Daftar Baja (Consteel2006)
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Continental Steel Pte Ltd 100 Gul Circle Singapore 629586 Tel: +65 68620033 Fax: +65 68616448, 68625963/4006
Web: www.consteel.com.sg
PRODUCTS HANDBOOK Structural Steel 2006 Edition
Subsidiary Companies:
Continental Hardware (M) Sdn Bhd Viewforth Trading and Engineering Pte Ltd Conblast Industries Pte Ltd Con-Struct Engineering Technology Pte Ltd
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CONTENT
The Company Profile Services
1 1 2
Explanatory Notes General information Introduction
9 9 9
Materials - EN10025 : 2004 is the new European standard for structural steel History of the standard The new standard EN 10025 : 2004 Grade designation systems Grades, properties and nearest equivalents Manufacturing tolerances Comparison between general structural steel specifications
10 10 10 11 13 16 17
Section Properties Dimensional units Mass and force units
18 21 21
Comparison Between Hot Finished and Cold Formed Hollow Sections Introduction Specifications Manufacture of hollow sections Section properties Structural performance Compression resistance Web bearing and buckling Tension, shear and bending Summary
22 22 22 23 24 25 26 26 26 27
Fire resistance Externally protected columns Internally protected columns Cost comparisons Universal Beams and Columns General Rolling tolerances - EN 10034 : 1993 Metric sizes Imperial sizes
Continental Steel Pte Ltd
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27 27 28 28
31 31 32 34 40
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Cellular Beams Section sizes
57 57
Castellated Beams Section sizes
58 58
Structural Tees General Metric sizes Imperial sizes
63 63 64 68
Bearing Piles General Metric sizes Imperial sizes
77 77 78 80
Hot Finished Ellipcon Sections General Ellipcon sections Semi Ellipcon sections
83 83 84 85
Hot Finished Hollow Sections General Comparable specifications Product specifications Chemical composition Mechanical properties Tensile test Charpy V-notch impact test Manufacturing tolerances Other specifications
87 87 87 88 88 88 88 88 89 90
Circular sections Square sections Rectangular sections Cold Formed Hollow Sections General Comparable specifications Product specifications Chemical composition Mechanical properties Tensile test Charpy V-notch impact test Manufacturing tolerances Other specifications
Continental Steel Pte Ltd
91 96 100 105 105 105 106 106 106 106 106 107 107
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Circular sections Square sections Rectangular sections Channels Rolling tolerances - EN 10279 : 2000
108 111 116 119 119
Tapered Flange Metric sizes Imperial sizes
120 120 121
Parallel Flange
124
General Introduction Material specifications Storage and handling Holing and cleating for C Purlins
125 125 125 125 126 127
Plain Channels Lipped Channels High-Tensile Galvanised C Purlins High-Tensile Galvanised Z Purlins
129 130 132 133
Rolling tolerances - EN 10056-2 : 1993 Equal Angles Unequal Angles
135 135 136 138
Flat Bars Square Bars Deformed and Round Bars
139 139 141 142
Product specifications Main specifications List of standard specifications Mild Steel Plates Chequered Plates
143 143 143 144 148 149
JIS G3452 (1988) SGP BS 1387 (1985) API 5L (1991) and ASTM A53 (1997) Chemical composition Mechanical properties Section sizes
153 153 154 156 156 156 157
Purlins
Angles
Bars
Plates
Pipes
Continental Steel Pte Ltd
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Steel Sheet Piles PU Steel Sheet Piles Mechanical properties Dimensions and sectional properties Interlocking options Dimensional tolerances Handling holes and double piles
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169 169 169 169 170 170 170
KSP Steel Sheet Piles Mechanical properties Dimensions and sectional properties Interlocking options Dimensional tolerances Recommended maximum lengths for driving
171 171 171 172 172 172
KSP Straight Web Sections Mechanical properties Dimensions and sectional properties Dimensional tolerances
173 173 173 174
General Sizes
175 175
Gratings
Appendix Conversion factors
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LIST OF TABLE ○
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Note: Section tables are not numbered and put in the list, except from High-Tensile Galvanised C and Z Purlins, Mild Steel Plates, Chequered Plates, API 5L (1991) and ASTM A53 (1997) pipes, Steel Sheet Piles to EN 10248:1996 and Other Steel Sheet Piles. Table 1 - EN 10025 : part 2 : 2004 Non-alloy structural steels
13
Table 2 - EN 10025 : part 3 : 2004 Normalised/normalised rolled
14
Table 3 - EN 10025 : part 4 : 2004 Thermo mechanically rolled
14
Table 4 - EN 10025 : part 5 : 2004 Structural steels with improved atmospheric
15
Table 5 - EN 10025 : part 6 : 2004 Flat products of high yield strength structural steels
15
Table 6 - Comparison between general structural steel specifications
17
Table 7 - Conditions for welding cold-deformed zones and adjacent material
25
Table 8 - Fire resistance: Cost comparison - universal columns vs. circular hollows
29
Table 9 - Fire resistance: Cost comparison - universal columns vs. rectangular hollows
29
Table 10 - Universal Beams and Columns: Standard specifications
31
Table 11 - Structural Tees: Standard specifications
63
Table 12 - Bearing Piles: Standard specifications
77
Table 13 - Hot Finished Hollow Sections: Comparable specifications
87
Table 14 - Hot Finished Hollow Sections: Mechanical properties
88
Table 15 - Hot Finished Hollow Sections: Manufacturing tolerances
89
Table 16 - Cold Formed Hollow Sections: Comparable specifications
105
Table 17 - Cold Formed Hollow Sections: Mechanical properties
106
Table 18 - Cold Formed Hollow Sections: Manufacturing tolerances
107
Table 19 - Purlins: Material specifications and tolerances
125
Table 20 - Purlins: Tolerances on length and thickness
126
Table 21 - High-Tensile Galvanised Purlins: Mechanical properties/Tolerances
126
Table 22 - High-Tensile Galvanised Purlins: Cleat holes position
128
Table 23 - High-Tensile Galvanised C-Purlins: Section sizes
132
Table 24 - High-Tensile Galvanised Z-Purlins: Section sizes
133
Table 25 - Plates: List of standards specifications
147
Table 26 - Plates: Sizes of Mild Steel Plates
149
Table 27 - Plates: Sizes of Chequered Plates
149
Table 28 - API 5L and ASTM A53 Pipes: Chemical composition Table 29 - API 5L and ASTM A53 Pipes: Mechanical properties Table 30 - PU Steel Sheet Piles: Section sizes
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156
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Table 31 - PU Steel Sheet Piles: Interlocking options Table 32 - PU Steel Sheet Piles: Dimensional tolerances Table 33 - KSP Steel Sheet Piles: Mechanical properties Table 34 - KSP Steel Sheet Piles: Section sizes and properties Table 35 - KSP Steel Sheet Piles: Interlocking options Table 36 - KSP Steel Sheet Piles: Dimensional tolerances Table 37 - KSP Straight Web Sections: Mechanical properties Table 38 - KSP Straight Web Sections: Section sizes and properties Table 39 - KSP Straight Web Sections: Interlocking strength Table 40 - KSP Straight Web Sections: Dimensional tolerances Table 41 - Gratings: Sizes
170
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171
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172
172
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173
173
174
175
Continental Steel Pte Ltd
LIST OF FIGURES ○
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Note: Drawings from section tables are not numbered and put in this list, except from High-Tensile Galvanised C and Z Purlins, Mild Steel Plates, Chequered Plates, API 5L (1991) and ASTM A53 (1997) pipes, Steel Sheet Piles to EN 10248:1996 and Other Steel Sheet Piles. Figure 1 - Effect of cold working on material properties for cold formed hollow sections
24
Figure 2 - Comparison of corner radius of hot finished and cold formed hollow sections
24
Figure 3 - Compression/Slenderness curves for columns
26
Figure 4 - Universal Beams and Columns: Section shapes
31
Figure 5 - Structural Tees: Section shapes
63
Figure 6 - Bearing Piles: Section shape
77
Figure 7 - Twist of square or rectangular hollow sections
90
Figure 8 - How to measure cross-sectional dimensions of hollow sections
90
Figure 9 - C and Z Purlins
125
Figure 10 - Holing and cleats for C purlins
127
Figure 11 - PU Steel Sheet Piles: Dimensions
169
Figure 12 - KSP Steel Sheet Piles: Dimensions
171
Figure 13 - KSP Straight Web Sections: Dimensions
173
Figure 14 - Gratings: Dimensions
175
Continental Steel Pte Ltd
Continental Steel Pte Ltd ○
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The Company ○
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Being one of the biggest premier steel suppliers throughout the region, Continental Steel has the
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first fully covered multi-storey warehouse that occupies a floor area of 350,000 sq. ft. The ware-
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house has facilities that allows the following services:
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a) Rust protected storage
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b) Larger stockholding capacity that can accommodate 150,000 tons of material
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c) 24 heavy-duty over-head cranes remotely controlled, some of which are magnetic
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d) Ability to service 12 container trucks at any one time
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e) Advanced handling system ensures quick delivery and turn around time Conducive working environment for more productive workforce in rain or shine
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f)
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g) Ability to operate 24hr shifts to meet extra large quantity deadlines.
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Continental Steel Pte Ltd is a CIDB registered supplier in the L5 category for all structural steel
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Apart from being the supplier of a comprehensive range of quality steel sections, Continental Steel aims to extend its commitment to customers by enhancing its services and adding new facilities. A dedicated team is tasked to provide technical support so as to advise the proper usage of steel and assist customers in using the products to its best advantage.
Continental Steel Pte Ltd
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SERVICES ○
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• Technical support
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• Auto Cut and Bend operations
With a new team of highly qualified engineers we can advise our customers on the correct use of structural steel and provide help on the structural design.
• Shearing of steel plate Shearing facility that sizes steel plates up to 20mm thickness and maximum 6.1m width.
In current competitive business environment, efficiency and product specialization are the essence to a business survival and profitability. So for building contractors and developers, material usage control and wastage management plus other fixed overhead investments like machinery and work-shop space should be kept at a minimum level. To meet this demand we had invested both machinery, skill workers and other infra-structure to provide cut to size and bend to shape reinforcement bars services. Thus removing building contractors and developers tons of on-site work. Our company is also a HDB approved cut and bend service provider. Powerful hydraulic cutters are being used to cut high tensile reinforcement bars and having capacity to cut bars up to a diameter of 40mm. With auto feeding and measuring mechanism in corporate into the cutter, out-put of the cutting operation could be optimized. Furthermore overhead cranes facilities provide efficiency in both moving reinforcement bars from storage bay to production area and from production area to lorry for timely delivery.
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Continental Steel Pte Ltd
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Dimensions and bend angles checks are part of the work process to ensure the end product meet customers' requirement. All bending activities are either fully automatic or machines assisted. Optimal layout of bending machines provides valuable space for storing finished products. Furthermore it provides capacity to bend bars up to 12 meters length. Thus out-sourcing cut and bend activities by contractors and developers assist them in managing their resources far more efficiently and effectively.
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CNC Drilling & Bandsawing Line System
The steel construction industry faces many challenges in this 21st century. Steel fabrication demands a fast track job, with complex detail and minimum tolerance to remain in competitive market. Continental Steel provides cut to length steel material, subsequently no wastage in construction site. With our automatic drilling and sawing service, we offer flexibility, productivity and reliability of steel products to meet customer's high standard requirements and tight schedule. With computerized measuring system, we ensure the highest accuracy in steel cutting and drilling. Whether your requirements call for complex or simple detail, large or small scale project, Continental Steel is your source for all CNC drilling and sawing requirements.
Continental Steel Pte Ltd
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The Kaltenbach 3 axis CNC drilling machine KD 1015 provides state of the art drilling to suit a wide range of material requirements. KD series have two horizontal and one vertical axis drill spindle, with a maximum drill capacity of 40 mm and are fitted as standard with an auto tool changer.
Features of the KD machine: - Machine gantry designed with robust welded construction
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The Control Desk with graphical user interface under Windows and Touch-Screen Monitors ensures a fast and easy programming of the machine. Working Range and Technical Data: Angle steel max (mm) 250 x 250 x 28 U Steel max(mm) 400 x 110 H beam max (mm) 1,000 x 400 Drilling unit: Vertical (Y-axis) (pc) Horizontal (Z- and W-axes)(pc) Drill diameter (mm)
- Programmed spindle speeds are automatically assigned to each drill diameter - Automatic drill offset by touch sensing of the drill tips against the material - Lowering program for all three drill bits - Electro-mechanical drill feed using ball bearing spindle with servo motor - Automatic cross-section measuring - Fast and precise drill spindles positioning via ball screw drive and servo motors.
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Continental Steel Pte Ltd
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Features of the KBS Bandsaw:
Future expansion of new drilling technology will satisfy steel industry with advanced bolt connection for structural steel work industry. A new Thermal Friction Drilling system will bush length up to 3 times the original thickness. This system produces perfectly formed bushes using a combination of rotation speed and pressure to locally heat the material, forming a bush in various thickness of metal. The Band saw KBS 1001 DG was developed for the special requirements of steel construction and steel suppliers and combine solid machine construction with high performance elements. The large cutting range, even for acutely angled mitresquares on both sides, combined with compact construction, particularly distinguish this Bandsaw.
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Short setup times due to NC-controlled mitre angle setting and automatic cycle control (clamping - sawing- releasing)
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Enhanced band life thanks to full-stroke hydraulic band tensioning with auto stand-by tension feature, plus coolant atomizer system.
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Secure material clamping via selfadjusting machine vise.
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Coolant Atomizer System for efficiently lubrification and cooling of the sawband.
Via the graphical user surface Proficut, running under Windows, the machine could be programmed. The software is able to import DSTV or CSV files from customers' software. Different functions like a Material database, a part database or an order management module makes programming fast and very easy.
A Hydraulic saw band feed, infinitely variable at the freestanding control cabinet (feed control by proportional valve technology) and a 7.5 KW strong drive motor with infinitely cutting speeds ensures perfect cutting performance.
Continental Steel Pte Ltd
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Cutting range: Round material
90°
mm
500
Bundles:
90°
mm
600 x 500
Square
90°
mm
1,000 x 500
Beams
45°
mm
640 X 500
30°
mm
400 x 500
Mitre Cutting range
degrees 45 - 90 - 30
Technical data:
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Band dimensions
mm
8,250 x 54 x 1.6
Drive capacity
KW
7.5
Cutting speeds
m/min
16-100
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The efficiency and productivity of both machines are improved by auto measuring system, rollerway and material handling equipment. With a uniform control, Continental can achieve the optimum production environment In concert with our Quality Assurance program and continuous inspection control, we are in the edge in providing best flexibility, productivity and reliability of steel saw and drill service. We welcome the challenge to become your supplier of high quality ready-to-use steel products to be delivered on time.
Continental Steel Pte Ltd
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• Auto shot blasting and painting For better steel finishes and protection, the fully automatic shot blasting machines attend to the steel treatment needs with the provision of inhouse painting.
• Fully computerised administrative system Computer networks that ensure quicker and more efficient administration fully support the office procedures from quotations to delivery.
• Galvanising Hot dip galvanising provides the permanent good appearance and freedom from maintenance that ensures long service life.
• In house delivery service Having a highly motivated team of delivery staff and efficient transportation services, just in time requirements can be achieved. There are 24 heavy-duty over-head cranes remotely controlled, some of which are magnetic with up to 12 tons loading capacity. A mobile crane with maximum 30 tons lifting capacity is also available to ensure unloading at any construction site. As one of the leading steel suppliers, Continental Steel has set up an industrial standard in the region. The company also has the capability of providing steels to the exact specified requirements for different needs.
Continental Steel Pte Ltd
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Continental Steel Pte Ltd
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Explanatory Notes ○
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General information All weights and measures shown on invoices will be governed by standards of the respective specifications so offered. Care has been taken to ensure that all data and information herein are factual and that numerical values are accurate. To the best of our knowledge, all information contained in this handbook is accurate at the time of publication. Continental Steel Pte Ltd assumes no responsibility for errors in or misinterpretation of the information contained in this handbook or in its use.
Introduction To serve the increasing demands for more section types and to create the awareness on the proper use of steel, we have come up with a new product catalogue. The new handbook has a more comprehensive range of products and useful technical information, and it also functions as a design reference for the consultants and a product catalogue for our customers. To help our customers to proper design and use of steel we have also extended the business by offering our customers technical support from our team of Structural Engineers. The catalogue contains up-to-date materials standards specifications. Note that new European standards supersede most of the old British Standards, see sections “Materials” and “Manufacturing tolerances” under this chapter, and the design guide BS 5950 substitutes BS 449. The content list of our new catalogue shows that we have increased the range of section types and sizes. This is to give our customers a bigger choice when selecting material and more room for imagination, innovation and flexibility when designing and planning for new structures. With more sections to choose from, the designers will have opportunities to make better and more cost efficient designs, by selecting the section size closest to that required. Some of the new section types we have added to our product list are: Structural Tees Cellular Beams Hot Finished Ellipcon Sections, elliptical and semi elliptical Parallel Flange Channels High-Tensile Galvanised C and Z Purlins. The new catalogue also contains a comparison between hot finished and cold formed hollow sections. We included this because substitution of cold formed sections for hot finished sections are very common in this region, but not everybody knows the differences between the two section types. The first few pages of the catalogue give a short resume of the company profile and the services we provide. The summary shows that we have extended our business by adding more value to the steel we supply to our customers. Our steel suppliers are mills with third party certifications, such as ISO, CARES and/or Lloyd’s.
Continental Steel Pte Ltd
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Explanatory Notes
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Materials - EN10025 : 2004 is the new European standard for structural steel EN 10025 : 2004 is the new European standard for structural steel. It shows the new grades, properties and the nearest equivalent grades from former standards including EN 10025 : 1993. The grade designation system is also explained.
History of the standard The European Committee for Iron and Steel Standardisation is responsible for producing the European Standards (ENs) for structural steels. The first of these standards, EN 10025, was published in the UK by BSI as EN 10025 : 1990, partly superseding BS 4360 : 1986, which was re-issued as BS 4360 : 1990. In 1993, a second edition of EN 10025 was made available together with EN 10113 : parts 1, 2 & 3 and EN 10155. In June 1994, EN 10210 : part 1 was published and at the same time BS 4360 was officially withdrawn. The balance of the BS 4360 steels not affected by these ENs were re-issued in new British Standards BS 7613 and BS 7668. In 1996, with the publication of EN 10137, BS 7613 was withdrawn. BS 7668 will remain until an EN for atmospheric corrosion resistant hollow sections is available In 2004 the standard EN 10025 was revised to address the provisions of EU Construction Products Directive (89/106/EEC). It is now published in six parts to bring together almost all the 'Structural Metallic Products' into one comprehensive standard.
The new standard EN 10025 : 2004 The new standard is published in six parts and draws together earlier standards to produce one standard for the majority of structural steel products. The parts are: • Part 1 - General technical delivery conditions. • Part 2 - Technical delivery conditions for non-alloy structural steels. Supersedes EN 10025 : 1993 • Part 3 - Technical delivery conditions for normalised / normalised rolled weldable fine grain structural steels. Supersedes EN 10113 : parts 1 & 2 : 1993 • Part 4 - Technical delivery conditions for thermo mechanically rolled weldable fine grain structural steels. Supersedes EN 10113 : parts 1 & 3 : 1993 • Part 5 - Technical delivery conditions for structural steels with improved atmospheric corrosion resistance - also known as weathering steels. Supersedes EN 10155 : 1993 • Part 6 - Technical delivery conditions for flat products of high yield strength structural steels in the quenched and tempered condition. Supersedes EN 10137 : parts 1 & 2 : 1996
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Grade designation systems The designation systems used in the new standard are similar but not identical to EN 10025 : 1993 and very different to the familiar BS 4360 designations so the guide below has been prepared to assist purchasers, specifiers, designers and users of steel.
Symbols used in EN 10025 : part 2 : 2004 Non-alloy structural steels S...
Structural steel
E...
Engineering steel
.235...
Minimum yield strength (Reh) in MPa @ 16mm
...JR..
Longitudinal Charpy V-notch impacts 27 J @ +20°C
...J0..
Longitudinal Charpy V-notch impacts 27 J @ 0°C
...J2..
Longitudinal Charpy V-notch impacts 27 J @ -20°C
...K2..
Longitudinal Charpy V-notch impacts 40 J @ -20°C
...+AR Supply condition as rolled ...+N
Supply condition normalised or normalised rolled
Customer options ...C..
Grade suitable for cold forming
...Z..
Grade with improved properties perpendicular to the surface
Examples: S235JR+AR, S355K2C+N
Symbols used in EN 10025 : part 3 : 2004 Normalised/normalised rolled weldable fine grain structural steels S...
Structural steel
.275...
Minimum yield strength (Reh) in MPa @ 16mm
...N..
Longitudinal Charpy V-notch impacts at a temperature not lower than -20°C
...NL..
Longitudinal Charpy V-notch impacts at a temperature not lower than -50°C
Customer options ...Z..
Grade with improved properties perpendicular to the surface
Examples: S275N, S420NL Z35
Symbols used in EN 10025 : part 4 : 2004 Thermo mechanically rolled weldable fine grain structural steels S...
Structural steel
.275...
Minimum yield strength (Reh) in MPa @ 16mm
...M..
Longitudinal Charpy V-notch impacts at a temperature not lower than -20°C
...ML..
Longitudinal Charpy V-notch impacts at a temperature not lower than -50°C
Customer options ...Z..
Grade with improved properties perpendicular to the surface
Examples: S355M, S460ML Z25
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Explanatory Notes
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Symbols used in EN 10025 : part 5 : 2004 Structural steels with improved atmospheric corrosion resistance - also known as weathering steels S...
Structural steel
.355... Minimum yield strength (Reh) in MPa @ 16mm ...J0..
Longitudinal Charpy V-notch impacts 27 J @ 0°C
...J2..
Longitudinal Charpy V-notch impacts 27 J @ -20°C
...K2..
Longitudinal Charpy V-notch impacts 40 J @ -20°C
...W..
Improved atmospheric corrosion resistance
...P..
Greater phosphorus content (grade S355 only)
...+AR Supply condition as rolled ...+N
Supply condition normalised or normalised rolled
Customer options ...Z..
Grade with improved properties perpendicular to the surface
Examples: S235J0W+AR, S355K2W+N Z25
Symbols used in EN 10025 : part 6 : 2004 Flat products of high yield strength structural steels in the quenched and tempered condition S...
Structural steel
.460... Minimum yield strength (Reh) in MPa @ 16mm ...Q..
Longitudinal Charpy V-notch impacts at a temperature not lower than -20°C
...QL..
Longitudinal Charpy V-notch impacts at a temperature not lower than -40°C
...QL1.. Longitudinal Charpy V-notch impacts at a temperature not lower than -60°C Customer options ...Z..
Grade with improved properties perpendicular to the surface
Examples: S460Q, S690QL
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Grades, properties and nearest equivalents The tables below show the grades, properties and nearest equivalent grades from earlier standards. The grade designations are explained on the previous pages.
Comparison between grades in EN 10025 : part 2 : 2004 and nearest equivalent versions in EN 10025 : 1993 and BS 4360 : 1990 EN 10025 : part 2 : 2004
EN 10025 : 1993
BS 4360 : 1990
Grade
Grade
Grade
S185
-
Yield (Reh) min
Tensile (Rm)
Charpy V-notch longitudinal
S185 -
185
290/510
1
S235JR
2
235
360/510
Energy (J) t =16mm
o
Strength at t = 16mm (MPa)
Temp ( C) -
-
-
-
S235
40A
20
27
S235JRG1/G2
40B
S235J0
0
27
S235J0
40C
S235J2
-20
27
S235J2G3/G4
40D
-
-
S275
43A
-
1 2
20
27
S275JR
43B
S275J0
0
27
S275J0
43C
S275J2
-20
27
S275J2G3/G4
43D
S275JR
-
275
410/560
1
S355JR S355J0
2
355
470/630
-
-
S355
50A
20
27
S355JR
50B
0
27
S355J0
50C
S355J2
-20
27
S355J2G3/G4
50D
S355K2
-20
40
S355K2G3/G4
50DD
E295
295
470/610
-
-
E295
-
S335
335
570/710
-
-
S335
-
E360
360
650/830
-
-
E360
-
1 MPa = 1 N/mm 2
Table 1 – EN 10025 : part 2 : 2004 Non-alloy structural steels
Notes 1
For all products to be compliant with the EU Construction Products Directive (CPD 89/106/EC) the material must offer a guaranteed minimum impact performance. This has resulted in the removal of this grade from the standard, and the lowest grade now offered is the JR version for each yield strength variation.
2
Verification of the specified impact value is only carried out when agreed at the time of the enquiry and order.
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Explanatory Notes
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Comparison between grades in EN 10025 : part 3 : 2004 and nearest equivalent versions in EN 10113 : part 2 : 1993 and BS 4360 : 1990 EN 10025 : part 3 : 2004
Grade
EN 10113 : part 2 : 1993
Yield (Reh) min
Tensile (Rm)
Charpy V-notch longitudinal o
Strength at t = 16mm (MPa)
Temp ( C)
S275N 275
BS 4360 : 1990
Grade
Grade
Energy (J) t =16mm
-20
40
S275N
43DD
-50
27
S275NL
43EE
-20
40
S355N
50
370/510
S275NL S355N 355
470/630
S355NL
-50
27
S355NL
50EE
S420N
-20
40
S420N
-
-50
27
S420NL
-
-20
40
S460N
55C
-50
27
S460NL
55EE
420
520/680
S420NL S460N 460
550/720
S460NL
1 MPa = 1 N/mm 2
Table 2 – EN 10025 : part 3 : 2004 Normalised/normalised rolled weldable fine grain structural steels
Comparison between grades in EN 10025 : part 4 : 2004 and nearest equivalent versions in EN 10113 : part 3 : 1993 EN 10113 : part 3 EN 10025 : part 4 : 2004 :1993 Grade Grade Yield (Reh) min Tensile (Rm) Charpy V-notch longitudinal Strength at t = 16mm (MPa) S275M
275
370/510
S275ML S355M
355
470/630
Temp (°C)
Energy (J) t = 16mm
-20
40
S275M
-50
27
S275ML
-20
40
S355M
S355ML
-50
27
S355ML
S420M
-20
40
S420M
-50
27
S420ML
-20
40
S460M
-50
27
S460ML
420
520/680
S420ML S460M
460
550/720
S460ML 1 MPa = 1 N/mm
2
Table 3 – EN 10025 : part 4 : 2004 Thermomechanically rolled weldable fine grain structural steels
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Comparison between grades in EN 10025 : part 5 : 2004 and nearest equivalent versions in EN 10155 : 1993 and BS 4360 : 1990 EN 10025 : part 5 : 2004 EN 10155 : BS 4360 : 1990 1993 Grade Grade Grade Yield (Reh) min Tensile (Rm) Charpy V-notch longitudinal
S235J0W
235
Temp ( C)
360/510
S235J2W S355J0WP
Energy (J) t =16mm
o
Strength at t = 16mm (MPa) 0
27
S235J0W
-
-20
27
S235J2W
-
0
27
S355J0WP
WR50A
S355J2WP
-20
27
S355J2WP
-
S355J0W
0
27
S355J0W
WR50B
S355J2W
355
470/630
355
470/630
S355K2W 1 MPa = 1 N/mm
-20
27
S355J2W
WR50C
-20
40
S355K2W
WR50D
2
Table 4 – EN 10025 : part 5 : 2004 Structural steels with improved atmospheric corrosion resistance - also known as weathering steels Comparison between grades in EN 10025 : part 6 : 2004 and nearest equivalent versions in EN 10137 : part 2 : 1996 and BS 4360 : 1990 EN 10025 : part 6 : 2004 EN 10137 : part BS 4360 : 1990 2 : 1996 Grade Grade Grade Yield (Reh) min Tensile (Rm) Charpy V-notch longitudinal o
Strength at t = 16mm (MPa)
Temp ( C)
S460Q S460QL
460
550/720
S460QL1 S500Q
Energy (J) t =16mm
0
40
S460Q
-
0
50
S460QL
-
0
60
S460QL1
55F
0
40
S500Q
-
0
50
S500QL
-
S500QL1
0
60
S500QL1
-
S550Q
0
40
S550Q
-
0
50
S550QL
-
S550QL1
0
60
S550QL1
-
S620Q
0
40
S620Q
-
S500QL
S550QL
S620QL
500
590/770
550
640/820
620
700/890
0
50
S620QL
-
S620QL1
0
60
S620QL1
-
S690Q
0
40
S690Q
-
S690QL
690
770/940
0
50
S690QL
-
S690QL1
0
60
S690QL1
-
S890Q
0
40
S890Q
-
S890QL
890
940/1100
S890QL1 S960Q
960
980/1150
S960QL 1 MPa = 1 N/mm
0
50
S890QL
-
0
60
S890QL1
-
0
40
S960Q
-
0
50
S960QL
-
2
Table 5 – EN 10025 : part 6 : 2004 Flat products of high yield strength structural steels in the quenched and tempered condition Note 1 Other impact temperatures can be specified
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Explanatory Notes
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The other specifications of structural components referred to in this handbook are mainly as follow: EN 10028 (1993/1997): “Flat products made of steels for pressure purposes” +
EN 10056 -Part1 (1993): "Structural steel equal and unequal leg angles - Dimensions"
EN 10149 (1995/1996): “Hot-rolled flat products made of high yield strength steels for cold forming” #
EN 10210 -Part 1 (1994): "Hot finished structural hollow sections of non-alloy and fine grain
structural steels" EN 10219 -Part 1 (1997): "Cold formed welded structural hollow sections of non-alloy and fine grain steels" SS104 (1996): "Cold formed steel sections for general structures" Some of the standards mentioned above are new European standards superseding the old British Standards BS 4360: “Weldable structural steels” (1986) and BS 6363: “Welded cold formed steel structural hollow sections” (1983). Material to other specifications such as ASTM, AS and JIS can also be supplied.
Manufacturing tolerances The dimensions, mass and tolerances of the sections are generally as listed in the following standards: BS 4 -Part 1 (1993): "Structural Steel Sections" for hot rolled universal beams and columns and tees cut therefrom, channels, bearing piles and rolled tees #
EN 10029 (1991): “Specifications for tolerances on dimensions, shape and mass for hot rolled steel plates 3mm thick or above” EN 10034 (1993): “Structural steel I and H sections - Tolerances on shape and dimensions” EN 10051 (1992): “Continuously hot-rolled uncoated plate, sheet and strip of non-alloy and alloy steels - Tolerances on dimensions and shape” EN 10056 -Part 2 (1993): "Structural steel equal and unequal leg angles -Tolerances on shape and dimensions”
#+
EN 10210 -Part 2 (1997): "Hot finished structural hollow sections of non-alloy and fine grain
structural steels" EN 10219 -Part 2 (1997): "Cold formed welded structural hollow sections of non-alloy and fine grain steels" SS104 (1996): "Cold formed steel sections for general structures" for lipped channels Some of the standards mentioned above are new European standards superseding the old British Standards BS 4848 - Part 2: “Hot-rolled structural steel sections - Hot-finished hollow sections” (1991) and BS 6363: “Welded cold formed steel structural hollow sections” (1983). Material to other specifications such as ASTM, AS and JIS can also be supplied. In structural design and construction there are a lot of details to remember. For example, when buying steel beams, columns, bars, plates and pipes, be sure to buy the correct section type, size and grade.If the specified section is not available, check with the designer before any changes to the structure are made. For example, a parallel flange channel can not be substituted with a plain channel without reference to the design engineer. This is because the sections are different both in size and material, the plain channel is cold formed while the parallel flange channel is hot formed, and they have different sectional properties.
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Standards superseding parts of BS4360 1986/1990.
+
Standards superseding parts of BS4848 1972/1980/1991.
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In the section “Comparison between hot finished and cold formed hollow sections” we have explained the differences between the two sections, and why cold formed sections can not be used to substitute hot finished sections without rechecking the capacity.
Comparison between general structural steel specifications The following specifications are normally readily available, but offers depend upon acceptance of full specification details or specifications not listed below. Quality
Grade
Min. Yield strength 2
Min. Tensile strength 2
N/mm
ksi
N/mm
ksi
Chemical composition (%, max.) C
Si
Mn
P
S
Nb
BS 4360
43A
275
40
430/580
62/84
0.25 0.50
1.60
0.050
0.0 5
-
(1986)
50B
355
52
490/640
71/93
0.22 0.50
1.50
0.050
0.05
0.003/0.10
(superseded)
55C
450
65
550/700
80/102
0.22 0.60
1.60
0.040
0.04
0.003/0.10
EN 10025
S275J0
275
40
410/560
59/81
0.18
1.50
0.040
0.04
0.009
(2004)
S355J0
355
52
490/630
71/91
0.20 0.55
1.60
0.040
0.04
0.009
EN 10113
S275N
275
40
370/510
54/74
0.20 0.40 0.5/1.40
0.035
0.03
0.050
(1993)
S355N
355
52
470/630
68/91
0.20 0.50 0.9/1.65
0.035
0.03
0.050
460M
460
67
530/720
77/104
0.18 0.60
1.70
0.030
0.025
0.05
ASTM A36 (2001)
-
250
36
400/550
58/80
0.26 0.40
-
0.040
0.05
-
ASTM A283
Grade D
230
33
415/550
60/80
0.27 0.40
0.90
0.035
0.04
-
(superseded)
-
(1993) ASTM A572 (2001)
42
290
42
415
60
0.21 0.40
1.35
0.050
0.04
-
50
345
50
450
65
0.23 0.40
1.35
0.050
0.04
-
55
380
55
485
70
0.25 0.40
1.35
0.050
0.04
-
60
415
60
520
75
0.26 0.40
1.35
0.050
0.04
-
65
450
65
550
80
0.23 0.40
1.65
0.050
0.04
-
ASTM A913
50
345
50
450
65
0.12 0.40
1.60
0.040
0.03
0.05
(2001)
65
450
65
550
80
0.16 0.40
1.60
0.030
0.03
0.05
JIS G 3101
SS 400
245
36
400/510
58/74
-
-
-
0.050
0.05
-
(1995)
SS 490
285
41
490/610
71/88
-
-
-
0.050
0.05
-
JIS G 3106
SM 400B
245
36
400/510
58/74
0.035
0.035
-
(1995)
SM 490B
325
47
490/610
71/88
0.18 0.55
1.60
0.035
0.035
-
SM 490YB
365
53
490/610
71/88
0.20 0.55
1.60
0.035
0.035
-
JIS G 3136
SN 400B
235
34
400/510
58/74
0.20 0.35 0.6/1.40
0.030
0.015
-
(1994)
SN 490B
325
47
490/610
71/88
0.18 0.55
1.60
0.030
0.015
-
SPHC
-
-
270
39
0.15
0.60
0.50
0.050
-
JIS G 3131
0.20 0.35 0.6/1.40
-
SPHD
-
-
270
39
0.10
-
0.50
0.40
0.040
-
SPHE
-
-
270
39
0.10
-
0.50
0.30
0.035
-
AS3679
C250LO
260
38
410
59
0.20 0.40
1.5 0
0.040
0.04
-
1996
C350LO
360
52
480
70
0.22 0.50
1.60
0.040
0.04
-
GB700-88
Q235
235
34
375/406
54/59
0.22 0.30
0.65
0.045
0.05
-
DIN 17100
St 37.2
235
34
340/470
49/68
0.17
-
-
0.050
0.05
-
St 44.2
275
40
410/540
59/78
0.21
-
-
0.050
0.05
-
St 50.2
295
43
470/610
68/88
-
-
-
0.050
0.05
-
St 52.3
355
51
490/630
71/91
0.20 0.55
1.60
0.040
0.04
-
08 KP
-
-
260/380
38/55
0.12 0.03
0.50
0.035
0.04
-
GOST1050-88 Notes:
For BS, EN and JIS the values are for sections with thickness less than 16mm.
Table 6 – Comparison between general structural steel specifications
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Explanatory Notes
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Section Properties The followings are taken from EN 10210-2 (1997), EN 10219-2 (1997) and BS5950 Volume 1 Design Guide, 5th edition 1997
Corner radius ( r ) For hollow sections the corner radius are taken from EN 10210 and EN 10219, for hot finished hollow sections and cold formed hollow sections respectively.
For hot finished square and rectangular hollow sections: Nominal external corner radius for calculation is
ro=1.5T
Nominal internal corner radius for calculation is
ri=1.0T
For cold formed square and rectangular hollow sections: Nominal external corner radius for calculation is For thickness T 6mm:
ro=2.0T
For thickness 6mm < T 10mm:
ro=2.5T
For thickness T > 10mm:
ro=3.0T
Nominal internal corner radius for calculation is For thickness T 6mm:
ri=1.0T
For thickness 6mm < T 10mm:
ri=1.5T
For thickness T > 10mm:
ri=2.0T
For other section types the manufacturers are using rules from various standard specifications, which will take too much space to include in this handbook. Refer to the respective country’s standards. Second moment of area ( I ) The second moment of area of the section, often referred to as moment of inertia, has been calculated based on first principal, by taking into account all tapers, radii and fillets of the sections. Radius of gyration ( r ) The radius of gyration is a parameter used in buckling calculation and is derived as follows:
I r= A
1
2
where A is the cross-sectional area and I is the second moment of area. For castellated sections, the radius of gyration given is calculated at the net section as required in design to BS 5950: Part 1.
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Elastic Modulus ( Z ) The elastic modulus is used to calculate the moment capacity based on the design strength of the section or the stress at the extreme fibre of the section from a known moment. It is derived as follows:
Z=
I y
where y is the distance to the extreme fibre of the section from the elastic neutral axis and I is the second moment of area. For castellated sections the elastic modulus given are those at the net section. For channels the modulus about the minor axis (y-y) is given at the toe of the section. For angles the elastic modulus about both axes are given at the toes of the section. Plastic Modulus ( S ) The plastic modulus is calculated based on the first principal, by taking moment about the equal area axis. Only the full plastic modulus (S) is given in the tables. When a member is subject to both axial load and bending, the plastic modulus must be reduced to take account of the reduction in plastic moment of resistance. The details for the reduction are given in BS 5950. Buckling parameter ( u ) and torsional index ( x ) The buckling parameter and torsional index used in buckling calculations are derived as follows: For bi-symmetric flanged sections and flanged sections symmetrical about the minor axis only: 1
4S X 2 u= 2 2 A h A x = 0.566h J
4
1
2
For flanged sections symmetric about the major axis only:
I y SX 2 u= 2 A H A H x = 1132 . I y J where Sx
1
1
4
2
= is the plastic modulus about the major axis
Iy
= 1
Ix Iy
= is the second moment of area about the major axis = is the second moment of area about the minor axis
A
= is the cross-sectional area
h
= is the distance between the shear centres of flanges (for T sections, h is the distance between shear centre of the flange and the toe of the web) = is the warping constant = is the torsion constant
H J
Ix
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Explanatory Notes
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Warping constant ( H ) For Tee sections cut from UB and UC sections, the warping constant (H) has been derived as given below. 3
1 1 T T 3 B 3 + d t 3 144 36 2 T , B, D, d , t and r are given in the section tables (r is the corner radius). H=
Because this value is very small, it is not tabulated. The warping constants (H) for I, H and channel sections are calculated using the formulae given in the SCI publication (P057) Design of Members Subject to Combined Bending and Torsion. Torsion constant ( J ) For Tee sections cut from UB and UC sections, the torsion constant (J) has been derived as given below.
J=
1 1 B T 3 + (d T ) t 3 + 1 D1 4 0.21 T 4 0105 . t4 3 3
where
1 = 0.042 + 0.2204 D1 =
t r t r t2 + 0.1355 0.0865 2 0.0725 2 T T T T
[(T + r ) + (r + 0.25t ) t] 2
[2r + T ]
T , B, D, d , t and r are given in the section tables (r is the corner radius). The torsion constants (J) for I, H and channel sections are calculated using the formulae given in the SCI publication (P057) Design of Members Subject to Combined Bending and Torsion. For circular hollow sections:
J = 2I
For square and rectangular hollow sections:
J=
t3 h + 2 kAh 3
where I t h
= second moment of area = is the thickness of section = is the mean perimeter = 2[( B t ) + ( D t )] 2 Rc (4 )
Ah
= is the area enclosed by mean perimeter = ( B t )( D t ) Rc 2 (4 )
k
=
2 Ah t h
B D Rc
= is the breadth of section = is the depth of section = is the average of internal and external corner radii T , B, D, d , t and r are given in the section tables (r is the corner radius).
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Torsion modulus constant ( C ) For circular hollow sections:
C = 2Z
where Z is the elastic modulus. For square and rectangular hollow sections:
C=
J t+
k t
Dimensional units The dimensions of sections are given in millimetres (mm) and the calculated properties (centroidal distances, cross-sectional areas, radii of gyration, moments of inertia, elastic and plastic modulus) are given in centimetre (cm) units. Surface areas are in square centimetres (cm2). Some of the sections have imperial sizes but the dimensions and sectional properties for these sections are given in the metric system.
Mass and force units The units for force, mass and acceleration are those of the Systeme International (SI). They are the Newton (N), the kilogram (kg) and the metre per second per second (m/s2) so that 1N=1kgx1m/s2. The acceleration due to gravity varies slightly from place to place and for convenience a "standard" value of 9.80665 m/s 2 has become generally accepted in structural engineering. With this convention, the force exerted by a mass of 1kg under the action of gravity is the "technical unit" of 9.80665N. In the same way 9.80665 kilo Newton is the force exerted by a mass of 1 tonne (1000kg) under gravity and 1kN the force from a mass of 0.102 tonne.
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Explanatory Notes
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Comparison Between Hot Finished and Cold Formed Hollow Sections Introduction The objectives of the comparison are to gain an understanding on the differences between hot and cold formed sections, and subsequently, correct applications of the sections. Hot finished hollow sections have been successfully used in primary structures for many years, but there is yet little experience with the use of cold formed sections. Cold formed products differ from the hot finished in many respects. Therefore, their use in primary structures must be approached with caution. Thin walled cold formed open sections have been used in construction as secondary members, such as purlins, for a long time. However, there is a growing trend of manufacturing thicker walled cold formed hollow sections and the temptation to introduce them into primary structures. Cold formed hollow sections produced to EN 10219 are suitable for structural use. However, they should not be used as a direct substitute for hot finished hollow sections without reconsideration of the design capacity. With the implementation of the European Standard for cold formed structural hollow sections EN 10219 - there exists a situation of identical grade designations for the majority of the common strength grades used in both the hot finished (EN 10210) and cold formed (EN 10219) standards. For instance, sections with yield strength of 275 N/mm2 and Charpy impact strength of 27 Joules at -20 degrees will have a grade designation of S275J2H in both standards. Common designation can lead to direct substitution and interchanging of the sections. Since cold formed sections generally are weaker than hot finished sections it is essential that products are specified accurately. If a full designation of the steel is given to include both the standard number and the grade/quality of the steel, substitution of cold for hot finished sections can be prevented. For example, a hollow section of yield strength 275N/mm2 and a Charpy impact strength of 27 Joules at -20 degrees should be designated as EN 10210 S275J2H for hot finished and EN 10219 S275J2H for cold formed sections. The BS 5950 Part 1 (1997) are currently being amended, and with the increasing tendency of using cold formed hollow sections in primary structures these sections will probably be included in the new edition. The design rules are not very different from those for hot finished sections, but there are some things a designer has to know and take into consideration. For example, the corner radiuses, section properties, ductility, corner cracking and welding. The differences between the two section types in production, behaviour and design are investigated in this chapter.
Specifications Hot finished structural hollow sections of non-alloy and fine grain steels EN 10210-1 (1994):
Technical delivery requirements
EN 10210-2 (1997):
Tolerances, dimensions and sectional properties
BS 5950-1:
Structural use of steel works in building - Code of practice for design of rolled and welded sections*. *Subject to changes. New BS 5950 Part 1, 1999/2000 (6th edition).
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Cold formed welded structural hollow sections of non-alloy and fine grain steels EN 10219-1 (1997):
Technical delivery requirements
EN 10219-2 (1997):
Tolerances, dimensions and sectional properties
BS 5950-1:
Structural use of steel works in building - Code of practice for design of rolled and welded sections*. *Subject to changes. Design of cold formed hollow sections for primary structures will be included in the new BS 5950 Part 1, 1999/2000 (6th edition).
Manufacture of hollow sections Hot finished hollow sections The manufacture of hot hollow sections involves a number of processes and cold forming may be used initially. However, the hot finished product is characterised by the final forming operation, which is always being carried out in the austenitic state (i.e. above 920 degrees). As a result, the forming operations do not affect the physical properties of the final product, which are uniform around the complete periphery, including the seam weld in continuously welded sections. Cold formed hollow sections The physical properties of the cold formed sections are significantly affected by the method used in producing the strip, section forming processes and the final shape and dimensions of the resulting section. The strip used for the cold formed sections may be hot or cold rolled. Plastic deformation and straining occur during the cold forming operations mentioned below: 1) uncoiling of strips 2) strip flattening 3) forming into a round section 4) welding of round sections 5) circular sections formed into square or rectangle 6) straightening of the curved walls and corners formed Note: Square or rectangular hollow sections are not necessarily formed from round sections, some manufacturers form the square or rectangle directly from strip. Cold forming is known to increase the yield and tensile strength of the materials due to cold working or strain hardening (see Figure 1). However, as the strength increases, ductility decreases. And the process may result in a section in which the strength and ductility vary considerably around the periphery. For example, a test specimen from the flat face of the cold formed section will only indicate the conditions applying to that face. There are also differences in the mechanical property transverse and longitudinally on the section. Thus, cold formed sections must be used with caution and proper design, especially in the use for primary structures. There should be restrictions for the welding of cold formed sections. The corners of these sections are subjected to high residual stress due to cold working. Welding further induces the residual stress at the corners because of high local heating.Corner cracking occurs when the yield stress of these cold formed sections is exceeded by the residual stress built up at the corners.
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Explanatory Notes
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Stress Ultimate strength
Increase of yield stress due to strain hardening
Fracture Yield point after cold working
Initial loading
Further loading after cold working
Ductility after cold working
Loss of ductility due to cold working
Strain
Figure 1 – Effect of cold working on material properties for cold formed hollow sections
Section properties Cold formed rectangular and square hollow sections have rounder corners than the hot finished sections. This is to avoid corner cracking from occurring during the forming of cold formed sections, because of too sharp corner radius or too thick sections. However, the larger or rounder the corner radius, the smaller are the cross sectional area, moment of inertia, section modulus and radius of gyration, etc. for a given size of section compared with a similar hot finished section. Larger corner radii can make fabrication difficult and require additional weld metal or profiling to produce the right fit-up. This is a problem particularly when connecting one section to the face of another section of similar size (see Figure 2), and can also add to fabrication costs.
The tight corner radii of hot finished sections provide good preparation for welding, especially where members of the same width are to be welded together.
The larger corner radii of cold formed sections will require additional weld metal or additional profiling to produce the required fit-up; both add to fabrication costs, especially where members of the same width are to be welded together.
Figure 2 – Comparison of corner radius of hot finished and cold formed hollow sections
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Structural performance For cold formed sections in tension, the variation of strength around the section could lead to local over-stressing, which together with the reduced ductility in cold formed sections could reduce the capability of the sections to redistribute loads. As local stress redistribution often occurs even in elastic design, the maximum value of yield/ tensile strength ratio should not exceed 80%. This limitation is incorporated in some standards (extract from “Hot formed RHS winning on points” from British Steel). The ductility and Charpy impact toughness for sections to EN 10219 are equivalent to hot finished hollow sections to EN 10210. For the classification of cross sections the limiting width to thickness ratio will need minor adjustments to take into account the residual stresses in the section due to cold forming and the ductility of the material. According to Europe Code 3 (ENV 1993-1-1:1992/A1:1994), welding of cold formed sections should not be carried out in the cold deformed zones or within the adjacent width of 5t each side, see Table 7, unless either: -the cold-deformed zones are normalised after cold-forming but before welding; -the thickness does not exceed the relevant value obtained from Table 7.
Maximum Maximumthickness thickness(mm) (mm) r/t r/t
Strain Straindue dueto tocold cold forming forming(%) (%)
Generally Generally
>> 25 25
>> 22
Any Any
Any Any
Fully Fully killed killed Aluminium-killed Aluminium-killed steel steel (Al (Al>> 0.02%) 0.02%) Any Any
>> 10 10
>> 55
Any Any
16 16
Any Any
>> 3.0 3.0
>> 14 14
24 24
12 12
24 24
>> 2.0 2.0
>> 20 20
12 12
10 10
12 12
>> 1.5 1.5
>> 25 25
88
88
10 10
>> 1.0 1.0
>> 33 33
44
44
66
Predominantly Predominantly static staticloading loading
Where Wherefatigue fatigue predominates predominates
5t 5t tt 5t 5t
rr
Table 7 – Conditions for welding cold-deformed zones and adjacent material Due to stress relief effects, cold formed hollow sections are subject to greater distortion than hot finished sections when subject to shot blasting, galvanising and welding. This can cause local buckling, corner cracking and other deformations, and will obviously have a large impact on the capacity when used as beams and columns.
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Explanatory Notes
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Compression resistance For compression members, the design strength should be based on the yield strength of the cold finished section (as given in EN 10219) and not on that of the parent plate. Because of the lower sectional properties and the residual stresses caused by the manufacturing process, a lower column curve (curve C) is used for the cold formed sections compared to curve A for the hot finished sections. This results in a larger reduction of the compression strength. Figure 3 shows the column curves.
"Strut" Curves 300
Compressive strength, N/mm
2
250
Curve A
200
150
Curve C 100
50
0 0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
Slenderness ratio,
Note : Please refer to BS 5950 for design
Figure 3 – Compression/Slenderness curves for columns
Web bearing and buckling Formulae for buckling and bearing for hot finished hollow sections can be found in the SCI Publication Design Guide to the BS 5950: Part 1; Volume 1 Section Properties and member capacities and these may also be used for cold formed sections (extract from New Steel Construction, August/September 1998).
Tension, shear and bending Cold formed members in tension, shear, bending and lateral torsional buckling may be treated in the same way as hot finished hollow sections (extract from New Steel Construction, August/September 1998).
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Summary Light gauge open cold formed sections have been widely used for secondary structures of steelframed buildings, such as purlins. Concern is however on the use of the cold formed hollow sections for primary structures. For a cold formed hollow section of the same nominal size, thickness and grade as a hot finished hollow section, the compression capacity dependent on the slenderness, can be 34% lower than for the hot finished section. The application of the current design rules on cold formed hollow sections might lead to optimistic results, because the rounder corner radius for these sections can affect the “web” buckling characteristics of the section.
Most design rules have restrictions on welding of cold formed sections due to the residual stresses that occurs and to avoid corner cracking. The advice is that there should not be direct substitution or interchanging of sections without a capacity checking. To avoid uncertified substitution the designers and quality surveyors have to know how to visually differentiate cold formed and hot finished sections. A few things they should know are:
•
Because of the cold forming process the cold formed sections have a smoother, sometimes oily surface, while the hot finished sections have a rougher surface.
If the sections are blasted or painted the corner radius and weld seam will indicate if the beam/ column is hot finished or cold formed.
•
As mentioned earlier the corner radius of cold formed sections are rounder than the corner radius of hot finished sections.
•
The seam of welded cold formed sections are always on one of the flat sides, with a distance from the corner, and on the same place for all members of the same bundle, but for the hot finished sections the seam can be anywhere on the cross-section.
Fire resistance There are several options to insure the fire resistance of steel structures. While hollow sections can be protected on the inside, the outside or a combination of both, the universal columns can only be protected on the outside.
Externally protected columns For universal columns and unfilled structural hollow sections there are a number of ways to protect the columns, including casing by plasterboards, cementitious sprays, intumescent coatings or pre-formed casings, such as tube-in-tube systems. In all of these cases the fire-protected structural hollow sections will have the minimum area compared to all other similarly loaded columns in other materials.
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Internally protected columns Structural hollow sections have the advantage that fire protection material like water or concrete, can be filled inside the columns. It is very simple to design a hollow section with structural grade concrete filling. First, the column is checked for room temperature loading, and then the fire resistance is checked, if required, an external fire protection system is added. This method is very economic as it both minimises the wall thickness of the hollow section, because of the concrete, and reduces the thickness of the external protection system markedly below that of the unfilled section. With use of concrete as internal protection of a structural hollow section, external protection might not be necessary at all. The concrete filling will support the load when the temperature has reached the point where the load bearing capacity of the steel is under the actual forces imposed on the structure. The concrete core is designed to carry the whole of the load at the fire limit-state. Plain concrete filling is suitable for mainly axially loaded columns, while bar reinforced concrete is required for columns with significant moments. For externally protected columns the composite concrete filled, intumescent-coated solution gives the smallest required columns. While for the internally protected columns the bar reinforced concrete filled solution gives the smallest footprint. Among all the four solutions the composite concrete filled, intumescent-coated column gives the most economic solution.
Cost comparisons British Steel in the United Kingdom has made a comparison between different types of fire protection on hollow section columns and other steel sections. The study compared options for a typical 7-storey internal column carrying a loading of 6kN/m2 on a grid layout of 7.2 metres by 6 metres. Where possible steel of design grade S355 was used, in general, this gives the most economical solution for structural steelwork. In the case of internal protection, plain or bar reinforced concrete is assumed. In the case of external protection, fire resistant boards were assumed for non-circular columns, such as universal columns and rectangular/square hollow columns. Three basic design options are possible for column design of structural hollow sections, and British Steel looked at all 3 of them in this study. Option 1: Columns are designed on a floor by floor basis or by grouping two or three storeys together. The lightest steel section is selected for each column lift. This option produces the minimum weight column with sizes reducing through the height of the building. Option 2: Columns are designed as in Option 1, but have constant external dimensions throughout the height of the building. The column at the lowest level is designed for the least weight solution and it is the external dimensions of this section that are used for all other sections at higher levels. At the higher levels, the wall thickness of the hollow sections is progressively reduced. Option 3: Columns are designed as in Option 2, but the type of column selected is optimised for all the columns over the height of the building rather than just the ground floor, as in Option 2. Generally this means that the ground floor column is smaller and thicker than that in Option 2, but the column serial size chosen allows the overall weight of columns to be reduced.
28
Continental Steel Pte Ltd
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Table 8 and Table 9 compares the costs of UC, CHS and RHS columns for various methods of fire protection. Circled solutions are most economical.
CHS
External Board
Fire Protection Options Intumescent Paint Internal Concrete Filling Circular Hollow Sections Unfilled Composite Plain concrete Bar Reinforced concrete
Columns Options
UC
Option 1
100
111
88
134
88
Option 2
100
159
113
186
107
Option 3
100
111
97
186
107
Table 8 – Fire resistance: Cost comparison – universal columns vs. circular hollows RHS
External Board
Fire Protection Options External Board Intumescent Internal Concrete Filling Paint Rectangular Hollow Sections Unfilled Composite Composite Plain concrete Bar Reinforced concrete
Columns Options
UC
Option 1
100
108
92
90
163
113
Option 2
100
111
121
115
231
123
Option 3
100
111
100
102
231
123
Table 9 – Fire resistance: Cost comparison – universal columns vs. rectangular hollows
Continental Steel Pte Ltd
29
Explanatory Notes
30
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Continental Steel Pte Ltd
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Universal Beams and Columns General The section sizes of universal beams and columns are given in the tables on the following pages. We have split up the sections in metric and imperial sizes because the sections are rolled after different standard specifications. The tables cover I-beams, IPE- beams, H-beams and HE-beams. The difference between these beams is that the H/HE-beams have wider flange than the I/IPE-beams and therefore look more like the letter H than the letter I, see Figure 4. In our catalogue we put them all together to make it easier to make the ultimate choice.
The standard specifications used for production of universal beams and columns in this region are listed in this table.
Continental Steel Pte Ltd
31
Explanatory Notes
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Rolling tolerances - EN 10034 : 1993 This European standard specifies tolerances
Flange thickness (t)
on shape dimensions and mass of structural
The deviation from nominal on flange thickness
steel universal beams and columns. These
measured at the quarter flange width point shall
requirements do not apply to taper flange sections.
be within the tolerance given in the following table.
Section Height (h) The deviation from nominal on section height measured at the centre line of web thickness shall
Flange thickness s (mm)
Tolerance (mm)
Less than 6.5
+1.5
-0.5
6.5 up to but excluding 10
+2.0
-1.0
10 up to but excluding 20
+2.5
-1.5
20 up to but excluding 30
+2.0
-2.0
be within the tolerance given in the following table.
Section Height h (mm)
Tolerance (mm)
Up to and including 180 Greater than 180 up to and including 400 Greater than 400 up to and including 700
+3
-2
30 up to but excluding 40
+2.5
-2.5
+4
-2
40 up to but excluding 60
+3.0
-3.0
+5
-3
60 and over
+4.0
-4.0
Greater than 700
+5
-5
y Flange (b)(b) Flangewidth width The from nominal on flange width shall Thedeviation deviation from nominal on flange width be thethe tolerance given given in the following table. bewithin within tolerance in the following
r
table. Flange width b (mm)
Tolerance (mm)
Up to and including 110 Greater than 110 up to and including 210 Greater than 210 up to and including 325
+4
-1
+4
-2
+4
-4
Greater than 325
+6
-5
h
x
x s
b Web (s)(s) Webthickness thickness The on on web thickness Thedeviation deviationfrom fromnominal nominal web thicknes measured at at thethe mid-point of dimension (h) shall measured mid-point of dimension (h)
bewithin within tolerance in the following be thethe tolerance givengiven in the following table. table. Web thickness s (mm)
32
Tolerance (mm)
Less than 7
+0.7
-0.7
7 up to but excluding 10
+1.0
-1.0
10 up to but excluding 20
+1.5
-1.5
20 up to but excluding 30
+2.0
-2.0
40 up to but excluding 60
+2.5
-2.5
60 and over
+3.0
-3.0
Continental Steel Pte Ltd
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d
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Out-of-squareness (k + k')
Straightness (qxx or qyy)
The out-of-squareness of the section shall not
The straightness shall comply with the requirements given
exceed the maximum given in the following table.
in the following table.
g
g
Flange width b (mm) Up to and including 110 Greater than 325
q
Tolerance (mm)
g
Section height h (mm) Greater than 80 up to and including 180 Greater than 180 up to and including 360
1.5 2% of b (maximum 6.5mm
○
g Tolerance qxx or qyy on length L (%)
Greater than 360
0.30 L 0.15 L 0.1 L
Web off-centre (e) on mass The mid-thickness of the web shall not deviate from the mid-width position on the flange by more than the distance (e) given in the following table.
Flange width b (mm)
Web offcentre where e= (b1-b2)/2
The deviation from the nominal mass of a batch or a
T < 40
T 40
Tolerance on mass
Up to and including 110 Greater than 110 up to and including 325 Greater than 110 up to and including 325
+4
Greater than 325
+6
piece shall not exceed ± 4.0%.
+4 +4
The mass deviation is the difference between the actual mass of the batch or a piece and the calculated mass. The calculated mass shall be determined using a density of 7850kg/m3 Tolerance on length The sections shall be cut to ordered lengths to
b1
b2
tolerances of a. ± 50mm or b.+ 100mm where minimum lengths are requested L represents the longest useable length of the section assuming that the ends of the section have been cut square.
b Continental Steel Pte Ltd
33
UNIVERSAL BEAMS AND COLUMNS B
Universal Beams and Columns
n
r N
t
d
D
BEAMS AND COLUMNS
T
C
Metric units
b
Designation Size Mass Per Metre mm 100x50 100x100
125x60 125x125 150x75 150x100 150x150
175x90 175x125 175x175
200x100
200x150
200x200
250x125
250x175
250x250
300x150
34
kg/m 9.30 14.8 16.9 17.2 13.2 23.6 23.8 14.0 20.7 21.1 31.1 31.5 37.4 18.0 18.1 23.3 32.8 40.2 40.4 17.8 18.2 20.9 21.3 29.9 30.6 36.9 41.4 49.9 57.8 65.7 25.1 25.7 29.0 29.6 43.6 44.1 51.6 59.1 66.5 71.8 72.4 98.1 25.0 32.0 36.7 41.4 46.2 69.0
Depth Width Of Of Section Section D
B
mm 100 100 100 100 125 125 125 150 148 148 150 150 154 175 175 169 171 175 175 198 198 200 200 194 194 198 196 200 204 208 248 248 250 250 244 244 248 252 248 250 250 260 294 298 300 304 306 318
mm 50 100 100 100 60 125 125 75 100 100 150 150 151 90 90 125 174 175 175 99 99 100 100 150 150 151 199 200 201 202 124 124 125 125 175 175 176 177 249 250 250 253 148 149 150 150 151 154
Thickness
Flange Web T t mm 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 7 9 9 10 10 12 8 8 8 9 11 11 7 7 8 8 9 9 11 10 12 14 16 8 8 9 9 11 11 13 15 13 14 14 19 6 8 9 11 12 18
mm 5 5 6 6 6 6.5 6.5 5 6 6 7 7 8 5 5 5.5 6 7.5 7.5 4.5 4.5 5.5 5.5 6 6 7 6.5 8 9 10 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 9 8 9 9 12 4.5 5.5 6.5 6.5 7.5 11
Root Depth Radius Between Fillets
Area Of Section
r
d
A
mm 8 10 8 10 9 8 10 8 8 11 8 11 11 8 9 12 12 12 13 8 11 8 11 8 13 13 13 13 13 13 8 12 8 12 13 16 16 16 16 13 16 16 16 13 13 13 13 13
mm 70 66 68 64 91 91 87 120 114 108 114 108 108 143 141 129 129 129 127 168 162 168 162 160 150 150 150 150 150 150 216 208 216 208 196 190 190 190 190 196 190 190 250 256 256 256 256 256
cm2 11.8 19.2 21.6 21.9 16.8 30.0 30.3 17.8 26.3 26.8 39.6 40.1 47.7 22.9 23.0 29.7 41.7 51.2 51.4 22.7 23.2 26.7 27.2 38.1 39.0 47.0 52.7 63.5 73.6 83.7 32.0 32.7 37.0 37.7 55.5 56.2 65.7 75.3 84.7 91.4 92.2 125 32.6 40.8 46.8 52.8 58.8 87.9
Ratios For Local Buckling Flange Web b/T d/t 3.57 7.14 6.25 6.25 3.75 6.94 6.94 5.36 5.56 5.56 7.50 7.50 6.29 5.63 5.63 7.81 9.67 7.95 7.95 7.07 7.07 6.25 6.25 8.33 8.33 6.86 9.95 8.33 7.18 6.31 7.75 7.75 6.94 6.94 7.95 7.95 6.77 5.90 9.58 8.93 8.93 6.66 12.3 9.31 8.33 6.82 6.29 4.28
Continental Steel Pte Ltd
14.0 13.2 11.3 10.7 15.2 14.0 13.4 24.0 19.0 18.0 16.3 15.4 13.5 28.6 28.2 23.5 21.5 17.2 16.9 37.3 36.0 30.5 29.5 26.7 25.0 21.4 23.1 18.8 16.7 15.0 43.2 41.6 36.0 34.7 28.0 27.1 23.8 21.1 23.8 21.8 21.1 15.8 55.6 46.5 39.4 39.4 34.1 23.3
Dimensions For Detailing End Clearance C
N
n
mm 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 6 6 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 5 6 7 7 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 6 7 7 8 4 5 5 5 6 8
mm 33 58 57 57 37 69 69 45 57 57 82 82 82 53 53 70 94 94 94 57 57 57 57 82 82 82 106 106 106 106 70 70 70 70 94 94 94 94 131 131 131 131 82 82 82 82 82 82
mm 15 17 16 18 17 17 19 15 17 20 18 21 23 16 17 20 21 23 24 15 18 16 19 17 22 24 23 25 27 29 16 20 17 21 24 27 29 31 29 27 30 35 22 21 22 24 25 31
Notch
UNIVERSAL BEAMS AND COLUMNS y
BEAMS AND COLUMNS
x
x
Metric units Designation Surface Size Unit Area Weight Per Metre mm 100x50 100x100
125x60 125x125 150x75 150x100 150x150
175x90 175x125 175x175
200x100
200x150
200x200
250x125
250x175
250x250
300x150
kg/m 9.3 14.8 16.9 17.2 13.2 23.6 23.8 14.0 20.7 21.1 31.1 31.5 37.4 18.0 18.1 23.3 32.8 40.2 40.4 17.8 18.2 20.9 21.3 29.9 30.6 36.9 41.4 49.9 57.8 65.7 25.1 25.7 29.0 29.6 43.6 44.1 51.6 59.1 66.5 71.8 72.4 98.1 25.0 32.0 36.7 41.4 46.2 69.0
m2 0.376 0.570 0.574 0.571 0.463 0.723 0.720 0.576 0.670 0.665 0.872 0.867 0.877 0.686 0.685 0.806 1.01 1.01 1.01 0.769 0.764 0.775 0.770 0.962 0.954 0.964 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 0.968 0.961 0.974 0.967 1.15 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.45 1.46 1.45 1.48 1.14 1.16 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.21
Second Moment Of Area Axis Axis x-x y-y cm4 188 344 378 383 413 840 847 666 1003 1021 1623 1641 2018 1205 1214 1529 2304 2884 2895 1543 1582 1806 1844 2625 2690 3331 3846 4716 5603 6531 3450 3537 3965 4052 6037 6122 7308 8541 9931 10750 10830 15340 4940 6318 7210 8578 9514 14820
cm4 14.8 117.0 134 134 29.2 293 294 49.5 150 151 563 563 690 97.5 97.6 261 791 984 984 113 114 134 134 507 507 633 1315 1602 1897 2201 255 255 294 294 984 985 1184 1390 3348 3648 3649 5134 326 442 508 620 691 1100
Axis x-x
Axis y-y
x-x
y-y
cm 3.98 4.20 4.18 4.18 4.95 5.29 5.29 6.11 6.17 6.17 6.40 6.39 6.51 7.26 7.26 7.18 7.43 7.50 7.50 8.25 8.26 8.23 8.24 8.30 8.30 8.42 8.54 8.62 8.73 8.83 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.5 10.7 10.8 10.8 10.8 11.1 12.3 12.4 12.4 12.7 12.7 13.0
cm3 37.5 69.0 75.6 76.5 66.1 134 136 88.8 135 138 216 219 262 138 139 181 269 330 331 156 160 181 184 271 277 336 392 472 549 628 278 285 317 324 495 502 589 678 801 860 867 1180 336 424 481 564 622 932
cm3 5.93 23.0 26.7 26.8 9.75 46.9 47.0 13.2 30.1 30.1 75.1 75.1 91.4 21.7 21.7 41.8 90.9 112 112 22.9 23.0 26.7 26.8 67.6 67.7 83.8 132 160 189 218 41.1 41.1 47.0 47.0 112 113 135 157 269 292 292 406 44.0 59.4 67.7 82.7 91.5 143
cm3 44.1 78.0 86.4 87.6 77.6 152 154 102 154 157 243 246 298 156 157 202 298 369 370 175 180 205 209 301 309 377 433 525 617 710 312 319 358 366 550 558 660 764 883 953 960 1330 375 475 542 633 702 1070
cm3 9.5 36.0 41.0 41.2 15.7 71.7 71.9 20.8 46.4 46.7 114 115 140 33.6 33.7 64.3 138 171 172 35.5 35.7 41.6 41.9 103 104 128 201 244 287 332 63.2 63.6 72.7 73.1 172 173 207 241 408 443 444 618 68.4 91.8 105 128 142 223
cm 1.12 2.47 2.49 2.47 1.32 3.13 3.11 1.67 2.39 2.37 3.77 3.75 3.80 2.06 2.06 2.97 4.35 4.38 4.37 2.24 2.22 2.24 2.22 3.65 3.61 3.67 5.00 5.02 5.08 5.13 2.82 2.79 2.82 2.79 4.21 4.19 4.24 4.30 6.29 6.32 6.29 6.41 3.16 3.29 3.29 3.43 3.43 3.54
Elastic Modulus
Plastic Modulus
Radius Of Gyration Axis Axis x-x y-y
Continental Steel Pte Ltd
Buckling Torsional Parameter Index
u 0.876 0.843 0.836 0.837 0.872 0.839 0.840 0.876 0.880 0.881 0.841 0.842 0.845 0.885 0.885 0.879 0.845 0.844 0.845 0.883 0.884 0.878 0.880 0.876 0.878 0.879 0.847 0.846 0.847 0.848 0.884 0.886 0.880 0.881 0.883 0.884 0.884 0.885 0.850 0.847 0.848 0.849 0.878 0.880 0.876 0.888 0.884 0.884
Warping Constant
Torsional Constant
x
H
J
12.7 12.3 11.1 10.7 14.0 12.8 12.5 20.4 15.8 15.0 14.1 13.7 11.8 21.8 21.4 19.1 17.5 14.7 14.5 28.4 26.5 24.9 23.6 21.2 19.8 16.9 18.2 15.5 13.6 12.2 32.0 29.9 28.4 26.9 21.3 20.5 18.0 16.0 17.9 17.1 16.7 12.8 39.7 35.6 32.0 27.8 25.6 17.9
dm6 0.000320 0.00253 0.00283 0.00283 0.00100 0.00987 0.00988 0.00253 0.00727 0.00728 0.0276 0.0276 0.0348 0.00680 0.00680 0.0169 0.0519 0.0662 0.0662 0.0103 0.0104 0.0123 0.0124 0.0434 0.0434 0.0553 0.114 0.142 0.171 0.203 0.0367 0.0367 0.0426 0.0427 0.134 0.134 0.163 0.195 0.462 0.508 0.508 0.745 0.0676 0.0930 0.107 0.133 0.149 0.248
cm4 2.03 3.53 4.73 5.17 3.75 7.91 8.43 2.81 6.56 7.37 12.5 13.5 22.2 4.31 4.50 6.76 11.5 20.4 21.0 3.30 3.86 5.08 5.77 9.32 10.9 18.5 17.6 29.8 45.8 66.7 5.78 6.74 8.51 9.68 21.2 23.2 36.1 53.2 46.7 55.8 58.7 141 5.51 8.65 12.4 18.8 24.9 79.0
35
UNIVERSAL BEAMS AND COLUMNS B
Universal Beams and Columns
n
r N
t
d
D
BEAMS AND COLUMNS
T
C
Metric units
b
Designation Size Mass Per Metre mm 300x200
300x300
350x175
350x250
350x350
400x200
400x300
400x400
36
kg/m 48.3 55.8 56.8 65.4 77.3 87.0 93.0 94.0 106 125 130 147 41.2 41.4 49.4 49.6 57.8 66.2 71.8 79.7 69.2 78.1 79.7 94.2 108 113 115 135 137 159 181 56.1 56.6 65.4 66.0 75.5 88.2 140 187 94.3 105 107 127 144 140 147 172 200 232 283 415 605
Depth Width Of Of Section Section D
B
mm 290 294 294 298 304 298 300 300 304 310 310 312 346 346 350 350 354 358 360 364 336 340 340 346 350 344 344 350 350 356 362 396 396 400 400 404 410 430 446 386 390 390 396 402 388 394 400 406 414 428 458 498
mm 199 200 200 201 202 299 300 300 301 303 305 310 174 174 175 175 176 177 178 177 249 250 250 251 253 348 354 350 350 352 354 199 199 200 200 201 202 208 214 299 300 300 302 303 402 398 400 403 405 407 417 432
Root Depth Radius Between Fillets
Thickness
Flange Web T t mm 10 12 12 14 17 14 15 15 17 20 20 21 9 9 11 11 13 15 16 18 12 14 14 17 19 16 16 19 19 22 25 11 11 13 13 15 18 28 36 14 16 16 19 22 15 18 21 24 28 35 50 70
mm 7 8 8 9 10 9 10 10 11 13 15 20 6 6 7 7 8 9 10 11 8 9 9 10 12 10 10 12 12 14 16 7 7 8 8 9 10 16 22 9 10 10 12 13 15 11 13 16 18 20 30 45
Area Of Section
r
d
A
mm 18 13 18 18 18 18 13 18 18 18 18 18 13 14 13 14 14 14 14 14 20 13 20 20 20 13 20 13 20 20 20 13 16 13 16 16 16 16 16 22 13 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22
mm 234 244 234 234 234 234 244 234 234 234 234 234 302 300 302 300 300 300 300 300 272 286 272 272 272 286 272 286 272 272 272 348 342 348 342 342 342 342 342 314 332 314 314 314 314 314 314 314 314 314 314 314
cm2 61.5 71.1 72.4 83.4 98.5 111 118 120 135 159 165 187 52.5 52.7 62.9 63.1 73.7 84.3 91.4 101 88.2 100 102 120 137 144 148 172 174 202 230 71.4 72.2 83.4 84.1 96.2 112 179 239 120 133 136 162 184 178 187 219 255 295 361 529 770
Ratios For Local Buckling Flange Web b/T d/t 9.95 8.33 8.33 7.18 5.94 10.7 10.0 10.0 8.85 7.58 7.63 7.38 9.67 9.67 7.95 7.95 6.77 5.90 5.56 4.92 10.4 8.93 8.93 7.38 6.66 10.9 11.1 9.21 9.21 8.00 7.08 9.05 9.05 7.69 7.69 6.70 5.61 3.71 2.97 10.7 9.38 9.38 7.95 6.89 13.4 11.1 9.52 8.40 7.23 5.81 4.17 3.09
Continental Steel Pte Ltd
33.4 30.5 29.3 26.0 23.4 26.0 24.4 23.4 21.3 18.0 15.6 11.7 50.3 50.0 43.1 42.9 37.5 33.3 30.0 27.3 34.0 31.8 30.2 27.2 22.7 28.6 27.2 23.8 22.7 19.4 17.0 49.7 48.9 43.5 42.8 38.0 34.2 21.4 15.5 34.9 33.2 31.4 26.2 24.2 20.9 28.5 24.2 19.6 17.4 15.7 10.5 7.0
Dimensions For Detailing End Clearance C
N
n
mm 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 8 9 10 12 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 8 6 7 7 7 8 7 7 8 8 9 10 6 6 6 6 7 7 10 13 7 7 7 8 9 10 8 9 10 11 12 17 25
mm 106 106 106 106 106 155 155 155 155 155 155 155 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 93 131 131 131 131 131 179 182 179 179 179 179 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 155 155 155 155 155 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204
mm 28 25 30 32 35 32 28 33 35 38 38 39 22 23 24 25 27 29 30 32 32 27 34 37 39 29 36 32 39 42 45 24 27 26 29 31 34 44 52 36 29 38 41 44 37 40 43 46 50 57 72 92
Notch
UNIVERSAL BEAMS AND COLUMNS y
Metric units
y
Designation Surface Size Unit Area Weight Per Metre mm 300x200
300x300
350x175
350x250
350x350
400x200
400x300
400x400
kg/m 48.3 55.8 56.8 65.4 77.3 87.0 93.0 94.0 106 125 130 147 41.2 41.4 49.4 49.6 57.8 66.2 71.8 79.7 69.2 78.1 79.7 94.2 108 113 115 135 137 159 181 56.1 56.6 65.4 66.0 75.5 88.2 140 187 94.3 105 107 127 144 140 147 172 200 232 283 415 605
BEAMS AND COLUMNS
x
x
m2 1.33 1.35 1.34 1.35 1.37 1.74 1.76 1.75 1.76 1.78 1.78 1.79 1.35 1.35 1.36 1.36 1.37 1.38 1.39 1.39 1.62 1.64 1.63 1.64 1.65 2.04 2.05 2.05 2.04 2.06 2.07 1.55 1.55 1.56 1.56 1.57 1.58 1.63 1.68 1.91 1.94 1.92 1.94 1.95 2.32 2.32 2.34 2.35 2.37 2.41 2.49 2.60
Second Moment Of Area Axis Axis x-x y-y cm4 9431 11110 11340 13310 16280 18850 20190 20410 23380 28130 28630 31370 11040 11100 13500 13560 16100 18710 20240 22760 18510 21230 21680 26440 30190 32850 33810 39847 40300 47590 55190 19770 20020 23460 23710 27490 33060 54850 75250 33680 37860 38680 46660 54420 48970 56150 66620 78040 92770 119200 187100 297900
cm4 1317 1602 1604 1900 2341 6242 6753 6756 7733 9282 9470 10450 792 792 984 985 1184 1390 1508 1669 3093 3649 3652 4488 5138 11240 11840 13583 13590 16000 18500 1447 1448 1736 1737 2035 2478 4216 5919 6246 7204 7210 8735 10220 16260 18930 22420 26200 31030 39360 60530 94360
Radius Of Gyration Axis Axis x-x y-y cm 12.4 12.5 12.5 12.6 12.9 13.0 13.1 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.2 13.0 14.5 14.5 14.6 14.7 14.8 14.9 14.9 15.0 14.5 14.6 14.6 14.8 14.8 15.1 15.1 15.2 15.2 15.3 15.5 16.6 16.7 16.8 16.8 16.9 17.2 17.5 17.8 16.7 16.9 16.9 17.0 17.2 16.6 17.3 17.5 17.5 17.7 18.2 18.8 19.7
cm 4.63 4.75 4.71 4.77 4.88 7.51 7.55 7.51 7.57 7.64 7.57 7.48 3.88 3.88 3.96 3.95 4.01 4.06 4.06 4.06 5.92 6.05 6.00 6.12 6.12 8.84 8.95 8.89 8.84 8.90 8.96 4.50 4.48 4.56 4.54 4.60 4.70 4.86 4.98 7.21 7.35 7.28 7.35 7.45 9.55 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.2 10.4 10.7 11.1
Elastic Modulus Axis x-x cm3 650 756 771 893 1071 1265 1346 1361 1538 1815 1847 2011 638 641 771 775 909 1045 1124 1250 1102 1249 1275 1528 1725 1910 1966 2277 2303 2674 3049 999 1011 1173 1185 1361 1612 2551 3374 1745 1942 1983 2357 2707 2524 2850 3331 3844 4482 5570 8172 11960
Axis y-y
Plastic Modulus
x-x
cm3 cm3 132 721 160 842 160 859 189 1000 232 1204 418 1389 450 1484 450 1501 514 1705 613 2031 621 2079 674 2295 91.0 712 91.0 716 113 864 113 868 135 1022 157 1180 169 1276 189 1425 248 1215 292 1382 292 1412 358 1699 406 1935 646 2092 669 2153 776 2515 776 2545 909 2979 1045 3424 145 1114 145 1128 174 1313 174 1326 202 1528 245 1815 405 2941 553 3968 418 1918 480 2141 481 2188 578 2620 674 3022 809 2802 951 3118 1121 3672 1300 4280 1532 5026 1934 6311 2903 9540 4369 14460
y-y cm3 203 245 247 291 356 634 683 684 781 932 949 1040 140 140 173 174 208 243 263 293 380 445 447 547 623 978 1014 1176 1179 1382 1591 223 224 267 268 312 378 632 873 637 730 733 884 1030 1237 1441 1700 1977 2331 2941 4436 6724
Continental Steel Pte Ltd
Buckling Torsional Parameter Index
u 0.882 0.882 0.883 0.884 0.888 0.850 0.847 0.848 0.849 0.849 0.842 0.830 0.881 0.882 0.883 0.884 0.885 0.886 0.883 0.884 0.881 0.881 0.882 0.886 0.882 0.848 0.846 0.847 0.849 0.848 0.848 0.883 0.884 0.885 0.886 0.887 0.891 0.887 0.883 0.880 0.879 0.881 0.880 0.883 0.830 0.850 0.850 0.846 0.848 0.854 0.853 0.852
Warping Constant
Torsional Constant
x
H
J
26.0 24.0 22.7 20.1 17.2 20.0 19.4 18.8 16.9 14.6 14.4 13.0 38.1 37.5 32.2 31.8 27.6 24.4 22.9 20.6 25.8 24.2 22.8 19.5 17.6 21.1 20.4 18.0 17.5 15.4 13.7 36.8 35.6 31.8 30.9 27.4 23.4 15.7 12.5 25.8 24.5 23.2 20.0 17.7 22.5 20.9 18.2 16.1 14.1 11.6 8.5 6.4
dm6 0.258 0.319 0.319 0.383 0.482 1.26 1.37 1.37 1.59 1.95 1.99 2.21 0.225 0.225 0.283 0.283 0.344 0.409 0.446 0.499 0.812 0.969 0.970 1.21 1.41 3.02 3.18 3.72 3.72 4.46 5.25 0.536 0.536 0.650 0.650 0.770 0.952 1.70 2.49 2.16 2.52 2.52 3.10 3.69 5.66 6.69 8.05 9.56 11.6 15.2 25.2 43.2
cm4 22.8 31.4 35.8 53.4 87.8 71.3 82.1 88.1 125 200 215 298 13.2 13.6 22.4 23.0 36.1 53.6 66.3 91.3 44.6 58.0 66.3 109 155 111 123 186 199 305 445 25.0 27.1 39.6 42.2 62.3 101 373 825 79.9 100 114 185 272 156 194 303 462 714 1317 3885 11060
37
UNIVERSAL BEAMS AND COLUMNS B
Universal Beams and Columns
n
r N
t
d
D
BEAMS AND COLUMNS
T
C
Metric units
b
Designation Size Mass Per Metre mm 450x200
450x300
500x200
500x300
600x200
600x300
700x300
800x300
900x300
38
kg/m 65.1 66.2 74.9 76.0 88.9 98.9 110 106 121 124 145 77.9 79.5 88.2 89.6 102 103 117 111 114 125 128 150 79.0 92.5 94.6 103 106 118 120 134 133 137 147 151 170 175 203 217 166 182 185 215 191 207 210 241 267 210 213 240 243 283 286 304 307
Depth Width Of Of Section Section D
B
mm 446 446 450 450 456 460 460 434 440 440 446 496 496 500 500 506 506 512 482 482 488 488 494 592 596 596 600 600 606 606 612 582 582 588 588 594 594 602 608 692 700 700 708 792 800 800 808 816 890 890 900 900 912 912 918 918
mm 199 199 200 200 201 202 205 299 300 300 302 199 199 200 200 201 201 202 300 300 300 300 302 197 199 199 200 200 201 201 202 300 300 300 300 302 302 304 304 300 300 300 302 300 300 300 302 303 299 299 300 300 302 302 303 303
Root Depth Radius Between Fillets
Thickness
Flange Web T t mm 12 12 14 14 17 19 19 15 18 18 21 14 14 16 16 19 19 22 15 15 18 18 21 13 15 15 17 17 20 20 23 17 17 20 20 23 23 27 30 20 24 24 28 22 26 26 30 34 23 23 28 28 34 34 37 37
mm 8 8 9 9 10 11 14 10 11 11 13 9 9 10 10 11 11 12 11 11 11 11 13 8 10 10 11 11 12 12 13 12 12 12 12 14 14 16 16 13 13 13 15 14 14 14 16 17 15 15 16 16 18 18 19 19
Area Of Section
r
d
A
mm 13 18 13 18 18 18 18 24 13 24 24 13 20 13 20 13 20 20 13 26 13 26 26 22 13 22 13 22 13 22 22 13 28 13 28 13 28 28 28 28 18 28 28 28 18 28 28 28 18 28 18 28 18 28 18 28
mm 396 386 396 386 386 386 386 356 378 356 356 442 428 442 428 442 428 428 426 400 426 400 400 522 540 522 540 522 540 522 522 522 492 522 492 522 492 492 492 596 616 596 596 692 712 692 692 692 808 788 808 788 808 788 808 788
cm2 83.0 84.3 95.4 96.8 113 126 140 135 154 157 184 99 101 112 114 129 131 148 141 146 159 164 191 101 118 120 132 134 150 152 171 169 174 187 192 217 222 259 277 211 232 235 274 243 264 267 308 340 267 271 306 310 360 364 387 391
Ratios For Local Buckling Flange Web b/T d/t 8.29 8.29 7.14 7.14 5.91 5.32 5.39 9.97 8.33 8.33 7.19 7.11 7.11 6.25 6.25 5.29 5.29 4.59 10.0 10.0 8.33 8.33 7.19 7.58 6.63 6.63 5.88 5.88 5.03 5.03 4.39 8.82 8.82 7.50 7.50 6.57 6.57 5.63 5.07 7.50 6.25 6.25 5.39 6.82 5.77 5.77 5.03 4.46 6.50 6.50 5.36 5.36 4.44 4.44 4.09 4.09
Continental Steel Pte Ltd
49.5 48.3 44.0 42.9 38.6 35.1 27.6 35.6 34.4 32.4 27.4 49.1 47.6 44.2 42.8 40.2 38.9 35.7 38.7 36.4 38.7 36.4 30.8 65.3 54.0 52.2 49.1 47.5 45.0 43.5 40.2 43.5 41.0 43.5 41.0 37.3 35.1 30.8 30.8 45.8 47.4 45.8 39.7 49.4 50.9 49.4 43.3 40.7 53.9 52.5 50.5 49.3 44.9 43.8 42.5 41.5
Dimensions For Detailing End Clearance C
N
n
mm 6 6 7 7 7 8 9 7 8 8 9 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 6 7 7 8 8 8 8 9 8 8 8 8 9 9 10 10 9 9 9 10 9 9 9 10 11 10 10 10 10 11 11 12 12
mm 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 155 155 155 155 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 155 155 155 155 155 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 154 154 154 154 154 154 154 154 154 154 154 154 153 153 153 153 153 152 152 152 152 152 152 152 152
mm 25 30 27 32 35 37 37 39 31 42 45 27 34 29 36 32 39 42 28 41 31 44 47 35 28 37 30 39 33 42 45 30 45 33 48 36 51 55 58 48 42 52 56 50 44 54 58 62 41 51 46 56 52 62 55 65
Notch
UNIVERSAL BEAMS AND COLUMNS y
Metric units
y
Designation Surface Size Unit Area Weight Per Metre mm 450x200
450x300
500x200
500x300
600x200
600x300
700x300
800x300
900x300
kg/m 65.1 66.2 74.9 76.0 88.9 98.9 110 106 121 124 145 77.9 79.5 88.2 89.6 102 103 117 111 114 125 128 150 79.0 92.5 94.6 103 106 118 120 134 133 137 147 151 170 175 203 217 166 182 185 215 191 207 210 241 267 210 213 240 243 283 286 304 307
BEAMS AND COLUMNS
x
x
m2 1.65 1.64 1.66 1.65 1.67 1.68 1.68 2.00 2.04 2.02 2.03 1.75 1.74 1.76 1.75 1.77 1.76 1.77 2.12 2.10 2.13 2.11 2.13 1.92 1.95 1.93 1.96 1.94 1.97 1.95 1.97 2.32 2.29 2.33 2.30 2.35 2.32 2.34 2.35 2.51 2.54 2.53 2.55 2.71 2.74 2.72 2.74 2.76 2.92 2.90 2.94 2.92 2.97 2.95 2.98 2.96
Second Moment Of Area Axis Axis x-x y-y cm4 28130 28700 32890 33450 40400 45430 47860 46800 54730 56070 66380 40840 41870 46810 47850 55480 56520 65450 58270 60370 68860 70960 83810 58240 66640 68720 75560 77630 88320 90400 103500 98950 102700 114400 118100 133600 137300 162600 179300 172400 197500 201500 237100 253600 286400 291700 339200 383600 338500 345300 404500 411300 491000 497800 535400 542200
cm4 1579 1581 1870 1872 2308 2619 2742 6695 8106 8114 9658 1843 1846 2138 2142 2578 2582 3035 6756 6768 8106 8118 9663 1665 1976 1982 2274 2280 2716 2723 3178 7659 7675 9009 9025 10570 10590 12680 14090 9030 10820 10830 12890 9936 11720 11740 13820 15820 10280 10290 12630 12650 15660 15670 17210 17230
Radius Of Gyration Axis Axis x-x y-y cm 18.4 18.5 18.6 18.6 18.9 19.0 18.5 18.6 18.9 18.9 19.0 20.3 20.3 20.4 20.5 20.7 20.7 21.0 20.3 20.4 20.8 20.8 20.9 24.1 23.8 23.9 24.0 24.0 24.3 24.3 24.6 24.2 24.3 24.7 24.8 24.8 24.9 25.1 25.4 28.6 29.2 29.3 29.4 32.3 33.0 33.0 33.2 33.6 35.6 35.7 36.4 36.4 36.9 37.0 37.2 37.2
cm 4.36 4.33 4.43 4.40 4.51 4.56 4.43 7.04 7.26 7.18 7.24 4.31 4.27 4.36 4.33 4.47 4.43 4.52 6.92 6.82 7.14 7.05 7.11 4.07 4.10 4.06 4.16 4.12 4.26 4.23 4.32 6.73 6.63 6.94 6.85 6.98 6.90 7.00 7.13 6.53 6.83 6.78 6.86 6.39 6.67 6.62 6.70 6.82 6.20 6.16 6.43 6.39 6.59 6.56 6.67 6.63
Elastic Modulus
Plastic Modulus
Axis x-x
Axis y-y
x-x
y-y
cm3 1262 1287 1462 1487 1772 1975 2081 2157 2488 2549 2977 1647 1688 1872 1914 2193 2234 2557 2418 2505 2822 2908 3393 1968 2236 2306 2519 2588 2915 2983 3382 3400 3530 3889 4018 4497 4624 5401 5896 4984 5643 5757 6699 6405 7159 7292 8397 9402 7608 7760 8989 9139 10770 10920 11660 11810
cm3 159 159 187 187 230 259 268 448 540 541 640 185 186 214 214 257 257 300 450 451 540 541 640 169 199 199 227 228 270 271 315 511 512 601 602 700 701 834 927 602 721 722 854 662 781 782 915 1044 687 688 842 843 1037 1038 1136 1137
cm3 1423 1450 1652 1679 2003 2240 2399 2384 2757 2825 3323 1869 1914 2130 2175 2496 2541 2913 2696 2791 3132 3228 3792 2239 2576 2651 2904 2979 3357 3432 3893 3822 3963 4348 4489 5057 5197 6101 6653 5629 6338 6464 7559 7288 8098 8243 9534 10680 8750 8913 10290 10450 12340 12500 13380 13540
cm3 245 247 290 291 356 403 423 686 823 828 981 288 290 333 335 399 401 469 690 695 825 830 984 265 312 315 358 361 426 429 498 786 793 921 928 1077 1085 1292 1431 936 1110 1116 1323 1036 1210 1216 1426 1625 1079 1085 1317 1324 1622 1629 1778 1785
Continental Steel Pte Ltd
Buckling Torsional Parameter Index
u 0.876 0.878 0.878 0.879 0.884 0.885 0.869 0.883 0.885 0.887 0.886 0.874 0.876 0.875 0.877 0.880 0.881 0.884 0.877 0.880 0.887 0.889 0.888 0.870 0.861 0.864 0.863 0.865 0.868 0.870 0.873 0.876 0.879 0.886 0.888 0.885 0.887 0.888 0.893 0.878 0.887 0.889 0.889 0.873 0.882 0.883 0.883 0.887 0.863 0.865 0.872 0.873 0.876 0.877 0.878 0.879
Warping Constant
Torsional Constant
x
H
J
38.4 36.5 33.6 32.2 27.5 25.0 23.9 27.0 24.9 23.4 20.5 37.5 35.2 33.3 31.6 28.7 27.5 24.3 32.4 29.4 28.0 25.9 22.8 45.2 42.9 39.7 38.4 36.0 33.4 31.7 28.3 35.5 32.1 31.2 28.8 27.3 25.5 22.3 20.5 34.3 31.4 30.0 26.3 36.8 33.9 32.5 28.7 25.8 42.2 40.2 35.9 34.5 30.1 29.3 27.9 27.2
dm6 0.744 0.744 0.889 0.890 1.11 1.27 1.33 2.94 3.61 3.61 4.36 1.07 1.07 1.25 1.25 1.53 1.53 1.82 3.68 3.69 4.48 4.48 5.40 1.40 1.67 1.67 1.93 1.94 2.33 2.34 2.76 6.11 6.13 7.27 7.28 8.62 8.63 10.5 11.8 10.2 12.4 12.4 14.9 14.7 17.6 17.6 20.9 24.2 19.3 19.3 24.0 24.0 30.2 30.2 33.4 33.4
cm4 33.9 38.3 51.6 56.9 92.5 126 152 104 141 163 253 52.5 60.8 75.9 85.9 119 132 193 93.9 118 143 172 265 53.0 69.2 82.4 97.3 113 147 167 237 137 173 199 241 304 356 551 702 260 343 383 588 341 440 486 726 1003 361 403 580 633 979 1050 1234 1316
39
38
UNIVERSAL BEAMS AND COLUMNS B
Universal Beams and Columns
n
r N
t
d
D
T
BEAMS AND COLUMNS
C
Imperial units
b
Designation Size Mass Per Metre in (mm) W4-4x4 (102x102) W5-5x3 (127x76) W5-5x5 (127x127) W6-6x3 (152x76) W6-6x3 1/2 (152x89) W6-6x4 (152x102) W6-6x6 (152X152)
W7-7x 3 1/2 (178x89) W7-7x4 (178x102) W8-8x4 (203x102)
W8-8x5 1/4 (203x133)
W8-8x6 1/2 (203x165) W8-8x8 (203x203)
W10-10x4 (254x102)
40
Depth Of Section
Width Of Section
D
B
T
t
Thickness
Root Radius
Depth Between Fillets
Area Of Section
r
d
A
Flange Web
Ratios For Local Buckling Flange Web b/T d/t
Dimensions For Detailing End Clearance C
N
n
mm 58 57 56 46
mm 15 15 18 15
Notch
lb/ft 13 13.8 16.3 9
kg/m 19.4 21.0 24.0 13.0
mm 105.7 102.0 107.0 127.0
mm 103.1 102.0 100.0 76.0
mm 8.8 9.4 12.0 7.6
mm 7.1 8.0 7.9 4.0
mm 6.4 6.0 6.0 7.6
mm 75.5 71.2 71.0 96.6
cm2 24.7 26.1 30.9 16.5
5.88 5.43 4.17 5.00
10.6 8.90 8.99 24.2
mm 6 6 6 4
16 19 9 12 11
23.8 28.3 14.0 18.0 16.0
127.3 130.8 150.0 155.0 152.4
127.0 127.8 75.0 75.0 88.7
9.1 10.9 7.0 8.5 7.7
6.1 6.9 5.0 6.0 4.5
7.6 7.6 8.0 8.0 7.6
93.8 93.8 120.0 122.0 121.8
30.4 35.8 17.8 21.6 20.3
6.95 5.86 5.36 4.41 5.76
15.4 13.7 24.0 20.3 27.1
5 5 5 5 4
70 70 45 45 52
17 19 15 17 15
9 12 16 15 15.7 20 25 11 12 15 13
13.4 17.9 23.8 22.3 23.0 30.0 37.0 16.1 18.1 22.2 19.0
149.9 153.2 159.5 152.1 152.4 157.6 161.8 173.0 175.0 179.0 177.8
100.1 101.6 102.4 152.1 152.2 152.9 154.4 90.0 90.0 90.0 101.2
5.5 7.1 10.2 6.6 6.8 9.4 11.5 7.0 8.0 10.0 7.9
4.3 5.8 6.6 5.8 5.8 6.5 8.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 4.8
6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4 7.6 7.6 7.6 8.9 8.9 8.9 7.6
126.3 126.3 126.4 126.2 123.6 123.6 123.6 141.2 141.2 141.2 146.8
17.3 22.9 30.4 28.5 29.2 38.3 47.1 20.4 23.0 28.2 24.3
9.17 7.14 5.02 11.5 11.2 8.13 6.71 6.43 5.63 4.50 6.41
29.2 21.6 19.2 21.6 21.3 19.0 15.5 31.4 28.2 23.5 30.6
4 5 5 5 5 5 6 4 5 5 4
58 58 58 83 83 83 83 53 53 52 58
12 13 17 13 14 17 19 16 17 19 16
10 13 15 16 14 15 17 18 20 21 24 28 31 35 40 48 58 67 12 15 17 19
14.9 19.4 22.3 23.1 21.0 22.3 25.1 26.8 30.0 31.3 35.7 41.7 46.1 52.0 60.0 71.0 86.1 99.7 17.9 22.0 25.2 28.3
200.4 202.9 206.0 203.2 203.0 202.0 203.2 206.8 206.8 210.3 201.4 204.7 203.2 206.2 209.6 215.8 222.2 228.6 250.7 254.0 257.2 260.4
100.1 101.6 102.0 101.8 133.0 133.0 133.2 133.3 133.9 133.9 165.0 166.0 203.6 204.3 205.8 206.4 209.1 210.3 100.6 101.6 101.9 102.2
5.2 6.5 8.0 9.3 6.4 7.0 7.8 8.4 9.6 10.1 10.1 11.8 11.0 12.5 14.2 17.3 20.5 23.8 5.3 6.8 8.4 10.0
4.3 5.8 6.2 5.4 5.0 5.0 5.7 5.8 6.4 6.4 6.2 7.2 7.2 7.9 9.4 10.0 12.7 14.5 4.8 5.7 6.0 6.3
7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 8.0 8.9 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6
174.7 174.7 174.8 169.4 174.2 170.2 172.4 174.8 172.4 174.9 160.8 160.7 160.8 160.8 160.8 160.8 160.8 160.7 224.8 225.2 225.2 225.2
19.1 24.8 28.6 29.4 27.1 28.7 32.0 33.9 38.2 39.6 45.5 53.2 58.7 66.3 76.4 90.4 110 127 22.8 28.0 32.0 36.1
9.61 7.84 6.38 5.47 10.39 9.50 8.54 7.95 6.97 6.63 8.17 7.03 9.25 8.17 7.25 5.97 5.10 4.43 9.44 7.47 6.07 5.11
40.4 29.9 28.1 31.4 34.8 34.0 30.2 29.9 26.9 27.5 25.9 22.2 22.3 20.4 17.1 16.1 12.7 11.1 46.5 39.5 37.5 35.7
4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 8 9 4 5 5 5
58 58 58 58 74 74 74 74 74 74 89 89 108 108 108 108 108 108 58 58 58 58
13 14 16 17 14 16 15 16 17 18 20 22 21 23 24 28 31 34 13 14 16 18
Continental Steel Pte Ltd
39
UNIVERSAL BEAMS AND COLUMNS y
x
Imperial units
y
Designation Size Mass Per Metre in (mm) W4-4x4 (102x102) W5-5x3 (127x76) W5-5x5 (127x127) W6-6x3 (152x76) W6-6x3 1/2 (152x89) W6-6x4 (152x102) W6-6x6 (152X152)
W7-7x 3 1/2 (178x89) W7-7x4 (178x102) W8-8x4 (203x102)
W8-8x5 1/4 (203x133)
W8-8x6 1/2 (203x165) W8-8x8 (203x203)
W10-10x4 (254x102)
BEAMS AND COLUMNS
x
lb/ft kg/m 13 19.4 13.8 21.0 16.3 24.0 9 13.0
Surface Area per Metre
Second Moment Of Area Axis Axis x-x y-y
Radius Of Gyration Axis Axis x-x y-y
Elastic Modulus
Plastic Modulus
Axis x-x
Axis y-y
Axis x-x
Axis y-y
m2 0.599 0.586 0.588 0.537
cm4 472 456 587 473
cm4 160 167 200 55.8
cm 4.38 4.18 4.36 5.35
cm 2.55 2.53 2.55 1.84
cm3 89.4 89.4 110 74.6
cm3 31.1 32.7 40.1 14.7
cm3 103 104 129 84.2
cm3 47.8 50.4 61.5 22.6
Buckling Parameter
Torsional Index
Warping Constant
Torsional Constant
u
x
H
J
0.836 0.827 0.844 0.895
10.9 9.61 8.13 16.3
dm6 0.00377 0.00357 0.00452 0.00199
cm4 6.29 7.78 13.5 2.85
16 19 9 12 11
23.8 28.3 14.0 18.0 16.0
0.737 0.746 0.576 0.584 0.638
892 1092 666 841 834
312 380 49.5 60.2 89.8
5.42 5.52 6.11 6.24 6.41
3.21 3.25 1.67 1.67 2.10
140 167 88.8 109 109
49.2 59.4 13.2 16.0 20.2
158 190 102 126 123
75.0 90.6 20.8 25.4 31.2
0.842 0.845 0.876 0.875 0.890
13.0 11.2 20.4 17.6 19.6
0.0109 0.0136 0.00253 0.00323 0.00470
8.00 13.1 2.81 4.81 3.56
9 12 16 15 15.7 20 25 11 12 15 13
13.4 17.9 23.8 22.3 23.0 30.0 37.0 16.1 18.1 22.2 19.0
0.681 0.690 0.704 0.890 0.889 0.901 0.912 0.682 0.685 0.691 0.738
683 918 1330 1210 1250 1748 2210 1060 1213 1529 1356
91.4 125 183 387 400 560 706 85.4 97.6 122 137
6.29 6.33 6.61 6.51 6.54 6.76 6.85 7.20 7.26 7.36 7.48
2.30 2.33 2.45 3.68 3.70 3.83 3.87 2.04 2.06 2.08 2.37
91.1 120 167 159 164 222 273 123 139 171 153
18.3 24.5 35.7 50.9 52.6 73.3 91.5 19.0 21.7 27.1 27.0
102 136 190 177 182 248 309 138 157 195 171
28.1 38.0 55.2 77.7 80.2 112 140 29.4 33.7 42.3 41.6
0.873 0.869 0.882 0.837 0.840 0.849 0.848 0.884 0.885 0.886 0.888
26.2 20.4 15.4 21.4 20.7 16.0 13.3 23.9 21.4 17.8 22.6
0.00477 0.00665 0.0102 0.0205 0.0212 0.0308 0.0399 0.00588 0.00680 0.00871 0.00987
1.69 3.76 9.12 4.21 4.63 10.5 19.2 3.15 4.48 8.16 4.41
10 13 15 16 14 15 17 18 20 21 24 28 31 35 40 48 58 67 12 15 17 19
14.9 19.4 22.3 23.1 21.0 22.3 25.1 26.8 30.0 31.3 35.7 41.7 46.1 52.0 60.0 71.0 86.1 99.7 17.9 22.0 25.2 28.3
0.779 0.787 0.794 0.790 0.914 0.911 0.915 0.922 0.923 0.930 1.03 1.04 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.24 1.25 0.881 0.890 0.897 0.904
1284 1647 1999 2105 1980 2105 2340 2578 2896 3119 3430 4077 4568 5259 6125 7618 9449 11310 2241 2841 3415 4005
87.3 114 142 164 251 275 308 331 385 405 757 901 1548 1778 2065 2537 3128 3687 90.8 119 149 179
8.19 8.16 8.36 8.46 8.55 8.56 8.56 8.72 8.71 8.87 8.68 8.76 8.82 8.91 8.96 9.18 9.28 9.44 9.91 10.1 10.3 10.5
2.14 2.14 2.23 2.36 3.05 3.09 3.10 3.12 3.17 3.20 4.08 4.12 5.13 5.18 5.20 5.30 5.34 5.39 1.99 2.06 2.15 2.22
128 162 194 207 195 208 230 249 280 297 341 398 450 510 584 706 850 990 179 224 266 308
17.4 22.4 27.8 32.2 37.8 41.3 46.2 49.7 57.5 60.4 91.7 109 152 174 201 246 299 351 18.0 23.5 29.2 34.9
145 187 222 234 218 232 258 279 314 333 378 445 497 567 656 799 977 1150 207 259 306 353
27.2 35.3 43.7 49.8 58.0 63.4 70.9 76.3 88.2 92.7 140 165 231 264 305 374 456 536 28.6 37.3 46.0 54.8
0.867 0.861 0.869 0.888 0.874 0.879 0.877 0.880 0.881 0.885 0.875 0.875 0.847 0.848 0.846 0.853 0.850 0.852 0.851 0.856 0.866 0.874
36.3 29.0 25.2 22.5 29.9 27.9 25.6 24.5 21.5 21.0 19.3 16.8 17.7 15.8 14.1 11.9 10.2 9.0 44.0 36.4 31.5 27.5
0.00832 0.0110 0.0139 0.0154 0.0243 0.0261 0.0294 0.0326 0.0374 0.0405 0.0693 0.0838 0.143 0.167 0.197 0.250 0.318 0.387 0.0137 0.0182 0.0230 0.0280
1.78 3.63 5.68 7.02 3.74 4.50 5.96 7.13 10.3 11.6 14.3 22.4 22.2 31.8 47.2 80.2 137 211 2.28 4.15 6.42 9.57
Continental Steel Pte Ltd
41
40
UNIVERSAL BEAMS AND COLUMNS B
Universal Beams and Columns
n
r N
t
D
d
BEAMS AND COLUMNS
T
C
Imperial units
b
Designation Size Mass Per Metre in (mm) W10-10x5 3/4 (254x146)
W10-10x8 (254x203)
W10-10x10 (254x254)
W12-12x4 (305x102)
W12-12x5 (305x127) W12-12x6 1/2 (305x165)
W12-12x8 (305x203) W12-12x10 (305x254)
42
lb/ft 16 21 22 25 26 29 30 33 39 42 45 57 49 54 60 68 72 77 88 89 100 112 14 16 16.5 19 22 25 28 32 21 26 27 30 31 35 36 40 45 50 53 58
kg/m 24.0 31.1 32.7 37.0 38.7 43.0 44.6 49.1 58.0 62.5 67.0 84.8 73.1 80.4 88.9 101.2 107.1 114.6 131 132 148.8 167.1 20.8 23.8 24.8 28.2 32.8 37.0 41.9 48.1 31.0 38.7 40.3 44.6 46.1 52.1 54.0 59.5 67.0 74.4 78.9 86.3
Depth Of Section
Width Of Section
D
B
T
t
mm 253.0 251.4 258.3 256.0 262.4 259.6 265.9 247.1 252.0 249.4 256.5 258.1 254.1 256.3 260.3 264.2 266.7 269.2 275.3 276.3 281.9 289.1 302.5 304.5 305.1 308.7 312.7 304.4 307.2 311.0 306.0 310.4 303.4 313.4 306.6 317.5 310.4 303.3 306.3 309.6 306.3 309.6
mm 145.0 146.1 146.0 146.4 146.6 147.3 147.6 202.2 202.8 207.0 203.7 211.3 254.6 254.8 256.3 257.3 258.8 258.8 260.7 261.3 262.6 265.2 100.8 101.3 101.6 101.8 102.4 123.3 124.3 125.3 164.0 164.8 165.0 165.6 165.7 166.6 166.9 203.3 204.3 205.2 253.9 254.3
mm 6.4 8.6 9.1 10.9 11.1 12.7 12.9 11.0 13.4 12.2 15.7 16.5 14.2 15.6 17.3 19.6 20.5 22.1 25.2 25.3 28.5 31.7 5.7 6.7 7.0 8.8 10.8 10.7 12.1 14.0 7.4 9.7 10.2 11.1 11.8 13.2 13.7 13.0 14.6 16.2 14.6 16.2
mm 5.0 6.0 6.1 6.3 6.6 7.2 7.6 7.4 8.0 12.2 8.9 16.5 8.6 9.4 10.3 11.9 12.8 13.5 15.4 15.3 17.3 19.2 5.1 5.6 5.8 6.0 6.6 7.1 8.0 9.0 5.0 5.8 6.0 6.6 6.7 7.6 7.9 7.5 8.5 9.4 8.8 9.1
Thickness
Root Radius
Depth Between Fillets
Area Of Section
r
d
A
mm 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 8.9 8.9 8.9 7.6 7.6 8.9 7.6 8.9 7.6 8.9 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2
mm 224.2 219.0 224.8 219.0 225.0 219.0 224.9 199.7 199.8 199.6 199.7 199.7 200.3 199.7 200.3 199.7 200.3 199.6 199.6 200.3 199.6 200.3 275.8 275.8 275.9 275.9 275.9 265.2 265.2 265.2 275.2 275.9 265.2 276.0 265.2 275.9 265.2 246.9 246.7 246.8 246.7 246.8
cm2 31.1 39.7 41.8 47.2 48.9 54.8 56.9 62.5 73.8 79.3 85.4 108 93.1 102 113 129 136 146 167 168 190 213 26.8 30.4 31.6 35.9 41.8 47.2 53.4 61.2 39.4 49.3 51.3 56.5 58.7 66.7 68.8 75.6 85.2 94.5 100 110
Flange Web
Continental Steel Pte Ltd
Ratios For Local Buckling Flange Web b/T d/t 11.33 8.49 7.99 6.72 6.60 5.80 5.72 9.19 7.57 8.49 6.49 6.40 8.96 8.17 7.41 6.58 6.31 5.86 5.18 5.16 4.62 4.18 8.83 7.53 7.26 5.78 4.74 5.76 5.14 4.48 11.08 8.54 8.09 7.46 7.02 6.31 6.09 7.82 7.00 6.33 8.70 7.85
44.8 36.5 36.8 34.8 34.1 30.4 29.5 27.1 25.0 16.4 22.5 12.1 23.3 21.2 19.4 16.7 15.6 14.8 13.0 13.1 11.6 10.4 54.3 49.3 47.6 46.0 41.8 37.4 33.2 29.5 55.0 47.2 44.2 41.8 39.6 36.2 33.6 33.0 29.0 26.3 28.2 27.0
Dimensions For Detailing End Clearance C
N
n
mm 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 8 6 10 6 7 7 8 8 9 10 10 11 12 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 7 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 7 6 7
mm 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 107 107 107 107 107 133 133 133 133 133 133 133 133 133 133 58 58 58 58 58 68 68 68 90 89 90 90 90 89 90 108 108 108 133 133
mm 14 16 17 19 19 20 21 24 26 25 28 29 27 28 30 32 33 35 38 38 41 44 13 14 15 16 18 20 21 23 15 17 19 19 21 21 23 28 30 31 30 31
Notch
41
UNIVERSAL BEAMS AND COLUMNS y
x
Imperial units
y
Designation Size Mass Per Metre in (mm) W10-10x5 3/4 (254x146)
W10-10x8 (254x203)
W10-10x10 (254x254)
W12-12x4 (305x102)
W12-12x5 (305x127) W12-12x6 1/2 (305x165)
W12-12x8 (305x203) W12-12x10 (305x254)
BEAMS AND COLUMNS
x
lb/ft kg/m 16 24.0 21 31.1 22 32.7 25 37.0 26 38.7 29 43.0 30 44.6 33 49.1 39 58.0 42 62.5 45 67.0 57 84.8 49 73.1 54 80.4 60 88.9 68 101 72 107 77 115 88 131 89 132 100 149 112 167 14 20.8 16 23.8 16.5 24.8 19 28.2 22 32.8 25 37.0 28 41.9 32 48.1 21 31.0 26 38.7 27 40.3 30 44.6 31 46.1 35 52.1 36 54.0 40 59.5 45 67.0 50 74.4 53 78.9 58 86.3
Surface Area per Metre m2 1.06 1.06 1.08 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.27 1.28 1.25 1.29 1.31 1.49 1.49 1.50 1.51 1.52 1.52 1.54 1.55 1.56 1.58 0.985 0.990 0.992 1.00 1.01 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.24 1.26 1.24 1.26 1.25 1.27 1.26 1.38 1.39 1.40 1.58 1.59
Second Moment Of Area Axis Axis x-x y-y cm4 3477 4413 4917 5537 5974 6544 7048 7071 8672 8430 10300 11930 11410 12590 14270 16390 17510 18950 22210 22530 25900 30000 3682 4274 4455 5366 6501 7166 8196 9575 6554 8498 8503 9864 9899 11860 11700 12840 14570 16350 17700 19740
cm4 326 448 475 571 584 677 692 1517 1865 1807 2214 2606 3908 4304 4858 5558 5928 6391 7436 7531 8598 9870 97.9 117 123 155 194 335 389 461 544 720 764 841 896 1019 1063 1823 2078 2337 3986 4444
Radius Of Gyration Axis Axis x-x y-y
Axis x-x
Axis y-y
Axis x-x
Axis y-y
cm 10.6 10.5 10.8 10.8 11.1 10.9 11.1 10.6 10.8 10.3 11.0 10.5 11.1 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.9 11.7 11.9 11.9 12.2 12.5 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.9 13.1 12.9 13.2 13.0 13.3 13.0 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4
cm3 275 351 381 433 455 504 530 572 688 676 803 925 898 983 1096 1241 1313 1408 1613 1631 1838 2075 243 281 292 348 416 471 534 616 428 548 560 629 646 747 754 847 952 1056 1156 1275
cm3 44.9 61.3 65.0 78.0 79.6 92.0 93.8 150 184 175 217 247 307 338 379 432 458 494 570 576 655 744 19.4 23.1 24.2 30.5 37.9 54.4 62.6 73.6 66.4 87.4 92.7 102 108 122 127 179 203 228 314 349
cm3 308 393 426 483 510 566 597 634 765 768 898 1067 992 1091 1224 1398 1484 1599 1850 1869 2127 2424 286 329 342 403 481 539 614 711 476 609 623 703 720 838 846 938 1060 1183 1276 1411
cm3 69.0 94.1 100 119 122 141 144 229 280 271 331 385 465 512 575 657 697 752 869 878 999 1137 31.1 37.0 38.8 48.5 60.0 85.3 98.4 116 102 134 142 156 166 188 196 274 311 349 477 531
cm 3.23 3.36 3.37 3.48 3.45 3.52 3.49 4.93 5.03 4.77 5.09 4.91 6.48 6.49 6.55 6.57 6.59 6.61 6.67 6.69 6.73 6.81 1.91 1.96 1.97 2.08 2.15 2.67 2.70 2.74 3.72 3.82 3.86 3.86 3.90 3.91 3.93 4.91 4.94 4.97 6.30 6.36
Elastic Modulus
Plastic Modulus
Continental Steel Pte Ltd
Buckling Parameter
Torsional Index
u
x
H
J
38.2 29.6 28.9 24.3 24.5 21.2 21.3 21.5 18.3 17.9 15.9 13.6 17.3 15.8 14.5 12.9 12.4 11.6 10.3 10.3 9.3 8.5 50.8 45.0 43.4 37.4 31.6 29.7 26.5 23.3 42.4 33.8 31.0 29.7 27.1 25.3 23.6 22.9 20.6 18.8 20.4 18.7
dm6 0.0494 0.0660 0.0737 0.0857 0.0921 0.103 0.111 0.211 0.265 0.254 0.321 0.380 0.562 0.623 0.717 0.832 0.898 0.976 1.16 1.19 1.38 1.63 0.0216 0.0260 0.0273 0.0349 0.0442 0.0723 0.0847 0.102 0.121 0.163 0.164 0.192 0.195 0.236 0.234 0.384 0.442 0.503 0.848 0.956
cm4 4.16 8.55 9.96 15.3 16.5 23.9 25.6 24.0 40.2 44.5 62.3 109 57.6 75.6 102 148 172 213 314 319 452 626 2.93 4.27 4.77 7.40 12.2 14.8 21.1 31.8 6.3 12.5 14.7 18.7 22.2 30.8 34.8 39.1 54.6 73.5 65.6 86.5
0.874 0.880 0.882 0.890 0.888 0.891 0.888 0.873 0.878 0.851 0.880 0.849 0.849 0.849 0.850 0.849 0.848 0.849 0.850 0.850 0.851 0.851 0.842 0.846 0.846 0.859 0.866 0.872 0.872 0.873 0.881 0.887 0.889 0.887 0.891 0.889 0.889 0.890 0.889 0.889 0.876 0.878
Warping Constant
Torsional Constant
43
42
UNIVERSAL BEAMS AND COLUMNS B
Universal Beams and Columns
n
r N
t
d
D
BEAMS AND COLUMNS
T
C
Imperial units
b
Designation Size Mass Per Metre in (mm) W12-12x12 (305x305)
W14-14x5 (356x127) W14-14x6 3/4 (356x171)
W14-14x8 (356x203) W14-14x10 (356x254)
W14-14x14 1/2 (356x368)
44
lb/ft 65 72 79 87 92 96 106 120 133 136 152 161 170 190 210 230 252 278 279 305 336 22 26 30 34 38 45 43 48 53 61 68 74 82 87 90 99 103 109 119 120 132 136
kg/m 96.9 107.1 117.9 129.5 136.9 142.8 158.1 178.6 198.1 202.4 226.2 240 253 282.9 312.5 342 375 413.7 415 454 500 33.1 39.1 45.0 51.0 57.0 67.1 64.0 71.4 78.9 90.8 101.2 110.1 122 129 133.9 147.3 152.9 162.2 177 178.6 196.4 201.9
Depth Of Section
Width Of Section
D
B
T
t
mm 307.9 311.1 314.5 318.3 320.5 322.8 327.1 333.2 339.9 340.6 348.2 352.5 356.4 365.3 373.6 382.3 391.4 402.6 402.6 414.5 427.2 349.0 353.4 351.4 355.0 358.0 363.4 347.0 350.3 353.6 352.8 356.6 359.9 363.5 355.6 356.1 359.7 362.0 363.7 368.2 367.8 372.4 374.6
mm 305.3 305.8 307.4 308.0 309.2 308.9 311.2 312.9 314.5 315.0 317.0 318.4 319.3 322.2 324.9 327.5 330.3 333.8 333.8 336.2 340.0 125.4 126.0 171.1 171.5 172.2 173.2 203.1 204.0 204.7 253.9 254.8 255.8 257.3 368.6 368.8 370.0 370.5 371.0 372.6 372.6 374.0 374.7
mm 15.4 17.0 18.7 20.6 21.7 22.9 25.0 28.1 31.4 31.8 35.6 37.7 39.6 44.1 48.3 52.6 57.2 62.7 62.7 68.7 75.1 8.5 10.7 9.7 11.5 13.0 15.7 13.4 15.1 16.7 16.3 18.3 19.9 21.7 17.5 18.0 19.8 20.7 21.8 23.8 23.9 26.2 27.0
mm 9.9 10.9 12.0 13.1 13.8 14.0 15.8 18.0 19.1 20.1 22.1 23.0 24.4 26.8 30.0 32.6 35.4 38.9 38.9 41.3 45.1 6.0 6.6 7.0 7.4 8.1 9.1 7.8 8.6 9.4 9.5 10.5 11.4 12.9 10.4 11.2 12.3 12.3 13.3 14.4 15.0 16.4 16.5
Thickness
Root Radius
Depth Between Fillets
Area Of Section
r
d
A
mm 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2
mm 246.7 246.7 246.7 246.8 246.7 246.7 246.7 246.7 246.7 246.7 246.7 246.7 246.8 246.7 246.7 246.7 246.6 246.7 246.8 246.7 246.6 311.6 311.6 311.6 311.6 311.6 311.6 289.8 289.7 289.8 289.8 289.6 289.6 289.7 290.2 289.6 289.7 290.2 289.6 290.2 289.6 289.7 290.2
cm2 123 136 150 165 174 182 201 228 252 258 289 306 323 360 399 437 478 529 528 578 638 42.1 49.8 57.3 64.9 72.6 85.5 81.2 91.2 100 115 129 141 155 164 171 188 195 207 226 228 250 257
Flange Web
Continental Steel Pte Ltd
Ratios For Local Buckling Flange Web b/T d/t 9.91 8.98 8.22 7.49 7.12 6.76 6.22 5.57 5.01 4.96 4.46 4.22 4.03 3.65 3.37 3.11 2.89 2.66 2.66 2.45 2.26 7.38 5.89 8.82 7.46 6.62 5.52 7.58 6.75 6.13 7.79 6.97 6.41 5.92 10.5 10.2 9.34 8.95 8.49 7.83 7.80 7.15 6.94
24.9 22.6 20.6 18.9 17.9 17.7 15.6 13.7 12.9 12.3 11.2 10.7 10.1 9.21 8.23 7.57 6.97 6.35 6.34 5.97 5.47 51.9 47.2 44.5 42.1 38.5 34.2 37.4 33.5 30.8 30.4 27.5 25.3 22.5 27.9 25.9 23.5 23.6 21.7 20.2 19.3 17.7 17.6
Dimensions For Detailing End Clearance C
N
n
mm 7 7 8 9 9 9 10 11 12 12 13 14 14 15 17 18 20 21 21 23 25 5 5 6 6 6 7 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 7 8 8 8 9 9 9 10 10
mm 158 157 158 157 158 157 158 157 158 157 157 158 157 158 157 157 157 157 157 157 157 70 70 92 92 92 92 108 108 108 132 132 132 132 189 189 189 189 189 189 189 189 189
mm 31 32 34 36 37 38 40 43 47 47 51 53 55 59 63 68 72 78 78 84 90 19 21 20 22 23 26 29 30 32 32 33 35 37 33 33 35 36 37 39 39 41 42
Notch
43
UNIVERSAL BEAMS AND COLUMNS y
x
Imperial units
y
Designation Size Mass Per Metre in (mm) W12-12x12 (305x305)
W14-14x5 (356x127) W14-14x6 3/4 (356x171)
W14-14x8 (356x203) W14-14x10 (356x254)
W14-14x14 1/2 (356x368)
BEAMS AND COLUMNS
x
lb/ft 65 72 79 87 92 96 106 120 133 136 152 161 170 190 210 230 252 278 279 305 336 22 26 30 34 38 45 43 48 53 61 68 74 82 87 90 99 103 109 119 120 132 136
kg/m 96.9 107 118 130 137 143 158 179 198 202 226 240 253 283 313 342 375 414 415 454 500 33.1 39.1 45.0 51.0 57.0 67.1 64.0 71.4 78.9 90.8 101 110 122 129 134 147 153 162 177 179 196 202
Surface Area per Metre m2 1.79 1.80 1.81 1.82 1.82 1.83 1.84 1.86 1.87 1.87 1.89 1.91 1.92 1.94 1.96 1.98 2.01 2.04 2.04 2.07 2.10 1.17 1.18 1.36 1.36 1.37 1.38 1.46 1.47 1.48 1.68 1.69 1.69 1.70 2.14 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.16 2.17 2.17 2.18 2.19
Second Moment Of Area Axis Axis x-x y-y cm4 22250 24830 27670 30810 32820 34670 38750 44560 50900 51790 59610 64200 68490 78870 89270 100600 113200 129600 129500 147600 169000 8250 10170 12070 14140 16040 19460 17760 20170 22480 26540 30060 33120 36680 40250 41580 46240 48590 51540 57120 57290 63720 66260
cm4 7308 8117 9060 10030 10700 11240 12570 14350 16300 16560 18910 20320 21540 24640 27660 30880 34470 39040 39010 43690 49420 280 358 811 968 1108 1362 1874 2140 2391 4451 5048 5569 6175 14610 15080 16730 17550 18600 20530 20600 22820 23690
Radius Of Gyration Axis Axis x-x y-y
Axis x-x
Axis y-y
Axis x-x
Axis y-y
cm 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 13.7 13.8 13.9 14.0 14.2 14.2 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.8 15.0 15.2 15.4 15.7 15.7 16.0 16.3 14.0 14.3 14.5 14.8 14.9 15.1 14.8 14.9 15.0 15.2 15.3 15.3 15.4 15.6 15.6 15.7 15.8 15.8 15.9 15.9 16.0 16.1
cm3 1445 1596 1760 1936 2048 2148 2369 2675 2995 3041 3424 3643 3844 4318 4779 5261 5783 6437 6435 7122 7913 473 576 687 796 896 1071 1024 1151 1271 1505 1686 1840 2018 2264 2335 2571 2685 2834 3103 3115 3422 3538
cm3 479 531 589 651 692 728 808 917 1037 1052 1193 1276 1349 1529 1702 1886 2087 2339 2338 2599 2907 44.7 56.8 94.8 113 129 157 185 210 234 351 396 435 480 793 818 904 948 1003 1102 1106 1221 1264
cm3 1592 1767 1958 2164 2297 2413 2680 3053 3440 3501 3975 4247 4502 5105 5703 6332 7020 7890 7888 8807 9882 543 659 775 896 1010 1211 1138 1285 1424 1668 1878 2058 2270 2479 2565 2838 2965 3142 3455 3475 3838 3972
cm3 726 806 895 990 1053 1106 1230 1399 1581 1606 1823 1951 2064 2342 2613 2898 3211 3604 3602 4006 4487 70.3 89.1 147 174 199 243 283 322 359 534 604 665 734 1199 1238 1370 1435 1519 1671 1678 1853 1920
cm 7.69 7.72 7.77 7.80 7.83 7.86 7.90 7.94 8.04 8.02 8.09 8.15 8.17 8.27 8.33 8.41 8.49 8.59 8.59 8.69 8.80 2.58 2.68 3.76 3.86 3.91 3.99 4.80 4.84 4.88 6.21 6.26 6.29 6.31 9.43 9.40 9.43 9.49 9.49 9.54 9.51 9.55 9.60
Elastic Modulus
Plastic Modulus
Continental Steel Pte Ltd
Buckling Parameter
Torsional Index
u
x
H
J
19.3 17.6 16.2 14.9 14.2 13.6 12.5 11.2 10.2 10.1 9.2 8.7 8.4 7.7 7.1 6.6 6.2 5.7 5.7 5.4 5.0 42.2 35.2 36.8 32.1 28.8 24.4 25.9 23.3 21.3 21.5 19.4 18.0 16.6 19.9 19.2 17.7 17.0 16.2 15.0 14.9 13.7 13.4
dm6 1.56 1.75 1.98 2.22 2.39 2.53 2.87 3.34 3.88 3.95 4.62 5.03 5.40 6.35 7.32 8.39 9.62 11.3 11.3 13.1 15.3 0.0813 0.105 0.237 0.286 0.330 0.412 0.521 0.601 0.679 1.26 1.44 1.61 1.80 4.18 4.31 4.83 5.11 5.43 6.09 6.09 6.84 7.16
cm4 91.2 122 161 212 249 285 378 537 734 771 1074 1271 1480 2034 2693 3490 4495 5953 5946 7719 10110 8.79 15.1 15.8 23.8 33.4 55.7 43.2 60.4 80.1 90.3 126 161 211 153 169 223 251 296 381 390 511 558
0.850 0.850 0.850 0.851 0.851 0.853 0.851 0.851 0.853 0.852 0.853 0.854 0.854 0.855 0.855 0.856 0.856 0.857 0.857 0.860 0.861 0.863 0.871 0.874 0.881 0.882 0.886 0.891 0.891 0.892 0.886 0.886 0.886 0.884 0.844 0.842 0.842 0.844 0.843 0.844 0.842 0.843 0.844
Warping Constant
Torsional Constant
45
44
UNIVERSAL BEAMS AND COLUMNS B
Universal Beams and Columns
n
r N
t
D
d
BEAMS AND COLUMNS
T
C
Imperial units
b
Designation Size Mass Per Metre in (mm) W14-14x16 (356x406)
W16-16x5 1/2 (406x140) W16-16x7 (406x178)
W16-16x10 1/4 (406x260)
W18-18x6 (457x152)
W18-18x7 1/2 (457x191)
46
lb/ft 118 145 158 159 176 193 211 219 228 233 257 264 283 311 314 342 370 398 426 455 500 550 605 665 730 26 31 36 40 45 50 57 67 77 89 100 35 40 45 46 50 55 41 45 50 55 60 65 66 71
kg/m 175.6 215.8 235.1 236.6 261.9 287.1 314 326 339.9 346.7 382.5 393 421.1 462.8 467 509 551 592.3 633.9 677.1 744.1 818.5 900.3 989.6 1086 39.0 46.0 54.1 60.1 67.1 74.2 84.8 99.7 114.6 132.4 148.8 52.3 59.8 67.2 68.5 74.2 82.1 61 67.1 74.3 82.0 89.3 96.7 98.3 105.7
Depth Of Section
Width Of Section
D
B
T
t
mm 360.0 375.4 381.0 380.5 386.6 393.6 399.3 403.1 406.4 407.4 416.1 419.0 425.2 434.8 436.6 445.5 455.6 464.6 474.6 483.1 497.8 514.1 531.4 549.7 569.5 398.0 403.2 402.6 406.4 409.4 412.8 417.3 414.8 419.6 425.4 431.0 449.8 454.6 458.0 458.7 462.0 465.8 450.0 453.4 457.0 460.0 463.4 466.1 467.2 469.1
mm 396.0 393.7 394.8 395.4 397.5 399.0 401.3 402.0 403.0 403.6 406.3 407.0 409.2 412.2 412.2 415.5 418.5 421.4 424.0 427.6 432.1 436.9 442.3 448.3 454.4 141.8 142.2 177.7 177.9 178.8 179.5 180.8 260.0 261.5 263.3 264.8 152.4 152.9 153.8 153.9 154.4 155.3 189.0 189.9 190.4 191.3 191.9 192.8 192.8 193.9
mm 20.0 27.7 30.2 30.2 33.3 36.5 39.6 41.2 42.9 43.7 48.0 49.2 52.6 57.4 58.0 62.7 67.5 72.3 77.0 81.5 88.9 97.0 105.6 114.8 124.7 8.6 11.2 10.9 12.8 14.3 16.0 18.2 16.9 19.3 22.2 25.0 10.9 13.3 15.0 15.3 17.0 18.9 10.8 12.7 14.5 16.0 17.7 19.1 19.6 20.6
mm 20.0 17.3 18.4 18.9 21.1 22.6 24.9 25.5 26.6 27.2 29.8 30.6 32.8 35.8 35.8 39.1 42.1 45.0 47.6 51.2 55.6 60.5 65.9 71.9 78.0 6.4 6.8 7.7 7.9 8.8 9.5 10.9 10.0 11.6 13.3 14.9 7.6 8.1 9.0 9.1 9.6 10.5 8.1 8.5 9.0 9.9 10.5 11.4 11.4 12.6
Thickness
Root Radius
Depth Between Fillets
Area Of Section
r
d
A
mm 15.0 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2
mm 290.0 289.6 290.2 289.6 289.7 290.2 289.7 290.3 290.2 289.6 289.7 290.2 289.6 289.6 290.2 289.6 290.2 289.7 290.2 289.6 289.6 289.6 289.8 289.7 289.7 360.4 360.4 360.4 360.4 360.4 360.4 360.6 360.6 360.6 360.6 360.6 407.6 407.6 407.6 407.7 407.6 407.6 408.4 407.6 407.6 407.6 407.6 407.6 407.6 407.6
cm2 224 275 299 302 334 366 400 415 433 442 488 501 537 590 595 649 702 755 808 863 948 1043 1147 1261 1385 49.7 58.6 69.0 76.5 85.5 94.5 108 127 146 169 190 66.6 76.2 85.6 87.1 94.5 105 76 85.5 94.6 104 114 123 125 134
Flange Web
Continental Steel Pte Ltd
Ratios For Local Buckling Flange Web b/T d/t 9.90 7.11 6.54 6.54 5.97 5.47 5.06 4.88 4.70 4.62 4.23 4.14 3.89 3.59 3.55 3.31 3.10 2.92 2.75 2.62 2.43 2.25 2.09 1.95 1.82 8.24 6.35 8.15 6.95 6.25 5.61 4.98 7.70 6.77 5.92 5.29 6.99 5.75 5.13 5.03 4.54 4.11 8.75 7.48 6.57 5.98 5.42 5.06 4.92 4.71
14.5 16.8 15.8 15.3 13.7 12.8 11.6 11.4 10.9 10.7 9.71 9.48 8.84 8.09 8.11 7.40 6.89 6.44 6.10 5.66 5.21 4.79 4.40 4.03 3.72 56.3 53.0 46.8 45.6 41.0 37.9 33.0 36.0 31.2 27.0 24.3 53.6 50.3 45.3 44.6 42.5 38.8 50.4 48.0 45.3 41.2 38.8 35.7 35.8 32.4
Dimensions For Detailing End Clearance C
N
n
mm 12 11 11 11 13 13 14 15 15 16 17 17 18 20 20 22 23 24 26 28 30 32 35 38 41 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 9 9 6 6 7 7 7 7 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8
mm 198 198 198 198 198 198 198 198 198 198 198 198 198 198 198 198 198 198 198 198 198 198 198 198 198 78 78 95 95 95 95 95 135 135 135 135 82 82 82 82 82 82 750 101 101 101 101 101 101 101
mm 35 43 45 45 48 52 55 56 58 59 63 64 68 73 73 78 83 87 92 97 104 112 121 130 140 19 21 21 23 25 26 28 27 30 32 35 21 24 25 26 27 29 21 23 25 26 28 29 30 31
Notch
45
UNIVERSAL BEAMS AND COLUMNS y
x
Imperial units
y
Designation Size Mass Per Metre in (mm) W14-14x16 (356x406)
W16-16x5 1/2 (406x140) W16-16x7 (406x178)
W16-16x10 1/4 (406x260)
W18-18x6 (457x152)
W18-18x7 1/2 (457x191)
BEAMS AND COLUMNS
x
lb/ft 118 145 158 159 176 193 211 219 228 233 257 264 283 311 314 342 370 398 426 455 500 550 605 665 730 26 31 36 40 45 50 57 67 77 89 100 35 40 45 46 50 55 41 45 50 55 60 65 66 71
kg/m 176 216 235 237 262 287 314 326 340 347 383 393 421 463 467 509 551 592 634 677 744 819 900 990 1086 39.0 46.0 54.1 60.1 67.1 74.2 84.8 99.7 115 132 149 52.3 59.8 67.2 68.5 74.2 82.1 61.0 67.1 74.3 82.0 89.3 96.7 98.3 106
Surface Area per Metre m2 2.24 2.26 2.28 2.28 2.29 2.31 2.33 2.34 2.35 2.35 2.37 2.38 2.40 2.42 2.42 2.45 2.47 2.50 2.52 2.55 2.59 2.63 2.67 2.72 2.77 1.33 1.34 1.48 1.49 1.50 1.51 1.52 1.83 1.84 1.86 1.87 1.48 1.49 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.51 1.62 1.63 1.64 1.65 1.66 1.66 1.67 1.67
Second Moment Of Area Axis Axis x-x y-y cm4 51770 71240 79090 79160 89040 99880 110500 116400 122500 125100 141500 146600 159800 180100 183000 203800 226900 249800 274800 299400 341900 392400 450600 518100 597000 12510 15690 18720 21600 24330 27310 31520 39730 46110 54060 61830 21370 25500 28930 29530 32670 36590 25380 29380 33320 37050 41020 44590 45730 48760
cm4 20730 28180 30990 31170 34860 38680 42720 44660 46850 47930 53750 55370 60150 67130 67830 75180 82670 90380 98130 106600 120000 135500 153100 173400 196300 410 538 1021 1203 1365 1546 1794 4951 5758 6768 7754 645 795 913 933 1047 1185 1218 1452 1671 1871 2089 2281 2347 2507
Radius Of Gyration Axis Axis x-x y-y cm 15.2 16.1 16.3 16.2 16.3 16.5 16.6 16.7 16.8 16.8 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.5 17.5 17.7 18.0 18.2 18.4 18.6 19.0 19.4 19.8 20.3 20.8 15.9 16.4 16.5 16.8 16.9 17.0 17.1 17.7 17.8 17.9 18.0 17.9 18.3 18.4 18.4 18.6 18.7 18.2 18.5 18.8 18.8 19.0 19.0 19.1 19.0
cm 9.61 10.1 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.3 10.3 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.5 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.7 10.8 10.9 10.9 11.0 11.1 11.3 11.4 11.6 11.7 11.9 2.87 3.03 3.85 3.97 3.99 4.04 4.07 6.25 6.28 6.33 6.39 3.11 3.23 3.27 3.27 3.33 3.37 3.99 4.12 4.20 4.23 4.29 4.30 4.33 4.32
Elastic Modulus
Plastic Modulus
Axis x-x
Axis y-y
Axis x-x
Axis y-y
cm3 2876 3796 4151 4161 4606 5075 5537 5777 6031 6141 6803 6998 7516 8283 8383 9151 9962 10750 11580 12400 13740 15260 16960 18850 20970 629 778 930 1063 1189 1323 1511 1915 2198 2541 2869 950 1122 1263 1288 1414 1571 1128 1296 1458 1611 1770 1913 1957 2079
cm3 1047 1432 1570 1577 1754 1939 2129 2222 2325 2375 2646 2721 2940 3257 3291 3619 3951 4289 4629 4987 5555 6202 6922 7736 8640 57.8 75.7 115 135 153 172 198 381 440 514 586 84.7 104 119 121 136 153 129 153 176 196 218 237 243 259
cm3 3235 4264 4687 4702 5244 5812 6387 6681 6999 7140 7975 8222 8887 9877 10000 11010 12080 13130 14240 15340 17160 19260 21610 24250 27230 724 888 1055 1199 1346 1501 1724 2128 2457 2859 3246 1096 1287 1453 1482 1627 1811 1286 1471 1653 1831 2014 2184 2232 2383
cm3 1603 2172 2383 2394 2667 2949 3243 3384 3544 3621 4038 4154 4492 4983 5034 5543 6058 6583 7108 7669 8553 9560 10680 11960 13370 90.8 118 178 209 237 267 309 581 673 788 899 133 163 187 191 213 240 201 237 272 304 338 369 379 404
Continental Steel Pte Ltd
Buckling Parameter
Torsional Index
u
x
H
J
16.1 13.0 12.1 12.0 11.0 10.2 9.5 9.2 8.8 8.7 8.0 7.9 7.4 6.9 6.9 6.4 6.1 5.7 5.5 5.2 4.9 4.6 4.3 4.0 3.8 47.5 38.9 38.3 33.8 30.5 27.6 24.5 25.4 22.4 19.7 17.7 43.9 37.5 33.6 33.0 30.1 27.4 42.6 37.9 33.9 30.9 28.3 26.3 25.7 24.4
dm6 5.99 8.52 9.54 9.56 10.9 12.3 13.8 14.6 15.5 15.9 18.2 18.9 20.9 23.9 24.3 27.5 31.1 34.8 38.8 43.0 50.2 58.9 69.4 82.0 97.1 0.155 0.207 0.392 0.466 0.533 0.608 0.714 1.96 2.31 2.75 3.20 0.311 0.387 0.448 0.458 0.518 0.591 0.6 0.705 0.818 0.922 1.04 1.14 1.18 1.26
cm4 322 632 812 822 1101 1441 1854 2073 2343 2478 3292 3545 4336 5655 5809 7401 9240 11350 13720 16460 21390 27870 36130 46760 60230 10.7 19.0 23.1 33.3 46.1 62.8 92.2 99.4 149 227 322 21.4 33.8 47.7 50.4 65.9 89.2 26 37.1 51.8 69.2 90.7 114 121 145
0.810 0.832 0.834 0.833 0.833 0.835 0.834 0.836 0.836 0.836 0.837 0.837 0.837 0.838 0.839 0.840 0.841 0.842 0.843 0.843 0.844 0.846 0.848 0.849 0.851 0.858 0.871 0.871 0.880 0.880 0.882 0.881 0.888 0.887 0.887 0.887 0.859 0.868 0.869 0.869 0.873 0.873 0.865 0.872 0.877 0.877 0.880 0.879 0.881 0.877
Warping Constant
Torsional Constant
47
46
UNIVERSAL BEAMS AND COLUMNS B
Universal Beams and Columns
n
r N
t
d
D
BEAMS AND COLUMNS
T
C
Imperial units
b
Designation Size Mass Per Metre in (mm) W18-18x11 (457x279)
W21-21x6 1/2 (533x165) W21-21x8 1/4 (533x210)
W21-21x12 1/4 (533x312)
W24-24x7 (610x178) W24-24x9 (610x229)
W24-24x12 (610x305)
48
lb/ft 76 86 97 106 119 130 143 158 175 44 50 57 48 55 62 68 73 82 83 93 101 111 122 132 147 166 182 201 223 248 275 55 61 62 68 76 84 94 103 114 128 146 163 181 198 218 239 100 120 160
kg/m 113.1 128 144.4 157.7 177.1 193.5 212.8 235 260 65.5 74.4 84.8 71.4 82.2 92.1 101 109 122 123.5 138.4 150.3 165.2 181.6 196.4 218.8 247 270.8 300 331 370 409 81.9 91.0 92.3 101.2 113 125.1 139.9 153 171 191 217 243 270 295 325 356 149.1 179 238.1
Depth Of Section
Width Of Section
D
B
T
t
mm 462.5 467.1 472.2 475.7 481.8 489.0 495.0 501.0 509.0 524.8 529.1 534.9 523.2 528.3 533.1 536.7 539.5 544.5 544.3 549.1 542.5 546.4 550.7 554.5 560.3 571.0 577.1 585.0 593.0 603.0 613.0 598.7 602.5 603.0 602.6 607.6 612.2 617.2 623.1 628.9 635.0 643.1 651.0 658.6 667.0 675.1 685.0 612.4 620.2 635.8
mm 280.3 281.7 283.1 284.5 286.1 283.5 285.0 287.0 289.0 165.1 165.9 166.5 206.8 208.8 209.3 210.0 210.8 211.9 212.2 213.9 312.2 313.4 314.7 316.0 317.8 315.5 317.8 319.0 322.0 324.0 327.0 177.9 178.4 178.8 227.6 228.2 229.0 230.2 228.6 229.9 231.5 234.1 235.9 238.5 240.5 243.1 245.6 304.8 307.1 311.4
mm 17.3 19.6 22.1 23.9 26.9 30.5 33.5 36.6 40.4 11.4 13.5 16.5 10.9 13.2 15.6 17.4 18.8 21.3 21.2 23.6 20.3 22.2 24.4 26.3 29.2 34.5 37.6 41.4 45.5 50.5 55.6 12.8 15.0 15.0 14.8 17.3 19.3 22.1 24.9 27.9 30.9 35.1 39.1 42.9 47.0 51.0 55.9 19.7 23.6 31.4
mm 10.8 12.1 13.6 15.0 16.6 17.0 18.5 20.6 22.6 8.9 9.7 10.3 8.9 9.6 10.1 10.8 11.6 12.7 13.1 14.7 12.7 14.0 15.2 16.5 18.3 19.1 21.1 23.1 25.4 26.2 31.0 10.0 10.6 10.9 10.5 11.1 11.9 13.1 14.0 15.5 17.0 19.6 21.6 23.9 25.9 28.4 31.0 11.8 14.1 18.4
Thickness
Root Radius
Depth Between Fillets
Area Of Section
r
d
A
mm 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 16.5 16.5 16.5
mm 407.6 407.6 407.6 407.5 407.6 407.6 407.5 407.8 408.2 476.6 476.7 476.5 476.5 476.5 476.5 476.5 476.5 476.5 476.5 476.5 476.5 476.6 476.5 476.5 476.5 476.5 476.5 476.8 476.6 476.6 476.4 547.6 547.1 547.6 547.6 547.6 548.2 547.6 547.9 547.7 547.8 547.5 547.4 547.4 547.6 547.7 547.8 540.0 540.0 540.0
cm2 144 163 184 201 226 247 271 299 331 84 95 108 91 105 117 129 139 155 157 176 192 211 231 250 279 315 346 382 422 460 521 105 116 118 129 144 158 178 195 218 242 278 310 343 376 412 454 190 228 303
Flange Web
Continental Steel Pte Ltd
Ratios For Local Buckling Flange Web b/T d/t 8.12 7.20 6.40 5.96 5.31 4.65 4.25 3.92 3.58 7.24 6.14 5.04 11.62 7.91 6.71 6.03 5.61 4.97 5.00 4.53 7.68 7.05 6.45 6.01 5.44 4.57 4.23 3.85 3.54 3.21 2.94 6.93 5.95 5.96 7.69 6.60 5.93 5.21 4.59 4.12 3.75 3.33 3.02 2.78 2.56 2.38 2.20 7.74 6.51 4.96
37.7 33.7 30.0 27.2 24.5 24.0 22.0 19.8 18.1 53.6 49.4 46.3 43.7 49.6 47.2 44.1 41.1 37.5 36.4 32.3 37.5 34.1 31.3 28.9 26.1 25.0 22.6 20.6 18.8 18.2 15.4 54.6 51.6 50.1 52.2 49.3 46.1 41.8 39.1 35.3 32.2 27.9 25.3 22.9 21.1 19.3 17.7 45.8 38.3 29.3
Dimensions For Detailing End Clearance C
N
n
mm 7 8 9 9 10 11 11 12 13 6 7 7 6 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 8 9 10 10 11 12 13 14 15 15 18 7 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 18 8 9 11
mm 145 145 145 145 145 143 143 143 143 88 88 88 109 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 160 160 160 160 160 158 158 158 158 159 158 94 94 94 119 119 119 119 117 117 117 117 117 117 117 117 117 157 157 157
mm 27 30 32 34 37 41 44 47 50 24 26 29 23 26 28 30 32 34 34 36 33 35 37 39 42 47 50 54 58 63 68 26 28 28 28 30 32 35 38 41 44 48 52 56 60 64 69 36 40 48
Notch
47
UNIVERSAL BEAMS AND COLUMNS y
x
Imperial units
y
Designation Size Mass Per Metre in (mm) W18-18x11 (457x279)
W21-21x6 1/2 (533x165) W21-21x8 1/4 (533x210)
W21-21x12 1/4 (533x312)
W24-24x7 (610x178) W24-24x9 (610x229)
W24-24x12 (610x305)
BEAMS AND COLUMNS
x
lb/ft 76 86 97 106 119 130 143 158 175 44 50 57 48 55 62 68 73 82 83 93 101 111 122 132 147 166 182 201 223 248 275 55 61 62 68 76 84 94 103 114 128 146 163 181 198 218 239 100 120 160
kg/m 113 128 144 158 177 194 213 235 260 65.5 74.4 84.8 71 82.2 92.1 101 109 122 124 138 150 165 182 196 219 247 271 300 331 370 409 81.9 91.0 92.3 101 113 125 140 153 171 191 217 243 270 295 325 356 149 179 238
Surface Area per Metre m2 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.06 2.06 2.08 2.09 2.11 1.67 1.68 1.69 1.85 1.85 1.86 1.87 1.88 1.89 1.89 1.90 2.29 2.30 2.31 2.32 2.33 2.34 2.36 2.38 2.40 2.43 2.45 1.87 1.88 1.88 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.11 2.11 2.12 2.14 2.16 2.18 2.20 2.22 2.24 2.27 2.39 2.41 2.45
Second Moment Of Area Axis Axis x-x y-y cm4 55460 63520 72710 79600 91040 102500 114400 127300 143700 35030 40810 48640 39917 47540 55230 61520 66820 76040 76240 86170 100800 111300 123300 134200 151200 178000 197200 220700 247700 278900 316900 56020 63880 64580 75780 87320 97540 111800 125000 141400 158400 183900 207900 232800 259400 287700 322200 125900 153000 209500
cm4 6344 7295 8367 9178 10530 11590 12960 14450 16300 859 1032 1276 1611 2008 2389 2692 2943 3388 3389 3868 10320 11410 12680 13850 15650 18110 20150 22450 25390 28710 32530 1210 1426 1436 2915 3434 3872 4505 4972 5670 6415 7544 8606 9768 10980 12330 13950 9308 11410 15840
Radius Of Gyration Axis Axis x-x y-y cm 19.6 19.7 19.9 19.9 20.1 20.4 20.5 20.6 20.8 20.5 20.8 21.2 20.9 21.3 21.7 21.9 21.9 22.1 22.0 22.1 22.9 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.8 23.9 24.1 24.2 24.6 24.7 23.2 23.5 23.4 24.2 24.6 24.8 25.0 25.3 25.4 25.6 25.7 25.9 26.1 26.3 26.4 26.6 25.7 25.9 26.3
cm 6.64 6.69 6.74 6.76 6.82 6.86 6.91 6.95 7.01 3.20 3.30 3.44 4.2 4.38 4.51 4.57 4.60 4.67 4.65 4.68 7.33 7.36 7.40 7.44 7.49 7.58 7.63 7.67 7.76 7.90 7.91 3.40 3.51 3.49 4.76 4.88 4.95 5.03 5.04 5.09 5.15 5.21 5.27 5.34 5.41 5.47 5.55 7.00 7.07 7.23
Elastic Modulus
Plastic Modulus
Axis x-x
Axis y-y
Axis x-x
Axis y-y
cm3 2398 2720 3079 3347 3779 4192 4624 5083 5646 1335 1543 1819 1524 1800 2072 2292 2477 2793 2801 3139 3715 4074 4476 4842 5396 6233 6834 7547 8355 9250 10340 1871 2120 2142 2515 2874 3187 3622 4012 4495 4990 5718 6386 7069 7778 8522 9406 4111 4935 6589
cm3 453 518 591 645 736 818 910 1007 1128 104 124 153 156 192 228 256 279 320 319 362 661 728 806 876 985 1148 1268 1408 1577 1772 1990 136 160 161 256 301 338 391 435 493 554 644 730 819 913 1014 1136 611 743 1017
cm3 2669 3039 3457 3775 4284 4761 5278 5839 6525 1561 1797 2107 1753 2059 2360 2612 2828 3196 3212 3617 4147 4565 5032 5462 6116 7080 7807 8670 9656 10730 12120 2200 2480 2512 2881 3281 3639 4142 4595 5167 5757 6643 7455 8299 9173 10110 11220 4594 5547 7486
cm3 692 792 906 991 1132 1257 1400 1554 1743 166 199 243 244 300 356 399 436 500 500 569 1012 1117 1238 1348 1519 1766 1956 2175 2442 2739 3096 219 256 258 400 469 528 611 680 773 871 1019 1157 1304 1458 1625 1826 937 1144 1574
Continental Steel Pte Ltd
Buckling Parameter
Torsional Index
u
x
H
J
27.9 24.8 22.1 20.5 18.4 16.6 15.2 14.0 12.8 47.0 41.4 35.5 47.9 41.6 36.5 33.2 30.9 27.6 27.6 24.9 27.8 25.6 23.4 21.8 19.8 17.2 15.9 14.6 13.4 12.3 11.2 48.3 43.2 42.8 43.1 38.0 34.5 30.6 27.6 24.8 22.6 20.0 18.2 16.7 15.4 14.3 13.2 32.7 27.7 21.3
dm6 3.14 3.65 4.24 4.68 5.44 6.09 6.90 7.8 8.9 0.566 0.686 0.857 1.1 1.33 1.60 1.82 1.99 2.32 2.32 2.67 7.03 7.84 8.78 9.66 11.0 13.0 14.7 16.6 19.0 21.9 25.3 1.04 1.23 1.24 2.52 2.99 3.40 3.99 4.45 5.12 5.85 6.97 8.06 9.26 10.6 12.0 13.8 8.17 10.2 14.5
cm4 118 170 244 311 442 603 800 1059 1423 31.9 47.1 73.8 33.4 51.5 75.7 101 126 178 181 251 217 284 373 469 643 983 1278 1700 2263 2996 4131 49.2 68.6 71.0 77.0 111 149 216 295 411 554 819 1123 1495 1952 2517 3309 200 340 785
0.885 0.886 0.886 0.884 0.885 0.891 0.891 0.890 0.891 0.847 0.853 0.862 0.858 0.864 0.872 0.874 0.875 0.877 0.874 0.873 0.885 0.885 0.885 0.884 0.884 0.891 0.890 0.890 0.890 0.894 0.890 0.843 0.850 0.848 0.864 0.870 0.872 0.875 0.878 0.878 0.879 0.877 0.878 0.877 0.878 0.877 0.877 0.886 0.886 0.886
Warping Constant
Torsional Constant
49
48
UNIVERSAL BEAMS AND COLUMNS B
Universal Beams and Columns
n
r N
t
d
D
BEAMS AND COLUMNS
T
C
Imperial units
b
Designation Size Mass Per Metre in (mm) W24-24x12 3/4 (610x324)
W27-27x10 (686x254)
W27-27x14 (686x356)
W30-30x10 1/2 (762x267)
50
lb/ft 104 117 131 146 162 176 192 207 229 250 279 306 335 370 84 94 102 114 129 143 159 182 201 221 247 271 302 146 161 178 194 217 235 258 281 307 336 90 99 108 116 124 132 148 165 185 207 226 246 269 295
kg/m 154.8 174.1 194.9 217.3 241.1 261.9 285.7 308 341 372 415 455 498 551 125.2 140.1 152.4 170.2 192 213 237 271 299 329 368 404 449 217.3 239.6 264.9 288.7 322.9 349.7 383.9 418.2 456.9 500 133.9 146.9 160.7 173 184.5 196.8 220 246 275 308 337 366 401 439
Depth Of Section
Width Of Section
D
B
T
t
mm 611.1 616.2 621.8 628.4 635.0 641.1 646.9 653.0 661.0 669.0 679.0 689.0 699.0 711.0 677.9 683.5 687.5 692.9 701.8 707.9 714.0 723.9 732.0 739.9 749.8 760.0 771.9 695.5 700.8 706.4 714.0 722.1 728.0 736.1 744.0 752.1 762.0 750.0 754.0 757.7 762.2 766.3 769.8 779.0 785.1 793.0 801.1 809.0 817.1 825.0 835.2
mm 323.8 325.1 326.5 327.7 329.1 327.4 328.9 330.5 333.0 335.0 338.0 340.0 343.0 347.0 253.0 253.7 254.5 255.8 254.3 255.8 257.8 260.2 262.8 264.8 267.7 270.3 273.8 354.7 356.1 357.8 356.4 358.5 360.4 362.5 364.5 366.9 369.0 264.4 265.2 266.1 266.7 267.1 268.0 266.2 268.1 270.1 272.7 274.6 276.6 279.1 281.7
mm 19.1 21.6 24.4 27.7 31.0 34.0 37.1 39.9 43.9 48.0 53.1 57.9 63.0 69.1 16.2 19.0 21.0 23.7 27.9 31.0 34.0 39.1 42.9 47.0 52.1 56.9 63.0 24.8 27.4 30.2 34.0 38.1 40.9 45.0 49.0 53.1 57.9 15.5 17.5 19.3 21.6 23.6 25.4 30.0 33.0 37.1 40.9 44.9 48.0 53.1 57.9
mm 12.7 14.0 15.4 16.5 17.9 19.1 20.6 22.1 24.4 26.4 29.5 32.0 35.1 38.6 11.7 12.4 13.2 14.5 15.5 17.0 19.1 21.6 23.9 25.9 28.9 31.5 35.1 15.4 16.8 18.4 19.1 21.1 23.1 24.9 26.9 29.5 32.0 12.0 12.8 13.8 14.3 14.9 15.6 16.5 18.5 20.6 23.1 24.9 26.9 29.5 32.0
Thickness
Root Radius
Depth Between Fillets
Area Of Section
r
d
A
mm 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 13.0 13.0 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5
mm 547.6 547.6 547.6 547.6 547.6 547.6 547.3 547.8 540.2 540.0 539.8 540.2 547.0 546.8 615.1 615.1 615.1 615.1 615.6 615.5 615.6 615.3 615.8 615.5 615.2 615.8 615.5 615.6 615.5 615.5 615.5 615.5 615.8 615.8 615.6 615.5 615.8 686.0 686.0 686.1 686.0 686.1 686.0 686.0 686.1 685.8 686.3 686.2 688.1 685.8 686.4
cm2 198 222 249 277 308 333 363 392 435 475 530 579 635 702 159 178 194 217 244 270 301 345 382 418 468 513 574 277 306 337 368 411 446 489 533 582 636 171 187 205 220 235 251 281 312 351 392 428 462 511 559
Flange Web
Continental Steel Pte Ltd
Ratios For Local Buckling Flange Web b/T d/t 8.50 7.53 6.70 5.92 5.31 4.81 4.44 4.14 3.79 3.49 3.18 2.94 2.72 2.51 7.81 6.68 6.06 5.40 4.56 4.13 3.79 3.33 3.06 2.82 2.57 2.38 2.17 7.16 6.49 5.92 5.24 4.70 4.41 4.03 3.72 3.46 3.19 8.53 7.58 6.89 6.17 5.65 5.28 4.44 4.06 3.64 3.33 3.06 2.88 2.63 2.43
43.1 39.2 35.6 33.2 30.6 28.7 26.6 24.8 22.1 20.5 18.3 16.9 15.6 14.2 52.6 49.6 46.6 42.4 39.7 36.2 32.2 28.5 25.8 23.8 21.3 19.5 17.5 40.1 36.7 33.4 32.3 29.2 26.6 24.7 22.9 20.9 19.2 57.2 53.6 49.6 48.0 46.2 44.0 41.6 37.1 33.3 29.7 27.6 25.6 23.2 21.5
Dimensions For Detailing End Clearance C
N
n
mm 8 9 10 10 11 12 12 13 14 15 17 18 20 21 8 8 9 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 18 20 10 10 11 12 13 14 14 15 17 18 8 8 9 9 9 10 10 11 12 14 14 15 17 18
mm 166 166 166 166 166 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 131 131 131 131 129 129 129 129 129 129 129 129 129 180 180 180 179 179 179 179 179 179 179 136 136 136 136 136 136 135 135 135 135 135 135 135 135
mm 32 34 37 40 44 47 50 53 60 65 70 74 76 82 31 34 36 39 43 46 49 54 58 62 67 72 78 40 43 45 49 53 56 60 64 68 73 32 34 36 38 40 42 47 50 54 57 61 65 70 74
Notch
49
UNIVERSAL BEAMS AND COLUMNS y
x
Imperial units
y
Designation Size Mass Per Metre in (mm) W24-24x12 3/4 (610x324)
W27-27x10 (686x254)
W27-27x14 (686x356)
W30-30x10 1/2 (762x267)
BEAMS AND COLUMNS
x
lb/ft 104 117 131 146 162 176 192 207 229 250 279 306 335 370 84 94 102 114 129 143 159 182 201 221 247 271 302 146 161 178 194 217 235 258 281 307 336 90 99 108 116 124 132 148 165 185 207 226 246 269 295
kg/m 155 174 195 217 241 262 286 308 341 372 415 455 498 551 125 140 152 170 192 213 237 271 299 329 368 404 449 217 240 265 289 323 350 384 418 457 500 134 147 161 173 185 197 220 246 275 308 337 366 401 439
Surface Area per Metre m2 2.47 2.48 2.50 2.51 2.53 2.53 2.55 2.56 2.58 2.60 2.62 2.65 2.68 2.71 2.32 2.33 2.34 2.35 2.36 2.38 2.39 2.42 2.44 2.46 2.49 2.51 2.54 2.75 2.77 2.78 2.79 2.81 2.83 2.85 2.87 2.89 2.91 2.51 2.51 2.52 2.53 2.54 2.55 2.56 2.58 2.60 2.62 2.64 2.66 2.68 2.70
Second Moment Of Area Axis Axis x-x y-y cm4 129200 147200 167300 190800 215400 236600 260400 283900 319000 353900 400500 445200 494700 557510 118000 136300 150400 170300 198000 222000 247800 289300 323800 359400 406900 453800 515400 234200 261200 290800 325500 369200 402300 447800 494700 545000 604800 150700 168500 185900 205300 223100 240000 278200 310700 353200 397200 440500 480200 536500 595900
cm4 10790 12380 14160 16260 18440 19950 22030 24050 27090 30170 34310 38100 42580 48400 4383 5184 5784 6631 7670 8678 9750 11540 13060 14640 16800 18910 21790 18440 20670 23120 25720 29310 31970 35780 39680 43850 48670 4788 5456 6080 6850 7525 8175 9463 10640 12240 13900 15600 17050 19400 21780
Radius Of Gyration Axis Axis x-x y-y cm 25.6 25.8 25.9 26.2 26.4 26.6 26.8 26.9 27.1 27.3 27.5 27.7 27.9 28.2 27.2 27.6 27.8 28.0 28.5 28.7 28.7 29.0 29.1 29.3 29.5 29.7 30.0 29.1 29.2 29.4 29.8 30.0 30.0 30.3 30.5 30.6 30.8 29.7 30.0 30.1 30.5 30.8 30.9 31.5 31.5 31.7 31.8 32.1 32.2 32.4 32.7
cm 7.39 7.47 7.55 7.66 7.74 7.73 7.79 7.84 7.90 7.97 8.04 8.11 8.19 8.30 5.24 5.39 5.46 5.53 5.61 5.67 5.69 5.78 5.85 5.92 5.99 6.07 6.16 8.16 8.22 8.28 8.36 8.44 8.47 8.56 8.63 8.68 8.75 5.30 5.40 5.45 5.58 5.65 5.71 5.81 5.84 5.91 5.96 6.04 6.08 6.16 6.24
Elastic Modulus
Plastic Modulus
Axis x-x
Axis y-y
Axis x-x
Axis y-y
cm3 4227 4776 5383 6074 6784 7380 8050 8695 9652 10580 11800 12920 14150 15682 3481 3987 4374 4916 5644 6272 6940 7993 8847 9715 10850 11940 13350 6735 7455 8233 9118 10230 11050 12170 13300 14990 15870 4018 4470 4907 5387 5821 6234 7142 7914 8909 9916 10890 11750 13010 14270
cm3 666 762 867 993 1121 1218 1340 1455 1627 1801 2030 2241 2483 2790 347 409 455 518 603 678 756 887 994 1106 1255 1399 1592 1040 1161 1292 1444 1635 1774 1974 2177 2390 2638 362 411 457 514 563 610 711 794 906 1020 1136 1233 1390 1546
cm3 4734 5360 6057 6845 7670 8369 9163 9936 11090 12220 13720 15120 16670 18599 3994 4558 5000 5631 6462 7204 8016 9282 10330 11390 12810 14170 15950 7558 8389 9297 10300 11610 12600 13930 15290 16750 18450 4644 5156 5665 6198 6689 7167 8197 9129 10320 11550 12720 13790 15330 16900
cm3 1023 1170 1335 1527 1726 1878 2068 2250 2523 2797 3162 3498 3885 4377 542 638 710 811 943 1063 1191 1402 1577 1759 2005 2243 2565 1598 1787 1992 2223 2523 2745 3057 3377 3717 4111 570 647 720 807 885 959 1115 1251 1433 1620 1808 1971 2229 2486
Continental Steel Pte Ltd
Buckling Parameter
Torsional Index
u
x
H
J
33.6 30.0 26.8 23.9 21.6 19.9 18.4 17.2 15.7 14.5 13.2 12.2 11.3 10.4 43.9 38.7 35.5 31.8 27.7 25.2 23.0 20.3 18.6 17.2 15.6 14.4 13.2 29.7 27.0 24.6 22.3 20.1 18.8 17.2 15.9 14.8 13.7 49.8 45.2 41.5 38.1 35.4 33.2 28.9 26.4 23.7 21.6 19.9 18.7 17.0 15.8
dm6 9.46 10.9 12.6 14.7 16.8 18.4 20.5 22.6 25.8 29.1 33.6 37.9 42.9 49.6 4.80 5.72 6.42 7.42 8.71 9.94 11.3 13.5 15.5 17.6 20.4 23.4 27.4 20.7 23.4 26.4 29.7 34.3 37.7 42.7 47.9 53.6 60.3 6.46 7.40 8.29 9.39 10.4 11.3 13.3 15.0 17.5 20.1 22.8 25.2 28.9 32.9
cm4 196 280 395 559 770 995 1280 1593 2162 2809 3824 4940 6420 8525 116 169 220 308 462 627 840 1260 1675 2186 2993 3897 5322 454 610 813 1100 1532 1914 2518 3250 4152 5373 119 159 208 267 333 404 605 815 1147 1555 2029 2500 3361 4345
0.880 0.882 0.883 0.886 0.888 0.890 0.890 0.890 0.890 0.890 0.889 0.889 0.889 0.889 0.862 0.868 0.871 0.872 0.878 0.878 0.877 0.878 0.877 0.877 0.877 0.877 0.876 0.884 0.885 0.885 0.889 0.890 0.888 0.889 0.890 0.889 0.889 0.854 0.858 0.859 0.864 0.867 0.869 0.875 0.874 0.874 0.873 0.874 0.873 0.874 0.874
Warping Constant
Torsional Constant
51
50
UNIVERSAL BEAMS AND COLUMNS B
Universal Beams and Columns
n
r N
t
d
D
BEAMS AND COLUMNS
T
C
Imperial units
b
Designation Size Mass Per Metre in (mm) W30-30x15 (762x381)
W33-33x11 1/2 (838x292)
W33-33x15 3/4 (838x400)
W36-36x12 (914x305)
52
lb/ft 173 191 211 235 261 292 326 357 118 130 141 152 169 187 204 219 243 271 301 332 361 201 221 241 263 291 318 354 387 424 468 135 150 160 170 182 194 210 232 256 286 318 350 387
kg/m 257.5 284.2 314 349.7 388.4 434.5 485.1 531 175.9 193.8 209.8 226.5 252 278 304 326 362 404 449 494 537 299.1 328.9 358.6 391.4 433.1 473.2 526.8 575.9 631 697 200.9 224.2 238.1 253.4 270.8 289.1 312.5 345 381 426 474 521 576
Depth Of Section
Width Of Section
D
B
T
t
mm 773.2 779.3 785.9 795.0 802.9 813.1 823.0 833.0 834.9 840.7 845.8 850.9 859.0 865.1 871.2 877.1 885.2 895.1 905.0 915.2 925.1 855.5 861.8 868.2 877.1 884.9 893.1 903.0 913.1 923.0 935.0 903.0 910.4 914.7 918.4 922.8 926.6 931.9 942.9 950.7 960.9 970.8 980.7 992.9
mm 380.6 382.0 383.7 382.4 384.9 387.5 390.4 393.0 291.7 292.4 293.0 293.8 292.1 294.1 295.7 297.2 299.7 302.1 305.2 308.1 310.6 399.9 401.4 402.8 401.4 404.0 406.0 408.9 411.5 414.0 418.0 303.3 304.1 304.8 305.5 306.7 307.7 309.4 307.8 310.3 312.8 315.7 318.8 321.8
mm 27.1 30.1 33.4 38.1 41.9 47.0 52.1 56.9 18.8 21.7 24.4 26.8 31.0 34.0 37.1 39.9 43.9 49.0 54.1 58.9 64.0 29.2 32.4 35.6 39.9 43.9 48.0 53.1 57.9 63.0 69.1 20.2 23.9 25.9 27.9 30.0 32.0 34.5 39.9 43.9 48.0 54.1 58.9 65.0
mm 16.6 18.0 19.7 21.1 23.6 25.9 29.0 31.5 14.0 14.7 15.4 16.1 17.0 19.1 20.6 22.1 24.4 26.9 30.0 33.0 35.6 18.2 19.7 21.1 22.1 24.4 26.4 29.5 32.0 35.1 38.6 15.1 15.9 16.5 17.3 18.4 19.5 21.1 22.1 24.4 26.9 29.9 33.0 36.1
Thickness
Root Radius
Depth Between Fillets
Area Of Section
r
d
A
mm 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 20.0 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 20.0 20.0 19.1 19.1 19.0 19.1 19.0 19.1 19.0 19.1 19.1 19.1 19.1 19.1 19.1
mm 686.1 686.1 686.1 685.8 686.1 686.1 685.9 679.2 761.7 761.7 761.4 761.7 761.4 761.5 761.4 761.7 761.8 761.5 761.2 761.8 761.5 761.5 761.4 761.5 761.7 761.4 761.5 761.2 761.7 757.0 756.8 824.4 824.4 824.9 824.4 824.9 824.4 824.8 824.9 824.7 826.7 824.4 824.7 824.7
cm2 328 362 400 445 495 553 617 677 224 247 268 289 319 355 386 416 460 513 572 629 684 381 420 457 499 552 603 672 734 805 889 256 286 304 323 346 368 399 440 486 536 603 663 733
Flange Web
Continental Steel Pte Ltd
Ratios For Local Buckling Flange Web b/T d/t 7.04 6.35 5.74 5.02 4.59 4.12 3.75 3.45 7.76 6.74 6.01 5.48 4.71 4.33 3.99 3.72 3.41 3.08 2.82 2.62 2.43 6.85 6.20 5.66 5.03 4.60 4.23 3.85 3.55 3.29 3.02 7.51 6.36 5.88 5.47 5.12 4.81 4.48 3.86 3.53 3.26 2.92 2.71 2.48
41.2 38.1 34.9 32.5 29.0 26.5 23.7 21.6 54.4 51.8 49.5 47.3 44.8 39.9 37.0 34.5 31.2 28.3 25.4 23.1 21.4 41.9 38.7 36.1 34.5 31.2 28.8 25.8 23.8 21.6 19.6 54.6 51.8 50.0 47.7 44.8 42.3 39.1 37.3 33.8 30.7 27.6 25.0 22.8
Dimensions For Detailing End Clearance C
N
n
mm 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 18 9 9 10 10 11 12 12 13 14 15 17 19 20 11 12 13 13 14 15 17 18 20 21 10 10 10 11 11 12 13 13 14 15 17 19 20
mm 192 192 192 191 191 191 191 191 149 149 149 149 148 148 148 148 148 148 148 148 148 201 201 201 200 200 200 200 200 199 200 154 154 154 154 154 154 154 153 153 153 153 153 153
mm 44 47 50 55 58 63 69 77 37 40 42 45 49 52 55 58 62 67 72 77 82 47 50 53 58 62 66 71 76 83 89 39 43 45 47 49 51 54 59 63 67 73 78 84
Notch
51
UNIVERSAL BEAMS AND COLUMNS y
x
Imperial units
y
Designation Size Mass Per Metre in (mm) W30-30x15 (762x381)
W33-33x11 1/2 (838x292)
W33-33x15 3/4 (838x400)
W36-36x12 (914x305)
BEAMS AND COLUMNS
x
lb/ft 173 191 211 235 261 292 326 357 118 130 141 152 169 187 204 219 243 271 301 332 361 201 221 241 263 291 318 354 387 424 468 135 150 160 170 182 194 210 232 256 286 318 350 387
kg/m 258 284 314 350 388 435 485 531 176 194 210 227 252 278 304 326 362 404 449 494 537 299 329 359 391 433 473 527 576 631 697 201 224 238 253 271 289 313 345 381 426 474 521 576
Surface Area per Metre m2 3.01 3.02 3.04 3.05 3.07 3.10 3.12 3.14 2.78 2.79 2.80 2.81 2.82 2.84 2.85 2.87 2.89 2.91 2.94 2.97 2.99 3.24 3.26 3.27 3.29 3.31 3.33 3.35 3.38 3.40 3.43 2.96 2.97 2.98 2.99 3.00 3.01 3.03 3.04 3.06 3.09 3.11 3.14 3.17
Second Moment Of Area Axis Axis x-x y-y cm4 341200 381700 427000 485900 543700 618300 697600 776600 246000 279200 310200 339700 386500 430400 473000 513500 573400 648200 729200 810000 892800 479800 534700 590000 659000 735400 812500 913500 1012000 1120000 1253000 325300 376400 406100 436300 470700 504200 549000 625200 696900 777000 884100 981300 110100
cm4 24890 28000 31500 35570 39920 45680 51790 57770 7800 9067 10250 11360 12920 14470 16050 17540 19800 22660 25820 28960 32280 31180 34970 38800 43070 48390 53680 60680 67480 74810 84520 9424 11240 12270 13300 14460 15600 17130 19480 21980 24640 28580 32080 36460
Radius Of Gyration Axis Axis x-x y-y cm 32.3 32.5 32.7 33.0 33.1 33.4 33.6 33.9 33.1 33.6 34.0 34.3 34.8 34.8 35.0 35.1 35.3 35.5 35.7 35.9 36.1 35.5 35.7 35.9 36.3 36.5 36.7 36.9 37.1 37.3 37.6 35.7 36.3 36.6 36.8 36.9 37.0 37.1 37.7 37.9 38.1 38.3 38.5 38.8
cm 8.71 8.80 8.87 8.94 8.98 9.09 9.16 9.24 5.90 6.06 6.18 6.27 6.36 6.38 6.45 6.49 6.56 6.64 6.72 6.79 6.87 9.05 9.13 9.21 9.29 9.36 9.43 9.50 9.59 9.64 9.75 6.07 6.27 6.36 6.42 6.47 6.51 6.55 6.66 6.72 6.78 6.89 6.95 7.05
Elastic Modulus
Plastic Modulus
Axis x-x
Axis y-y
Axis x-x
Axis y-y
cm3 8827 9796 10870 12220 13540 15210 16950 18650 5893 6642 7334 7985 8999 9950 10860 11710 12960 14480 16120 17700 19300 11220 12410 13590 15030 16620 18200 20330 22170 24260 26810 7204 8269 8879 9501 10200 10880 11780 13260 14660 16170 18210 20010 22180
cm3 1308 1466 1642 1860 2074 2358 2653 2940 535 620 700 773 884 984 1086 1180 1321 1500 1692 1880 2078 1559 1742 1927 2146 2396 2644 2968 3280 3614 4044 621 739 805 871 943 1014 1107 1266 1416 1575 1810 2013 2266
cm3 9916 11030 12270 13830 15410 17380 19500 21550 6808 7640 8416 9155 10310 11450 12530 13550 15060 16910 18920 20890 22880 12640 14020 15380 17020 18910 20780 23230 25570 28140 31270 8351 9535 10230 10940 11770 12570 13650 15340 17030 18870 21350 23590 26260
cm3 2012 2258 2531 2869 3208 3653 4123 4579 842 974 1097 1212 1383 1547 1710 1864 2095 2385 2704 3018 3346 2405 2690 2977 3314 3709 4101 4616 5113 5652 6342 982 1163 1266 1371 1487 1601 1754 2000 2247 2510 2895 3235 3654
Continental Steel Pte Ltd
Buckling Parameter
Torsional Index
u
x
H
J
30.3 27.5 25.0 22.2 20.3 18.3 16.7 15.3 46.5 41.6 37.9 35.0 30.9 28.3 26.1 24.4 22.3 20.2 18.4 17.0 15.8 31.2 28.4 26.1 23.6 21.6 19.9 18.1 16.7 15.5 14.2 46.8 41.3 38.6 36.2 33.9 31.9 29.7 26.4 24.1 22.2 19.9 18.4 16.8
dm6 34.6 39.3 44.6 50.9 57.8 67.0 77.0 87.0 13.0 15.2 17.3 19.3 22.1 25.0 27.9 30.7 35.0 40.5 46.7 53.1 59.8 53.2 60.1 67.3 75.5 85.6 95.8 110 123 138 158 18.4 22.1 24.2 26.4 28.8 31.2 34.5 39.7 45.2 51.3 60.0 68.1 78.5
cm4 635 859 1161 1651 2218 3090 4224 5563 221 306 404 514 735 983 1265 1569 2095 2884 3910 5088 6494 855 1146 1491 2008 2687 3488 4737 6135 7983 10569 291 422 515 626 767 926 1164 1648 2199 2891 4091 5337 7127
0.883 0.885 0.886 0.889 0.888 0.889 0.888 0.888 0.856 0.862 0.867 0.870 0.875 0.874 0.874 0.874 0.874 0.875 0.874 0.873 0.873 0.881 0.882 0.884 0.888 0.887 0.888 0.887 0.887 0.886 0.886 0.854 0.861 0.864 0.866 0.866 0.867 0.866 0.872 0.872 0.871 0.872 0.871 0.871
Warping Constant
Torsional Constant
53
52
UNIVERSAL BEAMS AND COLUMNS B
Universal Beams and Columns
n
r N
t
D
d
BEAMS AND COLUMNS
T
C
Imperial units
b
Designation Size Mass Per Metre in (mm) W36-36x16 1/2 (914x419)
W40-40x12 (1016x305)
W40-40x16 (1016x406)
W44-4x16 (1118x406)
54
Depth Of Section
Width Of Section
D
B
T
t
Thickness
Root Radius
Depth Between Fillets
Area Of Section
r
d
A
Flange Web
Ratios For Local Buckling Flange Web b/T d/t
Dimensions For Detailing End Clearance C
N
n
mm 210 210 210 210 210 208 208 208 208 208 208 152 152 152 150 150 149 149 149 149 149 149 149
mm 56 58 61 64 67 71 75 80 86 98 114 51 56 61 66 70 74 76 79 84 84 89 94
202 202 201 200 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 201 200 200 200
57 61 66 70 72 76 81 86 90 100 112 51 56 60 65
lb/ft 230 245 260 280 300 328 359 393 439 527 650 149 167 183 211 235 264 278 294 327 331 359 392
kg/m 343.3 364.6 388 416.7 446.4 488.1 534.2 584.8 653 784 967 222 249 272 314 349 393 415 438 487 494 535 584
mm 911.8 916.4 921.0 927.6 933.2 942.1 950.0 960.1 972.0 996.0 1028.0 970.3 980.2 990.1 1000.0 1008.1 1016.0 1020.0 1025.9 1036.1 1036.0 1046.0 1056.0
mm 418.5 419.4 420.5 421.5 423.0 422.4 424.9 427.5 431.0 437.0 446.0 300.0 300.0 300.0 300.0 302.0 303.0 304 305.4 308.5 309.0 311.4 314.0
mm 32.0 34.3 36.6 39.9 42.7 47.0 51.1 55.9 62.0 73.9 89.9 21.1 26.0 31.0 35.9 40.0 43.9 46.0 49.0 54.1 54.0 58.9 64.0
mm 19.4 20.3 21.4 22.5 24.0 25.9 28.5 31.0 34.5 40.9 50.0 16.0 16.5 16.5 19.1 21.1 24.4 26.0 26.9 30.0 31.0 33.0 36.0
mm 24.1 24.1 24.1 24.1 24.1 24.1 24.1 24.1 24.0 24.0 24.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30 30.0 30.0 30 30.0 30
mm 799.6 799.6 799.6 799.6 799.7 799.9 799.7 800.1 800.0 800.2 800.2 868.1 868.2 868.1 868.2 868.1 868.2 868.0 867.9 867.9 868.0 868.2 868.0
cm2 437 465 494 532 569 622 680 746 832 998 1232 283 317 347 400 445 500 529 557 620 629 681 744
6.54 6.12 5.74 5.28 4.96 4.49 4.16 3.83 3.48 2.96 2.48 7.11 5.77 4.84 4.18 3.78 3.45 3.30 3.12 2.85 2.86 2.64 2.45
41.2 39.4 37.4 35.6 33.3 30.9 28.1 25.8 23.2 19.6 16.0 54.3 52.6 52.6 45.5 41.1 35.6 33.4 32.3 28.9 28.0 26.3 24.1
mm 12 12 13 13 14 15 16 17 19 22 27 10 10 10 12 13 14 15 15 17 18 19 20
199 215 249 277 297 324 362 397 431 503 593 230 262 290 335
296 321 371 412 443 483 539 591 642 748 883 343 390 433 499
982 990 1000 1008 1012 1020 1030 1040 1048 1068 1092 1090 1100 1108 1118
400 400 400 402 402 404 407 409 412 417 424 400 400 402 405
27.1 31.0 36.1 40.0 41.9 46.0 51.1 55.9 60.0 70.0 82.0 31.0 36.0 40.0 45.0
16.5 16.5 19.0 21.1 23.6 25.4 28.4 31.0 34.0 39.0 45.5 18.0 20.0 22.0 26.0
30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 20 20 20 20
868.0 868.0 868.0 868.0 868.2 868.0 867.8 868.2 868.0 868.0 868.0 988.0 988.0 988.0 988.0
377 409 472 524 564 615 687 753 818 953 1125 437 497 551 635
12.12 12.12 10.53 9.53 8.52 7.95 7.17 6.60 6.06 5.35 4.66 11.11 10.00 9.14 7.79
32.0 28.0 24.0 21.7 20.7 18.9 17.0 15.5 14.5 12.4 10.6 31.9 27.4 24.7 22.0
10 10 12 13 14 15 16 18 19 22 25 11 12 13 15
Continental Steel Pte Ltd
Notch
53
UNIVERSAL BEAMS AND COLUMNS y
x
Imperial units
y
Designation Size Mass Per Metre in (mm) W36-36x16 1/2 (914x419)
W40-40x12 (1016x305)
W40-40x16 (1016x406)
W44-4x16 (1118x406)
BEAMS AND COLUMNS
x
lb/ft 230 245 260 280 300 328 359 393 439 527 650 149 167 183 211 235 264 278 294 327 331 359 392 199 215 249 277 297 324 362 397 431 503 593 230 262 290 335
kg/m 343 365 388 417 446 488 534 585 653 784 967 222 249 272 314 349 393 415 438 487 494 535 584 296 321 371 412 443 483 539 591 642 748 883 343 390 433 499
Surface Area per Metre m2 3.42 3.43 3.44 3.45 3.47 3.48 3.50 3.53 3.56 3.62 3.70 3.06 3.08 3.10 3.11 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.17 3.19 3.19 3.22 3.24 3.48 3.50 3.51 3.53 3.53 3.55 3.58 3.60 3.62 3.67 3.74 3.71 3.73 3.75 3.77
Second Moment Of Area Axis Axis x-x y-y cm4 625800 671700 719600 785700 846900 936400 1031000 1144000 1292000 1593000 2033000 408000 481300 554000 644200 723100 807700 853100 909900 1021000 1028000 1131000 1246100 618700 696400 812100 909800 966510 1067480 1202540 1331040 1450590 1731940 2096420 867400 1005000 1126000 1294000
cm4 39160 42240 45440 49870 53940 59170 65450 73000 83050 103300 133900 9553 11760 14010 16240 18470 20500 21710 23450 26730 26820 29970 33430 28850 33120 38480 43410 45500 50710 57630 64010 70280 85110 104970 33120 38480 43410 49980
Radius Of Gyration Axis Axis x-x y-y cm 37.8 38.0 38.2 38.4 38.6 38.8 38.9 39.2 39.4 40.0 40.6 38.0 39.0 40.0 40.1 40.3 40.2 40.2 40.4 40.6 40.4 40.8 40.9 40.5 41.3 41.5 41.7 41.4 41.7 41.8 42.1 42.1 42.6 43.2 44.6 45.0 45.2 45.1
cm 9.46 9.53 9.59 9.68 9.73 9.76 9.81 9.89 9.99 10.2 10.4 5.81 6.09 6.36 6.37 6.44 6.40 6.41 6.49 6.57 6.53 6.63 6.70 8.75 9.00 9.03 9.10 8.98 9.08 9.16 9.22 9.27 9.45 9.66 8.71 8.80 8.87 8.87
Elastic Modulus
Plastic Modulus
Axis x-x
Axis y-y
Axis x-x
Axis y-y
cm3 13730 14660 15630 16940 18150 19880 21700 23840 26590 31980 39540 8409 9821 11190 12880 14350 15900 16728 17740 19720 19845 21620 23600 12600 14070 16240 18050 19101 20931 23350 25597 27683 32433 38396 15920 18280 20320 23150
cm3 1871 2014 2161 2366 2550 2801 3081 3415 3854 4728 6003 637 784 934 1083 1223 1353 1428 1536 1733 1736 1925 2130 1443 1656 1924 2160 2264 2510 2832 3130 3412 4082 4952 1656 1924 2160 2468
cm3 15480 16550 17670 19170 20600 22640 24820 27390 30730 37340 46810 9807 11350 12830 14850 16590 18540 19571 20760 23200 23413 25570 28039 14220 15800 18330 20440 21777 23923 26824 29530 32097 37881 45265 18060 20780 23160 26600
cm3 2890 3111 3341 3658 3948 4344 4790 5320 6014 7439 9504 1020 1245 1470 1713 1941 2168 2298 2469 2800 2818 3126 3475 2235 2555 2976 3348 3529 3919 4436 4916 5379 6459 7874 2568 2988 3362 3870
Continental Steel Pte Ltd
Buckling Parameter
Torsional Index
u
x
H
J
30.1 28.3 26.7 24.8 23.3 21.4 19.8 18.2 16.5 14.0 11.8 45.7 39.9 35.0 30.7 27.9 25.5 24.2 23.1 21.1 20.8 19.5 17.9 38.0 34.3 29.9 27.1 25.8 23.7 21.5 19.8 18.5 16.1 14.0 38.9 33.9 30.7 27.3
dm6 75.8 82.2 88.9 98.3 107 119 132 149 171 218 292 21.5 26.8 32.2 37.7 43.3 48.4 51.1 56.0 64.4 64.0 73.0 81.2 65.9 76.0 89.4 101.5 106.7 119.9 137.6 154.3 170.7 210.7 265.7 92.7 108.7 123.5 143.4
cm4 1193 1442 1734 2188 2671 3500 4508 5890 8124 13730 24930 390 582 835 1264 1718 2330 2713 3185 4299 4433 5576 7230 762.6 1021 1575 2134 2545 3311 4546 5927 7440 11670 18750 1037 1564 2130 3135
0.883 0.884 0.885 0.887 0.887 0.887 0.886 0.887 0.887 0.887 0.886 0.850 0.861 0.873 0.872 0.872 0.868 0.868 0.868 0.867 0.867 0.866 0.869 0.878 0.887 0.887 0.887 0.882 0.884 0.883 0.883 0.882 0.882 0.883 0.876 0.878 0.879 0.876
Warping Constant
Torsional Constant
55
BEAMS AND COLUMNS
56
Continental Steel Pte Ltd
CELLULAR BEAMS
Section Size hxb
Unit Weight M
FLOOR BEAMS
BEAMS AND COLUMNS
Cellular Beams
ROOF BEAMS
H
D
S
Ixx
Zexx
Zplxx
Anet
H
D
S
Ixx
Zexx
Zplxx
Anet
in (mm) W6-6x6 (152x152)
lb/ft 15 20 25
kg/m 22.32 29.76 37.20
mm 217.4 222.6 226.8
mm 150 150 150
mm 225 225 225
cm4 2541 3543 4456
cm3 233.8 318.4 393.1
cm3 245.5 337.3 420.2
cm2 23.8 32.2 39.8
mm 239.5 244.7 248.9
mm 180 180 180
mm 225 225 225
cm4 3080 4291 5389
cm3 257.1 350.7 433.0
cm3 267.9 368.6 458.9
cm2 23.4 31.7 39.2
W8-8x51/4 (203x133)
17 20
25.1 30.0
289.8 293.4
200 200
300 300
4732 5852
326.5 398.9
343.1 421.0
25.0 30.5
309.3 312.9
225 225
300 300
5384 6656
348.2 425.5
364.0 446.8
24.7 30.1
W8-8x8 (203x203)
31 35 40 48 58
46.13 52.09 59.53 71.43 86.31
269.3 272.3 275.7 281.9 288.3
200 200 200 200 200
350 350 350 350 350
7906 9098 10564 13116 16161
587.1 616.7 668.1 705.4 766.2 814.1 930.4 997.9 1120.9 1215.4
48.2 54.8 62.9 76.1 91.7
322.0 325.0 328.4 334.6 341.0
245 245 245 245 245
305 305 305 305 305
11571 13283 15394 19013 23342
718.7 750.4 817.5 857.1 937.6 988.5 1136.6 1207.8 1369.1 1468.8
4.87 5.54 6.36 7.69 9.37
W10-10x53/4 (254x146)
21 25 29
31.1 37.0 43.0
359.7 364.3 367.9
250 250 250
375 375 375
8971 11254 13275
498.8 617.9 721.8
523.2 650.1 763.0
30.7 37.7 44.1
383.7 388.3 391.9
275 275 275
350 350 350
10262 12859 15160
534.9 662.3 773.7
559.3 694.7 815.0
30.6 37.7 44
W10-10x10 (254x254)
49 60 72 89 112
72.92 89.29 107.00 132.00 166.67
362.4 368.6 375.0 384.6 397.4
250 250 250 250 250
375 375 375 375 375
23472 29231 35671 45888 59801
1295.5 1586.2 1902.7 2365.8 3009.9
1364.1 1683.7 2037.4 2562.5 3309.3
79.5 97.3 116.9 145.1 184.3
399.3 405.5 411.9 421.5 434.3
300 300 300 300 300
375 375 375 375 375
28548 35502 43247 55032 72131
1429.8 1750.9 2099.7 2611.0 3321.4
1494.7 1844.0 2229.0 2801.5 3613.4
78.4 96 115.2 143.1 181.8
W12-12x4 (305x102)
16.5 19 22
24.8 28.2 32.8
435.0 438.6 442.6
300 300 300
450 450 450
8816 10657 12932
405.3 485.9 584.3
430.9 515.9 621.5
21.2 25.2 30.1
463.2 466.8 470.8
325 325 325
400 400 400
10124 12214 14801
437.1 523.3 628.7
463.9 554.6 667.4
21.4 25.4 30.3
W12-12x61/2 (305x165)
27 31 36
40.3 46.1 54.0
433.3 436.5 440.3
300 300 300
450 450 450
17237 20061 23670
795.6 832.8 919.2 965.2 1075.2 1134.4
40.4 46.7 54.7
461.5 464.7 468.5
325 325 325
400 400 400
19718 22934 27047
854.5 893.0 987.0 1034.6 1154.6 1215.6
40.6 46.9 54.9
W12-12x12 (305x305)
65 79 92 106
96.73 117.56 137.00 157.74
437.8 444.4 450.4 457.0
300 300 300 300
450 450 450 450
45298 56163 66358 78001
2069.3 2527.6 2946.6 3413.6
2173.2 2674.1 3137.4 3659.8
104.6 127.8 149.0 172.5
486.0 492.6 498.6 505.2
370 370 370 370
470 470 470 470
55687 68954 81380 95538
2291.6 2799.5 3264.3 3782.1
2386.7 2935.2 3442.5 4013.8
102.5 125.2 146 169.1
W14-14x63/4 (356x171)
30 34 38 45
45.0 51.0 57.0 67.1
503.0 506.6 509.6 515.0
350 350 350 350
525 525 525 525
24287 28501 32342 39223
965.8 1125.3 1269.4 1523.4
1013.5 1182.3 1337.0 1610.9
42.5 49.3 55.6 66.5
532.1 535.7 538.7 554.1
375 375 375 375
475 475 475 475
27436 32162 36478 44196
1031.2 1200.7 1354.3 1624.5
1081.0 1260.0 1424.4 1715.0
42.8 49.6 55.9 66.9
W16-16x51/2 (406x140)
26 31
38.69 46.13
571.2 576.4
400 400
600 600
24957 31451
8/73.8 921.2 1091.3 1149.9
34.2 42.3
604.5 609.7
425 425
525 525
28367 35662
938.5 989.7 1169.8 1232.6
34.8 42.9
W16-16x7 (406x178)
36 40 45 50
53.57 59.53 66.97 74.41
575.8 579.6 582.6 586.0
400 400 400 400
600 600 600 600
37713 43565 49074 55063
1309.9 1503.3 1684.6 1879.3
1377.0 1580.9 1776.3 1986.0
50.6 57.7 64.7 72.1
609.1 612.9 615.9 619.3
425 425 425 425
525 525 525 525
42739 49297 55511 62247
1403.3 1608.6 1802.5 2010.1
1475.1 1691.1 1899.8 2123.1
51.2 58.4 65.4 72.9
W18-18x71/2 (457x191)
45 50 55 60 66
67.1 74.3 82.0 89.3 98.3
648.3 651.9 654.9 658.3 662.1
450 450 450 450 450
675 675 675 675 675
59376 67373 74891 82871 92309
1831.9 2067.1 2287.3 2517.9 2788.6
1926.9 2176.9 2414.4 2662.5 2956.3
62.9 70.8 78.3 86.1 95.3
682.5 686.1 689.1 692.5 696.3
475 475 475 475 475
600 600 600 600 600
66618 75522 83924 92809 103329
1952.1 2201.4 2435.7 2680.3 2967.8
2053.6 2318.2 2570.6 2833.4 3144.9
63.7 71.6 79.2 87.1 96.3
W21-21x81/4 (533x210)
55 62 68 73 82
82.2 92.1 101 109 122
759.1 763.9 767.5 770.3 775.3
525 525 525 525 525
775 775 775 775 775
96581 112366 125204 135978 154662
2544.5 2941.8 3262.5 3530.4 3989.3
2682.9 3103.0 3446.4 3736.0 4232.8
75.1 86.3 95.5 103.4 116.7
796.1 800.9 804.5 807.3 812.3
550 550 550 550 550
675 675 675 675 675
107646 125070 139274 151220 171888
2704.3 3123.2 3462.4 3746.3 4232.1
2853.7 3296.2 3658.9 3965.7 4490.7
76.2 87.5 96.8 104.7 118.2
Continental Steel Pte Ltd
57
CASTELLATED BEAMS
Castellated Beams
y
B
Dc
t
dc
BEAMS AND COLUMNS
T
Section Size
Castellated Beam
58
1.08Ds
Dc
B
t
T
r
in(mm) 6x4 (153x102)
lb/ft 13
kg/m 19.35
mm 156.7
mm 103.1
mm 7.11
mm 8.76
mm 126.38
mm 6.4
mm 110
W5-5x5 (127x127)
71/2 x 5 (191x127)
18 19
23.81 28.28
190.8 194.3
127.0 127.8
6.10 6.86
9.14 10.92
157.32 157.26
7.6
137 137
W6-6x4 (152x102)
9x4 (228x102)
9 12 16
13.39 17.86 23.81
225.9 229.2 235.5
100.1 101.6 102.4
4.32 5.84 6.60
5.46 7.11 10.29
202.18 202.18 202.12
6.4
164 164 164
W6-6x6 (152x152)
9x6 (228x152)
15 20 25
22.32 29.76 37.20
228.1 233.5 238.1
152.1 152.9 154.4
5.84 6.60 8.13
6.60 9.27 11.56
202.10 202.16 202.18
6.4
164 164 164
W8-8x4 (203x102)
12x4 (305x102)
10 13 15
14.88 19.35 22.32
301.9 304.4 307.5
100.1 101.6 102.0
4.32 5.84 6.22
5.21 6.48 8.00
276.28 276.24 276.30
7.6
219 219 219
W8-8x51/4 (203x133)
12x51/4 (305x133)
18 21
26.79 31.25
308.3 311.8
133.4 133.9
5.84 6.35
8.38 10.16
276.34 276.28
7.6
219 219
W8-8x61/2 (203x165)
12x61/2 (305x165)
24 28
35.72 41.67
302.9 306.2
165.0 166.0
6.22 7.24
10.16 11.81
262.18 262.18
10.2
219 219
W8-8x8 (203x203)
12x8 (305x203)
31 35 40 48 58 67
46.13 52.09 59.53 71.43 86.31 99.71
304.7 307.7 311.1 317.4 323.7 330.1
203.1 203.7 205.0 206.0 208.8 210.3
7.24 7.87 9.14 10.16 12.95 14.48
11.05 12.57 14.22 17.40 20.57 23.75
262.20 262.16 262.26 262.20 262.16 262.20
10.2
219 219 219 219 219 219
W10-10x4 (254x102)
15x4 (381x102)
12 15 17 19
17.86 22.32 25.30 28.28
377.7 380.7 383.8 387.1
100.6 101.6 101.9 102.1
4.83 5.84 6.10 6.35
5.33 6.86 8.38 10.03
351.84 351.78 351.84 351.84
7.6
274 274 274 274
W10-10x53/4 (254x146)
15x53/4 (381x146)
22 26 30
32.74 38.69 44.64
385.3 389.4 392.9
146.0 146.6 147.6
6.10 6.60 7.62
9.14 11.18 12.95
351.82 351.84 351.80
7.6
274 274 274
W10-10x8 (254x203)
15x8 (381x203)
33 39 45
49.11 58.04 66.97
374.1 379.0 383.5
202.2 202.8 203.7
7.37 8.00 8.89
11.05 13.46 15.75
326.60 326.68 326.60
12.7
274 274 274
W10-10x10 (254x254)
15x10 (381x254)
49 54 60 68 77 88 100 112
72.92 80.36 89.29 101.19 114.58 130.95 148.81 166.67
380.5 383.3 386.6 391.2 396.2 402.3 408.9 415.5
254.0 254.8 256.0 257.3 258.8 260.7 262.6 264.5
8.64 9.40 10.67 11.94 13.46 15.37 17.27 19.18
14.22 15.62 17.27 19.56 22.10 25.15 28.45 31.75
326.66 326.66 326.66 326.68 326.60 326.60 326.60 326.60
12.7
274 274 274 274 274 274 274 274
W12-12x4 (305x102)
18x4 (458x102)
14 16 19 22
20.83 23.81 28.28 32.74
455.0 457.0 461.4 465.2
100.0 101.3 101.7 102.4
5.08 5.59 5.97 6.60
5.72 6.73 8.89 10.80
428.36 428.34 428.42 428.40
7.6
329 329 329 329
W12-12x61/2 (305x165)
18x61/2 (458x165)
26 30 35
38.69 44.64 52.09
462.9 465.9 470.0
164.8 165.6 166.6
5.84 6.60 7.62
9.65 11.18 13.21
428.40 428.34 428.38
7.6
329 329 329
M
Thickness Web Flange
Continental Steel Pte Ltd
Depth Between Fillet dc
y
in (mm) W4-4x4 (102x102)
Dc x B
Section Width
x
x
Pitch of standard castellated 1.08Ds
Unit Weight
Section Depth
600
Ds
Root Radius
CASTELLATED BEAMS y
B
Dc
t
dc
T
Section Size
Castellated Beam
Unit Weight M
Dc x B
Section Depth
Section Width
600
Ds
1.08Ds
Thickness Web Flange
Depth Between Fillet dc
x
x
BEAMS AND COLUMNS
Castellated Beams
y
Root Radius
Pitch of standard castellated 1.08Ds
Dc
B
t
T
in (mm) W12-12x8 (305x203)
in(mm) 18x8 (458x203)
lb/ft 40 45 50
kg/m 59.53 66.97 74.41
mm 455.8 458.8 462.1
mm 203.3 204.3 205.2
mm 7.49 8.51 9.40
mm 13.08 14.60 16.26
mm 399.24 399.20 399.18
mm 15.2
mm 329 329 329
W12-12x10 (305x254)
18x10 (458x254)
53 58
78.87 86.31
458.8 462.1
253.9 254.3
8.76 9.14
14.60 16.26
399.20 399.18
15.2
329 329
W12-12x12 (305x305)
18x12 (458x305)
65 72 79 87 96 106 120 136 152 170 190
96.73 107.14 117.56 129.46 142.86 157.74 178.57 202.38 226.19 253.98 282.74
460.3 463.7 467.0 470.8 475.3 479.9 485.7 493.1 500.7 508.9 517.8
304.8 305.8 306.8 308.0 308.9 310.4 312.9 315.0 317.0 319.3 321.8
9.91 10.92 11.94 13.08 13.97 15.49 18.03 20.07 22.10 24.38 26.92
15.37 17.02 18.67 20.57 22.86 25.15 28.07 31.75 35.56 39.62 44.07
399.16 399.26 399.26 399.26 399.18 399.20 399.16 399.20 399.18 399.26 399.26
15.2
W12*-12x12 (305x305)
18x12 (458x305)
210 230 252 279 305 336
312.50 342.26 375.00 415.18 453.87 500.00
526.1 534.8 543.9 555.1 567.0 579.7
324.9 327.5 330.3 333.8 336.2 340.0
29.97 32.64 35.43 38.86 41.28 45.08
48.26 52.58 57.15 62.74 68.71 75.06
399.18 399.24 399.20 399.22 399.18 399.18
15.2
329 329 329 329 329 329 329 329 329 329 329 329 329 329 329 329 329 329
W14-14x5 (356x127)
21x5 (534x127)
22 26
32.74 38.69
527.0 531.3
127.0 127.6
5.84 6.48
8.51 10.67
489.58 489.56
10.2
385 385
W14-14x63/4 (356x171)
21x63/4 (534x171)
30 34 38
44.64 50.60 56.55
529.5 533.1 536.1
170.9 171.3 172.0
6.86 7.24 7.87
9.78 11.56 13.08
489.54 489.58 489.54
10.2
385 385 385
W14x8 (356x203)
21x8 (534x203)
43 48 53
63.99 71.43 78.87
525.0 528.3 531.6
203.1 204.0 204.7
7.75 8.64 9.40
13.46 15.11 16.76
467.68 467.68 467.68
15.2
385 385 385
W14-14x10 (356x254)
21x10 (534x254)
61 68 74 82
90.78 101.19 110.12 122.02
530.8 534.6 537.9 541.5
253.9 254.9 255.8 257.3
9.52 10.54 11.43 12.95
16.38 18.29 18.94 21.72
467.64 467.62 467.62 467.66
15.2
385 385 385 385
W14-14x141/2 (356x368)
21x141/2 (534x368)
90 99 109 120 132
133.93 147.32 162.20 178.57 196.43
534.1 537.7 541.7 545.8 550.4
368.8 370.0 371.0 372.6 374.0
11.18 12.32 13.34 14.99 16.38
18.03 19.81 21.84 23.88 26.16
467.64 467.68 467.62 467.64 467.68
15.2
385 385 385 385 385
r
Note : * Not included in regular rolling schedule
Continental Steel Pte Ltd
59
CASTELLATED BEAMS
Castellated Beams
y
B
Dc
t
dc
BEAMS AND COLUMNS
T
Section Size
Castellated Beam
Unit Weight M
Dc x B
60
Section Depth
Section Width
600
Ds
1.08Ds
Thickness Web Flange
Depth Between Fillet dc
x
x
y
Root Radius
Pitch of standard castellated 1.08Ds
Dc
B
t
T
in (mm) W16-16x51/2 (406x140)
in(mm) 24x51/2 (609x140)
lb/ft 26 31
kg/m 38.69 46.13
mm 601.5 606.4
mm 139.7 140.3
mm 6.35 6.98
mm 8.76 11.18
mm 563.58 563.64
mm 10.2
mm 438 438
W16-16x7 (406x178)
24x7 (609x178)
36 40 45 50 57
53.57 59.53 66.97 74.41 84.83
605.8 609.7 612.7 616.0 620.3
177.4 177.7 178.7 179.6 180.8
7.49 7.75 8.76 9.65 10.92
10.92 12.83 14.35 16.00 18.16
563.56 563.64 563.64 563.60 563.58
10.2
438 438 438 438 438
W16-16x101/4 (406x260)
24x101/4 (609x260)
67 77 89 100
99.71 114.58 132.44 148.81
617.8 622.6 628.4 634.0
260.0 261.5 263.3 264.8
10.03 11.56 13.33 14.86
16.89 19.30 22.22 25.02
563.62 563.60 563.56 563.56
10.2
438 438 438 438
W18-18x6 (457x152)
27x6 (686x152)
35 40 46
52.09 59.53 68.46
678.1 683.2 687.2
152.4 152.8 153.9
7.62 8.00 9.14
10.80 13.34 15.37
636.10 636.12 636.06
10.2
494 494 494
W18-18x71/2 (457x191)
27x71/2 (686x191)
50 55 60 65 71
74.41 81.85 89.29 96.73 105.65
685.4 688.5 691.8 694.6 697.6
190.4 191.3 191.9 192.8 193.9
9.02 9.91 10.54 11.43 12.57
14.48 16.00 17.65 19.05 20.57
636.04 636.10 636.10 636.10 636.06
10.2
494 494 494 494 494
W18-18x11 (457x279)
27x11 (686x279)
76 86 97 106 119
113.10 127.98 144.35 157.74 177.08
691.0 695.6 700.7 704.2 710.3
280.3 281.7 283.1 284.5 286.1
10.80 12.19 13.59 14.99 16.64
17.27 19.56 22.10 23.88 26.92
636.06 636.08 636.10 636.04 636.06
10.2
494 494 494 494 494
W21-21x61/2 (533x165)
311/2x61/2 (800x165)
44 50 57
65.48 74.41 84.83
791.3 795.6 801.4
165.1 165.9 166.5
8.89 9.65 10.29
11.43 13.58 16.51
743.04 743.02 742.98
12.7
576 576 576
W21-21x81/4 (533x210)
311/2x81/4 (800x210)
62 68 73 83 93
92.26 101.19 108.63 123.51 138.39
799.6 803.2 806.0 810.8 815.6
209.3 210.1 210.7 212.2 213.9
10.16 10.92 11.56 13.08 14.73
15.62 17.40 18.80 21.21 23.62
742.96 743.00 743.00 742.98 742.96
12.7
576 576 576 576 576
W21-21x121/4 (533x312)
311/2x121/4 (800x312)
101 111 122 132 147
150.30 165.18 181.55 196.43 218.75
809.0 812.9 817.2 821.0 826.8
312.2 313.4 314.7 316.0 317.8
12.70 13.97 15.24 16.51 18.29
20.32 22.22 24.38 26.29 29.21
742.96 743.06 743.04 743.02 742.98
12.7
576 576 576 576 576
W24-24x7 (610x178)
36x7 (915x178)
55 62
81.85 92.27
903.7 908.0
177.9 178.8
10.03 10.92
12.83 14.99
852.64 852.62
12.7
659 659
W24-24x9 (610x229)
36x9 (915x229)
68 76 84 94
101.19 113.10 125.00 139.88
907.7 912.6 917.1 922.5
227.7 228.3 229.1 230.3
10.54 11.18 11.94 13.08
14.86 17.27 19.56 22.22
852.58 852.66 852.58 852.66
12.7
659 659 659 659
W24-24x123/4 (610x324)
36x123/4 (915x324)
104 117 131 146 162
154.76 174.11 194.44 217.27 241.07
916.1 921.1 926.8 933.4 940.0
323.8 325.1 326.5 327.7 329.1
12.70 13.97 15.37 16.51 17.91
19.05 21.59 24.38 27.69 30.99
852.60 852.62 852.64 852.62 852.62
12.7
659 659 659 659 659
W27-27x10 (686x254)
401/2x10 (1029x254)
84 94 102 114
125.00 139.88 151.78 169.64
1021.4 1026.8 1031.1 1036.4
253.0 253.7 254.4 255.8
11.68 12.45 13.08 14.48
16.26 18.92 21.08 23.62
958.48 958.56 958.54 958.56
15.2
741 741 741 741
Continental Steel Pte Ltd
r
CASTELLATED BEAMS y
B
Dc
t
dc
T
Section Size
Castellated Beam
Unit Weight M
Dc x B
Section Depth
Section Width
600
Ds
1.08Ds
Thickness Web Flange
Depth Between Fillet dc
x
x
BEAMS AND COLUMNS
Castellated Beams
y
Root Radius
Pitch of standard castellated 1.08Ds
Dc
B
t
T
in (mm) W27*-27x14 (686x356)
in(mm) 401/2x14 (1029x366)
lb/ft 146 161 178
kg/m 217.26 239.58 264.88
mm 1038.5 1043.8 1049.4
mm 354.7 356.1 357.8
mm 15.37 16.76 18.42
mm 24.76 27.43 30.23
mm 958.58 958.54 958.54
mm 15.2
mm 741 741 741
W30-30x101/2 (762x267)
45x101/2 (1143x267)
99 108 116 124 132
147.32 160.71 172.62 184.52 196.43
1134.4 1138.7 1143.3 1147.3 1150.9
265.4 266.1 266.6 267.1 267.8
13.21 13.84 14.35 14.86 15.62
17.02 19.30 21.59 23.62 25.40
1067.06 1067.10 1067.12 1067.06 1067.10
16.5
823 823 823 823 823
W30*-30x15 (762x381)
45x15 (1143x381)
173 191 211
257.44 284.23 313.99
1154.2 1160.2 1166.9
380.6 382.0 383.7
16.64 18.03 19.68
27.05 30.10 33.40
1067.10 1067.00 1067.10
16.5
823 823 823
W33-33x111/2 (838x292)
491/2x111/2 (1257x292)
118 130 141 152
175.60 193.45 209.82 226.19
1253.6 1259.5 1264.8 1269.6
291.6 292.4 293.0 293.8
13.97 14.73 15.37 16.13
18.80 21.72 24.38 26.80
1180.40 1180.46 1180.44 1180.40
17.8
905 905 905 905
W33*-33x151/4 (838x400)
491/2x153/4 (1257x400)
201 221 241
299.11 328.87 358.63
1274.5 1280.8 1287.2
399.9 401.4 402.8
18.16 19.68 21.08
29.21 32.38 35.56
1180.48 1180.44 1180.48
17.8
905 905 905
W36-36x12 (914x305)
54x12 (1371x305)
135 150 160 170 182 194 210
200.89 223.21 238.10 253.98 270.83 288.69 312.50
1360.0 1367.6 1371.7 1375.7 1379.8 1383.8 1388.9
303.5 304.2 304.8 305.6 306.7 307.7 309.4
15.24 15.88 16.51 17.27 18.42 19.43 21.08
20.07 23.88 25.91 27.94 29.97 32.00 34.54
1281.86 1281.84 1281.88 1281.82 1281.86 1281.80 1281.82
19.0
987 987 987 987 987 987 987
W36*-36x161/2 (914x419)
54x161/2 (1371x419)
230 245 260 280 300
342.26 364.58 386.90 416.67 446.43
1368.9 1373.4 1378.0 1384.6 1390.2
418.3 419.4 420.4 421.5 423.0
19.30 20.32 21.34 22.48 24.00
32.00 34.29 36.58 39.88 42.67
1256.70 1256.62 1256.64 1256.64 1256.66
24.1
987 987 987 987 987
r
Note : * Not included in regular rolling schedule
Continental Steel Pte Ltd
61
BEAMS AND COLUMNS
62
Continental Steel Pte Ltd
STRUCTURAL TEES
60
BEAMS AND COLUMNS
Structural Tees
General The section sizes for structural tees are given in the tables on the following pages. Structural tees are usually cut from universal beams and columns, but can also be rolled.
Cut from Heavy Column Sections. (H/HE)
Cut from Wide Flange Sections. Web height and flange width approximately equal. (H/HE)
Cut from Narrow Flange Sections. (I/IPE)
Cut from Medium Flange Sections. (I/IPE)
Figure 5 – Structural Tees: Section shapes
The standard specifications used for production of structural tees in this region are listed in this table. Material AS 3679.1 (1996) Grade 250 Grade 300 Grade 350 ASTM A36 (2001) ASTM A572 (2001) Grade 42 Grade 50 Grade 60 Grade 65 ASTM A913 (2001)
Yield strength 2 N/mm
Tensile strength Min. Elongation Min. Charpy VDimensions 2 notch. Temp. 20°C & Tolerances N/mm L0=5.65 S0
12mm 12-40 40mm 260 300 360
250 300 340 min. 250
230 300 330
min. 410 min. 430 min. 480 400-550
22 % 22 % 20 % 20-21 %
27J 27J 27J -
min. 290 min. 345 min. 415 min. 450
min. 415 min. 450 min. 520 min. 550
20+24 % 18-21 % 16-18 % 15-17 %
-
Grade 50
min. 345
min. 450
18-21 %
-
Grade 65
min. 450
min. 550
15-17 %
-
BS 4360 (1986) (superseded) Grade 43A min. 275 Grade 50B min. 355
430-580 490-640
22 % 20 %
27J
17-22 % 17-22 % 19 % 17 %
10
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