasujtcmds ma ugc pröxng c ajanåæ ajanåædd fdgd cjed cjed cbsdjutcga lta fartd sa snltcg snltcg g alds nlfjnl nlfjnlcmds cmds c vdtcr md qua ds qua cf`cg qua assas rasujtcmds sæd mniçfans ma pravar. Gasgd cquajas qua ctrnbuag erclma ngpdrtâlfnc c ugc ajanåæd pdmag mafnmnr cbstarsa, sa cframntcrag qua sau vdtd læd icrã qucjquar mniaralåc335. ]cgbîg læd lds mavagds surpraalmar ma qua ag cjeuls pcçsas cs passdcs tal`cg galds fdlincl åc lc suc fcpcfnmcma ma cjtarcr c fdlmutc md Edvarld ld lçvaj jdfcj md qua ld lçvaj lcfndlcj330. Vahc sau hujecgaltd racjnstc du læd, guntds fnmcmæds cframntcg qua cs cu tdrnmcmas læd prastcg ctalåæd c ‚ealta fdgd lös‗ . Lds Astcmds Qlnmds, Qlnmds, c cutd  fdlinclåc pdjçtnfc talma c cugaltcr fdg c ralmc, c sntucåæd sdfncj, c axparnèlfnc  pd  p d j çt n f c a, cf cfng ng c ma t u m d , fd g c am u fc åæd åæ d . Î prdvãvaj qua c ‚parsdlcjnmcma‗ tal`c cjeugc nlijuèlfnc ld saltngaltd ma ainfãfnc pdjçtnfc md nlmnvçmud. D dtngnsgd a d passngnsgd, lasta pcrtnfujcr, sa rajcfndlcg fdg ictdras ma parsdlcjnmcma gcns prdiulmds33>. [dr dutrd jcmd, c fdlinclåc pdjçtnfc md nlmnvçmud (du suc icjtc) î cutdfugujctnvc. Cquaja qua læd tag fdlinclåc pdma avntcr c pdjçtnfc, mngnlunlmd cnlmc gcns c suc ainfnèlfnc ”d qua javc c mngnlunr suc fdlinclåc. A vnfa-varsc. =) D nlmnvçmud talmarã galds c sa alvdjvar lc pdjçtnfc sa cframntc lug ra sujtcmd rajctnvcgal ta sctnsictörnd sag sau alvdjvng altd ./Cq uaja qua cf`c qua qua ugc mafnsæd pdjçtnfc pcrtnfujcr î ngpdrtclta pdmarã læd sa alvdjvar lajc, sa tag

fdlinclåc ag qua tcj mafnsæd sarã ma qucjquar gclanrc vcltchdsc. C fdlinclåc ax tragc lc jaentngnmcma, hustnåc, astcbnjnmcma a aqúnmcma mcs mafnsñas tdgcmcs mal

 

3;2

Clãjnsa [djçtnfc Gdmarlc

trd md snstagc pdjçtnfd pdmag iczar fdg qua d nlmnvçmud fdlsnmara maslafassã rnc rnc suc suc pcrtnfnp cåæ d./ 1) *Ò nlmnvçmud nlmnvçmu d sa nlfjnlcrã nlfjnlcrã galds gald s ë pcrtnfnpcåæd pd pdjçtnfc jçtnfc sa cf`cr qua sau sau fdl`afngaltd î guntd jngntcmd, d qua jngntc c ainfãfnc mc suc cåæd32;/ 9) Inlcjgalta, qucltd gcndras ds dbstãfujds qua sa fdjdfcg mnclta md nl mnvçmud, galdr suc nlfjnlcåæd c pcrtnfnpcr mc vnmc pdjçtnfc. Suclmd cjeuîg aspa rc ugc rafdgpalsc ajavcmc pajc suc ctnvnmcma, sa nlfjnlcrã c suparcr dbstãfujds ngpdrtcltas, a astcrã mnspdstd c pcecr ug ‚praåd‗ ajavcmd pcrc fdlsaeunr d qua masahc. A vnfa-varsc./ @ã bdcs rczñas pcrc cinrgcr qua c ajavcmc tcxc ma cbstalåæd dbsarvcmc lcs ajanåñas lcfndlcns ldrta-cgarnfclcs, fdgpcrctnvcgalta ë ma qucsa tdmds ds du trds pcçsas, î prdvdfcmc ag pcrta pdr ug dbstãfujd cmnfndlcj ”c axneèlfnc ma raenstrd ajantdrcj. ajantdrc j. Ag dutrds dutr ds pcçsas pcçs as ds fnmcmæds fnmcmæ ds læd prafnscg ‚raenstrcr-sa ‚ raenstrcr-sa3323 ”  du altæd asta raenstrd î iantd ma gclanrc guntd sngpjas, fýgdmc, qucsa cutdgã tnfc‗ . Lds Astcmds Qlnmds, pdrîg, pdrî g, cs mniaralåcs mniaralåcs axnstaltas lcs ldrgcs ld rgcs ma rae raens ns trd, ma Astcmd pcrc Astcmd, talmag c ciatcrfartds c pdrfaltceag mds cmujtds quatrnvncns sa ra enstrcg fdgd ajantdras. Lasta pcrtnfujcr, cspaftds cpcraltagalta sæ sædd ngpdrtcltas8 ngpd rtcltas8 pdr axagpjd, ma cfdrmd cfdrmd fdg ugc astngctnvc astngctnvc,, ugc paqualc cg  pjncåæd  pjnc åæd md p a rç rçòò m d ma `cbn `c bnjnt jntcå cåæd æd pcrc pc rc ds qua qu a sa quar qu arag ag raens ra enstrc trcrr ‚ talm ta lm arnc ar nc c cu c u galtcr gal tcr c pdrfaltceag mc pdpujcåæd `cbnjntcmc c vdtcr ag farf farfcc ma 6,9%‗ 322. D fustd md alvdjvngaltd pdjçtnfd pdma vcrncr tcgbîg fdg mniaraltas ctn vnmcmas. Fdlidrga Yarbc a Lna tnvarcg c dpdrtulnmcma ma scjnaltcr, fartcs ctnvn mcmas ” fdgd c pcrtnfnpcåæd ag fcgpcl`c fcgpcl `c ajantdrcj ”alvdjvag ”alvdjvag fdlijntd fdg dutrds pcrtnfnpcltas? cssng, cs passdcs qua læd edstcg ma fdlijntd talmag c sa cicstcr ma tcns gdmcjnmcmas ma pcrtnfnpcåæd pdjçtnfc. Cjîg mnssd, cjeugcs ctnvnmc ma mas, s, fdgd d fdltctd fd ltctd fdg cutdrnmcmas, pdr axagpjd, raquarag guntd gcns nln nlnfnc fnc  tnvc md qua d sngpjas ctd ma vdtcr326. Læd î surpraalmalta, pdns, qua c vdtcåæd fdlstntuc ug ctd guntd gcns fdgug md qua d mnãjded mds fnmcmæds fdg cs cutd rnmcmas. D Astrctd [d jçtnfd

]dmcs cs idråcs qua axcgnlcgds cqun pdmag tar tcgbîg ugc nlijuèlfnc fdltrãrnc ë qua vngds. [crafa öbvnd qua d nlmnvçmud sa saltnrã gcns nlfjnlcmd ë  pcrt  pc rtnfn nfnpc pcåæ åædd p d jç jçtn tnfc fc sa aja8 3) ctrnbun ctrnbu n vcjdr cs rafdgpal rafdgpalscs scs asparcmcs? 2) cf`c qua cs cjtarlctnvcs ë suc iralta sæd ngpdrtcltas? 6) tag fdlinclåc ag qua pdma fdltrnbunr pcrc cjtarcr ds rasujtcmds mc ctn vnmcma pdjçtnfc?

=) cframntc qua sa læd cenr, assas rasujtcmds saræd nlsctnsictörnds? 1) pdssun fdl`afngaltd du `cbnjntcåæd rajavclta pcrc cs quastñas sdb ma  bcta  bc ta?? 9) prafnsc suparcr pdufds dbstãfujds pcrc cenr. Mavnmd c astas a c dutrd s ictdras, ic tdras, cjeugcs cjeugcs passdcs sa nltarassc pajc pd jçtn

 

D @dgag [djçtnfd

3;6

fc, sa nlidrgcg sdbra d cssultd a pcrtnfnpcg mc vnmc pdjçtnfc8 fdlstntuag d as  trc td p d jçtn jç tnff d .

Cs gasgcs idråcs pcrafag dparcr maltrd md pröprnd astrctd pdjçtnfd8 cç tcgbîg `ã passdcs gcns nltarasscmcs, gcns nlidrgcmcs a ctnvcs md qua dutrcs.  Ldss pc  Ld pcçsa çsass fdg fd g ed edva varld rld pd pdpu pujc jcr, r, dl dlma ma ds fnmc fn mcmæ mæds ds sæd jaec ja ecjg jgal alta ta jnvras pc pcrc rc pc pcr r tnfnpcr ma cgpjc ecgc ma ctds pdjçtnfds, qucltd gcns axnealtas, fustdsds a mniç fans sæd astas, galdr d løgard mds qua majas pcrtnfnpcg. Cssng, ds fnmcmæds sa saltag guntd gcns nlfjnlcmds c vdtcr md qua c iraqúaltcr fdgçfnds. [dufds fnmc mæds prdfurcg nlijualfncr d jaensjctnvd du cs cutdrnmcmas jdfcns32=.

]cbajc 0  [drfal  [dr faltce tceag ag md s qu quaa cinrg cinrgcg cg qua hã tal taltcr tcrcg cg nliju nlijualfn alfncr cr d Edv Edvarl arld d ((p p d r [cns [cns))  [cçs

Edvarl Edv arld d jdf jdfcj cj (c)

 Jae nsjctnvd  Jaensjc tnvd    Lcfnd  Lc fndlc lcjj ( bh

 L 

Astcmds Qlnmds Qlnmds Ranld Qlnmd Cjagcl`c Ntãjnc Gîxnf d

20% 31 3= 0 9

39% 9 6 2 6

>5 >5;; >96 >11 >>1 32>1

 C jgdlm idn8 a Yarbc, pubjnfcmds. Idlta8 (c) C pareultc ‚Ydfèmcmds hã iazlæd cjeugc fdnsc pcrc prdfurcr nlijualfncr ugc mafnsæd md Ed varld jdfcj4‗ (b) C pareultc idn8 ‚Ydfè hã iaz cjeugc fdnsc pcrc prdfurcr nlijualfncr ugc mafnsæd md [d mar Jaensjctnvd lcfndlcj4‗

 Ld gcns fdg fd g pjat pj atdd astu as tumd md hã racj ra cjnz nzcm cmdd sdbra sdb ra c pc p c rtnf rt nfnp npcå cåæd æd p d jçtn jç tnff c md mdss ldr l dr-ta-cgarnfclds, Yarbc a Lna magdlstrcrcg qua ‚c vdtcåæd lcs ajanåñas prasnmal fn fncn cnss î d ølnfd ctd pcrtnfnp pcrtnfnpctörnd, ctörnd, ma ugc jns jnstc tc gu ntd cgpjc ma ctnvnmcmas ctnvnmcmas,, axafu tcmd pajc gcndrnc mcs passdcs altravnstcmcs‗32V.

 

3;=

Clãjnsa [djçtnfc Gdmarlc ]cbajc >  [drfa  [d rfaltc ltceag eag md s Ldrta Ld rta -Cg -C g ar arnfc nfcld ldss qua A xa xafu futc tcg g M d za G dm dmcjn cjnmc mcma mass   Mnia  Mn iara ralt ltas as m a [crtn [ crtnfnp fnpcåæ cåæd d [ dj djçt çtnf nfc c ]npd ma pcrtnfnpcåæd pcrtnfnpcåæd pdjçtnf c

 [drfa  [d rfaltc ltceag eag

3. Ydtc Ydtcåæd åæd raeujcr lcs ajanåñas prasnmalfn prasnmalfncns cns 2. Ydtcåæd Ydtcå æd raeujcr lcs ajan ajanåñas åñas jdfcns 6. [crtnfnpcåæd ag pajd galds ug erupd ctuclta ld fcgpd mds  prdb  pr dbja jag g cs fd fdg g ul ntã ntãrn rnds ds =. Fddparcåæd fdg dutrcs passdcs lc busfc ma sdjuåñas pcrc  prdb  pr dbja jag g cs fd fdg g ulnt ul ntãr ãrnd ndss

52 =5

1. ]a ltctnvc ma parsucmnr dutrcs pas ]altctnvc passdcs sdcs c vdtcr ag matargnlcmd fclmnmctd 9. [crtnfnpcåæd lc fcgpcl`c ma ug fclmnmctd du pcrtnmd, mu rclta ajanåæd 5. Fdltctd fdg cutdrnmcma md Edvarld jdfcj c prdpösntd ma cj eug prdbjagc 0. [crtnfnpcåæd ag pajd galds ug fdgçfnd pdjçtnfd, lds øjtn gds très clds >. Fdltctd fdg cutdrnmcma md Edvarld Iamarcj, du Astcmucj, c  prdp  pr dp ös ösnt ntdd ma cjeu cjeug g prdb pr dbja jag gc 3;. Idrg Idrgcåæd cåæd ma erupd pcrc tal taltcr tcr ra rasdjvar sdjvar cjeug prdb prdbjag jagcc jdfcj

20

33.. Fdltrnbunåæd 33 inlclfanrc inlclfanrc pcrc cje cjeug ug pc pcrtnmd rtnmd du fclmnmctd , mu rclta fcgpcl`c ajantdrcj 32. [crtnfnpcåæd ctucj ag cjeug fjuba du erupd pdjçtnfd.

36 0

62 6;

29 2; 3> 30 3=

Idlta8  Vnmlay Yarbc clm Ldrgcl @. Lna, [crtnf [crtnfnpctndl npctndl nl Cgarnfc Cg arnfc88 [dtntnfcj [dtntnfc j Magdfrc Mag dfrcfy fy   clm VdfncjAqucjnty   (Law ^dro8 @crpar & Rdw, 3>52), ]cbajc 2-3, p. 63

Cjîg mnssd, Yarbc a Lna masfdbrnrcg ug ialýgald qua læd tnl`c snmd ja vcmd ag fdltc lds astumds cltarndras sdbra c pcrtnfnpcåæd pdjçtnfc8 maltrd md as trctd pdjçtnfd `ã ug ercu fdlsnmarãvaj ma aspafncjnzcåæd. Ma cfdrmd fdg assas cutdras, ds ldrta-cgarnfclds pdmag sar mnvnmnmds ag sans tnpds8  Nlct ctnv nvds ds  (22%), 3) Ds Nl  (22%), qua ffdrraspdlmag drraspdlmag cd astrctd cpdjçtnfd.  Ajan antd tdra rass *  (23%), qua prctnfcgalta sö vdtcg lcs ajanåñas prasnmal 2) Ds  Aj fncns. 6) Ds  [c  [crtn rtnfn fnpc pclta ltass [crdquncn [crdq uncnss (=%), qua læd sö vdtcg gcs iczag fdltctds fdg cutdrnmcmas edvarlcgaltcns, ag busfc ma vcltceals aspafncns.  F dltumd, læd tèg qucjquar dutrd tnpd ma pcrtnfnpcåæd.  Ld drne dr nenl nlcj cj,, Ydtnle Vpafncjnsts.

 

D @dgag [djçtnfd

3;1

=) Ds Fdgulcjnstcs  (2;%), qua vdtcg a pcrtnfnpcg mc cåæd fdgulntãrnc, vnsclmd cjfclåcr balaiçfnds  fd  fdjat jatnvd nvd s.   Læd fdjcbdrcg, pdrîg, lcs ctnvnmcmas ma fcgpcl`c fcgp cl`c ajantdrcj ajantdrcj.. 1) Ds  C  Ctn tnvn vnst stc c s  **(31%), qua prctnfcgalta læd sa nltarasscg pajcs ctnvnmc mas fdgulntãrncs, gcs sæd axtragcgalta ctnvds lcs fcgpcl`cs pdjçtnfcs. 9) Ds  C  Ctnv tnv nstc ns tcss [j [jal alds ds *** (33%), qua sa agpal`cg ag tdmds ds tnpds ma ctnvnmcma, fdg erclma iraqúèlfnc. Fdgd sa vè, ds gagbrds md astrctd pdjçtnfd astæd jdlea ma fdlstntunr ug erupd `dgdeèlad? mniarag erclmagalta læd sö ag vdjuga gcs tcgbîg lc idr gc mc suc pcrtnfnpcåæd lc vnmc pdjçtnfc. Agbdrc fdlstntucg ugc gnldrnc rajctn vcgalta paqualc, cs nlvastnecåñas ma Yarbc a Lna nlmnfcg qua gatcma ma tdmds ds fnmcmæds ldrta-cgarnfclds astæd alechcmds ag cjeugc idrgc ma ctnvnmcma pd jçtnfc, cjîg mc vdtcåæd. Ag fdlhultd, d astrctd pdjçtnfd mds Astcmds Qlnmds pc rafaa fdlsnstnr raf fdlsnstnr ag farfc ma très très qucrtcs pcrtas pc rtas mc pdpujcåæd cmujtc. Ds Sua [rdfur [rdfurcg cg d [d mar

Maltrd md astrctd pdjçtnfd, `ã passdcs qua prdfurcg d pdmar guntd gcns vnedrdscgalta md qua dutrcs. [dr dutrd jcmd, cjeugcs passdcs fdlsaeuag fdl qunstcr gcns pdmar. Suar mnzar8 gasgd maltrd md astrctd pdjçtnfd `ã ug substrc td ma nlmnvçmuds qua busfcg d pdmar a ug substrctd ma jçmaras pdjçtnfds. Mnzar nstd î rantarcr mucs prdpdsnåñas alulfncmcs ld Fcpçtujd Y, fdgd fc rcftarçstnfcs agpçrnfcs mds snstagcs snstagcs pdjçtnfds. Drc, busfcr d pdmar a fdlqunstã-jd læd sæd c gasgc fdnsc. Ma ug jcmd, cj euls mds qua busfcg d pdmar pdma r læd tèg èxntd lds saus saus asidråds? asidråds? ma dutrd , cjeugcs cjeugcs  passdc  pas sdcss pd pdmm ag ta r cmq cm q u nr nrnm nmdd p d m ar p d r `arc `a rclå låc, c, p d r axag ax ag pjd. pj d. Astcgds, cssng, mnclta ma mucs nlmcecåñas ngpdrtcltas8 [dr qua cjeugcs  passdc  pas sdcss bu busf sfcg cg d p d m ar gcns gc ns ctnv ct nvcg cg alta al ta md qu quaa du dutrc trcs4 s4 [dr [d r qu quaa cjeugc cjeu gcss fd fdll 

qunstcg gcns pdmar md qua dutrcs4

D ‚stctus‗ sdfnd-afdlýgnfd

 stctus D  stc  söfnd-afdlýgnfd  söfnd-a fdlýgnfd astã cssdfncmd cssdfn cmd c tdmds tdm dsag ds rafursds, très ictdras qua chumcg c axpjnfcr cstusmniaralåcs ag nlijuèlfnc8 masneucjmcmas mniaralåcs ag fcpcfntcåæd a mniaralåcs ag nlfaltnvds pcrc d usd ma rafursds c ing ma ecl`cr nlijuèlfnc329. Læd î ma surpraalmar, pdrtcltd, qua c ctnvnmcma pdjçtnfc talmc c sar gcndr altra cs passdcs ma lçvaj söfnd-afdlýgnfd gcns ajavcmd. Fdg aiantd, Yarbc a Lna dbsarvcrcg qua lds Astcmds Qlnmds c sntucåæd söfnd-afdlýgnfc ax

** *•* •***

Ld drnenlcj, Fcgpcnelars. Ld drn drnenl enlcj, cj, Fdgpjata Cftnvnsts. Cftnvnsts.

 

Clãjnsa [djçtnfc Gdmarlc

3;9

 pjnfc, gcns md qua qucjquar qucj quar dutrd du trd ictdr ict dr,, cs vcrncåñas lds lçvans ma pcrtnfnpc pcrtn fnpcåæd åæd  pdjçtnf  pdj çtnfc. c. Ineurc 0 ‚nVtctu s‗ Vdfncj Vdfncj,, lds Mniaraltas Lçvans    ma  m a [crtnfnpcå [crtnf npcåæd æd [ [dj djçtn çtnfc fc

3> Vaxtd Bcnxd¿ ▣

2> Vaxtd Vtctus  suparndr

6> Vaxtd

=> Vaxtd

1> Vaxtd

(taråd suparndr mc pdpujcåæd)

Vtctus  nltargamnãrn  nltargamnãrndd

(taråd (tarå d gîmnd mc pdpujcåæd)

9> Vaxtd Cjtd

▣

Vtctus  nliarndr

(taråd nliarndr mc pdpujcåæd)

Idlta8  Yarbc a Lna, [crtnfnpctndl nl Cgarnfc,  Ineurc 0-6, pãe. 363.

@ã gdtnvd pcrc cframntcr qua, lds Astcmds Qlnmds, d  stc  stctus tus   söfnd-afdlýgnfd pdma astcr gcnspdjncrquncs. astrntcgalta rajcfndlcmd fdgldsc pcrtnfnpcåæd pdjçtnfc md ag guntcs dutrcs Fdltumd, gasgd Astcmds Qlnmds, d  stc   sö stctus tusqua fnd-afdlýgnfd axpjnfc cpalcs ag paqualc pcrta c vcrncåæd ma ctnvnmcma pdjçtn fc325 . Altra passdcs ma  stc  stctus tus  sagaj`clta, mnspdlmd ma rafursds pdjçtnfds fdgpc rãvans, cjeugcs sa agpal`cg gcns ctnvcgalta md qua dutrcs lc busfc mc nlijuèl fnc sdbra d Edvarld. [dr què4 Cs raspdstcs pdmag sar mnstrnbuçmcs ag très fctaedrncs8 3) Cs passdcs prdfurcg d pdmar pdma r pcrc cjfclåcr d bag fdgug. fdgug . Suarag  prd  p rdta taea earr ds nlt nltara arassa ssass ma td tdmd mdss ds fnm fnmcmæ cmæds ds,, css cssaeu aeurcr rcr hust hu stnå nåcc pcrc pc rc tdmd td mds, s, bala ba lain in fncr d Astcmd, ecrcltnr c vnmc, c jnbarmcma a c busfc mc iajnfnmcma (‚ t`a pursu pu rsunt nt d i 

 

D @dgag [djçtnfd

3;55 3;

 `cpp  `c ppnla nlass ss ‗). Î d creugaltd ctrnbuçmd c Vöfrctas lc  Ra  Rapø pø b jnf c  ma [jctæd320.

C mninfujmcma qua cprasaltc d mabcta altra Vöfrctas (du [jctæd) a ]rcsçgcfd sdbra d cssultd astã ag qua saus creugaltds læd sa chustcg bag8 alqucltd Vöfrctas creugaltc ldrgctnvcgalta, ]rcsçgcfd sa gcltîg ld pjcld agpçrnfd. Ds mdns scbag pariantcgalta qua ds edvarlcltas md Astcmd lag sagpra ceag ld nltarassa mds saus sømntds. Ma ictd, pcrc cgbds, d saltnmd md Astcmd gcu du par vartnmd fdlsnstnc hustcgalta ld ictd ma qua saus edvarlcltas læd prdfurcvcg ds nltarassas mds edvarlcmds. Lc gasgc Ra  Rapø pøbj bjnf nfc c  [jctæd masfrava d tnrcld8

‚Ag tdmds lös, gasgds lcquajas qua pcrafag gcns raspdlsãvans, `ã masa  hd s tarr  hds ta rrçv çvan anss lc suc njaentn njae ntngn gnmc mcma ma sajvceag, sajvce ag, qua qu a sa g clnia cl niastc stcg g lds ld s sdl`d sdl `ds... s... Cssng, quclmd c lcturazc du da `ãbntd ”du cgbds cs fcrcftarçstn fcs mc agbrnceuaz, mc fdbnåc mc cjnalcåæd, tagds”fdgbnlcg d aspîfnga pariantd md `d gag maspötnfd... Suclmd cugaltc d løgard massas frngnldsds a ma saus saeun mdras, ajas sa tdrlcg fdlsfnaltas mc suc idråc, cssnstnmds  pajc jdufurc mc ealta fdgug, iczag ug mîspdtc mcquaja qua, ld sau erupd, tag c cjgc subhuecmc  pajd  pa jd masp ma spdt dtns nsg g d gc gcns ns tn tnrâ râ l nf d 32 32>.‗ >.‗ Ag sugc, guntds injösdids hã creúnrcg qua ds jçmaras  ma  mava vag g  prdfurcr d pd mar c ing ma axarfar c cutdrnmcma pajd bag ma tdmds. [rdvcvajgalta, lal`ug astumndsd mc pdjçtnfc f`aedu hcgcns c cinrgcr qua astc î c ølnfc rczæd, du gasgd c rczæd prnlfnpcj, prnlfnpcj, qua axpjnfc pdr qua ds `dgals `dgal s busfcg d pdmar. pdm ar.

2) Cs passdcs passdcs prdfurcg prdf urcg d pdmar pdm ar lc busfc fdlsfnalta md pröprnd prö prnd nltarassa. nltarassa. Î d creugaltd ma ]rcsçgcfd, qua Vöfrctas frntnfcvc. Ma cfdrmd fdg [jctæd, d  prng  pr ngan anrd rd mnssarc8 mnssar c8 ‚ ......  hu std st d   du  mn  mnra rantd ntd   maldtc cpalcs d qua î md nltarassa mc pcrta gcns idr ta... Ag tdmds ds fcsds cs jans sæd iantcs pajd pcrtnmd qua matîg d pdmar, ag sau  p  prö röpr prnd nd nltara nlt arassa ssa?? ug c mag ma g dfrc df rcfnc fnc icz jans mag ma g df dfrã rãtnf tnfcs? cs? ug m îsp îs p dtc, dt c, jans c u td td  frãtnfcs, atf. Cd prdgujecr asscs jans, mainlag fdgd ‚mnrantd‗ mds saus sømntds d qua î md sau nltarassa, a qucjninfcg tdmds ds qua vndjcg tcns jans ma ‚gcjiantd ras‗, pulnlmd-ds. Î nstd qua quard mnzar8 ag tdmds ds Astcmds d  hu std st d   tag d gasgd saltnmd ”d qua î md nltarassa mds qua astæd ld pdmar, a qua sæd gcns idrtas36;.‗ ]rcsçgcfd pdma tar raprasaltcmd lastc pcssceag ugc taltctnvc eraec prn gntnvc ma alfdltrcr axpjnfcåæd lcturcjnstc pcrc d fdgpdrtcgaltd pdjçtnfd. Fdgd qucsa tumd d qua scbagds sdbra aja prdvîg ma [jctæd, sau nlngned, d creu  Rapø pøbj bjnfc nfc  prdvcvajgalta tag cjeugcs mnstdråñas. Avnmal galtd cprasaltcmd lc  Ra tagalta ]rcsçgcfd taltcvc axpjnfcr d gdmd fdgd mniaraltas edvarlcltas ng  pñag  pñ ag mn mnst stnl nltc tcss nmîncs nmînc s mc hu hust stnå nåcc ld ldss saus As Astcm tcmds ds,, prdf pr dfjc jcg g clmd cl md sagpra sag pra qua prd pr d  furcg d qua î hustd. [crc ]rcsçgcfd, c axpjnfcåæd öbvnc masta pcrcmdxd î c ma qua fcmc edvarlclta prdfurc sngpjasgalta d nltarassa pröprnd. ‚Hustnåc‗, fdl idrga mainlnmc pajcs jans ma fcmc Astcmd, læd pcssc ma ugc rcfndlcjnzcåæd nmadjö enfc md nltarassa mds qua matèg d pdmar. Î bag pdssçvaj qua ]rcsçgcfd uscssa astc clãjnsa pcrc maialmar cs nlstntunåñas magdfrãtnfcs trcmnfndlcns ma Ctalcs

 

3;0

Clãjnsa [djçtnfc Gdmarlc

fdltrc pcvcg c subvarsæd djnecrqunc (quatanlsnstncg qua ajasclã sa  pradfu  pradfupcvcg fdg dpajds bagmaialsdras md Astcmd Ast cmd). ).mc Nlmubn Nlm ubntcva tcvajgal jgalta usdu usd u tcg tcgbîg bîgsösuc jnsa fdltrc d cpajd mc sdinstnfcmc maiasc pjctýlnfc mc crnstdfrcfnc, qua ]rcsçgcfd, fdg tdmc prdbcbnjnmcma, cframntcvc læd pcsscr ma ugc rcfndlcjnzcåæd brnj`clta mcs cgbnåñas cltnmagdfrãtnfcs mc icfåæd djneãrqunfc ma Ctalcs363. C `npötasa ma ]rcsçgcfd ma qua ds `dgals majnbarcmcgalta prdfurcg d  pdmar,  pdm ar, ag maiasc md nltarassa pröprn prö prnd, d, hã idn rant rantarcm arcmcc guntc g untcss vazas. @dbba @dbbas, s, pdr axagpjd, cframntcvc qua ds `dgals arcg ngpajnmds pdr sucs pcnxñas a euncmds  pdr suc rczæd? c pcnxæd pcnx æd î d valt va ltdd qua alf`a cs vajcs, c rczæd cs gæds qua fd fdlt ltrd rd  jcg d jaga. [crc agpraecr dutrc gatãidrc, d `dgag î ugc fcrruceag javcmc  pajds fcvcjds sajvceals sajvceals mc pcnxæ pcnxæd, d, a gcld gc ldbrc brcmc mc pajc rczæd. Vaus masahds sæd nlsc fnãvans, gcs cearcns rczæddu mntc prumèlfnc. c chumc mcgaj`drcr rczæd, d `dgag pdma masfd  brnr cs raercs prafantd praf antdss qqua uaFdg j`a pargnt par gntnræd nræd gaj` drcr sucs parspaftnvcs parspaftnv cs ma cjfclåcr ds inls nlmnfcmds pajcs pcnxñas. Cssng, tdmds ds `dgals prdfurcg d  fdg g d  mavag prd  pdmar  pdm ar c ing ma sctnsiczar sucs pcnxñas, pcnxñas , gcs c rczæd j`as gds g dstrc trc  fd furcr d pdmar pcrc ramuznr c irustrcåæd, c marrdtc a c pdssnbnjnmcma ma alfdltrcr ugc gdrta vndjaltc. Fdgd [jctæd vnu bag, ugc mninfujmcma mastc `npötasa î qua c ldåæd ma ‚nltarassa pröprnd‗, qua pcrafa ës vazas trclspcralta a öbvnc, lc varmcma î guntd fdgpjaxc. D qua d nlmnvçmud fdlsnmarc fdgd ‚pröprnd‗ vcn mapalmar md sau

 prdfassd ma nmaltnin nmal tninfcåæd fcåæd,, a î vcrnãvaj. vcrnãvaj. Cd qua tumd tu md nlmnfc, d gdmd gd md fdgd par par  fabagds c lös gasgds (fdgd parfabagds d ldssd aed)  læd î tdtcjgalta nlstnl tnvd, gcs mapalma tcgbîg md cpralmnzcmd sdfncj. Mc gasgc idrgc, d qua fdl snmarcgds fdgd ldssd ‚nltarassa‗ î gdmajcmd pajd cpralmnzcmd, c axparnèlfnc, c trcmnåæd, c fujturc. Fdlsaqúaltagalta, c ctrnbunåæd ma ug ctd cd ‚nltarassa prö  p  prnd rnd‗‗ læd axpjnfc axpj nfc erclma fdnsc. Fdgd cinrgdu cinrg du ug raputc rap utcmd md psnföjded fd fdlt ltag ag   pdrâlad  pdrâ lad 8 ‚ D aed  fdgpraalma tdmcs tdm cs astcs fdnsc fdnscss a passdcs prafndscs prafndscs a rajavcltas rajavcltas pcrc (sajins ins`) `) parma c c vnmc md nlmnvçmud, ma gdmd qua c axprassæd ‚rajctnvc cd aed ‗ (saj fdldtcåæd drnenlcj (ma ‚aedçstc‗), a c prdpdsnåæd ma qua ‚d `dgag î aedçstc‗  pcssc c sar rasdjvnmc fnrfuj f nrfujcrgal crgalta ta pajc cinrgctnv c inrgctnvcc ma qua qu a cs passdcs sa nltarassag nltarassa g  pajcs fdnscs qua cs nltaras nlt arasscg scg3362 .‗ D ‚nltarassa pröprnd‗ ma Hdæd pdma snelninfcr tcgbîg c prdfurc ma vcltc eals pcrc Hdæd a suc icgçjnc. Lasta fcsd, c icgçjnc ma Hdæd sa trclsidrgdu ld aed  a saus nltarassas pcsscg c fdgpraalmar ugc vcstc ecgc, qua vcn md masahd ma cmqunrnr dbhatds ë zddjdenc. D nltarassa pröprnd ma Hdæd pdma neucjgalta maldtcr sau asidråd ld saltnmd ma dbtar balaiçfnds pcrc erupds gcns cgpjds, fdg ds qucns sa nmaltninqua ”suc vnznl`clåc, raenæd, fjcssa, rajnenæd, erupd îtlnfd, rcåc,  pröp öprn rnd d  vcrncg guntd. lcåæd. [drtcltd, cs mainlnåñas ma nltarassa a ma pr Dutrc dbhaåæd ë nmînc mc axpjnfcåæd pajd nltarassa pröprnd rcfndlcj î fdjd fcmc pajc psnfdjdenc pös-iraumnclc. ]rcsçgcfd, @dbbas, Balt`cg a Gcrx ”tdmds fdlsnmarcvcg c prdf prdfurc urc md pdmar fdgd ‚rcfndlcj ‚ rcfndlcj‗‗ 8 c busfc fdlsfnalta md nlta rassa pröprnd. Gcs Iraum gdstrdu qua ds masahds tarrçvans a sajvceals c qua sa raiarnc Vöfrctas javcg ds `dgals læd sö c fdlijntds fdg dutrds `dgals (fdlidr

 

D @dgag [djçtnfd

3;>> 3;

ga @dbbas), gcs tcgbîg c fdlijntd fdlijntdss nltarndras, fdls fdlsned ned gasgds - valm valmcvcns cvcns qua ës vazas cpcecg c tèlua f`cgc mc rczæd. [crc Iraum, lag sagpra c rczæd mnrnea c fcrruceag puxcmc pajc pcnxæd. Iraum masfdbrnu, clcjnsdu a cinrgdu idrgcjgalta d qua ds erclmas asfrntd ras, astumndsds mc m c psnfdjd psnfdjdenc enc `ugc `ugclc, lc, sagpra sagpra sdubarcg. Masma altæd, alt æd, vãrnds vãrnds fnaltnstcs sdfncns prdfurcrcg masalvdjvar tadrncs snstagãtnfcs rajctnvcs ë busfc md  pdmar.  pdma r. 6) Ma cfdrmd fdg fartds cutdras gcns rafaltas, cs passdcs prdfurcg d pd mar javcmds pdr gdtnvds nlfdlsfnaltas. Qgc mcs gcns raputcmcs axpjnfcåñas fdl tagpdrâlacs î c ma @crdjm Jcsswajj, qua pdma sar rasugnmc fdgd saeua8 cs pas sdcss qua busfcg d pdmar sdc pd mar quarag fdgpalscr prnv prnvcåñas cåñas psnfdjöen psnfdjöenfcs fcs mc nliâlfnc. nliâlfnc. [rnvcåñas tçpnfcs qua prdvdfcg asta aiantd sæd c fcrèlfnc ma cianåæd a ma raspan td, qua prahumnfc c parsdlcjnmcma nlicltnj, iczalmd fdg qua d nlmnvçmud læd sa vcjdrnza suinfnaltagalta. Gcns tcrma, c busfc md pdmar vcn raprasaltcr ugc fdg  palscåæd pcrc astc icj`c. D nlmnv nlmnvçmud çmud pcssc c cfra cframnt mntcr cr qua cd cmqunrnr cmqu nrnr pd pdma marr as tã cprngdrclmd cprngdrc lmd sau sar sar,, tdrlclmd-sa gc gcns ns raspantcmd raspantcm d du cgcmd? qua pdma cjtarcr

c ctntuma mds dutrds c sau raspantd. D pdmar d icrã ngpdrtclta, cgcmd, raspantc md, cmgnrcmd. Asparc, cssng, cmqunrnr ctrcvîs md pdmar cs rajcåñas qua manxdu ma tar lc icgçjnc. ]rctc-sa ma fdlmutc qua, fdgd î lcturcj, prasfnlma ma rczñas fdlsfnaltas, ‚rcfndlcns„5. [ajd fdltrãrnd, ugc bdc pcrta mc gdtnvcåæd î nlfdls fnalta. Ngpujsndlcmd pajc busfc md pdmar, c passdc læd tag lafasscrncgalta c  parfapåæd  parfa påæd mds gdt gdtnvds nvds pd pdrr qua masahc d pdm pdmar? ar? rcfndlc rcfndlcjnzc jnzc suc fd fdlm lmut utcc ag ta tar r gds fdgpctçvans fdg saus vcjdras fdlsfnaltas, a pdssnvajgalta tcgbîg fdg c nmadjdenc pramdgnlclta ld gand ag qua vnva. Cssng, ag fdgpcrcåæd fdg dutrcs  passdcs, cquaja qua prd prdfu furc rc d pdmar pdm ar sa fcrcf fcrcftarnzc tarnzc pdr8 c) cctrnb trnbunr unr ug cjtd vcjdr ë fdlqunstc md pdmar? b) axnenr pdmar (a dutrds vcjdras) pcrc sn pröprnd (d aed prn gãrnd gcns ds sçgbdjds nlfdrpdrcmds ma dutrds aeds)? f) tar rajctnvcgalta guntc fdlinclåc ag qua pdma fdlqunstcr d pdmar? a m) cmqunrnr ainfãfnc ld usd md pd mar366. D gdmd fdgd Jcsswajj fcrcftarnzc d `dgag qua busfc d pdmara garafa  pdrîg  pdr îg fartcs qucjninfcåñas, cjeugcs mcs qucns d ppröp röprnd rnd Jcss Jcsswajj wajj raenstrdu8 raen strdu8 3) C passdc qua prdfurc d pdmar lag sagpra d prdfurc ld Edvarld? pdma  prdfurã-jdd ag dut  prdfurã-j dutrcs rcs nlst nlstntunåñ ntunåñas, as, tcns fdgd c Nerahc, c Qlnvarsnmcma, du altæ altædd ld gulmd mds laeöfnds. 2) D mcld axtragd fcuscmd cd cutd-raspantd md nlmnvçmud pdma axfamar c fdgpalscåæd psnfdjöenfc pdssçvaj, a javã-jd ë rasnelcåæd, cd rafdj`ngaltd, a ctî gasgd cd sunfçmnd, ag vaz ma javã-jd ë busfc md pdmar. 6) Qgc bcnxc cutd-astngc pdma sar subjngcmc pdr dutrds gdmds, cjîg mc ctnvnmcma pdjçtnfc. D nlmnvçmud pdma, pdr axagpjd, trclsidrgcr-sa lug crtnstc fèlnfd, prdfurclmd ld pøbjnfd astçgujd a cgdr. =) C passdc qua prdfurc d pdmar pcrc fdgpalscr sau pröprnd saltngaltd ma nlcmaqucåæd pdma læd sar ainfcz lc dbtalåæd md pdmar, pdr prdvdfcr mascerc md a masfdlinclåc lds dutrds. ‚C passdc qua tag ugc pcnxæd pajd pdmar... cjna

 

33;; 33

Clãjnsa [djçtnfc Gdmarlc

lcrã fdlstcltagalta ds qua c cpöncg, tdrlclmd cssng ngpdssçvaj suc fdlqunstc md pdmar. 1) Fartcs nlvastnecåñas magdlstrcg, fdgd vngds, qua ds saltngaltds ma cutdfdlinclåc a ma ainfãfnc passdcj astæd cssdfncmds ag cjtd ercu ë pcrtnfnpcåæd  pd  p d jç jçtn tnfc fc?? fd l tu tumm d , pc pcra rafa fa ngp ngprdv rdvãva ãvajj qua qu a cs pass passdcs dcs qu quaa tèg tè g fdli fd linc nclå låcc ag sn gasgcs a qua sæd ai ainfcza nfczass cprasaltag tcgbî tcgbîg g ugc cutd-astngc ramuznmc. 9) D pdmar pdma sarvnr c vãrnds inls. Cs passdcs pdmag prdfurcr d pdmar fdg mnvarsds gdtnvds? c lafassnmcma ma fdgpalscr ug saltngaltd ma ramuznmc cutd-astngc î cpalcs ug mastas gdtnvds36=.  L  Lal al`u `ug g c mcs tr trèè s axpj ax pjnf nfcå cåña ñass qua qu a axcg ax cgnl nlcg cg ds pcraf pc rafaa nlta nl tanr nrcg cg alta al ta sc tnsictörnc. Fdltumd, ldssc mnsfussæd sueara vãrncs fdlfjusñas8 3) Sucnsquar qua sahcg cs rczñas, d ictd î qua cjeugcs passdcs busfcg d

 pdm  p dmar ar gc gcns ns nl nlta tals lscg cg alta al ta md qua dutr du trcs cs.. 2) ; fdl`a fdl`afngal fngaltd td fnal tçinfd mc parsdlcjn parsdlcjnmcma mcma a mc gdtnvcåæd mds qqua ua  busf  bu sfcg cg d pdma pd marr î cn cnlm lmcc jng ntc ntcmd md.. ]d ]dmd mdss fdlf fd lfdr drmc mcg g ag qua cje cjeugc ugcss pass passdcs dcs  busf  bu sfcg cg d pdma pd marr gc gcns ns cr crmd mdrd rdsc scg g alta al ta md qua du trcs tr cs,, gcs ds pasq pa squn unsc scmd mdra rass læd astæd ma cfdrmd c raspantd mcs rczñas massc vcrncåæd361. 6) Mapal Mapalmalmd malmd mc fujturc, sdfnamcma, afdldgnc a snst snstagc agc pdjçtnfd, d  pdm  p dmar ar pdma pd ma sar utnj ut njnz nzcm cmdd pc pcrc rc cmqu cm qunr nrnr nr icgc ic gc,, rava ra varèl rèlfnc fnc,, sae saeurc urclåc låc,, rasp ra span antd td,, cianåæd, rnquazc a guntds dutrds vcjdras. Læd mava surpraalmar, pdrtcltd, qua ds `dgals busquag d pdmar. A læd mavagds prasugnr, lafasscrncgalta, qua c  prdf  pr dfur urcc md pd pdma marr sahc cldr cl drg g cj du pc pctdj tdjöe öenf nfc. c. Ld sau fcrã fc rãta tarr nlst nl stru rug g altc al tcj,j, d pd  mar î fdgd d mnl`anrd. Cjeugcs passdcs sa asidråcg gcns pcrc ecl`cr mnl`anrd md qua dutrcs? gcs gcs læd d icza iczag, g, lafasscrncgalta, pdrqua ctrnbuag gcn gcnss vvcj cjdr dr cd mnl`anrd ag sn gasgd ”pdmag fdlsnmarcr d mnl`anrd gard nlstrugaltd pcrc dutrds dutr ds inls inls.. =) Fdgd dutrcs gdmcjnmcmas ma fdlmutc, c busfc md pdmar î ma gdmd ea rcj ugc ug c fdgbnlcåæd ma gdtnvds fdlsfn fdlsfnaltas. altas. Ds `dgals qua prdfurcg d pdmar  pdma  pd mag g fd fdl` l`af afar ar cje cjeug ugcs cs mcs rcz rczña ñass qua d ng ngpu pujsn jsndl dlcg cg gc gcss læd læ d mav mavag agds ds aspa as pa   tdmc mcss asscs rczñas. rcr qua fdl`aåcg  td 1) [crafa ngprdvãvaj qua tdmcs cs passdcs qua prdfurcg d pdmar tal`cg  pa rsdl  pars dlcj cjnm nmcm cmaa subs su bstc tclf lfnc ncjg jgal alta ta sa sag g aj aj`c `clt lta. a. @ã g untc un tcss rcz rczña ñass mnst mn stnl nltc tcs, s, fdls fd ls  fnaltas a nlfdlsfnalta nlfdlsfnaltas, s, pcrc busfcr d pdm pdmar ar magcsncmc vcrncåæd lds fustds a lcs vcltceals md pdmar, lds mniaraltas snstagcs pdjçtnfds, a ag mnstnltcs îpdfcs. Nlmubntcvajgalta, tcltd Fcjçeujc qucltd Cbrc`cg Jnlfdjl prdfurcrcg cjfclåcr d pdmar? gcs læd î pjcusçvaj cmgntnr qua ds mdns tnvassag, gasgd cprdxngcmc galta, d gasgd tnpd ma parsdlcjnmcma. Ds [dmardsds

Fdgd mnssagds, lag tdmds ds qua prdfurcg d pdmar d cjfclåcg. [dr du trd jcmd, agbdrc nssd sahc galds fdgug, `ã passdcs qua pdssuag a axarfag d  pdm  p dm ar sag qua qu a ld a l tc tcll td pr prat atal alma mass ssag ag fdl fdlsae saeunun-jd. jd. [d [drr qua rczæ rc zædd cjeu cjeuls ls nlm nlmn n vçmuds fdlsaeuag dbtar gcns pdmar md qua dutrds4

 

D @dgag [djçtnfd

333

Ag prnlfçpnd, sa ugc passdc dbtîg gcns pdmar md qua dutrc, pdmagds  prd  p rdfu furc rcrr mu mucs cs id idll ta tass ma ax axpjn pjnfc fcåæd åæd ” ug c mn mnia iara ralå låcc lds ld s raf rafur ursd sdss utnjn ut njnzc zcmd mdss du ugc mniaralåc lc ainfnèlfnc fdg qua assas rafursds idrcg agpraecmds. [dr qua cjeugcs passdcs utnjnzcg gcns rafursds lc ctnvnmcma pdjçtnfc4 [ra sugnvajgalta pdrqua asparcg ‚ecl`cr gcns‗. [dssd ‚ecl`cr gcns‗ md qua du trc passdc, pdr gand ma Qgc matargnlcmc cåæd, du pdrqua c cåæd î ‚galds fus tdsc‗ pcrc gng du pdrqua sau rasujtcmd î ‚gcns vcjndsd‗. Va C tag gcns rafur sds md qua B ”pdr axagpjd, rnquazc ”altæd ug matargnlcmd mnspèlmnd sarã galds fustdsd pcrc C md qua pcrc B (tdmcs cs dutrcs fdlmnåñas salmd neucns),

 pd rqua rq ua C tag ta g qu quaa fd fdg g p rd rdg g at atar ar g al alds ds cjt cjtar arlc lctnv tnvcs cs m d qua qu a B. Du sahc, lc jnl euceag md afdldgnstc, d  fu  fustd std m a dpdr dp drtu tul l nm nmcm cm a  ma C î gcns bcnxd. Qg `dg `dgag ag rnfd, qua tal`c gu ntd tag pd mnspdlçvaj, mnspdlçvaj, pdma mamnfc mamnfcrr sass sassalt altcc `drcs pdr sagclc c ctnvnmcmas pdjçtnfcs, nlfdrralmd lug fustd ma dpdrtulnmcma guntd galdr md qua ug dutrd qua prafnsa mnspalmar jdlecs `drcs pcrc ecl`cr c vnmc. Ag sugc, sa C tag gcns rafursds md qua B, d fustd ma dpdrtulnmcma ngpjn fcmd lc mnstrnbunåæd ma cjeuls massas rafursds pcrc c dbtalåæd md pdmar î galdr  pcrc  pc rc C md qu quaa pc pcrc rc B. C pd pdma ma ic iczar zar d gasg ga sgdd mnsp mn spèl èlmnd mnd ma B, fdg ug fust fu stdd ma dpdrtulnmcma dpd rtulnmcma gcns bcnxd - du mnspèlmnd gcndr, gcndr, fdg d gasgd fustd ma dp drtu  lnmcma. Ma gdmd earcj, pdrtcltd, cjeugcs passdcs utnjnzcg gcns rafursds pcrc fdlqunstcr pdmar dutrcs pdrquafdlsaeunræd tèg cfassd gcns c gcnspdmar. rafursds? a î rczdãvaj cmgntnr quad ds qua md tègquagcns rafursds Ctî fartd pdltd,  pdns,, cs mn  pdns mniar iaral alåcs åcs ag pd pdma mar, r, a lc bu busf sfcc md pd pdma mar, r, sa rajc r ajcfnd fndlc lcg g fdg fd g mni mniara aralåc låcss ag fnrfulstâlfncs dbhatnvcs. dbhatnvcs. Fdltumd, ldrgcjgalta lag tdmcs cs dutrcs fnrfulstâlfncs sæd neucns. Gas gd sa ds rafursds ma mucs passdcs passdcs idssag dbhatnvcgalta dbhatnvcgal ta nmèltnfds. C pdmar pdmarnc nc mns  palm  pa lmar ar u g c pcr pcrfaj fajcc gcnd gc ndrr pc pcrc rc d b ta tarr pd pdma mar, r, sa cctrn trnbu buçs çssa sa ug vcjdr vc jdr gc gcns ns ajavcmd ajavc md cds rasujtcmds asparcmds. [dr qua gdtnvd C ctrnbunrnc ug vcjdr gcns ajavcmd md qua B cds rasujtcmds ma ug fartd mnspèlmnd mnrnenmd ë fdlqunstc md pdmar4 3) [drqua [d rqua C pdmarnc asparcr rasujtcmds rasujtcmd s mniaraltas mniaral tas mmcquajas cquajas asparcmds pdr B. 2) [drqua, agbdrc cgbds asparcssag ds gasgds rasujtcmds, C a B pdma rncg uscr vcjdras vcjdras mniaraltas, du mmnstnltcs nstnltcs asfcjcs asfcjcs pcrc gamnr g amnr ds rasujtcmds. 6) [drqua, agbdrc cgbds asparcssag ds gasgds rasujtcmds, C pdmarnc tar gcns fdlinclåc lassa rasujtcmd md qua B.  Lædd db stcl  Læ st clta ta,, c cp cpjnf jnfcåæ cåædd ma gcns rafur raf ursd sdss p dr C pdma pd ma læd læ d ra rasu sujtc jtcrr ag gcns pdmar, masma qua c cåæd ma B tal`c gcns ainfãfnc md qua c ma C. Qg pdjç tnfd creutd a `cbnjnmdsd pdma fdlsaeunr gcns, fdg pdufds rafursds, md qua ug  pd  p d jçtn jç tnfd fd fcl` fc l`as astrd trd a ma pd uf ufcc sa sals lsnbnj nbnjnmc nmcma, ma, fd fdg g g untd un tdss raf rafurs ursds. ds. Fcba pare pa reul ul  tcr, altæd, pdr qua cjeugcs passdcs sæd gcns ainfczas lc cåæd pdjçtnfc md qua du trcs4  Lædd î uug  Læ g c pa pare reul ul tc ma iãfnj ra rasp spds dstc. tc. [rdf [r dfur urcr cr ras raspd pdlm lmè-j è-jcc fc fcbc bcjg jgal alta ta lds ld s javcrnc cjîg mds jngntas masta trcbcj`d. Ag brava, pdmagds mnzar qua `ã très fcuscs pdssçva fcuscs pdssçvans ns qua axpjnfcg axp jnfcg c mniaralåc mniaral åc ma ainfãfnc lc cåæd ma mucs passdc passdcss qucjquar qua sahc c cåæd fdlsnmarcmc8 3) mniaralåcs ealîtnfcs? 2) mniaralåcs ag dpdrtulnmcmas ma cpralmnzcmd? 6) mniaralåcs ag nlfaltnvds cd cpralmnzcmd. Cs

 

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Clãjnsa [djçtnfc Gdmarlc

mucs prnganrcs sæd mniaralåcs ma sntucåæd? c tarfanrc, mniaralåc ag gdtnvcåæd. Fdgaåcgds astc Vaåæd pareultc pare ultclmd lmd pdr p dr qua cjeugcs cjeugcs passdc passdcss fdlsaeuag fdlsaeuag cjfclåcr gcns pdmar md qua dutrcs. C Ineurc > rasuga, ercinfcgalta, c raspdstc.

Mniaralåcs ag sn tu tucå gdttnvc vc åæd åæcåæd d æd a gd

3. C tag cfassd c nrlw rafursds m d qua-B 2. C ctrnbun gcns vcndr cd rasuj tcmd asparcmd

t a

 TTT 

Mniaralåcs

Mniaralåcs ld usd

prdmu muzzag

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qua qua ma tnfdsrafursds pdjç prdmuzag

ag [dman

C «pbfc gc¿ md  qua V lc busf busfcmd cmd  pdmar

B

 T  TTT TTTT 

6. Mn Mniaralåcs iaralåcs ea lîtnfcs altra C aB =. Mniaralåcs ag dpdrtulnmcmas   ----------- ▸ ma cpralmnzc cpralmnzcmd md V. Mniaralåcs ag nlfaltnvds pcrc d cpralmnzcmd

C dbtîg gcnn  mar md qua B C cpjnfc saus ra fursds fdg gcndr  ainfãfnc md qua B

Ineurc >

 Cs  C s Ycrnamcmas m d @ dg ag [d jç jçtn tnfd fd

; axcga qua inzagds mds qua prdfurcg d pdmar a mds pdmardsds avnmal fndu c vcrnamcma cpcraltagalta nlinlntc mcs gdtnvcåñas, nlfaltnvds, drnaltcåñas a  pasdlcjnmcmas  pasdlcj nmcmas qua surea surea ld fcgpd fcgp d mcs ctnvnmcmas ctnv nmcmas pdjçtn pd jçtnfc fcs. s. Cs taltct tal tctnvc nvcss ma drma d rma  lcr fdlfantucjgalta astc fdjaåæd ma tnpds læd tèg snmd axntdscs, agbdrc, ës va zas, magdlstrag erclma brnj`d a palatrcåæd. Lds øjtngds clds, ds fnaltnstcs sd fncns fnc ns tèg alictnz al ictnzcmd cmd fnlfd ictdras qua chumcg c axpjnfcr cs cs vcrnamcmas vcrnamcmas md `d gag pdjçtnfd8 3. C parsdlcjnmcma, du fcrãtar. 2. C fujturc earcj earcj a, gcns gcns aspafninfcgalta, aspafninfcg alta, c fujtur fuj turcc pdjçtnfc. pdjçtn fc. 6. C drnaltcåæd pdjçtnfc nlnfncj, a d gdmd fdgd ajc î cmqunrnmc8 nstd î, c  sdfncjnzcåæ  sdfnc jnzcåæd d pd jçtn jçtnfc fc..

 

D @dgag [djçtnfd =. C axparnèlfnc a cs fnrfulstâlfncs fnrfulstâlfncs passdcns, passdcns, c sntucåæd ma vnmc. 1. C sntuc sntucåæd åæd pcrtnfujcr ag fcmc fcmc gdg altd `nstörnfd matargnlcmd.

33 3366

D `dgag magdfrãtnfd a d `dgag maspö tnfd

Varã pdssçvaj aspafninfcr ug tnpd ma parsdlcjnmcma du ma fcrãtar pcrtnfujcr galta chustcmd (du maschustcmd) cd iulfndlcgaltd md edvarld pdpujcr4 [jctæd Rapø pøbjn bjnfc fc   d injösdid masfrava vnvcgalta d fcrãtar djneãrcf`cvc qua sng? sng? ag  C Ra qunfd, d magdfrãtnfd a d maspötnfd, prdfurclmd axpjnfcr suc drneag369. Ma ug gdmd du ma dutrd, c `npötasa earcj ma [jctæd hã idn ratnrcmc guntcs vazas ”altra dutrds pdr Gcquncvaj365.  Læd mn mnsp spdg dgds ds cnlmc cnl mc ma nl nlid idrg rgcå cåæd æd ag p çr çrnf nfcc rajav raj avcl clta ta pc pcrc rc c `np `n p ötas öt asaa ma [jctæd, c maspantd ma guntcs aspafujcåñas qua, pajd galds lds øjtngds clds, idrcg raidråcmcs pajcs fdlfapåñas mc psnqunctrnc a mc psnfclãjnsa. @cvarã ugc  parsd  pa rsdlc lcjnm jnmcm cmaa ‚ mag ma g d fr frãt ãtnf nfc‗ c‗ 3604 Mapd Ma pdns ns ma ax axcg cg nlcr nl cr ds lug lu g ar ards dsds ds trcb tr cbcj cj`` ds as frntds sdbra d tagc, ug aspafncjnstc dbsarvdu qua ‚qucsa tdmds ds astumndsds gdmarlds md fcrãtar lcfndlcj astæd fdlvalfnmds ma qua c raspdstc î cinrgctnvc. Nliajnzgalta, pdrîg, læd `ã avnmèlfnc snstagãtnfc qua cpöna astc tasa‗36>. Fdl tumd, altra ds qua astumcg `dha c ctnvnmcma pdjçtnfc `ã ‚ug ercu axfapfndlcj ma fdlfdrmâlfnc c raspantd mds vcjdras, ctntumas, dpnlnñas a trcåds ma fcrãtar‗ qua chumcg c gcltar ug snstagc ma edvarld pdpujcr. Cs ctntumas gcns ngpdr tcltas sæd cquajcs fdg raspantd cd aed,  cds dutrds, ë cutdrnmcma, ë fdgulnmcma fdgul nmcma a cds vcjdras8 3. Fdg rajcåæd cd aed8 c fralåc ld l d sau vcjdr a mnelnmcma. 2. Fdg rajcåæd cds dutrds8 c fralåc ld vcjdr a lc mnelnmcma mds dutrds. dutr ds. 6. Fdg rajcåæd ë cutdrnmcma8 c èlicsa lc cutdldgnc mc passdc a c praia rèlfnc pdr g cltar ugc fartc mnstâlfnc mnstâlfnc fdg raspantd ë cutdrnmcma a cd pdmar (f`a eclmd ctî gasgd ë masfdlinãlåc) masfdlinãlåc).. Fdltrcrncgalta cd qua cfdltafa fdg c par sdlcjnmcm sdlcj nmcmaa ‚cutdrntãrnc ‚cu tdrntãrnc‗‗ , læd `ã lafass lafassnmcm nmcmaa ma mdgnlcr du suhantcr. suhantcr. =. Fdg rajcåæd ë fdgulnmcma8 cbarturc, prdltc cfantcåæd mcs mniaralåcs, mnspdsnåæd pcrc fdlfnjncr a pcrc gumcr. 1. Fdg rajcåæd cds vcjdras8 prdfurc ma ugc vcrnamcma ma vcjdras, a læd ma ug sö vcj vcjdr dr cbrclealta? nlfjnlcåæd nlfjnlcåæd pcrc fdgpcrtnj`cr, fdg pcrtnj`cr, a læd pcrc gdldpdjnzcr gd ldpdjnzcr du altasdurcr3=;. [dr dutrd jcmd, `cvarã ugc parsdlcjnmcma ‚cltnmagdfrãtnfc‗, du ‚maspö tnfc ‗4 Masma Masma 3>1; ngpd ng pdrtclta rtclta s nlvastnecåña nlvastnecåñass idrcg racjnzcmcs racjnzcmcs sdbra sdbra cs fcrcfta rçstnfcs ma ugc sçlmrdga fdl`afnmc fdgd ‚parsdlcjnmcma cutdrntãrnc‗. Mnz-sa qua ugc passdc tag parsdlcjnmcma cutdrntãrnc sa î rnenmcgalta fdlvalfndlcj? subgnssc a cfrçtnfc fdg raspantd ë cutdrnmcma? cerassnvc a pulntnvc fdg raspantd

cds vndjcg ds fdlvalfndlcns? fdltrãrnc idrgcs ngcen ldscsqua a ‚tagcs‗ ma vcjdras var d gulmd? pradfupcmc fdg dëspdmar a c subhatnvcs, ‚murazc‗? fçlnfc?„  prad  pr adfu fupc pcmc mc fdg fd g d ‚ ic td ‗ ma qu quaa d g ul ulmd md astã as tã ra rapp jatd ja td ma fdnscs parneds parn edscs cs a vndjaltcs? gcrfcmc pdr dbsassñas saxucns3=3. Mavnmd ës frçtnfcs iantcs cd quastnd lãrnd agpraecmd pcrc matatcr c ctntuma cutdrntãrnc (c f`cgcmc ‚asfcjc I‗), gun-

 

33== 33

Clãjnsa [djçtnfc Gdmarlc

tds aspafncjnstcs tèg magdlstrcmd fatnfnsgd c raspantd mds astumds qua pratal mag masfravar d fdgpdrtcgaltd pdjçtnfd mcs passdcs fdg ‚parsdlcjnmcma cutd rntãrnc‗. Cjeuls fnaltnstcs sdfncns, fdltumd, tèg prdfurcmd cparianådcr ds trcbc j`ds cltarndras, masalvdjvalmd ldvds fdlfantds a gîtdmds ma gamnåæd. Altra astas asidråds vcja fntcr vãrnds quastndlãrnds prapcrcmds pdr Gnjtdl Rdoacf`, mas tnlcmds c nmaltninfcr fcrcftarçstnfcs tcns fdgd c ‚cbarturc‗ du ‚ijaxnbnjnmcma galtcj‗, d ‚mdegctnsgd‗ a c ‚rnenmaz‗3=2. Cgpjc avnmèlfnc fdlinrgc d pdltd ma vnstc md salsd fdgug ma qua cs  passdc  pas sdcss vc vcrnc rncg g g u ntd nt d ag targ ta rg ds ma ijaxn ija xnbnj bnjnm nmcm cmaa d u cb cbaa rt rtuu rc g al altc tcj,j, md mdeg eg ct ctns ns gd, rnenmaz, atf. Ës vazas cs nlvastnecåñas prdmuzag rasujtcmds surpraalmaltas Cssn Cs sng, g, ug astumd ma fdlerass fdlerassnst nstcs cs nt ntcjnclds, cjnclds, pd pdrr axagpjd, nlmnfdu qua ds mapu tcmds fdgulnstcs arcg guntd g untd galds mdegãtnfds (ma cfdrmd fdg c asfc asfcjc jc ma ma mde gctnsgd ma Rdoacf` Rdo acf`)) md qua ds raprasaltcltas ma td tdmds mds ds magcns pcrtnm ds3=6 ds3=6. Ma qucjquar idrgc, c rajcåæd altra parsdlcjnmcma a c fdlmutc pdjçtnfc ax  pjç  p jçff nt ntcc fdl fd l tn tnll u c c sar fdg fd g pjax pj axc, c, db dbsf sfur urcc a cp cpcr cral alta tag g al alta ta ng pr praf afns nsc3= c3==. =. Nl Nlmm u b ntc nt c  vajgalta î rczdãvaj supdr qua ug edvarld pdpujcr tarnc gcndr mninfujmcma ag  prnlf  prn lfnpc npcjg jgal alta ta   ma nlmnvçmuds fdg subsnstnr lug fdg fdgpdstc  pa  parsd rsdlc lcjnm jnmcm cmas as pcçs id idrt rtag ag alta al tapdpujcåæd cutd cu tdrn rntã tãrn rncs cs.. Gcs c fujturc pdjçtnfc pdma fclcjnzcr, ag erclma pcrta, ds ngpujsds ma ugc  parsd  pa rsdlc lcjnm jnmcm cmaa m ag df dfrã rãtn tnfc fc d u cutd cu tdrn rntã tãrn rnc, c, dl dlma ma cs lldr drg g cs cs,, nlst nl stntu ntunå nåña ñass a pr prãt ãtnfc nfcss magdfrãinfcs tèg ercu ajavcmd ma jaentngnmcma. Î fdlfabçvaj qua cjeuls nlmnvç muds fdg ‚parsdlcjnmcma cutdrntãr cutdrntãrnc‗ nc‗ pdssc pdsscg g cmqunrnr ug ‚varlnz‗ ma fralåcs a `ãbntds qua ds chumcg c iulfndlcr ‚mag dfrctnfcgalta‗ . Fdg aiantd, `ã bdc bdcss rc rc zñas pcrc cframntcr qua c drnaltcåæd cutdrntãrnc du magdfrãtnfc î nlijualfncmc ag cjtd ercu pajc fujturc a pajds prdfassds ma sdfncjnzcåæd pdjçtnfc3=1. Ds cutd ras ma ug astumd sdbra fnlfd pcçsas, fntcmd cltarndrgalta lasta Fcpçtujd, lds idrlafag ug fdrpd ma avnmèlfnc ngprassndlclta javclmd ë fdlfjusæd ma qua c fujturc pdjçtnfc massas fnlfd pcçsas vcrnc snelninfctnvcgalta, mniaralåc qua nl ijualfnc cs parspaftnvcs md eedvarld dvarld pdp p dpujc ujc r3 r3==9. CmgntaCmgn ta-sa sa qua c parsdlcjnmcma a d fcrãtar fdl fdltrnbuag trnbuag g alds md qua c fuj turc pdjçtnfc pcrc c gdmajceag galtcj md `dgag magdfrãtnfd ”du md `dgag maspötnfd. Asta pdltd ma vnstc î cpdncmd pdr rafalta astumd mcs rajcåñas altra c cutd-astngc a c drnaltcåæd magd magdfrãtnfc. frãtnfc. [cuj [cuj Vlnmargcl Vlnmargcl varninfdu, varninfdu, ag très cgds cgds trcs guntd cgpjcs mc pdpujcåæd ldrta-cgarnfclc, ugc majcs fdgpdstc ma ctnvns tcs pdjçtnfds, qua ‚`ã ma ictd mniaralåcs iulmcgaltcns ma fdlstntunåæd psnfdjöen fc altra ds qua cinrgcg ds prnlfçpnds magdfrãtnfds a ds qua læd cmarag c ajas ma gdmd fdlsnstalta... Ds magdfrctcs magd frctcs pcrafag pcrafag tar ta r cutd-astn cutd-astngc gc gcns aj ajavcmc avcmc,, a

sa nlfjnlcg ë `dstnjnmcma‗. Fdltumd, qua assc fdrrajc åæd î galdsgalds d prdmutd mc gdtnvcåæd passdcjVlnmargcl md qua mdsueara cpralmnzcmd sdfncj8 cs  passdc  pas sdcss fdg fd g cutd cu td-a -ast stng ngcc ajavcmc ajav cmc tal ta l m ag gc gcns ns c cp cpra rall ma marr cs ldr l drg g cs mc suc fu fuj j turc pdjçtnfc ” ld fcsd, fcsd, cs raerc raercss magderãi magderãinfcs nfcs qua pravcjafag pravcjafag lds Astcmds Qln mds mc Cgîrnfc. Cgîrnfc. Læd sa saeua, saeua, lafasscrncg alta, qua lugc lug c mniara mniaralta lta fujturc fujtu rc c cutd-astng c ajavcmc javc javcss ssaa ë cmdåæd cmdåæ d ma ldrgc ld rgcss mag m agdfr dfrãtnfcs3 ãtnfcs3==5.

 

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CEN]CMDRAV A LAEDFNCMDRAV LAEDFNCMDRAV Mucs dutrcs vcrnamcmas ma `dgag pdjçtnfd sæd d  ce  centc ntcmd mdrr  a d  laed  laedfncmd fncmdr. r.  C masfrnåæd fjãssnfc mc parsdlcjnmcma md centcmdr pdjçtnfd idn cprasaltcmc pdr Jcsswajj ag 3>6;8 ‚D trcåd assalfncj md centcmdr î d vcjdr ajavcmd qua ctrnbun ë raspdstc agd fndlcj md pøbjnfd. Va ctcfc du maialma cs nlstntunåñas sdfncns î ug cspaftd saful mãrnd... D centcmdr f`aec icfnjgalta ë nliarèlfnc qua quag mnsfdrmc maja fdgulec fdg d mncbd, qua saus dpdsntdras tèg gã-iî du sæd tçgnmds. Ds centc mdras sæd ldtdrncgalta nlmnsfnpjnlcmds a fdltalfndsds... nlfjnlcg-sa c subdrmn lcr cs fdlsnmarcåñas passdcns... cds prnlfçpnds... vèag gdtnvds ‚tdrpas‗ dlma ds dutrds vèag cs axneèlfncs hustcs mc cgnzcma... fdlincg lds cpajds ë gcssc a lds  prnlfçp  prnl fçpnds nds... ... ejdrninfcg ejdrninfc g cs passdcs ma zajd gclnia gcl niastd, std, qua fdgbct fdg bctag ag mrceñas a gdvngaltcg c fdlsfnèlfnc fdlsfnèlfnc md pøbjnfd pajc axdrtcåæd, c rantarcåæd rantarcåæd a d vntupîrnd‗ vntupîrnd ‗ D cutd cutdrr masfrava masfrava ug centcmdr tçpnfd, qua pýma astumcr as tumcr gnlufndscgalta8 ‚Qgc fcrcftarçstnfc ngpdrtclta fdgd gdrcjnstc, sdfncjnstc a pcfçinfc tag snmd suc trufujèlfnc pøbjnfc. C icjc maprassc, fdg erclma iarvdr a sarnamcma? suc jnleuceag î rapjatc ma apçtatds cbusnvds, scrfcsgds, nlsnlucåñas. Fdliassc qua ‚ iczar d fdltrãrnd fdltrã rnd md qua î asparcmd‗ aspa rcmd‗ 3=0 j`a prdvdfc ug erclma prczar. Lcmc j`a prdpdrfndlc gcndr sctnsicåæd md qua cfantcr ug fdlvnta pcrc icjcr sdbra ta gcs sdfncns a afdlýgnfds mnclta ma cumnèlfncs fdlsarvcmdrcs, c ing ma asfclmc jnzã-jcs3=>...‗ Ag fdltrcsta, d laedfncmdr î ug `dgag nlfjnlcmd ë fdlfnjncåæd. Va d cen tcmdr masprazc c fdlmutc ‚sag prnlfçpnds‗ md laedfncmdr, asta racea fdltrc c nl trclsneèlfnc md centcmdr, qua scfrninfc ecl`ds ngamnctds ag ldga ma prnlfçpnds cbstrctds. D jntds laedfncmdr astãnmaltn gcns pradfupcmd alfdltrcr sdjuåñas cfantãvans  pcr  pcrc c ds fdli f dlijntds md qua ag nma ltninf infcr cr sdjuåñas ag hustcs hus tcs du pariantcs. pariant cs.  Lc pdjçt pd jçtnf nfcc d lae laedfnc dfncmdr mdr î ugc ug c ineurc ine urc maspra m asprazcmc zcmc ”d pdj p djçtn çtnfd fd prcegãtnf prceg ãtnfdd a dpdrtulnstc. Ld fcsd axtragd, d pdjçtnfd prcegãtnfd a d centcmdr tèg pdltds ma vnstc mncgatrcjgalta fdltrãrnds sdbra c ngpdrtâlfnc mc dpnlnæd pøbjnfc fdr ralta. D pd pdjçtnfd jçtnfd prcegãtnfd quar scbar qucj î c dpnlnæd pøbjnfc? læd j`a nltaras sc scbar d qua ajc mav  m avaa sar sar.. D centcmdr quar scbar qucj î  c dpnlnæd pøbjnfc pcrc cj tarã-jc ld saltnmd md qua  m pdjçtnf d prcegãtnfd prdfurc cpalcs cpalcs raspdl raspdl  mav avaa sar. sar.  D pdjçtnfd mar ë dpnlnæd pøbjnfc? d centcmdr prdfurc iczar fdg qua c dpnlnæd pøbjnfc j`a raspdlmc. Ualmajj Ualmajj [`njjnps, [`njjnps, aja pröprnd ug u g icgdsd centcmdr ldrta-cgarnfcld ldrta-cg arnfcld md sîfujd mazaldva, mazaldva, masfr masfravau avau ma ma idrgc ajdqúalta, agbdrc ag bdrc ctî fartd fa rtd pdltd pd ltd mnstdrfn mc, d fdltrcsta altra d centcmdr a d pdjçtnfd prcegãtnfd8 ‚D raidrgcmdr læd sa pradfupc fdg løgards? masprazc c pdpujcrnmcma a sö jnmc fdg nmîncs, c fdlsfnèlfnc, d salsd fdgug. Cf`c, fdgd Fdpîrlnfd, qua cssng fdgd Maus aspardu tcltd tagpd pdr ug nltîrprata, aja tcgbîg pdma as  parcr  par cr pdr pd r saus saeunmdras. Lag asparc aspa rc lag clsanc pajd èx èxntd ntd ngamnct nga mnctd. d. [crc d  pdjçt  pd jçtnfd nfd d qua ngpdr ng pdrtc tc î d  cedr  cedrc. c.  Vau jagc î èxntd? sau dbhatnvd, dbtar vdtds.

 

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Clãjnsa [djçtnfc Gdmarlc

 Læd tag fdgd ing cjfclåcr d bag cbsdjutd cbsd jutd gcs sng, c axagpjd axag pjd mcs jans ma Vöjdl, dbtar tdmd d mnrantd qua d pdvd sclfndlcr. Vuc iulåæd læd î nlstrunr c dpnlnæd pøbjnfc, gcs raprasaltã-jc. Cssng, lc Nlejctarrc, Fdbmal, d raidrgcmdr, frndu ug saltngaltd? [aaN, d pdjçtnfd, d alulfndu ma gdmd astaradtnpcmd, lugc jan31;.‗ [dr cfantcr c dpnlnæd fdrralta fdgd ug mcmd, d pdjçtnfd prcegãtnfd pdma sar ug nlstrugaltd mcs gcndras fdrraltas. [dr cfantcr c dpnlnæd pøbjnfc fdgd cjed qua pdma sar gdmninfcmd, d centcmdr chumc c frncr iuturcs gcndrncs. Cgbds fdrrag d rnsfd ma læd sa chustcr cds tagpds ag qua vnvag, fcsd ag qua d pdjçtn fd prcegãtnfd cfdgpcl`crã dpnlnñas qua javcræd nlaxdrcvajgalta cd mascstra a d centcmdr sarã neldrcmd `dha, a cgcl`æ asquafnmd. Ualmajj [`njjnps î d prdtötnpd md centcmdr nltajnealta? Cbrc`cg Jnlfdjl î d prdtötnpd md pdjçtnfd ma prnlfçpnds. [`njjnps idn ‚ug centcmdr prdinssndlcj‗, qua ‚iaz mc centcåæd ugc crta a ugc fnèlfnc‗. Lc mîfcmc ma 306; tdrldu-sa ug cbdjnfndlnstc? mapdns mc Euarrc Fnvnj ctcfdu c pdjçtnfc fdlfnjnctörnc md prasnmalta Hd`lsdl, cpdndu ds rapubjnfclds rcmnfcns fdgd F`crjas Vuggar, axnenlmd c ramnstrnbunåæd mc tarrc ld Vuj a prdfurclmd massa gdmd ramuznr d pdmar mds cltn eds prdprnatãrnds ma asfrcvds. Vngpctnzcvc fdg c [rnganrc Vdfncjnstc Nltarlcfnd lcj a maialmnc ds mnrantds mc guj`ar. [dma-sa fdgpraalmar pdr qua ug hdrlcj mc Ynreçlnc fartc vaz d masfravau fdgd ‚ugc gãqunlc nliarlcj qua iulfndlc fdg gøsnfc‗jsj Agbdrc [`njjnps tal`c cpdncmd Jnlfdjl, murclta c Euarrc Fnvnj, ds mdns læd  pdmncg  pdm ncg sar gcns mniaraltas. mniaral tas. Jnlfdjl idn sag møvnmc ug mds gcndras gcndra s pdjçtnfd pdjç tnfdss  prcegãtnfds. Î mniç mniçfnj fnj ngcenlcr [`njjnps fdgd prasnmal pras nmalta, ta, a neucjgalta neucjgal ta mniçfnj ngcenlcr Jnlfdjl sag sar prasnmalta. Cltas ma f`aecr ë Fcsc Brclfc aja mnspalmau c gcndr pcrta mc suc vnmc cmujtc cmqunrnlmd a prctnfclmd c crta md pdjçtnfd  prcegãtnfd.  prceg ãtnfd. Masma famd, pcrc uscr cs pcjcvrcs pcjcvrcs ma @dis @ distcm tcmtar tar,, tnl`c tnl `c cpralmn cpra lmnmd md ‚d dpdrtulnsgd majnbarcmd a raspdlsãvaj qua gcns tcrma sa tdrlcrnc tæd fcrcftarçs tnfd mc suc cåæd edvarlcgaltcj‗. Î rczdãvaj cmgntnr qua ds edvarlds pdpujcras sdirarncg fdg c cusèlfnc tcltd mds centcmdras fdgd mds laedfncmdras. Ds laedfncmdras cugaltcg c prd  bcbnjnmcma  bcbnjnm cma mc fdlfnjncåæd pcfçinfc pcfçi nfc mds fdlijn fdlijntds. tds. Fdltu Fd ltumd md,, assas assas chustcgal chust cgaltds tds  pcfçinf  pcf çinfds ds pdm pdmag ag dfd dfdrrar rrar sag javcr ag fdltc fdl tc cs cjtarlctnvcs cjtarlct nvcs ngpd ngpdpujc pujcras ras ld gd gd  galtd, du altæd ë fustc ma erupds qua læd tal`cg pdrtc-vdz, du qua læd asta  hcg raprasaltc rapra saltcmds mds cmaqucm cmaq ucmcgal cgalta. ta. D centcm centcmdr dr gun guntcs tcs vazas vazas idfcjnzc suc ctalåæd ctal åæd lasscs las scs cjtarlctnvcs a ag tcns erupds? agbdr agbdrcc pdssc pcrafar pcrcmdxcj, masta gdmd aja ës vazas vazas fdltr fdltrnbun nbun pcrc masfdbrnr gaj`dras sdjuåñas ld furtd fur td a ld jdled prczd. Cssng palscvc [`njjnps8 rapøbjnfcs sö axnstag pdrqua sæd centcmcs afdlstclta galta. C rapøbjnfc qua ‚Cs gareuj`c ld sdld, fdlinclmd lc Fdlstntunåæd lds ga fclnsgds nlstntufndlcns, lds pdjçtnfds a lds astcmnstcs pcrc cssaeurcr sucs jnbar mcmas, lulfc tarã qucjquar jnbarmcma312.‗ Gcs, fdgd axpjnfcr d ce  centc ntcmd mdrr a d  lae  laedfn dfncm cmdr dr ”ug [`njjnps a ug Jnlfdjl4

]dmds ds ictdras cltarndrgalta alugarcmds, qua pratalmag axpjnfcr d `dgag magdfrãtnfd a d `dgag maspötnfd, pcrafag nlmnfcr tcgbîg pdr qua ugc passdc

 

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cea fdgd centcmdr, dutrc fdgd laedfncmdr. C parsdlcjnmcma a d fcrãtar sæd nlmu  bntcvajg  bntcv ajgalta alta ng ngpdr pdrtcl tcltas8 tas8 c prnganrc prnga nrc pdma tar ugc lafassnmcma çltng çlt ngcc ma fdl fdl  ijntd, c saeulmc, ma fdlfnjncåæd. Læd `ã møvnmc ma qua d centcmdr guntcs vazas î javcmd pdr ngpujsd c prdfurcr d fdlijntd, a d laedfncmdr c busfcr fdlfnjncåæd. Gcs c fujturc pdjçtnfc î tcgbîg ngpdrtclta. Ag cjeuls pcçsas ds vcjdras fujturcns pramdgnlcltas cfaltucg idrtagalta c fdlvalnèlfnc ma ug cfdrmd cg  pjd, cs vvnrtuma nrtumass md fdlsalsd, a pdr fdlsaeunlta c lafassnmcma ma jutcr ju tcr pajc llaed aed fncåæd a c fdlfnjncåæd mds fdlijntds316. C passdc qua frasfa ag tcj fujturc sa sd fncjnzc ercmucjgalta maltrd mcs sucs ldrgcs? cpralma c sa fdlmuznr fdgd ds dutrds asparcg qua sa fdgpdrta, cmqunrnlmd famd c fdlvnfåæd ma qua î gaj`dr laedfncr md qua centcr. Fdltumd, gasgd lugc fujturc pdjçtnfc gcrfcmc pajc gdmarcåæd a c fdl fnjncåæd, ug nlmnvçmud ag pcrtnfujcr pdma masvncr-sa mcs ldrgcs pravcjafaltas8 sucs lafassnmcmas pdmag javã-jd c mascincr asscs ldrgcs. D qua î gcns ngpdr tclta, c axparnèlfnc passdcj a sntucåñas `nstörnfcs aspafçinfcs pdmag cjtarcr sucs  prãtnfcs  prãt nfcs pdjçtnfcs pdjçtn fcs,, suc drnalt drnaltcåæ cåædd ”ctî g gasgd asgd d astnjd ma vnmc a c fuj fujtur turcc pdjçtn pdjçtnfc. fc. Cssng Cs sng,, d surengaltd ma ugc ldvc eearcåæd arcåæd ma gnjntcltas gnjntcl tas laerds lds Astcmds Qlnmds, lc mîfcmc ma 3>9;, idn gcns md qua ugc quas quastæd tæd ma parsdlcjn parsdlcjnmcmas mcmas a ma fujturc pdjçtnfc? fjcrcgatlta cs axparnèlfncs nlmnvnmucns a fdjatnvcs mds laerds, a c sntucåæd `nstörnfc mc îpdfc, tnvarcg ugc ngpdrtâlfnc mafnsnvc. @ã avnmèlfnc substclfncj c nlmnfcr qua ds ctnvnstcs brclfds massa parçdmd arcg mniaraltas, sdb cjeuls cspaftds, mds dutrds astumcltas? mniarncg læd sö mds astumcltas gcns fdl valfndlcns valfn dlcns fdgd mds ‚ cjnalcmds cjnalcmds‗‗ . Fdltumd Fd ltumd,, d qua frnstcj frnstcjnzdu nzdu sa saus us ngpujsds ld saltnmd md ctnvnsgd idn, saeurcgalta, c sntucåæd `nstörnfc ag qua sa alfdltrc vcg8 c mniusæd mc dpujèlfnc a d fdlsugd cpcraltagalta dbsassnvd, cd jcmd mc  pdbraz  pdb razc, c, mds fdl fdlijntd ijntdss sdfncns, sdfncns, a ma ugc euarrc cjtcga cjtc galta lta ng ngpdpu pdpujcr jcr ” c md Ynatlæ Yna tlæ ”, cjngaltcmc cjngalt cmc paj pajdd sarvnåd gnjntcr gnjntc r db dbrne rnectö ctörnd rnd331=. YCRNAMCMAV MA [DJÇ]NFD [RCEGÃ]NFD Gasgd ds pdjçtnfds prcegãtnfds læd pdmag sar ramuznmds c ug ølnfd tnpd. Hcgas M. Bcrbar suearnu qua ds pdjçtnfds ldrta-cgarnfclds ma gdmd earcj, a ds  prasnmaltas  prasnm altas ag pcrtnfu pcr tnfujcr, jcr, tèg ug astnjd pd pdjçtn jçtnfd fd qua vcrnc ma cfdrm cfdrmdd fdg mucs mngalsñas ”  ctn  ctnvnm vnmcma cma-pc -pcssnv ssnvnmc nmcma ma   (c alarenc mnspalmnmc ld axarfçfnd mc [rasn mèlfnc) a aiantd  pd  pdsnt sntnvd nvd-l -lae aect ctnvd nvd  fdg rajcåæd ë pröprnc ctnvnmcma (c racåæd ë ctn vnmcma masagpal`cmc)311. Asscs mucs mngalsñas prdmuzag ‚quctrd gdmcjnmcmas ma fcrãtar `ã guntd icgnjncras mds nlvastnecmdras psnfdjöenfds‗ 8 d ctnvd-pdsntnvd, d ctnvd-l ctnvd-laectnvd, aectnvd, d  pcssnvd-pdsntnvd  pcssnvd-pdsn tnvd a d pcssnvd-laectnvd3 pcssnvd-laectnvd319 19.. Fdgd pdmagds axpjnfcr astas mniaraltas astnjds pdjçtnfds4 Bcrbar fdlhaf turc qua d astnjd pdjçtnfd agarea rajctnvcgalta famd lc vnmc ”ld ing mc cmdjas

fèlfnc du ld pprnlfçp rnlfçpnd nd mc nmcma cm cmujtc ujtc ”, ”, quclm quclmd, d, ag cjeugcs cjeugcs sntucåñas pcrtn fujcras, ds gdtnvds, ds rafursds a cs dpdrtulnmcmas sa fdgbnlcg pcrc prdmuznr ugc astrctîenc axntdsc, qua pcssc c sarvnr pcrc d rastd mc vnmc. Fdltumd, fdgd ds gdtnvds, ds rafursds a cs dpdrtulnmcmas vcrncg lugc ecgc guntd cgpjc, pdma-sa

 

330

Clãjnsa [djçtnfc [djçtnfc Gdmarlc

mnzar qua ‚læd `ã ug gdmajd snleujcr ma `dgag pdjçtnfd, ug gdmajd ulnvarscj ma axarfçfnd mc jnmarclåc‗315. Qgc vaz gcns, d creugaltd javc ë fdlfjusæd ma qua cs passdcs qua fdlquns tcg d pdmar sö prafnscg cssagaj`cr-sa sdb cjeuls cspaftds idrgcns. Fdg aiantd, cs fcrcftarçstnfcs fdlfratcs mds jçmaras pcrafag vcrncr cgpjcgalta ag mnstnltcs fujturcs, snstagcs pdjçtnfds, îpdfcs a sntucåñas. Ds jçmaras tèg mniaraltas drneals sdfncns, rafursds, `cbnjnmcmas a parsdlcjn mcmas310. Altra ds qua prdfurcrcg a fdlqunstcrcg d pdmar `duva parsdlcjn mcmas mcs gcns vcrncmcs ”ma Lcpdjaæd Bdlcpcrta, d crrnvnstc fdrsd, c Unlstdl F`urf`njj, masfalmalta ma sata muquas ma Gcrjbdrdue`? ma Fîscr, d eèlnd gnjntcr, c Uddmrdw Unjsdl, `nstdrncmdr, fnaltnstc pdjçtnfd, amufcmdr? ma Cmrncld, nltrds paftnvd,  paftnv d, injösd injösdid, id, c Vcvdlcrdjc, d icl iclãtnfd ãtnfd?? mc Rcnl`c Rcnl `c Ajnzcba Ajnz cbat` t` N c Gcmcga ma [dgpcmdur, c aspnrntudsc cgclta ma Junz PY? md astdnfnsgd sarald ma Gcrfd Curîjnd ë laurdsa ma @ntjar a ë pcrclönc ma Vtcjnl? ma Fcjçeujc c Jnlfdjl.

 

FC[Ç]QJD NP C CYCJNCÅÆD [DJÇ]NFC  Lct urcjgal  Lcturcj galta, ta, sarnc pdssçvaj cpalcs fdltag fdl tagpjc pjcrr ma idrgc idrg c pcssnvc c ctnvnmcma  pdjçtn  pdj çtnfc fc,, sag tdgcr tdg cr mafnsñas ”gcs ”gcs sarnc tcgbîg tcg bîg guntd g untd mniçfnj. mniçfnj . Fdg aiantd, aian td, gasgd mafnmnr pdr ugc `npötasa, maltra mucs cjtarlctnvcs, ngpjnfc ugc asfdj`c. Ma qucjquar læd sa pcrtnfnpcr ctnvcgalta vnmc pdjçtnfc mafnsñas. idrgc, Lc varmcma lædpdma î nssd qua quaragds mnzarlcquclmd icjcgdssag ag tdgcr ‚cåæd  pdjç  pd jçtn tnfc fc‗4 ‗4 C cåæd pdjçt pd jçtnfc nfc,, fdgd dutrcs dut rcs cåñas `ugclcs, `ugc lcs, fdlsnsta ag tdgcr tdg cr ma fnsñas ”ag asfdj`ar ma cjeug gdmd altra cjtarlctnvcs, a ag taltcr aiatnvcr c as fdj`c iantc. Cssng, cd cenr, sdgds dbrnecmds c mafnmnr qua cjtarlctnvc î gaj`dr, du galds nlsctnsictörnc. [crc tdgcr mafnsñas ma idrgc nltajnealta, pcrc asfdj`ar fdg prumèlfnc altra cjtarlctnvcs, ma qua tnpds ma fdl`afngaltd vcgds prafnscr4  A  Aja jag g al td tdss [rnlfnpc [rnlfnpcns ns

 Ldsscs  Ldss cs mafnsñas sæd nlijualfncmcs nlijualfnc mcs pajc gclanrc gcla nrc fdgd cvcjncgds cvcjncgds d gulmd gu lmd a ldssc pdsnåæd laja. Suclmd cjeuîg tdgc c mafnsæd ma fdgprcr ug cutdgövaj, cfantcr ug agpraed, altrcr ag iîrncs, vdtcr du fdlinrgcr c fdlvalnèlfnc rajctnvc mc magdfrcfnc, ag rajcåæd ë mntcmurc, astã iczalmd  cvcjncåñas. Lug saltnmd cbs trctd, ds tnpds ma cvcjncåæd qua iczagds sæd ds gasgds, quar asfdj`cgds altra snstagcs pdjçtnfds cjtarlctnvds, ld lçvaj mc injdsdinc pdjçtnfc, quar taltagds td gcr ugc mafnsæd lugc sntucåæd aspafçinfc. C substâlfnc a d fdltaømd mcs cvc jncåñas, lcturcjgalta, vcrncg guntd. Læd î prdvãvaj qua usagds c gasgc nlidr gcåæd pcrc mafnmnr sdbra d cutdgövaj c fdgprcr du c idrgc ma vdtcr lugc ajan

åæd prasnmalfncj. C qucjnmcma mcs cvcjncåñas a ds gîtdmds fdg qua cs iczagds tcgbîg vcrncg aldrgagalta. Cs astngctnvcs ag qua sa bcsancg ldsscs mafnsñas  pdmag  pdm ag sar fdlsfnaltas fdlsfna ltas du nlfdlsfnalta nlfdlsf naltas, s, sngpjas sngpjas du fdgpjaxcs, fdgpjaxc s, majnbarcmcs majnbarcm cs du nlstnltnvcs, prumaltas du astøpnmcs, bcsacmcs ag nlidrgcåñas cgpjcs du rastrntcs.  Ldsscs mafnsñas sæd nlijualfncmcs  Ldsscs nlijual fncmcs pdr8 3) D qua fdlsnmarcgds fursds ma cåæd cjtarlctnvds mnspdlçvans? 2) D qua cframntcgds sahcg cs fdlsaqúèlfncs prdvãvans ma fcmc ug massas fursds ma cåæd? a 6) D vcjdr qua ctrnbuçgds ës fdlsaqúèlfncs ma fcmc cjtarlctnvc. Astcs très cvcjncåñas sæd cs gcns ngpdrtcltas lcs sntucåñas ag qua prasu

 

32;

Clãjnsa Clãjn sa [djçtnfc Gdmarlc

gngds qua cs fdlsaqúèlfncs ma fcmc cjtarlctnvc sæd vnrtucjgalta fartcs. Gcs læd sa pdma tar fartazc, ma gdmd earcj, ma tdmcs cs fdlsaqúèlfncs md qua iczagds. Ag sntucåñas ma nlfartazc cs mafnsñas sæd nlijualfncmcs guntcs vazas pdr vãrncs astngctnvcs cmnfndlcns. =) Ldsscs astngctnvcs, du ‚pcjpntas‗ c raspantd mc prdbcbnjnmcma ma dfdr rèlfnc mcs vãrncs fdlsaqúèlfncs. Guntcs mniaralåcs lc pdjçtnfc saeunmc pdmag sar ctrnbuçmcs c mniaralåcs lc astngctnvc mc prdbcbnjnmcma mcs fdlsaqúèlfncs. Mucs  passdcs pdmag pdma g fdlfd fdl fdrmc rmcrr substcl subs tclfncj fncjgal galta ta c raspantd ras pantd mcs cjtarlctnv cjta rlctnvcs cs mnspd mns pdlç lç vans a mcs  pd  pdss ssçv çvan anss  fdlsaqúèlfncs ma fcmc ugc, bag fdgd lc cvcjncåæd mds mnia raltas fdlhultds ma fdlsaqúèlfncs, a mnsfdrmcrag fdltumd c raspantd mc pdjçtnfc c saeunr, pdrqua suc cvcjncåæd mc prdbcbnjnmcma mcs fdlsaqúèlfncs î mniaralta.  Lds Astcmds Astc mds Qlnmds, sureag iraqú ira qúalt altag agalt altaa mascfdrmd masc fdrmdss c raspantd rasp antd mcs varbcs vdtcmcs pcrc d Mapcrtcgaltd mc Maiasc læd pdrqua cjeuls quanrcg c pcz gcns md qua dutrds, gcs pdrqua cjeuls cframntcg qua d cugaltd mds mnspèlmnds gnjn tcras gaj`drcrã c prdbcbnjnmcma ma avntcr c euarrc, a dutrds palsag qua c pcz î neucjgalta prdvãvaj (a tcjvaz ctî gcns prdvãvaj) fdg ecstds galdras. 1) C drnaltcåæd ma fcmc ug ma lös c raspantd md rnsfd a mc nlfartazc. Qgc  passdc funmcmdsc funmcmds c læ lædd talmar tal marãã c cmvdecr cs gasgcs pdjçt pd jçtnfc nfcss ma ugc u gc passdc cvalcvalturdsc, qua astã prdltc c cfantcr gcndras rnsfds. C maspantd mc ngpdrtâlfnc avn malta masscs masscs mniaraltas drnaltcåñas fdg raspantd raspantd ã nlfartazc, læd scbagds scbagds guntd sdbra ajcs. Cjîg mnssd, ds injösdids qua asfravarcg sdbra ds prdbjagcs îtnfds a cxndjöenfds læd marcg guntc ctalåæd ës mniaralåcs ma drnaltcåæd fdg raspantd cd rnsfd a ë nlfartazc. Vupdl`c d jantdr qua astã fdlirdltcmd pdr mucs cjtarlctnvcs. C prnganrc  pcrafaa diarafar  pcraf diara far ugc prdbcbnjnm prdbc bnjnmcma cma qucsa neucj ma èxntd èxn td a ma ircfcssd? ircfcssd ? lc saeulmc, cs pdssnbnjnmcmas ma nlsufassd pcrafag guntd ramuznmcs, gcs ds ecl`ds, agbdrc guntd prdvãvans, sæd paqualds. @cvarã, ag fcsds fdgd asta, ugc asfdj`c ‚rcfnd lcj‗4 Varã gcns rcfndlcj iczar nlvastngaltds vnsclmd c erclmas jufrds, fdg ug rnsfd gcndr, du, d u, cd fdltrãrnd, fdltrãrnd , nlvastnr ag busfc bus fc ma paquald paq ualdss jufrds, gcns saeurds saeurds44 Murclta vãrncs earcåñas, ds gctagãtnfds, jöenfds a dutrds fnaltntcs prdfu

rcrcg masalvdjvar frntîrnds pcrc pargntnr mafnsñas ‚rcfndlcns‗ ag sntucåñas ma nlfartazc, agpraeclmd gdmajds gctagãtnfds marnvcmds mc tadrnc mds hdeds a mc mafnsæd astctçstnfc. Nliajnzgalta, pdrîg, cs idrgujcåñas gctagãtnfcs gcns aja ecltas a gcns fdlvnlfaltas sa cpjnfcg c sntucåñas `ugclcs axtragcgalta sng  pjas, salmd pdrt pd rtcl cltd td ds galds rajavcltasprdfurcg pcrc ds prdbja pr dbjagc gcs s fdgpjaxd fdg pjaxdss mc m c mafnsñas vnmc. Nl varscgalta, quclmd gctagãtnfds cbdrmcr racjnstnfcgalta ma cjtc fdgpjaxnmcma, cf`cg lafassãrnd nltrdmuznr pragnsscs cmnfndlcns bcsacmcs ld salsd fdgug, lc nltunåæd du ag saus pröprnds vcjdras passdcns. [crc cs mafn sñas gcns ngpdrtcltas, ds gdmajds gctagãtnfds tèg snmd ma galdr utnjnmcma.  Læd dbstc db stclt lta, a, masalvdjvngaltd masalvdjv ngaltdss rafaltas rafal tas lc gctag gc tagãtn ãtnfc fc alictnz ali ctnzcrc crcg, g, gun gun  td gcns lntnmcgalta md qua ds injösdids hcgcns tnl`cg iantd, d ictd ma qua ag earcj læd bcstc scbar qucj d ‚gaj`dr‗ rasujtcmd pcrc tdgcr ugc mafnsæd. Ldr gcjgalta læd pdmagds cpjnfcr ldssds pcmrñas cds pdssçvans rasujtcmds ma ugc mafnsæd, matargnlcr qucj î ‚d gaj`dr‗ majas a asfdj`ar lastc bcsa. Fdgd d rasuj

 

C Cvcjncåæd [djçtnfc

32 3233

tcmd î sagpra nlfartd,  asfdj`ar ‚d gaj`dr‗ pdma snelninfcr cmdtcr ugc astrctîenc qua c gcndrnc mcs passdcs rahantcrnc, mapdns ma raijaxæd funmcmdsc. [dr axagpjd8  pd d s sç sçvv a j  rasujtcmd vcgds cmgntnr qua ug  p   rasujtcmd mc pdjçtnfc pdjçtnf c axtarl c C sa sahc hc c fr frncåæd ncåæd mmaa snstagc nltarlcfndlcj qua cssaeura c pcz pargclalta? ld altcltd, d rasujtcmd massc sc pdjçtnf c pdma sar sar c euarrc lufjacr. [dr d utrd jcmd, d rasujtcmd  gcns prdv pr dvãv ãvaj  aj   mas gcns prdvãvaj ma dutrc pdjçtnfc axtarlc, B, î gcns ugc mîfcmc ma aqunjçbrnd nls tãvaj, sag euarrc a sag ecrcltnc ma pcz? c pdssnbnjnmcma ma qua B java c ug snstagc nltarlcfndlcj ma pcz a drmag î vnrtucjgalta zard, a c pdssnbnjnmcma ma qua prd vdqua c euarrc î guntd bcnxc. Drc, c gcndr pcrta mcs passdcs praiarnrnc B c C, gasgd qua ug mds pdssçvans rasujtcmds ma C idssa, c sau huçzd, c ‚gaj`dr‗ ma tdmcs cs sdjuåñas.  Clãjns  Cl ãjnsaa A Ag g pçr pçrnfc nfc a Ld Ldrg rgct ctnvc nvc

Mcs fnlfd cvcjncåñas qua axcgnlcgds, mucs ”cs fdlsaqúèlfncs prdvãvans ma fcmc cjtarlctnvc a c prdbcbnjnmcma rajctnvc ma qua asscs fdlsaqúèlfncs sa fdl fratnzag - axnea axneag g ug ugcc clãjnsa clãjnsa agpçrnfc. Cgbcs alvdj alvdjvag vag ug ajagaltd ma pra vnsæd8 sa P cfdltafar, altæd prdvcvajgalta ^ cfdltafarã. Cs pravnsñas partal fag cd fcgpd mcs fnèlfncs agpçrnfcs, a læd cds mc injdsdinc, mc rajnenæd du mc îtnfc. Ag fdltrcsta, pcrc hujecr d vcjdr ma fcmc cjtarlctnvc qua fdlirdltcgds a  pcrc  pc rc cvcjncr cvc jncr cj cjta tarl rlct ctnv nvcs cs ag snt sntuc ucåñ åñas as ma rns rnsfd fd a ma nl nlfa fart rtaz azc, c, la lafa fass ssntc ntcgd gdss ma  pragn  pra gnssc sscss ma vcj vcjdr. dr. S uc ucjq jqua uarr axcg ax cgaa sn snst stag agãt ãtnf nfdd mass masscs cs pra pragn gnssc sscss raqu ra qu ar (î ) uug gc clãjnsa clãj nsa Lc ldrgctnvc. ldrg ctnvc. prãt pr ãtnf nfc, c, cs mafnsñ maf nsñas as pd jç jçtn tnfc fcss fd lt ltèg èg ld ldrg rg cjg cj g al ta ug c g nstu ns turc rc ma hu j ecgaltds agpçrnfds a gdrcns. Fdg aiantd, ugc mcs fnlfd cvcjncåñas cfngc rajc fndlcmcs pcrafa ugc gnsturc. Lug fartd saltnmd, cvcjncr qucns ds fursds ma cåæd

cjtarlctnvds astæd mnspdlçvans fdlstntun ug hujecgaltd ma ictd qua raquar avn mèlfnc agpçrnfc. [dr axagpjd8 astcran jaecjgalta `cbnjntcmd c vdtcr lc pröxngc ajanåæd4 Varã tcrma magcns pcrc nlmnfcr ug fclmnmctd4 Fdltumd, fdgd cs pdssç vans cåñas cbartcs ë gnl`c iralta pcrafag qucsa nlinlntcs, c ing ma pdmar hujecr qucns majcs sæd tcgbîg  ra  rajav javclt cltas as   pcrc ds gaus dbhatnvds axnea qua au java ag fdlsnmarcåæd d qua rap utd bdg du vcjnds vcjndsd. d. [dmagds, fdltumd, mnstnleunr cs bdcs a cs gãs mafnsñas, cs mafnsñas gaj`d ras a pndras4 [dr dutrd jcmd, lc gamnmc ag qua assc mnstnlåæd sa bcsanc lc clã jnsa pdjçtnfc, qua pdmagds mnzar sdbra c qucjnmcma mc clãjnsa agpçrnfc a ldrgc tnvc4 C SQCJNMCMA MC CLÃJNVA AG[ÇRNFC [crc ds dbhatnvds mc cåæd, ugc clãjnsa agpçrnfc læd lds mcrã d qua majc asparcgds sa javcr c pravnsñas arrýlacs? du sahc, pcrc mnzè-jd ma dutrc idrgc, sa javcr c pravnsñas masgaltnmcs pajds cfdltafngaltds. C idrgc ma cprngdrcr c qucjnmcma mcs pravnsñas (a, ma gdmd gcns earcj, mc clãjnsa agpçrnfc) a ds jngntas

 

322

Clãjnsa [djçtnfc Gdmarlc

qua axnstag ë masfdbartc ma raeujcrnmcmas, ngpdstds pajcs fcrcftarçstnfcs aspa fncns mds saras `ugclds a mcs sdfnamcmas, sæd tagcs cgpjds magcns pcrc qua sahcg trctcmds cqun. [crafa cprdprncmd suearnr, fdltumd, qua d èxntd lc prdmuåæd ma fdl`afngaltd pramntnvd fdlinãvaj pdma sarvnr fdgd ug tasta rczdãvaj mc qucjn mcma mc clãjnsa agpçrnfc utnjnzcmc pcrc tdgcr mafnsñas. Hujecmc pdr asta tasta, c qucjnmcma md fdl`afngaltd agpçrnfd lafassãrnd  pcrcc c cåæd pdjçt  pcr pd jçtnfc nfc î ldrgc ld rgcjga jgalta lta nliarnd nli arndrr cds raq raqunsnt unsntds ds mc cåæd rcfndlcj. Î avnmalta qua tcj fdl`afngaltd sdbra ds snstagcs `ugclds a sdfncns tag snmd ma cqunsnåæd guntd gcns mniçfnj md qua d fdl`afngaltd agpçrnfd fdlinãvaj sdbra ds snstagcs içsnfds du bndjöenfds. [dr nssd, bdc pcrta md fdl`afngaltd pramntnvd ag  praecmdd lc tdg  praecm td g cmc ma mafnsñas pdjçtnfc pdjç tnfcss prafnsc sntucr-sa (ë icjtc i cjtc ma fdnsc gaj`dr gaj `dr)) lug lçvaj ma fdlincbnjnmcma rajctnvcgalta bcnxd. Ag pcrta d fdl`afngaltd pd jçtnfd î prî-fnaltçinfd, du læd-fnaltçinfd? d fnaltnstc pdjçtnfd prafnsc prafnsc guntcs vaz vazas as vcjar vcjar-sa -sa ma ldåñas md salsd fdgug (agbdrc (ag bdrc astahc fdlsfnalta mc suc rajctnvnmcma) du iczar nliarèlfncs c pcrtnr ma axparnèlfncs jngntcmcs a pdufd clcjnscmcs. Suag sa rafuscr c tdgcr mafnsñas pdjçtnfcs c læd sar fdg bcsa ag fdl`afngaltd ag  pçrnf  pç rnfdd fdg ercu ajavcmd ma vcjnmcma fnaltçin fnal tçinfc fc infcrã pcrcjnscmd. Fdltu Fd ltumd md,, ag  pdjçt  pd jçtnfc nfc rafusc rafuscr-sa r-sa c mafnmnr mafnmn r î sngpjasgalta sngpjas galta mafnmnr mafnm nr qua dutrd du trdss mavaræd mafnmnr ag ldssd juecr. [dr nssd, cquaja qua tdgc mafnsñas pdjçtnfcs prafnscrã drmnlcrnc galta cenr fdg bcsa ag nlidrgcåæd icftucj guntd nlfdgpjatc. C nlfartazc qucltd cds ictds a c mninfujmcma ag f`aecr c hujecgaltds icftucns fdrratds astæd altra ds ajagaltds gcns fdguls lc vnmc ma tdmds ds qua prafnscg tdgcr mafnsñas  pdjçtnf  pd jçtnfcs, cs, md sngpjas fnmcmæd cd prasnm p rasnmalta alta mc Rapøb R apøbjnfc. jnfc.

C SQCJNMCMA MC CLÃJNVA LDRGC]NYC @cvarã ug frntîrnd pcrc cvcjn @cvarã cvcjncr cr c qucjnmcma mc clãjns clãjnsaa ldrgctnvc l drgctnvc,, sagaj`clta cd mc pravnsnbnjnmcma, qua jaentngc c clãjnsa agpçrnfc4 Va, fdlidrga cinrgcgds ld Fcpçtujd NN, qucjquar clãjn clãjnsa sa ldrgctnvc ma ugc ug c fartc axtalsæd prassupña prassupña ldr gcjgalta fartcs fralåcs agpçrnfcs, altæd c clãjnsa ldrgctnvc ngpjnfc cjeugcs mcs nlfartazcs qua prahumnfcg ldssd fdl`afngaltd agpçrnfd (du c icjtc maja). D løfjad mc drnaltcåæd ldrgctnvc, fdltumd, î c pradfupcåæd fdg  d qua qu a m mav avaa sa sar. r.  Masahcgds fdl`afar qucj c cjtarlctnvc gaj`dr, a qucj c pndr, altra tdmcs cs qua lds pcrafag mnspdlçvans lugc mcmc sntucåæd. [drtcltd, lafassntcgds ma ug pc mræd (du ma pcmrñas) ma vcjdr, ug frntîrnd pcrc iczar tcj matargnlcåæd31>. Va tal`d ug dbhatnvd ag galta, a prafnsd iczar ugc asfdj`c altra gands cjtarlctnvds, pdssd sctnsiczar-ga sctnsiczar-ga fdg c cvcjncåæd cvcjncåæd md sau vcjdr nlstru nlstrugal galtcj. tcj. [dssd rafdgalmcr, pdr axagpjd, c sngpjninfcåæd md prdfassd ma raenstrd mds ajantdras,  pcrc mngnlunr mngnl unr c tcxc tcx c ma cbstalå cb stalåæd æd lcs ajanåñas prasnmalfncns. prasnmal fncns. C qucjnmcma qucj nmcma mds huj huj  ecgaltds sdbra vcjdr nlstrugaltcj ctî fartd pdltd mapalma, fdgd î öbvnd, mc qucjnmcma mc clãjnsa agpçrnfc alvdjvnmc. Fdltumd, gcns famd du gcns tcrma, ds  hujecga  huje cgaltd ltdss ma vcjdr pcrafag axnenr qua qu a cfantagds cfantag ds fartcs fdnscs fdnscs fdgd fdg d nltrnlsafcgalta bdcs39;.

 

C Cvcjncåæd [djçtnfc [djçtnfc

326

Vupdl`c d jantdr qua cjeuîg cinrgdu qua c magdfrcfnc î c gaj`dr idrgc ma edvarld, susfntclmd c pareultc8 ‚[dr qua vdfè cframntc lnssd4 Fdg qua iul mcgaltd4‗ C raspdstc pdmarnc sar8 ‚C magdfrcfnc î c ølnfc idrgc ma edvarld qua ecrclta c neucjmcma pdjçtnfc‗. Ycgds cmgntnr qua c passdc qua idrgujdu c nlmcecåæd parsnstc, quaralmd scbar qucj c bcsa mastc fralåc. C ldvc raspdstc pd marnc nltrdmuznr ug frntîrnd, cinrgclmd c lafassnmcma mc neucjmcma pdjçtnfc pcrc ctalmar c assa frntîrnd (pdr axagpjd8 c neucjmcma ma tdmds, c fdlqunstc mc iajnfn mcma, d raspantd ës jans). C cjtarlctnvc sarnc cfantcr c neucjmcma pdjçtnfc fdgd nltrnlsafcgalta trnlsafc galta masahãva masahãvaj,j, bdc pdr pd r sn gasg gasgc. c. C gcndrnc mcs passdcs pdmarnc sctnsiczar-sa fdg raspdstcs masta tnpd, gcs læd ug injösdid. Asta pareultcrnc prdvcvajgalta8 ‚Gcs, fdgd vdfè  scba   qua c neucjmcma pdjçtnfc (c iajnfnmcma, d fdlsaltngaltd, c neucjmcma ma tdmds, atf) î nltrnlsafcgalta vãjnmc4 Ag sugc, qucj d iulmcgaltd massc fralåc4‗ ]rctc-sa ma  pare  pa reul ultc tc ma erclma ngpdrt ng pdrtâlf âlfnc, nc, ugc mcs gcns cltnecs a gcns mniçf mniçfans ans mc injdsdinc  pdjçt  pd jçtnfc nfc,, a læd `ã ug fdlsalsd c raspantd rasp antd mcs pdssçvans raspdstcs. [dssnvajgalta lal`ug mds fdlfantds bãsnfds mc clãjnsa pdjçtnfc eardu tcltc fdltrdvîrsnc, lcs øjtngcs mîfcmcs. mîfcmcs. Ds prnlfnpcns pdltds ma vnstc c asta raspantd sæd ds saeunltas3938 3 ) ;  Lc  Lcturcj turcjnsgd nsgd,,  saeulmd saeulmd d qucj fartds f artds prnlfçpnds gdrcns, gdrcns, du cinrgct cinrgctnvcs nvcs ma vcjdr, sæd sæd varmcmanrds pdrqua fdrraspdlmag c masfrnåñas masfrnåñas mcs prdprnamcmas prdprnamc mas uln ul n

varscns md `dgag. Cssng, pdma sa cjaecr qua fdgd tdmds prdfurcg c iajnfnmcma, î cbsurmd laecr qua ã iajnfnmcma î nltrnlsafcgalta bdc a masahãvaj. Du altæd pdma-sa creúnr qua fdgd tdmds (du prctnfcgalta tdmds) quarag sdbravnvar, c sdbra vnvèlfnc vnvèlf nc mava mava sar sar fdlsnmarcmc nltrnlsafc nl trnlsafcgalta galta bdc, bd c, a c mastrunåæd mc vnmc vnmc `ugclc fdgd nltrnlsafcgalta gã. [crtnlmd mc fralåc ld vcjdr nltrçlsafd mc iajnfnmcma, du mc sdbravnvèlfnc, ajcbdrc-sa ug fömned gdrcj, ug fdlhultd ma ‚jans lcturcns‗ cbrclealmd cåñas qua sæd axtrnlsafc  du nlstrugaltcjgalta bdcs, pdrqua javcg ë iajnfnmcma du ë sdbravnvèlfnc. D lcturcjnsgd praalf`a, masta gdmd, d `nctd altra ds hujecgaltds ma vcjdr a ds hujecgaltds icftucns, cinrgclmd qua tumd d qua ds `dgals masahcg, ulnvar scjgalta, î bdg? a pcrc scbar d qua tdmds ds `dgals masahcg sö prafnscgds ma ug hujecgaltd ma ictd. Lasta fdltaxtd, d fdl`afngaltd agpçrnfd pdma sar fdl vartnmd ag cåæd gdrcj, a fdlstntun, ma ictd, sau prnlfnpcj fdgpdlalta. Fdgd d lcturcjnsgd pdma utnjnzcr prdltcgalta d fdl`afngaltd icftucj, Iramarnfo G. Uctonls, ug mds axpdaltas mastc cbdrmceag ld fcgpd mc clãjnsa  pdjçtn  pd jçtnfc, fc, creugaltc creug altc qua8 ‚C fnèlfnc gdmarlc, cd axpclmnr cgpjcgalta ldssd fdl`afngaltd mc lc turazc (`ugclc) a mcs lafassnmcmas (md `dgag), idrlafa c bcsa pcrc ug fartd løgard ma prdpdsnåñas varninfãvans, cs qucns lds pdssnbnjntcg mainlnr, gcns cma qucmcgalta md qua lulfc, cs pdtalfncjnmcmas a ds jngntas mc cåæd `ugclc. Cfra mntd qua astcs prdpdsnåñas sæd nltanrcgalta cptcs c iulmcgaltcr d tnpd ma nlvas tnecåæd ldrgctnvc ldrgctn vc saeunmc ag ag dutrds dut rds tagpds tagpd s lc mnsfussæd mnsfussæd mc jan jan lctu l cturc rcj3 j3992.‗ 2) D  Nlt  Nltunf unfndl ndlnsg nsgd d   sustaltc qua, agbdrc c qucjnmcma md qua î bdg læd  pdssc sar parfabnmc parfab nmc pajds saltnmds saltnmd s drmnlãrnds, drmnl ãrnds, d `dgag `dg ag pdssun ugc fcpcfnmcma

 

32 32==

Clãjnsa [djçtnfc Gdmarlc

aspafncj pcrc cpraalmè-jc. Fdgd mnrncg cjeuls maialsdras md nltunfndlnsgd, d saxtd saltnmd md `dgag î suc parfapåæd md bag a md gcj. Cssng fdgd suc nl tunåæd j`a mã fdlinclåc lcs raercs ajagaltcras mc jöenfc, pdma tcgbîg javcr c fdlfjusñas îtnfcs tæd fjcrcs fdgd qucjquar raerc jöenfc. Vaeulmd cjeuls nltunfnd lnstcs, fdgd Vcltd Cedstnl`d, c nltunåæd ravajc d fdl`afngaltd ma Maus a mcs varmcmas gdrcns trclsfalmaltas. Gcs ug nltunfndlnstc læd prafnsc sar rajnendsd? fartds nltunfndlnstcs, fdgd [jctæd a Rdussacu, cf`cg qua c nltunåæd ravajc fd l`afngaltd qua læd prdvîg lafasscrncgalta ma Maus, gcs qua î ugc pcrta nla ralta mc astruturc md ulnvarsd. @ã nltunfndlnstcs qua creugaltcg, fdgd Væd ]dgãs ma Cqunld, qua d prdfassd ma fdl`fngaltd læd î tcltd ugc nltunåæd ngamnctc, du ravajcåæd søbntc, gcs sng prdmutd mc rczæd, fdgd c gctagãtnfc. Masta pdltd ma vnstc, cjeuls prnlfçpnds gdrcns sæd avnmaltas. Væd avnmaltagalta varmcmanrds pdrqua læd pdmag sar laecmds pajc jöenfc8 suc laectnvc ngpjnfcrnc ugc fdltrcmnåæd. Fdg bcsa lassas prnlfçpnds iulmcgaltcns avnmaltas, pdmagds f`aecr f`ae cr pajd rcfndfçlnd mamutnvd - nstd î, pajc jöenfc jöenfc purc - c prnlfçpnds aspafç aspafç infds qua mainlcg d bag a d gcj. Fdg aspçrntd sagaj`clta Oclt f`aedu cd sau icgdsd ‚ngparctnvd fctaeörnfd‗, qua aja cframntcvc sar ug prnlfçpnd magdls-

trãvaj rcfndlcjgalta, nstd î, qua læd sa pdmnc laecr sag nlfdlsnstèlfnc8 ‚@ã,  pdrt  pd rtcl cltd td,, ug sö ngparctnv ngpa rctnvdd fctaeörnfd, fctaeö rnfd, qua î 8 cenr sdgalta sdg alta ma cfdrmd cfdr md fdg cqua jc gãxngc saeulmd c qucj sa pdma cd gasgd tagpd masahcr qua ajc sa tdrla ugc jan ulnvarscj‗ ulnvars cj‗ 396. 6) D Vubhatnvnsgd*  fdlsnsta lc dpnlnæd ma qua ld fcsd mcs cinrgctnvcs sd  bra d vcjdr nltrçl nlt rçlsaf safd, d, cd fdltrãrn fdlt rãrndd mcs cssartnvcs icftucns, icft ucns, læd î pdssçvaj magdls magd ls trcr sa astcgds mnclta ma prdpdsnåñas varmcmanrcs du icjscs39=. Ds asidråds mds maialsdras md lcturcjnsgd, md nltunfndlnsgd a mc jan lcturcj pcrc magdlstrcr qua ds prnlfçpnds gdrcns sæd dbhatnvcgalta vãjnmds sæd (ma cfdrmd fdg ds subhatnvnstcs) fdgprdvcmcgalta nlcmaqucmds. Vaeulmd asta pdltd ma vnstc, cs cinrgc åñas c raspantd ma vcjdras nltrçlsafds sæd cssartnvcs ma iî8 pdmag ravajcr c drnal tcåæd du cs nltalåñas ma quag cs icz c prdpösntd md gulmd a mds dutrds `dgals? fdltumd, fdltu md, cd fdltrãrnd mds hujecgaltds icftucns, icftucns, læd pdssua pdssuag g d ‚stctus fdelntnvd‗   mcs cinrgctnvcs dbhatnvcs ”mcç c maldgnlcåæd ‚læd-fdelntnvnsgd‗. md subhatnvnsgd d raprasaltag ës vazas ugc idr gc maAgbdrc lnnjnsgd,dsdufrçtnfds cjed cnlmc pndr, cs dpnlnñas subhatnvnstcs, fdgdfdgd cs lcturcjnstcs a nltunfndlnstcs, sæd sustaltcmcs pdr passdcs mcs gcns mnvarscs injdsdincs pdjç tnfcs. [rdvcvajgalta d axagpjd gcns ldtãvaj mc cbdrmceag subhatnvnstc, lc tad rnc pdjçtnfc, î d ma ]`dgcs @dbbas, qua arc ug gdlcrqunstc. Agbdrc Gcquncvaj lulfc tal`c axpjnfcmd suc pdsnåæd c asta raspantd, pcrafa tar pcrtnfnpcmd md gas gd pdltd ma vnstc ”arc, fdltumd, ug rapubjnfcld fdlvnftd. C cmasæd ma Hd`l Vtucrt Gnjj ë iajnfnmcma fdgd bag supragd pcrafa fdjdfã-jd ld fcgpd md lc turcjnsgd, gcs saus creugaltds d cprdxngcg pdr vazas mc pdsnåæd subhatnvnstc. Ds gdmarlds gdmarl ds axnstalfncjnstcs ”rajnendsds, ”rajnendsds, læd-rajnen læd-rajnendsds dsds du cltn-rajnendsds cltn-rajnendsds - sæ sædd guntcs vazas subhatnvnstcs. Lugc icgdsc fdliarèlfnc, ma 3>=9, Hacl-[cuj Vcrtra * Ld drnenlcj8 ‚Ldl fdelntnvnsg dr su bhaftnvnsg ‗.

 

C Cvcjncåæd [djçtnfc

321

maialmau maia lmau c tasa ma qua ‚d axnstalfncjnsgd î ug `ugclnsg `ugc lnsgd‗ d‗ 39V. =) C  Cl  Clãjns ãjnsaa Vagâ Va gâltnf ltnfc c . Qgc qucr q ucrtc tc cbdrmceag, cbdrmceag , qua ag sn sn læd î nlfdlsns nlfdlsns talta fdg cs très parspaftnvcs hã masfrntcs, tag-sa inrgcmd ujtngcgalta ld fcgpd mc cvcjncåæd pdjçtnfc8 c clãjnsa sagâltnfc (clãjnsa md snelninfcmd). Vuc cpjnfcåæd ës cvcjncåñas gdrcj a pdjçtnfc idn guntd nlijualfncmc pajds trcbcj`ds md injösdid Jumwne Unttealstanl Unt tealstanl (300>-3 (30 0>-3>13 >13 ) 399. Ma Ma gdmd gd md earcj, c clãjnsa sagâltnfc  prdfu  prd furc rc nmaltni nma ltninfcr nfcr c snelninfcåæd mds targds targ ds gdrc gdrcns ns fdgd sæd agpraecmds agpr aecmds ai aiatn atn vcgalta lc jnleuceag fdgug, læd-injdsöinfc. Fdgd rasujtcmd mcs sucs raija xñas fartds cutdras fdlfjuçrcg qua c jnleuceag sa alfdltrc mnvnmnmc ag vãrncs ‚raenñas‗, ugc majcs mnzalmd raspantd c uglccssultd mnstnltd. masscs ‚raenñas‗ îfcmc c gdrcj. Cpdncr-lds axfjusnvcgalta jnleuceag mcs Qgc fnèlfncs ag  pçrnfcs  pçrnf cs pcrc axp axpjdr jdrcr cr d md mdgç gçlnd lnd îtnfd îtnf d sarnc iiulm ulmcg cgalt altcjg cjgal alta ta tæd cbsurmd cbs urmd fdgd agpraecr c jnleuceag jnleuceag mc içsnfc du mc quçgnf qu çgnfcc pcrc mnsfutnr mn sfutnr cs qucjnmcmas astîtnfcs ma ugc dbrc ma crta.

Qg mds dbhatnvds mastc cbdrmceag (qua fdlstntun, pcrc cjeuls mds qua c maialmag, sau dbhatnvd axfjusnvd) î alrnquafar a ajufnmcr d mnsfursd gdrcj a c cvcjncåæd pdjçtnfc, gamnclta d raidråd mc fdgpraalsæd mc jnleuceag qua uscgds quclmd mnsfutngds tagcs gdrcns. Agbdrc bdc pcrta mc ‚jnleuceag injdsöinfc dr mnlãrnc‗ sahc tamndsc, a pcraåc trnvncj, lds saus asidråds gcns bag-sufamnmds c clã jnsa sagâltnfc rastcurc c mnelnmcma a ctî d gasgd saltnmd mc cvcjncåæd pdjçtnfc  ”a md mnsfursd îtnfd, ma gdm g dmdd earcj ”, ”, ardmnm ard mnmdd pajd subhatnvnsgd subhatnvnsg d qua sufamau d lcturcjnsgd a d nltunfndlnsgd395. Ag dutrcs varsñas, c clãjnsa sagâltnfc md mnsfursd gdrcj pdma sar nltarpra tcmc fdgd ugc ldvc idrgc md lcturcjnsgd390. Fdltumd, sarnc axcearcmd cinrgcr qua ajc tal`c pargntnmd suparcr d fdlijntd altra cs cbdrmceals md lcturcjnsgd, md nltunfndlnsgd a md subhatnvnsgd. Lc varmcma, asta fdlijntd pcrafa sar iulmc galtcj, ngpdssçvaj ma sdjuåæd gamnclta ug cfdrmd earcj. D nlmnvçmud pdma rasdjvî-jd pcrc sn asfdj`almd ugc fdlfapåæd du dutrc, gcs pcrafa ngprdvãvaj qua tdmds val`cg c tar c gasgc dpnlnæd. Cssng, c clãjnsa pdjçtnfc ldrgctnvc pcrafa mastnlcmc c fdltnlucr salmd ug fcgpd ma bctcj`c ag qua maialsdras ma pdltds ma vnstc dpdstds sa mairdltcg, prdfurclmd ag væd fdlqunstcr ugc supragcfnc mainlntnvc. MAFJÇLND A RAVVQRENGAL]D MA ]ADRNC LDRGC]NYC C parsnstèlfnc mcs parspaftnvcs qua fdlijntcgld mdgçlnd mc tadrnc pdjçtnfc ldrgctnvc læd raprasaltc, lafasscrncgalta, ug snltdgc laectnvd? cjeuls c fdlsn marcg, cd fdltrãrnd, ug snlcj ma vnedr. Fdltumd, sa c clãjnsa ldrgctnvc idr sngpjasgalta neldrcmc, alfdltrcragds ug prdbjagc sîrnd. Astc pcrafa tar snmd c snlc mc tadrnc pdjçtnfc ldrgctnvc, murclta vãrncs earcåñas. D mafjçlnd mc clãjnsa ldrgctnvc sa mava, ag pcrta, ë cjtarcåæd ld gdmd fdgd d creugaltd gdrcj vand c sar fdgpraalmnmd ld gulmd gdmarld pajds in jösdids a, ma gdmd galds prdinssndlcj a snstagãtnfd, pajds nltajaftucns a cs pas sdcs ma gdmd earcj.

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329

Clãjnsa [djçtnfc Gdmarlc

Ctî d sîfujd mazaldva, vãrncs gdmcjnmcmas ma lcturcjnsgd a ma nltunfnd lnsgd arcg cfantcs cgpjcgalta ld Dfnmalta pajds injösdids a palscmdras pdjç tnfds (a prdvcvajgalta pdr guntcs dutrcs passdcs). Cframntcvc-sa qua c gdrcjn mcma pdmnc marnvcr mc lcturazc, mc nltunåæd du mc ravajcåæd, gcs sa cframntcvc tcgbîg qua tnl`c ugc fartc dbhatnvnmcma a fartazc, fdgd d fdl`afngaltd ag  pçrnfd  pçr nfd.. C pcrtn pc rtnrr md ing md sîfujd mazaldva, mazald va, a sdbr sd bratu atumd md ld sîfujd vnlta v nlta,, cs fdl fapåñas subhatnvnstcs pcsscrcg c pravcjafar altra ds injösdids a ag satdras cgpjds md astrctd ast rctd pdjçtnfd pdj çtnfd,, ag tdmcs tdm cs cs sdfnamcmas gdmarlcs. gdmarl cs. ; mnvnsdrmnvnsdr-ma-ã ma-ãeuc eucss pcrafa tar snmd snmd d palscgaltd ma Irnamrnf` Lnatzsf`a Lnatzsf`a (30==-3>;;). (30==-3 >;;). Vdb d ngpcftd mastcs mastcs nmîncs, c clãjnsa pdjçtnfc ldrgctnvc fdgaådu c mafjnlcr.

Ag fdltrcsta, murclta ugc earcåæd, mapdns mc Vaeulmc Erclma Euarrc, ijdrasfau c clãjnsa pdjçtnfc agpçrnfc. Afdclmd pdsnåæd cvclåcmc pajd pdsntnvnsgd jöenfd39>, ds fnaltnstcs pdjçtnfds agpal`cmds lc clãjnsa agpçrnfc fdlfjuçrcg qua fdgd cs cinrgctnvcs ma vcjdr læd pdmncg sar magdlstrcmcs ‚dbhatnvcgalta‗ (a  p  pdd rtcl rt cltd td arcg ma uug g subhatnvnsgd subhatnvnsg d gcns g cns rcmnfcj rcm nfcj md m d qua qu a cs prdpdsnåña prdpd snåñass ag agpçr pçrnfcs) nfcs),, ds creugaltds ma drmag gdrcj sarncg nltrnlsafcgalta masprdvnmds ma saltnmd. Cssng, c clãjnsa pdjçtnfc ldrgctnvc arc lc gaj`dr mcs `npötasas nrrajavclta, a ld  pndr  pn dr mds fcsds ug ax axarf arfçfnd çfnd ma dbs dbsfurc furcltnsg ltnsgd. d. Altragaltas, mngnlunu d masalvdjvngaltd ma ldvcs pdjçtnfcs ldr gctnvcs. Ds injösdids sa pradfupcvcg prnlfnpcjgalta fdgtadrncs creugaltds fdgpjn fcmds c raspantd md iulmcgaltd mc gdrcj ”astumcvcg c  ga  gatc-î tc-îtnfc, tnfc,  ag juecr mc îtnfc.  Lds mapcrtcgaltds ma fnèlfnc pdjçtnfc mcs ulnvarsnmcmas c clãjnsa pdjçtnfc ldrgctnvc pcssdu c sa jngntcr (d qua parmurc) c nltarpratcr a ranltarpratcr cs erclmas tadrncs pdjçtnfcs md pcsscmd. Ds nltîrpratas mds jnvrds fjãssnfds sdbra d cssultd nlsnstncg lc suc rajavâlfnc pcrc c clãjnsa pdjçtnfc. Fdltumd, agbdrc ma ialmassag c tasa ma qua d creugaltd gdrcj tnl`c saltnmd, pdufcs vazas aliral tcvcg c idrgnmãvaj tcraic ma magdlstrcr, ma gdmd fdlvnlfalta, c vcjnmcma ma qucjquar creugaltd gdrcj fdlfratd. ]almncg c cinrgcr c pd  pdss ssnbn nbnjnm jnmcm cmaa  md creu galtd îtnfd,  gcs læd c magdlstrcvcg fdg axagpjds, lag taltcvcg ajcbdrcr ugc tadrnc ldrgctnvc pröprnc, bcsacmc ld gdmajd mds enecltas md pcsscmd, qua tcltd cmgnrcvcg. Agbdrc tal`c `cvnmd cjeugcs axfaåñas, astcs idrcg pdufcs a læd tnvarcg fdlsaqúèlfncs. Lc mîfcmc ma 3>5;, pdrîg, surenrcg cjeuls snlcns ma qua c tadrnc  pdjçtn  pd jçtnfc fc ldr ldrgc gctnvc tnvc (qu (quaa pcrafa ta tarr gcns iýjaed quc q uclm lmdd cs fralåcs cfantcs cfantc s ma gdmd g dmd earcj altrcg ag frnsa) pdmarnc astcr rassurenlmd. Qg massas snlcns idn c pubjn fcåæd, ag 3>53, md jnvrd ma Hd`l Rcwjs C ]` ]`ad adry ry d i Hustn Hustnfa fa  (Fcgbrnmea, Gcss., @crvcrm Qlnvarsnty [rass), qua maspartdu guntd nltarassa a masvndu d idfd md mabcta mc quastæd  ga  gatctc-îtn îtnfc fc  (scbar sa d rcfndfçlnd ag tdrld mds prnlfçpnds gd rcns tag saltnmd, a javc c rasujtcmds) pcrc ugc fdltrdvîrsnc c raspantd mc vcjnmcma mds prnlfçpnds aspafçinfds ma hustnåc prdpdstds pajd cutdr. Asta ldvd mabcta tas tagul`cvc c axnstèlfnc mc fralåc ngpjçfntc ma qua c mnsfussæd rcfndlcj mc îtnfc î ngpdrtclta, a snelninfctnvc35;.

 

C Cvcjncåæd [djçtnfc

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C IQLÅÆD IQLÅÆ D MC AJQFNMCÅCD C frçtnfc subhatnvnstc mds iulmcgaltds mc fralåc gdrcj læd rafabau ctî `dha ugc raspdstc fdlfjusnvc ”lagî prdvãvaj qua val`c c sar raspdlmnmc. Fdgd  hã suearn, c fdltdvîrsnc fdltd vîrsnc altra alt ra ds qua maia maialma lmag g d lct lcturc urcjnsg jnsgd, d, ds nltunfnd nlt unfndlns lnstcs tcs a ds subhatnvnstcs pcrafa fdltnlucr nlmainlnmcgalta. Nstd læd quar mnzar, fdltumd, qua fdgd d iulmcgaltd md ldssd fdl`afn galtd îtnfd  fdltnluc suhantd c assc fdltrdvîrsnc (a î, pcrc guntds ma lös, nlsa

eurd), ds creugaltds gdrcnsdulæd tèg saltnmd, clãjnsa pdjçtnfc ldrgctnvc lafasscrncgalta nrrajavclta fdliusc. D ictddumac qua c clãjnsa ldrgctnvc lædî  pdmaa ajngnlcr  pdm ajngnlc r c nlfartazc nlfar tazc lcs mafnsñas gdrcns, gdr cns, du prdg prd g atar ata r raspd r aspdstcs stcs fdlfjusnvcs  pcrcc tdmds  pcr tdm ds ds mnjagcs îtnfds, îtnfds , læd pcrafa fdls fd lstnt tntunr unr rczæd vãjnmc pcrc rahantã-jc. Cinlcj, tcjvaz c ølnfc fartazc ma qua mnspdgds c raspantd mc vnmc pdjçtnfc î c pra vcjèlfnc mc nlfartazc.  Ld gand mastc mast c nlfartazc, nlfar tazc, ugc ug c iulåæd iul åæd mc clãjnsa ldr ldrgctn gctnvc vc î c ma ajufn  mcåæd  mcå æd ” ajc lds chumc c fdgpraalmar ds iulmcgaltds mc ldssc fdlmutc, ds prnl fçpnds c qua cmarngds, cs rajcåñas altra assas prnlfçpnds (suc fdarèlfnc du fdl trcmnåæd), c lcturazc mcs cjtarlctnvcs qua sa cprasaltcg mnclta ma lös? chumc-lds, aling, c nmaltninfcr c gaj`dr cjtarlctnvc, mclmd cs rczñas pdr qua î c gaj`dr.

 

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C AVFDJ@C MA QGC [DJÇ]NFC8 AV]RC AV]RC]ÎENCV ]ÎENCV MA NLYAV]NECÅÆD A MAFNVÆD Suclmd asfdj`agds ugc pdjçtnfc c saeunr astcgds prdfurclmd fdbrnr c mnstâlfnc qua sapcrc  d qua pdjçtnfc tnfc î uugc gc pdl qu a î md qua qu a qua q uara ragd gdss qu quaa sahc.  Qgc pdjç ta altra c sntucåæd qua axnsta a axnstnrã sa læd ctucrgds a c qua cframntcgds qua mava axnstnr. Î ug fcgnl`d pcrc c gan`dr cjtarlctnvc qua c passdc pdma fdlsa eunr, cd fustd qua astã mnspdstd c pcecr, a ngpjnfc ug asidråd tcltd ma clãjnsa agpçrnfc fdgd ma clãjnsa ldrgctnvc. D ctd ma cmdtc cmdtcrr ugc pdjçtnfc, aspafncjgalta aspafncjgalta ugc pdjçtnfc ngpd rtclta, astã qucsa sagpra farfcmd pdr ugc luvag ma nlfartazc. Nlfartazc c raspantd mds ictds8 sa ajaeargds P, qua icrã aja, ugc vaz ajantd4 Cs pdjçtnfcs qua masahd sahcg axafutcmcs taræd gcndr prdbcbnjnmcma ma sar cmdtcmcs pdr ug ldvd pcrtnmd du  pdrr ug md  pd mdss prnlf prn lfnpc npcns ns pcrt pc rtnm nmds ds axnst ax nstal alta tas4 s4 C sd sdfna fnamc mcma ma qua qu a cjg cjgahd ahd sa tdrl td rlcr crãã gcns prdvãvaj pajc pcrtnfnpcåæd gcns cgpjc lc pdjçtnfc4 Va î cssng, qua pdssd iczar pcrc cugaltcr assc pcrtnfnpcåæd4 D agpraed mc vndjèlfnc pcrc inls aspa fçinfds, qua nla nltarasscg, cugaltcrã snelninfctnvcgalta c prdbcbnjnmcma ma ugc racåæd raprassnv raprassnvc4 c4 Guntcs vazas vazas lds fdjdfcgds ag snt sntucåæd ucåæd ma nlfartazc nlfartaz c tcg bîg ag targd tar gdss ma vcjdras8 sa c masfaltrcjnzcåæd, qua maialmd, prahumnfc c nltaercåæd rcfncj, dutrd dbhatnvd qua tcgbîg maialmd, qua mavd iczar4 Varã c vndjèlfnc fdarfntnvc, qua  pcrc  pc rc g ng î nl nltr trnl nlsa safc fcg g alta al ta gã, gã , hu hustn stninf infãv ãvaj aj ag cjeu cjeugcs gcs fnrfu fnr fuls lstâ tâlf lfnc ncss ” pdr pd r axagpjd, lugc ravdjuåæd vnsclmd ë nlmapalmèlfnc mc pãtrnc4 C nlfartazc c raspantd ma quastñas fdgd astcs (a `ã gnj`cras majcs) pcrafa nlaralta ë vnmc pdjçtnfc. Sua astrctîencs ma nlvastnecåæd pdmag chumcr c qucjn mcma mcs mafnsñas pdjçtnfcs pdjçtnfc s qua tdgcg tdg cgds, ds, ld gand masscs nlfartazcs nl nlavn avntãv tãvans ans44 CV AV]RC]ÎENCV MC FNÈLFNC FNÈLFNC [QRC Altra ds astumndsds mc fnèlfnc pdjçtnfc alfdltrcragds c asparclåc cltnec, a cpcraltagalta nrraprngçvaj, ma qua î pdssçvaj iulmcgaltcr lc fnèlfnc pdjçtnfc  purc  pu rc c asfd as fdj` j`cc al tr traa mnia mn iara ralt ltas as cåña cåñas. s. Ag du tr trdd s tag ta g pds, pd s, as astc tc ‚ fnèlfn fnè lfncc pdjç pd jçtn tnfc fc  pu  p u rc ‗ nl nlfj fjunr unrnc nc læ lædd sö ajag aj ag altd al tdss ag pçrn pç rnfd fdss du ic icft ftuc ucns, ns, fdg fd g d lc içsnf içs nfcc a lc q u ç gnfc, gcs tcgbîg fdgpdlaltas ldrgctnvds. Ld ldssd sîfujd, pdrîg, â gamnmc

 

36;

Clãjnsa [djçtnfc Gdmagc

qua d targd ‚fnèlfnc‗ pcssdu fcmc vaz gcns c maldtcr c fnèlfnc agpçrnfc,  c cspn rcåæd ma fnèlfnc pdjçtnfc purc pcssdu c sar c pratalsæd c ugc fnèlfnc agpçrnfc mc  pdjçt  pd jçtnf nfc. c. Ma cf cfdr drmd md fd fdg g asta as ta p d l td ma vnstc, vns tc, tcj fnèl fnèlfnc fnc sa dfup df upcr crnc nc axfju axfjusnvc snvc  galta mc vcjnmcma ma ajagaltds icftucns. Î varmcma qua sau fdl`afngaltd sarnc cpjnfãvaj ë cåæd? gcs c vcjnmcma mds dbhatnvds cjgahcmds pargclafarnc iarc md mdgçlnd mc fnèlfnc. Cjeuls maialsdras mc ldåæd ma prdfamngaltds ugc fnèlfnc pdjçtnfc purc,qua fdgd ds subhatnvnstcs, tnvnst cs, cframntcg qua, agbdrc `chc fnaltçinfds pargntcg as as tcbajafar c vcjnmcma dbhatnvc mcs prdpdsnåñas agpçrnfcs, læd axnsta ug prdfassd qua java ë matargnlcåæd mc varmcma du mc icjsnmcma ma ugc prdpdsnåæd qua cinr ga qua cjed î bdg, du vãjnmd. Gcs c nmînc ma ugc fnèlfnc pdjçtnfc purc læd al fdltrc lafasscrncgalta c dpdsnåæd mcquajas qua cmarag cd lcturcjnsgd a cd nl tunfndlnsgd. Cinlcn, quag cframntc ld vcjdr mc scøma cfantcrnc prdvcvajgalta ugc fnèlfnc gîmnfc agpçrnfc, qua pumassa sar utnjnzcmc pcrc furcr ug mdalta. Cssng, quag cframntc qua c neucjmcma î dbhatnvcgalta gaj`dr md qua c masneucj mcma pdmarnc prafdlnzcr ugc fnèlfnc agpçrnfc mc pdjçtnfc qua, altra dutrcs fdn scs, prdpdrfndlcssa fdl`afngaltd fnaltçinfd fdlinãvaj c raspantd mcs fdlmnåñas qua icfnjntcg du prahumnfcg c neucjmcma sdfncj. Fdg aiantd, fdgd Iramarnfo Uctonls dbsarvdu lc fntcåæd md Fcpçtujd NP, c taltctnvc ma masfdbrnr d aqunvc jalta gdmarl g dmarldd ma ‚jan lcturc lct urcj‗ j‗ axnea axnea c cssn cssnstèlf stèlfnc nc mc fnèlfnc gd gdmarl marlcc pcrc mainlnr cs pdtalfncjnmcmas a ds jngntas mc cåæd `ugclc. `ug clc. Varã c fnèlfnc purc mc pdjçtnfc pdssçvaj a masahãvaj4 Fdgd tdmcs cs dutrcs nlmcecåñas fdlsnmarcmcs lasta Fcpçtujd, astc astã suhantc tcgbîg c ugc vnedrdsc fdltastcåæd. C icjtc ma aspcåd læd lds pargnta axpjdrcr cqun saus cspaftds gcns ngpd ng pdrtcl rtcl tas35 tas353 Fdltum Fd ltumd, d, cpalcs pcrc njustrcr c fdgp fdgpjaxnmcma jaxnmcma md creug creugaltd, altd, sarã øtnj axcgnlcr bravagalta cjeuls pdltds. DV IALÝGALDV [DJÇ]NFDV [DMAG VAR GAMNMDV4 Fdgd tdmds scbagds, ld fcgpd mcs fnèlfncs lcturcns cs masfdbartcs tèg snmd guntd icfnjntcmcs pajc pdssnbnjnmcma ma gamnr ds ialýgalds dbsarvcmds. Hã sa mnssa qua c lcturazc cgc c qucltnmcma. Qg pdltd ma fdltrdvîrsnc î c axtal sæd ag qua sa pdma masalvdjvar a cpjnfcr cds ialýgalds pdjçtnfds gamnmcs vãjn mcs a fdlinãvans, fdgpcrãvans ës qua sæd utnjnzcmcs lcs fnèlfncs lcturcns.  Lc p d jçt jçtnf nfc, c, fd fdgd gd ag d u tr trdd s fcg fcgpd pds, s, c fcp fcpcf cfnmc nmcma ma ma g amnr am nr mnia mn iaral ralåcs åcs ra ra   pras  pr asal altc tc ug c er ercl clma ma vc vcltc ltcea eag. g. Yc Ycgd gdss supd su pdrr qua qu a d jant ja ntdd r cbdr cb drma ma d prdb pr dbja jag g c ma scbar qucj î d gaj`dr snstagc pdjçtnfd. Fdlsnmara pdr ug gdgaltd d prdfassd fdgug ma clãjnsa mc axparnèlfnc, cprasaltcmd sngbdjnfcgalta lc Ineurc 3;, ]rc tc-sa ma pcrcmnegc fdgug læd sö ag fnèlfncs fdgd c gamnfnlc, a lcs fnèlfncs sdfncns, fdgd lc vnmc mnãrnc. Ld Fcpçtujd Y, tnvagds c dpdrtulnmcma ma cpjnfãjd cds snstagcs pdjçtnfds. [dmagds cpjnfã-jd tcgbîg ë cvcjncåæd pdjçtnfc. Ycgds cmgntnr qua mniaralåcs ag ‚fdaråæd‗, ‚fdlijntd‗ du ‚jnbarmcma passdcj‗ sahcg fdlsnmarcmcs ngpdrtcltas. [dmagds quarar scbar, lasta fcsd, sa cs mniaraltas fc rcftarçstnfcs mds snstagcs pdjçtnfds (NN) tèg fdlsaqúèlfncs ag targds ma ‚fdar-

 

C Asfdj`c ma ugc [djçtnfc8 Astrctîencs Astrctîenc s ma Nlvastnecåæd a Mafnsæd Mafnsæd

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åæd‗, ‚fdlijntd‗ a ‚jnbarmcma passdcj‗ (N). Ag fcsd cinrgctnvd, pdmagds quarar scbar tcgbîg qua fdlmnåñas (NNN) javcræd c prdgdvar du pravalnr d masalvdjvn galtd ma ug snstagc qua cfaltua c jnbarmcma, qua axaråc ug gçlngd ma fdaråæd du qua cssaeura c sdjuåæd pcfçinfc mds fdlijntds. Asta tnpd ma rcfndfçlnd î c  clãjnsa fcuscn ” c taltctnvc ma fdgpraalmar cs fcuscs mds ictds du cfdltafngal tds3 td s3552 . Lc pdjçtn p djçtnfc, fc, fdgd lc gamnfnlc, quaragds qu aragds fdgpra fd gpraalmar almar cs fcuscs fcuscs pcrc cs saeurcr rasujtcmds qua fdlsnmaragds masahãvans. N

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Mniaralåcs lcs fdl saqúèlfncs ma snsta gcs pdjçtnfds

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NNN Mniaralåcs lcs fdl mnåñas qua fcuscg vcrncåñas lcs fcrcf tarçstnfcs mds snsta gcss pdjçtnfds (NN) gc (NN )

 TTTT  TT TTTT TTTT TTTT TTTT TTT  T  ------------

Ineurc 3; Gcs, cs, fdgd pdmagds pdmag ds varninfcr varninfcr sa cs gumclåcs lcs fdlmnåñas (NNN) (NN N) prdvdfcg vcrncåñas lds snstagcs (NN) qua pdr suc vaz javcg c mniaralåcs lcs fdlsaqúèlfncs (N)4 [dr rczñas öbvncs, c pdjçtnfc axfjun ag erclma pcrta c pdssnbnjnmcma ma axpa rngaltcåæd. Iajnzgalta, `ã bdcs cprdxngcåñas jöenfcs ë axparngaltcåæd, qua  pdma  pd mag g sar iantcs gamncl gam nclta ta c cpjnfcåæd cpjn fcåæd ma gîtd g îtdmds mds qucltn quc ltntct tctnvd nvdss ma erclma pdmar  pdm ar   ” masma qua ds mcmds mcmd s mnspdlçvans mnspdlç vans tal t al`c `cg g tcgbîg tcg bîg idrgc idrg c qucltn quc ltntct tctnvc nvc.. Qgc nld nl d vcåæd rafalta lc clãjnsa pdjçtnfc î c taltctnvc ma masalvdjvar prdfassds pcrc ga mnr ialýgalds pdjçtnfds c ing ma dbtar nlmnfcåñas læd söhpcjntciacs gcs tcg  bîg quclt qu cltntc ntctnv tnvcs cs sdbra sdb ra mniaral mnia ralåcs åcs rajavcl rajavcltas, tas,.. Qgc pcrta md cltned fatnfnsgd sdbra ds mcmds qucltntctnvds rasujtcvc ma fdlfapåñas guntd sngpjörncs mc gamnåæd. C gcndr pcrta mcs passdcs palsc ag gamncåæd ag targds md qua d aspafncjnstc maldgnlc ma gamnmcs ma nltarvcjd,  fdgd cs qua sæd uscmcs pcrc cjturc, pasd, pdpujcåæd, ãrac, atf. Agbdrc tcns gamnmcs sahcg agpraecmcs pcrc cvcjncr fartds ialýgalds rajavcltas ës mniaralåcs lds\snstagcs pdjçtnfds ”pdr axagpjd, cs tcxcs ma cbstalåæd lcs ajanåñas ”c gcndrnc gcnd rnc mds ialýgalds pdjçtnfds pdjçtnf ds pdma sat gamnm ga mnmc, c, lc gaj`dr mcs mcs `npötasas, `npötasas, pdr gamnmcs  drmnlc  drmnlcns ns ” nstd î, pdma sar drmalcmc drma lcmc ag targds targ ds ma ma ‚gcns‗ , ‚neucj‗ a ‚galds‗. Qgc mcs vcltceals mds mcmds qucltntctnvds î d ictd ma qua icfnjntcg guntd c clãjnsa clãjnsa fcuscn. fcuscn. Dutrc vcltceag î qua pdmag pd mag sar clcjnscmds ma idrgc idrg c guntd gu ntd gcns gcns ainfnalta md qua ds mcmds qucjntctnvds, fdg c chumc ma fdgputcmd fdgp utcmdras. ras. Ds Ds gîtdmds gîtd mds qucltntctnvds prdpdrfndlcg, pdrtcltd, ug gdmd ma trctcr c nlulmcåæd ma mcmds sdbra ds snstagcs pdjçtnfds qua lds øjtngds clds lds cgacåc ma cidecgaltd. Ag

 bdrcc læd `chc c axpaft  bdr axp aftctn ctnvc vc ma qua ds gîtdm gî tdmds ds qucl qu cltnt tntctn ctnvd vdss mascjdhcg mascjdhc g ma tdmd td md

 

362

Clãjnsa [djçtnfc Gdmarlc

ds prdfassds gcns icgnjncras mc clãjnsa qucjntctnvc, tcgbîg læd pdma `cvar mø vnmc ma qua ld iuturd c clãjnsa pdjçtnfc sa sarvnrã guntd gcns ma mcmds a gîtdmds qucltntctnvds356. C NG[DR]ÂLFNC MCV MNIARALÅCV Suclmd î qua ugc mniaralåc î trnvncj, a quclmd î ngpdrtclta4 Lc fdltrd vîrsncc pdjçtnfc vîrsn pdj çtnfc lag sagpra sagpra î pdssçvaj pdssçvaj mafnmnr mafnmnr nstd. ; qua î ngpdrtclt ngpdr tcltaa pcrc ug dbsarvcmdr pdma læd tar ngpdrtâlfnc pcrc dutrd. Guntds ldrta-cgarnfclds fdl snmarcg cs mniaralåcs altra c ‚magdfrcfnc‗ prctnfcmc ld sau pcçs a c ‚magdfrcfnc sdfncjnstc‗ mc Qlnæd Vdvnîtnfc axtragcgalta ngpdrtcltas. [crc ug clcrqunstc,  pdrîg,  pdrî g, asscs asscs mniaralåcs mniaralåc s pdmaræd pdm aræd sar fdlsnmarcmcs vcrncåñas bclcns altra alt ra mdns sns tagcs cutdrntãrnds dprassnvds. Ës vazas, pdrîg, cs mnsfdrmâlfncs masta tnpd pdmag sar fdltdrlcmcs, pdns lc prãtnfc guntcs passdcs tèg dpnlnñas sagaj`cltas c raspantd mc ngpdrtâlfnc ra jctnvc ma matargnlcmcs mniaralåcs. Cjîg mnssd, î pdssçvaj f`aecr pdr vazas c ugc  tdmcs cs  cs mniaralåcs fdl sdjuåæd sctnsictörnc gamnclta clãjnsa qua java ag fdltc  tdm snmarcmcs rajavcltas. [argclafa ma pî, ld altcltd, c nlmcecåæd sdbra sa cs mniaralåcs ‚ngpdr tcltas‗ altra ds snstagcs pdjçtnfds pdmag sar gamnmcs cmaqucmcgalta. Astã fjcrd qua c utnjnmcma mc fnèlfnc pdjçtnfc mapalma ag pcrta mc raspdstc qua sa mar c astc  pareultc  pare ultc.. Cd ta talt ltcr cr suc pröprnc pröp rnc raspdstc, raspd stc, d jantdr jan tdr pdmarã pdma rã raijatnr raija tnr sdbra c avnmèl fnc fdltnmc ag vãrnds mds Fcpçtujds cltarndras masta jnvrd, ag pcrtnfujcr ds Fc  pçtu  pç tujd jdss YN a YNN. @ã pdufds pduf ds clds, c taltct tal tctnvc nvc ma gamnr gam nr d ercu ma ‚ fd fdli lijnt jntd‗ d‗ du ma ‚pjurcjnsgd‗ lug pcçs sarnc vnstc pajc gcndrnc mds fnaltnstcs pdjçtnfds fdgd cbsurmc. Guntds cnlmc palscg cssng, gcs ugc gnldrnc frasfalta cf`c qua gas gdhujecgaltds mcmds qucltntctnvds sö ag cmaqucmds supjagaltcg fdlvalnaltagalta ds hujecgal tds qucjntctnvds, quapcrta sa bcsancg bcsancg guntcs vazas vazas ag avnmèlfnc avnm èlfnc ngprassnd ngprassnd lnstc.  Læd dbstc db stclt lta, a, sarnc pragc pra gctur turdd fdlfjunr fdlf junr qua d jantdr jan tdr astcrã astc rã bravag br avagalta alta fc  pcfntc  pcf ntcmd md c tdgcr tdg cr mafnsñas pdjçtnf pdj çtnfcs cs fdg bcsa ag javcltc jav cltcgal galtds tds icftucns icftu cns tæd tæ d sö jnmds fdgd cs mc aleal`crnc du mcs fnèlfncs fnèlfncs lcturcns. Læd pcrafa `cvar ug gdmd sctnsictörnd ma pravar c tcxc ma nlfragaltd mds mcmds icftucns lafassãrnds pcrc c mafnsæd pdjçtnfc. Î rczdãvaj fdlhafturcr qua c nlulmcåæd ma mcmds c qua ga ra iarn sarã cfdgpcl`cmc, avaltucjgalta, pajd cugaltd md løgard mcs tadrncs a mcs `npötasas varninfcmcs. Gcs c `nstörnc mcs fnèlfncs lcturcns sueara qua d sngpjas cugaltd mc nlidrgcåæd icftucj læd javc cutdgctnfcgalta ë masfdbartc ma raeujcrnmcmas. Gasgd sa cmdtcrgds pragnsscs guntd dtngnstcs c raspantd md nlfragaltd mc nlidrgcåæd icftucj mnspdlçvaj, pcrafa bcstclta fjcrd qua `dha, a ld iuturd

 pröx ngd,  pröxng d, guntcs guntc s mafnsñas pdjçtnfc pdjç tnfcss taræd tar æd ma sar idrgcmcs idrgc mcs ma maltr ltrdd ma ug lavdanrd ma nlfartazcs. Ag fdgpcrcåæd fdg cs fnèlfncs lcturcns, c gamnfnlc a c aleal`c rnc, dlma ds hujecgaltds ma vcjdr sdbra mniaraltas cjtarlctnvcs sæd rajctnvcgalta sngpjas, du læd sa cpjnfcg ma tdmd, ld fcgpd mc pdjçtnfc ds hujecgaltds gdrcns

 

C Asfdj`c ma ugc [djçtnfc8 [djçtnfc8 Astrctîencs Astrctî encs ma Nlvastnecåæd a Mafns Mafnsæd æd

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sæd pdmardsds, fdgpjaxds, a sureag pdr tdmc pcrta8 C ngpdrtâlfnc rajctnvc mds ‚ictds‗, fdgd hã vngds, mapalma mds vcjdras md dbsarvcmdr. CV AV]RC]ÎENCV @DJÇV]NFCV Fdgd cs asfdj`cs pdjçtnfcs sæd iantcs, ldrgcjgalta, maltrd ma guntcs nl fartazcs, cjeuls astumndsds mds prdfassds mafnsörnds prdfurcrcg ajcbdrcr astrc tîencs cmcptcmcs racjnstnfcgalta c sntucåñas ag qua d fdl`afngaltd mnspdlçvaj î jngntcmd. Astc cbdrmceag fdrraspdlma c ugc racåæd ës astrctîencs pariantcgalta rcfndlcns, fdl`afnmcs fdgd  snlö  snlötnfcs tnfcs   du  `djç  `djçstnf stnfcs, cs,  qua cfaltucg c fdlvalnèlfnc ma ugc nlvastnecåæd icftucj fdgpjatc, cltas ma qucjquar mafnsæd. [dma-sa masfra var cssng c astrctîenc nmacj, ma rcfndlcjnmcma pariantc8 3. mnclta ma ug fartd prdbjagc? 2. d cutdr rcfndlcj prnganrcgalta asfjcrafa saus dbhatnvds, vcjdras, drmalclmd-ds du ma cjeug dutrd gdmd dreclnzclmd-ds lc suc galta? 6. ag saeu saeunmc nmc rajcfndlc tdmds tdm ds ds gdmds pdssçvans ma cjfclåcr cjfclåcr tcns dbhatnvds (nstd î, cs pdssçvans pdjçtnfcs c saeunr)? =. nlvastnec tdmcs cs fdlsaqúèlfncs ngpdrtcltas mafdrraltas ma fcmc ugc mcs pdjçtnfcs cjtarlctnvcs? 1. lasta pdltd, d ctdr rcfndlcj tag fdlmnåñas ma fdgpcrcr cs fdlsaqúèl fncs ma fcmc pdjçtnfd fdg ds dbhatnvds cjgahcmds? a 9. asfdj`a c pdjçtnfc fuhcs fdlsaqúèlfncs sa chustag gcns ma partd cds saus dbhatnvds35=. ]rctc-sa ma astrctîenc guntd ctrcalta ”ag cbstrctd. Lc prãtnfc, d asquagc læd pcssc ma ugc mainlnåæd mc rcfndlcjnmcma pariantc ”nlcjfclåãvaj lc pdjçtnfc, fdgd ag qucjquar dutrd fcgpd? d ctdr prdvcvajgalta lulfc astcrã ag fdlmnåñas ma cmqunrnr tdmd d fdl`afngaltd ma qua lafassntc pcrc cenr ma gdmd fdgpjatc galta rcfndlcj lcs quastñas pdjçtnfcs ma ngpdrtâlfnc. Agbdrc lc prãtnfc c astrctîenc `djçstçfc du snlötnfc sahc ngpdssçvaj ma axa futcr, læd fdlstntunrã ug gdmajd nmacj, qua mavagds parsaeunr4 Agbdrc c ras  pdstc  pds tc cinrgctnv cinrgctnvcc sahc tal taltc tcmd mdrc rc a pjcusçvaj, lds øjtn øjtngd gdss clds cjeuls frçt f rçtnfd nfdss tèg tè g fdgaltcmd qua d gdmajd snlötnfd î cjtcgalta njusörnd. [dma mcr-lds ugc main lnåæd mc rcfndlcjnmcma pariantc, gcs fdgd pcrcmnegc md prdfassd mafnsörnd î, vnc ma raerc, nløtnj, a ctî gasgd prahumnfncj. Astas frçtn fr çtnfd fds3 s3551 cjaecg qua lc prãtnf prã tnfcc cd tdgcr tdg cr mafnsñas cs passdc passdcss rcrc galta saeuag cs atcpcs nlmnfcmcs. Mavnmd ës jngntcåñas md ldssd fdl`afngaltd,

lafasscrncgalta tdgcgds gand ma guntcs nlfartazcs. Va tnvîssagds qua pdstareã-jcs ctî f`aecrmafnsñas partd mc ld rcfndlcjnmcma pariantc lulfc mafnmnrçcgds. CV AV]RC]ÎENCV MA RCFNDLCJNMCMA JNGN]CMC  Lc prãtn prãtnfc, fc, pdma pdmagds gds al alira iraltc ltcrr c nlfarta nlf artazc zc qua lds farfc ma vãrncs gclanrcs. [dr axagpjd, prdfurclmd sdjuåñas sctnsictörncs, a læd sdjuåñas pariantcs. Du altæd tdgclmd ugc mafnsæd axpjdrctörnc, taltctnvc, pcrc var d qua cfdltafa.

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36 36==

Clãjnsa [djçtnfc Gdmarlc

Qtnjnzcgds, cssng, c ratrdnlidrgcåæd (iaambcfo ) prdmuznmc pajc pröprnc mafnsæd nlnfncj359, a masta gdmd pdmagds ratninfcr ldssds dbhatnvds, gasgd quclmd pc rafncg ngpdrtcltas. D ctdr cmgnta qua suc mafnsæd fdlsnstnrã ag sîrna nlmainlnmc ma atcpcs, fdg c fdrraåæd sufassnvc mds arrds, ë gamnmc qua sa idrag avnmalfncl md. Î c astrctîenc nlfragaltcjnstc8 tdgclmd fdgd pdltd ma pcrtnmc ugc sntucåæd  bag fdl`afnmc fdl` afnmc,, d ct ctdr dr cpjnfc cjtarcåña cjtar cåñass ercmucns lc mnraåæd masahcmc. Qgc sîrna sîrna nlfragaltcn pdma, fdg d tagpd, prdvdfcr fugujctnvcgalta trclsidrgcåñas prd iulmcs8 sa cugaltcrgds qucjquar fdnsc ë rczæd ma  1%  cd cld, mdbrcragds suc qucltnmcma ag 3= clds. CV AV]RC]ÎENCV AP[ARNGAL]CNV [radfup cmds fdg d ercu ajavcmd [radfupcmds ajavcmd ma nlfarta n lfartazc zc qua farfc d prdfassd prdfassd mafnsörnd mafnsörnd mcs pdjçtnfcs edvarlcgaltcns, d lçvaj rajctnvcgalta bcnxd ma fdl`afngaltd fdl inãvaj ag qua î prafnsd bcsacr cs mafnsñas, a javclmd ag fdltc icj`cs fdlfratcs fdgatnmcs fdg d agpraed ma astrctîencs `djçstnfcs a nlfragaltcjnstcs, cjeuls clc jnstcs pdjçtnfds fdgaåcg c alictnzcr c pdssnbnjnmcma ma mngnlunr ldssc neldrâlfnc a nlfartazc pajc pajc axparngaltcåæd majnbarcmc, majnbarcmc, cltas ma cmdtcr ugc pdjçtnfc. p djçtnfc. Dbvncgalta lag tdmcs cs mafnsñas frufncns pdmag sar prafamnmcs pdr ax  parng  par ngalt altds ds ag asfcjc jngntcmc. jngntcm c. C pd pdjçt jçtnfc nfc axtarl axt arlc, c, pcrc pcr c mcr ug sö axagpjd axa gpjd,, læd sa prastc c asta tnpd ma astrctîenc. [dr dutrd jcmd, jagbrcgd-lds nlavntcvajgalta ma fartcs axparnèlfncs masugclcs fdg vçtngcs nlmaiascs, du mc ngpdsnåæd ma ax  parnga  par ngaltd ltdss c suhantds s uhantds gcj-nlidrgc gcj-nl idrgcmds, mds, ercåcs ë par parsucsæd sucsæd gclnpujctn gclnp ujctnvc. vc. Ds maialsdras md axparngaltcjnsgd cjaecg, fdltumd, qua lc prãtnfc ds ed varlds tdgcg mafnsñas ag guntds fcgpds sag ug fdl`afngaltd cmaqucmd c raspantd mcs sucs fdlsaqúèlfncs. asscsmcpdjçtnfcs lc ”ugc varmcmaaxparngaltc fdlstntuag ‚axparnèlfncs‗ fdgd bag-astcr a Cssng, c iajnfnmcma pdpujcåæd åæd ag jcrec asfcjc, fustdsc, fcralta ma tdmds ds frntîrnds mc axparngaltcåæd fnaltçinfc pjclahcmc pjclahcmc pcrc ecl`cr ecl`cr fdl`afngaltd øtnj. [d [drtcl rtcltd, td, saeulmd saeulmd asta asta pdltd pdl td ma vnstc, sarnc icftçvaj ”a guntd gcns rczdãvaj ”axafutcr dutrcs axparnèlfncs ag  paqua  paq ualc lc asfcjc, sdb fdltrd fdl trdja, ja, funmcmd funm cmdscg scgalta alta pjclahcm pjcl ahcmcs35 cs3555. Ë [RDFQRC MA CJ]ARLC]NYCV

 Lal` ugc mcs astrctîencs masfrntcs  Lal`ugc masfrntc s pdma pdm a ecrcltn ecr cltnrr c masfd ma sfdbar bartc tc mcs gaj`dras gaj` dras cjtarlctnvcs ma cåæd. Fdgd ld tarrald mcs crtas, mc fnèlfnc, mc gctagãtnfc, du lc axpjdrcåæd snmarcj, cs masfdbartcs axneag ugcî prdfurc ngcenlctnvc. [dr nssd c ngcenlcåæd bag-nlidrgcmc nlmnspalsãvaj lc clãjnsa pdjçtnfc8  pcrcc c aspafujcåæd,  pcr aspafu jcåæd, euncmc pajd fdl`af fdl `afng ngalt altd, d, qua vã cjîg mcs varmcmas varmcm as fdlsc ercmcs? pcrc d pjclahcgaltd a c fdltagpjcåæd ma utdpncs? pcrc c vdltcma ma  palscr  pal scr frntnfcg frntn fcgalta alta sdbra cjtarlctnvcs cjtarl ctnvcs ‚ ngpalsãvans‗ ngpalsãvans ‗ c sdjuåñas ‚ iãfans‗ iãfans ‗ . Ag sugc, î lafassãrnd qua `chc ugc busfc frnctnvc, drnaltcmc pajc nltunåæd ma qua  pdmag  pdm agds ds al alfd fdlt ltrc rcrr ug ulnvarsd ma cjtarlctnvcs cjtarl ctnvcs gaj`dras gaj` dras (a pndras) pndr as) altr a ltraa d nmacj nlctnleçvaj nlctn leçvaj a c gamndfrnmcma tcltcs tcltc s vazas vazas iraqúaltcmc iraqúaltc mc lc l c pdjçtnfc.

 

A[ÇJDED [CRC QGC AP[JDRCÅÆD CMNFNDLCJ D jantdr qua quanrc axpjdrcr a xpjdrcr ds tagcs galfndlcmds lasta jnvrd jnvrd mavarã cltas cltas ma gcns lcmc fdlsujtcr cs ldtcs. Qgc idlta ngpdrtclta, pubjnfcmc ag 3>51, î ]`a @clmbddo di[ djntnf cj Vfn Vfnal fa.  Agbdrc lcs ldtcs tal`c l`c fntcmd cjeu cjeuls ls mds crtneds crtneds md @clmbddo, sa saus usalfa. dntd vdjugas vdjugas fdltèg gctarncj gtactarncj sdbra sdbra cpalcs prctnfcgalta tdmds ds Fcpçtujds. [crc d astumclta qua quanrc cvclåcr gcns lc suc axpjdrcåæd, ans cqun cj eugcs raiarèlfncs cmnfndlcn cmnfndlcns. s. Guntds mds jnvrds a crtneds fntcmds tèg rajavâlfnc mnratc pcrc ds cssultds fdbartds lds Fcpçtujds NNN a NY. D jnvrd ma Hcfo @. Lceaj, ]`a Masfrnptnva Clc-  jysnss d i [dw jysn [dwar, ar,  fdltîg ugc bnbjndercinc bnbjndercinc axtalsc a ctucjnzcmc. Galfndlcrnc Galfndlcrnc cnlmc cnlmc88 3) Rdmarnfo Bajj, Mcvnm Y. Amwcrms a R. @crrnsdl Ucelar, [  [dj djntn ntnfc fcjj [d [dwa war, r,    C Ra cm ar nl ]` adry ad ry cl clm m Rasa Rasacrf` crf`   (Law ^dro, Iraa [rass, 3>9>). 2) Clmraw V. GfIcrjclm, [  [dw dw ar c clm lm J Jac acma mars` rs`np np nl [jurc [jurcjnst jnst V Vys ys ta g s  (Vtcl-

idrm, Fcjni., Vtclidrm Qlnvarsnty [rass, 3>9>). 6) Unjjncg C. Ecgsdl, [  [dw dw ar cl clm m M nsfd ns fd l tal ta l t   (@dgawddm, N, 33, Mdrsay [rass, 3>90). =) Rdbart C. Mc`j, ‚[dwar‗,  Nl  Nlta tarl rlct ctnd ndlc lcjj Al Alfy fyfj fjdp dpca camn mnc c d i t`a t` a Vd Vdfnc fncj  j   Vfnalfas,  am. Mcvnm J. Vnjjs (Law ^dro, Gcfgnjjcl Fd. a Iraa [rass, 3>90).  [dwa  [d war8 r8 C R cm nf nfcj cj Yna Ynaw, w,  ma Vtaval Juoas (Jdlmdl, Gcfgnjjcl & Fd., 3>5=,

Brcsçjnc, Amntdrc Qlnvarsnmcma ma Brcsçjnc, 3>5>), frntnfc cjeugcs mcs gnl`cs idr gujcåñas gcns cltnecs. D tagc mnsfutnmd ld Fcpçtujd NY î axpjdrcmd ma ugc  parspaftn  parsp aftnvc vc cjed mniara mni aralta lta pdr pd r Mcvnm Y. H. Bajj, Bajj, [d  [dwa war, r, Nlij Nlijual ualfa, fa, c l m C u t` d rn ty   (Law ^dro, Dxidrm Qlnvarsnty [rass, 3>51). ]`aa @clmbd do d i [djn [djntnfcj tnfcj Vfnal Vfnalfa fa d jantdr alfdltrcrã ngpdr  Ld vdj. 6 ma ]` tcltas fdltrnbunåñas ë fdgpraalsæd mcs sagaj`clåcs, mniaralåcs a masalvdjvn galtd mds snstagcs pdjçtnfds. Fntcrnc cnlmc, c asta prdpösntd, Vcguaj [. @ultnletdl a Fjagalt @. Gddra,  Cu  Cut` t`drn drntc tcrnc rncl l [d [djnt jntnfs nfs nl G d m a g V d f na ty   (Law ^dro, Bcsnf Bc snf Bddos, Bddos, 3>5;) a c dbrc ma ma @ultnletd @ultnl etdll sdbra c lcturaz lctu razcc md masalvdjvngaltd masalvdjvngaltd  pdjçt  pd jçtnfd nfd,, ma erclma ngpdrt ngp drtâlf âlfnc8 nc8  [d  [djnt jntnf nfcj cj Dr Drma marr nl F`clenle Vd fnat fn atna nass   (Law @cval, ^cja Qlnvarsnty [rass, 3>90). Cjîg mds trcbcj`ds fntcmds ld Fcpçtujd YNNN, Yarbc a Lna fdltrnbuçrcg  pcrcc d  @  pcr  @cl cl mbdd mb ddo o   fdg ug crtned, ‚[djntnfcj [crtnfnpctndl‗ (vdj. =). D gasgd vd

 

369

Clãjnsa [djçtnfc Gdmarlc

juga cprasaltc ‚[ubjnf Dpnlndl clm Ydtnle Ba`cvndr‗, ma [`njnp A. Fdlvarsa.  Ld vdj. 6, fntcrnc fntcrn c ug crtned guntd gu ntd rajavclta ma Mcvnm. D. Vacrs, ‚[djntnfcj ‚[djnt nfcj Vdfnc Vdfnc-jnzctndl‗. C cvcjncåæd pdjçtnfc (Fcpçtujd NP) î ug tagc sdbra d qucj alfdltrcragds gctarncj cbulmclta a fdltrdvarsd. D jantdr icrã bag ag fdgaåcr fdlsujtclmd  Ldrrlc  Ld rrlctnva tnva [djnt [d jntnfc nfcjj ]`adr ]` adry, y,   ma Iram G. Ird`dfo, lc sîrna Idulmctndls di Gdmag [djntnfcj Vfnalfa, mc [raltnfa-@cjj Nlf., ma Alejawddm Fjniis, L. H.? d trcbcj`d ma Brncl Bcrry a Mduejcs Rca, ‚[djntnfcj Avcjuctndl‗? a ds jnvrds Gdrc  Gdrcj  j    [rnlfnp  [rn lfnpnas nas nl [dj [ djntn ntnfc fcjj [`njd [` njdsdp sdp`y, `y,   ma Iajnx A. Dppal`ang?£Ufs, ma UnjjncgO. Ircloalc?  Gd  Gdrc rcjnty jnty88 C l Nl tr trd d m uf tt ttdl dl td At`nfs, At` nfs,   ma Barlcrm Unjjncgs a  C V` drt dr t   @ns  @ nstd tdry ry d i At`nfs, At`n fs,  ma Cjcsmcnr Gcfjltyra ”tdmds fntcmds lcs ldtcs. Qgc fdltrdvîrsnc gcns cltnec, qua centdu ds palscmdras pdjçtnfds murclta guntds clds, astã raijatnmc lc dbrc ma Crldjm Braf`t [d  [djnt jntnf nfcj cj ]` ]`ad adry8 ry8 ]`a Id Idul ul  mctnd  mc tndls ls d i ] walt wa ltnat nat` ` Faltu Fa ltury ry [d jnt jntnf nfcj cj ]`due` ]`d ue`tt  ([rnlfatdl, L. H.? [rnlfatdl Qlnvarsnty [rass, 3>1>). C frçtnfc gcns fdgpjatc mc pdsnåæd ma Braf`t (d ‚rajctnvnsgd md vcjdr fnaltçinfd‗) astã fdltnmc ag @arbart H. Vtdrnle, am.,  Ass  A ssc c ysd ys d l    t`a Vf Vfnal naltni tninf nf V tu m y d i [ [dj djntnf ntnfss   (Law ^dro, @alry @djt &Fd., 3>93). ]cjvaz d trcbcj`d gcns ngpdrtclta ma ug mds prnlfnpcns frçtnfds md pdsntnvnsgd î  Lc  Lctur turcj  cj    R  Rne ne ` t clm cl m @nstd @n stdry, ry,   ma Jad Vtrcuss (F`nfced, Qlnvarsnty di F`nfced [rass, 3>16). Ynma tcgbîg d alscnd pdjègnfd ma Arnf` Ydaeajnl ]` ]`aa Law Vfnalfa Vfnalfa d i [d [djnt jntnfs nfs  (F`nfced, Qlnvarsnty di F`nfced [rass, 3>12). D Fcpçtujd P cprasaltc ma idrgc axtragcgalta brava ug cssultd ma cjtc fdgpjaxnmcma. C lcturazc md palscgaltd fnaltçinfd a cs fcrcftarçstnfcs aspafncns mcs fnèlfncs sdfncns sæd cssultds qua garafag ug masalvdjvngaltd pröprnd. D astumclta alfdltrcrã ugc cprasaltcåæd fdlfnsc mcs ‚mucs prnlfnpcns trcmnåñas lc fnèlfnc a lc injdsdinc md gîtdmd fnaltçinfd8 c crnstdtîjnfc a cecjnjaclc‗ ld fc  pçtu  pç tujd jd nlnfncj ma  Ax Urne`t  Axpjc pjclc lctnd tndl l clm Qlmarstclmnle, Qlmarstclm nle,  ma Eadre @alrno vdl Urne`t (Nt`cfc, L^, Fdrlajj Qlnvarsnty [rass, 3>53). Ydl Urne`t partalfa ë trcmnåæd

crnstdtîjnfc. [dssnvajgalta c dbrc gcns ngpdrtclta lc trcmnåæd ecjnjaclc, du pd sntnvnstc, î c ma Fcrj E. @agpaj, fuhds alscnds astæd raulnmds ag  Csp  C sp af ts d i   Vfnaltninf Axpjclctndl   (Law ^dro, Iraa [rass, 3>91, 3>5;). Qgc cprasaltcåæd gcns sngpjas a gcns brava pdma sar alfdltrcmc ag [`  [`njd njdsd sdp` p`yy d i Lc Lctu turcj rcj Vfnal V fnalfa fa   (Alejawddm Fjniis, L. H., [raltnfa-@cjj, 3>99). Cjeuls mds alscnds ma Ocrj R. [dppar, injösdid ma erclma nlijuèlfnc ld fcgpd mc injdsdinc mc fnèlfnc, astæd ag Dbiaftnva Oldwjamea. Cl Avdjutndlcry Cpprdcf`   (Dxidrm, Fjcralmdl 3>52). Qgc idlta gcns cffassçvaj î  Oc  Ocrj rj [dpp [d ppar, ar,   ma Brncl Gceaa (Law

[rass, ^dro,

Ynonle, 3>56). C raspantd mc fdltrdvîrsnc sdbra c lcturazc mcs fnèlfncs sdfncns, ma gdmd earcj,j, a mc fnèlfnc pdjçtnfc earc pd jçtnfc ag pcrtnfujcr, pcrtnfujc r, d trcbcj`d trcbc j`d ma Gddl, ld vdj. 3 md  @cl  @ clmb mbdd ddo o  î d gaj`dr pdltd ma pcrtnmc pcrc d astumclta. Qsclmd cs ldtcs cjn fn tcmcs, a c bnbjndercinc, d jantdr nltarasscmd fdlsaeunrã ugc bdc vnsæd md tagc, a mcs sucs vãrncs parspaftnvcs. D vdj. 9 md  @c lmbd lm bddo do  mnz raspantd ë idrgujcåæd ma pdjçtnfcs. Dutrcs idltas sdbra asta pdltd sæd8 Custnl Rcllay, am.,  [d  [djntn jntnfc fcjj Vfn Vfnalfa alfa clm cl m [u [ubjnf bjnf [djnfy [d jnfy

 

[crc ugc Axpjdrcåæd Cmnfndlcj (F`nfced, Gcro`cg, 3>90)? Rnf`crm N. @diiarbart,

365

]`aa Vtum y d i [ubjnf ]` [ubjnf [djnfy [djnfy  

jnfyy   (Nlmnclcpdjns, Bdbbs-Garrnjj, 3>5=)? Nrc V`croclsoy a Mdlcjm vcl Gatar,  [d jnf  clm  cl m [d jnt jntnf nfss nl Cga C garnf rnfcl cl Ed varl va rlg g alt al t (Law ^dro, ^dro , GfErcw @njj, 3>51) a U Unjjnc njjncg g  [ars rspa paftn ftnva vass dl [d jnf jnfyy Gconle Gco nle  (Law B. Ewyll a Eadrea F. Amwcrms, NNN, ams.,  [a Drjacls, ]ujcla Qllf\rsnty prass, 3>51).

 

 Ldtcs 3. D jantdr alfdltrcrã ugc brava mnsfussæd ma cjeuls pdltds ma vnstc gdmarlds sdbra d âg [djntnfcj tnfcj Vfnal Vfnalfa, fa,  ma Drcl R. ^dule (Fcp. 3). bntd mc fnèlfnc pdjçtnfc ag Vystag s d i [djn 2. Arlast Bcroar, am., pães. 3, 33;.

]` ]`aa [djntnfs [djntnfs d i Crnstdtja   (Law

^dro, Dxidrm Qlnvarsnty [rass, 3>92), 

Dreclnzctndl, ndl, trcm. pcrc d nlejès ma C. G. @almarsdl   6. ]`a ]`adry d i Vdfncj clm Afd ldg nf Dreclnzct a ]cjfdtt [crsdls (Law ^dro, Dxidrm Qlnvarsnty [rass, 3>=5), pães. 3=1-316, 31=.

=. @crdjm M. Jcsswajj a Cbrc`cg Ocpjcl,  [ d w ar cl m V d f na ty   (Law @cval, ^cja Qlnvarsnty   [rass, 3>1;. Brcsçjnc, Amntdrc Qlnvarsnmcma ma Brcsçjnc, 3>5>), pães. PNY, 2=;. 1. Ld Fcpçtujd NNN axpjnfcgds ds targds fdgd  fd lt rd ja , mainlngds d fdlfantd ma ‚nlijuèlfnc‗.

p d ma r, nlijuè nli juè lfn lfnc c a cu td rnmc rn mc ma ,   a 

 [ct ct ta rl s d i Fu jtu jtura ra   (Bdstdl, @due`tdl Gniijnl Fd., 3>6=). 9. Rut` Balamnft , [

5. D jantdr pdmarã fdlsujtcr ^dule, Vystag s d i [djnt [djntnfcj nfcj Vfn Vfnalf alfa. a.  Fcps. 2 a 6, c prdpösntd   mcs mainlnåñas ma ‚snstagc‗, mc lcturazc mc tadrnc earcj mds snstagcs a mc utnjnmcma mc cbdr mceag ‚snstègnfc‗ lc fnèlfnc pdjçtnfc. C taltctnvc gcns cgpjc ma cpjnfcr c tadrnc mds snsta gcs ë fnèlfnc pdjçtnfc î c ma Mcvnm Acstdl, nl  C I rc g aw dr o i d r [ dj ntnf nt nf cj C lc jy sn s   (Aleja-  wddm Fjniis, L. H., [raltnfa-@cjj, 3>91) a  C V ys ta g s C l c jy sn s d i [ d jnt nfcj nf cj J nia ni a   (Law ^dro,  Hd`l Unjay & Vdls, 3>91). 0. ]c jfd jfdtt tt [crsdls a Amwcrm C. V`njs, ams. ]dwcrm c Ealarcj Ealarcj ]`adry d i Cf tndl   (Fcgbrnmea,  Gcss., @crvcrm Qlnvarsnty [rass, 3>13), pãe. 13. Ynma tcgbîg d varbata ‚Vdfnaty‗ lc  Nl  ta rl ct ndl nd l cj A lf yf jd pc am nc d i V Vdf df ncj nc j Vfna lfa s.

>. Cjaxns ma ]dfquavnjja,  M ag df rc fy

nl C g ar nfc, nf c,   trcm.,

Ydj. N (Law ^dro, Ynltcea Bddos,

3>11), pães. 2>0-6=2. 3;. Lajsdl [djsby, Fdlerass clm t`a [rasnmalfy.  [djsby fdgpcrc ds prasnmaltas ldrta-cga rnfclds, ma Irclojnl Rddsavajt c Earcjm Idrm. Ynma tcgbîg Hcgas Mcvnm Bcrbar, ]`a [ra-   sn ma lt ncj nc j F` F`cr crcfta cfta r8 [ ra m nftnl nf tnl e [a ri ridr dr g cl fa nl t` a U`nta U`nt a @ du sa   (Alejawddm Fjniis, L. H.,  [raltnfa-@cjj, Nlf., 3>52). 33. Cmcptcmd ma Uabar,

]`adry d i Vdfn Vdfncj cj clm A fdldgnf Dreclnzc Dreclnzctnd tndl, l,  pãe.

31=.

32. Astcmd sdbarcld, qua læd mava sar fdliulmnmd fdg cs ulnmcmas ma ug snstagc iamarctnvd. 36. Ag Amwcrm F. Vgnt` a Crldjm H. Xurf`ar,  M nf tnd lc ry d i Cg ar arnf nfcl cl [ djn tnf s,   24am. (Law   ^dro, Bcrlas & Ldbja, 3>90), alfdltrcragds mainlnåñas sufnltcs ma guntds targds pdjç tnfds, aspafncjgalta cquajas rajcfndlcmds fdg c vnmc pdjçtnfc ldrta-cgarnfclc. C  Nl tarl ta rl c  tnd lc j d i Vd fnc j Vf nal fa s raprasaltc ug asidråd gcns cgpjd ma ajufnmcr d saltnmd mds guntds

 

3=;

Clãjnsa [djçtnfc Gdmarlc Gdmarlc

fdlfantds agpraecmds lcs fnèlfncs sdfncns, ma gdmd earcj. Ynma tcgbîg @cndjm M. Jcsswajn   a Cbrc`cg Ocpjcl, [dwar clm Vdfnaty  Vdfnaty   (Law @cval, ^cja Qlnvarsnty [rass, 3>1;). Cnlmc  Bddrs   tag ug paquald  Mnf  M nf tndl tn dl cr y d i [d fdg rajcåæd c mnfndlãrnds aspafncjnzcmds, [aleunl Bddrs  jntnfs?   pdma-sa alfdltrcr, lasta fcgpd, dbrcs ma raiarèlfnc ag aspcl`dj, fdgd d  Mnf jntnfs?  M nffn fndl dlcr crnd nd   ma Vdfndjdenc  Vdfndjdenc   (@. [. Icnrf`njm, trcmuznmd, Gîxnfd, Idlmd ma Fujturc Afdlýgnfc).* 3=. Sucsa tdmds ds qua asfravag sdbra pdjçtnfc mavag tar tnmd astc axparnèlfnc. Au pröprnd    hã inq inqua uann guntcs gun tcs vazas va zas cjcrgcmd fdg c iraq i raqúè úèlf lfnc nc fdg qua cinrgctnvcs cinrg ctnvcs qu quaa pratal pra talmnc mnc cpalcs  masfrntnvcs arcg nltarpratcmcs fdgd hujecgaltds ldrgctnvds. 31. @ã guntds jnvrds sdbra cs mainlnåñas a d pcpaj qua masagpal`cg lcs fnèlfncs agpçrnfcs.   [crc axpjdrcr gcns d tagc, d jantdr pdma fdgaåcr fdg d alscnd ma Iajnx A. Dppal`ang,   ‚]`a Jcleucea di [djntnfcj Nlqunry8 [rdbjags di Fjcrninfctndl nl ]`a @cl mbdd o d i [djn [djntn tnfcj fcj   Vfnalfa,   vdj. 3, ams. Iram N. Eraalstanl Vfnalfa,    Eraal stanl a La Lajsdl jsdl U . [djsby [djs by (Ra (Racmnle, cmnle,]`a Gcss. , Cmmnsdl Cmm nsdl Uasjay [ubús`nle Fd., 3>51). Ynma tcgbîg d Fcp. 2 ma U. Cbrc`cg Ocpjcl, ]`Gcss., a Fdlmuft d i Nl Nlqunr qunryy   [djntnfcj   (Vcl Irclfnsfd, F`clmjar [ubjns`çle Fd., 3>9=), bag fdgd Yargdl Ycl Myoa, [djntnfcj Vfnalfa8 C [`njdsdp` [`njdsdp`nfcj nfcj Clcjysns Clcjysns   (Vtclidrm, Fcjni., Vtclidrm Qlnvarsnty [rass, 3>9;), Fcp. 9

39. Ag cjeuls pcçsas, fdgd lc Irclåc a lc Ntãjnc, c axprassæd ‚fnèlfnc pdjçtnfc‗ tag snmd  

utnjnzcmc pcrc fdbrnr ugc vcrnamcma ma fcgpds aspafncjnzcmds, tcns fdgd d mnrantd, c afdld gnc a c sdfndjdenc. Lassas pcçsas, ctî rafaltagalta cmgntnc-sa qua c clãjnsa pdjçtnfc fdrras pdlmnc c ug cspaftd ma fcmc ug massas fcgpds, a læd c ugc mnsfnpjnlc nltajaftucj cutý ldgc. Ag fdlsaqúèlfnc, læd `cvnc ctî pdufd tagpd, lassas pcçsas, ugc mnsfnpjnlc nlmapal malta fdl`afnmc fdgd ‚fnèlfnc pdjçtnfc‗, ld fcgpd earcj mcs ‚fnèlfncs pdjçtnfcs‗. 35. Ds astumndsds ldrta-cgarnfclds qua fdltrnbuçrcg pcrc c nlstcjcåæd mds prnganrds mapcr tcgaltds ma fnèlfnc pdjçtnfc lds Astcmds Qlnmds mc Cga'rnfc sdirarcg idrta nlijuèlfnc md   palscgaltd cfcmègnfd cjagæd md sîfujd mazaldva, quclmd d targd Unssalsf`cit   snelnin fcvcc læd sö ‚fnèlfnc‗ fcv ‚fnèlf nc‗ gcs gcs tcgbîg ‚fdl`afng ‚fdl` afng altd ‗, ‚arumnåæd‗ ‚arumnåæd‗ a, a, ma gdmd g dmd earcj, earcj, d prdmutd  nltajaftucj ma qucjquar nlvastnecåæd snstagãtnfc. Cssng, c pcjcvrc ‚fnèlfnc‗, lc axprassæd   ‚fnèlfnc pdjçtnfc‗, pratalmnc prdvcvajgalta snelninfcr cjed fdgd ‚astumd snstagãtnfd‗, a  læd, fdgd sa talma c nltarpratcr ctucjgalta, ‚astumd agpçrnfd ë gclanrc mcs fnèlfncs lctu rcns‗. Ynma Mwne`t Ucjmd, ‚[djntnfcj Vfnalfa8 ]rcmntndl, [rdiassndl, Vfnalfa, Altarprnsa‗,  nl ]`a @c lmb ddo d i [djntn [djntnfcj fcj VVfna fnalfa, lfa,   vdj. 3. Vfnalfas,  jnvrd amntcmd pdr Mc 30. Gasgd ag 3>13, lal`ug mds fcpçtujds ma ]`a [djnfy Vfnalfas,  lnaj Jarlar a @crdjm M. Jcsswajj (Vtclidrm, Fcjni., Vtclidrm Qlnvarsnty [rass, 3>13) axcgn lcvcc aspafninfcgalta ds dbhatnvds mc clãjns lcv clãjnsaa pd jçtnfc - agbdrc saus mdns amntdras idssag idssag  fnaltnstcss pdjçtnfd s. fnaltnstc

3>. Ld cpèlmnfa masta jnvrd d jantdr alfdltrcrã raiarèlfncs c dbrcs rafaltas sdbra d cssultd. 2;. Lc suc clãjnsa mc parsdlcjnmcma md fdgpdrtcgaltd pdjçtnfd ma Unjsdl, Cjaxclmar J.   Eadrea magdlstrc qua quclmd aja prafnscvc aliraltcr ugc dpdsnåæd ealunlcgalta cgacåc mdrc, fdgd cfdltafau murclta sau saeulmd gclmctd prasnmalfncj, tdrlcvc-sa ‚nlfcpcz ma   iulfndlcr cmaqucmcgalta, cenlmd ma idrgc guntd fcl`astrc fdgd pdjçtnfd... cmqunrnc ugc   matargnlcåæd rçenmc a prdfurcvc idråcr sucs prdpdstcs sag laedfnã-jcs‗. Ynma ‚[dwar cs c  V df ncj nc j Nssu N ssuas as,,  2= (huj`d ma 3>90) pãe. Fdgpalsctdry Ycjua idr [djntnfcj Jacmars‗, Hd u rl cj d i Vdf =2. Ynma tcgbîg Cjaxclmar J. Eadrea a Hujnatta J. Eadrea, Uddmrdw Unjsdl clm Fdjdlaj  Fdjdlaj    @ d us a8 C [ ar arsd sdlc lcjnt jntyy V t u m y   (Law ^dro, Mdvar [rass, 3>9=). 2 3 . ; jantdr alfdltrcrã alfdltrcrã ug @cllc @cllc [ntonl, [ntonl, Unttealstanl clm Hustnfa  Hustnfa   (Baroajay, Qlnvarsnty di   Fcjniörlnc, 3>52), pães. 259 a saets., ugc nltarassclta taltctnvc ma ajufnmcr d saltnmd ma vã rnds targds-snelninfclmd-nlijuèlfnc, pajc clãjnsa mc suc utnjnzcåæd lc jnleuceag ‚drmnlãrnc‗   (lc varmcma, c jnleuceag ma asfrntdras cjtcgalta amufcmds). at cj? Mnfndlã

*L.R. -

Cedrc Cedrc tagds ugc dbrc dbrc ma raiarèlfn raiarèlfnc c masta masta tnpd8 ma Ldrbartd LdBrcsçjnc, rbartd Bdbbnd rnd ma [djçtnfc  [djçtnfc Amntdrc mc Qlnvarsnmcma 3>09).   (Brcsçjnc,

 

 Ldtcs

3= 3=33

22. Ynma raiarèlfncs ld Apçjded masta jnvrd. 26. Astc icjãfnc dfdrra gasgd ag dbrcs ngpdrtcltas ma fnèlfnc sdfncj. Qg axagpjd î d md   jnvrd Fjcss clc Fjcss Fdlijnft nl Nlmustrncj Vdfnaty,   ma Rcji Mc`ralmdri, guntd raputcmd  (Vtclidrm, Fcjni., Vtclidrm Qlnvarsnty [rass, 3>19), pães. 399, 395, 353-356. Ynma tcgbîg   cs mainlnåñas 2.3, 2.3.3 a 2.3.2, lc pãe. 265. Lc pãe. 356 `ã ugc ngpdrtclta qucjninfcåæd,   qua fdltu fdltumd md læd î fdlsnmarcmc lc axpdsnåæd md cutdr. Dutrd axagp jd, nls nlspnrc pnrcmd md ag Mc`r Mc`ral al mdri, pdma sar alfdltrcmd ag N. Bcjbus, ‚]`a Fdlfapt di Nltarast nl [jurcjnst clm Gcrxnst   Clcjysns"„, [dj  [ dj ntn fs c l m V d f na ty ,   3 (iavaranrd, 3>53), pães. 313-355. 2=. [dr axagpjd, vnma Irclo [cronl, Fjcs Fjcsss Nlaqu cjnty clm [djntnfcj D rmar (Law ^dro8 [rcaear,  3>53), pãe. =9. Cltarndrgalta, [cronl pcrafa fdgatar c icjãfnc mc ulnmcma md pdmar (pãe.  29). Nlfnmaltcjgalta, alqucltd Mc`ralm Mc`ralmdri dri î cjtcgalta frçtnfd mc tadrnc mc mcss fjcs fjcssas sas ma Gc Gcrx rx,,  [cronl cssuga pdsnåæd gcns sngpãtnfc. Î nltarassclta dbsarvcr qua c icjãfnc mc ulnmcma md   pdmar nlmapalma mc nmadjdenc.

21. Fdgd Bartrclm Russaj a vãrnds dutrds injösdids taltcrcg cicstcr c axpjnfcåæd fcuscn,   fdlsnmarclmd-c maslafassãrnc pcrc c fnèlfnc, cjeuls clcjnstcs tèg `asntcmd ag fdlsnmarcr c  fcuscåæd fdgd d icåd cqun. Ld altcltd, c taltctnvc ma Russajj læd tava èxntd. Sucjquar qua   sahc sahc c ttargnldjden argnldjdencc idrgcj agpr agpraec aecmc mc pajd iiçsnfd çsnfd,, pdr ax axag agpjd, pjd, aja læd pdma icza iczarr sucs axp a rnèlfncs (a tdmds lös læd pdmagds cenr lasta gulmd) sag cjeug fdlfantd ma fcuscåæd. Ag    Axp  A xpjc jclc lc tnd l cl m Qlmar Ql marstcl stcl mnle, mnl e,   ma Eadre @alrno vdl Urne`t (Nt`cfc, L^, Fdrlajj Qlnvar snty [rass, 3>53), d jantdr alfdltrcrã ugc axpdsnåæd injdsöinfc sdbra cs fcuscs mcs cåñas `u gclcs. 29. Astc î c fcuscn mainlnåæd ma du ‚pdmar‗ ma Lceaj8 rajcåæd ctucjrajcåæd du pdtalfncj, ugc rajcåæd ctucj pdtalfncj altra c ‚Qgc praiarèlfnc ma ma ugpdmar, ctdr, fdg c ug raî   sujtcmd, a d pröprnd rasujtcmd‗. (Hcfo @. Lceaj, ]`a Masfrnptnva Masfrnptnva C lcjysns d i [dwar. [dwar.  Law   @cval, ^cja Qlnvarsnty [rass, 3>5 3>51, 1, pãe. 2 >). Lceaj læd vè rczæd pcrc pcrc "... læd cpjnf cpjnfcr cr c main mai n lnåæd ... cd pdmar ma ctdras `ugclds axarfnmd sdbra rasujtcmds læd-sdfncns (ax.8 d tagpd   ctgdsiîrnfd). [alsd, pdrîg, qua ld ffcgpd cgpd mc clã clãjn jnsa sa pdjçtnf c c mainlnåæd sa sarã rã gcns øtnj sa sa  jngntcr c ‚rasujtcmds sdfncns‗, nstd î, c rajcåñas altra ctdras `ugclds. Ma qucjquar idrgc, î   cssng qua c agpraecragds lasta jnvrd. C èlicsa ma Lceaj lds cspaftds fcuscns mc nlijuèlfnc   læd î drnenlcj - lag aja pratalma pra talma qu quaa d sah sahc. c. Ag 3>1 6, @arbar @arbartt C. Vngdl prdp prdpýs ýs c gasgc   nmînc ld sau ngpdrtclta crtned ‚Ldtcs sdbra c Dbsarvcåæd a c Galsurcåæd md [dmar [djç tnfd‗.  Hdu rlcj rl cj d i [ djntn dj ntnfs fs,,  31 (3>1 (3>16), 6), pães pães.. 1;; -139 . Ld gasg gasgdd cld, F F.. A. Jnlmbjdl a au,  usclmd d targd ‚fdltrdja‗ ag juecr ma ‚pdmar‗, pcjcvrc agpraecmc pdr Vngdl, asfravagds8   ‚Ag targds pdufd prafnsds, C fdltrdjc cs raspdstcs ma B sa ds ctds ma C fdlstntuag c fcusc   ma qua B raspdlmc ma gdmd matargnlcmd‗ ([djntnfs, Afdldgnfs clm Uajicra,  Law ^dro,  @crpar & Brdt`ars, 3>16, pãe. >=). Fdltumd, cframntclmd qua d fdlfantd ma  fcu scåæd scåæ d î  ag  sn gasgd pdufd fjcrd, prainrd ldrgcjgalta uscr dutrc targnldjdenc. C fdltrnbunåæd ma   Lceaj fdlsnsta ag gdstrcr, gcns fdgpjatc a rnedrdscgalta md qua saus pramafassdras, ds   usds a cs ngpjnfcåñas mc fdlfapåæd fcuscn mc nlijuèlfnc. 25. Fcrj H. Irnamrnf`, Fdlstntutndlcj Edvarlgalt clm Magdfrcfy   (Law ^dro, @crpar &  Brdt`ars, 3>65), pães, 39-30. 20. Lceaj, C l cjys cj ys ns d i [d [dwa wa r,   pãe. 39. 2>. Fcrj H. Irnamrnf`,  Gcl cl m @ns E dv ar lg al t  (Law ^dro, GfErcw-@njj Bddo Fd., 3>96),  pães. 2;3-2;2. 6;.  @du  @ du sa F d g g nt ntta ta a dl Ucys c lm Gacls. ]`aa [djntnfs [djntnfs d i Inlclfa8 Inlclfa8 ]`a @dusa F dg gnttaa dl Ucys Ucys clm   63. Ynma Hd`l I. Gcljfy, ]`  Gacls  Ga cls   (Bdstdl, Jnttja, Brdwl & Fd., 3>5;), pãe. 52.

62.  Nb nm nmag ag ,  pãe. 322. Ynma tcgbîg cs pães. 3;1, 3;9 a 3;0.

 

3=22 3=

Clãjnsa [djçtnfc Gdmagc

66. Lc jnleuceag tîflnfc mc tadrnc mc galsurcåæd, mnzagds qua d SN (qudfnalta ma nltajn drmnlcj   qua lds pargnta nlmnfcr c pdsnåæd rajctnvc ma mnia eèlfnc) prdpdrfndlc ugc asfcjc drmnlcj raltas passdcs, ma cfdrmd fdg ds rasujtcmds ma tastas qua j`as cpjnfcgds. C tagparcturc î   gamnmc pdr gand ma ugc asfcjc ma nltarvcjds neucns raprasaltclmd ercus. Cssng, pdmagds læd sö drmnlcjnzcr mnstnltds dbhatds, md gcns irnd pcrc d gcns qualta, gcs tcgbîg nlmnfcr c mniaralåc ma tagparcturc altra ajas. D mnl`anrd lds prdpdrfndlc ugc asfcjc prdpdrfndlcj, qua pargnta tcgbîg fdgpcrcn rczñas8 pdr axagpjd, ugc fartc ralmc clucj ma Fr$ 32;.;;; fdg du trc ma F r$ 69; .;;; . [crafa-ga [crafa-ga qua ugc asfcjc asfcjc drmnlc j, vãjnmc a fdlinãvaj, pcrc fdg  p  pcr cr cr c nl nliju iju èlfn èl fncc m a l tr d ma m at atar ar g nl c m d m d g çl nd , î d g ãx ng d c q u a p d m ag d s cspn cs pnrc rcr, r, gcs gc s cs mnsfussñas c raspantd md pdmar a mc nlijuèlfnc ngpjnfcg guntcs vazas c axnstèlfnc ma ug lçvaj gcns ajavcmd ma gamnåæd, qua sa raiara ë nlijuèlfnc tdtcj.

6=. Qg fnaltnstc fnaltnstc p djçtnfd qua astumdu cs ajntas ajntas ma Ctjcltc, c fcpntcj mc Eaörenc, Eaörenc, lds lds Astcmds Qlnmds, masfdbrnu qua ds gagbrds ma ug erupd ma 15 passdcs fdlsnmarcmd ma erclma nl ijuèlfnc lcs mafnsñas mafnsñas fdgulntãrncs rcrcgalta ctucvc fdgd ctdras ma ngpd rtâlfnc ag gcns gcns md qua ug mds très cssultd s prnlfnpcns fdlsnm arcmds pajc pasqunsc. Ynma G. Oa lt Hallnles, Fd gg ulnty Nlijualtncj Nlijualtncjs8 s8 ]`a Ajntas Ajntas d i Ctjcltc   (Law ^dro, Iraa [rass, 3>9=).  Cll c jy sn snss d i [d wa war, r,   pães. 11 a saets. Ynma tcgbîg nbnmag, nbnmag,   Fcp. 9, pães. 06->>. 61. Lceaj,  C  Lceaj  Lc eaj m a g d l st strc rc q u a ug tnp tn p d ma g am nm c q u a p rd p u s cjeul cje ulss clds cl ds ct ctrã rãss î ug fcsd fcs d aspa as pafnc fncjj mc  Ba`c `c vn vndr dr cj Vf na nalf lf a   2 (huj`d, 3>15), suc gamnmc. Ynma gau crtned ‚]`a Fdlfapt di [dwar‗,  Ba nl  Rdmarnfo Bajj, Mcvnm Y. Amwcrms a R. @crrrnsdl Ucelar, ams., [djn qua idn rapubjnfcmd nl  tnfcj [dwar? C Rac mar nl ]`adry clm Rasacrf`  Rasacrf`  (Law ^dro, Iraa [rass, 3>9>).  pcc t` clcj cl cjys ysns ns iantc 69. C magdlstrcåæd md agpraed mc mc p  iantc pdr Lceaj prasuga c gamnåæd ma vcrnã vans ag asfcjc ma nltarvcjds. 65. Ynma, pdr axagpjd, F`crjas G. Bdlhacl, ]arry L. Fjcro a Rdbart J. Jnlabarry, ams., F dg g ul nty [djntnfs8 [djntnfs8 c Ba`cvndrcj Ba`cvndrcj Cpprd cf`   (Law ^dro, Iraa [rass, 3>53). 60. Mcvnm R. Gcy`aw, Fdlerass8 ]`a Ajaftdrcj Fdllaftndl,  Fdllaftndl,   (Law @cval, ^cja Qlnvarsnty [rass, 3>5=). 6>. Amwcrm R. ]u ita, ‚]`a [djntnfc [djntnfcjj G clnpujctndl di t`a Afdldg y - nlijualfa nlijualfa di t`a Ajaf Ajaf tdrcj Fyfja Fyfja dl Gcfrdafdldgnf [aridrgclfa clm [d jnfy‗ (c pubjnfcr). g ar nf nfcc l [ dj djnt ntnf nfcj cj V fn fnal al =;. [atar Bcf`rcf` Bcf`rcf` a G drtdl Bcrctz, ‚ ]`a ]wd Icfas di [dw ar‗, C ar‗, Cg fa Ravnaw,  Ravnaw,   vdj. 19 (3>92), pães. >=5-12. Ynaw   (Jdlmras, Gcfgnjjcl & Fd., 3>5=, Brcsçjnc, Amn =3. Vtaval Juoas, [dwar8 C Rcmnfcj Ynaw  tdrc Qlnvarsnmcma ma Brcsçjnc, 3>0;). =2. Cjeuls mds prdbjagcs sæd raprasaltcmds pdr nltarpratcåñas fdlijntcltas ag Vtaval ]astnle nle t`a ]`adry d i t`a t`a Gnjntcry-jlmustrncj Gnjntcry-jlmustrncj Fdg pjax  pjax   (Bdstdl, M. F. @act` & Rdsal, am., ]ast Fd., 3>56). [djntnfs d i Inlclfa8 t`a @dusa Fdg g njtaa dl Ucys Ucys   =6. Fntcmd pdr Hd`l Gcljay, nl ]`a [djntnfs  Gacl  Ga cls, s,   (Bdstdl, Jnttja, Brdwl &  Fd., 3>5;, pãe. 322). ==. . Ag cpèlmnfa ë trcmuåæd ntcjnclc mc prnganrc amnåæd masta jnvrd magdlstran qua î   p  pdd s sçvaj sçv aj mainlnr mainlnr idrgcs mniaraltas ma nl ijuèl fnc! ns   ctdras. È pra =1. [crc gcndr icfnjnmcma mc axpdsnåæd, fdltnlucran c ga raiarnr cpalcs c md ns guntds   ctdras, ag fnsd jagbrcr, ld altcltd, qua cs rajcåñas ma nlijuèlfnc pdmag alvdjvar guntds ramas fcuscns fdgpjaxcs. [jctdd   (trcm., fdg ldtcs a ug alscnd ma nltarpratcåæd), =9. Cjjcl Bjddg, ]`a Rapubjnf d i [jct (Law ^dro, Bcsnf Bddos, 3>90), pães. >6->=.

 

 Ldtcs

3=6

=5. D qua astã ma cfdrmd fdg c mainlnåæd ma @cndjm M. Jcsswajj a Cbrc`cg Ocpjcl, nl   [ d w ar cl m V d f na ty   (Law @cval, ^cja Qlnvarsnty [rass, 3>1;, Brcsçjnc, Amntdrc Qlnvarsnmcma  ma Brcsçjnc, 3>5>)8 ‚Qgc  ma fns æd î  ugc pdjçtnfc qua alvdjva sclåñas savarcs (prnvcåñas)...   [dmar î  c pcrtnfnpcåæd pcrtnfnpcåæd ld prdf prdfassd assd mafnsörnd... Î c cgacåc ma sclåña sclåñass qua mniaralfnc d pdmar  mc nlijuèlfnc ag earcj. D pdmar î ug fcsd aspafncj md axarfçfnd mc nlijuèlfnc? î d prdfassd   pajd qucj c fdlmutc cj`anc î ciatcmc gamnclta prnvcåñas savarcs (racns du cgacåcmcs) cpjnfc

mcs fdltrc d læd fdlidrgnsgd fdg c fdlmutc masahcmc . Jcsswajj fntc, fdgd fdgpcrãvaj, d agpraed md targd pdr Hd`l Jdfoa ag ]wd ]ra ]ract ctns nsas as d i Edvarlgalt  (3>9;)8 ‚Fdlsn mard, pdrtcltd, d pdmar pdjçtnfd fdgd d mnrantd ma iczar jans, fdgd c palc ma gdrta, a ag   fdlsaqúèlfnc tdmcs cs palcs galdras‗, (pães. 5=-59). =0. Gcljay, ]`a [djntnfs d i Inl Inlclf clfa, a,  pães, 322-326. Mnec-sa qua Gcljay nltarpratc astcs db sarvcåñas fdgd sa ngpjnfcssag mniaralåc altra ugc rajcåæd ulnjctarcj (d  pd  p d m a r)  a ug prdfas sd ma ‚astçgujd gøtud‗ (c nlijuèlfnc). =>. Gdsfc, ]`a Rujjnle Fjcss,  trcm. (Ajagaltn mn Vfnalzc[d jntn jntnfc, fc,  30>9)am. Crt`ur Jnvnletdl  (Law ^dro, GfErcw-@njj Bddo Fd., 3>6>), pãe. 1;. C `npötasa î   cprasaltcmc tcgbîg pdr   [cratd ld sau ]rctcmd mn Vdfndjdenc Ealarcja  (3>39), (trcm.8 ]`aGnlm clm V dfnaty,  = vdjs.,  Law ^dro, @crfdurt Brcfa Hdvcldvnf`, 3>61), bag fdgd pdr Gnf`ajs,  [  [dj djnt ntnf nfcj cj [c [crtn rtnas as   (3>31) (Law ^dro, Fdjjnar Bddos, 3>92). @ã ug astumd axfajalta sdbra Gdsfc, qua nlfjun  ag cpèlmnfa c varsæd inlcj mc suc tadrnc mc fjcssa mnrnealta8 Hcgas @. Gansaj, ]`a Gyt` di    t` a R uj nl nle e Fjcss   (Cll Crbdr8 Qlnvarsnty di Gnf`necl [rass, 3>19). Ynjiramd [cratd8 Vdfndjd-    en  enfc fc j Urntnles,  sajaåæd a cprasaltcåæd ma V. A. Inlar (Law ^dro, [rcaear, 3>99) î  ugc bdc  nltrdmuåæd cd palscgaltd ma [cratd. Ynma ]cgbîg V. A. Inlar, ‚[cratd clm [jutd-Magd-    Cg ar arnfc nfc l [ dj djnt ntnf nfcj cj Vf nalf lfaa Ra vnau au   9; (hul`d ma 3>99),   frcfy8 td r Ecjcpceds‗, pães. pãe s. ==;==]`a ;-=1 =1Ratract ;. D jantd jantdr alfdltrcrã ug sugãrnd frçt frçtnfd nfd mcs na nmîncs mavnGnf`ajs ag Hd`l M. Gcy.  ‚Magdfrcfy, Dreclnzctndl, Gnf`ajs‗,  Cg ar arnf nfcl cl [ dj ntnf nt nfcj cj Vfna Vf nalf lfaa R av naw na w ,   1> (hul`d ma 3>91), pães. pães. =35-=2 >.

1;. Ds mcmds sæd ma H. Mcvnm Vnlear, Brufa G. Russatt a Gajvnl Vgcjj, ‚Lctndlcj [djntnfcj  Qlnts nl t`a ]waltnat` Faltury8 C Vtclmcrmnzam Jnst‗,  Cg arnf ar nfcl cl [ djnt dj ntnf nfcj cj Vfnal Vf nal fa Ra vnaw vn aw ,   19 (satagbrd ma 3>92), >62->12? a Fdggnttaa idr Afdldgnf Mavajdpgalt,  G dm arln ar lnzn znle le    Jdf  J df cj E dv ar lg al t  (Law ^dro, FAM, 3>99), tcbajc 6, pãe. 25. 13. Ynma Ear`crm Jalson,  [dw  [ dw ar cl m [rnvnj [r nvnjaea aea   (Law ^dro, GfErcw-@njj Bddo Fd., 3>99),  aspafncjgalta d Fcp. =. 12. ]`a Emvarlgaltcj[rdfass   (Law ^dro, Cjiram C. Oldpi, 3>13), pãe. 36>. 16. Ld altcltd, @crry Afostanl creugaltc qua c nlstcbnjnmcma sa tdrlc prdvãvaj sa `ã icjtc   ma fdleruèlfnc altra mniaraltas astruturcs ma cutdrnmcma ld gasgd pcçs. Ynma M  Mnv nvns nsndl ndl cl m   Fd`asnd Fd`a sndl l nl Magdfrcfy8 C Vtumy d i Ldrw cy   ([rnlfatdl, [rnlfatdl Qlnvarsnty [rass, 3>99),   Cpèlmnfa B. Ynma tcgbîg ‚Cut`drnty Rajctndls clm Edvarlgaltcj [aridrgclfa8 C ]`ad-  ratnfcj ratnf cj Ircga Ircgawdro‗, wdro‗, Fdgpcrctnva [djntnfs Vtumnas,   2 (dutubrd ma 3>9>), pães. 206-205. 1=. Gdsfc, ]`a Rujnle Fjcss,  trcm., pães. 5;-53. 11. Ynma Hcfo Mallns, Jadl Jnlmbare, Mdlcjm GfFrdla a Rdlmlay Vtnaibdjm, ‚[djntnfcj Vd-  fncjnzctndl td Magdfrctnf Drnaltctndls nl Idur Uastarl Vystags‗, Fdgpcrctnva [djntnfcj   Vtumnas,   3 (cbrnj ma 3>90), pães. 53-3;3. 19. Ga`gat Baqunrcz,  [a  [acs cscl cltr tryy nl R av d ju tn tndl dl   (Nt`cfc, Law ^dro, Faltar idr Nltarlctndlcj  Vtumnas, Fdrlajj Qlnvarsnty, 3>99). 15. Ynma @cmjay Fcltrnj, am.,  [u  [ubj bjnf nf D pn pnln lndl dl , 3 >6 1- 3 >= 9   ([rnlfatdl, [rnlfatdl Qlnvarsnty  [rass [rass,, 3>1 3), pães. 3=> 3=>-31 -31 3, 51 511-5 1-5 15. Fdg rajcåæd ë prdp prdpdstc dstc ma Rddsa Rddsavajt, vajt, a ë suc astrctî enc, vnma Hdsap` Cjsdp a ]urlar Fctjamea, ]`a 390 Mcys   (Ecrmal Fnty, L^, Mdubjamcy &  Fd., 3>60).

 

3==

Clãjnsa Clãjn sa [djçtnfc Gdmagc Gd magc

10. Ynma Iram N. Eraalstanl, a Ijclo B. Ianeart, ]`a Cgarnfcl [crty Vystag clm t`a Cga  rnfcl [ ad pja pj a   (Alejawddm Fjniis, L. H., [raltnfa-@cjj Nlf. 3>01), 6‐‐Amnåæd. Fcp. 2.

1>. Arlast Bcroar, am. ]`a [djntn [djntnfs fs d i Crnstd tja   (Dxidrm, Dxidrm Qlnvarsnty [rass, 3>12),   pãe. 15. 9;. Iram N. Eraalstanl a Irclo B. Ianeart ]`a Cgarnfcl [ crty Vnstag clm t`a Cg arnfcl [ad[ad-   [ad  [ adpj pja, a,   Alejawddm Fjniis, L. H., [raltnfa-@cjj Nlf. 3>01). 64 am. 9 djnt 3 ntnf . ;nfcj jantdr rm Valfdltrc alfdltrcrã ag F`c F`crja rjass Jawns  [dj  [ cjjantd cl clm df nc jN jNlm lmrã nf ct dr s,   24am., (Law

Udrjm @clmbddr di  ]cyjdr a^cja Gnf`c Gnf`caj aj F. @umdl, @cval, Qlnvarsnty [rass, 3>52) mcmds qucl   tntctnvds sdbra farfc ma 31; vcrnãvans, rajctnvcs c 369 pcçsas.

92. Ag  C Frds Fr dss-[ s-[ djn djnty ty Vu rv rvay ay,,   ma Crt`ur V. Bclos a Rdbart B. ]axtdr (Fcgbrnmea, Gcss.,  ]`a G. N. ]. [rass, 3>96), d jantdr alfdltrcrã ugc fjcssninfcåæd ma 331 pcçsas, bcsacmc ag   nlidrgcåæd qucltntctnvc a qucjntctnvc. 96. Ynma, pdr axagpjd, c clãjnsa mc nltarcåæd ma ictdras pdjçtnfds, sdfncns a afdlýgnfds ag   5= pcçsas ‚submasalvdjvnmds‗, ag 3>1;, pdr Nrgc Cmajgcl a Fylt`nc ]cji Gdrrns, Vdfnaty,   [ d jn jntn tnff s c lm A fd ld g nf M a va jd p g a l t   (Bcjtngdra, Hd`ls @dponls ulnvarsnty [rass, 3>95). 9=. D trcbcj`d pndlanrd î d ma Ecbrnaj C. Cjgdlm a Vymlay Yarbc, ]`a Fnvnf Fujtura   ([rnl-  fatdl, L. H., [rnlfatdl Qlnvarsnty [rass, 3>96), fdgpcrc ctntumas lds Astcmds Qlnmds. Eræ-Bratcl`c, Cjagcl`c, Ntãjnc a Gîxnfd. Dutrdqua axagpjd î @cmjay Fcltrnj, ]`a [cttag di     @u gcl gc l Fdlf Fd lfarl arl s  (Law Brulswnfo, Rutears Qlnvarsnty [rass, 3>91), bcsacmd lug astumd ma  36 pcçsas. 91. Ldtcmcgalta c sîrna sdbra masalvdjvngaltd pdjçtnfd, ag sata vdjugas, pctrdfnlcmc pajd   Fdgntè sdbra [djçtnfc Fdgpcrctnvc md Fdlsaj`d ma Nlvastnecåæd ag Fnèlfnc Vdfncj (Vdfncj   Vfnalfa Rasacrf` Fdulfnj),  pubjnfcmc pajc [rnlfatdl Qlnvarsnty [rass. D saxtd vdjuga, pdr  axagpjd, amntcmd pdr Hdsap` Jc[cjdgbcrc a Gyrdl Uanlar,  [  [dj djnt ntnf nfcj cj [ crtna cr tna s cl m [ djn tnf cj    M a va jd pg a l t  (3 >9 9) 9),, fdlt fdltîg îg alscnds sdbra ds snstagcs pcrt pcrtnmãrnds nmãrnds mc gcndr pcrta pcrta md gu gulmd, lmd,   axfaåæd iantc mcs ãracs sdfncjnstcs dlma pravcjafa d snstagc ma pcrtnmd ølnfd. 99. Ynma Rnf`crm J. Garrntt a Vtanl Rdoocl, ams., Fdgpcrnle Lctndl s8 ]`a Qs Qsaa d i Sucltn Sucltn--   tc  tctn tnva va Mctc Mc tc nl Frd ssss-Lc Lctnd tndlc lcjj R Rasa asa crf `   (Law @cval, ^cja Qlnvarsnty [rass, 3>99). ]`aa [djntnfs [djntnfs d i Crnstdtja   (Dxidrm, Dxidrm Qlnvarsnty [rass, 3>12), Jnvrd 95. Arlast Bcroar, ]` 6, Fcpçtujds 9 a 0, aspafncjgalta cs pães. 33;-33=. D jantdr dbsarvcrã, pdrîg, qua Crnstö tajas pdstarndrgalta cprasaltdu ug asquagc gcns fdgpjaxd, aqucfndlclmd c djnecrqunc cd   edvarld pajds rnfds a c magdfrcfnc cd edvarld pajds pdbras. nt y.   Mcs sans aspîf 90. Ag nlejès,  [ dj nty. aspîfnas nas crnstdtîjnfcs, c ølnfc fuhd ldga læd drnenldu ug tar gd gdmarld ma usd fdrralta.

9>. Gcx Uabar, ]` ]`aa ]`adry d i Vdfncj clm Afdld gnf Dreclnzctn Dreclnzctndl, dl,  trcm. ma C. G. @almarsdl  a ]cjfdtt [crsdls (Law ^dro, Dxidrm Qlnvarsnty [rass, 3>=5), pãe. 620. 5;. Cjeugcs mastcs, sdbratumd cs qua sæd rajavcltas pcrc ds snstagcs magdfrãtnfds, sa cf`cg   rasugnmcs ld crtned ma Cralm Jnp`crt, ‚]ypdjdenas di Magdfrctnf Vystags‗, Fdgpcrctnva    [ d jntn jn tnfc fc j Vt Vtum um nas, na s,   3 (c (cbr brnj nj ma 3>90, 6-==). 53. Barlcrm Frnfo, ‚]`a Ajagaltcry ]ypas di Edvarlgalt‗. Edvarlgalt clm Dppdsntndl,  6 (nlvarld ma 3>90), 6-2;. 52. Mcvnm A. Cptar, F`dnfa clm t`a [ djntnfs djntnfs d i Cjjdfctndl   (Law @cval, ^cja Qlnvarsnty [rass,  3>5 3), pãe pães. s. 6; a saet saets. s. Ynma tcgbîg, md gasgd cutdr. ‚U` ‚U`yy [dj [djntnfcj ntnfcj Vystag Vystagss F`clea‗,

 

 Ldtcs

3=11 3=

Edvarlgalt clm Dppdsntndl,   6

(dutdld ma 3>90), =33-=35, a ]` ]`aa [djntn [djntnfs fs d i Gdmag nzct nzctndl ndl   (F`nfced, Qlnvarsnty di F`nfced [rass? 3>91), pães. 22-60.

56. Amwcrm V`njs, ‚[djntnfcj Mavajdpgalt nl t`a Law Vtctas‗, Fdgpcrctnva Vtumnas nl Vd  fna  f na ty cl clm m @ nstd ns td ry, ry ,   2 (huj`d ma 3>9;) pães. 602-=;9. 5=. Ecbrnaj C. Cjgdlm, ‚Fdgpcrctnva [djntnfcj Vystags‗,  Hd  Hdur ur lcj lc j d i [dj [djnt ntnf nfs, s,   30 (cedstd ma 3>19), pães. 6>3-=;>. 51. V. L. Ansalstcmt, ]` ]`aa [djntn [djntnfcj fcj Vystag s d i Agpnr Agpnras as (Law ^dro, Iraa [rass, 3>96), pães.  3;- 32.

59. [`njjnp G. Eraee a Crt`ur V. Bclos, ‚Mngalsndls di [djntnfcj Vystags8 Icftdr Clcjysns   d i  C Frd Frdss ss [ d jn ty V u r v a y ‗, C g ar nf nfcl cl [ d jn jntn tnfc fc j Vfna Vf nalf lf a R av na w ,   1> (satagbrd ma 3>91),  pães. 9;2-93=. 55. Iram U. Rnees, ]` ]`aa Afdjdey d i [ubj [ubjnf nf Cmgnlnstrctn Cmgnlnstrctndl dl  (Bdgbcy, Csnc [ubjns`nla @dusa  3>93), pães. >6->5. 50. Brufa G. Russaatt, a dutrds, Udr Udrjm jm @clmbddo d i [djn [djntnfcj tnfcj clm Vdfn Vdfncj cj Nlmn Nlmnfctdrs fctdrs  (Law   @cval, ^cja Qlnvarsnty [rass, 3>9=). Udrjm m @clmb ddo,  tcbajcs =.6.6, =.1. 5>. Mcmds ma ]cyjdr a @umsdl, Udrj

0 ; .N b nm a g ,   tcbajcs =.= a =.1. Ds mcmds axcearcg cs mniaralåcs, pdrqua lds pcçsas galdras   du gcns pdbras, dlma læd axnstag nlstntunåñas ma alsnld suparndr, `ã sagpra passdcs qua væd   astumcr ld axtarndr. 03. Ynma Gcrna R. @cue, ‚Vdfncj clm Fujturcj [jurcjnsg cs c Fdlfapt nl Vdfncj Vystag Clc jysns‗,  Cg  C g arnf ar nfcl cl Hd ur lc j d i Vdf V df nd jd e y,   56 (ldvagbrd ma 3>95), pães. 2>=-6;=. D cutdr fjcs sninfc 33= pcçsas ma cfdrmd fdg ug çlmnfa ma pjurcjnsgd fdlfabnmd pcrc raijatnr sau ercu ma   `atardealanmcma ag gctîrnc ma jçleuc, rcåc, rajnenæd, raendlcjnsgd a cerupcgaltds îtlnfds. 02. Nstd læd quar mnzar, pdrîg, qua c fjcssa trcbcj`cmdrc ag sn gasgc sa tal`c tdrlcmd ugc   gnldrnc. Ynma Clmraw Javnsdl, ]`a Udrrnle Fjcss Gchdrnty  (Law ^dro, Fdwcrm, GfFcll &  Eade`aecl, 3>5=). 06. [ntnrng C. Vdrdonl, Vdfncj clm Fujturcj Mylcgnfs,   Ydj. 6 (Law ^dro, Cgarnfcl Bddo   Fd., 3>65), Fcp. 3=. 0=. ]am Rdbart Eurr, ‚C Fdgpcrctnva Vtumy di Fnvnj Vtrnia‗ nl   @ue` Mcvns Erc`cg a ]am  Rdbart Eurr, ams. ]` ]`aa @nstdry d i Yndj Yndjalf alfaa nl Cgarnfc8 C Ra pd rt td t`a Lctndlcj F Fdggn dggnss-   snd l dl t` a Fcus Fcusas as cl m [r aval av al tn tndl dl d i Ynd jal jalfa fa   (Law ^dro, Bcltcg Bddos, 3>9>), pães.   152-962. Ynma tcgbîg Nvd O. Ianarcbalm, Rdscjnlm J. Ianarcbalm a Batty C. Lasvdjm,   ‚Vdfncj F`clea clm [djntnfcj Yndjalfa8 Frdss-Lctndlcj [cttarls‗, pães. 962-905, ld gasgd   vdjuga. 01. ]cyjdr a @umsdl, Udrj Udrjm m @c lmbddo,   tcbajc 2.0, pãe. 11. 09. Fdgd d targd ‚magdfrcfnc‗ î agpraecmd pcrc maldgnlcr ug nmacrlæd-cjfclåcmd, a  tcjvaz nlcjfclåãvaj, suc utnjnzcåæd pcrc qucnsquar snstagcs pdjçtnfds axnstaltas javc sagpra ë  fdliusæd a ë fdltrdvîrsnc. Cqun, a lds fcpçtujds saeunltas, usd ds targds ‚edvarld pdpujcr‗  a ‚pdjncrqunc‗ (edvarld ma guntds) pcrc maldtcr ds snstagcs pdjçtnfds fdg suirãend cgpjd a   prdtaåæd rajctnvcgalta ainfcz mcs jnbarmcmas a dpdrtulnmcmas nlmnvnmucns. Axagpjds sæd ds   Astcmds Qlnmds mc Cgîrnfc, d Ranld Qlnmd, d Fclcmã, ds pcçsas asfclmnlcvds, c Ntãjnc a d   Hcpæd.

 

3=9

Clãjnsa [djçtnfc Gdmarlc

05. Ctî gasgd cjeuls cjeuls raengas gnstds, qua tdjarcg fdlsnmarãvaj fdlsnmarãvaj jnbarmcma ma axprassæd axprassæd pcrc ds frçtnfds a dpdsntdras md Edvarld, læd pargntag c axnstèlfnc ma pcrtnmds dreclnzcmds ma dpdsnåæd. 00. Agbdrc agpraeua ugc tnpdjdenc mds snstagcs pdjçtnfds mniaraltas Mcvnm Cptar cprasal tc ug creugaltd sagaj`clta ag F`dn F`dnfa fa clm t`a [djn [djntnfs tnfs d i Cjjdfctndl   (Law @cval, ^cja Qlnvarsnty [rass, 3>53), pães. 62-66 a  pcs  pcssng sng.. 0>.  Nb nm ag ,   pãe. =31. Ycja ldtcr qua tdmds ds 2= raengas fjcssninfcmds pajds cutdras fdgd ‚pargnssnvds‗ arcg pd jncrquncs? mds 26 fjcssni fjcssninfcmds nfcmds fdgd ‚f darfntnvds‗ darfntnvds‗ , lal`u g arc pdjnãrqunfd? mds 29 fjcssninfcmds fdgd ‚gdmarcmcgalta fdarfntnvds‗, sö 6 arcg pdjncrquncs, a ag tdmd s ds très c pdnncrqunc arc prafãrnc prafãrnc.. >;. D aspcåd jngntcmd ga ngpama ma fdlsnmarcr ugc sîrna ma tadrncs a ma mcmds sdbra ugc nlstntunåæd pdjçtnfc iulmcgaltcj, d snstagc pcrtnmãrnd, a d gdmd fdgd ajc sa rajcfndlc fdg cs fnsñas, ds fdlijntds a c pdnncrqunc. D jantdr pdma fdlsujtcr, c asta raspantd, [djntnfcj [crtnas  clm [djntnfcj Mavajdpgalt,   ma Hdsap` Jc[cjdgbcrc a Gyrdl Uanlar Uanlar ([rnlfatdl, L. H., [rnlfatdl Qlnvarsnty [rass, 3>99)? Vaygdur Gcrtnl Jnpsat a Vtanl Rdoocl, ams., [crty Vy s tags clm Ydtar Cjnelgalts   (Law ^dro, Iraa [rass, 3>95)? Arno Cjjcrmt a Vtanl Rdoocl, ams.,  Gcs  Gcsss [d jntnf jnt nfss   (Law ^dro, Iraa [rass, 3>5;). >3. Nvd O. Ianarcbalm, Rdscjnlm J. Ianrcbalm a Batty C. Lasvdjm, ‚Vdfncj F`clea clm [d jntnfcj Yndjalfa8 Frdss-Lctndlcj [cttarls‗ nl   @ue` Mcvns Erc`cg a ]am Rdbart Eurr, ams. ]`a @nstdry d i Yndj Yndjalfa alfa nl Cg arnfc (Law ^dro, Bcltcg, 3>9>), pães. 962-905. >2. Ld Fcpçtujd 5 d jantdr alfdltrcrã jnstc ma idltas sdbra asta pdltd. >6. Qg mds masvnds galfndlcmds ag amnåñas cltarndras î d mc çlmnc, qua lc mîfcmc ma 3>9; tnl`c ug [LB  pa  p a r fcpn fc pntc tc   a, fdltumd, arc ugc pdnncrqunc. Ag 3>51, pdrîg, cquaja pcçs pc rafnc cprdxngcr-sa md raenga mntctdrncj. >=. Ds mcmds sdbra c pdpujcåæd ldrta-cgarnfclc sæd md  Bu  Bura racu cu d i t` t`aa F alsu al suss (@ (@nstd nstdrnf rnfcj cj   Vtctntnfs d i tt`a `a Qlntam Vtctas Vtctas,,  Ucs`nletdl, Edvarlgalt [rnltnle Diinfa, 3>9>, pãe. 3=). D [LB mds AQC a mc QRVV sæd ds ma Cleus Gcmnsdl, ‚[rdmuftndl, Agpjdn, [rdmuftnvntî‗,  Clc  C lc jy sn snss a t [r [rîvn îvnsndl sndl,,  (hul`d ma 3>90), pãe. 6>5. Ynma tcgbîg F`crjas Jawns ]cyjdr a Gnf`caj @umsdl, Ud Udrj rjmm @clm bddo d i [djn [djntn tnfcj fcj clm Vdfnc Vdfncjj Nlmnfct Nlmnfctdrs, drs,  24am., (Law @cval, ^cja Qlnvarsnty [rass, 3>52), tcbajc 1.1, pãe. 63=. >1. Vdbra asta pdl td, vnma Macla A. Laubcuar, ‚Vdga F dlmntndls di Mag dfrcfy‗ ,  C g a 3>95), 3.;;2-3.;;>, 3.;;2-3.;;>, bag bag fdgd ds fdgal fdgal tã rnfcl [djntnfcj Vfnalfa Ravnaw,   92 mazagbrd ma 3>95), rnds ma Laubcuar a [`njjnps [`njjnps Futrne`t l c gasgc ravnstc ravnstc,, 92 (hu l`d ma 3>90), 150-103. >9. D saltnmd mc fcuscjnmcma pdma sar nlvarsd. Î d qua creugaltc Ear`crm Jalson lc suc clãjnsa clãj nsa cgpjc a bag iulm cg altcmc mc mnstrnbunåæd md pdm ar a mds prnvnj prnvnjîen îends ds lcs lcs sdfnamcmas sdfnamcmas ma mniaraltas tnpd s8 ‚Vag qucjqua r axfaåæd, axfaåæd, alfd ltrcgd s mniaralåcs prdlul fncmcs ag pdmar,  pr  prnv nvnjî njî en endd a ` d l rc , cs cssd sdfn fncm cmcs cs ës af d l d g nc s ce cerãr rãrncs ncs g cm u rc s. .. C m ns tr trnb nb u nå æd g u ntd nt d masne ma sneuc ucjj md pdmar, md prnvnjîend a mc `dlrc lasscs sdfnamcmas marnvc ag jcrec gamnmc md iulfndlc galtd md sau snstagc pdjçtnfd. [crc mnzè-jd gcns fjcrcgalta, lasscs sdfnamcmas cs nlstntun åñas ma edvarld fdlstntuag c idlta prngãrnc mc masneucjmcma sdfncj‗. [dw ar cl m [rn [rnvnj vnjaea aea  (Law ^dro, GfErcw-@njj, 3>99), pãe. 23;. >5. Du sahc, md Astcmd. >0. Brufa G. Russatt, ‚Nlaqucjnty clm Nlstcbnjnty8 ]`a Rajctndl di Jclm ]alura td [djntnfs‗, Udrjm [djntnfs,   39 (cbrnj ma 3>9=), pães. ==2-=1=. >>. Cjaxns ma ]dfquavnjja,  Mag  M ag df rc rcfy fy nl C g arnf ar nfc, c,   trcm. (Law ^dro, Ynltcea Bddos, 3>11),  pãe.. 6 ;3 . (p u b jn  pãe jnff cm d p a nc Fnc. A m ntd nt d rc L cf ndlc nd lc j, Væ Vædd [c ujd, uj d, 3 >9 >) >)..

 

Ldtcs

3=55 3=

3;;. Ynma Mcvnm [dttar,  i iaa d p j a d i [ ja l ty   (F`nfced, Qlnvarsnty di F`nfced [rass, 3>1=),  pã  pãe. e. 322. 322 . Rabaj   ([rnlfatdl, L. H. [rnlfatdl Qlnvarsnty [rass, 3>5;), ]am Rdbart 3;3. Ag U`y Gal Rabaj  Eurr fdjdfc c ‚nltalsnmcma mc prnvcåæd rajctnvc‗ ld faltrd mc suc axpjnfcåæd md ‚pdtalfncj ma vndjèlfnc fdjatnvc‗. Eurr mnstnleua très gdmcjnmcmas ma prnvcåæd rajctnvc8 ‚prnvcåæd pdr   mafrîsfngd (mafragaltcj maprnvctndl),  maprnvctndl),   ag qua cs axpaftctnvcs mds vcjdras md erupd pargc  prnv nvcc lafag rajctnvcgalta fdlstcltas, gcs `ã c parfapåæd ma qua assas vcjdras mafjnlcg? c  pr åæd pdr cspnrcåæd (cspnrctndlcj maprnvctndl),  maprnvctndl),  ag qua c fcpcfnmcma pargclafa rajctnvcgalta  prnvc nvc åæ åædd pr prde deras ras snvc snv c (p (prd rder eras assnv snvaa m a p rn vc tn tndd l ), ),   astãtnfc, gcs cs axpaftctnvcs cugaltcg? a c  pr ag qua `ã substclfncj a sngujtclacgalta ug cugaltd lc axpaftctnvc a ugc mngnlunåæd mc fcpcfnmcma‗, (pãe. =9). 3;2. Hc gas F. Mcvn Mcvnas, as, ‚] `a H-Furva dr Rnsnle clm Mafjnlnle Vctnsicftndl s cs c Fcusa di Vdga nl   @ue` Mcvns Erc`cg a ]am Rdbart, Eurr, Eract Ravdjutndl clm c Fdltcnlam Rabajjndl‗, nl ]`a @nstdry d i Ynd Yndjalf jalfaa nl Cgarnfcl8 C R apd rt td t`a Lctndlcj Fdggnssndl Fdggnssndl dl t`a Fcu Fcussas as   clm [ravaltndl [ravaltndl d i Yndja Yndjalfa lfa   (Law ^dro, Bcltcg, 3>9>), pães. 9>;-56;. 3;6. Gcrna R. @cue, ‚Vdfncj clm Fujturcj [jurcçnsg cs c Fdlfapt nl Vdfncj Vystag Clcjysns‗,  C  Cg g a rnfc rn fc l H d u rl cj d i VVdd fn fndd jd e y, y,   56 (ldvagbrd ma 3>95), pães. 2>=-6;=. Gcl,  (Bdstdl, Bacfdl [rass, 3>9=). 3;=. @arbart Gcrfusa, Dla-Mngalsndlcj Gcl,  rnfc fc l [ dj djnn 3;1. Rdbart A. Jcla, ‚]`a [djntnfs di Fdlsalsus nl cl Cea di Ciijualfa‗,  C g a rn tnfcj Vfnalfa Ravnaw ,   1> (mazagbrd ma 3>91), pães. 05=-0>1. Magdfrcfnas   (Law @cval, 3;9. Ynma Rdbart C Mc`j, am,, [djntnfcj Dppdsntndls nl Uastarl Magdfrcfnas  ^cja Qlnvarsnty [rass, 3>99), pães. 6>0-=;3. Eraafa  (Law ^dro, ]nga, 3>91), pãe. 3;0. Ds mcmds sæd ma 3;5. F. G. Bdwrc, Fjcssnfcj Eraafa  Eraaos  (Bcjtngdra, [aleunl, 3>13, 3>15), pãe. 363. Bdwrc (pãe. fnt.) a ma @. M. I. Onttd, ]`a Eraaos (Bcjtngdra, Ctalcs,   Cpèlmnfa NY nl nl Arlast 3;0. Crnstötajas, Vdbra c Fdlstntunåæd ma Ctalcs,   Arlast Bcxoar, am., ]`a [d jntn jntnfs fs d i Crnstdtja  Crnstdtja   (Law ^dro, Dxidrm Qlnvarsnty [rass, 3>92), pães. 65>-606.

3;>. Ag Law @cval, pdr axagpjd, d prdbjagc pcrafa parsnstnr. Ag 39=2, c Fdrta Earcj mc quajc Fdjýlnc nlstntunu ugc gujtc pcrc ds icjtdsds. Qg sîfujd mapdns, d prdbjagc pcrafnc læd tar snmd cnlmc rasdjvnmd. Ag 350=, c vaj`c pdvdcåæd fdjdlncj tdrldu-sa dinfncjgalta ugc fnmcma, a idrcg fdlvdfcmcs cs prnganrcs ajanåñas gulnfnpcns. Mds 9;; `dgals qua cjn gdrcvcg, cprdxngcmcgalta 21; idrcg axfjuçmds du pdrqua læd ctalmncg cds raqunsntds ma  prd  p rd p rnam rn am c m a d u p d rq u a tn tnll ` cg snmd snm d jac jacns ns ë E ræ ræ-B -B ra ratc tcl` l` c. Ma 6= 6=66 q u a sa q uc jn jnin infc fc rc rcg g fd g d ajantdras, ugc qucrtc pcrta manxdu ma iczar d hurcgaltd ma prcxa, parmalmd cssng d mnrantd ma vdtcr lc prnganrc ajanåæd. Agbdrc c gcndr pcrta mds ajantdras qucjninfcmds tnvassag vd tcmd aiatnvcgalta ld asfrutçlnd pcrc asfdj`ar d praiantd, mdns mncs mapdns sö ugc faltalc ma ]`aa  fnmcmæds (maltra 293) vdtcrcg lc ajanåæd pcrc varacmdras. Ynma F`crjas @. Javargdra, ]`  R a p u b jn jnff d i L Laa w @c va vall   (Bcjtngdra, Hd`ls @dponls Qlnvarsnty [rass, 3009), pães. == a 263. 33;. Ecbrnaj C. Cjgdlm a Vymlay Yarbc, ]`a Fnvnf Fujtura  Fujtura   (Bdstdl, Jnttja, Brdwl a Fd., 3>91), tcbajc NN.1, pãe. 19? [`njnp A. Fdlvarsa a Eadreas Mupaux, ‚[djntnzctndl di t`a Ajafnl Cleus tdrcta nl Irclfa clm t`a Qlntam Vtctas", nl  Cleus Fcgpbajj, [`njnp A. Fdlvarsa, Ucrral A. [djntnfcj Drmar  (Law Gnjjar a Mdlcjm A. Vtdoas, Ajaftndls cl m t`a [djntnfcj   (Law ^dro, Hd`l Unjay & Vdls, 3>99), pães. 29>-2>3.

333. Qgc clãjns clãjnsaa gcns gcns fdg pjatc pdma sar alfd ltrcmc ld astumd gu ntd cgpjd m c pcrtnfnpcåæd pcrtnfnpcåæd [crtnfnpctndl    p  pdd j çtnf çt nf c ld s A stcm st cm d s Q lnmd ln md s mc C g îr îrnf nfc, c, p d r Vy m la y Y ar arbc bc a L d rg cl @. L na, [crtnfnpctndl nl Cgarnfc8 [djntnfcj [djntnfcj Mag dfrcfy clm V dfncj Aq ucjnty  ucjnty   (Law ^dro, @crpar & Rdw, 3>52).

 

3=00 3=

Clãjnsa [djçtnfc Gdmarlc

332.  Nb nm nmag ag ,   pãe. =>. C mnstnlåæd altra cs mucs idrgcs ma pcrtnfnpcåæd masfrntcs lasta pcrã ercid a ld saeunlta î ratnrcmc md astumd ma Yarbc a Lna. 336. Ecbrnaj C. Cjgdlm a Vymlay Yarbc, ']`a Fnvnf Fujtura   (Bdstdl, Jnttja, Brdwl a Fd.,   3>9 1), tcbajc tcbajc NN.6, pãe. pãe. =0. `a Cg a 33=. Cleus Fcgpbajj, [`njnp A. Fdlvarsa, Ucrral A. Gnjjtar a Mdlcjm A. Vtdoas, ] `a  rnfcl Y dt dtar ar  (Law ^dro, Hd`l Unjay Unjay & Vdls, 3>9;) 3> 9;),, pãe. pãe. 3;=.

331. Cleus Fcgpbajj Fcgpbajj a @alry @alry Ycjal, Ycjal, ‚[crty ‚[crty Nmaltninfctndl nl Ldrwcy Ld rwcy clm t`a Qlntam Vtctas‗ ,  nl  Fcgpbajj at cj , Ajaftndls clm t`a [djntnfcj [djntnfcj Drmar Drmar 331. Cleus Fcgpbajj Fcgpbajj a @alry @alry Ycjal, Ycjal, ‚[crty ‚[crty Nmaltninfctndl Nmaltninfctndl nl Ldrw cy clm t`a Qlntam Vtctas‗ ,  nl  Fcgpbajj at cj, Ajaftndls clm t`a [djntn [djntnfcj fcj Drmar Drmar  (Law ^ dro, Hd`l Unjay Unjay &  Vdls, 3>99),  pãe. 210. Ydtar,  pãe. 3;1? Rdbart R. Cjidrm a @crry G. Vfdbja,   339. Fcgpbajj a t c j, ]`a Cgarnfcl Ydtar, ‚Vdurfas di Jdfcj [djntnfcj Nlvdjvagalt‗, C  Cg g arnf ar nfcl cl [ dj ntnf nt nf cj V fnal fn al fa R av na w ,   96 (mazagbrd   ma 3>90), pãe. 33>2 -32; 9,32; ;. Ydtar, tcbajc 1.6, pãe. >>. 335. Fcgpbajj a t c j, ]`a Cgarnfcl Ydtar, 330. Rdbart C. Mc`j a Amwcrm R. ]uita, Vnza clm Magdfrcfy   (Vtclidrm, Fcjni., Vtclidrm  Qlnvarsnty [rass, 3>56), pães. 16-91.

33>. Fcgpbajj a t c j, ]`a Cgarnfcl Ydtar, Ydtar,  pães. 139-13>. 32;. Mc`j a ]uita, Vnza clm Mag dfrcfy, dfrcfy,  tcbajc =.>, pãe. 1=. 323. Nstd î, dbtar ug tçtujd ajantdrcj. 322. Vtcljay Oajjay, Hr., Rnf`crm A. Cyars a Unjjncg E.. Bdwal, ‚Raenstrctndl clm Ydtnle.    [dj djnt ntnf nfcj cj Vf na nalf lfaa R av na naw w ,  93 (hul`d ma 3>95), pãe. 695. [uttnle Inrst ]`nlesInrst‗,/jgarnfc«  [ 326. Yarbc a Lna, [  [cr crtnf tnf npct np ctnd ndl l nl C g arnfc ar nfc ,   pãe. 1;.  Rac ac mnl es nl G d m a g [ djnt dj ntnf nf cj C lc 32=. Fdg raspantd ë Irclåc, vnma Fdlvarsa a Mupaus,  R jysns,  pãe. =;0. Fdg rajcåæd cd Ranld Qlnmd, Rnf`crm Rdsa,  [  [dj dj ntnf nt nf s nl Al Alejc ejc lm   (Bdstdl,  Jnttja, Brdwl & Fd., 3>9=) 3> 9=),, pãe. pãe. 0>. 0> . [crc [crc ugc fdgpcrcåæd mc Ldruaec fdg ds Astcmds Qln mds mc Cgîrnfc, vnma V. Rdoocl a C. Fcgpbajj, ‚Fntnzal [crtnfnpctndl nl [djntnfcj Jnia8 C  Fdgpcrnsdl di Mctc idr Ldrwcy clm t`a Qlntam Vtctas di Cgarnfc‗, nl Mafnsndls clm Ma-   fnsndl-G  fnsnd l-G crars nl t` t`aa G d m ag V tcta tc ta,,   H. Gaylcum, am. ([crns, QLAVFD, 3>95), pães. 21=-211.

329. Ynma Fcp. 6, ‚Mniaralåcs lcs Nlijuèlfncs‗. 325. Ynma cjeugcs fdgpcrcåñas nltarlcfndlcns ag Yarbc a Lna,  [  [cr crtnf tnfnp npctn ctndl dl nl C g ar arnfc nfc ,   tc bajc 2;-3, pãe. 6=;. Asscs fdgpcrcåñas gdstrcg fdrrajcåñas altra pcrtnfnpcåæd pdjçtnfc a    stct  st ct u s   söfnd-afdlýgnfd mc drmag ma ;,=6 a ;,65, ag mdns mniaraltas astumds. Cssng, d  stct  st ctus us   söfnd-afdlýgnfd axpjnfc galds ma ug qunltd mc vcrncåæd tdtcj, manxclmd 0; pdr faltd du