February 6, 2023 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
Aúmucg :? G sfstdak gpdrkjfglkc Rflmgws Aktdrfkc mg flstrutgr
Jy`drGps Kssgjfktd v;.>
:.; K hfstú hfstúrfk rfk mg mg Rflmgws Rflmgws
© 0>0> Jfsjg d/gu suks kifcfkmks. ]gmgs gs mfrdftgs rdsdrvkmgs. Jglifmdljfkc mk Jfsjg
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G sfstdak gpdrkjfglkc Rflmgws Zfstdak
gpdrkjfglkc md mfsjg • G sfstdak sfstdak gpdrkjfgl gpdrkjfglkc kc md mfsjg mfsjg (MGZ) (MGZ) æ ua sfstdak sfstdak gpdrkjfglkc qud g jgaputkmgr usk pkrk hk`fcftkr gs mfspgsftfvgs md krakzdlkadltg md mkmgs pkrk cdr d brkvkr krqufvgs. • MGZ igrldjd igrldjd ua ua sfstdak sfstdak md krqufv krqufvgs gs qud grbklfz grbklfzk k gs krqufvgs md uak igrak dspdjáifjk lg mfsjg. • AZ-MGZ, AZ-MGZ, jrfkmg jrfkmg pdck pdck Afjrgsgit, Afjrgsgit, usgu uak uak cflhk cflhk md jgaklmg jgag fltdrikjd pkrk ks pdssgks jrfkrda prgbrkaks d aklfpuckrda krqufvgs md mkmgs. Gs jgaklmgs MGZ sêg agstrkmgs da ldbrftg lk skámk md jgaklmg mkmk. • Jga g AZ-MGZ AZ-MGZ,, g jgaputkmgr jgaputkmgr tflhk ua jglhdjfad jglhdjfadltg ltg `ësfjg md trk`kchg md kjdsskr k ulfmkmd md mfsjg d jkrrdbkr gs krqufvgs mg sfstdak gpdrkjfglkc mfrdtkadltd mg mfsjg jgag pkrtd mg prgjdssg md flfjfkcfzkâêg. © 0>0> Jfsjg d/gu suks kifcfkmks. ]gmgs gs mfrdftgs rdsdrvkmgs. Jglifmdljfkc mk Jfsjg
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G Zfstdak Gpdrkjfglkc md
Mfsjg mg Zfstdak Gpdrkjfglkc Rflmgws (Jglt.) ( Jglt.) • Ks prfadfrks vdrsôds mg Rflmgws jglsfstfka da uak fltdrik fltdrikjd jd brëifjk mg usuërfg (BTF) qud dxdjutkvk g AZ-MGZ, jgadâklmg jga g Rflmgws ;.> da ;684. • Da vdrsôds akfs rdjdltds rdjdltds mg Rflmgws, jglstruámg da Ldw ]djhlgcgbfds (L]), g prúprfg sfstdak gpdrkjfglkc dstë lg jgltrgcd mfrdtg mg jgaputkmgr d sdu hkrmwkrd. • Hgod, auftks jgfsks qud jgstuakvka sdr rdkcfzkmks ktr ktrkvæs kvæs mk fltdrikjd fltdrikjd md cflhk md jgaklmg mg AZ-MGZ pgmda sdr rdkcfzkmks lk BTF mg Rflmgws. • ^krk dxpdrfadltkr dxpdrfadltkr ua pgujg md AZ-MGZ, k`rk k`rk uak okldck okldck md jgaklmg jgaklmg mfbftklmg Rflmgws Zdkrjh d prdssfglklm prdssfglklmg g Dltdr . jam lg Rflmgws
© 0>0> Jfsjg d/gu suks kifcfkmks. ]gmgs gs mfrdftgs rdsdrvkmgs. Jglifmdljfkc mk Jfsjg
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G Zfstdak Gpdrkjfglkc md
Mfsjg mg Zfstdak Gpdrkjfglkc Rflmgws (Jglt.) K tk`dck tk`dck k sdbufr cfstk kcbuls mgs jgaklmgs mg AZ-MGZ? Jgaklmg AZ-MGZ
Mdsjrfâêg
mfr
Agstrk uak cfstk md tgmgs gs krqufvgs lg mfrdtúrfg ktukc (pkstk)
mfrdtúrfgjm
Kctdrk g mfrdtúrfg pkrk g mfrdtúrfg flmfjkmg
jm .. jm S
Aumk g mfrdtúrfg pkrk g mfrdtúrfg kjfak mg mfrdtúrfg ktukc Aumk g mfrdtúrfg pkrk g mfrdtúrfg rkfz (bdrkcadltd J?)
jgpy grfbda mdstflg
Jgpfk krqufvgs pkrk gutrg cgjkc
mdc lgad mg krqufvg
Dxjcuf ua gu akfs krqufvgs.
iflm
^rgjurk tdxtg da krqufvgs
aemfr mfrdtúrfg
Jrfk ua lgvg mfrdtúrfg.
rdl lgadWkltfbg lgvgWlgad
Pdlgadfk ua krqufvg
koumk
Dxf`d tgmgs gs jgaklmgs qud pgmda sdr uskmgs, jga uak `rdvd mdsjrfâêg
jgaklmghdcp
© 0>0> Jfsjg d/gu suks kifcfkmks. ]gmgs gs mfrdftgs rdsdrvkmgs. Dxf`d k koumk dxtdlsk pkrk g jgaklmg flmfjkmg Jglifmdljfkc mk Jfsjg
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G sfstdak gpdrkjfglkc Rflmgws,
vdrsôds mg Rflmgws • Mdsmd ;66:, hguvd akfs md 0> vdrsôds mg Rflmgws qud sêg `ksdkmks lg sfstdak
gpdrkjfglkc L] (ZG). • Auftks dmfâôds igrka jglstruámks dspdjfifjkadltd pkrk dstkâôds md trk`kchg, prgifssfglkfs,
sdrvfmgrds, sdrvfmgrds kvklâkmgs d sdrvfmgrds md mktkjdltdr, mktkjdltdr, pkrk jftkr kpdlks kcbuaks mks auftks vdrsôds jrfkmks pkrk ifls dspdjáifjgs. • G sfstdak gpdrkjfglkc md 9= `fts drk uak krquftdturk tgtkcadltd lgvk. Dcd tflhk ua dspkâg md dlmdrdâg md 9= `fts da vdz md ua dspkâg md dlmdrdâg md :0 `fts. • Gs jgaputkmgrds d sfstdaks gpdrkjfglkfs md 9= `fts sêg jgapktávdfs jga prgbrkaks akfs
kltfbgs md :0 `fts, aks gs prgbrkaks md 9= `fts lêg pgmda sdr dxdjutkmgs da hkrmwkrd akfs kltfbg md :0 `fts. • Jga jkmk vdrsêg su`sdqudltd mg Rflmgws, g sfstdak gpdrkjfglkc tgrlgu-sd akfs rdiflkmg
kg fljgrpgrkr akfs rdjursgs. • K Afjrgsgit Afjrgsgit kluljfgu qud g Rflmgws Rflmgws ;> æ k ÿctfak vdrsêg mg ©Rflmgws. Rflmg ws. Da vdz md jgaprkr 0>0> Jfsjg d/gu suks kifcfkmks. ]gmgs gs mfrdftgs rdsdrvkmgs.
lgvgs sfstdaks gpdrkjfglkfs, gs usuërfgs kpdlks ktukcfzkrêg g Rflmgws ;>. Jglifmdljfkc mk Jfsjg
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Ksvdrsôds mg Rflmgwsmg sfstdak gpdrkjfglkc K tk`dck tk`dck k sdbufr cfstk vdrsôds jgauls mg Rflmgws? ZG
Rflmgws (Jglt.)
Ydrsôds
Rflmgws 2
Ztkrtdr, Hgad @ksfj, Hgad ^rdafua, ^rgidssfglkc, Dltdrprfsd, Tctfaktd
Rflmgws Zdrvdr 0>>8 P0
Igulmktfgl, Ztklmkrm, Dltdrprfsd, Mktkjdltdr, Rd` Zdrvdr, H^J Zdrvdr Zdrvdr,, Ftklfua-@ksdm Zystdas
Rflmgws Hgad Zdrvdr 0>;;
Ldlhua
Rflmgws 8
Rflmgws 8, Rflmgws 8 ^rg, Rflmgws 8 Dltdrprfsd, Rflmgws P]
Rflmgws Zdrvdr 0>;0
Igulmktfgl, Dssdltfkcs, Ztklmkrm, Mktkjdltdr
Rflmgws 8.;
Rflmgws 8.;, Rflmgws 8.; ^rg, Rflmgws 8.; Dltdrprfsd, Rflmgws P] 8.;
Rflmgws Zdrvdr 0>;0 P0
Igulmktfgl, Dssdltfkcs, Ztklmkrm, Mktkjdltdr
Rflmgws ;>
Hgad, ^rg, ^rg Dmujktfgl, Dltdrprfsd, Dmujktfgl, cg] Jgrd, Ag`fcd, Ag`fcd Dltdrprfsd
Rflmgws Zdrvdr 0>;9
Dssdltfkcs, Ztklmkrm, Mktkjdltdr, Auctfpgflt ^rdafua Zdrvdr, Ztgrkbd Zdrvdr, Hypdr-Y Zdrvdr © 0>0> Jfsjg d/gu suks kifcfkmks. ]gmgs gs mfrdftgs rdsdrvkmgs. Jglifmdljfkc mk Jfsjg
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G sfstdak gpdrkjfglkc Rflmgws
BTF mg Rflmgws • G Rflmgws tda uak fltdrikjd fltdrikjd brëifjk mg mg usuërfg (BTF) (BTF) pkrk qud gs usuërfgs trk`kchda trk`kchda jga krqufvgs md mkmgs d sgitwkrd. • K BTF BTF tda tda uak uak ërdk ërdk prflj prfljfpk fpkcc qud qud æ jglhdjfmk jgag Ërdk md ]rk`kchg. K ërdk md trk`kchg pgmd sdr pdrsglkcfzkmk jga vërfks jgrds d fakbdls md iulmg. • G Rflmgw Rflmgwss gidrd gidrdjd jd supg supgrtd rtd k vërfg vërfgss usuërfgs, pkrk qud jkmk usuërfg pgssk pdrsglkcfzkr k Ërdk md ]rk`kchg. • K Ërdk Ërdk md md ]rk` ]rk`kch kchg g pgmd pgmd krakzd krakzdlkr lkr krqufvgs, pkstks, ktkchgs pkrk cgjkfs d prgbrkaks d kpcfjktfvgs. • K ërdk ërdk md md trk`kc trk`kchg hg tka`æ tka`æa a tda ua ájgld ájgld md cfxdfrk, glmd gs krqufvgs sêg krakzdlkmgs quklmg g usuërfg gs dxjcuf. Gs krqufvgs pgmda sdr rdstkurkmgs mk cfxdfrk gu k cfxdfrk pgmd sdr s dr dsvkzfkmk md krqufvgs, g qud rdkcadltd gs dxjcuf.
© 0>0> Jfsjg d/gu suks kifcfkmks. ]gmgs gs mfrdftgs rdsdrvkmgs. Jglifmdljfkc mk Jfsjg
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G sfstdak gpdrkjfglkc Rflmgws
BTF mg Rflmgws (jglt.) • Lk pkrtd flidrfgr flidrfgr mk ërdk md trk`kchg, trk`kchg, dstë k @krrk md ]krdiks. • Î dsqudr dsqudrmk mk d dstë stë g adlu adlu Flfjfk Flfjfkrr qud qud æ uskmg pkrk kjdsskr tgmgs gs prgbrkaks flstkckmgs, gpâôds md jglifburkâêg d g rdjursg md pdsqufsk. • Lg jdl jdltrg trg,, gs usuë usuërfg rfgss jgcgj jgcgjka ka ájglds md flfjfkcfzkâêg rëpfmk qud dxdjutka prgbrkaks dspdjáifjgs gu k`rda pkstks dspdjáifjks quklmg jcfjka. • ërdk Î mfrdftk mfrdmd ftklgtfifjkâêg. mk mk @krrk @krrk mdK]ërdk krdiks krdiks mddstë k lgtfifjkâêg agstrk, da rdsuag, k iuljfglkcfmkmd md auftgs prgbrkaks d rdjursgs mfidrdltds.
© 0>0> Jfsjg d/gu suks kifcfkmks. ]gmgs gs mfrdftgs rdsdrvkmgs. Jglifmdljfkc mk Jfsjg
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G sfstdak gpdrkjfglkc Rflmgws
BTF mg Rflmgws (jglt.) • ^rfljfpkcadltd jcfjkr jga g `gtêg
mfrdftg mg agusd da ua ájgld trkrë iulâôds kmfjfglkfs qud pgmda sdr uskmks. Dstk cfstk æ jglhdjfmk jgag g Adlu md Jgltdxtg. • Hë Adlus md Jgltdxtg pkrk gs
ájglds lk ërdk md lgtfifjkâêg, pkrk ájglds md flfjfkcfzkâêg rëpfmk, ájglds md jglifburkâêg mg sfstdak d pkrk krqufvgs d pkstks. • G Adlumks md iulâôds Jgltdxtgakfs igrldjd auftks
jgauadltd uskmks jcfjklmg da. © 0>0> Jfsjg d/gu suks kifcfkmks. ]gmgs gs mfrdftgs rdsdrvkmgs. Jglifmdljfkc mk Jfsjg
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G sfstdak gpdrkjfglkc Rflmgws
Yucldrk`fcfmkmds mg sfstdak gpdrkjfglkc • Gs sfstdaks gpdrkjfglkfs jglsfstda da afchôds md cflhks md júmfbg. Jga tgmg dssd júmfbg
vda vucldrk`fcfmkmds. • Tak vucldrk`fcfmkmd æ kcbuak ikchk gu irkqudzk qud pgmd sdr dxpcgrkmk pgr ua flvksgr pkrk rdmuzfr k vfk`fcfmkmd vf k`fcfmkmd mks fligrakâôds md ua jgaputkmgr. jgaputkmgr. • ^krk tfrkr prgvdftg md uak vucldrk`fcfmkmd mg sfstdak gpdrkjfglkc, g flvksgr mdvd uskr uak
tæjlfjk gu uak idrrkadltk pkrk dxpcgrkr k vucldrk`fcfmkmd. • G flvksgr pgmd dltêg uskr k vucldrk`fcfmkmd vuc ldrk`fcfmkmd pkrk pkrk ikzdr jga qud g jgaputkmgr ktud md igrak igrk mg mdsfbl prdtdlmfmg. • Da bdrkc, g g`odtfvg æ g`tdr jgltrgcd lêg kutgrfzkmg mg jgaputkmgr jgaputkmgr,, kctdrkr pdrafssôds gu aklfpuckr gu rgu`kr mkmgs.
© 0>0> Jfsjg d/gu suks kifcfkmks. ]gmgs gs mfrdftgs rdsdrvkmgs. Jglifmdljfkc mk Jfsjg
0>
G sfstdak gpdrkjfglkc Rflmgws
Yucldrk`fcfmkmds mg sfstdak gpdrkjfglkc (Jglt.) K tk`dck tk`dck k sdbufr cfstk kcbuaks rdjgadlmkâôds rdjgadlmkâôds jgauls md sdbur sdburklâk klâk mg sfstdak gpdrkjfglkc Rflmgws? Pdjgadlmkâêg ^rgtdâêg jgltrk várus gu akcwkrd
Mdsjrfâêg • ^gr pkmrêg, g Rflmgws usk g Rflmgws Mdidlmdr pkrk prgtdâêg jgltrk akcwkrd. akcwkrd. • G Rflmgws Mdidlmdr igrldjd ua jgloultg md idrrkadltks md prgtdâêg fljgrpgrkmks fljgrpgrkmks kg sfstdak. • Zd g Rflmgws Mdidlmdr dstfvdr mdsktfvkmg, g sfstdak ifjkrë akfs vucldrëvdc vucldrëvdc k ktkquds d akcwkrd.
• Hë auftgs sdrvfâgs sdrvfâgs qud iuljfglka lgs `kstfmgrds. Zdrvfâgs • Æ fapgrtkltd jdrtfifjkr-sd md qud jkmk sdrvfâg æ fmdltfifjëvdc fmdltfifjëvdc d sdburg. mdsjglhdjfmgs gu lêg • Jga ua sdrvfâg mdsjglhdjfmg da dxdjuâêg da sdbulmg pcklg, pcklg, g jgaputkmgr pgmd ifjkr bdrdljfkmgs vucldrëvdc k ktkquds. Jrfptgbrkifk
• [uklmg gs mkmgs lêg sêg jrfptgbrkikmgs, jrfptgbrkikmgs, dcds pgmda sdr ikjfcadltd jgcdtkmgs d dxpcgrkmgs. • Fssg lêg æ fapgrtkltd kpdlks pkrk jgaputkmgrds jgaputkmgrds mdsetgp, aks dspdjfkcadltd mfspgsftfvgs aúvdfs.
^gcátfjk md sdburklâk
• Tak `gk pgcátfjk md sdburklâk sdburklâk mdvd sdr jglifburkmk jglifburkmk d©sdbufmk. 0>0> Jfsjg d/gu suks kifcfkmks. ]gmgs gs mfrdftgs rdsdrvkmgs. Jglifmdljfkc mk Jfsjg 0; • Auftks jglifburkâôds lg jgltrgcd md Mfrdtfvk Mfrdtfvk md Zdburklâk mg Rflmgws pgmda fapdmfr ktkquds.
G sfstdak gpdrkjfglkc Rflmgws
Yucldrk`fcfmkmds mg sfstdak gpdrkjfglkc (Jglt.) Pdjgadlmkâêg
Mdsjrfâêg
Ifrdwkcc
• ^gr pkmrêg, g Rflmgws usk g Ifrdwkcc mg Rflmgws pkrk cfaftkr k jgaulfjkâêg jgaulfjkâêg jga mfspgsftfvgs lk rdmd. Jga g tdapg, ks rdbrks pgmda lêg sd kpcfjkr akfs. • Æ fapgrtkltd rdvfskr pdrfgmfjkadltd pdrfgmfjkadltd ks jglifburkâôds mg ifrdwkcc pkrk bkrkltfr qud ks rdbrks kflmk sêg kpcfjëvdfs d rdagvdr ks qud lêg sd kpcfjka akfs.
^drafssôds md krqufvg d jgapkrtfchkadltg
• Dssks pdrafssôds mdvda sdr mdiflfmks jgrrdtkadltd. Æ iëjfc mkr kg brupg –]gmgs‑ –]gmgs‑ Jgltrgcd ]gtkc, ]gtkc, aks fssg pdraftd qud tgmks ks pdssgks kjdssda tgmgs gs krqufvgs. • Æ adchgr igrldjdr k jkmk usuërfg gu brupg ks pdrafssôds aálfaks ldjdssërfks ldjdssërfks pkrk tgmgs gs krqufvgs d pkstks.
• Auftks pdssgks dsjgchda sdlhks sdlhks irkjks gu lêg uska ldlhuak sdlhk. Zdlhk irkjk gu sda • Æ dspdjfkcadltd fapgrtkltd jdrtfifjkr-sd jdrtfifjkr-sd md qud tgmks ks jgltks, dspdjfkcadltd dspdjfkcadltd k sdlhk jgltk md Kmaflfstrkmgr, Kmaflfstrkmgr, tïa uak sdlhk auftg igrtd. Cgbfl jgag Kmaflfstrkmgr
• [uklmg ua usuërfg ikz cgbgl jgag kmaflfstrkmgr, qukcqudr qukcqudr prgbrkak dxdjutkmg tdrë gs prfvfcæbfgs mdssk jgltk. • Æ adchgr ikzdr cgbfl jgag ua Tsuërfg ^kmrêg d uskr kpdlks k sdlhk md kmaflfstrkmgr pkrk rdkcfzkr mdtdraflkmks tkrdiks. © 0>0> Jfsjg d/gu suks kifcfkmks. ]gmgs gs mfrdftgs rdsdrvkmgs. Jglifmdljfkc mk Jfsjg
00
:.0 Krquftdturk d gpdrkâôds mg Rflmgws © 0>0> Jfsjg d/gu suks kifcfkmks. ]gmgs gs mfrdftgs rdsdrvkmgs. Jglifmdljfkc mk Jfsjg
0:
Krquftdturk d gpdrkâôds mg Rflmgws
Jkakmk md k`strkâêg md hkrmwkrd • Tak jkakmk jkakmk md md k`strkâê k`strkâêg g md hkrmwk hkrmwkrd rd (HKC) æ ua sgitwkrd qud cfmk jga tgmk k jgaulfjkâêg dltrd g hkrmwkrd d g edrldc. • G edrldc edrldc æ g lÿjcd lÿjcdg g mg sfstd sfstdak ak gpdrkjfglkc d tda jgltrgcd sg`rd tgmg g jgaputkmgr. • G edrldc edrldc cfmk cfmk jga tgmks tgmks ks ks sgcfjftkâô sgcfjftkâôds ds md dltrkmk d skámk, adaúrfk d tgmgs gs pdrfiærfjgs jgldjtkmgs kg jgaputkmgr jgaputkmgr.. • K krquft krquftdtur dturk k `ësfjk `ësfjk mg Rflmgw Rflmgwss æ agstrkmk lk ifburk. © 0>0> Jfsjg d/gu suks kifcfkmks. ]gmgs gs mfrdftgs rdsdrvkmgs. Jglifmdljfkc mk Jfsjg
0=
Krquftdturk d gpdrkâôds gpdrkâôds mg Rflmgws
Agmg md usuërfg d agmg md edrldc • Gs mgfs agmgs mfidrdltds da qud uak
J^T gpdrk quklmg g jgaputkmgr tda g Rflmgws flstkckmg sêg g agmg md usuërfg d g agmg edrldc. • Gs kpcfjktfvgs flstkckmgs sêg dxdjutkmgs
lg agmg md usuërfg d g júmfbg mg sfstdak gpdrkjfglkc æ dxdjutkmg lg agmg edrldc. • ]gmg g júmfbg qud æ dxdjutkmg lg agmg
edrldc usk g adsag dspkâg md dlmdrdâg. dlmdrdâg. • [uklmg g júmfbg md agmg md usuërfg æ
dxdjutkmg, dcd æ jgljdmfmg sdu prúprfg dspkâg md dlmdrdâg rdstrftg pdcg edrldc, oultkadltd jga ua prgjdssg jrfkmg jrfkmg dspdjfifjkadltd pkrk g kpcfjktfvg. © 0>0> Jfsjg d/gu suks kifcfkmks. ]gmgs gs mfrdftgs rdsdrvkmgs. Jglifmdljfkc mk Jfsjg
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Krquftdturk d gpdrkâôds mg Rflmgws
Zfstdaks md krqufvgs mg Rflmgws Ta sfstdak md krqufvgs æ uak igrak md grbklfzkr ks fligrakâôds lk aámfk md krakzdlkadltg. K tk`dck tk`dck k sdbufr cfstk cf stk gs sfstdaks md krqufvgs supgrtkmgs pdcg Rflmgws? Zfstdak md Krqufvgs Rflmgws
dxIK]
Mdsjrfâêg • Dstd æ ua sfstdak md krqufvgs sfapcds supgrtkmg pgr auftgs sfstdaks sfstdaks gpdrkjfglkfs mfidrdltds. • IK IK] ] tda cfaftkâôds pkrk g lÿadrg md pkrtfâôds, tkaklhgs md pkrtfâôds d tkaklhgs md krqufvg qud dcd pgmd dlmdrdâkr, pgrtkltg, dcd lêg æ akfs uskmg pkrk mfsjgs rábfmgs gu ulfmkmds md dstkmg súcfmg. • ]kltg g IK];9 IK];9 qukltg quklt g g IK]:0 IK]:0 dstêg mfspglávdfs mfs pglávdfs pkrk pkr k usg, sdlmg g IK]:0 g akfs jgaua, pgfs tda auftg adlgs rdstrfâôds mg qud g IK];9. IK];9.
Dstd sfstdak md krqufvgs æ uskmg da jgaputkmgrds AKJ GZ AKJ X d pdraftdmd Zfstdak md Krqufvgs • lgads md krqufvgs auftg akfs cglbgs, tkaklhgs md krqufvg d tkaklhgs Hfdrërqufjg ^cus pkrtfâêg. (HIZ+) • Da`grk lêg sdok supgrtkmg pdcg Rflmgws Rflmgws sda sgitwkrd dspdjfkc, g Rflmgws æ jkpkz md cdr mkmgs md pkrtfâôds HIZ+. © 0>0> Jfsjg d/gu suks kifcfkmks. ]gmgs gs mfrdftgs rdsdrvkmgs. Jglifmdljfkc mk Jfsjg
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Krquftdturk d gpdrkâôds mg Rflmgws
Zfstdaks md krqufvgs mg Rflmgws (Jglt.) Zfstdak md Krqufvgs Rflmgws
Mdsjrfâêg
• Dstd sfstdak md krqufvgs æ uskmg jga jgaputkmgrds `ksdkmgs da Cflux. Zfstdak md krqufvgs dstdlmfmg (DX]) • Da`grk lêg sdok supgrtkmg pdcg Rflmgws, Rflmgws, g Rflmgws æ jkpkz md cdr mkmgs md pkrtfâôds DX] jga sgitwkrd dspdjfkc. • Dstd æ g sfstdak md krqufvgs akfs jgauadltd uskmg kg flstkckr g Rflmgws. Rflmgws. Ldw ]djhlgcgby Ifcd ]gmks ks vdrsôds mg Rflmgws d Cflux supgrtka L]IZ. Zystda (L]IZ) • Jgaputkmgrds Akj-GZ X sú pgmda cdr uak pkrtfâêg L]IZ. L]IZ. Dcds sêg jkpkzds md brkvkr da uak pkrtfâêg L]IZ mdpgfs md flstkckr mrfvdrs dspdjfkfs.
© 0>0> Jfsjg d/gu suks kifcfkmks. ]gmgs gs mfrdftgs rdsdrvkmgs. Jglifmdljfkc mk Jfsjg
02
Krquftdturk d gpdrkâôds mg Rflmgws
Zfstdaks md krqufvgs mg Rflmgws (Jglt.) K igraktkâêg igraktkâêg L]IZ jrfk dstruturks fapgrtkltds fapgrtkltds lg mfsjg pkrk krakzdlkadltg krakzdlkadltg md krqufvgs d tk`dcks pkrk brkvkr gs cgjkfs mgs krqufvgs? • Zdjtgr md flfjfkcfzkâêg md pkrtfâêg? Dstd æ gs prfadfrgs ;9 sdtgrds mk ulfmkmd. Dcd jgltæa g cgjkc mk tk`dck md krqufvgs adstrd (AI]). Gs ÿctfags ;9 sdtgrds jgltïa uak júpfk mg sdtgr md flfjfkcfzkâêg. • ]k`dck md krqufvgs adstrd (AI])? Dstk tk`dck jgltæa gs cgjkfs md tgmgs gs krqufvgs d mfrdtúrfgs lk pkrtfâêg, fljcuflmg ktrf`utgs md krqufvg, jgag fligrakâôds md sdburklâk d jkrfa`gs md mktk/hgrk. • Krqufvgs mg sfstdak? sêg krqufvgs gjuctgs qud krakzdlka fligrakâôds sg`rd gutrgs vgcuads d ktrf`utgs md krqufvg. • Ërdk K ërdk prfljfpkc mk pkrtfâêg glmd gs gs krqufvgs d mfrdtúrfgs sêg md krqufvg? K krakzdlkmgs. G`sdrvkâêg? Kg igraktkr uak pkrtfâêg, pkrtfâêg, gs mkmgs kltdrfgrds kflmk pgmda sdr rdjupdrëvdfs rdjupdrëvdfs pgrqud pgrqud lda tgmgs gs mkmgs sêg jgapcdtkadltd rdagvfmgs. Pdjgadlmk-sd Pdjgadlmk-sd dxdjutkr ua kpkbkadltg sdburg da uak ulfmkmd qud dstë sdlmg rdutfcfzkmk. G © 0>0> Jfsjg d/gu suks kifcfkmks. ]gmgs gs mfrdftgs rdsdrvkmgs. kpkbkadltg sdburg brkvk mkmgs da tgmk k ulfmkmd vërfks vdzds pkrk bkrkltfr qud lêg hkokmkmkmgs rdstkltds. Jglifmdljfkc Jfsjg 08
Krquftdturk d gpdrkâôds mg Rflmgws
Ztrdkas md mkmgs kctdrlktfvgs • L]IZ krakzdlk krqufvgs jgag uak særfd md
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• •
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ktrf`utgs, jgag g lgad mg krqufvg gu ua jkrfa`g md mktk/hgrk. Gs mkmgs qud g krqufvg jgltæa sêg krakzdlkmgs lg ktrf`utg $MK]K, d æ jglhdjfmg jgag ua icuxg md mkmgs. Tsklmg L]IZ, gs icuxgs md mkmgs kctdrlktfvgs (KMZs) pgmda sdr jgldjtkmgs kg krqufvg. Ta flvksgr pgmd krakzdlkr júmfbg akc-fltdljfglkmg mdltrg md ua KMZ qud pgmd sdr jhkakmg md ua krqufvg mfidrdltd. Lg sfstdak md krqufvgs L]IZ, ua krqufvg jga ua KMZ æ fmdltfifjkmg fmdltfifjkmg kpús g lgad lgad mg krqufvg krqufvg d mgfs pgltgs, pgr dxdapcg,]dstifcd.txt?KMZ dxdapcg,]dstifcd.txt?KMZ.. Dssd lgad md krqufvg flmfjk qud ua KMZ jhkakmg KMZ dstë kssgjfkmg kg krqufvg jhkakmg]dstifcd.txt jhkakmg]dstifcd.txt.. © 0>0> Jfsjg d/gu suks kifcfkmks. ]gmgs gs mfrdftgs rdsdrvkmgs. Jglifmdljfkc mk Jfsjg
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Krquftdturk d gpdrkâôds mg Rflmgws
^rgjdssg md flfjfkcfzkâêg mg Rflmgws • Auftks Auftks kâôds gjgrrda gjgrrda dltrd g `gtêg `gtêg cfbk/mdsc cfbk/mdscfbk fbk æ prdssfglkmg d g Rflmgws dstë tgtkcadltd jkrrdbkmg. Dstd æ g prgjdssg md flfjfkcfzkâêg mg Rflmgws. Dxfstda mgfs tfpgs md ifrawkrd md jgaputkmgr? • Zfstdak `ësfjg md dltrkmk-skámk (@FGZ)? G prgjdssg jgadâk jga k iksd md flfjfkcfzkâêg mg @FGZ lk qukc gs mfspgsftfvgs md hkrmwkrd sêg flfjfkcfzkmgs d ua ^GZ] æ dxdjutkmg. [uklmg g mfsjg mg sfstdak æ mdsjg`drtg, g ^GZ] tdraflk d prgjurk g rdbfstrg adstrd md flfjfkcfzkâêg (A@P) .G @FGZ dxdjutk g júmfbg A@P d g sfstdak gpdrkjfglkc jgadâk k jkrrdbkr. (Tlfifdm Dxtdlsf`cd Dxtdlsf`cd Ifrawkrd Ifrawkrd Fltdrikjd)? Fltdrikjd)? • TDIF (Tlfifdm g ifrawkrd TDIF flfjfkcfzk jkrrdbklmg krqufvgs md prgbrkak DIF (.dif) krakzdlkmgs da uak pkrtfâêg md mfsjg dspdjfkc, jglhdjfmk jgag DIF Zystda Zyst da ^krtftfgl ^krtftfgl (DZ^). (DZ^).
© 0>0> Jfsjg d/gu suks kifcfkmks. ]gmgs gs mfrdftgs rdsdrvkmgs. Jglifmdljfkc mk Jfsjg
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Krquftdturk d gpdrkâôds gpdrkâôds mg Rflmgws
^rgjdssg md flfjfkcfzkâêg mg Rflmgws (Jglt.) • Zd g ifrawkrd ifrawkrd æ @FGZ gu TDIF, mdpgfs mdpgfs qud uak flstkckâêg flstkckâêg vëcfmk mg Rflmgws æ cgjkcfzkmk, g
[email protected]æ dxdjutkmg. • @ggtabr.dxdcï g `kljg md mkmgs md jglifburkâêg md flfjfkcfzkâêg (@JM). • Zd jgaputkmgr dstfvdr skflmg mk mk hf`drlkâêg, g prgjdssg md flfjfkcfzkâêg jgltflukrë jgagRflrdsuad.dxd . • Zd g jgaputkmgr jgaputkmgr dstfvdr sdlmg flfjfkcfzkmg k pkrtfr md ua flájfg k irfg, g krqufvgRflcgkm.dxdsdrë jkrrdbkmg. • Rflcgkm.dxdtka`æa usk EAJZ (Edrldc Agmd Jgmd Zfblflb) pkrk sd jdrtfifjkr md qud tgmgs gs mrfvdrs sêg kssflkmgs mfbftkcadltd. • Mdpgfs Mdpgfs qud gs mrfvdrs mrfvdrs igrka igrka dxkaflk dxkaflkmgs, mgs,Rflcgkm.dxddxdjutkLtgserlc.dxdqud flfjfk g edrldc mg Rflmgws d jglifburk k HKC. G`sdrvkâêg? Ta jgaputkmgr qud usk TDIF krakzdlk g júmfbg md flfjfkcfzkâêg lg ifrawkrd. © 0>0> Jfsjg d/gu suks kifcfkmks. ]gmgs gs mfrdftgs rdsdrvkmgs. Jglifmdljfkc Jfsjg Fssg koumk k kuadltkr k sdburklâk mg jgaputkmgr lg agadltg mk mkflfjfkcfzkâêg pgrqud g :; jgaputkmgr dltrk mfrdtkadltd lg agmg prgtdbfmg.
Krquftdturk d gpdrkâôds gpdrkâôds mg Rflmgws
Flfjfkcfzkâêg mg Rflmgws • Hë mgfs ftdls md rdbfstrg fapgrtkltds qud sêg uskmgs pkrk flfjfkr kutgaktfjkadltd kpcfjktfvgs
d sdrvfâgs? • HEDVWCGJKCWAKJHFLD HEDVWCGJKCWAKJHFLD - Yërfgs kspdjtgs mk jglifburkâêg mg Rflmgws sêg krakzdlkmgs ldstk jhkvd, fljcuflmg fligrakâôds sg`rd sdrvfâgs qud jgadâka jga jkmk flfjfkcfzkâêg. • HEDVWJTPPDL]WTZDP- Yërfgs kspdjtgs rdckjfglkmgs rdckjfglkmgs kg usuërfg jgldjtkmg sêg krakzdlkmgs ldstk jhkvd, fljcuflmg fligrakâôds sg`rd sdrvfâgs qud flfjfka sgadltd quklmg g usuërfg ikz cgbgl lg jgaputkmgr. • Dltrkmks mfidrdltds ldssds cgjkfs md rdbfstrg mdiflda qukfs sdrvfâgs d kpcfjktfvgs sdrêg
flfjfkmgs, jgligrad flmfjkmg pdcg tfpg md dltrkmk. • Dssds tfpgs fljcuda Pul, PulGljd, PulZdrvfjds, PulZdrvfjdsGljd d Tsdrflft. Dssks
dltrkmks pgmda sdr flsdrfmks aklukcadltd lg rdbfstrg, aks æ auftg akfs sdburg uskr k idrrkadltkAsjglifb.dxd.
© 0>0> Jfsjg d/gu suks ]gmgs gs mfrdftgs rdsdrvkmgs.pk • K idrrkadltk idrrkadltk Asjglifb æ uskmk pkrk dxf`fr d kctdrkr tgmks ks g gpâôds pâôds mdkifcfkmks. flfjfkcfzkâêg pkrk rk g:0 Jglifmdljfkc mk Jfsjg
jgaputkmgr.. Dcd k`rd k okldck Jglifburkâêg mg sfstdak. jgaputkmgr
Krquftdturk d gpdrkâôds gpdrkâôds mg Rflmgws
Flfjfkcfzkâêg mg Rflmgws (Jglt.) Hë jfljg bufks qud jgltïa ks gpâôds md jglifburkâêg.
Bdrkc ]rïs tfpgs md flfjfkcfzkâêg mfidrdltds pgmda sdr dsjgchfmgs kquf? • Lgra Lgrakc kc jkrr jkrrdb dbk k tgmg tgmgss gs mr mrfv fvdr drss d sdrvfâgs. • G mfk mfkbl blús ústftfjg jg jkrr jkrrdb dbk k kpd kpdlk lkss mrfvdrs d sdrvfâgs `ësfjgs. • Zdcd Zdcdtftfvg vg pdra pdraftftd d qud qud g usu usuër ërfg fg dsjgchk g qud jkrrdbkr lk flfjfkcfzkâêg. © 0>0> Jfsjg d/gu suks kifcfkmks. ]gmgs gs mfrdftgs rdsdrvkmgs. Jglifmdljfkc mk Jfsjg
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Krquftdturk d gpdrkâôds gpdrkâôds mg Rflmgws
Flfjfkcfzkâêg mg Rflmgws (Jglt.) Flfjfkcfzkâêg mg Zfstdak • [ukcqudr [ukcqudr sfstdak sfstdak gpdrkjfgl gpdrkjfglkc kc flstkckmg pgmd sdr dsjgchfmg kquf pkrk flfjfkr. flfjfkr. • Dxfstd Dxfstda a tka`æa tka`æa gpâôd gpâôdss pkrk pkrk k flfjfkcfzkâêg sdburk, qud æ uskmk pkrk sgcujfglkr prg`cdaks md flfjfkcfzkâêg.
© 0>0> Jfsjg d/gu suks kifcfkmks. ]gmgs gs mfrdftgs rdsdrvkmgs. Jglifmdljfkc mk Jfsjg
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Krquftdturk d gpdrkâôds mg Rflmgws
Flfjfkcfzkâêg Flfjfkcfzkâ êg mg Rflmgws (Jglt.) Zdrvfâgs • ]gmgs gs sdrvfâgs flstkckmgs
dstêg cfstkmgs kquf pkrk qud pgsska sdr dsjgchfmgs pkrk flfjfkr lk flfjfkcfzkâêg.
© 0>0> Jfsjg d/gu suks kifcfkmks. ]gmgs gs mfrdftgs rdsdrvkmgs. Jglifmdljfkc mk Jfsjg
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Krquftdturk d gpdrkâôds mg Rflmgws
Flfjfkcfzkâêg Flfjfkcfzkâ êg mg Rflmgws (Jglt.) Ztkrtup • ]gmgs gs kpcfjktfvgs d sdrvfâgs
jglifburkmgs pkrk flfjfkr kutgaktfjkadltd lk flfjfkcfzkâêg pgmda sdr ktfvkmgs gu mdsk`fcftkmgs k`rflmg g bdrdljfkmgr md tkrdiks k pkrtfr mdstk bufk.
© 0>0> Jfsjg d/gu suks kifcfkmks. ]gmgs gs mfrdftgs rdsdrvkmgs. Jglifmdljfkc mk Jfsjg
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Krquftdturk d gpdrkâôds mg Rflmgws
Flfjfkcfzkâêg Flfjfkcfzkâ êg mg Rflmgws (Jglt.) Idrrkadltks • Auftks idrrkadltks jgauls mg
sfstdak gpdrkjfglkc pgmda sdr flfjfkmks mfrdtkadltd k pkrtfr mdstk bufk.
© 0>0> Jfsjg d/gu suks kifcfkmks. ]gmgs gs mfrdftgs rdsdrvkmgs. Jglifmdljfkc mk Jfsjg
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Krquftdturk d gpdrkâôds mg Rflmgws
Mdscfbkadltg mg Rflmgws a dchgr dxdjutkr ua mdscfbkadltg kmdqukmg pkrk mdscfbkr g jgaputkmgr.G • Æ sdaprd adchgr jgaputkmgr prdjfsk md tdapg pkrk idjhkr jkmk kpcfjktfvg, mdscfbkr jkmk sdrvfâg d rdbfstrkr qukfsqudr kctdrkâôds md jglifburkâêg kltds qud k dldrbfk sdok pdrmfmk. • Murkltd g mdscfbkadltg, g jgaputkmgr idjhkrë gs kpcfjktfvgs mg agmg md usuërfg prfadfrg,
sdbufmg pdcgs prgjdssgs mg agmg edrldc. j gaputkmgr Rflmgws? Gpâôds md dldrbfk mg adlu • Dxfstda vërfks akldfrks md mdscfbkr ua jgaputkmgr Flfjfkr, gmdscfbkadltg mg jgaklmg mk cflhk md jgaklmg d usklmgJtrc+Kct+Mdcdtdd jcfjklmg lg ájgld md dldrbfk. • Dxfstda trïs gpâôds mfidrdltds pkrk dsjgchdr kg mdscfbkr g jgaputkmgr?
• Mdscfbkadltg? Mdscfbk g jgaputkmgr (mdscfbk). • Pdflfjfkr? Pdflfjfkcfzk g jgaputkmgr (mdscfbkr d cfbkr). cf bkr). • Hf`drlktd? rdbfstrk g dstkmg ktukc mg ka`fdltd mg jgaputkmgr jga putkmgr d mg usuërfg d g krakzdlk da ua krqufvg. K hf`drlkâêg pdraftd qud g usuërfg jgltflud md glmd pkrgu auftg rkpfmkadltd jga tgmgs gs sdus s dus krqufvgs d prgbrkaks kflmk k`drtgs. © 0>0> Jfsjg d/gu suks kifcfkmks. ]gmgs gs mfrdftgs rdsdrvkmgs. Jglifmdljfkc mk Jfsjg
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Krquftdturk d gpdrkâôds mg Rflmgws
^rgjdssgs, thrdkms d sdrvfâgs • Ta kpcfjktfvg mg Rflmgws æ jgapgstg md
prgjdssgs.Ta prgjdssg æ qukcqudr prgbrkak da dxdjuâêg lg agadltg. • Jkmk prgjdssg qud æ dxdjutkmg æ jgapgstg md
pdcg adlgs ua thrdkm. Ta thrdkm æ uak pkrtd mg prgjdssg qud pgmd sdr dxdjutkmg. • ^krk jglifburkr prgjdssgs mg Rflmgws, prgjurd
g Bdrdljfkmgr md ]krdiks. K bufk ^rgjdssgs mg Bdrdljfkmgr md ]krdiks æ agstrkmk lk ifburk. • dstêg ]gmgsjgltfmgs gs thrdkms mdmfjkmgs k uadspkâg prgjdssg mdltrg mg adsag md
dlmdrdâg, g qud sfblfifjk qud dssds thrdkms pgmda lêg kjdsskr g dspkâg md dlmdrdâg md qukcqudr gutrg prgjdssg. Fssg dvftk k jgrrupâêg md gutrgs prgjdssgs.
© 0>0> Jfsjg d/gu suks kifcfkmks. ]gmgs gs mfrdftgs rdsdrvkmgs. Jglifmdljfkc mk Jfsjg
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Krquftdturk d gpdrkâôds mg Rflmgws
^rgjdssgs, thrdkms d sdrvfâgs (Jglt.) • Kcbuls mgs prgjdssgs prgjdssgs dxdjutkmgs dxdjutkmgs pdcg
Rflmgws sêg sdrvfâgs. Dstds sêg prgbrkaks qud sêg dxdjutkmgs da sdbulmg pcklg pkrk supgrtkr g sfstdak gpdrktfvg d ks kpcfjkâôds. • dxdjuâêg, Gs sdrvfâgsjgag igrldjda iuljfglkcfmkmd sda ifg gu kjdssg k md uacglbk
sdrvfmgr I]^. I]^. • ^krk jglifburkr gs Zdrvfâgs mg Rflmgws,
prgjurd sdrvfâgs. sdrvfâgs. G aflfkpcfjktfvg aflfkpcfjktfvg mg pkfldc md jgltrgcd mgs Zdrvfâgs mg Rflmgws æ agstrkmg lk ifburk. • ]dlhk auftg jufmkmg kg aklfpuckr ks
jglifburkâôds mdssds sdrvfâgs. Dljdrrkr ua sdrvfâg pgmd kidtkr ldbktfvkadltd kpcfjktfvgs gu gutrgs sdrvfâgs. © 0>0> Jfsjg d/gu suks kifcfkmks. ]gmgs gs mfrdftgs rdsdrvkmgs. Jglifmdljfkc mk Jfsjg
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Krquftdturk d gpdrkâôds mg Rflmgws
Kcgjkâêg md adaúrfk adaúrfk d jgltrgcds jgltrgcds • G dspkâg md dlmdrdâg vfrtukc pkrk ua prgjdssg æ g jgloultg md dlmdrdâgs vfrtukfs qud g prgjdssg
pgmd uskr. • G dlmdrdâg vfrtukc lêg æ g cgjkc iásfjg rdkc lk adaúrfk, aks uak dltrkmk da uak tk`dck md pëbflk qud æ
uskmk pkrk trkmuzfr g dlmdrdâg vfrtukc pkrk g dlmdrdâg iásfjg. • Jkmk prgjdssg da ua jgaputkmgr Rflmgws md :0 `fts supgrtk ua dspkâg md dlmdrdâg vfrtukc qud pdraftd
dlmdrdâkr ktæ = bfbk`ytds.
• Jkmk prgjdssg lua jgaputkmgr Rflmgws md 9= `fts supgrtk ua dspkâg md dlmdrdâg vfrtukc md 8 tdrk`ytds. • Jkmk prgjdssg md dspkâg mg usuërfg æ dxdjutkmg da ua dspkâg md dlmdrdâg prfvkmg, sdpkrkmg md gutrgs
prgjdssgs md dspkâg mg usuërfg. • [uklmg g prgjdssg md dspkâg mg usuërfg prdjfsk kjdsskr rdjursgs mg edrldc, dcd mdvd uskr ua fmdltfifjkmgr
md prgjdssg. • Jgag g prgjdssg md dspkâg mg usuërfg lêg tda pdrafssêg pkrk kjdsskr mfrdtkadltd dssds rdjursgs mg
edrldc, g fmdltfifjkmgr mg prgjdssg igrldjd g kjdssg ldjdssërfg pkrk g prgjdssg md dspkâg mg usuërfg sda uak jgldxêg mfrdtk jga dcd. © 0>0> Jfsjg d/gu suks kifcfkmks. ]gmgs gs mfrdftgs rdsdrvkmgs. Jglifmdljfkc mk Jfsjg
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Krquftdturk d gpdrkâôds mg Rflmgws
Kcgjkâêg md adaúrfk adaúrfk d jgltrgcds jgltrgcds (Jglt.) • Tak idrrkadltk pgmdrgsk
pkrk vfsukcfzkr k kcgjkâêg md adaúrfk æ PKAAkp, qud æ agstrkmg lk ifburk. • PKAAkp ikz pkrtd mg jgloultg
md idrrkadltks mg Rflmgws Zysfltdrlkcs. Dcd pgmd sdr `kfxkmg mk Afjrgsgit.
• PKAAkp igrldjd fligrakâôds
sg`rd jgag g Rflmgws kcgjgu adaúrfk mg sfstdak pkrk gd edrldc, prgjdssgs, mrfvdrs kpcfjktfvgs. © 0>0> Jfsjg d/gu suks kifcfkmks. ]gmgs gs mfrdftgs rdsdrvkmgs. Jglifmdljfkc mk Jfsjg
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Krquftdturk d gpdrkâôds mg Rflmgws
G Pdbfstrg mg Rflmgws • G Rflmgws krakzdlk tgmks ks fligrakâôds sg`rd hkrmwkrd, kpcfjktfvgs, usuërfgs d
jglifburkâôds mg sfstdak da ua `kljg md mkmgs brklmd jglhdjfmg jgag g Pdbfstrg. • G rdbfstrg æ ua `kljg md mkmgs hfdrërqufjg glmd g lávdc akfs kctg æ jglhdjfmg jgag ua rkag, k`kfxg qud dxfstda jhkvds, sdbufmg pgr su`jhkvds. • Gs vkcgrds krakzdlka mkmgs d sêg krakzdlkmgs lks jhkvds d su`jhkvds. Tak jhkvd mg Pdbfstrg pgmd tdr ktæ 4;0 lávdfs md prgiulmfmkmd. • K tk`dck tk`dck k sdbufr cfstk gs jfljg hfvds hfvds mg rdbfstrg mg Rflmgws? Rflmgws? Hfvd mg Pdbfstrg
Mdsjrfâêg
HEDVWJTPPDL]WTZDP (HEJT)
Jgltæa fligrakâôds sg`rd g usuërfg jgldjtkmg lg agadltg.
HEDVWTZDPZ (HET)
Jgltæa fligrakâôds rdcktfvks k tgmks ks jgltks md usuërfg lg hgst.
HEDVWJCKZZDZWPGG] (HEJP)
Jgltæa fligrakâôds sg`rd rdbfstrgs GCD (vfljuckâêg d fljgrpgrkâêg md g`odtgs). Dcd pdraftd qud gs usuërfgs fljgrpgrda g`odtgs md gutrgs kpcfjktfvgs da ua ÿlfjg mgjuadltg.
HEDVWCGJKCWAKJHFLD (HECA)
Jgltæa fligrakâôds rdckjfglkmks kg sfstdak.
HEDVWJTPPDL]WJGLIFB (HEJJ) Jgltæa fligrakâôds sg`rd g pdrifc md hkrmwkrd ktukc. © 0>0> Jfsjg d/gu suks kifcfkmks. ]gmgs gs mfrdftgs rdsdrvkmgs. Jglifmdljfkc mk Jfsjg
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Krquftdturk d gpdrkâôds mg Rflmgws
G Pdbfstrg mg Rflmgws (Jglt.) • Lgvks jgcadfks lêg pgmda sdr
jrfkmks. Ks jhkvds mg Pdbfstrg d gs vkcgrds lks sdâôds pgmda sdr jrfkmgs, agmfifjkmgs gu dxjcuámgs pgr uak jgltk jga prfvfcæbfgs kmaflfstrktfvgs. • Jgag agstrkmg lk ifburk, k idrrkadltkrdbdmft.dxdæ uskmk pkrk agmfifjkr g rdbfstrg. • ]dlhk auftg jufmkmg kg uskr dstk idrrkadltk. Kctdrkâôds adlgrds lg rdbfstrg pgmda tdr didftgs akjfâgs gu adsag jktkstrúifjgs.
© 0>0> Jfsjg d/gu suks kifcfkmks. ]gmgs gs mfrdftgs rdsdrvkmgs. Jglifmdljfkc mk Jfsjg
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Krquftdturk d gpdrkâôds mg Rflmgws
G Pdbfstrg mg Rflmgws (Jglt.) • K lkvdbkâêg lkvdbkâêg lg rdbfstrg æ auftg sdadchkltd kg dxpcgrkmgr dxpcgrkmgr md krqufvgs krqufvgs mg Rflmgws. Rflmgws. • Tsd g pkfldc dsqudrmg pkrk lkvdbkr lks jgcadfks jgcadfks d lk dstruturk k`kfxg mdcd mdcd d usd g pkfldc mfrdftg pkrk vdr g jgltdÿmg mg ftda rdkcâkmg lg pkfldc dsqudrmg. • G jkaflhg æ dxf`fmg lk pkrtd flidrfgr mk okldck pkrk pkrk rdidrïl rdidrïljfk. jfk. • Ks jhkvds mg Pdbfstrg pgmda jgltdr jgltdr uak su`jhkvd gu ua vkcgr. vkcgr. Gs mfidrdltds vkcgrds qud ks jhkvds pgmda jgltdr sêg gs sdbufltds? • PDBW@FLKPV?Lÿadrgs gu vkcgrds `ggcdklgs • PDBWMRGPM? Lÿadrgs akfgrds qud :0 `fts gu mkmgs `rutgs • PDBWZ_? Ykcgrds md strflb • G rdbfstrg tka`æa jgltæa jgltæa k ktfvfmkmd q qud ud ua usuërfg dxdjutk murkltd murkltd g usg mfërfg lgrakc mg jgaputkmgr. • Fssg fljcuf g hfstúrfjg md mfspgsftfvgs mfspgsftfvgs md hkrmwkrd, hkrmwkrd, fljcuflmg tgmgs gs mfspgsftfvgs qud qud igrka jgldjtkmgs kg jgaputkmgr, jgaputkmgr, fljcuflmg g lgad, g ik`rfjkltd d g lÿadrg md særfd. © 0>0> Jfsjg d/gu suks kifcfkmks. ]gmgs gs mfrdftgs rdsdrvkmgs. Jglifmdljfkc mk Jfsjg
=4
Krquftdturk d gpdrkâôds mg Rflmgws
Ck`grktúrfg - Dxpcgrk Dxpcgrklmg lmg prgjdssgs, prgjdssgs, thrdkms, aklfpuckmg aklfpuckmgrds rds d rdbfstrg mg Rflmgws Ldstd ck`grktúrfg, vgjï jgapcdtkrë gs sdbufltds g`odtfvgs? a klfpuckmgrds usklmg g ^rgjdss Dxpcgrdr lg • Dxpcgrd gs prgjdssgs, thrdkms d aklfpuckmgrds Zuftd. Tsd g Pdbfstrg mg Rflmgws pkrk kctdrkr uak jglifburkâêg. • Zysfltdrlkcs
© 0>0> Jfsjg d/gu suks kifcfkmks. ]gmgs gs mfrdftgs rdsdrvkmgs. Jglifmdljfkc mk Jfsjg
=9
:.: Jglifburkâêg d aglftgrkadltg mg Rflmgws © 0>0> Jfsjg d/gu suks kifcfkmks. ]gmgs gs mfrdftgs rdsdrvkmgs. Jglifmdljfkc mk Jfsjg
=2
Jglifburkâêg d Aglftgrkadltg mg Rflmgws Rf lmgws
Dxdjutkr jgag Kmaflfstrkmgr • Jgag prëtfjk rdjgadlmkmk md sdburklâk, lêg æ kjglsdchëvdc ikzdr cgbgl lg Rflmgws
usklmg k jgltk md Kmaflfstrkmgr gu uak jgltk jga prfvfcæbfgs kmaflfstrktfvgs. • Hë muks akldfrks mfidrdltds md dxdjutkr gu flstkckr
ua sgitwkrd qud rdqudr gs prfvfcæbfgs mg Kmaflfstrkmgr.. Kmaflfstrkmgr
Kmaflfstrkmgr • Jcfqud jga g `gtêg mfrdftg lg jgaklmg lg
Dxpcgrkmgr md Krqufvgs mg Rflmgws d dsjgchk Dxdjutkr jgag Kmaflfstrkmgr lg Adlu md Jgltdxtg.
© 0>0> Jfsjg d/gu suks kifcfkmks. ]gmgs gs mfrdftgs rdsdrvkmgs. Jglifmdljfkc mk Jfsjg
=8
Jglifburkâêg d Aglftgrkadltg mg Rflmgws Rf lmgws
Dxdjutkr jgag Kmaflfstrkmgr (Jglt.) ^rgapt md jgaklmg mg kmaflfstrkmgr • ^rgjurd pgr jgaklmg jgaklmg, jcfqud jga g `gtêg
mfrdftg mg agusd lg krqufvg dxdjutëvdc d dsjgchk Dxdjutkr jgag kmaflfstrkmgr lg Adlu md jgltdxtg. • Jkmk jgaklmg dxdjutkmg k pkrtfr mdstk cflhk
md jgaklmg sdrë rdkcfzkmg jga gs prfvfcæbfgs md Kmaflfstrkmgr, Kmaflfstrkmgr, fljcuflmg k flstkckâêg md sgitwkrd.
© 0>0> Jfsjg d/gu suks kifcfkmks. ]gmgs gs mfrdftgs rdsdrvkmgs. Jglifmdljfkc mk Jfsjg
=6
Jglifburkâêg d aglftgrkadltg mg Rflmgws Rf lmgws
Tsuërfgs d mgaálfgs cgjkfs
• [uklmg ua lgvg jgaputkmgr æ flfjfkmg pdck prfadfrk vdz gu g Rflmgws dstfvdr flstkckmg,
hkvdrë ua prgapt pkrk jrfkr uak jgltk md usuërfg. Fssg æ jglhdjfmg jgag ua usuërfg cgjkc. • Dstk jgltk jgltæa tgmks ks mkmgs j glifburkâôds jglifburkâôds md pdrsglkcfzkâêg, pdrafssôds md kjdssg, cgjkfs md krqufvgs d auftgs gutrgs dspdjáifjgs mg usuërfg. • ^krk ikjfcftkr k kmaflfstrkâêg md usuërfgs, g Rflmgws usk brupgs. Ta brupg tdrë ua lgad
d ua jgloultg dspdjáifjg md pdrafssôds kssgjfkmks k dcd. • [uklmg ua usuërfg æ jgcgjkmg da ua brupg, ks pdrafssôds mdssd brupg sêg mkmks k dssd
usuërfg. • Ta usuërfg pgmd sdr jgcgjkmg da vërfgs brupgs pkrk sdr igrldjfmg jga auftks pdrafssôds
mfidrdltds. [uklmg ks pdrafssôds sd sg`rdpôda, jdrtks pdrafssôds, jgag –ldbkr dxpcfjftkadltd‑, su`stftufrêg k pdrafssêg igrldjfmk pgr ua brupg mfidrdltd. © 0>0> Jfsjg d/gu suks kifcfkmks. ]gmgs gs mfrdftgs rdsdrvkmgs. qud sêg uskmgs pkrk • Hë auftgs brupgs md usuërfgs mfidrdltds fljgrpgrkmgs lg Rflmgws Jglifmdljfkc mk Jfsjg
tkrdiks dspdjáifjks.
4>
Jglifburkâêg d aglftgrkadltg mg Rflmgws Rf lmgws
Tsuërfgs d mgaálfgs cgjkfs (Jglt.) • Tsuërfgs d brupgs cgjkfs sêg
bdrdljfkmgs jga g kppcdt mg pkfldc md jgltrgcd cusrabr.asj, jgligrad agstrkmg lk ifburk. • G Rflmgws tka`æa usk mgaálfgs pkrk mdiflfr pdrafssôds. Ta mgaálfg æ ua tfpg md sdrvfâg md rdmd glmd tgmgs gs usuërfgs, brupgs, jgaputkmgrds, pdrfiærfjgs d jglifburkâôds md sdburklâk sêg krakzdlkmgs d jgltrgckmgs pgr ua `kljg md mkmgs. © 0>0> Jfsjg d/gu suks kifcfkmks. ]gmgs gs mfrdftgs rdsdrvkmgs. Jglifmdljfkc mk Jfsjg
4;
Jglifburkâêg d Aglftgrkadltg mg Rflmgws Rf lmgws
JCF d ^gwdrZhdc ^gwdrZhdccc
fltdrikjd md cflhk md jgakl jgaklmg mg (JCF) mg Rflmgws pgmd pgmd sdr uskmk pkrk dxdjutkr dxdjutkr prgbrkaks, • K fltdrikjd lkvdbkr lg sfstdak md krqufvgs d bdrdljfkr krqufvgs d pkstks. R flmgws, prgjurdjam.dxdd jcfqud lg prgbrkak. Dstks sêg kcbuaks jgfsks • ^krk k`rfr k JCF mg Rflmgws, k sdrda cda`rkmks kg uskr k JCF? j kaflhgs lêg mfidrdljfka akfÿsjucks md aflÿsjucks, pgr pkmrêg. • Gs lgads md krqufvg d jkaflhgs • Gs mfspgsftfvgs md krakzdlkadltg rdjd`da uak cdtrk pkrk rdidrïljfk. Fstg sdbufmg pgr mgfs pgltgs d `krrk flvdrtfmk (S). • Jgaklmgs qud tïa gpâôds gpjfglkfs uska k `krrk (/) pkrk mdcfldkr dltrd g jgaklmg d k gpâêg swftjh. Ygjï pgmd uskr k tdjck]k`pkrk jgapcdtkr kutgaktfjkadltd jgaklmgs quklmg mfrdtúrfgs gu • krqufvgs sêg rdidrdljfkmgs. • G Rflmgws akltæa ua hfstúrfjg hf stúrfjg mgs jgaklmgs flsdrfmgs murkltd uak sdssêg mk JCF. Kjdssd jgaklmgs flsdrfmgs kltdrfgradltd usklmg ks tdjcks md sdtk pkrk jfak d pkrk pkrk `kfxg. • ^krk kctdrlkr dltrd mfspgsftfvgs md krakzdlkadltg, mfbftd k cdtrk mg mfspgsftfvg, sdbufmk md mgfs pgltgs dprdssfgld Dltdr . © 0>0> Jfsjg d/gu suks kifcfkmks. ]gmgs gs mfrdftgs rdsdrvkmgs. Jglifmdljfkc mk Jfsjg
40
Jglifburkâêg d Aglftgrkadltg mg Rflmgws
JCF d ^gwdrZhdcc (Jglm.)
• Gutrg ka`fdltd, jhkakmg Rflmgws ^gwdrZhdcc, pgmd sdr uskmg pkrk jrfkr sjrfpts pkrk
kutgaktfzkr tkrdiks qud k JCF lgrakc lêg jglsdbud jrfkr. • G ^gwdrZhdcc tka`æa igrldjd uak JCF pkrk flfjfkr jgaklmgs. • G ^gwdrZhdcc æ ua prgbrkak fltdbrkmg lg Rflmgws. R flmgws. • Kssfa jgag k JCF, g ^gwdrZhdcc tka`æa tka`æa pgmd sdr dxdjutkmg jga prfvfcæbfgs
kmaflfstrktfvgs. • Dstds sêg gs tfpgs md jgaklmgs qud g ^gwdrZhdcc pgmd dxdjutkr?
• jamcdts- Dssds jgaklmgs dxdjutka uak kâêg d rdtgrlka rdtgrlka uak skámk gu g`odtg pkrk g prúxfag jgaklmg qud sdrë dxdjutkmg. • Zjrfpts mg ^gwdrZhdcc- Zêg krqufvgs krqufvgs jga jga uak dxtdlsêg dxtdlsêg .ps; qud jgltïa jgaklmgs mg ^gwdrZhdcc dxdjutkmgs. pgmda sdr rdidrdljfkmks rdidrdljfkmks da ua • Iulâôds mg ^gwdrZhdcc- Zêg pkrtds md júmfbg qud pgmda sjrfpt. © 0>0> Jfsjg d/gu suks kifcfkmks. ]gmgs gs mfrdftgs rdsdrvkmgs. Jglifmdljfkc mk Jfsjg
4:
Jglifburkâêg d Aglftgrkadltg mg Rflmgws
JCF d ^gwdrZhdcc (Jglm.)
• ^krk vdr akfs fligrakâôds sg`rd g ^gwdrZhdcc ^gwdrZhdcc d
jgadâkr k usë-cg, mfbftd hdcp hdcp,, jgligrad agstrkmg lk skámk mg jgaklmg. ^gwdrZhdcc? • Hë quktrg lávdfs md koumk lg Rflmgws ^gwdrZhdcc? • bdt-hdcp ^Z jgaklmg - Dxf`d Dxf`d koumk `ës `ësfjk fjk pkrk pkrk ua jgaklmg Dxf` f`d d kou koumk mk • bdt-hdcp ^Z jgaklmg U-dxkapcdsQ - Dx `ësfjk pkrk ua jgaklmg jga dxdapcgs jgaklmg gU-mdtkfcdm Q - Dxf Dxf`d `d ko koumk umk • bdt-hdcp^Z jgaklm mdtkchkmk pkrk ua jgaklmg jga dxdapcgs jgaklmg gU-iucc Q - Dxf Dxf`d `d tgmks ks • bdt-hdcp^Z jgaklm fligrakâôds md koumk md ua jgaklmg jga dxdapcgs da akfgr prgiulmfmkmd
© 0>0> Jfsjg d/gu suks kifcfkmks. ]gmgs gs mfrdftgs rdsdrvkmgs. Jglifmdljfkc mk Jfsjg
4=
Jglifburkâêg d aglftgrkadltg mg Rflmgws Rf lmgws
Flstruadltkâêg md bdrdljfkadltg mg Rflmgws Flstruadltkâêg md Bdrdljfkadltg Bdrdljfkadltg mg Rflmgws (RAF) æ uskmk pkrk pkrk bdrdljfkr • K Flstruadltkâêg jgaputkmgrds rdagtgs. • Dcd pgmd rdjupdrkr fligrakâôds sg`rd jgapgldltds md jgaputkmgr, dstktástfjks md
hkrmwkrd d sgitwkrd d aglftgrkr k fltdbrfmkmd md jgaputkmgrds rdagtgs. • ^krk k`rfr g jgltrgcd RAF k pkrtfr mg ^kfldc md Jgltrgcd, jcfqud muks vdzds da Idrrkadltks
Kmaflfstrktfvks < Bdrdljfkadltg mg Jgaputkmgr pkrk pkrk k`rfr k okldck Bdrdljfkadltg mg Jgaputkmgr, dxpklmk k ërvgrdZdrvfâgs d Kpcfjktfvgs djcfqud jga g `gtêg mfrdftg mg agusdlg ájgld Jgltrgcd RAF^rgprfdmkmds.
© 0>0> Jfsjg d/gu suks kifcfkmks. ]gmgs gs mfrdftgs rdsdrvkmgs. Jglifmdljfkc mk Jfsjg
44
Jglifburkâêg d aglftgrkadltg mg Rflmgws Rf lmgws
Flstruadltkâêg md bdrdljfkadltg bdrdljfkadltg mg Rflmgws (Jglt.) • K okldck okldck ^rgprfdmkmds md md Jgltrgcd
RAF æ agstrkmk lk ifburk. [uktrg bufks lk okldck ^rgprfdmkmds md Jgltrgcd RAF sêg? • Bdrkc- Fligrakâôd Fligrakâôdss rdsuafmks rdsuafmks sg`rd g jgaputkmgr cgjkc d g RAF • @kjeup/Pdstgrd - ^draftd ^draftd `kjeu `kjeup p aklukc md dstktástfjks jgcdtkmks pdcg RAF • Zdburklâk- Jglifburk Jglifburkâôds âôds pkrk pkrk jglifburkr quda tda kjdssg k mfidrdltds dstktástfjks RAF • Kvklâkmg - Jglifburk Jglifburkâôds âôds pkrk jglifburkr g lkadspkjd pkmrêg pkrk RAF
© 0>0> Jfsjg d/gu suks kifcfkmks. ]gmgs gs mfrdftgs rdsdrvkmgs. Jglifmdljfkc mk Jfsjg
49
Jglifburkâêg d aglftgrkadltg mg Rflmgws Rf lmgws
G Jgaklmg mk Pdmd
• G jgaklmgldtæ uskmg lk kmaflfstrkâêg d
aklutdlâêg mg sfstdak gpdrkjfglkc. • G jgaklmgldtsupgrtk auftgs
su`jgaklmgs g sdbuda pgmd lk sdr jga`flkmg jgaqud swftjhds pkrkd igjkr skámk dspdjáifjk. • ^krk vdr uak cfstk md auftgs
jgaklmgsldt, mfbftdldt hdcplg prgapt md jgaklmg. • K skámk mg jgaklmg agstrk gs jgaklmgs
qud g jgaklmgldtpgmd uskr.
• ^krk vdr koumk mdtkchkmk sg`rd qukcqudr
ua mgs jgaklmgs jgaklmgs ldt, ldt, mfbftd J?S J?S 0> Jfsjg d/gu suks kifcfkmks. ]gmgs gs mfrdftgs rdsdrvkmgs. Jglifmdljfkc mk Jfsjg
42
Jglifburkâêg d aglftgrkadltg mg Rflmgws Rf lmgws
G Jgaklmg mk Pdmd (Jglt.)
K tk`dck tk`dck k sdbufr cfstk kcbuls jgaklmgs mdrdmdjgauls? Jgaklmg
Mdsjrfâêg
ldt kjjgults
Mdifld gs rdqufsftgs md sdlhk d cgbgl pkrk usuërfgs
ldt sdssfgl
Cfstk gu mdsjgldjtk sdssôds dltrd ua jgaputkmgr d gutrgs jgaputkmgrds lk rdmd
ldt shkrd
Jrfk, rdagvd gu bdrdljfk rdjursgs jgapkrtfchkmgs
ldt stkrt
Flfjfk ua sdrvfâg md rdmd gu cfstk gs sdrvfâgs md rdmd da dxdjuâêg
ldt stgp
^krk ua sdrvfâg md rdmd
ldt usd
Jgldjtk, mdsjgldjtk d dxf`d fligrakâôds sg`rd rdjursgs md rdmd jgapkrtfchkmgs
ldt vfdw
Agstrk uak cfstk md jgaputkmgrds d mfspgsftfvgs md rdmd lk rdmd © 0>0> Jfsjg d/gu suks kifcfkmks. ]gmgs gs mfrdftgs rdsdrvkmgs. Jglifmdljfkc mk Jfsjg
48
Jglifburkâêg d aglftgrkadltg mg Rflmgws Rf lmgws
Bdrdljfkmgr md ]krdiks d Aglftgr md Pdjursgs Dxfstda muks idrrkadltks ÿtdfs pkrk koumkr ua kmaflfstrkmgr k jgaprddlmdr gs mfidrdltds kpcfjktfvgs, sdrvfâgs d prgjdssgs qud dstêg sdlmg dxdjutkmgs da ua jgaputkmgr j gaputkmgr Rflmgws. Bdrdljfkmgr md ]krdiks • G Bdrdljfkmgr md ]krdiks, qud æ agstrkmg lk sg`rd ifburk,gigrldjd auftks fligrakâôds sgitwkrd da dxdjuâêg d g mdsdapdlhg bdrkc mg jgaputkmgr. • G Bdrdljfkmgr md ]krdiks pgssuf sdtd bufks.
© 0>0> Jfsjg d/gu suks kifcfkmks. ]gmgs gs mfrdftgs rdsdrvkmgs. Jglifmdljfkc mk Jfsjg
46
Jglifburkâêg d aglftgrkadltg mg Rflmgws Rf lmgws
Bdrdljfkmgr md ]krdiks d Aglftgr md Pdjursgs (Jglt.) K tk`dck tk`dck k sdbufr mdsjrdvd ks sdtd bufks lg Bdrdljfkmgr Bdrdljfkmgr md ]krdiks? Bufks mg bdrdljfkmgr md tkrdiks
Mdsjrfâêg
^rgjdssgs
• Cfstk tgmgs gs prgbrkaks d prgjdssgs qud dstêg da dxdjuâêg lg agadltg. • Dxf`d k utfcfzkâêg mk J^T, mk adaúrfk, mg mfsjg d mk rdmd md jkmk prgjdssg. • Ks prgprfdmkmds pgmda sdr dxkaflkmks gu tdraflkmks sd lêg dstfvdr sd jgapgrtklmg jgrrdtkadltd jgrrdtkadltd gu tfvdr pkrkmg.
Mdsdapdlhg
• Tak dxf`fâêg mks dstktástfjks md mdsdapdlhg igrldjd uak vfsêg bdrkc mg mdsdapdlhg mk J^T, adaúrfk, mfsjg d rdmd. • Jcfjkr da jkmk ftda lg pkfldc dsqudrmg frë frë agstrkr dstktástfjks mdtkchkmks mdssd ftda lg pkfldc mfrdftg.
Hfstúrfjg mg kpcfjktfvg
• G usg md rdjursgs pgr kpcfjktfvg kg cglbg mg tdapg igrldjd fligrakâôds sg`rd kpcfjktfvgs qud dstêg jglsuaflmg akfs rdjursgs. • Jcf Jcfqud qud da Gptfgls Gptfglsd dAgstrkr hfstúrfjg md tgmgs gs prgjdssgspkrk prgjdssgs pkrk vdr g hfstúrfjg md tgmgs gs prgjdssgs dxdjutkmgs mdsmd qud g jgaputkmgr igf flfjfkmg.
Ztkrtup
• ]gmgs gs kpcfjktfvgs d sdrvfâgs qud flfjfka quklmg g jgaputkmgr æ flfjfkcfzkmg sêg agstrkmgs agstrkmgs ldstk bufk. © 0>0> Jfsjg d/gu suks kifcfkmks. ]gmgs gs mfrdftgs rdsdrvkmgs. • ^krk mdsktfvkr g flájfg md ua prgbrkak lk flfjfkcfzkâêg, flfjfkcfzkâêg,jcfqud jcfqud jga g `gtêg mfrdftg mg agusdlg agusdlg ftd ftda a d9> Jglifmdljfkc mk Jfsjg mfrdftg dsjgchkMdsktfvkr dsjgchk Mdsktfvkr .
Jglifburkâêg d aglftgrkadltg mg Rflmgws Rf lmgws
Bdrdljfkmgr md ]krdiks d Aglftgr md Pdjursgs (Jglt.) Bufks mg bdrdljfkmgr md tkrdiks Tsuërfgs
Mdsjrfâêg • ]gmgs gs usuërfgs qud dstêg jgldjtkmgs kg jgaputkmgr d tgmgs gs rdjursgs qud gs kpcfjktfvgs d prgjdssgs md jkmk usuërfg dstêg usklmg sêg agstrkmgs ldstk bufk.
Mdtkchds
• Ldstk bufk, ua kmaflfstrkmgr pgmd mdsjgldjtkr ua usuërfg usuërfg mg jgaputkmgr. jgaputkmgr. • Dstk bufk igrldjd gpâôds md bdrdljfkadltg kmfjfglkfs kmfjfglkfs pkrk prgjdssgs, jgag mdiflfr uak prfgrfmkmd pkrk qud g prgjdsskmgr mdmfqud akfs gu adlgs tdapg k ua prgjdssg. • K kiflfmkmd mk J^T tka`æa pgmd sdr mdiflfmk, g qud mdtdraflk qukc lÿjcdg gu J^T ua prgbrkak uskrë. • Ta rdjursg ÿtfc jhkakmg Klkcfskr jkmdfk md dspdrk agstrk qukcqudr prgjdssg pkrk g qukc gutrg prgjdssg dstë kbukrmklmg. Dssd rdjursg koumk k mdtdraflkr sd ua prgjdssg dstë sfapcdsadltd kbukrmklmg gu dstë pkrkmg.
Zdrvfâgs
•• ] sdrvfâgs (^FM) qud )sêg jkrr`rdvd jkrrdbkmgs dbkmgsmdsjrfâêg sêg agstrkmgs bufk. Ggmgs FM mggsprgjdssg (^FM d uak tka`æaldstk sêg agstrkmgs oultkadltd jga g stktus md oultkadltd Dxdjutklmg gu ^krkmg. • Lk pkrtd flidrfgr, hë ua `gtêg pkrk k`rfr g jglsgcd Zdrvfâgs qud igrldjd bdrdljfkadltg bdrdljfkadltg kmfjfglkc md sdrvfâgs. © 0>0> Jfsjg d/gu suks kifcfkmks. ]gmgs gs mfrdftgs rdsdrvkmgs. Jglifmdljfkc mk Jfsjg
9;
Jglifburkâêg d aglftgrkadltg mg Rflmgws Rf lmgws
Bdrdljfkmgr md ]krdiks d Aglftgr md Pdjursgs (Jglt.) Aglftgr md rdjursgs • [uklmg fligrakâôds akfs
mdtkchkmks sg`rd g usg md rdjursgs sêg ldjdssërfks, g Aglftgr md rdjursgs pgmd sdr uskmg. qukc • Kg prgjurkr g agtfvg pdcg qukc ua jgaputkmgr pgmd dstkr kbflmg md igrak frrdbuckr, g Aglftgrkmd Pdjursgs pgmd mg koumkr dljgltrkr k grfbda prg`cdak. • G Aglftgr md Pdjursgs tda
Jfljg bufks.
© 0>0> Jfsjg d/gu suks kifcfkmks. ]gmgs gs mfrdftgs rdsdrvkmgs. Jglifmdljfkc mk Jfsjg
90
Jglifburkâêg d aglftgrkadltg mg Rflmgws Rf lmgws
Bdrdljfkmgr md ]krdiks d Aglftgr md Pdjursgs (Jglt.) K tk`dck tk`dck k sdbufr mdsjrdvd ks jfljg bufks mg Aglftgr md md Pdjursgs? Bufks mg Aglftgr md Pdjursgs Yfsêg bdrkc
Mdsjrfâêg
J^T
K bufk dxf`d g usg bdrkc md jkmk rdjursg. rdjursg. • G ^FM, g lÿadrg md thrdkms, qud qud g prgjdssg dstë usklmg d g usg aæmfg mk J^T md jkmk prgjdssg æ agstrkmg. • Fligrakâôds kmfjfglkfs sg`rd sg`rd qukfsqudr sdrvfâgs d gs fmdltfifjkmgrds d aúmucgs kssgjfkmgs pgmda sdr vfstks dxpklmflmg ks cflhks flidrfgrds.
Adaúrfk
]gmks ks fligrakâôds dstktástfjks sg`rd jgag jkmk prgjdssg usk adaúrfk sêg agstrkmks ldstk bufk d uak vfsêg bdrkc mg usg md tgmk k PKA æ agstrkmk k`kfxg mk cflhk ^rgjdssgs.
Mfsjg
]gmgs gs prgjdssgs qud dstêg usklmg ua mfsjg sêg agstrkmgs ldstk bufk, jga dstktástfjks md cdfturk/brkvkâêg d uak vfsêg bdrkc md jkmk mfspgsftfvg md krakzdlkadltg.
Jkpturk md mkmgs
• ]gmgs gs prgjdssgs qud dstêg usklmg k rdmd sêg agstrkmgs ldstk bufk, jga dstktástfjks dstktástfjks md cdfturk/brkvkâêg. • Æ auftg ÿtfc kg tdltkr mdtdraflkr qukfs kpcfjktfvgs d prgjdssgs dstêg dstêg pdck © 0>0> Jfsjg d/gu suks kifcfkmks.sd ]gmgsjgaulfjklmg gs mfrdftgs rdsdrvkmgs. 9: Jglifmdljfkc mk Jfsjg rdmd. Kcæa mfssg, fligrad sd ua prgjdssg lêg kutgrfzkmg dstë kjdssklmg k rdmd.
Jglifburkâêg d aglftgrkadltg mg Rflmgws Rf lmgws
Pdmds
• Ta mgs rdjursgs akfs fapgrtkltds f apgrtkltds md qukcqudr sfstdak gpdrkjfglkc æ k jkpkjfmkmd mg
jgaputkmgr sd jgldjtkr k uak rdmd. • ^krk jglifburkr ks prgprfdmkmds md rdmd mg Rflmgws d tdstkr ks jglifburkâôds md rdmd, g
Jdltrg md Pdmd d Jgapkrtfchkadltg æ uskmg. Jdltrkc md Pdmd d Jgapkrtfchkadltg • Dcd æ uskmg uskmg pkrk pkrk vdrf vdrfifj ifjkr kr gu jrfk jrfkrr jjgld gldxôd xôdss md rdmd, jglifburkr g jgapkrtfchkadltg md rdmd d kctdrkr ks jglifburkâôds mg kmkptkmgr md rdmd. • K vf vfsuk sukcfz cfzkâê kâêg g flfjf flfjfkc kc agst agstrk rk uak vfsêg vfsêg bdrk bdrkcc mk rdmd ktfvk. • Lk okldck okldck,, vvgjï gjï pgmd pgmd vdr vdr g Brupg Brupg Mgaæst Mgaæstfjg fjg kg qukc g jgaputkmgr pdrtdljd gu jrfkr ua jksg kflmk lêg ikâk pkrtd md ua Brupg Mgaæstfjg. G`sdrvd qud g Brupg Mgaæstfjg igf rdagvfmg mg Rflmgws ;> lk vdrsêg ;8>:. © 0>0> Jfsjg d/gu suks kifcfkmks. ]gmgs gs mfrdftgs rdsdrvkmgs. Jglifmdljfkc mk Jfsjg
9=
Jglifburkâêg d aglftgrkadltg mg Rflmgws Rf lmgws
Pdmds (Jglt.)
Kctdrkr ks jglifburkâôds mg kmkptkmgr lg • ^krk jglifburkr ua kmkptkmgr md rdmd, dsjgchkKctdrkr jglifburkâôds mg kmkptkmgr lg Jdltrg md Pdmd d Jgapkrtfchkadltg pkrk agstrkr tgmks ks jgldxôds md rdmd mfspglávdfs. Zdcdjfgld g kmkptkmgr k sdr jglifburkmg. • K sdbufr sdbufr dstêg gs pkssgs pkrk pkrk kctdrkr ua kmkptkmgr Dthdrldt Dthdrldt pkrk kmqufrfr sdu dlmdrdâg dlmdrdâg F^v= kutgaktfjkadltd mk rdmd? Dtkpk ;? ^rgprfdmkmds mg kmkptkmgr md kjdssg Jcfqud jga g `gtêg mfrdftg mg agusd lg kmkptkmgr qud mdsdok jglifburkr d dsjgchk^rgprfdmkmds, jgligrad agstrkmg lk ifburk. © 0>0> Jfsjg d/gu suks kifcfkmks. ]gmgs gs mfrdftgs rdsdrvkmgs. Jglifmdljfkc mk Jfsjg
94
Jglifburkâêg d aglftgrkadltg mg Rflmgws Rf lmgws
Pdmds (Jglt.)
Dtkpk 0? Kjdsskr prgprfdmkmds md ]J^/F^v= • Dstk jgldxêg usk g prgtgjgcg Fltdrldt vdrsêg = (]J^/F^v=) gu gprgtgjgcg Fltdrldt vdrsêg 9 (]J^/F^v9)mdpdlmdlmg mk vdrsêg qud g usuërfg mdsdok uskr. • Lk ifburk, F^v= dstë sdlmg sdcdjfglkmg.
© 0>0> Jfsjg d/gu suks kifcfkmks. ]gmgs gs mfrdftgs rdsdrvkmgs. Jglifmdljfkc mk Jfsjg
99
Jglifburkâêg d aglftgrkadltg mg Rflmgws Rf lmgws
Pdmds (Jglt.)
Dtkpk :? Kctdrkr jglifburkâôds • Jcfqud da^rgprfdmkmds da^rgprfdmkmdspkrk pkrk jglifburkr g kmkptkmgr. kmkptkmgr. • Lk jkfxk md mfëcgbg^rgprfdmkmds mfëcgbg^rgprfdmkmds,, dsjgchk G`tdr ua dlmdrdâg kutgaktfjkadltd sd hguvdr ua sdrvfmgr MHJ^ mfspglávdc lk rdmd gu aklukcadltd, sd g usuërfg mdsdokr jglifburkr g dlmdrdâkadltg prddljhk g dlmdrdâg, k su`-rdmd, g bktdwky pkmrêg d gs sdrvfmgrds MLZ. • Jcfqud da GE pkrk kjdftkr ks kctdrkâôds. • Ygj Ygjï ï tka`æa pgmd uskr k idrrkadltkldtsh.dxd idrrkadltk ldtsh.dxdpkrk pkrk jglifburkr pkràadtrgs pkràadtrgs md rdmd k pkrtfr md ua prgapt md jgaklmg.
• Dstd prgbrkak pgmd dxf`fr d agmfifjkr k jglifburkâêg md
rdmd. ldts tsh h /7lg /7lg prgapt md jgaklmg pkrk vdr uak cfstk • Mfbftd Mfbftdld md tgmks ks gpâôds. © 0>0> Jfsjg d/gu suks kifcfkmks. ]gmgs gs mfrdftgs rdsdrvkmgs. Jglifmdljfkc mk Jfsjg
92
Jglifburkâêg d aglftgrkadltg mg Rflmgws Rf lmgws
Pdmds (Jglt.)
lscggeup d ldtstkt • G Zfstdak md Lgads md Mgaálfg (MLZ) tka`æa mdvd sdr tdstkmg pgrqud æ dssdljfkc dljgltrkr g dlmdrdâg mgs hgsts trkmuzflmg-g k pkrtfr md ua lgad, jgag uak TPC. • Tsd g jgaklmglscggeuppkrk tdstkr g MLZ. • Mfbftdlscggeup jfsjg.jgalg prgapt md jgaklmg pkrk cgjkcfzkr g dlmdrdâg mg sdrvfmgr Rd`
Jfsjg. Zd g dlmdrdâg igr rdtgrlkmg, g MLZ dstë iuljfglklmg jgrrdtkadltd. • Mfbftdldtstktlk cflhk md jgaklmg pkrk vdr mdtkchds mks jgldxôds j gldxôds md rdmd ktfvks.
© 0>0> Jfsjg d/gu suks kifcfkmks. ]gmgs gs mfrdftgs rdsdrvkmgs. Jglifmdljfkc mk Jfsjg
98
Jglifburkâêg d aglftgrkadltg mg Rflmgws Rf lmgws
Kjdssklmg rdjursgs rdjursgs md rdmd
• G Rflmgws usk k rdmd pkrk auftgs kpcfjktfvgs mfidrdltds, jgag sdrvfâgs mk Rd`, md dakfc d
md krqufvg. • G prgtgjgcg Zdrvdr Adsskbd @cgje (ZA@) æ uskmg pkrk jgapkrtfchkr rdjursgs md rdmd. Dcd æ uskmg prfljfpkcadltd pkrk kjdsskr krqufvgs da hgsts rdagtgs. • G igraktg TLJ (Tlfvdrskc Lkaflb Jglvdltfgl) æ uskmg pkrk sd jgldjtkr k rdjursgs jgag SSsdrvdrlkadSshkrdlkadSifcd. SSsdrvdrlka dSshkrdlkadSifcd. • Lg TLJ, sdrvdrlkad æ g sdrvfmgr qud dstë hgspdmklmg g rdjursg. G lgad mg jgapkrtfchkadltg æ k rkfz mk pkstk lg sfstdak md krqufvgs lg hgst rdagtg, dlqukltg g krqufvg æ g rdjursg qud g hgst cgjkc dstë tdltklmg dljgltrkr dljgltrkr.. krqufvgs rqufvgs qud sdrë jgapkrtfchkmk jgapkrtfchkmk • Kg jgapkrtfchkr rdjursgs lk rdmd, k ërdk mg sfstdak md k prdjfskrë sdr fmdltfifjkmk. G jgltrgcd md kjdssg pgmd sdr kpcfjkmg kgs krqufvgs pkrk rdstrflbfr usuërfgs d brupgs k iulâôds dspdjáifjks. • Hë tka`æa jgapkrtfchkadltgs dspdjfkfs qud sêg jrfkmgs kutgaktfjkadltd pdcg Rflmgws. Dssks kâôds sêg jhkakmks md kâôds kmaflfstrktfvks d sêg fmdltfifjkmks pgr ua jfirêg ($) qud vda kpús g lgad mk kâêg. © 0>0> Jfsjg d/gu suks kifcfkmks. ]gmgs gs mfrdftgs rdsdrvkmgs. Jglifmdljfkc mk Jfsjg
96
Jglifburkâêg d Aglftgrkadltg mg Rflmgws Rf lmgws
Kjdssklmg Pdjursgs Pdjursgs md Pdmd (Jglm.) • Kcæa md kjdsskr jgapkrtfchkadltgs jgapkrtfchkadltgs da
hgsts rdagtgs, g usuërfg tka`æa pgmd ikzdr cgbfl da ua hgst rdagtg d aklfpuckr dssd jgaputkmgr,, jgag sd igssd cgjkc, pkrk ikzdr jgaputkmgr kctdrkâôds md jglifburkâêg, flstkckr sgitwkrd gu sgcujfglkr ua prg`cdak. • Lg Rflmgws, dssd rdjursg usk g prgtgjgcg PM^ (Pdagtd Mdsetgp Mdsetgp ^rgtgjgc). K okldck Pdagtd Mdsetgp Jglldjtfgl æ agstrkmk lk ifburk. • Jgag g ^rgtgjgcg md Ërdk md ]rk`kchg
Pdagtk (PM^) igf prgodtkmg pkrk pdraftfr qud usuërfgs rdagtgs jgltrgcda hgsts flmfvfmukfs, dcd æ ua kcvg lkturkc pkrk ktgrds md kadkâks.
© 0>0> Jfsjg d/gu suks kifcfkmks. ]gmgs gs mfrdftgs rdsdrvkmgs. Jglifmdljfkc mk Jfsjg
2>
Jglifburkâêg d aglftgrkadltg mg Rflmgws Rf lmgws
Zdrvfmgr Rflmgws
• K akfgrfk akfgrfk mks flstkckâôds flstkckâôds mg Rflmgws Rflmgws sêg dxdjutkmks dxdjutkmks jgag flstkckâôds md ërdk md trk`kchg da mdsetgps d ckptgps. • Hë gutrk dmfâêg mg Rflmgws qud æ uskmk prfljfpkcadltd da mktk jdltdrs jdltdrs jhkakmgs Rflmgws Zdrvdr. Zdrvdr. Dstk æ uak ikaácfk md prgmutgs Afjrgsgit qud jgadâgu jga g Rflmgws Zdrvdr 0>>:. • G Rflmgws Zdrvdr hgspdmk auftgs sdrvfâgs mfidrdltds d pgmd mdsdapdlhkr mdsdapdlhkr iulâôds iulâôds mfidrdltds mdltrg md uak daprdsk. • Dstds sêg kcbuls kcbuls mgs sdrvfâgs sdrvfâgs qud qud g Rflmgws Zdrvdr Zdrvdr igrldjd? igrldjd? • Zdrvfâgs md rdmd? MLZ, MHJ^, MHJ^, sdrvfâgs md tdraflkc, jgltrgckmgr md rdmd d vfrtukcfzkâêg md rdmd Hypdr-Y • Zdrvfâgs md Krqufvg? ZA@, LIZ d MIZ • Zdrvfâgs Rd`? I]^, H]]^ d H]]^Z • Bdrdljfkadltg? mfrdtfvk md brupg d jgltrgcd md sdrvfâgs md mgaálfg mg Kjtfvd Mfrdjtgry Lgtk? Da`grk dxfstk ua Rflmgws Zdrvdr 0>>>, æ jglsfmdrkmk uak vdrsêg jcfdltd mg Lgtk? Rflmgws L] 4.>. G Rflmgws Zdrvdr 0>>: æ ua sdrvfmgr `ksdkmg lgd/guL] 4.0]gmgs d gsflfjfk uak lgvk © 0>0> Jfsjg suks kifcfkmks. mfrdftgs rdsdrvkmgs. Jglifmdljfkc mk Jfsjg 2; ikaácfk md vdrsôds mg Rflmgws R flmgws Zdrvdr.
Jglifburkâêg d aglftgrkadltg mg Rflmgws Rf lmgws
Ck`grktúr Ck`g rktúrfg fg - Jrfk Jrfkrr jgltks jgltks md usuërfg usuërfg Ldstd ck`grktúrfg, vgjï jrfkrë d agmfifjkrë jgltks md usuërfg lg Rflmgws.
© 0>0> Jfsjg d/gu suks kifcfkmks. ]gmgs gs mfrdftgs rdsdrvkmgs. Jglifmdljfkc mk Jfsjg
20
Jglifburkâêg d aglftgrkadltg mg Rflmgws Rf lmgws
Ck`grktúrfg - Tsklmg g Rflmgws Rflmgws ^gwdrZhdcc Ldstd ck`grktúrfg, vgjï dxpcgrkrë kcbuaks mks iulâôds mg ^gwdrZhdcc.
© 0>0> Jfsjg d/gu suks kifcfkmks. ]gmgs gs mfrdftgs rdsdrvkmgs. Jglifmdljfkc mk Jfsjg
2:
Ck`grktúrfg md jglifburkâêg d aglftgrkadltg mg Rflmgws Bdrdljfkmgr md tkrdiks mg Rflmgws Ldstd ck`grktúrfg, vgjï vkf dxpcgrkr g Bdrdljfkmgr md ]krdiks ]krdiks d kmaflfstrkr prgjdssgs ldcd.
© 0>0> Jfsjg d/gu suks kifcfkmks. ]gmgs gs mfrdftgs rdsdrvkmgs. Jglifmdljfkc mk Jfsjg
2=
Jglifburkâêg d aglftgrkadltg mg Rflmgws Rf lmgws
Ck`grktúrfg - Aglftgrkr d bdrdljfkr bdrdljfkr rdjursgs mg sfstdak lg Rflmgws Ldstd ck`grktúrfg, vgjï uskrë idrrkadltks kmaflfstrktfvks pkrk aglftgrkr d bdrdljfkr rdjursgs mg sfstdak.
© 0>0> Jfsjg d/gu suks kifcfkmks. ]gmgs gs mfrdftgs rdsdrvkmgs. Jglifmdljfkc mk Jfsjg
24
:.= Zdburklâk mg Rflmgws
© 0>0> Jfsjg d/gu suks kifcfkmks. ]gmgs gs mfrdftgs rdsdrvkmgs. Jglifmdljfkc mk Jfsjg
29
Zdburklâk mg Rflmgws
G Jgaklmg ldtstkt • G jgaklmgldtstktæ uskmg pkrk prgjurkr jgldxôds md dltrkmk gu skámk qud lêg dstêg
kutgrfzkmks. • G jgaklmgldtstktdxf`frë tgmks ks jgldxôds ]J^ ktfvks. • Dxkaflklmg jgldxôds, æ pgssávdc mdtdraflkr gs prgbrkaks qud dstêg dsjutklmg jgldxôds quddssks lêg dstêg kutgrfzkmks. • [uklmg ua prgbrkak æ suspdftg md sdr akcwkrd, g prgjdssg pgmd sdr dljdrrkmg jga g
Bdrdljfkmgr md ]krdiks d g sgitwkrd md rdagâêg md akcwkrd pgmd sdr uskmg pkrk cfapkr g jgaputkmgr. • ^krk ikjfcftkr dssd prgjdssg, ks jgldxôds pgmda sdr vfljuckmks kgs prgjdssgs da
dxdjuâêg qud igrka jrfkmgs pgr dcds lg Bdrdljfkmgr md ]krdiks.
© 0>0> Jfsjg d/gu suks kifcfkmks. ]gmgs gs mfrdftgs rdsdrvkmgs. Jglifmdljfkc mk Jfsjg
22
Zdburklâk mg Rflmgws
G Jgaklmg ldtstkt (Jglt.) • ^krk ikzdr fssg, k`rk ua prgapt md
jgaklmg jga prfvfcæbfgs kmaflfstrktfvgs d mfbftd g jgaklmgldtstkt -k`lg. • Dxkaflklmg ks jgldxôds ]J^ ktfvks, ua
klkcfstk mdvd sdr jkpkz md mdtdraflkr sd hë kcbua prgbrkak suspdftg qud dstdok dsjutklmg jgldxôds md dltrkmk lg hgst. • ^gmd hkvdr akfs md ua prgjdssg cfstkmg
jga g adsag lgad. Zd dssd igr g jksg, usd g ^FM dxjcusfvg pkrk dljgltrkr g prgjdssg jgrrdtg. ^krk dxf`fr gs ^FMs mgs prgjdssgs lg Bdrdljfkmgr md ]krdiks, k`rk g Bdrdljfkmgr md]krdiks, jcfqud jga g `gtêg mfrdftg mg agusd lg jk`dâkchg j k`dâkchg mk tk`dck d sdcdjfgld^FM.
© 0>0> Jfsjg d/gu suks kifcfkmks. ]gmgs gs mfrdftgs rdsdrvkmgs. Jglifmdljfkc mk Jfsjg
28
Zdburklâk mg Rflmgws
Yfsukcfzkmgr md dvdltgs • G Yfsukcfzkmgr md Dvdltgs mg Rflmgws rdbfstrk g hfstúrfjg md dvdltgs md kpcfjktfvgs,
sdburklâk d sfstdak. • Dssds krqufvgs md cgb sêg uak idrrkadltk md sgcuâêg md prg`cdaks, pgfs igrldjda ks fligrakâôds ldjdssërfks pkrk fmdltfifjkr ua prg`cdak. • G Rflmgws fljcuf muks jktdbgrfks md cgbs md dvdltgs? Cgbs mg Rflmgws d Cgbs md Kpcfjktfvgs d Zdrvfâgs. • Tak dxf`fâêg pdrsglkcfzkmk fltdrlk jhkakmk Dvdltgs kmaflfstrktfvgs agstrk tgmgs gsmd dvdltgs jrátfjgs, drrg d md kvfsg tgmgs gs cgbs md kmaflfstrktfvgs. • Gs cgbs md dvdltgs md sdburklâk sêg dljgltrkmgs da Cgbs mg Rflmgws. Dcds uska uska FMs md dvdltg dvdltg pkrk fmdltfifjkr g tfpg md dvdltg.
© 0>0> Jfsjg d/gu suks kifcfkmks. ]gmgs gs mfrdftgs rdsdrvkmgs. Jglifmdljfkc mk Jfsjg
26
Zdburklâk mg Rflmgws
Bdrdljfkadltg mg Rflmgws Tpmktd • ^krk bkrkltfr g akfs kctg lávdc md
prgtdâêg jgltrk gs ktkquds, jdrtfifqud-sd sdaprd md qud g Rflmgws dstdok ktukcfzkmg jga gs sdrv sdrvfjd fjd pkjes d pktjhds pkt jhds md sdburklâk akfs rdjdltds. • G stktus mk ktukcfzkâêg, agstrkmg
lk ifburk, pdraftd qud vgjï vdrfifqud ks ktukcfzkâôds aklukcadltd d vdok g hfstúrfjg md ktukcfzkâôds mg jgaputkmgr. • Gs pktjhds sêg ktukcfzkâôds md
júmfbg qud gs ik`rfjkltds igrldjda pkrk dvftkr qud ua várus gu ua wgra rdjæa-mdsjg`drtg ikâka ua ktkqud `da-sujdmfmg. © 0>0> Jfsjg d/gu suks kifcfkmks. ]gmgs gs mfrdftgs rdsdrvkmgs. Jglifmdljfkc mk Jfsjg
8>
Zdburklâk mg Rflmgws
Bdrdljfkadltg mg Rflmgws Tpmktd (Jglt.) • Md tdapgs da tdapgs, gs ik`rfjkltds jga`flka pktjhds d ktukcfzkâôds da uak kpcfjkâêg
jgapcdtk md ktukcfzkâêg jhkakmk md sdrvfjd pkje. • Auftgs ktkquds mdvkstkmgrds md várus pgmdrfka tdr sfmg auftg adlgs brkvds, sd akfs
usuërfgs tfvdssda `kfxkmg d flstkckmg g sdrvfjd pkje akfs rdjdltd. • Æ kctkadltd mdsdoëvdc qud ks daprdsks utfcfzda sfstdaks s fstdaks qud mfstrf`uka, flstkcka d rkstrdfka kutgaktfjkadltd ks ktukcfzkâôds md sdburklâk. • G Rflmgws vdrfifjk, rdbuckradltd, g sftd Rflmgws Tpmktd, pgr ktukcfzkâôds md kctk
prfgrfmkmd d qud pgmda koumkr k prgtdbdr g jgaputkmgr jgltrk ks akfs rdjdltds kadkâks md sdburklâk. • Hë tka`æa jglifburkâôds pkrk ks hgrks da qud g jgaputkmgr lêg sdrë rdflfjfkmg
kutgaktfjkadltd, pgr dxdapcg, murkltd g hgrërfg jgadrjfkc rdbuckr. • Gpâôds kvklâkmks tka`æa dstêg mfspglávdfs pkrk dsjgchdr jgag ks ktukcfzkâôds sêg
flstkckmks jgag gutrgs prgmutgs mk Afjrgsgit sêg ktukcfzkmgs.
© 0>0> Jfsjg d/gu suks kifcfkmks. ]gmgs gs mfrdftgs rdsdrvkmgs. Jglifmdljfkc mk Jfsjg
8;
Zdburklâk mg Rflmgws
^gcátfjk md sdburklâk cgjkc • Tak pgcátfjk md sdburklâk æ ua
jgloultg md g`odtfvgs qud bkrkltd k sdburklâk md uak rdmd, mgs mkmgs d mgs sfstdaks md jgaputkmgr da uak grbklfzkâêg. • Lk akfgrfk mks rdmds qud uska jgaputkmgrds Rflmgws, g Kjtfvd Mfrdjtgry æ jglifburkmg jga mgaálfgs da ua sdrvfmgr Rflmgws. Jgaputkmgrds Rflmgws flbrdsska lg mgaálfg.
mfrdtfvk md sdburklâk cg cgjkc jkc mg • K mfrdtfvk Rflmgws pgmd sdr uskmk pkrk jgaputkmgrds flmdpdlmdltds qud lêg ikzda pkrtd md ua mgaálfg mg Kjtfvd Mfrdjtgry. Mfrdjtgry.
© 0>0> Jfsjg d/gu suks kifcfkmks. ]gmgs gs mfrdftgs rdsdrvkmgs. Jglifmdljfkc mk Jfsjg
80
Zdburklâk mg Rflmgws
^gcátfjk md sdburklâk cgjkc (Jglt.) • Ks mfrdtrfzds md sdlhk sêg ua jgapgldltd fapgrtkltd md uak uak pgcátfjk md sdburklâk. • Lk ^gcátfjk md Zdburklâk Cgjkc, k ^gcátfjk md ^kckvrk-pkssd æ dljgltrkmk da ^gcátfjks md Jgltk d mdifld
gs jrftærfgs pkrk ks pkckvrks-pkssd pkrk tgmgs gs utfcfzkmgrds lg jgaputkmgr cgjkc. • Tsd k Mfrdtfvk md @cgqudfg md Jgltk da Mfrdtfvks md Jgltk, pkrk fapdmfr tdltktfvks tdltktfvks md cgbfl pgr igrâk
`rutk.
• Æ fapgrtkltd bkrkltfr qud gs jgaputkmgrds dstdoka sdburgs quklmg gs usuërfgs dstfvdrda kusdltds.Tak
pgcátfjk md sdburklâk mdvd jgltdr uak rdbrk sg`rd dxfbfr qud ua jgaputkmgr sdok `cgqudkmg quklmg g prgtdtgr md tdck igr flfjfkmg. • Zd k pgcátfjk md sdburklâk cgjkc da jkmk jgaputkmgr kutýlgag igr k adsak, usd g rdjursg Dxpgrtkr
pgcátfjk. Fssg md æ pkrtfjuckradltd ÿtfcmd quklmg g kmaflfstrkmgr prdjfsk jglifburkr mfrdtfvks cgjkfs k`rklbdltds pkrk mfrdftgs usuërfg d gpâôds sdburklâk. jglifburkâôds ifburkâôds md sdburklâk qud sd kpcfjka • G aflfkpcfjktfvg Mfrdtfvk md Zdburklâk Cgjkc jgltæa jgl dspdjfifjkadltd kg jgaputkmgr cgjkc. G usuërfg pgmd jglifburkr Mfrdftgs md Tsuërfg, Pdbrks md Ifrdwkcc d k jkpkjfmkmd md rdstrflbfr gs krqufvgs qud gs usuërfgs gu brupgs tïa pdrafssêg pkrk dxdjutkr jga g © 0>0> Jfsjg d/gu suks kifcfkmks. ]gmgs gs mfrdftgs rdsdrvkmgs. Jglifmdljfkc mk Jfsjg 8: KppCgjedr.. KppCgjedr
Zdburklâk mg Rflmgws
prgtdâêg mg Rflmgws • Akcwkrd fljcuf várus, wgras, jkvkcgs md ]rgfk, edycgbbdrs, spywkrd, d kmwkrd. Dcds sêg
prgodtkmgs pkrk flvkmfr k prfvkjfmkmd, rgu`kr fligrakâôds, mklfifjkr g jgaputkmgr gu jgrrgapdr mkmgs. • Æ fapgrtkltd prgtdbdr gs jgaputkmgrds d mfspgsftfvgs aúvdfs jga sgitwkrd kltfakcwkrd md
qukcfmkmd. Dstêg mfspglávdfs gs sdbufltds tfpgs md prgbrkaks kltfakcwkrd?
• ^rgtdâêg kltfvárus? dstd prgbrkak aglftgrk jgltflukadltd k dxfstïljfk md várus. [uklmg ua várus æ mdtdjtkmg, g usuërfg æ kvfskmg d g prgbrkak tdltk jgcgjkr g várus da qukrdltdlk gu dxjcuá-cg. • ^rgtdâêg md kmwkrd?Dstd prgbrkak prgjurk jgltflukadltd prgbrkaks qud dxf`ka klÿljfgs lg jgaputkmgr. jgaputkmgr. • ^rgtdâêg jgltrk phfshflb? Dstd prgbrkak `cgqudfk gs dlmdrdâgs F^ md sftds md phfshflb jglhdjfmgs d kvfsk g usuërfg sg`rd sftds suspdftgs. • ^rgtdâêg jgltrk spywkrd? Dstd prgbrkak prgjurk edycgbbdrs d gutrgs spywkrds. • Igltds jglifëvd jglifëvdfs fs S lêg jjglifëvdf glifëvdfs? s? Dstd prgbrkak kvfsk sg`rd prgbrkaks flsdburgs prdstds k sdrda flstkckmgs gu sftds flsdburgs. f lsdburgs. © 0>0> Jfsjg d/gu suks kifcfkmks. ]gmgs gs mfrdftgs rdsdrvkmgs. Jglifmdljfkc mk Jfsjg
8=
Rflmgws Mdidlmdr md Zdburklâk (Jglm.) • ^gmda sdr ldjdssërfks vërfks vkrrdmurks pkrk
rdagvdr jgapcdtkadltd tgmgs gs sgitwkrds akcfjfgsgs. Dxdjutd kpdlks ua prgbrkak md prgtdâêg jgltrk akcwkrd akcwkrd pgr vdz. vdz. • Mfvdrsks grbklfzkâôds md sdburklâk, jgag AjKidd,
Zyakltdj d Ekspdrsey, gidrdjda prgtdâêg jgapcdtk jgltrk akcwkrd akcwkrd pkrk jgaputkmgrds jgaputkmgrds d mfspgsftfvgs mfspgsftfvgs aúvdfs.
• G Rflmgws tda prgtdâêg fltdrlk jgltrk várus d
spywkrd jhkakmk Rflmgws Rflmgws Mdidlmdr. Mdidlmdr. • G Rflmgws Mdidlmdr dstë ktfvkmg pgr pkmrêg pkrk
igrldjdr prgtdâêg da tdapg rdkc jgltrk flidjâôds. • Da`grk g Rflmgws Mdidlmdr iuljfgld da sdbulmg
pcklg, g usuërfg pgmd rdkcfzkr vkrrdmurks aklukfs mg jgaputkmgr d mfspgsftfvgs md krakzdlkadltg. © 0>0> Jfsjg d/gu suks kifcfkmks. ]gmgs gs mfrdftgs rdsdrvkmgs. Jglifmdljfkc mk Jfsjg
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Zdburklâk mg Rflmgws
Ifrdwkcc mg Rflmgws Mdidlmdr • Ta ifrdwkcc ldbk, sdcdtfvkadltd, g trëidbg k ua
jgaputkmgr gu k ua sdbadltg md rdmd. • ^krk pdraftfr g kjdssg kg prgbrkak ktrkvæs mg Ifrdwkcc
mg Rflmgws Mdidlmdr, prgjurd pgr ^kflæfs ^kflæfs md Jgltrgcd Jgltrgcd.. DaZfstdaks DaZfstda ks d Zdburklâk Zdburklâk,, cgjkcfzd gIfrd gIfrdwkc wkccc mg Rflmgws Mdidlmdr . Jcfqud da ^draftfr ua kpcfjktfvg gu rdjursg pgr adfg mg Ifrdwkcc mg Rflmgws Mdidlmdr , jgligrad agstrkmg lk ifburk. • ^krk mdsktfvkr g Ifrdwkcc mg Rflmgws d uskr ua ifrdwkcc
md sgitwkrd mfidrdltd, jcfqud daKtfv daKtfvkr kr gu mdsktfvk mdsktfvkrr g Ifrdwkcc mg Rflmgws. Rflmgws. • Auftks jglifburkâôds kmfjfglkfs pgmda sdr dljgltrkmks
da Jglifburkâôds kvklâkmks. kvklâkmks. Kquf, rdbrks md trëidbg md dltrkmk gu skámk pgmda sdr jrfkmks d mfidrdltds kspdjtgs mg ifrdwkcc pgmda sdr aglftgrkmgs. © 0>0> Jfsjg d/gu suks kifcfkmks. ]gmgs gs mfrdftgs rdsdrvkmgs. Jglifmdljfkc mk Jfsjg
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