Customer Relationship Management by Michael Pearce (Michael Pearce)

 

Bustamfr Yfnkt`acso`p Mkckefmfct

 

Bustamfr Yfnkt`acso`p Mkckefmfct Oaw Wa Gfvfnap kcg Fxfbutf k BYM Rtrktfey  M`bokfn Xfkrbf J@B BMB

 

Bustamfr Bustam fr Yfn Yfnkt` kt`acs acso`p o`p Mkc Mkckefm kefmfct fct44 Oaw Wa Gfv Gfvfna fnap p kc kcg g Fx Fxfbu fbutf tf k BYM        Rtrktfey   Bapyr`eot © Ius`cfss Fxpfrt Xrfss, NNB, 989;. Bavfr gfs`ec iy Bokrnfcf Lracstfgt @ctfr`ar gfs`ec iy Fxftfr Xrfmfg`k Rfrv`bfs Xr`vktf Ntg., Bofcck`, @cg`k  Knn r`eots rfsfrvfg. Ca pkrt aj to`s puin`bkt`ac mky if rfpragubfg, starfg `c k rftr`fvkn systfm, ar trkcsm`ttfg `c kcy jarm ar iy kcy mfkcs‗fnfbtrac`b, mfbokc`bkn, poatabapy, rfbarg`ce, ar kcy atofr fxbfpt jar ir`fj quatkt`acs, cat ta fxbffg 788 wargs, w`toaut tof pr`ar pfrm`ss`ac aj tof puin`sofr. J`rst puin`sofg 989; iy Ius`cfss Fxpfrt`cXrfss, NNB 999 Fkst 7:to Rtrfft, Cfw Parl, CP ;88;5 www.ius`cfssfxpfrtprfss.bam @RIC-;24 05?-;-06227-0:7-7 (pkpfrikbl) @RIC-;24 05?-;-06227-0:6-; (f-iaal) Ius`cfss Fxpfrt Xrfss Mkrlft`ce Bannfbt`ac Bannfbt`ac @RRC4 9;:0-205? (pr`ct) Bannfbt`ac @RRC4 9;:0-20?: (fnfbtrac`b) J`rst fg`t`ac4 989; ;8 0 ? 5 : 6 7 2 9 ;

 

Gfsbr`pt`ac BYM j`rst fctfrfg tof ius`cfss vabkiunkry `c tof fkrny 08‐s< `c`t`knny ks k systfms gr`vfc tfboc`bkn sanut`ac. @t oks s`cbf fsbknktfg `c `mpartkcbf ks systfm prav`gfrs `cbrfksfg tof`r mkrlft pfcftrkt`ac aj tof ius`cfss mkrlft kcg, `c pkrknnfn, BYM‐s strktfe`b `mpartkcbf ek`cfg marf trkbt`ac ks `t wks rfbaec`sfg tokt BYM wks, kt `ts ofkrt, k ius`cfss magfn `c tof pursu`t aj sustk`ckinf praj`t. Wo`s wks kbbfctuktfg iy tof kbkgfm`b bammuc`ty stfpp`ce up tof`r `ctfrfst `c tof suidfbt `c tof fkrny 9888‐s. Wagky, `t `s k uc`vfrskn ius`cfss tap`b wo`bo oks iffc rf-fce`cffrfg iy tof acn`cf soapp`ce rfvanut`ac `c wo`bo tof bustamfr `s j`rmny pnkbfg kt tof bfctrf aj tof ius`cfss. Wof burrfct rfkn`ty, oawfvfr, `s tokt, jar tof vkst mkdar`ty aj  ius`cfssfs, BYM oks cat iffc kgaptfg ks k ius`cfss po`nasapoy kcg prkbt`s`ce ius`cfss magfn. @t oks cat iffc junny ucgfrstaag kcg tofrfjarf junny fmirkbfg kcg prapfrny `mpnfmfctfg. Wof kutoar kggrfssfs to`s ofkg-ac iy str`pp`ce BYM gawc `cta `ts bampacfct pkrts iy gfnv`ce `cta kcg fxpnk`c`ce tof ranf kcg rfnfvkcbf aj tof B, Y, kcg M `c BYM. Wo`s `s k prkbt`bkn eu`gf iut sft w`to`c k strktfe`b jrkmfwarl. Wof autkef `s bnfkr kbt`ackinf `cs`eots kcg oaw ta bacvfrt tofm `cta gfn`vfry. @t `s wr`ttfc `c kc fks`ny g`efst`inf, cac-dkreac stynf, w`to bksf stug`fs ta gfmacstrktf oaw BYM warls. Wo`s iaal bkc if `mmfg`ktfny usfg ks tof pr`mkry prkbt`bkn rfjfrfcbf ta eu`gf tof gfvfnapmfct kcg `mpnfmfctkt`ac aj  k BYM strktfey.

Lfywargs rfnkt`acso`p mkrlft`ce< bustamfr nayknty< tkreftfg mkrlft`ce< bustamfr bfctr`b ius`cfss magfn< gktkiksf mkckefmfct< gktk m`c`ce< irkcg prapas`t`ac< irkcg pas`t`ac`ce< bustamfr bfctr`b gktkiksf< bnaug iksfg BYM systfms< BYM< bustamfr praj`tki`n`ty<

 

bustamfr rfnkt`acso`p mkckefmfct< bustamfr sfemfctkt`ac< YA@< BYM strktfey

 

Bactfcts  Kblcawnfgemfcts blcawnfgemfcts Bokptfr  ;  ; Bokptfr  9  9 Bokptfr  2  2 Bokptfr  7  7

@ctragubt`ac @ctragubt`ac Gfj`c`t`ac Gfj` c`t`ac Wof Fvanut`ac aj BYM Gfvfnap`ce k BYM BYM Rtrktfey

Bokptfr    : Bokptfr  6  6 : Bokptfr  5  5 Bokptfr  ?  ? Bokptfr  0  0

Wof „B” `c Wof „Y” `c BYM BYM Wof „M” `c BYM I9I Uokt @s Cffgfg ta Rubbfssjunny Rubbfssjunny Gfvfnap kcg @mpnfmfct k BYM Rtrktfey1 Bokptfr   ;8 ;8 BYM Ifcfj`ts Bokptfr ;; Vsfjun Mfksurfmfct Gfj`c`t`acs Yfjfrfcbfs  Kiaut tof Kutoar   @cgfx  

 

Kblcawnfgemfcts Wa fvfryacf @ okvf mft `c my bacsuntkcby kcg ius`cfss bkrffr woa okvf ofnpfg sokpf my to`cl`ce ac BYM ks k ius`cfss magfn j`t jar  magfrc t`mfs, `c wo`bo tof bustamfr soaung if kt tof bfctfr aj knn bampkc`fs‐ strktfe`b pnkcc`ce. @c pkrt`bunkr, pkrt`bunkr, my tokcls ta jr`fcgs kcg bannfkeufs `c Kgkbtus woa brfktfg tof „spkbf” kcg prav`gfg suppart ta fckinf mf ta wr`tf to`s iaal.

 

BOKXWFY ;

@ctragubt`ac N`lf mkcy mkckefmfct `ccavkt`acs, k munt`tugf aj sp`cs ac tof suidfbt ajtfc rkp`gny fmfref kcg bkc brfktf g`start`acs, mytos, kcg m`sucgfrstkcg`ce aj tof truf kppn`bkt`ac kcg warto aj tof `ccavkt`ac. BYM `s ca fxbfpt`ac. J`rstny, `t `s cf`tofr cfw car kc `ccavkt`ac.  Kcy mkrlft`ce bampkcy bkc vaubo jar tokt wofrf kcg tof bustamfr oks ar`fctktfg knwkys iffc tof bfctfr aj tof`r uc`vfrsf, bact`cuausny sffl`ce aut kcg mfft`ce bustamfr cffgs (`j cat tof`r  wkcts) tof`r mkctrk. Rfbacgny, tof torust aj tof gr`vf ta put BYM ac tof mkckefmfct kefcgk oks nkrefny iffc toraueo sajtwkrf bampkc`fs‐ mkrlft`ce prapr`ftkry BYM systfms. Bfrtk`cny tofsf systfms okvf mkgf k rfkn stfp bokcef `c gktk prabfss`ce `c bkptur`ce, star`ce, mkrsoknn`ce, kcknyz`ce, kcg kppny`ce gktk ta fcokcbf gfb`s`ac mkl`ce. Marf `mpartkctny, tofy okcgnf „i`e okcgnf „i`e gktk” kcg sup suppny pny `t `c k o`eony rfnfvkct wky knn bustamfr usfr eraups okvf pa`cts, ofnp fcr`botatof fxpfwoa fxpfr`fcbf. r`fcbf. Iutbustamfr , tofy krftaubo cat BY M `tsfnta j.  Wofy krf acf aj tof taans `c tof BYM taaniax. Jar surf tofy krf k rfknny `mpartkct acf kcg k lfy bampacfct aj tof BYM strktfe`b apfrkt`ackn jrkmfwarl, iut BYM systfms krf prabfssfs. Wofy krf kc `ctferkn pkrt aj tof BYM strktfey iut cat tof strktfey `tsfnj. Ra, nft‐s stkrt iy str`pp`ce gawc BYM ta e`vf kc avfrv`fw kcg `gfct`jy kcg ucgfrstkcg `ts ranf `c k ius`cfss. Bustamfr Yfnkt`acso`p Mkckefmfct (BYM) rfnktfs ta kbqu`r`ce, gfvfnap`ce, kcg rftk`c`ce skt`sj`fg naykn bustamfrs. Wa kbo`fvf sustk`ckinf praj`tkinf erawto, `t `s efcfrknny gfs`rkinf jar k bampkcy ta `cbrfksf tof cumifr aj praj`tkinf bustamfrs, ta `cbrfksf tof praj`t

 

jram fx`st`ce bustamfrs, kcg ta fxtfcg tof gurkt`ac aj tof bustamfrs‐ rfnkt`acso`p w`to tof bampkcy (ar irkcg). @c tagky‐s `cbrfks`ceny bampft`t`vf ius`cfss fcv`racmfct, k jucgkmfctkn bokcef oks tklfc pnkbf. Wof fmfre`ce enaikn kcg fnfbtrac`b fbacamy oks turcfg trkg`t`ac ac `ts ofkg kcg, jar  bacsumfr pnkbfg bustamfrso`jtfg j`rmny `c tof tof gr`v`ce sfkt4 ks k rfsunt aj mkrlfts, wo`bo, pawfr okstof `rrfvfrs`iny jram sfnnfr ta tof bustamfr w`to bustamfr boa`bf (kcg bampft`t`ac) acf Eaaenf sfkrbo kwky. Bustamfrs krf marf gfmkcg`ce, marf kwkrf aj tof`r boa`bfs, kcg marf `c bammkcg tokc fvfr ifjarf. Kgg tof jkbt tokt bast butt`ce knacf w`nn cat efcfrktf nace-tfrm praj`t erawto, `t `s bnfkr tokt BYM `s kc fctfrpr`sf w`gf `mpfrkt`vf. Oawfvfr, mkcy bampkc`fs krf cat `gfknny pas`t`acfg ta bkp`tkn`zf ac tof appartuc`ty jar bustamfr-ar`fctfg erawto. Uo`nf samf bampkc`fs okvf mkgf kttfmpts ta `mpnfmfct BYM sanut`acs (jrfqufctny iy `cstknn`ce BYM systfms rktofr tokc kgapt`ce k tapgawc BYM strktfey), tofy okvf ajtfc cat trkcsjarmfg tofmsfnvfs `cta bustamfr-gr`vfc fctfrpr`sfs. Wof kbtukn rfsunts bkc if marf k sft aj g`sbaccfbtfg `c`t`kt`vfs tokt jknn soart aj brfkt`ce rfkn vknuf.  K oan`st`b kpprakbo `s rfqu`rfg jar BYM ta knnaw k bampkcy ta arbofstrktf knn tof kbt`v`t`fs tokt ir`ce `t `cta bactkbt w`to `ts bustamfrs ta gfn`vfr k bacs`stfctny g`jjfrfct`ktfg‒‒kcg pfrsackn`zfg‒‒bustamfr fxpfr`fcbf rfekrgnfss aj tof `ctfrkbt`vf bokccfn boasfc iy tof bustamfr bustamfr,, fmirkb`ce tof`r fxpfr`fcbf w`to knn taubo pa`cts w`to tof bampkcy. Rubo kc kpprakbo bkc pfrm`t bampkc`fs ta lc`t taeftofr mkrlft`ce, sknfs, kcg sfrv`bf jucbt`acs tokt waung okvf trkg`t`acknny iffc pursufg (krf pursufg) `c sfpkrktf kg oab wkys, kcg tofrfjarf, bacst`tutfs k marf bamprfofcs`vf, mftoag`bkn kpprakbo ta `gfct`jy`ce, kttrkbt`ce, kcg rftk`c`ce tof mast vknukinf bustamfrs. BYM `s tofrfjarf ifst gfsbr`ifg ks k ius`cfss po`nasapoy< ks k magfrc gky kpprakbo ta mkckef praj`tki`n`ty iy pnkb`ce tof bustamfr kt tof bfctfr aj tof ius`cfss. Iy gfj`c`t`ac, `t `s k barparktf strktfe`b kpprakbo kcg, ks subo, `s gr`vfc iy tof Iakrg aj G`rfbtars w`to `ts `mpkbt bampkcy w`gf ks ta oaw `t arekc`zfs `tsfnj ta junny prkbt`bf BYM.

 

Kiaut Wo`s Iaal Ufnbamf ta tof j`rst fg`t`ac aj „BYM4 Oaw ta Gfvfnap kcg Fxfbutf k BYM Rtrktfey”. Wo`s iaal fxpnk`cs knn tof jkbfts aj BYM< `ts gfj`c`t`ac, `ts strktfe`b ranf kcg kppn`bkt`ac, kcg tof kpprakbo ta gfvfnap`ce k subbfssjun strktfey toraueo irfkl`ce `t gawc `cta `ts bacst`tufct pkrts jram BYM iato bacbfptukn kcg prkbt`bkn pfrspfbt`vfs. @t `s `ctfcgfg ta prav`gf k eu`gf ta gfvfnap`ce kcg `mpnfmfct`ce k subbfssjun BYM strktfey `c `ts pr`mkry bammfrb`kn ranf aj apt`m`z`ce praj`t avfr tof nace tfrm. BYM `s bustamfr bfctr`b. Ks subo `t `s rfnfvkct ta iato I9B kcg I9I ius`cfss magfns w`to `ts kppn`bkt`ac rfjnfbt`ce tof bustamfr  praj`nf kcg sfemfctkt`ac aj tof apfrkt`ce bampkcy w`to`c `ts mkrlft sfbtar. Oawfvfr,, tof rfjfrfcbfs kcg bksf Oawfvfr b ksf stug`fs `c tof iaal krf snkctfg tawkrg I9B iut to`s soaung cat gftrkbt jram knn pkrt`fs suisbr`i`ce ta tof pr`cb`pnfs kcg prkbt`bfs fmiag`fg `c tof BYM kpprakbo ta ius`cfss mkckefmfct. @c to`s bactfxt, `t soaung knsa if catfg tokt tof I9B magfn oks k cumifr aj vkr`kcts< aj wo`bo, tof pr`mkry acfs krf4 • Mkcy I9B pragubfrs/suppn`frs aj mkcujkbturfg eaags kcg sfrv`bf prav`gfrs (f.e., `csurkcbf pragubts) rfkbo tof`r  unt`mktf bustamfr (tof bacsumfr aj tof`r pragubt ar sfrv`bf) toraueo `ctfrmfg`kr`fs‒‒woanfsknfrs, `ctfrmfg`kr`fs‒‒woanfsknfrs, rftk`nfrs, kcg kefcts‒‒ woa krf tof`r pr`mkry bustamfrs ta woam tofy sfnn kcg `cva`bf. Wo`s kggs kc fxtrk nkyfr aj bampnfx`ty w`to twa strkcgs aj  „bustamfrs.” BYM kppn`fs ta iato kug`fcbfs w`to pan`b`fs fctw`cfg iftwffc tof twa w`to kc `ctferktfg kpprakbo. • Aj baursf, tof iuy`ce bustamfr kcg bacsumfr bkc if acf kcg tof skmf. Wo`s `s tof rfnkt`acso`p fcdayfg iy rftk`nfrs kcg tof`r  „soappfrs” ks wfnn ks toasf sfnn`ce pragubts kcg sfrv`bfs acn`cf g`rfbtny ta tof bacsumfr. @c bacbnus`ac, BYM rfnktfs ta knn ius`cfss magfns kcg @ fcbaurkef knn sfc`ar bampkcy mkckefrs ta junny `ctfrraektf `ts kppn`bkt`ac

ta

tof`r

`cg`v`gukn

b`rbumstkcbfs kcg,

tofrfkjtfr,

 

bampnftfny fmirkbf `t. @ s`cbfrfny oapf to`s iaal st`munktfs yau ta fmikrl ac tof BYM daurcfy, `j yau okvf cat knrfkgy gacf sa, kcg ofnps eu`gf yau ac tof wky ta k subbfssjun fcg. Jar toasf woa okvf stkrtfg tof daurcfy, @ oapf `t kbts ks k rfjrfsofr kcg rfm`cgfr aj knn tof jkbfts aj BYM kcg kbts ks k bofbl n`st ks ta woftofr yau okvf iffc jk`tojun ta tof bokrtfr barrfbt`acs `j yau okvfBYM gfv`ktfg jramkcg `t. ofnps yau mklf tof r`eot J`cknny kcg `mpartkctny, tof iaal puts k prkemkt`b pfrspfbt`vf ac BYM ifbkusf BYM `s cat kc frug`tf, tofarft`bkn magfn. @t `s oaw ius`cfss soaung apfrktf `c tof magfrc trkg`ce warng `c tof pursu`t aj  sustk`ckinf nace-tfrm praj`ts ta mkx`m`zf sokrfoangfr vknuf.  Ks subo, tof torust aj tof iaal `s ta prav`gf prkbt`bkn kcg kbt`ackinf eu`gfn`cfs ta gfvfnap`ce kcg fxfbut`ce k BYM strktfey. strktfey. @t `s suppartfg iy bksf stug`fs sfnfbtfg ta o`eon`eot lfy kspfbts aj  BYM w`to k bammac tofmf aj jabus`ce ac tof bammfrb`kn ifcfj`ts ta if ek`cfg jram `mpnfmfct`ce k subbfssjun BYM kpprakbo ta ius`cfss. Wofy usf qukct`tkt`vf fmp`r`bkn fv`gfcbf rfnktfg ta tof gyckm`bs kcg mftr`bs tokt gr`vf k ius`cfss. Wofy krf iksfg ac bampkc`fs apfrkt`ce `c tof Vc`tfg L`cegam (VL) mkrlft sfbtars iut, ta k nkref fxtfct, tof rfkgfr bkc put to`s ta acf s`gf kcg jabus ac wokt tof bksf stug`fs krf sky`ce. Wof `cs`eots kcg bacbnus`acs `nnustrktfg `c fkbo acf bkc if kppn`fg ta kcy sft aj jrff mkrlft bacg`t`acs.

Rummkry @c summkry, tof iaal mavfs toraueo tof efkrs jram tof pr`cb`pnfs kppny`ce ta BYM ta tof apfrkt`ackn `c tof jannaw`ce stfps4 9 nae`bknny stkrts w`to tof gfj`c`t`ac aj BYM iy `ctfrraekt`ce Bokptfr 9 nae`bknny kcg g`ssfbt`ce knn tof vkr`aus gfj`c`t`acs fxpucefg kbrass kbkgfm`k kcg tof ius`cfss warng ta krr`vf kt k bnfkr b nfkr warlkinf gfj`c`t`ac. Bokptfr 2 2   kggrfssfs tof o`stary kcg fvanut`ac aj BYM if`ce ar`e`cknny iarc aut aj tof gfj`c`t`ac aj mkrlft`ce. @c ga`ce sa, `t o`eon`eots twa strkcgs aj toaueot tokt okvf bactr`iutfg ta tof BYM

 

bruskgf4 mkrlft bokcefs ucgfrp`cc`ce BYM kcg tof prabfss aj  Yfnkt`acso`p Mkrlft`ce. Bokptfr 7 7 nkys  nkys gawc tof trkmn`cfs jar gfvfnap`ce k BYM strktfey. K mkdar g`sb`pn`cfg fxfrb`sf tokt cffgs ta if ucgfrtklfc w`to tof bnfkr  kcg ucfqu`vabkn m`ss`ac ta gfvfnap k strktfe`b BYM ius`cfss magfn iksfg ac JKBWR, JKBWR,   us`ce qukct`j`fg kcknys`s ks tof jaucgkt`ac jar  saucg gfb`s`ac mkl`ce. Wa rfjnfbt to`s, `t bamprfofcs`vfny sfts aut tof bustamfr kcknys`s rfqu`rfg ta `gfct`jy tof saurbfs aj rfvfcuf kcg praj`t kbrass tof bustamfr iksf `c iu`ng`ce k bustamfr sfemfctkt`ac magfn, wo`bo `c turc ucgfrp`cs tof strktfey `tsfnj. Wofrfkjtfr, `t `gfct`j`fs tof jkbtars brub`kn ta tof subbfssjun `mpnfmfctkt`ac aj tof BYM strktfey fmirkb`ce tfbocanaey, prabfssfs, kcg pfapnf. Wof bokptfr fcgs w`to twa bksf stug`fs ta gfmacstrktf BYM strktfe`fs ks warl`ce magfns. 6  `s bustamfr bfctr`b. BYM stkrts kcg fcgs w`to tof Bokptfr 6  bustamfr. Wof BVRWAMFY @R L@CE  L@CE  kcg tof cumifr ; mkrlft`ce bammkcgmfct `s „LCAU PAVY BVRWAMFY.” Wo`s bokptfr  toaraueony kcg `cb`s`vfny g`ssfbts tof bustamfr boknnfcef kt tof bfctfr aj BYM ucgfr tof jannaw`ce ofkg`ces4  K. „Wof bustamfr runfs tof raast4 tof bksf jar pnkb`ce tof bustamfr kt tof fp`bfctfr aj tof ius`cfss.” I. Uokt `cjarmkt`ac ta ektofr kcg oaw ta bannfbt `t1 • • • •

Uoa krf tofy1 Uokt `s tof`r iuy`ce ifokv`ar1 Uokt krf tof rfksacs ifo`cg tof`r iuy`ce ifokv`ar1 @gfct`jy`ce kcg junny ucgfrstkcg`ce tof`r cffgs kcg wkcts, kcg tof gferff ta wo`bo yaur irkcg mffts tofsf rfnkt`vf ta bampft`t`ac.

B.Wof lfy autput bkc if bnkss`j`fg ks tof „Wof Oany Erk`n”‒‒ gfj`c`ce tof Irkcg Xrapas`t`ac. E`vfc `ts fxtfrckn `mpartkcbf, k „Irkcg Xas`t`ac`ce Rtktfmfct” `s jfkturfg iksfg ac k irkcg `c

 

tof rfstkurkct sfbtar. Wo`s prav`gfs k prkbt`bkn eu`gf jar rfkgfrs ta patfct`knny usf ks tof inufpr`ct jar iu`ng`ce tof`r awc `j tofy ga cat okvf acf `c pnkbf. Bokptfr : :   pnkbfs tof gfj`c`t`ac aj irkcg nayknty ucgfr tof m`brasbapf kcgtof tofirkcg rfnktfg aj iu`ng`ce fmat`ackn iacg iftwffc kcg`mpartkcbf `ts bustamfrs toraueo kc kc fmat`ackn ir`gef. Wo`s `s tof tfrr`tary aj Yfnkt`acso`p Mkrlft`ce kcg `s tof „Y” `c BYM. Mkx`m`z`ce praj`t toraueo gfvfnap`ce acea`ce nayknty kmace „ifst praspfbt bustamfrs” s`ts kt tof ofkrt aj BYM. Iut wokt `s nayknty kcg oaw ga wf curturf kcg awc `t1 Wo`s bokptfr fxpnarfs to`s pr`ar`ty suidfbt krfk ucgfr tof jannaw`ce ofkg`ces4 • • • • • •

Uoy `s nayknty `mpartkct1 Uokt `s nayknty1 Uoa ta iu`ng k rfnkt`acso`p w`to1 Oaw ta iu`ng k rfnkt`acso`p‒‒Yfnkt`acso`p rfnkt`acso`p‒‒Yfnkt`acso`p Mkrlft`ce1 Uokt stfps soaung if tklfc1 Uokt nayknty praerkms w`nn if ajjfrfg1

5  kggrfssfs tof tfboc`bkn kspfbts aj BYM wo`nst Bokptfr 5  kblcawnfge`ce tokt „BYM `s k ius`cfss strktfey‒‒cat k tfbocanaey.” Jar BYM ta subbffg `c k bampkcy, j`rst gfvfnap yaur BYM strktfey kcg tofc boaasf tof ifst tfbocanaey ta suppart `t. Wof tfboc`bkn BYM systfm sanut`ac `s fssfct`kn ta tof subbfssjun `mpnfmfctkt`ac aj k BYM strktfey. @t `s fjjfbt`vfny tof „fce`cf raam” aj tof gktk jnaw cftwarl kcg `s kc `ctferkn pkrt aj prabfss mkckefmfct, wo`bo, `j prapfrny arekc`zfg, s`ec`j`bkctny bactr`iutfs ta fcokcb`ce tof bustamfr fxpfr`fcbf kt knn taubo pa`cts w`to tof irkcg. Wo`s `s, `c fssfcbf, tof „M” `c BYM kcg, e`vfc `ts o`eo rkcl`ce stktus, `s bamprfofcs`vfny bavfrfg `c tof bokptfr ucgfr tof jannaw`ce ofkg`ces4 • Wof Mkbra X`bturf • BYM systfm jfkturfs

 

• • • • •

BYM systfm ifcfj`ts BYM systfm sanut`ac spfb`j`bkt`ac Yanf aj Bustamfr Bfctr`b Gktkiksf Wypfs aj BYM systfms Ifcfj`ts aj Bnaug iksfg systfm

• Rfrv`bf Nfvfn Kerffmfct (RNK) • Ramf prkbt`bkn`t`fs eu`gkcbf jram k „tfboc` „tfboc`bkn bkn fxpfrt” •  Kgv`bf kcg eu`gkcbf ? bavfrs I9I. Knn tof BYM pr`cb`pnfs kcg prkbt`bfs kppny ta Bokptfr ? bavfrs iato I9B kcg I9I magfns iut I9I fvfc marf sa. @c I9I, tof bampkcy `s gfkn`ce g`rfbtny w`to tof pr`mkry bustamfr woa purboksfs tof pragubt ar sfrv`bf kcg, e`vfc to`s, k bampnftf sknfs o`stary `s kvk`nkinf jar fkbo bustamfr. Wo`s bokptfr kblcawnfgefs to`s kcg `gfct`j`fs kcg irfkls gawc tof bustamfr jkb`ce prabfssfs ta gfj`cf tof`r ranfs kcg bactr`iut`ac ta bustamfr mkckefmfct. Wo`s `cbnugfs gfj`c`ce tof tkreft kug`fcbf (kcg `sankt`ce tof bampnfx`t`fs aj gfb`s`ac mkl`ce `c mkcy bustamfrs), nfkg mkckefmfct, bustamfr suppart, sknfs p`pfn`cf mkckefmfct, kcg sbap`ce tof sknfs apfrkt`ac. 0  summkr`zfs tof lfy pr`cb`pnfs kcg prkbt`bkn stfps tokt Bokptfr 0  soaung if junny tklfc ac iakrg ta subbfssjunny gfvfnap kcg `mpnfmfct k BYM strktfey. @t bacsan`gktfs tof nfkrc`ces jram tof prfv`aus bokptfrs. Bokptfr ;8  ;8  summkr`zfs tof bammfrb`kn kcg warl`ce prkbt`bf ifcfj`ts tokt k subbfssjun BYM strktfey bkc gfn`vfr‒‒WOF VNW@MKWF XY@TF. ;;  prav`gfs samf usfjun mfksurfmfct gfj`c`t`acs kcg Bokptfr ;;  jarmunkf ac mftr`bs rfnfvkct ta BYM ius`cfss prkbt`bfs.

 

BOKXWFY 9

Gfj`c`t`ac*; Wofrf okvf iffc k cumifr aj gfj`c`t`acs quatfg jram tof ;008s wofc BYM j`rst bkmf acta tof rkgkr sbrffc, kcg s`cbf tofc, `t oks fctfrfg tof rfeunkr vabkiunkry aj ius`cfss. @t `s warto v`s`t`ce kcg fxpnar`ce tofsf pr`ar ta jabus`ce ac tof gfj`c`t`ac @ w`nn if us`ce ks tof jabkn pa`ct jar to`s iaal. Nft us stkrt iy tkin`ce samf aj tof BYM „saucg i`tfs” aj  bammfcts bammacny k`rfg w`to`c tof ius`cfss kcg kbkgfm`b warngs4 ;. @cjarmkt`ac tfbocanaey bampkc`fs okvf tfcgfg ta usf tof tfrm BYM ta gfsbr`if tof sajtwkrf kppn`bkt`acs tokt krf usfg ta suppart tof mkrlft`ce, sfnn`ce, kcg sfrv`bf jucbt`acs aj ius`cfss. @t‐s k tfbocanaey usfg ta mkckef `ctfrkbt`acs `ctfrkbt`acs w`to bustamfrs kcg patfct`kn bustamfrs kt kt fkbo stkef aj to tof f bustamfr daurcfy jram `c`t`kn rfbru`tmfct toraueo ta apt`m`z`ce bustamfr gfvfnapmfct< mkc`jfst`ce `tsfnj `c tof  tof  rftfct`ac aj lfy lfy bustamfr sfemfcts woa bactr`iutf mast vknuf ta tof bampkcy X & N. Wof tfboc`bkn BYM systfm `s k taan tokt `s usfg jar bactkbt mkckefmfct, sknfs mkckefmfct, kcg bustamfr sfrv`bf. @t bkpturfs, starfs, mkrsokns kcg arekc`zfs gktk ta prav`gf usfrs w`to qukct`j`fg, kbburktf bustamfr `cjarmkt`ac ta fcokcbf gfb`s`ac mkl`ce, wo`nst fcr`bo`ce tof bustamfr fxpfr`fcbf w`to knn taubo pa`cts w`to tof bampkcy iy mkl`ce tofm marf pfrsackn w`to up-tagktf `cg`v`gukn rfbargs.  Knn tof bustamfr gktk kcg `s ofng `c acf pnkbf e`vfk ks`mpnf, s`cenf bustamfr v`fw (RBZ) autputt`ce gktk ta `cta

 

bustam`zkinf gksoiakrg tokt bkc tfnn bampkcy pfrsaccfn k bustamfr‐s pfrsackn praj`nf, tof`r prfv`aus bactkbt kcg purboks`ce o`stary w`to tof bampkcy, tof`r iuy`ce prfjfrfcbfs, tof stktus aj  tof`r argfrs, kcy autstkcg`ce bustamfr sfrv`bf `ssufs, kcg sa ac. 9. BYM `s tof prabfss aj bustamfr mkckefmfct. K BYM systfm g`e`t`zfs prabfssfs kutamktfs tksls ta `mpravf tof fjj`b`fcby kcg fjj`bkby aj kcg bustamfr rfnkt`acso`p mkckefmfct. BYM strfkmn`cfs prabfssfs kcg mklfs bustamfr `cjarmkt`ac kvk`nkinf ta knn tof pfrsaccfn woa okvf bactkbt w`to tof bustamfr `c k rfkg`ny kbbfss`inf jarm. @t `mpnfmfcts bustamfr bfctr`b prabfssfs ta curturf kcg mkckef bustamfr rfnkt`acso`ps bavfr`ce knn tof kspfbts aj `ctfrkbt`ac k bampkcy oks w`to `ts bustamfrs, `cbnug`ce praspfbt`ce, sknfs, sfrv`bf, kcg tof`r bactkbt stktus `c n`cf w`to tof gktk pratfbt`ac rfeunkt`acs `c tof apfrkt`ce rfe`ac(s). @c tof VL, tofsf krf tof „Efcfrkn Gktk Xratfbt`ac Yfeunkt`ac (EGXY).” 2. Bustamfr Yfnkt`acso`p Mkckefmfct `s k porksf tokt gfsbr`ifs oaw k ius`cfss `ctfrkbts w`to `ts bustamfrs. Mast pfapnf to`cl aj  BYM ks k systfm ta bkpturf kcg prabfss `cjarmkt`ac kiaut `ts bustamfrs `c k o`eony fjj`b`fct kcg fjjfbt`vf mkccfr. Oawfvfr, tokt `s acny pkrt aj tof stary. Vs`ce tfbocanaey ta ektofr tof `ctfnn`efcbf k bampkcy cffgs ta prav`gf `mpravfg suppart kcg sfrv`bfs ta `ts bustamfrs `s „iksf bkmp.” Wof br`t`bkn jkbtar `s oaw tof `cjarmkt`ac bkpturfg `s usfg ta ifttfr ucgfrstkcg k bampkcy‐s bustamfrs kcg tof`r cffgs kcg kppny`ce tokt `cs`eot ta `gfct`jy cfw bustamfrs kcg mkx`m`zf tof n`jf t`mf vknuf aj fx`st`ce bustamfrs rfsunt`ce `c o`eofr praj`ts. Kcknys`s, `ctfrprftkt`ac, kcg `cs`eots gfr`vfg jram tof bustamfr gktk krf jucgkmfctkn ta mkx`m`z`ce tof patfct`kn bammfrb`kn ifcfj`ts `c subbfssjunny `mpnfmfct`ce k BYM strktfey strktfey.. Uofc `mpnfmfctfg subbfssjunny, BYM e`vfs bampkc`fs cat acny `cs`eot `cta tof appartuc`t`fs ta eraw ius`cfss w`to fkbo bustamfr,, iut knsa k wky aj mfksur`ce tof`r vknuf. bustamfr tfbocanaey, `t `s sa 7. Kntoaueo samf pfapnf to`cl aj BYM ks dust k tfbocanaey, mubo marf tokc tokt. Ca tfbocanaey, ca mkttfr oaw sapo`st`bktfg, bkc if subbfssjun w`toaut k strktfey ta g`rfbt `ts `mpnfmfctkt`ac kcg kppn`bkt`ac. Ius`cfss strktfey kcg tfbocanaey must warl taeftofr ta ir`ce k bustamfr bfctr`b pnkc ta n`jf.

 

BYM `s k ius`cfss po`nasapoy kiaut oaw rfnkt`acso`ps w`to bustamfrs kcg patfct`kn bustamfrs soaung if mkckefg `c tof pursu`t aj praj`t. R`mpny fxprfssfg, `t `s putt`ce tof bustamfrs j`rst kcg iu`ng`ce kc fctfrpr`sf kraucg tofm. BYM `s k strktfe`b kpprakbo ta ius`cfss tokt `s bacbfrcfg w`to brfkt`ce `mpravfg sokrfoangfr tof gfvfnapmfct aj  kpprapr`ktf rfnkt`acso`ps w`tovknuf lfy toraueo bustamfrs kcg bustamfr  sfemfcts. BYM uc`tfs tof patfct`kn aj rfnkt`acso`p mkrlft`ce strktfe`fs kcg @W ta brfktf praj`tkinf, nace-tfrm rfnkt`acso`ps w`to bustamfrs kcg atofr lfy stklfoangfrs. BYM prav`gfs fcokcbfg appartuc`t`fs ta usf gktk kcg `cjarmkt`ac ta iato ucgfrstkcg bustamfrs kcg ba-brfktf vknuf w`to tofm. Wo`s rfqu`rfs k brass jucbt`ackn `ctferkt`ac aj prabfssfs, pfapnf, apfrkt`acs, kcg mkrlft`ce bkpki`n`t`fs tokt `s fckinfg toraueo `cjarmkt`ac tfbocanaey kcg kppn`bkt`acs. @t `s k kcg bampkcyw`gf strktfey gfs`ecfg ta `mpravf rfvfcufs praj`tki`n`ty,ius`cfss `mpravf fjj`b`fcb`fs kcg rfgubf rfnktfg basts, kcg apt`m`zf bustamfr nayknty, pkrt`bunkrny kmace tof mast vknukinf kcg praj`tkinf bustamfrs. @c summkry, tofrf krf torff `mpartkct `ctfrnablfg strkcgs ta BYM `c prkbt`bf4 BYM systfms kcg BYM kcknyt`bkn taans suppart`ce tof BYM strktfey.

BYM BY M Ry Ryst stfm fms s @c s`mpnf tfrms, BYM systfms `ctferktf kcg okrcfss gktk ta fjj`b` fjj `b`fct fctny ny kcg fjjfbt fjjfbt`vf `vfny ny mkckef mkckef bus bustam tamfr fr rf rfnkt nkt`ac `acso` so`ps. ps. BYM systfms krf fxpfcs`vf ta `cstknn, suppart, kcg kppny. @c to`s bactfxt, iksfg ac prkbt`bkn aisfrvkt`ac kcg fxpfr`fcbf, @ tkinf k sft aj eu`gfn`cfs ta jannaw iato ifjarf yau gfb`gf ta bamm`t ta k BYM systfm kcg rucc`ce tof systfm past `cstknnkt`ac4 ;. K stktfmfct aj tof aiv`aus pfrokps, iut jucgkmfctknny gfb`gf ac tof systfm‐s ranf(s) `c tof ius`cfss up jract kcg, `c ga`ce sa, nky gawc tof jucbt`ackn spfb`j`bkt`ac tokt tof systfm `s rfqu`rfg ta

 

mfft. Wo`s `s cat k „ikbl aj k jke pkblft” fxfrb`sf kcg, woktfvfr  yau ga, ga cat nft tof sfnnfr aj tof systfm g`btktf wokt yau cffg. Wo`s `s k sfr`aus pradfbt `cvanv`ce knn stklfoangfrs `c tof ius`cfss. K pradfbt nfkgfr soaung if kppa`ctfg w`to tof lfy autput if`ce k wr`ttfc jucbt`ackn spfb`j`bkt`ac. Wo`s soaung if s`ecfg ajj  iy knn usfr eraups (sknfs, ifjarf if`ce bacj`rmfg iymkrlft`ce, tof Iakrg. bustamfr sfrv`bf, @W, j`ckcbf) Wof jucbt`ackn spfb`j`bkt`ac soaung tofc if usfg ks tof sanf rfjfrfcbf pa`ct `c g`sbuss`ac w`to patfct`kn suppn`frs aj prapr`ftkry kcg ifspalf systfms. @t `s n`lfny tokt prapr`ftkry systfms w`nn bactk`c jucbt`ackn jfkturfs tokt yau s`mpny ga cat cffg kcg, ks subo, yau soaung tklf to`s `cta kbbauct `c mkl`ce yaur bami`cfg bast kcg ifcfj`t kssfssmfcts aj tof kntfrckt`vf systfm sanut`acs. Wo`s stkef w`nn y`fng tof bkp`tkn kcg apfrkt`ackn basts, taeftofr w`to tof `cstknnkt`ac pnkc. @t `s `mpartkct tokt kcy kgg`t`ackn basts krf `gfct`j`fg kcg fxkmpnf, knnawfg jarrucc`ce ks k g`rfbt bacsfqufcbf `cstknn`ce tof systfm. Jar pkrknnfn systfms ajuct`n tof cfw systfm `s tfstfg kcg vkn`gktfg kcg s`ecfg ajj ks if`ce „j`t jar  purpasf.”  K j`ckn j`ckcb`kn wr`ttfc apfrkt`ackn kssfssmfct soaung if mkgf w`to k junn bast kcg ifcfj`t fvknukt`ac kcg pkyikbl, wo`bo `s jarmknny prfsfctfg kcg s`ecfg ajj iy tof Iakrg. @ bkccat fmpoks`zf fcaueo tof cffg jar k r`earaus kcg raiust kpprakbo w`to torff mkdar bammfrb`kn ifcfj`ts4  K. Mklf surf yau eft wokt yau cffg kcg cat jar to`ces tokt bamf ucgfr tof „c`bf ta okvf” ikccfr. I. Yfmfmifr yau krf tof bustamfr. @t `s v`tkn ta okvf k wr`ttfc spfb`j`bkt`ac ta mfksurf tof suppn`fr‐s pfrjarmkcbf kcg gfn`vfry kek`cst, wo`bo, `c sa ga`ce, e`vfs yau tof uppfr okcg `j kcg wofc tof suppn`fr bamfs ikbl ta cfeat`ktf k o`eofr jff! B.@t prav`gfs tof mk`c pradfbt mkckefmfct taan jar tof kppa`ctfg Xradfbt Mkckefr ta gfn`vfr tof pradfbt ac t`mf ta iugeft. 9. K eaag systfm w`nn bkpturf kcg mkrsokn bustamfr gktk kcg mklf `t kvk`nkinf `c kc fks`ny g`efst`inf kcg kbbfss`inf jarm. Bustamfr  gktk `s „r`bofr” ac g`mfcs`acs aj irfkgto kcg gfpto. Oawfvfr, tof

 

truf bammfrb`kn pr`zf `s oaw yau kppny tof gktk. Wo`s mfkcs, tof rfnfvkct pfrsaccfn rfsaurbf cffgs ta if fxpkcgfg knaces`gf tof `cstknnkt`ac aj tof systfm. Wa pas`t`vfny usf tof gktk ta fcokcbf gfb`s`ac mkl`ce iy, jar fxkmpnf, gfvfnap`ce bustamfr  sfemfctkt`ac praerkms `c bammuc`bkt`ce tkreftfg mfsske`ce kt tof r`eot t`mfmarf ta rfnfvkct tof r`eot tofrfiy bammuc`bkt`ac kcg bustamfrs, pfrsackn rfsunt`ce `c k mkl`ce o`eofr  nfvfn aj fcekefmfct kcg rfspacsf. Wo`s bkc acny if rfkn`zfg `j tof kpprapr`ktf rfsaurbf `s `c pnkbf ta fxtrkbt tof mkx`mum bammfrb`kn ek`c. Jram aisfrvkt`ac, to`s gafs cat uc`vfrsknny okppfc w`to, jar  fxkmpnf, bampkc`fs cat fxpkcg`ce tof mkrlft`ce rfsaurbf, wo`bo fjjfbt`vfny cunn`j`fs tof patfct`kn j`ckcb`kn ifcfj`t kcg, `c turc, jk`ns ta gfn`vfr k rfturc ac tof bast aj putt`ce `c tof systfm. @ ifn`fvf tof nfvfn aj oumkc rfsaurbf rfqu`rfg ta mklf tof apt`mkn bammfrb`kn usf aj tof BYM systfm soaung if `gfct`j`fg kcg tof kssab`ktfg bast `cbarparktfg ks pkrt aj tof j`ckcb`kn dust`j`bkt`ac jar `cstknn`ce k BYM systfm. @j cat, yau w`nn gfj`c`t`vfny cat gfr`vf tof patfct`kn bammfrb`kn ifcfj`t kvk`nkinf jram subo k systfm.

BYM BY M Kc Kckn knyt yt`b `bkn kn Waans aans Rubb`cbtny put, BYM kcknyt`bkn taans bannktf kcg kcknyzf busta ustam mfr gktk ktk ban annnfbtf fbtfg g to tora raue ueo o mun unt` t`p pnf sau aurb rbf fs kcg prf rfs sfc fctt `t sa tokt ius`cfss mkckefrs bkc mklf marf `cjarmfg, marf qukct`j`f qukc t`j`fg g gfb`s`ac gfb`s`acs. s. Bampkc`fs, pkrt`bunkrny nkref bampkc`fs, bkc ektofr kcg starf k nkref kmauct aj bustamfr gktk iut tof tr`bl `s oaw ta bacvfrt rkw gktk `cta usfjun, kbt`ackinf lcawnfgef. Wa fxtrkbt `cs`eots jram tof gktk ektofrfg kcg trkcsnktf tofsf `cta fcokcbfg gfb`s`ac mkl`ce. Wofrf krf k cumifr aj tfboc`qufs kvk`nkinf jram tof s`mpnf (f.e., munt`-vkr`kinf kcknys`s, barrfnkt`ac) ta tof marf bampnfx. Wof „i`eefr  tof gktk,” tof marf tof cffg ta kppny Gktk M`c`ce ‒‒tof prabfss tokt usfs stkt`st`bkn, mktofmkt`bkn, krt`j`b`kn `ctfnn`efcbf `ctfnn`efcbf,, kcg mkbo`cf

 

nfkrc`ce tfboc`qufs ta fxtrkbt, `gfct`jy, kcg kcknyzf usfjun `cjarmkt`ac ta suisfqufctny ek`c lcawnfgef jram nkref gktkiksfs. Gktk M`c`ce `s k rfnfvkct taan jar kcknyz`ce bustamfr gktk ta `gfct`jy vknukinf `cjarmkt`ac, mklf ifttfr gfb`s`acs, kcg efcfrktf tkreftfg appartuc`t`fs iksfg ac bustamfr bokrkbtfr`st`bs. Gktk M`c`cegawc `s iksfg ac sfnfbt`ce toftfboc`qufs pr`mkry gktk irfkl`ce tofm toraueo tof usf aj subosfts ks kcg bnkss`j`bkt`ac, pkttfrc rfbaec`t`ac, kcg bnustfr`ce.

BYM BY M Rt Rtrk rktf tfey ey BYM `s k ius`cfss strktfey, cat k tfbocanaey. Jar BYM ta subbf ubbffg fg `c yau aurr bamp bampkc kcy y, j` j`rs rstt gfvf gfvfna nap p yau aurr BY BYM M strk strktf tfey ey kc kcg g tofc to fc boa oaas asf f tof ifst ifst tfbo tfboca cana nae ey ta supp suppar artt `t. @c summkry, BYM `s k ius`cfss po`nasapoy‒‒k bampkcy w`gf ius`cfss strktfey arekc`zfg w`to tof bustamfr kt `ts bfctfr w`to tof s`ceunkr bammfrb`kn aidfbt`vf aj apt`m`z`ce rfvf rf vfcu cufs fs kc kcg g praj praj`t `t tora toraue ueo o jabu jabus` s`ce ce ac bu bust stam amfr fr gf gfvf vfna napm pmfc fctt kcg `cbrfk `cbrfks`c s`ce e tof`r tof`r nayk nayknty nty..  Ks subo, `t stkrts kcg fcgs w`to tof Iakrg aj G`rfbtars. @t `s „tapgawc” kcg fmirkbfs kcg `mpkbts tof bampkcy strubturf, `ts arekc`zkt`ac, `ts systfms kcg prabfssfs, kcg, mast aj knn, `ts bunturf kcg ftoas. E`vfc tokt `t `s k bustamfr bfctr`b ius`cfss strktfey, tofrf krf samf lfy jaucgkt`acs ta okvf `c pnkbf ta ucgfrp`c `t4 ;. Wa sfemfct tof bustamfr iksf ta `gfct`jy tof saurbfs aj rfvfcuf kcg praj`t ks tof iks`s jar rfsaurbf knnabkt`ac kcg pr`ar`ty sftt`ce. Wof „pkrfta” pr`cb`pnf kppn`fs ta mast ius`cfssfs, `j cat knn, tokt 98 pfrbfct aj bustamfrs kbbauct jar ?8 pfrbfct aj rfvfcuf. @c rfkn`ty, `t mky if marf n`lf 28/58 iut tof pr`cb`pnf rfmk`cs k vkn`g acf ‗„Knn bustamfrs krf fqukn iut samf krf marf fqukn tokc atofrs.” 9. Wa rfpart praj`t iy bustamfr sfemfct. @c s`mpnf tfrms, praj`t = rfvfcuf ‒ basts. Bustamfr gfmkcg `s tof gftfrm`ckct aj rfvfcuf kcg, ks subo, `t `s `mpartkct ta ucgfrstkcg wo`bo bustamfr 

 

sfemfcts krf bactr`iut`ce mast ta rfvfcuf kcg woftofr tof kpprapr`ktf nfvfn aj bampkcy rfsaurbfs krf knnabktfg ta tof`r  gfvfnapmfct. Wo`s soaung if rfpartfg kt Iakrg Nfvfn knaces`gf tof carmkn apfrkt`ce praj`t stktfmfcts. Marf `mpartkctny, LX@s (Lfy Xfrjarmkcbf @cg`bktars) soaung if sft iy bustamfr sfemfct. tof mast kpprapr`ktf tfbocanaey aj kcg tof 2. @mpnfmfct strktfey, `cbnug`ce gfj`c`ce tof bustamfr gktk ta`cifsuppart bannfbtfg starfg. @c kgg`t`ac, `gfct`jy oaw yau krf ea`ce ta usf tof ifcfj`ts ajjfrfg iy tof tfbocanaey w`sfny ta ofnp iu`ng bustamfr  rfnkt`acso`ps kcg bustamfr fxpfr`fcbf. Jar fxkmpnf, jar k oatfn ta prav`gf praj`nfs aj knn bustamfrs guf ta krr`vf kcg bofbl `c tokt gky ta tof jract-aj oausf rfbfpt`ac stkjj ta kjjarg k marf pfrsackn`zfg wfnbamf. @ usf to`s ks my eu`g`ce rfjfrfcbf `c tof jannaw`ce bokp bokptfrs. tfrs. *( *(kbt.bam kbt.bam,, Uokt `s BYM1 kbbfssfg Mkrbo 6, 9898), (Ikrkc, Tfrrfs Iaaliaac.bam, kcg Tfrrfs,Mky Bustamfr Yfnkt`acso`p Iaaliaac.bam kbbfssfg 28, 98;0), (GON Mkckefmfct, Mkstfrbnkss.bam Mkstfrbnkss.bam, , kbbfssfg, Gfbfmifr ;6, 98;0), (@ccavkt`ac XF@ ‒ Xrav`cbf aj Actkr`a, Bustamfr Yfnkt`acso`p Mkckefmfct, 98;2, kbbfssfg Mky ;6, 98;0), (Dfcc`jfr Nucg, Uokt `s BYM1 Wof Gfj`c`t`vf Eu`gf ta Rubbfss, Rupfrajj`bf.bam, Rupfrajj`bf.bam, kbbfssfg Kpr`n 92, 98;0), (Yausf, Forfcs, kcg L`wkl, BYM ‒ bustamfr rfnkt`acso`p mkckefmfct, [email protected], kbbfssfg Kpr`n 92, 98;0), (Rknfsjarbf.bam [email protected], (Rknfsjarbf.bam,, Uokt `s BYM1, kbbfssfg Kpr`n 92, 98;0), (U`l`pfg`k, s.v.v. „Bustamfr ‒ rfnkt`acso`p mkckefmfct”, kbbfssfg Kpr`n 92, 98;0, ottps4//fc.w`l`pfg ottps4//fc.w`l`pfg`k.are/w`l`/bustamfr-rf `k.are/w`l`/bustamfr-rfnkt`acso`pQmkck nkt`acso`pQmkckefmfct efmfct))

Yfjfrfc Yfj frfcbf bf Gfj Gfj`c` `c`t`a t`ac c „BYM `s k bustamfr bfctr`b ius`cfss strktfey tokt sffls ta apt`m`zf bustamfr gfvfnapmfct, rfvfcufs kcg praj`t. @t sfemfcts tof bustamfr iksf ta `gfct`jy tof saurbfs aj  rfvfcuf kcg praj`t bactr`iut`ac ks tof iks`s jar rfsaurbf knnabkt`ac, aidfbt`vf sftt`ce kcg strktfe`b pnkcc`ce. @t usfs tfbocanaey kcg prabfssfs ta `ctferktf kcg mkrsokn bustamfr gktk ks tof pr`mkry gktk saurbf, suppnfmfctfg iy

 

fxtfrckn gktk, kcg ta mkckef knn rfnkt`acso`ps kcg `ctfrkbt`acs w`to bustamfrs kcg patfct`kn bustamfrs w`to tof k`m aj fcokcb`ce bustamfr fxpfr`fcbfs.”

Ramf Lfy Woaueots ta Yfjnfbt ac `j Pau Krf Bacs`gf Bac s`gfr`c r`ce/Y e/Yfv`f fv`fw`c w`ce e BYM Uofrf krf yau ac tof BYM daurcfy1 @j kt tof ife`cc`ce, `ctfrcknny gfiktf kcg kerff tof BYM gfj`c`t`ac yau w`nn usf ks yaur acea`ce rfjfrfcbf, wo`bo bkc knsa if trkcsnktfg `cta yaur BYM v`s`ac. @j yau okvf knrfkgy fmikrlfg ac tof BYM pkto, krf yau warl`ce ks k bannfbt`vf ta k BYM gfj`c`t`ac kcg v`s`ac1 @j sa, oaw gafs `t mktbo up ta tof strktfe`b gfj`c`t`ac b`tfg kiavf, ar `s `t marf snkctfg tawkrg prabfssfs kcg/ar systfms1 @s yaur BYM gfj`c`t`ac gr`vfc iy tof Iakrg aj G`rfbtars kcg sokrfg kbrass tof ius`cfss w`to iuy-`c jram knn gfpkrtmfcts1 Ga yau okvf k bustamfr sfemfctkt`ac magfn `c pnkbf kcg mfksurf praj`tki`n`ty iy bustamfr sfemfct1 @j cat, woy cat1 Kcg wo`bo mfksurfs aj praj`tki`n`ty ga yau okvf `c pnkbf1

 

BOKXWFY 2

Wof Fvanut`ac aj BYM Gfj` Gf j`c` c`t` t`ac ac aj Mkrl Mkrlft ft`c `ce e BYM `s s`mpny kc upgktfg vfrs`ac aj tof gfj`c`t`ac aj mkrlft`ce. K iang stktfmfct pfrokps iut k truf acf. Ra, nft‐s `ctfrraektf kcg  dust`jy.  dust`jy. Mkrlft`ce ar`fctktfg bampkc`fs apfrkt`ce avfr tof nkst 68 yfkrs waung, `c s`mpnf tfrms, gfj`cf mkrlft`ce ks4 Mkrlft`ce @s @gfct`jy`ce Bacsumfr (Bustamfr) Ukcts Kcg        Bact`c Bac t`cuau uausny sny Rkt`sjy Rkt`sjy`ce `ce Wofm Wofm Xraj`t Xraj`tkin kiny y U`to` U`to`c c Wof G`sb`p G`sb`pn`c n`cfs fs Aj Wof Bampk Bampkcy‐ cy‐s s J`ckc J`ckcb`kn b`kn Pkrg-Rt`bls krg-Rt`bls.. Wofrf krf samf samf lfy bacbfpts ucgfrp`cc`ce to`s gfj`c`t`ac aj  mkrlft`ce4 okvf sffc avfr t` t`mf mf usf tof fxprfss`ac aj  ;. Mkcy gfj`c`t`acs @ okvf „skt`sjy`ce cffgs.” Wo`s gafs cat junny kggrfss tof pfrsackn`ty aj  tof bacsumfr (bustamfr) wofrf tof`r bacsumpt`ac ifokv`ar bkc if `cjnufcbfg iy tof fctw`cfg strkcgs aj fmat`ackn kcg jucbt`ackn mat`vkt`acs. CFFGR krf gfj`cfg ks eaags kcg sfrv`bfs tokt krf rfqu`rfg ks tof jaucgkt`ac aj n`v`ce subo ks jaag, gr`cl, bnato`ce, sofntfr, kcg ofknto bkrf. UKCWR krf eaags kcg sfrv`bfs tokt krf cat cfbfsskry, iut tokt krf gfs`rkinf ar w`sofg jar. Jar fxkmpnf, acf cffgs bnatofs iut acf mky cat cffg gfs`ecfr bnatofs.

 

Cffgs krf samfto`ce yau must okvf `c argfr ta n`vf. Ac tof bactrkry,, wkcts krf samfto`ce tokt yau w`so ta okvf ta kgg b bactrkry bamjart amjart ta yaur n`jf kcg/ar mklf yau jffn eaag< pfrokps iy mksske`ce yaur  fea. Cffgs rfprfsfct tof cfbfss`t`fs wo`nf wkcts `cg`bktf gfs`rfs. Wo`s `s sa `mpartkct `c gfj`c`ce oaw pragubts kcg sfrv`bfs krf gfs`ecfg, pkblkefg, pr`bfg, kcg bammuc`bktfg ta tof bacsumfr  (bustamfr) ifbkusf `t fcbampkssfs tof fmat`ackn g`mfcs`ac aj  tof oumkc‐s bampnfx pfrsackn`ty. 9. Wof warg „bact`cuausny” `s bfctrkn ta tof gfj`c`t`ac aj mkrlft`ce. Mkrlft rfsfkrbo soaung if fcekefg ta mac`tar oaw tof wkcts aj k bampkcy‐s bustamfr uc`vfrsf, burrfct kcg patfct`kn, krf bokce`ce. Wo`s must if acea`ce w`to tof rfsfkrbo mfksur`ce tof pragubt‐s (irkcg‐s) stktus w`to`c tof bactfxt aj `ts bampft`t`vf sft. Yfsfkrbo tfboc`qufs must if sapo`st`bktfg kcg raiust ta if kinf ta `ctfrraektf tof fmat`ackn kcg rkt`ackn g`mfcs`acs aj  bustamfrs‐ ifokv`ar, ktt`tugfs, kcg mat`vkt`acs if kinfw`to ta prfg`bt bokcef kcg qukct`jy `ts `mpkbt. Wrkbl`ce `s ta fssfct`kn, rfsunts rfeunkrny kcg g`rfbtny prfsfctfg ta tof Iakrg aj G`rfbtars. Fvfc marf `mpartkctny, `mpartkctny, tofy must kbt ac tof `cjarmkt`ac kcg cat `ecarf `t ifbkusf tof rkm`j`bkt`acs aj tof rfnktfg gfb`s`acs ta if tklfc, gr`vfc iy tof rfsfkrbo j`cg`ces, krf pfrokps sffc ta if taa boknnfce`ce kcg g`jj`bunt ta bauctfckcbf. Wof magfrc trkg`ce warng `s bokrkbtfr`zfg iy jkst pkbfg bokcefs kcg so`jts `c iuy`ce ifokv`ar w`to samf bkuskn jkbtars auts`gf tof g`rfbt bactran aj tof irkcg/bampkcy. Jar fxkmpnf, k cfw bampft`t`vf fctry< k bokcef `c tof mkrlft gyckm`bs guf ta kc ktt`tug`ckn so`jt `c tof bustamfr uc`vfrsf (f.e., rfkbt`ac ta bn`mktf bokcef), strubturkn bokcef (f.e., tof g`e`tkn kef w`to acn`cf g`str`iut`ac kcg sab`kn mfg`k bammuc`bkt`ac bokccfns), k bokcef `c sab`kn ktt`tugfs (f.e., pfapnf eft mkrr`fg tagky kt tof kef aj  b`rbk 29 yfkrs bampkrfg ta ;?‒96 yfkrs jar toasf iarc `c tof nktf 78s/68s) kcg tof `mpkbt aj tof fbacamy (f.e., ucfmpnaymfct kcg g`spaskinf `cbamf). Wof `mpkbt aj samf aj tofsf bokcefs krf `mmfcsf kcg bkccat if `ecarfg‗w`tcfss Mkrls & Rpfcbfr, Matofrbkrf, Dkm`f An`vfr‐s Yfstkurkct bok`c, kcg Woamks Baal `c tof VL mkrlft. Kc fxkmpnf aj tof `mpkbt aj subo bokcefs kt irkcg nfvfn `s E`nnfttf w`to k gauinf wokmmy. J`rstny, ifkrgs

 

ifbkmf jkso`ackinf, wo`bo g`rfbtny `mpkbts tof sknf aj rfpnkbfkinf inkgfs wofrf, acf suspfbts, mast aj tof praj`t `s mkgf. Rfbacgny, tof fctry aj acn`cf bampft`t`ac woa iypkss rftk`n g`str`iut`ac bokccfns iy sfnn`ce g`rfbt, tofrfiy mkl`ce tof`r pragubts uc`vfrsknny kvk`nkinf `mmfg`ktfny kt k vfry bampft`t`vf pr`bf‗ca fxpfcsf aj iu`ng`ce k sknfs jarbf kcg k bannkpsfg t`mf pfr`ag `c rfkbo`ce `ts tkreft bustamfrs. 2. J`ckcb`kn pkyikbls bkc vkry iy bampkcy, jram nkref barparktfs ifoangfc ta tof`r sokrfoangfrs, ta pr`vktf bampkc`fs wofrf k sanf awcfr mky okvf k g`jjfrfct j`ckcb`kn j`ckcb`kn pfrspfbt`vf. 7. K jucgkmfctkn bacbfpt `s tokt knn fmpnayffs `c tof bampkcy soaung if mkrlft`ce ar`fctktfg‗cat dust k baupnf aj ajj`bfs mkrlfg „Mkrlft`ce Gfpkrtmfct.” Wo`s `nnum`cktfs tof iks`b truto tokt knn fmpnayffs, oawfvfr spfb`kn`zfg iy jucbt`ac, krf `cvanvfg `c tof pr`mf tksl< wo`bo `s tof skt`sjkbt`ac aj bustamfr wkcts. Wof bacsumfr (bustamfr) `s kt tof bfctfr aj mkrlft`ce kcg `s fquknny tof jabkn pa`ct aj BYM. Wof pr`cb`pnfs aj mkrlft`ce okvf cat bokcefg. Uokt oks bokcefg `s tof `cbrfksfg bampnfx`ty k irkcg/bampkcy oks ta gfkn w`to kcg tof nksfr n`lf prfb`s`ac cffgfg ta mkrlft fjjfbt`vfny. @cgffg, samf mkrlftfrs prfg`bt tokt tof mk`c mkrlft g`jjfrfct`ktar `c samf mkrlft sfbtars w`nn if bustamfr  fxpfr`fcbf `cstfkg aj irkcg ar pr`bf.

Mkrl Mk rlft ft Bo Bokc kcef efs s Vcgf Vcgfrp rp`c `cc` c`ce ce BYM BYM Jar mkcy pragubts kcg sfrv`bfs, tof mkss mkrlft`ce tfboc`qufs w`gfny prkbt`bfg avfr tof nkst 68 yfkrs krf ca nacefr apt`mkn ifbkusf aj tof rkg`bkn bokcefs `c mkrlft nkcgsbkpfs. Wofsf, `c turc, ucgfrp`c tof fvanut`ackry mavf ta BYM ks tof bustamfr bfctr`b ius`cfss magfn jar mkcke`ce k bampkcy bampft`ce `c tagky‐s trkg`ce fcv`racmfct. Bokcefs subo ks4 jrkemfctkt`ac ;. Kug`fcbf jrkemfctkt`ac Eacf krf tof gkys wofc gfmaerkpo`b praj`n`ce wks tof if knn kcg fcg knn `c gfj`c`ce tkreft kug`fcbfs.

 

Wagky, jar fxkmpnf, `c munt`bunturkn, munt`-ftoc`b Erfkt Ir`tk`c, tof papunkt`ac irfkls gawc ac munt`g`mfcs`ackn n`cfs subo ks4 • Iy ftoc`b eraups • Iy sfxukn`ty • Iy n`jfstynf • Iy ktt`tugf sft • Iy kef eraup w`to tof fmfrefcbf aj g`jjfrfct sfemfcts. Jar  fxkmpnf, kt acf fcg aj tof kef spfbtrum, past-wkr ikiy iaamfrs `c tof`r :8s + w`to o`eo nfvfns aj g`spaskinf `cbamf kcg k pas`t`vf autnaal ac n`jf. Kt tof atofr fcg, tofrf krf k eraup aj „bkrffr bn`mifrs” `c tof`r 98s kcg 28s woa krf o`eony subbfssjun kcg kt tof tap `cbamf nfvfn jar tof`r n`jf-stkef. @c pkrt`bunkr, bacsumfrs krf gfj`c`ce tofmsfnvfs `cta `gfct`j`kinf eraups w`to cffg g`st`cbt`vf bokrkbtfr`st`bs. @cg`v`gukns sfnj-sfnfbt eraups tokt ta if kggrfssfg w`to spfb`j`b ifcfj`ts tk`narfg`cta ta tof`r pkrt`bunkr sft aj wkcts kcg bammuc`bktfg `c tof apt`mum mkccfr. Wof kcswfr ta mfft tof boknnfcefs prfsfctfg iy kug`fcbf jrkemfctkt`ac `s bustamfr sfemfctkt`ac w`to kbt`v`t`fs ifspalf ta fkbo sfemfct ucgfr tof umirfnnk aj tof pragubt/sfrv`bf avfrknn prapas`t`ac. BYM `s jaucgfg ac to`s prfm`sf. 9. Mfg`k jrkemfctkt`ac Wof fxpnas`ac `c tof cumifr kcg typf aj mfg`k bokccfns oks nfg ta erfktfr bampnfx`ty kcg erfktfr g`jj`bunty jar mkcy pragubts kcg sfrv`bfs ta fjjfbt`vfny rfkbo tof`r tkreft kug`fcbf. @c rfspacsf, mfg`k kefcb`fs okvf gfvfnapfg tof`r sb`fct`j`b kpprakbo ta mfg`k pnkcc`ce w`to marf sapo`st`bktfg kcg kgvkcbfg kcknyt`bkn taans kcg @W systfms. Wkreftfg mkrlft`ce `s tof argfr aj tof gky, wo`bo rfsts kt tof ofkrt aj BYM (sff Bokptfr 7, 7, J`eurf 7.7 7.7). ). 2. Marf kcg marf iuy`ce bokccfns, ks k g`rfbt rfsunt aj tof g`e`tkn kef, w`to k rkcef aj gfv`bfs toraueo wo`bo ta rfsfkrbo kcg iuy pragubts kcg sfrv`bfs. Wof `mpartkct jkbtar ta rfbaec`zf `s tokt tof bustamfr `s `c bokref. Wofy okvf tof boa`bf kcg lcaw oaw ta fxfrb`sf `t.

 

Ruppn`frs aj eaags kcg sfrv`bfs must rfbaec`zf kcg kbbfpt tokt bustamfrs w`nn wkct ta ga ius`cfss w`to tofm jram woktfvfr  bokccfn `s mast bacvfc`fct ta tofm kt tof t`mf. @c sa ga`ce, suppn`frs must fcsurf tofy gfn`vfr tof skmf stkcgkrg aj bustamfr  sfrv`bf kcg fxpfr`fcbf kbrass knn bokccfns. Kcg bustamfrs rfbf`vf k pfrsackn, rfnfvkct, kcg sfkmnfss fxpfr`fcbf pfbun`kr ta tof bokccfn iut us`ce k bacs`stfct bustamfr bokrtfr aj okcgn`ce fcqu`r`fs kcg prabfss`ce argfrs. Bustamfrs fxpfbt k sfkmnfss fxpfr`fcbf gfn`vfrfg iy k s`cenf bampkcy. Fvfryto`ce must if uc`j`fg kcg baccfbtfg. Wo`s `s tof vfry fssfcbf aj BYM. 7. Wof g`e`tkn rfvanut`ac Wrkcskbt`acs jar eaags stkrtfg `c tof m`ggnf kefs w`to `cg`v`gukns sfnn`ce g`rfbtny ta `cg`v`gukns. Wofrf jannawfg k rftk`n fvanut`ac< pr`mkr`ny i`ksfg ta `cgfpfcgfct trkgfrs. Wo`s bunm`cktfg `c k rftk`n rfvanut`ac jram tof ;068s acwkrgs rfsunt`ce `c k vfry pawfrjun kcg v`irkct rftk`niuy`ce trkgfpawfr. gam`cktfg iy munt`pnf apfrktars w`to trfmfcgaus Wof`r apfrkt`acs wfrf praerfss`vfny bustamfr jabusfg wo`nst, `c pkrknnfn, ifbam`ce marf apfrkt`acknny sapo`st`bktfg toraueo `cvfstmfct `c bamputfr`zfg bactran kcg `cjarmkt`ac systfms kcg bfctrkn`zfg g`str`iut`ac kcg stabloang`ce. Wof rftk`nfr wks k „l`ce” gur`ce to`s poksf, bkptur`ce kc fcarmaus kmauct aj trkg`ce kcg bustamfr gktk iut cat if`ce kinf ta uc`vfrsknny baccfbt purboksf gktk ta `cg`v`gukn bustamfrs, w`to acny pkrt`kn bannfbt`ac toraueo nayknty sbofmfs. Wof kgvfct aj g`e`tkn acn`cf bokccfns oks turcfg tof iuy`ce `ctfrjkbf junn b`rbnf, wofrf bustamfrs bkc iuy pragubts g`rfbt kcg okvf tofsf gfn`vfrfg f`tofr ta tof`r warl pnkbf ar oamf, ar  bannfbtfg jram k bacvfc`fct nabkn p`bl up pa`ct. Rfrv`bfs bkc knsa if iaueot g`rfbtny kcg gfn`vfrfg fnfbtrac`bknny. Wo`s mfkcs, tof acn`cf rftk`nfr `s `c gktk pkrkg`sf if`ce kinf ta n`cl knn purboksfs ta `cg`v`gukn bustamfrs kcg, tofrfjarf, if `c k pas`t`ac wofrf „lcawnfgef `s pawfr.” pawfr.” Wofy bkc kppny tof gktk bkpturfg ta kcknyzf kcg usf tof `cs`eots efcfrktfg ta fcokcbf gfb`s`ac mkl`ce `c mkx`m`z`ce bustamfr gfvfnapmfct. Wo`s `s tof cfw g`e`tkn, mai`nf, kcg sab`kn warng. @t `s gyckm`b kcg bact`cufs ta g`srupt tof wky pfapnf ga ius`cfss kcg oks kc `mpkbt ac tof`r fxpfbtkt`acs jram k bampkcy. @c to`s bactfxt,

 

bampkc`fs okvf tof appartuc`ty ta usf tof gktk ektofrfg ta skt`sjy tof`r bustamfrs iy ucgfrstkcg`ce tofm ifttfr ks tof iks`s ta fcekef tofm‗woa ta tkreft, wofc ta sfcg bammuc`bkt`ac kcg `c wo`bo jarmkt, woftofr ta sfcg kc ajjfr kcg, `j sa, wokt typf aj ajjfr  kcg wokt `s tof mast rfnfvkct bactfct. Knn gr`vfc iy k bustamfr  bfctr`b gktkiksf e`v`ce k s`cenf bustamfr v`fw. Wo`s `s bnkss`b BYM tfrr`tary. 6. Munt`pn`bkt`ac aj bustamfr bactkbt pa`cts. Bustamfrs fxpfbt k pfrsackn, vknuf kggfg, rfnfvkct bactkbt fxpfr`fcbf, wo`bo `s sfkmnfssny gfn`vfrfg kbrass knn bactkbt pa`cts kcg bammuc`bkt`ac bokccfns. Wofy wkct ta fcekef w`to yau ac kcy gfv`bf, kcywofrf, kcg kt kcy t`mf, kcg fxpfbt ta if bacs`stfctny rfbaec`zfg kcg rfwkrgfg jar tof`r knnfe`kcbf.  Kek`c, to`s bkc acny if subbfssjunny kbo`fvfg iy bkptur`ce kcg star`ce knn tof bustamfr gktk `c k bfctrkn bustamfr gktkiksf kt tof barf aj k BYM `tius`cfss Wofrfkjtfr, `s up tamagfn. tof gfb`s`ac mklfrs ta okrcfss tof gktk jram knn gktk bkpturf pa`cts. Wa praj`nf tof gktk ta okvf k bnfkr  p`bturf aj bustamfrs `c efcfrkn, iut pr`mkr`ny aj toasf woa bactr`iutf mast ta tof praj`t kcg, tofrfiy, r`ce jfcbf tofm ks Z@Xs. Wa truny ucgfrstkcg tofm, tof`r wkcts, kcg oaw yau bkc ifst mat`vktf kcg curturf kc acea`ce rfnkt`acso`p w`to tofm. Wof BYM gktkiksf `s tof fce`cf raam ta suppart to`s wo`nst nky`ce gawc tof gktk bkpturf prataban ac tof gktk ta if bkpturfg kt fvfry bustamfr taubo pa`ct. :. Wof gktk tfboc`bkn rfvanut`ac  Ks marf kcg marf bustamfr gktk `s bannfbtfg, sapo`st`bktfg gktkiksfs kcg kssab`ktfg kppn`fg bamputfr`zfg tfboc`qufs okvf gfvfnapfg knaces`gf. @c pkrknnfn, tof bast aj gktk starkef, mkckefmfct, kcknys`s, kcg fxtrkbt`ac oks gfbn`cfg grkmkt`bknny mkl`ce gktk kbbfss`inf `c kc kjjargkinf wky. Wo`s oks jkb`n`tktfg tof BYM prabfss ks k vkn`g iut tfckinf prapas`t`ac. prapas`t`ac.

Yfnkt` Yfn kt`acso acso`p `p Mkr Mkrlft` lft`ce ce

 

 K jucgkmfctkn pr`cb`pnf fmiag`fg `c BYM `s ta `gfct`jy tof mast praj`tkinf bustamfrs kcg ta rftk`c tofm toraueo iu`ng`ce kggfg vknuf rfnkt`acso`ps w`to tofm. Wof prfbursar ta to`s kpprakbo wks tof prabfss aj Yfnkt`acso`p Mkrlft`ce `ctragubfg ta tof warng aj mkrlft`ce `c tof m`g-;008s kcg caw junny fmirkbfg `c BYM. Yfnkt`acso`p Mkrlft`ce  usfg `cg`v`gukn‐s bacsumfr  (bustamfr) `cjarmkt`ac ta purpasfjunny kcg g`rfbtny mkckef k pragubt‐s ar sfrv`bf‐s bustamfr jrkcbo`sf jar tof kbo`fvfmfct aj acea`ce praj`t avfr tof nacefr tfrm. @ts gfj`c`t`ac `s4 „Iu`ng`ce kcg pramat`ce gurkinf, `ctfrkbt`vf rfnkt`acso`ps iftwffc tof pragubt (sfrv`bf) kcg tof `cg`v`gukn bustamfr, wo`bo `mpkbt ac iato ktt`tugfs kcg ifokv`ar iy junny ut`n`z`ce `cjarmkt`ac ofng ac k bustamfr    gktkiksf.” Wof fssfcbf aj Yfnkt`acso`p Mkrlft`ce `s `c `gfct`jy`ce k pragubt‐s ifst praspfbts kcg bacvfrt`ce tofm ta n`jft`mf nayknty. nayknty. Kt `ts ofkrt `s bustamfr rftfct`ac‗ta lffp burrfct bustamfrs kcg w`c kcg bacvfrt tof ifst tkreft praspfbts ta pragubt nayknty. @c sa ga`ce, ta `cbrfksf tof nfvfn aj sknfs rfvfcuf kbbauctfg jar iy naykn usfrs ks k prapart`ac aj tatkn rfvfcuf, tofrfiy nfvfrke`ce praj`t. Wo`s `cvanvfs k bamm`tmfct ta kc acea`ce pfrsackn`zfg g`knaeuf iftwffc tof bustamfr kcg tof pragubt. K g`knaeuf tokt iu`ngs kc kggfg vknuf fmat`ackn ir`gef, wo`bo rfsunts `c tof bustamfr jffn`ce jucgkmfctknny skt`sj`fg w`to tof`r pragubt (irkcg) boa`bf‗cat dust skt`sj`fg w`to `ts jucbt`ackn pfrjarmkcbf. Uofrf to`s s`tukt`ac prfvk`ns, bustamfrs ifbamf irkcg kgvabktfs, wo`bo bkc tr`eefr k bok`c rfkbt`ac tokt tof irkcg `tsfnj  oks `c`t`ktfg kcg tofrfkjtfr okrcfssfg. Iy gfj`c`t`ac, Yfnkt`acso`p Mkrlft`ce `s k strktfe`b kpprakbo ta mkrlft`ce. @t wks tof jarfruccfr `c acf-ta-acf tkreftfg mkrlft`ce kcg `s acf aj tof p`nnkrs aj BYM. Wof ranf(s) kcg bammfrb`kn jabus aj Yfnkt`acso`p Mkrlft`ce `s o`eon`eotfg `c tof jannaw`ce quatfs4

 

„Bacbfptuknny, BYM `s iksfg ac rfnkt`acso`p mkrlft`ce wofrf • „Bacbfptuknny, tof pr`mkry purpasf `s tof pursu`t aj praj`tki`n`ty toraueo bustamfr skt`sjkbt`ac kcg nayknty wo`nf try`ce ta mkx`m`sf nacetfrm praj`tki`n`ty.” (T`lmucg, MbNfag, kcg E`nifrt 9882) • „6% `cbrfksf `c bustamfr rftfct`ac iaasts n`jft`mf bustamfr  praj`ts iy 68% ac kvfrkef kbrass munt`pnf `cgustr`fs ks wfnn ks k iaast aj up ta 08% w`to`c spfb`j`b `cgustr`fs f.e. `csurkcbf.” (Ik`c & Bampkcy 98;6, Wof stary ifo`cg subbfssjun BYM, 98;6, U`l`pfg`k, kbbfssfg ac Kpr`n 92, 98;0, ottps4//fc.w`l`pfg`k.are/w`l`/Bustamfrrfknt`acso`pQmkckefmfct)) rfknt`acso`pQmkckefmfct • „@t oks iffc soawc tokt tof bast aj san`b`t`ce cfw bustamfrs `s sfvfc t`mfs o`eofr tokc tokt aj rftk`c`ce.” (Y`bokrg kcg Nkrry ;00:) • „Yfnkt`acso`ps krf cat acny kiaut lffp`ce bustamfrs avfr t`mf iut knsa kiaut fcbaurke`ce jkvaurkinf ktt`tugfs tawkrg tof j`rm, brfkt`ce bustamfr skt`sjkbt`ac s kt`sjkbt`ac kcg efcfrkt`ce rfbammfcgkt`acs aj tof j`rm ta atofr patfct`kn bustamfrs.” (Ikokruc 988?)

Ramf Lfy Woaueots ta Yfjnfbt ac `j Pau Krf Bacs`gf Bac s`gfr`c r`ce/Y e/Yfv`f fv`fw`c w`ce e BYM Wa wokt fxtfct oks yaur bampkcy o`star`bknny apfrktfg `c kn`ecmfct w`to tof Gfj`c`t`ac aj Mkrlft`ce1 Uofrf, `j kt knn, oks `t gfv`ktfg kcg, `j sa, oks to`s cfekt`vfny `cjnufcbfg tof nfvfn aj tof bampkcy‐s praj`tkinf erawto1 @c pkrt`bunkr, ga yau mfksurf bustamfr cffgs kcg wkcts kcg tof fxtfct ta wo`bo tofy vkry iftwffc bustamfr sfemfcts1 Oaw kcg kt wo`bo jrfqufcby ga yau mfksurf bustamfr cffgs/wkcts kcg tof gferff ta wo`bo yau mfft tofm rfnkt`vf ta atofr irkcgs ar  bampkc`fs w`to`c yaur bampft`t`vf sft1 Ga yau rfbaec`zf tof mkrlft bokcefs `cjnufcb`ce tof praerfss`vf jabus ac BYM1 @j sa, wo`bo aj tof jkbtars okvf kjjfbtfg yaur  ius`cfss1 Okvf yau qukct`j`fg tof`r j`ckcb`kn `mpkbt kcg put `c pnkbf strktfe`fs ta kggrfss tofm1

 

 Krf yau jkm`n`kr w`to tof bacbfpt aj Yfnkt`acso`p Mkrlft`ce1 Ga yau okvf k Yfnkt`acso`p Mkrlft`ce praerkm `c pnkbf kcg, `j sa, wo`bo bustamfr sfemfcts ga yau tkreft1 Ga yau mfksurf tof bokcefs `c ktt`tugfs ks wfnn ks ifokv`ar rfsunt`ce jram tof praerkm1 Uokt LX@s (Lfy Xfrjarmkcbf @cg`bktars) ga yau sft kcg rfpart ac1 Uokt pkyikbl (Yfturc ac @cvfstmfct) ga yau kbo`fvf kcg avfr  wo`bo t`mf sfr`fs1

 

BOKXWFY 7

Gfvfnap`ce k BYM Rtrktfey Avfrk Av frknn nn Jrkmf Jrkmfwa warl rl  Ks wf okvf sffc, BYM `s k strktfe`b kpprakbo ta ius`cfss mkckefmfct w`to tof gfvfnapmfct aj k bustamfr bfctr`b ius`cfss bunturf kcg po`nasapoy. Wof bfctrkn boknnfcef `s oaw ta arekc`zf k ius`cfss w`to tof bustamfr kt `ts bfctfr w`to tof s`ceunkr bammfrb`kn aidfbt`vf aj apt`m`z`ce bustamfr gfvfnapmfct kcg praj`t. Wofrfjarf, iy gfj`c`t`ac, `t must if nfg iy tof Iakrg aj G`rfbtars woa must tklf g`rfbt awcfrso`p aj tof strktfe`b BYM g`rfbt`ac. @t `s, jucgkmfctknny, k tap-gawc kpprakbo ta praj`t mkckefmfct w`to tof bustamfr j`rmny pnkbfg kt `ts bfctfr kcg, ks subo, `cvanvfs fvfryacf `c tof ius`cfss. Wof bustamfr `s ca nacefr tof sanf prav`cbf aj sknfs ar mkrlft`ce ar bustamfr sfrv`bf. @t fmirkbfs fvfryacf kcg knn aj  tof bampkcy‐s bampkcy‐s prabfssfs, tfbocanae`fs, kcg mast `mpartkctny, `mpartkctny, `ts stkjj if kn`ecfg ta suppart kcg gfn`vfr tof BYMkcg aidfbt`vfs. @t must must if arekc`zkt`acknny  arekc`zkt`acknny   strubturfg ta fjjfbt`vfny fjj`b`fctny mkckef knn kspfbts aj BYM iut, br`t`bknny, knn stkjj must if `miufg w`to k bustamfr jkb`ce ftoas w`to kc autwkrg naal`ce jabus ac pnkb`ce tof bustamfr j`rst.  Kreukiny,, k bampkcy‐s `ctfrckn stklfoangfrs krf dust ks `mpartkct  Kreukiny `c subbfssjunny `mpnfmfct`ce k BYM strktfey ks tof bustamfrs tofmsfnvfs! E`vfc k BYM strktfe`b v`s`ac kcg praerkm `s jar tof nace okun, k raiust, g`sb`pn`cfg, strubturfg kpprakbo must must   if kgaptfg w`to k cumifr strktfey. aj stfps ucgfrtklfc ta gfvfnap kcg `mpnfmfct k BYM

 

Oawfvfr, `c ga`ce sa, wf must kblcawnfgef tokt kntoaueo BYM pr`cb`pnfs krf bammac ta knn ius`cfssfs, tof BYM apfrkt`ackn magfn w`nn vkry kbbarg`ce ta tof typf aj ius`cfss< woftofr tof bampkcy sfnns g`rfbtny ta tof fcg usfr ar mkrlfts tof`r pragubt/sfrv`bf toraueo `ctfrmfg`kr`fs ta rfkbo tof unt`mktf fcg usfr. Jar tof nkttfr, tofrf krf twa iks`b typfs aj ius`cfssfs ta wo`bo BYM kppn`fs4  K. Wof pr`mkry suppn`fr aj tof pragubt ar sfrv`bf. Wo`s bampkcy oks twa „bustamfr” `ctfrjkbfs ta kbbauct jar `c tof gfvfnapmfct aj k BYM strktfey4 • Wof `ctfrmfg`kr`fs (f.e., ir`bls kcg martkr rftk`nfrs, acn`cf rftk`nfrs, woanfsknfrs, g`str`iutars, kefcts) woa krf tof`r  trkg`ce pkrtcfrs (bustamfrs), kcg woa tofy `cva`bf kcg sfrv`bf. • Wof fcg usfrs aj tof`r pragubts ar sfrv`bfs. Jar fxkmpnf, bacsumfrs jarpragubts. I9B bampkc`fs ar prajfss`ackn trkgfsmfc jar  oamf rfnktfg I. Wof `ctfrmfg`kr`fs woasf bustamfrs krf tof fcg usfrs aj tof pragubts ar sfrv`bfs tofy krf sfnn`ce. Jram tof pr`mkry suppn`fr‐s pfrspfbt`vf, tof bampnfx`t`fs ta tklf ac iakrg fsbknktf kbbarg`ce ta tof bacbfctrkt`ac aj pawfr kcg tof BYM strktfe`fs (sff tof jannaw`ce Wfsba bksf stugy `c to`s bokptfr) kgaptfg iy tof mkdar pnkyfrs `c tof g`str`iut`ac bokccfns jar tof`r  pragubts. Jar fxkmpnf, to`s `s pkrt`bunkrny kbutf jar „Jkst Mav`ce Bacsumfr  Eaags” (JMBE) pragubfrs mkrlft`ce pragubts toraueo erabfry rftk`n bokccfns4  K rfvanut`ac aj bokcef wks kbbfnfrktfg jram tof ;0?8s kcg bact`cufs toraueo ta tof prfsfct gky w`to tof praerfss`vf mavf tawkrg acn`cf ius`cfssfs. Yftk`nfrs‐ ius`cfssfs krf `cbrfks`ceny bustamfr (soappfr) jabusfg wo`nst, `c pkrknnfn, marf apfrkt`acknny sapo`st`bktfg toraueo `cvfstmfct `c bamputfr`zfg @W systfms kcg tof suppny bok`c w`to bfctrkn`zfg g`str`iut`ac kcg stabloang`ce. Marf `mpartkctny, tof`r gktk lcawnfgef ikcl aj bustamfr ifokv`ar kcg praj`nf `s fxpkcs`vf.

 

Yftk`nfrs, prfv`ausny `cjarmfg kcg fgubktfg kcg `c samf bksfs pfrokps fvfc g`btktfg ta iy suppn`frs, krf caw `c k marf pawfrjun pas`t`ac tokc fvfr ifjarf< ta tof fxtfct tokt tofy krf cat acny bactrann`ce woftofr k pragubt w`nn if prfsfctfg ta tof bacsumfr, tofy krf gfb`g`ce oaw `t w`nn if mfrbokcg`sfg ta ifst su`t tof`r awc cffgs. Caw, mkcy suppn`frs krf ca nacefr `c k pas`t`ac ta bactran ar, `cgffg, `cjnufcbf oaw tof`r pragubts soaung if mfrbokcg`sfg kcg sang kt tof pa`ct aj purboksf. Wofrf `s knsa k pkrknnfn `c oaw k pragubt `s pramatfg ta tof bacsumfr. K suppn`fr `s ajtfc rfstr`btfg ta pkrt`b`pkt`ce `c tof rftk`nfr‐s awc pramat`ackn pnktjarm ar cat kt knn. Oawfvfr, tof pramat`ackn jarmkts kcg kssab`ktfg pramat`ac mfbokc`bs mky if `cbampkt`inf w`to iato tof irkcg‐s bacsumfr aidfbt`vfs kcg `ts irkcg vknufs. Jar mkcy suppn`frs, to`s prfsfcts k mkrlft`ce bacucgrum. Wof pa`ct aj sknfkcg `s kc `mpartkct bactkbtac iftwffc tof irkcg kcg bacsumfr, `cjnufcbf `s pa`ct if`ceajg`nutfg tof bacg`t`acs ucgfr  wo`bo g`rfbt bactkbt w`to tof bacsumfr `s mkgf. @c to`s sbfckr`a, `t `s fksy ta sff tof rfnfvkcbf kcg vknuf aj  mkcke`ce k suppn`fr‐s ius`cfss toraueo k BYM ius`cfss magfn. @t `s v`tkn tokt k pkrtcfrso`p kpprakbo `s kgaptfg w`to rftk`n bustamfrs tokt junny rfbaec`zfs kcg tklfs kbbauct aj tof`r cffgs kcg apfrkt`ackn magus apfrkcg`. Jram tof kiavf, `t `s rfkg`ny kppkrfct tokt „acf s`zf gafs cat j`t knn” wofc kppn`fg ta bampkc`fs gfvfnap`ce kcg `mpnfmfct`ce k BYM strktfey. @c to`s rfspfbt, @ sft aut tof efcfrkn stfps `cvanvfg kcg fcbaurkef `cg`v`gukn bampkc`fs ta kgkpt kcg kgapt toasf tokt kppny ta tofm. @ trkcsnktf to`s `cta samf prkbt`bkn eu`gfn`cfs iy `nnustrkt`ce BYM `c kbt`ac toraueo twa bksf stug`fs `c tof jannaw`ce sfbt`ac `c to`s bokptfr. BYM apfrktfs kt iato bampkcy kcg irkcg nfvfns. Uf okvf usfg „irkcg” ks tof s`mpnf rfjfrfcbf `c aur eu`gfn`cf catfs iut `ctfrprft to`s ks `cbnug`ce „bampkcy” wofrf `t `s jfkturfg. Wof stfps `cvanvfg krf rfbammfcgfg ks jannaws4

Rtfp ;

 

Wof stkrt pa`ct `s ta ucgfrstkcg wofrf yaur irkcg s`ts `c `ts mkrlft sfbtar kmace `ts bampft`t`vf sft. Wo`s `s kisanutfny jucgkmfctkn kcg tofrf soaung if ca fxbusf iksfg ac tof rfqu`rfg gktk cat if`ce kvk`nkinf. @j gktk `s cat kvk`nkinf toraueo fxtfrckn gktk pkcfns, survfys soaung if bacgubtfg ta bannfbt kcg bannktf tof rfqu`rfg gktk. Wof kcknys`s soaung if bacgubtfg ac torff mkdar g`mfcs`acs4 ;. Iu`ng kc `c-gfpto praj`nf aj tof tkreft bustamfr (rfbaec`z`ce tokt pr`mkry suppn`frs sfnn`ce pragubts/sfrv`bfs toraueo `ctfrmfg`kr`fs okvf twa tkreft kug`fcbfs) `c avfrknn tfrms kcg iy sfemfct (sff sfbt`ac „9” ifnaw) ta ucgfrstkcg kcy g`jjfrfcbfs tokt soaung if `cbarparktfg `cta tof strktfe`b pnkcc`ce. Kc autn`cf eu`gf ta k bofbl n`st `s e`vfc ifnaw4 • Wof`r bokrkbtfr`st`bs. Jar I9B bampkc`fs, jar fxkmpnf, bavfr`ce tof`r gfmaerkpo`bs, efagfmaerkpo`bs, n`jfstynf, tof`r  ktt`tugf kcgbavfr`ce sa ac. iato jucbt`ackn kcg • efcfrkn Wof`r cffgs kcgsft, wkcts, fmat`ackn g`mfcs`acs, kcg mat`vkt`acs. • @gfct`jy wokt gr`vfs kcg ucgfrp`cs tof`r purboks`ce ifokv`ar  jar tof sfbtar kcg tof`r pfrbfpt`acs aj tof bampft`ce irkcgs apfrkt`ce `c tof sfbtar kcg o`eon`eot`ce kcy g`jjfrfcbfs. • @gfct`jy kcy suisft rfqu`r`ce spfb`kn jabus kcg iu`ng k pkrt`bunkrny raiust praj`nf. Jar fxkmpnf, k naykn ofkvy usfr  eraup woa kbbauct jar k g`sprapart`ack g`sprapart`acktf tf sokrf aj praj`t rfnkt`vf ta tof s`zf aj tof`r bustamfr uc`vfrsf. Wofsf w`nn bacst`tutf tof „ifst bustamfr” sfemfct. k strfcuaus j`ckcb`kn kug`t iy gfbacstrubt`ce tof irkcg‐s 9. Bacgubt rfvfcuf iksf `cta `ts g`jjfrfct uskef ifokv`arkn sfemfcts jram twa pfrspfbt`vfs4 k. J`rstny, ta `gfct`jy tof irkcg‐s saurbfs aj rfvfcuf kcg praj`t jram `ts burrfct bustamfr iksf sferfektfg `cta tof`r purboksf vknuf sfemfcts. Ac k s`mpnf acf-g`mfcs`ackn nfvfn, `t w`nn qukct`jy oaw bustamfrs vkry `c tof`r bactr`iut`ac ta rfvfcuf kcg praj`t. J`eurf 7.; 7.;   `nnustrktfs oaw tof praj`nf bkc vkry iy bustamfr  sfemfct `c tof`r sokrf aj bustamfrs, rfvfcuf, kcg praj`t.

 

i. Rfbacgny, Rfbacgny, ta kssfss tof irkcg‐s rfnkt`vf pas`t`ac w`to`c w`to`c `ts mkrlft sfbtar. Wof kcknys`s fxfrb`sf fvknuktfs tof irkcg‐s mkrlft stktus iy iu`ng`ce k torff g`mfcs`ackn magfn ac tof kxfs aj  bustamfr nayknty (sokrf aj wknnft), purboksf ifokv`ar jar tof bktfeary, kcg ktt`tugfs tawkrg tof irkcg kcg bktfeary. Wof kcknys`s p`cpa`cts wo`bo bustamfr eraups krf mast `mpartkct ta tof irkcg‐s burrfct kcg juturf j`ckcb`kn ofknto wo`nst `gfct`jy`ce tof torfkts kcg appartuc`t`fs. Kiavf knn, `t gfmacstrktfs tokt „w „wo o`nf knn bustamfrs krf fqukn, samf krf marf ma rf fquk fquknn tokc tokc atof atofrs rs.” .” Wof kcknys`s rfsunts `c k magfn tokt `s ifst gfsbr`ifg ks tof „IYKCG F[V@WP MKWY@_.”  K s`mpnf magfn `s gfp`btfg `c J`eurf 7.9 `c 7.9 `c wo`bo fkbo kx`s oks torff br`tfr`k rfsunt`ce `c k tatkn aj 95 bfnns. w`nn o`eon`eot bnustfrswo`bo krf ajbustamfrs erfktfr `mpartkcbf ta tof@tirkcg‐s fqu`tywo`bo tokc atofrs, krf aj mast vknuf, kcg wo`bo krf mast susbfpt`inf ta if`ce nast.

 

J`eurf 7.; Bustamfr sfemfct iy vanumf aj kccukn purboksfs

 

J`eurf 7.9 Wof irkcg fqu`ty mktr`x  @c tof mktr`x tofrf krf torff mk`c bnustfr zacfs4 • Wof „YFWFCW@AC” zacf `c wo`bo tof mast vknukinf bustamfrs w`nn rfs`gf. Wof`r patfct`kn n`jft`mf vknuf ta tof irkcg w`nn if fxtrfmfny o`eo rfnkt`vf ta tof atofr zacfs. Wo`s `s tof tap pr`ar`ty sfemfct ta rftk`c kcg gfvfnap ks irkcg kmiksskgars. • Wof „WOYFKW/AXXAYWVC@WP” zacf, wo`bo prfsfcts tof mk`c r`sls kcg ek`cs krfk wofrf bustamfrs iuy jram k irkcg partjan`a w`to mkcy iuy`ce acf pkrt`bunkr irkcg „mast ajtfc.” Wo`s w`nn bampr`sf k m`x aj bustamfrs bactk`c`ce, jar fxkmpnf, bustamfrs aj acny mfg`um nayknty iut w`to pas`t`vf ktt`tugfs kcg ofkntoy bktfeary vknuf. Wof „ktt`tugf” g`mfcs`ac fcokcbfs tof ki`n`ty ta tkreft iy toasf ifnace`ce ta f`tofr tof „torfkts” ar  „appartuc`t`fs” „appartuc`t`f s” bnkss`j`bkt`acs.

 

Wof „NAU ZKNVF” zacf, wo`bo bactr`iutfs tof nfkst kmauct • aj irkcg rfvfcuf f`tofr ifbkusf tofy okvf naw bktfeary vknuf kcg/ar ifbkusf tofy krf naw irkcg naykn`sts woa mky if pram`sbuaus bktfeary iuyfrs. Wofy mky okvf k rkcef aj  ktt`tugfs tawkrg tof irkcg jram pas`t`vf ta cfekt`vf. Fxkm`c`ce tof ifokv`ar aj fx`st`ce bustamfrs `s knsa tof apt`mkn wky aj gfj`c`ce cfw tkreft bustamfr eraups woa krf bktfeary iuyfrs iut, burrfctny, cac-irkcg iuyfrs. Wof vknuf aj toasf bustamfrs bkc fquknny if fst`mktfg. @c fssfcbf, to`s bacst`tutfs tof irkcg‐s strktfe`b bustamfr bfctr`b magfn. Wof gktk bkc if keerfektfg ks gfp`btfg `c Wkinf 7.;, 7.;, wo`bo prav`gfs k s`mpnf `nnustrkt`ac aj tof kcknys`s autput w`to fkbo sfemfct `c tof mktr`x papunktfg w`to tof gktk. Wkinf 7.; Bktfeary praj`nf aj irkcg iuyfrs BVRWAMFY NAPKNWP KCG KWW@WVGFR ;88% NAP NAPKN KN Rtkinf Rusbfpt`inf 58‒00% 58‒0 0% NA NAP PKN Rtkinf Rusbfpt`inf 2;‒:0% 2;‒: 0% NA NAP PKN Rusbfpt`inf Xram`sbuaus ;‒28% ;‒28 % NAP NAPKN KN 8% NA NAP PKN WAWKN

CVMI CV MIFY FY AJ WAW AWKN KN IY IYKC KCG G IVPFYR

KCCV KC CVKN KN ZKN KNVF VF AJ WA WAW WKN IYKCG IYK CG IVP IVPFYR FYR

BKWFEA BK WFEAYP YP XVYB XVYBOKRF OKRF UF@EOW

BKWFEA BK WFEAYP YP XVYB XVYBOKRF OKRF UF@EOW

OFKZ  P

MFG@ WAWK N@EOW VM N

OFKZ  P

MFG@ WAWK N@EOW VM N

 

GFJ@C@W@ACR ;88% = „R „RAN ANVR VR IY IYKC KCG G IV IVPF PFYR YR” ” NAPKN 58‒00% = „M „MAR ARW W AJ AJWF WFC C IV IVPF PFYR YR”, ”, wo wofr frf f tof tof ir irkc kcg g `s ttof of p prf rfjf jfrr rrfg fg NAPKN boa`bf 2;‒:0% = „R „RAM AMFW FW@M @MFR FR IV IVPF PFYR YR”, ”, wo wofr frf f tof tof irk irkcg cg jfkt jfktur urfs fs `c k iksl ikslft ft aj      NAPKN irkcgs ;‒28% = Iu Iuy y irkc rkcg praik raiki iny ac acnny ac pr pram amat at`a `ac c ar, ja jarr kc JMB MBE E irkc rkcg, NAPKN wofc wo fc to tof` f`rr pr prfj fjfr frrf rfg g ir irkc kcg g `s „a „aut ut aj stab stabl” l” 8% NA NAP PKN= Bk Bktf tfea eary ry iu iuyf yfrs rs wo woa a kr krf f ca cacc-ir irkc kcg g iu iuyf yfrs rs RWKI RW KIN NF = K pas as``t`vf t`vf kt kttt`tug `tugf f taw awkr krg g to tof f irkc rkcg kc kcg g to tofy fy k krrf to tof f nf nfks kstt n` n`lf lfny ny ta ir irkc kcg g sw sw`t `tbo bo RVRBFXW@ = Wof ofy y ga cat ok okvf vf k st stra rac ce rfnkt fnkt`a `ac cso so``p w` w`to to tof ir irkc kcg g kc kcg g krf krf INF apfc ap fc ta ba bacs cs`g `gfr fr`c `ce e ba bamp mpft ft`c `ce e irkc irkcg g prap prapas as`t `t`a `acs cs XYAM@RB = Iu Iuy y jram ram k part rtjjan`a n`a aj irkc rkcgs w`to `to to tof` f`rr ir irkc kcg g sf sfnf nfbt bt``ac mk mk``cny VAVR gftf gf tfrm rm`c `cfg fg iy pram pramat at`a `ac c ajjf ajjfrs rs Catf44 tofrf soaung if twa bamputkt`acs aj kccukn vknuf4 acf iksfg ac tof tatkn Catf bktfeary spfcg kcg tof atofr iksfg ac tof spfcg ac tof irkcg. Jar tof nkttfr, spfcg jar tof „8% naykn” sfemfct w`nn aiv`ausny if zfra.

Wof fxfrb`sf rfsunts `c k qukct`j`fg sft aj fx`st`ce kcg patfct`kn cfw bustamfrs kcg lcaw`ce tof vknuf kcg nayknty stktus kcg patfct`kn aj fkbo nayknty eraup. Jram to`s, jar fxkmpnf, wf krf kinf ta4 • [ukct`jy appartuc`t`fs jar rfvfcuf erawto toraueo rfbru`t`ce cfw bustamfrs kcg/ar `cbrfks`ce bustamfr nayknty kcg, jar  toftof ki`n`ty ta `gfct`jykcg tof torfkts, tkreft bustamfr b ustamfr praj`nfs. • iato, @gfct`jy appartuc`t`fs pkrt`bunkrny kmace tof sfm`-naykn sfemfcts, kcg wokt `s rfqu`rfg ta rfkn`zf tof appartuc`t`fs appartuc`t`f s kcg ta cfektf tof torfkts. • @gfct`jy tof irkcg‐s strfcetos kcg wfklcfssfs rfnkt`vf ta tof bampft`ce irkcgs kcg ucgfrstkcg wo`bo irkcg(s) ajjfr tof mk`c torfkt kcg woy. • [ukct`jy tof bactr`iut`ac kcg rfnktfg `mpartkcbf aj k naykn bustamfr eraup ta rfvfcuf iy purboksf vknuf bktfeary bktfeary.. @c sa ga`ce, ta praj`nf tof nayknty sfemfcts ks tof jaucgkt`ac ac wo`bo ta gfvfnap bustamfr rfnktfg praerkms tk`narfg ta tof`r  pkrt`bunkr sft aj cffgs kcg wkcts.

 

• @gfct`jy kcy torfkts ta bktfeary erawto kcg tof gferff ta wo`bo tofy bkc if bacjractfg kcg cunn`j`fg. Jar fxkmpnf, k mavf ta fkt`ce kt oamf us`ce tklfkwky bktfr`ce sfrv`bfs kcg g`nut`ce tof jrfqufcby aj fkt`ce aut. Wof magfn prav`gfs tof strktfe`b jrkmfwarl jram wo`bo ta sft aidfbt`vfs w`to pr`ar`t`fs gfj`cfg, taeftofr w`to gftfrm`c`ce tof knnabkt`ac aj jucgs kcg rfsaurbfs. E`vfc tof strktfe`b ckturf aj tof magfn, `t soaung if upgktfg ac k j`xfg t`mf bybnf w`to tof t`mf nkpsf gfpfcgfct ac tof purboksf jrfqufcby jar tof sfbtar (f.e., jram fvfry yfkr toraueo ta k 6-yfkr bybnf) kcg kcy ucjarfsffc s`ec`j`bkct strktfe`b bampft`t`vf `c`t`kt`vf. Wof p`vatkn toaueot kraucg sfemfctkt`ac `s summkr`zfg iy Mkntoausf kcg Munofrc4 „Wof bami`ckt`ac aj lcawnfgef kiaut oaw bacsumfrs jffn kiaut k irkcg w`to lcawnfgef kiaut tof j`ckcb`kn vknuf aj toasfjarm bacsumfrs prav`gfs w`to tof strktfey.” ki`n`ty ta strktfe`bknny sfemfcts kcg arekc`skt`acs gfvfnap irkcg`ce (Mkntoausf kcg Munofrc 9885) 2. Wofrf `s k pr`mkry cffg ta mkckef tof irkcg iksfg ac gktk rfeunkrny bkpturfg bampr`s`ce ifokv`arkn gktk kcg pfrsackn bokrkbtfr`st`bs, wo`nst if`ce junny baec`zkct aj kcg naykn ta tof pursu`t aj tof strktfe`b eakns. Ofcbf, kc `mpartkct stfp `s ta fvanvf tof strktfe`b magfn `cta kc acea`ce apfrkt`ackn magfn ks tof rfjfrfcbf jar purpasfjunny mkcke`ce kcg gfvfnap`ce tof bustamfr bacs`stfct w`to tof strktfe`b jrkmfwarl. Wa kbo`fvf to`s, k bustamfr sfemfctkt`ac magfn `s iu`nt `c wo`bo tof irkcg `s gfbacstrubtfg `cta `ts g`jjfrfct usfr eraups ac tof g`mfcs`acs aj rfbfcby, jrfqufcby, kcg vknuf (YJZ) ks soawc `c J`eurf 7.2 7.2.. Wof sfemfctkt`ac magfn fckinfs tof kccukn bustamfr  gfvfnapmfct kcg bammuc`bkt`acs iugeft ta if knnabktfg kek`cst spfb`j`b aidfbt`vfs kcg bustamfr sfemfcts. Iugefts bkc knsa if knnabktfg `c g`rfbt rfnkt`ac ta tof fxpfbtfg rfturc ar gkcefr aj  bustamfr nass.

 

Wof apfrkt`ackn magfn rucs `c pkrknnfn w`to tof strktfe`b bokcefs rfqu`rfg iy tof j`cg`ces aj tof strktfe`b j`ckcb`kn kcg mkrlft`ce kug`ts.

J`eurf 7.2 Bustamfr sfemfctkt`ac magfn  Wkreft`ce bustamfrs rfs`g`ce `c fkbo sfemfct `s fcokcbfg iy iu`ng`ce bustamfr pfc praj`nfs, wo`bo nfvfrkefs bammuc`bkt`ac fjjfbt`vfcfss kcg fjj`b`fcby. Wo`s usfs tof twa strkcgs aj gktk bkpturfg4 • Ifokv`arkn gktk bampr`s`ce tof`r purboksf o`stary, rfspacsfs ta kcy bammuc`bkt`ac bkmpk`ecs, kcg rfgfmpt`ac aj kcy pramat`ac ajjfrs. • Xfrsackn bokrkbtfr`st`bs bkpturfg, wo`bo `s gfpfcgfct ac tof gktk bkpturf pratabans usfg. Jar I9B bacsumfrs, b acsumfrs, jar fxkmpnf,

 

`t soaung, kt k m`c`mum, fmirkbf pastbagf (ks tof rfjfrfcbf jar efagfmaerkpo`b praj`n`ce), kef, efcgfr, kcg prfsfcbf aj  bo`ngrfc. Yfnfvkct `cjarmkt`ac soaung if tkeefg ta fkbo `cg`v`gukn ac tof gktkiksf ta if usfg ta g`rfbt kcg fcokcbf tof fjjfbt`vfcfss aj  bammuc`bkt`ac bkmpk`ecs‗wokt ta sky, ta woam, kcg wofc. Bkmpk`ecs bkc tofc if iu`nt us`ce munt`vkr`kinf sfnfbt`ac br`tfr`k iksfg ac tof gktk ofng iy sfemfct. @c sa ga`ce, pfc partrk`ts soaung if iu`nt ta e`vf tkreft praj`nfs ta eu`gf bammuc`bkt`ac tacf, bapy stynf, brfkt`v`ty, brfkt`v`ty, kcg bactfct taeftofr w`to pramat`ac `cbfct`vfs. Wof `cjarmkt`ac tkeefg soaung `gfknny if strubturfg `c sfbt`acs ta k`g usfr eraup ucgfrstkcg`ce kcg s`mpn`jy gktk fxtrkbt`ac kcg kppn`bkt`acs subo ks4  K. Rfbt`ac ;4 Oaus`ce gktk usfg ta gfvfnap pfrsackn praj`nfs. @c I9I, to`s w`nn bavfr bampkcy praj`nfs kcg toasf aj tof pr`mkry kcg sfbacgkry gfb`s`ac mklfrs. I. Rfbt`ac 94 Oang`ce ifokv`arkn gktk. Wo`s kpprakbo `s `nnustrktfg ifnaw us`ce k bksukn g`c`ce rfstkurkct eraup ks tof rfjfrfcbf w`to tof`r bustamfr gktkiksf pr`mkr`ny papunktfg iy mfmifrs aj tof`r Nayknty Bnui4 Rfbt`ac ;4 Xfrsackn Xraj`nf @c tof j`rst `cstkcbf, tof bustamfr gktkiksf wks efagfmaerkpo efagfmaerkpo`bknny `bknny mktbofg kek`cst tof EI (Erfkt Ir`tk`c) efagfmaerkpo`b uc`vfrsf ta kcknyzf tof gferff ta wo`bo tof bustamfr praj`nf wks slfwfg. Wof appartuc`ty jar efagfmaerkpo`b eraups ta if kmknekmktfg `cta bammuc`bkt`ac bnustfrs iksfg ac tof bammac bokrkbtfr`st`bs wks kc `mpartkct kcknys`s autput. R`x lfy efagfmaerkpo`b bnustfrs wfrf `gfct`j`fg, wo`bo kbbauctfg jar avfr ?8 pfrbfct aj rfvfcuf. Xfc praj`nfs baung tofc if iu`nt w`to bnustfr ckmfs ta mklf tofm fksy ta rfmfmifr (f.e., Eangfc Ang`fs) us`ce tof jannaw`ce pkrkmftfrs4 •  Kef • Efcgfr 

 

• • • •

Abbupkt`ac Oamf stktus Jkm`ny4 baupnf, s`cenf, bo`ngrfc, kcg sa ac N`jfstynf partrk`t bavfr`ce j`ckcbfs, `ctfrcft uskef, sab`kn mfg`k uskef, atofr g`e`tkn kppn`bkt`acs uskef, mfg`k bacsumpt`ac, fkt`ce aut, oaii`fs kcg `ctfrfsts, oan`gkys kcg sa ac • Efcfrkn ktt`tugfs Rfbt`ac 94 Ifokv`ar Xraj`nf Iksfg ac tof gktk bkpturfg, tof jannaw`ce baung if usfg ks `cputs `c gfvfnap`ce k ifokv`ar praj`nf kt tof `cg`v`gukn bustamfr nfvfn4 • Gkypkrt jar rfstkurkct v`s`ts4 Irfkljkst, nucbo, g`ccfr  • • • • • • • •

• •

•

Ufflgky vfrsus wfflfcg v`s`ts Cumifr aj bavfrs iy mfkn iy gkypkrt Mfkns tklfc w`to/w`toaut knbaoan iy gkypkrt Mfkns tklfc w`to/w`toaut bo`ngrfc4 gfj`cfg iy sfnfbt`acs ajj tof bo`ngrfc‐s bo`ngrfc‐ s mfcu, iy gkypkrt Wrkcskbt`ac Wrk cskbt`ac vknuf iy mfkn iy gkypkrt Ikslft kcknys`s aj mfkn bampas`t`ac4 b ampas`t`ac4 stkrtfr/mk`c/gfssfrt/ifvfrkefs stkrtfr/mk`c/gfssfrt /ifvfrkefs (knbaoan`b kcg cac-knbaoan`b) Fkt`ce aut ac spfb`kn abbks`ac gkys4 Zknfct`cf‐s Gky, Matofr‐s Gky, Fkstfr, Ikcl Oan`gkys, Jktofr‐s Gky, Bor`stmks Jrfqufcby aj fkt`ce aut `c rfstkurkcts, `cbnug`ce pui rfstkurkcts, ks k mfksurf aj patfct`kn w`to jrfqufcby sbknfs prav`gfg Uofrf bustamfrs fkt aut iy jrfqufcby< j`vf vfcuf gfsbr`ptars kcg jaur apt`acs ac tof jrfqufcby sbknf s bknf prav`gfg Xkrt`b`pkt`ac `c tof nayknty praerkm. Jar fxkmpnf, wofrf pa`cts krf `cvanvfg‗pa`cts fkrcfg kcg pa`cts rfgffmfg iy gktf iy autnft Yfspacsfs ta pramat`ac kbt`v`t`fs

 

Wof gktk bkpturfg kcg kttkbofg ta knn `cg`v`gukn rfs`gfcts `c tof gktkiksf bkc if usfg ta tk`nar rfnfvkct bammuc`bkt`ac ta tof g`jjfrfct bnustfrs w`to`c fkbo sfemfct, wo`bo fckinfs fcekefmfct nfvfns ta if mkx`m`zfg wo`bo, `c turc, supparts tof bustamfr  aidfbt`vfs if`ce mft. @t prav`gfs k o`eo erkgf tkreft`ce taan w`to gktk usfg ks k pr`mkry kssft `c gfn`vfr`ce o`eony jabusfg, vknuf kggfg, kcg mat`vkt`ce bammuc`bkt`ac. Rtfp 9  Rft jarmkn, qukct`j`fg bustamfr aidfbt`vfs. Gfj`cf strktfe`b eakns aj  ius`cfss fcekefmfct w`to burrfct kcg patfct`kn juturf bustamfrs ta mkx`m`zf nace-tfrm sknfs kcg praj`t. Wof autput jram tof prfv`aus stfp `s tof gktk rfjfrfcbf jar sftt`ce tof aidfbt`vfs kcg nky`ce gawc pr`ar`t`fs `c rkcl`ce argfr. Rtfp 2  Kssfss tof bampkcy‐s arekc`zkt`ackn bkpki`n`t`fs kcg rfkg`cfss ta suppart tof bustamfr aidfbt`vfs. Uoftofr `t oks tof tfbocanaey, oumkc rfsaurbfs, prabfssfs, kcg kpprapr`ktf sl`nns ta suppart kcg mfft tof gfj`cfg eakns1 Wo`s `s kc kisanutfny m`ss`ac br`t`bkn fxfrb`sf kcg, ks subo, must if bacgubtfg `c tof mast g`sb`pn`cfg, raiust, oacfst, kcg rfkn`st`b mkccfr w`to zfra tanfrkcbf jar kcy „jugefs.” @t must if supfrv`sfg iy k sfc`ar mkckefmfct tfkm bampr`s`ce tof ofkgs aj knn rfnfvkct gfpkrtmfctkn jucbt`acs w`to k jarmkn, wr`ttfc rfpart prfpkrfg kcg prfsfctfg ta tof Iakrg jar g`sbuss`ac kcg s`ec ajj. Wof lfy autput w`nn if k br`t`bkn pkto sftt`ce gawc tof kbt`acs kcg t`m`ces ta kn`ec tof bampkcy‐s rfsaurbfs ifo`cg tof strktfe`b pnkc. Wo`s w`nn `cbnugf knn tof rfnfvkct basts4 `cvfstmfct kcg apfrkt`ackn. „@c argfr ta efcfrktf `ctfnn`efcbf kcg g`ssfm`cktf `t toraueoaut tof arekc`skt`ac, k bampkcy must okvf tof r`eot stkjj, fbacam`b rfsaurbfs kcg spfb`j`b lcaw-oaw, ks wfnn ks tof kpprapr`ktf tfbocanae`bkn taans.” (Bkmirk-J`frra, Bfctfca, Ankvkrr`k, kcg Zksqufz-Bkrrksba 98;5)

 

Ramf aj tof bfctrkn bacs`gfrkt`acs krf autn`cfg ifnaw. Wfbocanaey  K pr`mkry jkbtar gr`v`ce BYM subbfss `s tof jucbt`ackn`ty kcg usfr  kbbfptkcbf aj tof tfbocanaey rfqu`rfg ta iu`ng bustamfr lcawnfgef kcg mkckef bustamfr `ctfrkbt`acs. Wo`s bavfrs knn tof kspfbts aj tfbocanaey rfqu`rfg ta suppart tof BYM strktfey‗`cjarmkt`ac systfms, BYM sajtwkrf, sknfs jarbf kutamkt`ac, gktk wkrfoausf, gktk m`c`ce, ofnp gfsl, `ctfrcft `ctfrjkbf, bknn bfctfrs, kcg sa ac. @W bkpki`n`ty `s aiv`ausny k e`vfc. Wof atofr torff lfy jkbtars krf ks jannaws4 k. Wof bammfrb`kn gfvfnapmfct aj BYM sajtwkrf gr`vfs kcg fckinfs BYM ks k ius`cfss strktfey. Rajtwkrf pkblkefs ajjfr k bamprfofcs`vf sft aj tfbocanae`fs jar mkcke`ce rfnkt`acso`ps w`to burrfct kcg patfct`kn bustamfrs kcg ius`cfss pkrtcfrs kbrass sknfs, mkrlft`ce, kcg bustamfr sfrv`bf, bavfr`ce knn tof taubo pa`cts w`to tof bustamfrs, rfekrgnfss aj tof bammuc`bkt`ac bokccfn. Rubo sajtwkrf `s pr`mkr`ny saurbfg toraueo fxtfrckn to`rg pkrt`fs f`tofr toraueo ifspalf sanut`acs ar prapr`ftkry systfms w`to tof sanut`ac gftfrm`cfg iy mfft`ce tof wr`ttfc jucbt`ackn spfb`j`bkt`ac nky`ce gawc tof bampkcy‐s BYM sajtwkrf cffgs. i. Wof mast `mpartkct kssft `c gftfrm`c`ce tof subbfssjun autbamf aj  BYM `s tof lcawnfgef tof bampkcy passfssfs. Lcawnfgef mkckefmfct `s tof systfms kcg prabfssfs gfpnayfg `c mkcke`ce (f.e., bkptur`ce, star`ce, rftr`fv`ce, kcg kppny`ce gktk) kcg mkl`ce kvk`nkinf tof `ctfnn`efcbf kcg `cs`eot efcfrktfg jram tof gktk rfs`gfct `c tof arekc`zkt`ac. @c sa ga`ce, ta kppny kcg rfj`cf lcawnfgef mkckefmfct systfms `c argfr ta eft apt`mkn vknuf kggfg lcawnfgef jar tofmsfnvfs kcg tof`r bustamfrs. Wof systfms‐ spfb`j`bkt`ac jar bkptur`ce, iu`ng`ce, mkcke`ce, kcg kppny`ce bustamfr gktk `s k p`vatkn rfqu`rfmfct aj BYM pnkcc`ce. b. Lcawnfgef `s pawfr kcg `t `s g`rfbtny rfnktfg ta tof gktk bkpturfg, starfg, kcg kppn`fg. @t `s tofrfjarf `mpfrkt`vf ta4

 

• Nky gawc tof bustamfr gktk spfb`j`bkt`ac aj tof gktk rfqu`rfg kcg wofrf kcg oaw `t bkc if aitk`cfg •  Kug`t knn tof burrfct gktk bkptu bkpturf rf pa`cts ta spfb`jy ttof of gktk bkpturfg. @gfct`jy ekps kcg oaw ta j`nn tofm rfsunt`ce `c kc upgktfg gktk bkpturf prataban ta if kppn`fg kcg tk`narfg ta fkbo gktk bkpturf pa`ct •  Kug`t gktk trkcsjfr trkcsjfr prabfssfs, wofrf gktk gktk sfts krf oausfg kcg gktk kppn`bkt`ac taans usfg. @c sa ga`ce, `gfct`jy krfks jar  `mpravfmfct kssfssfg kek`cst tof br`tfr`k aj, jar fxkmpnf, gktk sfbur`ty (bampn`kcbf w`to tof EGXY `c tof VL)< gktk kbbfss`i`n`ty iy knn tof usfr eraups< kutamkt`b gktk trkcsjfr  jram knn tof gktk bkpturf pa`cts `cta k bfctrkn bustamfr gktk wkrfoausf< gktk kcknyt`bkn taans • Gfvfnap k bamprfofcs`vf gktkiksf/gktk spfb`j`bkt`ac w`to tof jucbt`ackn`ty ta gfn`vfr tof rfqu`rfg gktk mkckefmfct sanut`ac Xrabfss  K bfctrkn tofmf aj k BYM strktfey `s ta k`m ta brfktf kcg skt`sjy k nacetfrm rfnkt`acso`p w`to tkreft bustamfrs. Ks subo, `t `s fssfct`kn ta kcknyzf tof prabfssfs tokt `c kcy wky `cvanvf kcg `mpkbt `ctfrkbt`acs w`to bustamfrs, wo`bo mk`cny bampr`sf mkrlft`ce, sknfs, kcg bustamfr sfrv`bfs jucbt`acs. @c to`s bactfxt, tofrf krf twa bfctrkn rfqu`rfmfcts, wo`bo must if junny `ctfrraektfg w`to tof sanut`ac s anut`ac spfb`j`fg4  K. BYM subbfss `s bact`cefct upac k bampkcy‐s ki`n`ty ta gftfbt kcg rfspacg ta fvanv`ce bustamfr cffgs, wkcts, kcg prfjfrfcbfs. Wof prabfssfs cffg ta if sft ta gfn`vfr to`s. I. Bustamfr gktk bkpturfg must if sfburfny starfg kcg prabfssfg kcg if junny bampn`kct w`to, `c tof VL, tof EGXY. Wo`s rfqu`rfs k bamprfofcs`vf, jarmkn prabfss spfb`j`bkt`ac ta if grkwc up. Wof Wo f Oumk Oumkc c Jk Jkbt btar  ar    Wof oumkc jkbtar `s aiv`ausny brub`kn `c k bampkcy okcgn`ce kcg mkcke`ce fxtfrckn bustamfr rfnkt`acso`ps `c k prajfss`ackn kcg baurtfaus mkccfr. Wa okvf kc acea`ce mutuknny ifcfj`b`kn, stkinf

 

bustamfr rfnkt`acso`p, k bampkcy must if baec`zkct aj jaur lfy kspfbts4 • Lcaw oaw tof bustamfr gfj`cfs vknuf • Xrav`gf acea`ce skt`sjkbt`ac kbbarg`ce ta tof wkcts kcg vknuf stkcgkrgs aj tof bustamfr  • Bacstkctny str`vf tawkrg bustamfr rftfct`ac kcg nayknty • Wa prav`gf k prajfss`ackn sfrv`bf kt fkbo pa`ct aj bustamfr  bactkbt `c k bustamfr jr`fcgny mkccfr tokt rfjnfbts tof wky yau waung n`lf ta if trfktfg yaursfnj  Wa junny tklf kbbauct aj tofsf kcg gfn`vfr`ce BYM, knn nfvfns aj tof arekc`zkt`ac must if kn`ecfg tawkrg jkvar`ce kcg suppart`ce bustamfr rfnkt`acso`ps w`to k tatkn bamm`tmfct ta k bustamfr bfctr`b jabus. Wo`s soaung tklf ac iakrg tof jannaw`ce4  K. Wof bokcef `c bunturf rfqu`rfg iy tof bampkcy‐s stkjj. Jar  fxkmpnf, sw`tbo`ce jram k pragubt bfctr`b kpprakbo ta k bustamfr  bfctr`b kpprakbo rfqu`rfs k bokcef `c ktt`tugf kcg ftoas w`to`c tof arekc`zkt`ac. Wof gferff ta wo`bo k bampkcy‐s bunturf `s `ctferktfg kcg kn`ecfg w`to `ts strktfe`b BYM aidfbt`vfs, eakns, kcg fxpfbtfg autbamfs w`nn pas`t`vfny `mpkbt tof avfrknn arekc`zkt`ackn pfrjarmkcbf. K BYM gr`vfc arekc`zkt`ac must k`m knn `ts fjjarts kt mkcke`ce kcg skt`sjy`ce bustamfr wkcts praj`tkiny. Brfkt`ce, gfn`vfr`ce, kcg bammuc`bkt`ce bustamfr vknuf marf fjjfbt`vfny tokc tof`r bampft`tars. Wo`s w`nn cat if kbo`fvfg ucnfss fvfryacf `c tof arekc`zkt`ac `s s`ce`ce ajj tof skmf bustamfr jabusfg oymc sofft. I. Wof ranf pnkyfg iy fmpnayffs `c subbfssjunny fstkin`so`ce k bustamfr rfnkt`acso`p `s k prf-rfqu`s`tf ta, `c turc, efcfrktf bustamfr nayknty kcg trkcsnktf `t `cta praj`t. Wofrfjarf, fmpnayff rftfct`ac ifbamfs dust ks `mpartkct ks bustamfr rftfct`ac. Wof nacefr tof fmpnayff jffns mat`vktfg kcg skt`sj`fg, tof o`eofr tof bamm`tmfct nfvfn ta tof bampkcy ta, `c turc, kppny „ifst prkbt`bf” sl`nns `c bustamfr mkckefmfct kcg rfnkt`acso`p iu`ng`ce. iu`ng`ce.

 

B.Wof gferff aj bamm`tmfct kcg pkrt`b`pkt`ac `c tof BYM strktfe`b prabfss ac tof pkrt aj toasf `c o`eo mkckefmfct pas`t`acs `s kcatofr br`t`bkn jkbtar. jkbtar. BYM oks ta if kc „`cbnus`vf” po`nasapoy w`to knn sfc`ar mkckefmfct junny ac iakrg kcg s`ec`ce up ta tof g`rfbt`ac aj trkvfn. Gfj`c`ce tof apt`mkn arekc`zkt`ackn strubturf kcg bunturf ta gfn`vfr  BYM kcg oaw ta mavf tawkrg to`s `s praikiny tof mast boknnfce`ce kspfbt aj `cstknn`ce k BYM strktfey. strktfey. Ks subo, `t `s v`tkn tokt k inufpr`ct `s gfvfnapfg kcg gfvatfgny jannawfg ta brass tof j`c`so`ce n`cf. U`to to`s `c m`cg, `t `s warto rfmfmifr`ce tokt tof jannaw`ce jkbtars krf ajtfc b`tfg ks rfksacs woy k BYM strktfey wks cat subbfssjunny `mpnfmfctfg4 • Wof Iakrg wks cat uc`j`fg `c jannaw`ce tof BYM strktfe`b pkto, wo`bo bampram`sfg knn tof kspfbts aj BYM • Cat junny us`ce bampkcy rfsaurbfs ta aitk`c tof gktk ta iu`ng bustamfr praj`nfs ifbkusf tofy toaueot tofy knrfkgy lcfw tof bustamfr  • @ecar`ce systfm `ctferkt`ac kcg arekc`zkt`ackn, bunturkn `mpartkcbf ifn`fv`ce tokt dust k BYM sajtwkrf pkblkef wks fcaueo • @cfjj`b`fc @cfjj`b`fctt bammuc`bkt`ac iftwffc gfpkrtmfcts `cvanvfg `c tof vkr`aus BYM prabfssfs • Nkbl aj mftr`bs bkpkinf aj mfksur`ce kcg ucgfrstkcg`ce BYM‐s bammfrb`kn ifcfj`ts kcg tof j`ckcb`kn `mpkbt aj  bokcefs w`to`c tof bampkcy Rtfp 7  Kn`ec tof arekc`zkt`ac arekc`zkt`ac ifo`c ifo`cg g tof eakns Jram tof `cputs kiavf, sft bnfkr gfs`rfg, qukct`j`fg bammfrb`kn rfsunts aj BYM kcg `gfct`jy tof stfps ta kbo`fvf tof v`s`ac. Wof strktfey ta kbo`fvf tof aidfbt`vfs soaung bavfr b avfr tof jannaw`ce4 • Bustamfr prapas`t`ac kcg g`jjfrfct`kn g`jjfrfct`kn ifcfj`ts • Z`s`ac

 

• • • • • • •

Bustamfr sfemfctkt`ac Bustamfr fxpfr`fcbf Arekc`zkt`ackn strubturf kcg bunturf Xrabfssfs Bustamfr gktk Wfbocanaey Mftr`bs

Rtfp 6  Bustamfr fcekefmfct s`ts kt tof bfctfr aj bustamfr gfvfnapmfct. Iu`ng`ce k rfnkt`acso`p ir`gef iftwffc tof bustamfr kcg tof irkcg prav`gfs tof ifst appartuc`ty ta gfvfnap bustamfr nayknty nayknty.. Wo`s bkc acny if rfkn`st`bknny kbo`fvfg `j tof irkcg‐s prapas`t`ac `s, ac tof acf okcg, rfnfvkct `c kggrfss`ce kcg mfft`ce bustamfr  wkcts kcg, ac tof atofr okcg, `s rfkg`ny ucgfrstaag iy bustamfrs toraueo bammuc`bkt`ac.  Ks subo, `t `s fssfct`kn ta gfj`cf tof irkcg‐s ifcfj`ts `c mfft`ce bustamfr wkcts (`.f., woy soaung bustamfrs iuy yaur irkcg `c prfjfrfcbf ta atofr irkcgs) kcg ta trkcsnktf tofm `cta k irkcg pas`t`ac`ce stktfmfct. Wo`s soaung if ucgfrstaag kbrass tof bampkcy kcg iy knn tof fxtfrckn bammuc`bkt`ac kefcb`fs fmpnayfg iy tof bampkcy. @t `s, `c fssfcbf, tof irkcg‐s i`inf kcg `s acf aj tof irkcg‐s mk`c iu`ng`ce inabls. Rtfp :  Fxfbutf BYM praerkm w`to fkbo poksf bnfkrny gfmkrbktfg. Rtfp 5  Mfksurf praerkm fjjfbt`vfcfss ac kc acea`ce iks`s kcg `mpnfmfct kcy barrfbt`vf kbt`acs rfqu`rfg. Mac`tar lfy mftr`bs mfksur`ce praerfss tawkrg tof bammfrb`kn aidfbt`vfs w`to rfeunkr, jarmkn rfpart`ce ta tof Iakrg.

 

Bksf Bk sf Rt Rtug ug`f `fs s Wof pr`cb`pnfs aj BYM bkc if kppn`fg kt tatkn bampkcy ar `cg`v`gukn irkcg nfvfns. Uf prav`gf k bksf stugy jar fkbo ta e`vf k prkbt`bkn `nnustrkt`ac aj BYM. @c iato bksfs, tof cumifrs prav`gfg `c tof magfns krf jar  g`rfbt`ackn purpasfs iksfg ac rfsfkrbo, pfrsackn dugemfct, kssumpt`acs, kcg `ctfrprftkt`ac. `ctfrprftkt`ac. Wof kbbampkcy`ce bammfcts krf iksfg ac k bami`ckt`ac aj  ikbleraucg rfsfkrbo, pfrsackn fxpfr`fcbf, kcg aisfrvkt`ac kcg soaung tofrfjarf if v`fwfg ks ap`c`acs.

WFRBA* Ikbleraucg  Wfsba `s k munt`pnf supfrmkrlft rftk`nfr `c tof VL. @c tof ;058s, `t wks tof cumifr 9 irkcg `c `ts mkrlft sfbtar. Iy 98;9, `t wks tof bnfkr irkcg nfkgfr, okg fxpkcgfg `ctfrckt`acknny, kcg ifbkmf tof to`rg nkrefst enaikn rftk`nfr kjtfr Uknmkrt `c tof Vc`tfg Rtktfs kcg Bkrrfjaur `c Jrkcbf. Wof bksf stugy trkbfs oaw `t trkcsjarmfg `tsfnj `cta „ifst kcg tap `c bnkss” kcg ifbkmf tof ifcbomkrl magfn jar tof VL rftk`n `cgustry. Iy tof ;058s, Wfsba wks iu`ng`ce k ckt`ackn cftwarl aj starfs ta bavfr tof woanf aj tof VL ucgfr tof nfkgfrso`p aj Dkbl Baofc (nktfr  ta ifbamf R`r Dkbl Baofc). Wof bfctrkn pnktjarm aj tof`r subbfss wks jaucgfg ac tof „X`nf ‟fm o`eo, sfnn ‟fm bofkp” jarmunk `mpartfg jram tof Vc`tfg Rtktfs. Wo`s, oawfvfr, `s acny k ofkgn`cf stktfmfct kcg mksls tof `ccavkt`ac kcg jarwkrg to`cl`ce kbt`acs ucgfrp`cc`ce tof erawto Wfsba fxpfr`fcbfg. Dkbl Baofc, kreukiny, ucgfrstaag wokt warlfg jar tof mkss mkrlft kcg Wfsba baung fxpna`t to`s jar `ts awc bammfrb`kn ifcfj`ts. Ramf fxkmpnfs wfrf4 toktgfvfnapfg soaps soaung s oaung • Wofrf Wa to`swks fcg,kc k `c-iu`nt ckt`acknpo`nasapoy cftwarl wks jramif tofawcfg. ;068s<

 

pr`mkr`ny toraueo kbqu`s`t`ac. • G`vfrs`j`bkt`ac w`to cac-jaag `tfms `ctragubfg `c tof ;0:8s. „Oamf c Ufkr” gfpkrtmfcts wfrf nabktfg `c nkrefr starfs ta bkrry o`eofr mkre`c bnato`ce kcg oausfoang mfrbokcg`sf. • Wfsba wks tof j`rst kgaptfr aj k nayknty sbofmf toraueo Erffc Ro`fng stkmps `c ;0:2. • Wofy apfcfg tof`r j`rst pftran stkt`acs `c ;057 kcg ifbkmf tof VL‐s nkrefst `cgfpfcgfct pftran rftk`nfr. Oawfvfr, tof mkrlft wks bokce`ce jram tof fkrny ;058s nfkv`ce tof bampkcy w`to sn`m mkre`cs kcg k sfr`aus `mkef prainfm. @kc MkbNkur`c (nktfr ta ifbamf Ikrac MkbNkur`c aj Lcfiwarto) subbffgfg Dkbl Baofc `c ;052 ks BFA, wo`bo wks tof bktknyst b ktknyst jar k strktfe`b rfv`fw. BYM Kug`t ‒ Wof Rtkrt Xa`ct  Vs`ce aur Irkcg Fqu`ty magfn ks k eu`gf, tof rfv`fw waung okvf patfct`knny grkwc tof jannaw`ce `cs`eots4 k. Nayknty G`mfcs`ac Wfsba, kt tof t`mf, okg k naw „sokrf aj wknnft” kmace `ts erabfry soappfrs, kt kpprax`mktfny 26 pfrbfct, `cg`bkt`ce tokt soappfrs wfrf cat bampnftfny skt`sj`fg w`to tof Wfsba erabfry soapp`ce ajjfr`ce. Wof patfct`kn pr`zf iy `cbrfks`ce nayknty kmace `ts fx`st`ce soappfrs wks fcarmaus. Wo`s `s `nnustrktfg `c tof magfn ifnaw< nkrefny iksfg ac tof ;00? gktk kssumpt`acs w`to tof lfy bammfrb`kn aidfbt`vf ta `cbrfksf „sokrf aj wknnft” jram 26 pfrbfct ta 66 pfrbfct. Wof nkttfr fquktfs ta Wfsba if`ce, ac kvfrkef, tof prfjfrrfg irkcg boa`bf kmace `ts soappfrs. Wous4 • Watkn kvfrkef oausfoang fxpfcg`turf ac jaag kcg gr`cl (knbaoan`b kcg cac-knbaoan`b) jar `c-oamf bacsumpt`ac b acsumpt`ac pfr  kccum = £20:: • Cumifr aj EI oausfoangs = 92,727,088

 

• Wfsba oausfoang pfcftrkt`ac = 77 pfrbfct = ;8,2;;,26: oausfoangs • Mkx`mum kccukn spfcg iy Wfsba soappfrs4 ;8,2;;,26: oamfs x £20:: = £78,?07,?25,?0: £78,?07,?25,?0: • @cbrfksf „sokrf aj wknnft” jram 26 pfrbfct ta 66 pfrbfct4 £78,?07,?25,?0: ?0: x 8.66 = £99,709,;:8,?72 £99,709,;:8,?72 • £78,?07,?25, £78,?07,?25,?0: ?0: x 8.26 = £;7,2;2,;02, £;7,2;2,;02, 9:7 • £78,?07,?25, • @cbrfmfctkn patfct`kn kccukn ek`c = £?,;5?,0:5, 650 Jabus`ce ac gfvfnap`ce bustamfr nayknty kcg bustamfr  rftfct`ac waung if `gfct`j`fg ks k lfy bammfrb`kn aidfbt`vf. i. Bktfeary Xurboksf Uf`eot G`mfcs`ac Wof rump aj Wfsba soappfrs wfrf `c tof nawfr sab`kn bnkssfs w`to kssab`ktfg nawfr spfcg pfr oausfoang iut, marf `mpartkctny, fxpfcg`turf i`ksfg tawkrg nawfr mkre`c pragubts. Wof praj`nf wks tofrfjarf slfwfg tawkrg tof „mfg`um” bktfeary purboksf wf`eot sfemfct. Ofcbf, kbqu`s`t`ac aj cfw, o`eofr spfcg oausfoangs kcg bacvfrt`ce tofm `cta naykn bustamfrs waung if `gfct`j`fg ks k lfy strktfe`b aidfbt`vf. Wof patfct`kn j`ckcb`kn ek`c `s suistkct`kn ks mfksurfg iy tof bustam bus tamfr fr n`jft n`jft`mf `mf vknuf, vknuf, wo`bo,  wo`bo, ac kvfrkef, fquktfs ta £06,888 pfr pfrsac. Ofcbf, tof fkrn`fr k tkreft bustamfr `s rfbru`tfg `c tof`r kgunt n`jfbybnf, tof erfktfr tof ek`c. b. Ktt`tugf G`mfcs`ac  Ktt`tugfs tawkrg kcg pfrbfpt`acs aj Wfsba wfrf efcfrknny erkgfg ks ucjkvarkinf ac tof jannaw`ce g`mfcs`acs4 ;. Xaar soapp`ce fxpfr`fcbf4 • Ckrraw k`snfs • Xaar nkyaut • Nace qufufs • Xaar starf kbbfss e`vfc tof mkdar`ty wfrf smknnfr  (rfnkt`vf ta tagky) o`eo strfft iksfg uc`ts • Cat sffc ta if pr`st`cfny bnfkc • Rtarf bnuttfr w`to g`spnkys sbkttfrfg knn avfr tof starf 9. Jrfso pragubf ajjfr`ce cat v`fwfg ks tap qukn`ty

 

2. Cat pfrbf`vfg ta if k o`eo o`eo qukn`ty irkcg< p pkrt`bunkrny krt`bunkrny iy Rk`csiury‐s soappfrs, Rk`csiury‐s if`ce tof cumifr ; irkcg `c Erfkt Ir`tk`c kt tof t`mf w`to tof`r strfceto i`ksfg tawkrg Nacgac kcg tof Rauto Fkst w`to k o`eofr `cbamf/sab`kn bnkss soappfr praj`nf. @c bactrkst, Wfsba okg k marf gawc-mkrlft, „bofkp kcg boffrjun” `mkef. @t wks bnfkrny fv`gfct tokt, j`rst kcg jarfmast, tof „BAYF XYAGVBW” okg ta if rkg`bknny `mpravfg kcg tof irkcg rfpas`t`acfg `j Wfsba wks ta fcekef k w`gfr soappfr kug`fcbf wo`nst knsa bfmfct`ce bustamfr nayknty. BYM Rtrktfey  Jucgkmfctknny,, @kc MkbNkur`c praerfss`vfny mavfg tof arekc`zkt`ac Jucgkmfctknny jram iuy`ce apfrkt`acs bfctr`b ius`cfss ta ktof bustamfr bfctr`b magfnk `c wo`bonfg, k „bustamfr j`rst” bunturf pfrvkgfg bampkcy bampkcy. . Wof pr`mkry mat`vkt`ac jar bokcef wks k bammfrb`kn acf ta `mpravf tof j`ckcb`kn pfrjarmkcbf aj tof bampkcy kcg mkx`m`zf sokrfoangfr vknuf. Wof rautf ta gfn`vfr to`s wks ta gr`vf fxpkcs`ac ta kbo`fvf tof cumifr ; irkcg stktus `c tof erabfry mkrlft kcg tof lfy ta kbo`fvf to`s wks ta kgapt k strktfey raatfg `c BYM pr`cb`pnfs kcg prkbt`bfs. Wof boknnfcef wks ta bamprfofcs`vfny magfrc`zf Wfsba kcg mklf `t kc „ksp`rkt`ackn mkss rftk`nfr.” Wo`s wks kbbampn`sofg `c poksfs avfr k 28+ yfkr daurcfy. Xoksf ;4 @mpravf tof „barf pragubt” kcg mklf `t j`t jar purpasf  Ks mkrlftfrs, wf knn lcaw tokt tof „pragubt” `s tof ofra `c tof mkrlft`ce fqukt`ac. Uf bkc try fvfry tr`bl `c tof iaal ta eft tof bustamfr ta rfpfkt iut w`nn cat if subbfssjun `j tof „Wr`kn” fxpfr`fcbf g`skppa`cts kcg gafs cat mfft fxpfbtkt`acs kcg tof stkcgkrgs rfqu`rfg. @c Wfsba‐s bksf, tof kbt`acs tklfc ta `mpravf tof soappfr  fxpfr`fcbf kcg rfpas`t`ac tof irkcg ac k qukn`ty pnktjarm bavfrfg tof jannaw`ce4

 

 K. G`sbact`cufg Erffc Ro`fng Wrkg`ce Rtkmps kcg nkucbofg „Apfrkt`ac Bofblaut,” wo`bo rfgubfg pr`bfs iy iftwffc 2 kcg 9: pfrbfct kbrass ;,688 jaag `tfms. Wo`s kggrfssfg twa `ssufs4 j`rstny tokt Wfsba wks pfrbf`vfg ks fxpfcs`vf iy mkcy soappfrs kt tof t`mf kcg, sfbacgny, Erffc Ro`fng Rtkmps wfrf praerfss`vfny sffc ks yfstfrgky‐s e`mm`bl kcg bactr`iutfg ta Wfsba‐s gawc-mkrlft `mkef. I. Bnasfg 688 ucpraj`tkinf, smknnfr starfs. B.Fxtfcs`vfny uperkgfg kcg fcnkrefg atofrs. G.Bustamfr jabusfg pragubt gfvfnapmfct `cbarparkt`ce r`earaus tfst`ce. Wo`s `c`t`knny mkc`jfstfg `tsfnj toraueo4 • Wof `ctragubt`ac aj awc nkifn • @ctragubt`ac aj tof „Zknuf Ykcef” `c ;002 rfbaec`z`ce tokt samf sfbt`acs aj sab`fty wfrf ucgfr tof j`ckcb`kn baso stfmm`ce jram tof pfrjarmkcbf aj tof fbacamy F. Xutt`ce ofkvy `cvfstmfct `c tof suppny bok`c ta mkx`m`zf fjj`b`fcby, m`c`m`zf „aut aj stabl” `c starf kcg gfr`vf apt`mkn ifcfj`t jram tof kgvfct aj tof ikr bagf systfm. G`str`iut`ac systfms wfrf bamputfr`zfg kcg bfctrkn`zfg wo`bo trkcsnktfg `cta fcarmaus bast skv`ces. O`tofrta stabloang`ce, mkcy suppn`fr  gfn`vfr`fs kcg, ta k gferff, iuy`ce gfb`s`acs wfrf mkgf kt nabkn starf nfvfn. J. Bustamfr jabusfg starf gfvfnapmfct. Marf tokc mast, Wfsba tknlfg ta praspfbt`vf bustamfrs ks `t iu`nt kcg j`ttfg starfs. Wofy `cbnugfg „mfft tof puin`b” sfss`acs ks wfnn ks survfys. Rtarfs wfrf iu`nt jar puin`b tkstfs. Wofy pr`ar`t`zfg tof gfvfnapmfct aj  nkref aut-aj-tawc starfs wofrf pkrl`ce wks bacvfc`fct, soappfr  sfnfbt`ac aj eaags irakg kcg wofrf k o`eofr vanumf aj ius`cfss baung if efcfrktfg kt `cbrfksfg mkre`cs wo`nf rfgub`ce avfrofkgs. Rtarfs wfrf magfrc, bnfkc, w`to w`gf k`snfs, `mpravfg nkyauts kcg nats aj t`nns. • Erawto wks jufnfg iy tof `cbrfksf `c tof cumifr aj warl`ce wamfc woa ca nacefr okg tof t`mf ar `cbn`ckt`ac ta soap iy jaat kt smknn autnfts‗iutbofrs, erffcerabfrs, kcg j`somacefrs. Wof`r cffgs wfrf jurtofr mft iy tof apfc`ce aj  tof j`rst 97 oaur starf.

 

• Wof prapfrty partjan`a wks ouef w`to Wfsba gfvfnapfrs warl`ce `c pkrtcfrso`p w`to nabkn pnkcc`ce kutoar`t`fs. Wof jabkn pa`ct jar gfvfnapmfct wks Rk`csiury‐s ofkrtnkcg `c m`ggnf bnkss Fcenkcg, wo`bo wks tof tkreft iunnsfyf jar  fxpkcs`ac aj tof bustamfr iksf. E.Grkmkt`bknny uppfg tof`r ekmf `c tof suppny kcg prfsfctkt`ac `cstarf aj jrfso pragubf. Wof rkg`bkn `mpravfmfcts mkgf ta tof suppny bok`c fjj`b`fcby pnkyfg k s`ec`j`bkct ranf `c jkb`n`tkt`ce to`s. O.Rk`csiury‐s bustamfr prapas`t`ac wks summkr`zfg `c tof snaekc „Eaag jaag basts nfss.” Wfsba trumpfg to`s wofc `c ;009 (bkrfjunny stkefg kjtfr mkcy aj tof starf s tarf `mpravfmfcts okg iffc mkgf) tofy `ctragubfg „Fvfry N`ttnf Ofnps.” Wo`s kttrkbtfg ;.2 m`nn`ac cfw bustamfrs iftwffc ;002 kcg ;006 kcg ofnpfg Wfsba rfpas`t`ac `tsfnj jram if`ce k gawc-mkrlft, o`eo vanumf, naw-bast rftk`nfr ta acf gfs`ecfg ta kppfkn ta kcg kttrkbt k rkcef aj sab`kn eraups. @. Cfw starfs kcg rfjuri`sofg acfs `cbarparktfg ofkvy `cvfstmfct `c tof mast up-ta-gktf kcg fxtfcs`vf bo`nnfg kcg jrffzfr bki`cfts. Acbf kek`c, to`s wks junny `c tucf w`to bustamfr n`jfstynf trfcgs kcg baung kbbammagktf o`eo mkre`c cfw pragubt gfvfnapmfct `c bo`nnfg pragubts. D. Okv`ce p`acffrfg kcg spfkrofkgfg tof gfvfnapmfct aj aut-ajtawc soapp`ce bfctfrs, Wfsba ofkgfg ikbl `cta tawc „o`eo strffts” w`to tof `ctragubt`ac aj smknn bacvfc`fcbf starfs bknnfg „Wfsba Mftra” ks k sui-irkcg. Wo`s wks jannawfg iy jurtofr irkcg fxtfcs`acs j`ttfg ta kntfrckt`vf starf jarmkts tokt mft g`jjfrfct sfts aj bustamfr  cffgs4 „Wfsba Fxprfss” nabktfg ekrkef kcg „Wfsba Fxtrk” ks tof`r supfrstarf, ajjfr`ceactof`r mastjarfbaurts bamprfofcs`vf rkcef aj jaag kcg cac-jaag `tfms. L. Wof „Acf `c Jract” bkmpk`ec nkucbofg `c ;007 `c wo`bo k cfw t`nn wks apfcfg wofcfvfr k bofblaut n`cf fxbffgfg twa trannfys. Xoksf Xoks f 94 Bokc Bokce` e`ce ce efkr fkr ta k o`eof `eofrr nfv fvfn fn aj bus usta tam mfr jabu jabus s Wof unt`mktf boknnfcef wks oaw ta iu`ng kcg bfmfct `cg`v`gukn bustamfr rfnkt`acso`ps ks tof jaucgkt`ac ac wo`bo ta kbo`fvf `ts bustamfr nayknty („sokrf aj wknnft”) aidfbt`vfs. Wof kcswfr4 WOF I@YWO I@YWO A AJ J WFRBA WFRBA BNVIBK BNVIBKYG YG @C @C ;0 ;006 06..

 

Wo`s wks k nayknty sbofmf iu`nt jar tof kef aj bamputfr`zfg rfsfkrbo. Wofrf wfrf twa strkcgs ta tof to`cl`ce ifo`cg Wfsba Bnuibkrg4 • Oaw ta mfksurf `cg`v`gukn ifokv`ar e`vfc `t wks cat prkbt`bkn ta st`bl k ikrbagf ac k bustamfr‐s bustamfr ‐s jarfofkg sa tofy waung if rfbaec`zfg wofc tofy fctfrfg tof starf1 • Oaw ta rfwkrg `cg`v`gukn ifokv`ar1 Jannaw`ce tfst`ce, k ; pfrbfct nayknty iacus (; pa`ct jar fvfry £ spfct avfr £6) wks fcaueo kcg prav`gfg jnfx`i`n`ty ta kgg pramat`acs kcg e`vfkwkys. @t wks tof j`rst supfrmkrlft nayknty bkrg, wo`bo, avfr t`mf, `rrfvfrs`iny bokcefg tof mkrlft`ce nkcgsbkpf aj rftk`nfrs, irkcgs, kcg bustamfrs. Wfsba Bnuibkrg ta bkpturf`cjarmkt`ac. rkw gktk ac pfapnf wfrf iuy`ce fckinfg kcg turc Wfsba `t `cta praj`tkinf U`towokt tof Bnuibkrg, Wfsba tatknny ucgfrstaag @CJAYMKW@AC @R XAUFY.  XAUFY.  @t wks p`vatkn `c ucgfrstkcg`ce bustamfrs kcg fckinfg k sfr`fs aj  `ccavkt`acs kcg gfvfnapmfcts ta jannaw ac tof ikbl aj `t. Jram tof gktk bkpturfg, tofy ektofrfg jucgkmfctkn lcawnfgef ac pfrsackn kcg soapp`ce s oapp`ce praj`nfs4 • Uoa tofy wfrf • Uofrf tofy n`vfg •• • •

Uo`bo Wfsba starfs tofy soappfg `c Uofc tofy soappfg Oaw mubo tofy spfct Uo`bo gfpkrtmfcts tofy soappfg `c

Wof gktk o`eon`eotfg tof `mpartkcbf aj jrfqufcby. Ifjarf, jram `cstarf aisfrvkt`acs, tof ifn`fj wks tokt tof lfy soappfr wks k matofr w` w`to 9 bo`ngrfc  strueen`ce kraucg tof starf w`to kc avfrjnaw`ce trannfy. @c rfkn`ty, kc angfr nkgy w`to k ikslft bkmf `c j`vf t`mfs k wffl iuy`ce o`eofr mkre`c pragubts efcfrkt`ce k o`eofr  praj`t tokc tof matofr w`to 9 bo`ngrfc woa soappfg acbf k macto.

 

Wof `ctragubt`ac aj Wfsba Bnuibkrg kcg tof lcawnfgef ektofrfg spkwcfg tof jannaw`ce ifcfj`ts4  K. Bustamfr jabusfg rkce`ce. @t fckinfg Wfsba ta if mubo ifttfr, mubo jkstfr kt rkce`ce kt starf nfvfn jar tof nabkn kug`fcbf. Wk`nar`ce rkce`ce ta k starf‐s bktbomfct krfk praj`nf tkl`ce kbbauct aj ftoc`b`ty kcg ckt`ackn`ty. Kcg tof i`eefr Wfsba eat, tof irakgfr  `ts kug`fcbf ifbkmf, sa tof ifttfr Wfsba baung ucgfrstkcg oaw tokt kug`fcbf vkr`fg iy nabkt`ac wks k g`st`cbt bampft`t`vf kgvkctkef. I. @t ucgfrp`ccfg bustamfr jabusfg pragubt gfvfnapmfct. Jar  fxkmpnf, `t wks tof jaucgkt`ac ac wo`bo „Wfsba J`cfst” (k supfr`ar  qukn`ty awc nkifn rkcef) wks nkucbofg k`mfg kt marf ksp`rkt`ackn, o`eofr `cbamf bustamfrs. @t qu`blny ifbkmf k rfknny s`ec`j`bkct irkcg kcg g`rfbtny kttkblfg Mkrls & Rpfcbfr‐s strfceto `c rfkgy mfkns< Mkrls Rpfcbfr if`ce tof prfm`fr awc nkifn qukn`ty rfjfrfcbf kt tof&t`mf `c Erfkt Ir`tk`c. B.@t fckinfg bustamfr sfemfcts w`to pkrt`bunkr bokrkbtfr`st`bs ta if `gfct`j`fg kcg tof`r rfnkt`acso`p curturfg iy gfvfnap`ce `ccavkt`vf `gfks tk`narfg ta tof`r cffgs. Jar fxkmpnf, tof `ctragubt`ac aj  Wfsba Ikiy Bnui, U`cf Bnui, kcg Xft Bnui. G.@t prav`gfg k bustamfr iksf ta wo`bo cfw pragubts baung if mkrlftfg. Jar fxkmpnf4 • Wfsba Xfrsackn J`ckcbf nkucbofg `c ;005 w`to k Z`sk Bkrg kcg k rkcef aj `csurkcbf pragubts. Wfsba.bam • s`tf Wfsba.bam nkucbofg  nkucbofg `c j`rst 9888yfkr. w`to 98,888 mfmifrs v`s`t`ce tof fvfry macto `c tof F. Mkrlft rfsfkrbo turckraucg ac cfw pragubts wks but jram mactos ta wffls kcg irkcgs baung sff fkrny ac woftofr cfw pragubts soaung if rannfg aut ckt`acw`gf. J. Wof bkrg efcfrktfg s`ec`j`bkctny `cbrfksfg trkjj`b jram cfw kcg rfpfkt bustamfrs fckin`ce bustamfrs ta fxpfr`fcbf k magfrc`zfg, rfduvfcktfg Wfsba soappfr fxpfr`fcbf tokt mft tof`r bustamfr  wkcts. Carmkn pramat`acs krf ajtfc ksl`ce pfapnf ta swkp irkcgs iut Wfsba Bnuibkrg wks rfwkrg`ce bustamfrs ac tof`r carmkn soaps `c

 

k cfw starf fcv`racmfct kcg k pragubt ajjfr`ce tokt wks vfry mubo ta tof`r n`l`ce. J`rst kcg jarfmast, `t wks k i`e tokcl yau kcg tokt tokcl yau wks macfy ajj, wo`bo nfg ta soappfrs rfv`s`t`ce tof starf, wo`bo nfg ta m`nn`acs kcg m`nn`acs aj paucgs fxtrk rfvfcuf. Kcg abbks`acknny, tofy put kc fxtrk `tfm `c tof`r ikslft, wo`bo trkcsnktfg `cta k jurtofr rfvfcuf iaast. Wo`s warlfg `cbrfg`iny wfnn ifbkusf tof bacbfpt aj „tof marf yau spfcg, tof marf yau eft” wks `c tucf w`to k o`eo rfeunkr  jrfqufcby aj soapp`ce. Marfavfr, tof pfrbfpt`ac aj sbknf wks fcokcbfg iy tof usf aj Wfsba Bnuibkrg pkrtcfr bampkc`fs, wo`bo jkb`n`tktfg tof `mprfss`ac aj k munt`pn`fr fjjfbt. E.Wof gktkikcl ifbkmf kc kssft `c `ts awc r`eot, wo`bo fckinfg Wfsba ta nfvfrkef cfw `cbamf strfkms jram suppn`frs iy e`v`ce tofm kbbfss ta tof bustamfr iksf toraueo Wfsba. Wfsba waung cfvfr sokrf bustamfr gktk w`to to`rg pkrt`fs iut `t waung bammuc`bktf ta tof gktkiksf ac ifoknj aj k irkcg us`ce sb`fct`j`bknny iksfg sfnfbt`ac br`tfr`k. @c to`s rfekrg, Wfsba Wfsba wks vfry „p`bly” ac tof irkcgs `t pkrtcfrfg. Wof rfspacsf rktfs ac pramat`acs ta Wfsba Bnuibkrg oangfrs wks rfknny o`eo< ajtfc `c k rkcef aj 78‒:8 pfrbfct. Wof rfspacsf rktf wks ;8 t`mfs o`eofr toraueo tof Wfsba Bnuibkrg mfg`um bampkrfg ta kcy atofr pramat`ac. O.@t wks k truf nayknty praerkm. @c kgg`t`ac ta tof avfrknn pa`cts rfwkrg systfm, bustamfrs rfbf`vfg baupac `cbfct`vfs `c tof`r  qukrtfrny stktfmfcts ac irkcgs nayknty. tokt tofy carmknny iaueot. wks kcatofr wky aj pramat`ce @c to`s bactfxt, avfr Wo`s 088 bustamfr sfemfcts wfrf brfktfg iksfg ac bammac soapp`ce ifokv`ar bokrkbtfr`st`bs. @. G`rfbt Mkrlft`ce wks `c`t`knny usfg ks tof mk`c bammuc`bkt`ac bokccfn ta tof bustamfr gktkiksf bavfr`ce iato tof qukrtfrny stktfmfct kcg tkbt`bkn mk`n`ces. G`rfbt Mkrlft`ce oks bact`cufg ta if k mk`c bammuc`bkt`ac bokccfn s`cbf tof praerkm wks nkucbofg `c ;006 kcg stkcgs aut ks kc fxbfpt`ac `c tof g`e`tkn kef. Dugemfctknny,, to`s `s purpasfjunny gacf jar twa mk`c rfksacs4 Dugemfctknny @t fcokcbfs fcekefmfct w`to knn tof bammuc`bkt`ac if`ce • pfrsackn`zfg. Xfrsackn`zkt`ac toraueo pastkn bammuc`bkt`ac

 

oks jkr marf fmat`ackn baccfbt`ac tokc toraueo g`e`tkn kppn`bkt`acs. Wo`s `s acf aj tof pr`mkry jkbtars `c gfn`vfr`ce fxbfpt`ackn rfspacsf rktfs. • Ajjfrs krf pfrsackn`zfg w`to k rkcef aj baupacs/vaubofrs b aupacs/vaubofrs bactk`cfg `c tof qukrtfrny stktfmfct rfgffmfg kek`cst vkry`ce gktf n`cfs. Wofsf krf k jarm aj „burrfcby,” „burrfcby,” wo`bo krf ajtfc lfpt `c k pursf ar wknnft mkl`ce rfgfmpt`ac „tap aj m`cg” kt tof pa`ct aj purboksf. Acbf kek`c, kc fxkmpnf aj bnfkr  to`cl`ce. Yfsunts k. @t rktboftfg up `ts „sokrf aj wknnft” prapart`ac `c fxbfss aj `ts `c`t`kn oar`zac. Wo`s, `c knn praiki`n`ty, efcfrktfg kc `cbrfmfctkn kccukn rfvfcuf ek`c `c fxbfss aj £? i`nn`ac. i. @t `cbrfksfgrfvfcuf `ts oausfoang pfcftrkt`ac tofrfiy `cbrfmfctkn jram cfwny kbqu`rfg bustamfrs.

efcfrkt`ce

Wof patfct`kn bammfrb`kn ifcfj`ts jram to`s krf `nnustrktfg `c tof magfn ifnaw4 • Xfrbfctkef aj EI oausfoangs us`ce Wfsba ks tof`r mk`c soap4 98.? pfrbfct `c ;002 kcg 9? pfrbfct `c 9882 • Cumifr aj EI oausfoangs4 99,996,888 `c ;002 kcg 97,788,888 `c 9882 • Cumifr aj oausfoangs us`ce Wfsba ks tof`r mk`c soap4 7,:99,?88 `c ;002 kcg :,?29,888 `c 9882 • @cbrfmfctkn ek`c `c Wfsba oausfoangs = 9,980,888 • @cbrfmfctkn ek`c `c spfcg patfct`kn pfr kccum4 9,980,988 x £20:: spfcg pfr oausfoang = £?.? i`nn`ac. b. Ks k rfsunt aj tof kbo`fvfmfcts mfct`acfg `c (k) kcg (i) kiavf, Wfsba avfrtaal Rk`csiury‐s ks tof irkcg nfkgfr `c tof erabfry mkrlft `c ;00: kcg kbbfnfrktfg kwky. @ts j`ckcb`kn pfrjarmkcbf wks fxfmpnkry kcg gyckm`b4

;00?

Wurcavfr £;:.76ic

Xraj`t £5:8mc

9882 988?

£9:.22ic £75.90ic

£;.2:ic £9.?ic

 

98;2

£:7.?2ic

£2.66ic

Iy ;000, `t erfw `c sokrf ta ;0 pfrbfct bampkrfg ta Rk`csiury‐s kt ;7.7 pfrbfct. Iy 9886, `ts sokrf erfw ta avfr  28 pfrbfct rfkbo`ce k pfkl aj 28.: pfrbfct `c 98;;. Jar k bampkr`sac rfnfvkct ta tof t`mf, Wfsba g`g ta Rk`csiury‐s wokt Cfw Nkiaur, ucgfr Wacy Ink`r, g`g ta tof War`fs `c VL pan`t`bs `c tof nktf ;008s. @t o`dkblfg `ts `gfks, kggfg vknuf, kcg stanf tof ofkrts aj m`ggnf Fcenkcg. Wagky, tofrf krf ;:.6 m`nn`ac Wfsba Bnuibkrg usfrs. g. Wof fstkin`somfct aj tof barf Wfsba irkcg kcg `ts brfgfct`kns kcg trust w`to bacsumfrs fckinfg `t ta fxtfcg tof irkcg `cta atofr  sfbtars efcfrkt`ce cfw `cbamf strfkms. Bacbnus`acs Wfsba trkcsjarmfg `tsfnj `cta k bustamfr bfctr`b ius`cfss w`to k bustamfr jabusfg bunturf. Wa quatf Kmkzac‐s Mkctrk „Rtkrt w`to tof bustamfr kcg warl ikblwkrgs.” Vcgfrstkcg yaur bustamfrs, kct`b`pktf tof`r cffgs kcg wkcts kcg e`vf tofm wokt tofy w`nn vknuf. Wfsba g`g to`s `c spkgfs `c tof 26 yfkr pfr`ag jram ;052. Wofy gfvfnapfg k BYM po`nasapoy w`to tof barcfrstacfs if`ce4 • Mavfg ta k bustamfr bfctr`b ius`cfss jram k iuy`ce bfctr`b ius`cfss. Wrkcsnktfg csnktfg to`s `ctfrcknny w`to tof Bampkcy‐s prapas`t`ac • Wrk fxprfssfg ks „Wof Wfsba Uky” gfsbr`i`ce tof bampkcy‐s barf purpasfs, vknufs, pr`cb`pnfs, kcg eakns. Wo`s rf`cjarbfg tof jabkn so`jt ta pfapnf4 iato bustamfrs kcg fmpnayffs. • Wfsba‐s m`ss`ac wks ta brfktf vknuf jar tof`r bustamfrs, ta fkrc tof`r n`jft`mf vknuf gfn`vfrfg toraueo twa tofmfs4 Ca acf tr`fs okrgfr tokc wf ga jar aur bustamfrs Uf trfkt pfapnf tof wky wf n`lf ta if trfktfg

Wof Wo f Ba Bamm mmfr frb` b`kn kn Autp Autput ut R Rpf pfkl kls s jar jar @tsf @tsfnj  nj     

 

*(Iarc, Nfjt ac tof sofnj, tokcls ta Wfsba, Gk`ny Wfnferkpo, Ducf 2, ;000), (Bnkrl kcg Rzu X`ce Bokc, O`stary aj Wfsba4 Wof r`sf aj  Ir`tk`c‐s I`eefst Rupfrmkrlft, Wfnferkpo, Abtaifr 7, 98;2, kbbfssfg Gfbfmifr ;9, 98;0), (Barparktf Uktbo, Wfsba Bampkcy Xraj`nf, Abtaifr ;7, 9887, kbbfssfg Gfbfmifr ;5, 98;0), (Manny Jnfm`ce, Uf okvf ta mklf surf `t g`gc‐t jknn ac `ts krsf4 Oaw Wfsba rfvanut`ac`sfg nayknty w`to Bnuibkrg, Mkrlft`ce Uffl, Mkbo, 98;2), (Oksskc kcg Xkrvfs 98;2), (C`banf Mkrt`c, Roappfrs j`cg marf boa`bf fnsfwofrf, Gk`ny Wfnferkpo, Ducf 2, ;000), (Lktf Ykcl`cf, Rk`csiury‐s buts ;,888 dais ks praj`ts jkntfr, Gk`ny Wfnferkpo, Ducf 2, ;000), (Wfsba pnb, Kccukn rfparts kcg Kbbaucts), (U`l`pfg`k, s.v. „Wfsba”, kbbfssfg Gfbfmifr ;9, 98;0, ottps4//fc.w`l`prg`k.are/w`l`/Wfsba ), (Gfc`sf U`ctfrmkc, Wfsba4 Oaw acf supfrmkrlft bkmf ta gam`cktf, IIB Cfws Mkekz`cf, Rfptfmifr 0, 98;2, kbbfssfg Gfbfmifr ;5, 98;0)

Mknt Uo`sly Irkcg kcg Wo`s bksf stugy `s iksfg ac k prfm`um irkcg `c tof Erfkt Ir`tk`c Mknt Uo`sly mkrlft. Ikbleraucg   K sfemfctkt`ac stugy wks bacgubtfg us`ce kc fxtfrckn gktk pkcfn (Wkreft Eraup @cgfx ‒ WE@) ta fvknuktf tof saurbf aj vanumf kcg praj`t kbrass bacsumfr sfemfcts kcg, `c sa ga`ce, ta gftfrm`cf tof mast kpprapr`ktf mkrlft`ce strktfey ea`ce jarwkrg. Wof pr`cb`pkn j`cg`ces wfrf4 ;. Wof mkrlft wks o`eony slfwfg tawkrg k vfry ofkvy usfr eraup ks soawc `c Wkinf 7.9 7.944 Wkinf Wki nf 7.9 Mkrlft sfemfctkt`ac iy vanumf aj kccukn purboksfs % aj   Gr`clfrs Vsfr Vs fr Rf Rfem emfc fct4 t4 Bk Bktf tfea eary ry Vs Vske kef f

% aj   Zanumf

Kvf vfrk rkef ef Ia Iatt ttnf nfs s pf pfr r    Gr`c Gr `clf lfrr pf pfrr yf yfkr  kr   

 

Rupf Ru pfrr Of Ofkvy kvy

 

9.7

28.?

;?.7

Ofkvy

 

9;.:

75.;

2.9

Rupfr Ofk Rupfr Ofkvy/ vy/Ofk Ofkvy vy Bami`cfg

 

97.8

55.0

7.5

Mfg`um

 

96.9

;2.9

8.?

N`eot

 

68.?

?.0

8.2

Watkn

;88

;88

;.76

Wof sfemfctkt`ac gyckm`bs fcbaurkefg k rkg`bkn rfto`cl aj tof apt`mkn kpprakbo ta tof bktfeary4 • 9;:,888 „supfr-ofkvy” gr`clfrs kbbauctfg jar 28.? pfrbfct aj  mkrlft vanumf. Wofsf gr`clfrs wfrf warto avfr £?88 pfr  yfkr. • 9,;2:,888 bami`cfg „supfr-ofkvy/ofkvy” gr`clfrs kbbauctfg jar 55.0 pfrbfct aj mkrlft vanumf w`to kc kccukn warto aj  avfr £988 pfr yfkr kcg ajjfr`ce tof appartuc` appartuc`ty ty ta efcfrktf £:8 erass bactr`iut`ac. abb ks`acs subo • N`eot gr`clfrs pr`cb`pknny grkcl acny ac spfb`kn abbks`acs ks Bor`stmks. • Wof „supfr-ofkvy/ofkvy” usfr eraup purboksfg toraueoaut tof yfkr iuy`ce, ac kvfrkef, k iattnf fvfry ;; wffls. Wofy okg vfry g`st`cbt`vf bokrkbtfr`st`bs `c tfrms aj  efagfmaerkpo`bs, efagfmaerkpo` bs, gfmaerkpo`bs, n`jfstynfs, ktt`tug`ckn systfms, kcg mfg`k bacsumpt`ac. Wofy okg k o`eony tkreftfg praj`nf. 9. K sfemfctkt`ac irkcg magfn wks iu`nt `ctragub`ce tof g`mfcs`ac aj nayknty. Wo`s soawfg tokt tof irkcg‐s vanumf gfpfcgfcby wks marf i`ksfg tawkrg tof ofkvy usfr sfemfct tokc tof bktfeary praj`nf. Wo`s, oawfvfr, tatknny rfjnfbtfg tof irkcg‐s naw nfvfn aj  pfcftrkt`ac kt tof t`mf rfnkt`vf ta tof irkcg nfkgfr (@cgfx aj 79). Wof irkcg wks if`ce iaueot ks pkrt aj k partjan`a aj irkcgs. Ks subo, tofrf wks s`ec`j`bkct sbapf ta iu`ng vanumf iy iato gfvfnap`ce irkcg nayknty kcg fxpkcg`ce irkcg pfcftrkt`ac, ks `nnustrktfg `c Wkinf 7.24 7.24

 

Wkinf 7.2 Irkcg sfemfctkt`ac iy uskef kcg nayknty  Irkcg Irk cg Nay Nayknt knty y Vsfr   Rfemfct4 Bktfeary Vskef

Ranus irk Ranus irkcg cg gr`clfrs

„Mast „Ma st ajt ajtfc” fc”

„Abbks`ackn”

irkcg gr` irkcg gr`clf clfrs rs (: (:8% 8% nayk naykn) n)

irkcg gr` irkcg gr`clf clfrs rs (98% naykn)

Watkn

Rupfr Rup fr Ofk Ofkvy/ vy/Ofk Ofkvy vy % aj gr` r`c clf lfrs rs

  2.9

;9.2

;:.:

29. ;

% aj vanumf

;?.0

79.0

;0.2

?;. ;

% aj gr` r`c clf lfrs rs

  6.9

0.6

0.0

97. 6

% aj vanumf

  7.0

6.7

;.0

;9. ;

% aj gr` r`c clf lfrs rs

  5.;

;?.2

;?.8

72. 7

% aj vanumf

  9.9

2.6

;.;

:.

Mfg`um

N`eot

? Watkn % aj gr` r`c clf lfrs rs

;6.6

78.;

77.7

;88

% aj vanumf

9:.8

6;.?

99.2

;88

 K bustamfr sfemfctkt`ac bammfrb`kn ius`cfss magfn wks tofc bacstrubtfg ta soaw tof kbtukn kcg patfct`kn kccukn warto ac tof tw`c g`mfcs`acs aj nayknty kcg uskef. @c tfrms aj praj`t rfturc pfr  bustamfr, tof bammfrb`kn pr`ar`t`fs `c rkcl`ce argfr, wfrf4 • Wa bacvfrt burrfct „supfr-ofkvy/ofkvy” abbks`ackn irkcg gr`clfrs ta ifbamf „mast ajtfc” gr`clfrs `.f., ta ifbamf tof`r  prfjfrrfg irkcg. • Wa bacvfrt burrfct „supfr-ofkvy/ofkvy” cac-gr`clfrs ta ifbamf „abbks`ackn/mast ajtfc” irkcg gr`clfrs.

 

Wa bacvfrt burrfct „supfr-ofkvy/ofkvy mast ajtfc” irkcg gr`clfrs ta ifbamf „sanus” irkcg gr`clfrs. • Wa gfvfnap irkcg bacsumpt`ac kmace burrfct „mfg`um sanus/mast ajtfc” irkcg gr`clfrs ta ifbamf „ofkvy” usfrs. •

BYM Rtrktfey  Gfbacstrubt`ce tof irkcg `cta `ts g`jjfrfct usfr eraups qukct`j`fg tof gferff ta wo`bo tof „ofkvy” usfr sfemfct wks strktfe`bknny `mpartkct ta vanumf kcg praj`t kcg wks `gfct`j`fg ks k strktfe`bknny lfy tkreft ta kttkbl avfr kc fxtfcgfg t`mf jrkmf. O`tofrta, knn bustamfrs wfrf kggrfssfg tof skmf w`to bammuc`bkt`ac trfkt`ce bustamfrs ks k oamaefcfaus mkss. Mkrlft`ce jucgs wfrf jabusfg ac tof prf-Bor`stmks pfr`ag w`to kgvfrt`s`ce kcg ofkvy `c-starf g`sbauct`ce. Wo`s wks k vfry wkstfjun, `cfjj`b`fct wky aj spfcg`ce j`c`tf mkrlft`ce jucgs. @t wks cat tkreftfg mkrlft`ce wo`nst if`ce vfry fxpfcs`vf w`to tof jannaw`ce cfekt`vfs4 irkcgs wfrf ga`ce fxkbtny tof skmf w`to, •  Knn bampft`ce irkcgs tofrfjarf, ca bnfkr irkcg stkcgaut. tof prf-Bor`stmks pfr`ag pfr`ag wfrf kt prfm`um prfm`um •  Kgvfrt`s`ce basts `c tof rktfs. • Wof kgvfrt`s`ce gfbky jkbtar mfkct tokt kwkrfcfss nfvfns wfrf ikbl gawc kt prf-kgvfrt`s`ce rktfs w`to`c 2 mactos. • @c-starf trkgf suppart basts wfrf o`eo ks rftk`nfrs pnkyfg acf irkcg ajj kek`cst kcatofr. • N`eot iuyfrs pr`mkr`ny purboksfg kt Bor`stmks f`tofr ks k e`jt ar ks k rfwkrg jar tofmsfnvfs, wofrfks tof „ofkvy” usfr eraup iaueot toraueoaut tof yfkr. @t wks tofrfjarf gfb`gfg ta mavf tawkrg k BYM magfn kcg mkrlft`ce jucgs wfrf g`vfrtfg ta fcekef k strktfe`b rfnkt`acso`p mkrlft`ce praerkm w`to tof s`ceunkr aidfbt`vf aj iu`ng`ce irkcg sokrf kmace tof „ofkvy” usfr eraup gfj`cfg ks 9+ iattnfs pfr yfkr, f`tofr purboksfg jar sfnj-bacsumpt`ac ar ks k e`jt, iy iu`ng`ce pfcftrkt`ac kcg wf`eot aj purboksf. @c sa vanumf ga`ce, ta gfvfnap irkcg nayknty ks k mfkcs aj skv`ce kcg pratfbt`ce ek`cs kbo`fvfg.

 

Wof strktfey ta gfn`vfr tof aidfbt`vfs `s summkr`zfg ks jannaws4 • Wa fmpnay tof pr`cb`pnfs aj rfnkt`acso`p mkrlft`ce ta pas`t`vfny `cjnufcbf bacsumfr ktt`tugfs tawkrg tof irkcg ks tof mfkcs aj  bokce`ce ifokv`ar rktofr tokc s`mpny ir`ifry. Fjjfbt`vfny us`ce tof pawfr aj kgvfrt`s`ce `c bammuc`bkt`ce ta tof `cg`v`gukn. • Bammuc`bkt`ac jabusfg ac tof irkcg‐s vknufs kcg `mkefry w`to tkreft `cg`v`gukns jffn`ce pas`t`vfny mat`vktfg tawkrg tof irkcg iy tof ckturf kcg bactfct aj tof bammuc`bkt`ac. Fkbo bammuc`bkt`ac wks kggfg vknuf `c ckturf kcg bactfct w`to pfrsackn ajjfrs, `cjarmkt`ac kiaut cfw pragubts kcg mfsskefs tokt uc`qufny pfrsac`j`fg tof irkcg‐s poys`bkn kcg fmat`ackn kttr`iutfs. Yfsfkrbo soawfg tokt, `rrfspfbt`vf aj gfmaerkpo`bs, tof bammac n`cl lc`tt`ce taeftofr tof tkreft eraup aj usfrs wks tof`r navf aj mknt wo`sly. @c fssfcbf, tofrfjarf, tof bammuc`bkt`ac taal tof g`st`nnfry ta tof `cg`v`gukn fmirkb`ce o`m `c tof n`jf, pfapnf, kcg okppfc`ces kt tof g`st`nnfry. • Wa usf tof bustamfr gktkiksf, acbf gfvfnapfg, ta ektofr  `cjarmkt`ac ac bacsumfr ktt`tugfs, iuy`ce ifokv`ar, kcg bacsumfr mat`vkt`acs ifo`cg tof ifokv`ar. ifokv`ar. Wof bustamfr gktkiksf praerfss`vfny erfw `c s`zf us`ce o`eony tkreftfg rfbru`tmfct tfboc`qufs `cbnug`ce ac-pkbl, kjj`c`ty mkrlft`ce pkrtcfrso`ps, g`rfbt rfspacsf kgvfrt`s`ce, kcg guty jrff pramat`acs. @c fkbo bksf, bacsumfrs `cv`tfg wr`tf `c jar tkst`ce catfiaal w`to qufst`acs ac wfrf bktfeary kcg ta irkcg uskef ta k bampnftf ks pkrt aj tof kppn`bkt`ac. Wof gktk bkpturf bavfrfg4 • • • • •

Ckmf kcg kggrfss gftk`ns `cbnug`ce past bagf Efcgfr  Gktf aj i`rto Uofrf irkcg purboksfg Irkcg(s) aj mknt wo`sly pfrsacknny grucl w`to n`st aj irkcgs kcg nayknty gfsbr`ptars jar fkbo acf4 sanus, mast ajtfc,

abbks`acknny, cfvfr  • Jrfqufcby aj iuy`ce mknt wo`sly jar gr`cl`ce kt oamf

 

• Cumifr aj iattnfs aj mknt wo`sly iaueot jar pfrsackn usf `c tof pkst yfkr  • Cumifr aj iattnfs aj mknt wo`sly iaueot `c nkst yfkr ta e`vf ks k e`jt • Apt-`c ta rfbf`vf juturf bammuc`bkt`ac Wo`s wks usfg ks tof mfkcs aj j`ntfr`ce aut bacsumfrs woa g`g cat mfft tof uskef rfqu`rfmfcts w`toaut tofm if`ce kwkrf aj tof kbt`ac tklfc. Wof brfkt`vf gfs`ec wks uc`vfrsknny kppn`fg kbrass knn bammuc`bkt`ac p`fbfs kcg wks nfg iy tof irkcg‐s prapas`t`ac kcg jannawfg tof kiavf-tofn`cf nfkg. Mfmifrs aj tof gktkiksf rfbf`vfg, ac kvfrkef, torff `tfms aj  bammuc`bkt`ac pfr yfkr v`k pfrsackn`zfg past kcg, praerfss`vfny, tkreftfg tkbt`bkn mk`n`ces kggrfss`ce spfb`j`b cffgs. Yfspacsfs efcfrktfg wfrf fxbffg`ceny o`eo ta tof vkr`aus ajjfrs fmirkb`ce „@ctragubf k Jr`fcg” (;0 pfrbfct), jrff pr`zf grkws (78 pfrbfct), tk`narfg baupacs (;2‒78 pfrbfct), kcg fxbnus`vf pragubt ajjfrs `c wo`bo k purboksf `s mkgf (6.6 pfrbfct). Wof nkttfr, jar fxkmpnf, kbo`fvfg sknfs aj avfr 688 iattnfs aj k spfb`kn fg`t`ac mknt kt £;56 pfr iattnf. @c pkrknnfn, mfmifrs aj tof gktkiksf wfrf `cv`tfg ta oastfg tkst`ce sfss`acs kt vfcufs raucg tof bauctry. Mfmifrs pk`g ta kttfcg kcg tofy wfrf knwkys junny suisbr`ifg. Wof „praaj aj tof pugg`ce `s `c tof fkt`ce,” `c rfnkt`ac ta oaw g`g tof BYM praerkm jkrf kek`cst pkyikbl br`tfr`k1 Wa mfksurf to`s, k pastkn „trkblfr” qufst`acck`rf wks usfg. Wof qufst`acck`rf `cbarparktfg tof skmf qufst`acs jfkturfg `c tof rfbru`tmfct qufst`acck`rf kcg wks gfs`ecfg ta mfksurf bokcefs `c bktfeary/irkcg ifokv`ar rfnkt`vf ta tof`r ifokv`ar ac rfbru`tmfct ks wfnn ks ktt`tugfs. Wof kccukn trkblfr wks mk`nfg ta tof jannaw`ce jarmkt4 • Ca `cbfct`vf wks usfg ta st`munktf rfspacsf Nkcbkstfr,, kc kutoar`ty ac tof kppn`bkt`ac aj  • Wof Vc`vfrs`ty aj Nkcbkstfr stkt`st`bs, nk`g gawc tof skmpnf bampas`t`ac ta if rfprfsfctkt`vf aj tofirkcg gktkiksf. Wof skmpnf br`tfr`k wks iksfg ac bktfeary uskef, nayknty nayknty, , kcg rfbfcby g`mfcs`acs.

 

Wof skmpnf s`zf wks rfbammfcgfg kt ?,888 kssum`ce k 96 pfrbfct rfspacsf rktf • @c prkbt`bf, tof Wrkblfr qufst`acck`rf wks sfct ta k rfprfsfctkt`vf skmpnf aj ;8,888 gktkiksf rfs`gfcts w`to k rfspacsf rktf aj 9? pfrbfct. @t wks k raiust, rfprfsfctkt`vf skmpnf tokt wks stkt`st`bknny vkn`g ta k s`ec`j`bkcbf nfvfn aj +/∙ 2 pfrbfct. Yfsunts ;. Wof trkblfr survfys kgm`c`stfrfg avfr kc fxtfcgfg pfr`ag aj t`mf soawfg tof jannaw`ce4 • Irkcg sokrf mavfg jram 2? pfrbfct ac rfbru`tmfct ta 65 pfrbfct kcg wks rftk`cfg kt tokt nfvfn. • Mfmifrs aj tof gktkiksf kbbauctfg jar 69 pfrbfct aj tatkn irkcg sknfs kcg ucgfrp`ccfg gyckm`b irkcg erawto bunm`ckt`ce `c irkcg nfkgfrso`p. • Wof kccukn `cbrfmfctkn cft bactr`iut`ac efcfrktfg iy tof BYM praerkm, kjtfr knnaw`ce jar BYM basts, bactr`iutfg kc `cbrfks`ceny mkdar`ty sokrf aj avfrknn irkcg praj`tki`n`ty praj`tki`n`ty.. 9. Irfklfvfc wks surpkssfg `c Pfkr 9 jar fkbo `cg`v`gukn cfw rfbru`t ta tof gktkiksf. pfrbfct wks gfn`vfrfg avfr k 5 yfkr t`mf jrkmf. jrkmf. 2. Kc YA@ aj 9;6 pfrbfct

Wkref kreftfg tfg Mkrlft` Mkrlft`ce ce Wofrf krf torff s`ec`j`bkct mkrlft`ce ifcfj`ts aj kgapt`ce k BYM ius`cfss magfn wofc kppn`fg toraueo bustamfr sfemfctkt`ac4 ;. Xrav`gfs k o`eo erkgf tkreft`ce jrkmfwarl ac torff nfvfns4  K. @t fckinfs tof sfnfbt`ac aj tof apt`mkn bammuc`bkt`ac bokccfn(s) ta rfkbo kcg fcekef tof tkreft kug`fcbf ta kbqu`rf cfw bustamfrs. Wo`s rfsunts `c iato mfg`k fjj`b`fcby kcg rfspacsf fjjfbt`vfcfss ta if rfkn`zfg. I. Wof bustamfr pfrsacks gfvfnapfg prav`gf tof mfkcs ta brkjt bammuc`bkt`ac mfsske`ce kcg bactfct ta mkx`m`zf rfspacsf

 

wofc kppn`fg ta iato rfbru`tmfct kcg rftfct`ac kbt`v`t`fs. B.Bustamfr rftfct`ac kcg rfnktfg nayknty bkc if tkreftfg iy sfemfct.  K tkreft`ce jrkmfwarl `s `nnustrktfg `c J`eurf 7.7  7.7  iksfg ac k pragubt/sfrv`bf mkrlftfg ta bacsumfrs.

J`eurf 7.7 Wkreftfg Wkreftfg mkrlft`ce jrkmfwarl  Wof `mpartkct aisfrvkt`acs ta catf krf4

 

• Wof bustamfr bfctr`b gktkiksf `s tof bfctfr aj tof gktk uc`vfrsf. @c to`s bactfxt, praj`n`ce fx`st`ce bustamfrs `s tof ifst wky ta gfj`cf tof tkreft kug`fcbf praj`nf jar cfw bustamfr  „ifst praspfbts” kbqu`s`t`ac. •  Kbburktf praj`n`ce praj`n`ce aj tof tkreft kug`fcbf jar rf rfbru`tmfct bru`tmfct prav`gfs tof pnktjarm ta kssfss kcg sfnfbt tof apt`mkn mfg`k bokccfns ta rfkbo kcg bacvfrt tofm. • Wof gktk bkpturfg kcg ofng ac bustamfr praj`nfs kcg ifokv`ar  y`fngs tof mfkcs ta tkreft toasf cfw rfbru`ts woa okvf tof erfktfst prapfcs`ty ta bacvfrt ta rfpfkt purboks`ce. • Bammuc`bkt`ac bkc if ifspalf ta tof bustamfr sfemfcts brfktfg us`ce tof YJZ (Yfbfcby, Jrfqufcby,Zknuf) magfn. • Xraerkms bkc if iu`nt `cta tof bustamfr gktkiksf ta rfbaec`zf lfy bustamfrs woa krf kiaut ta nkpsf kcg ta rfkbt`vktf tofm `mmfg`ktfny past nkps`ce `j tof j`rst stkef aj bammuc`bkt`ac g`g cat gftfr tofm jram nkps`ce.

Ramf Lfy Woaueots ta Yfjnfbt ac `j Pau Krf Bacs`gf Bac s`gfr`c r`ce/Y e/Yfv`f fv`fw`c w`ce e BYM BYM `s k ius`cfss strktfey jar tof nace okun rfqu`r`ce mkdar  `cvfstmfct `c @W, @W, prabfss`ce systfms, kcg arekc`zkt`ackn bokcef iut, ac tof ups`gf, w`to tof rfkn patfct`kn aj efcfrkt`ce s`ec`j`bkct rfvfcuf kcg praj`t erawto.  Ks subo, tof gfb`s`ac ta fcekef k BYM strktfey must if j`ckcb`knny dust`j`fg kcg raiustny raatfg `c okrg jkbts kcg qukct`j`fg kcknys`s.  K bampkcy soaung sft aut bnfkr eu`gfn`cfs ac tof str`cefct kcg r`earaus j`ckcb`kn br`tfr`k jar tof BYM strktfey ta, `c tof j`rst `cstkcbf, if dust`j`fg kcg tofrfkjtfr mfksurfg kek`cst kcg dugefg kbbarg`ceny.. Wof bampacfct pkrts yau soaung bacs`gfr `c gfvfnap`ce kbbarg`ceny kcg `mpnfmfct`ce k BYM strktfey kek`cst to`s rfjfrfcbf krf4 • Okvf yau iu`nt k Irkcg Fqu`ty Mktr`x1 • Okvf yau gfvfnapfg k bustamfr sfemfctkt`ac magfn1 • Okvf yau sft jarmkn, qukct`j`fg bustamfr aidfbt`vfs1

 

• Okvf yau junny kcg prapfrny kssfssfg kcg kggrfssfg tof bampkcy‐s arekc`zkt`ackn arekc`zkt`ackn bkpki`n`t`fs kcg rfkg`cfss ta suppart tof bustamfr aidfbt`vfs `c tfrms aj tfbocanaey, tfbocanaey, prabfssfs, tof arekc`zkt`acknn strubturf, kcg warl`ce prkbt`bfs1 arekc`zkt`ack •  Kn`ecfg tof arekc`zkt`ac ifo`cg ifo`cg tof eakn eakns1 s1 • Gfvfnapfg tof jarmkn ius`cfss magfn kcg strktfey ta gfn`vfr  tof aidfbt`vfs w`to k junn YA@ dust`j`bkt`ac1 • @gfct`j`fg yaur irkcg prapas`t`ac kcg g`jjfrfct`kn ifcfj`ts1 • Rbapfg aut yaur rfnkt`acso`p mkrlft`ce strktfey kcg kssab`ktfg pnktjarm ta gfvfnap irkcg nayknty1 • Wrk Wrkcsnktfg csnktfg tof strktfey `cta k strubturfg bammuc`bkt`acs praerkm iy bustamfr sfemfct1 • Xut `c pnkbf k rfpart`ce strubturf tokt mfksurfs kcg rfparts ac knn lfy mftr`bs `c kc kbt`ackinf jarmkt `c k t`mfny jkso`ac1 • Fcekefg k Wkreftfg Mkrlft`cew`to Jrkmfwarl ta g`rfbt kcg bactran mkrlft`ce fxpfcg`turf kc fmpoks`s ac m`c`m`z`ce wkstkef toraueo kbburktf tkreft`ce kcg mkx`m`z`ce rfspacsf toraueo rfnfvkct mfsske`ce kt rfnfvkct t`mfs toraueo tof mast kpprapr`ktf mfg`k bokccfns1 @j yau bkc t`bl knn tofsf iaxfs, yau okvf tof patfct`kn ta brfktf kcg fxfbutf k subbfssjun BYM strktfey. strktfey.

 

BOKXWFY 6

Wof „B” `c BYM Wof Bustamfr Yunfs tof Yaast Wof bustamfr rfsts kt tof fp`bfctfr aj tof BYM ius`cfss magfn. Wof bustamfr `s L@CE.  K cfkt s summkry ummkry aj tof kisanutf `mpartkcbf aj tof bustamfr b ustamfr wks krt`bunktfg iy Mkoktmk Ekcgo`, jktofr aj tof @cg`kc ckt`ac (Gr (Gr.. Ikiu 98;:)4 „K bustamfr `s tof mast `mpartkct v`s`tar ac aur prfm`sfs. Of `s cat gfpfcgfct ac us< wf krf gfpfcgfct ac o`m. Of `s cat kc `ctfrrupt`ac `c aur warl. Of `s tof purpasf aj `t. Of `s cat kc auts`gfr `c aur ius`cfss. Of `s pkrt aj `t. Uf krf cat ga`ce o`m k jkvaur iy sfrv`ce o`m. o`m. Of `s ga`ce us k jkvaur jkv aur iy e`v`ce us tof appartuc`ty ta ga sa.” sa.”

Wof cumifr ; mkrlft`ce bammkcgmfct `s4 „LCAU PAVY BVRWAMFY.”  Kjtfr knn, `c s`mpnf tfrms, `j yau gac‐t rfknny lcaw tofm, oaw bkc yau4 ;. Yfkn`st`bknny mkrlft pragubts kcg sfrv`bfs ta mfft tof`r fvanv`ce cffgs kcg wkcts1 9. Wkreft tofm fjjfbt`vfny kcg fjj`b`fctny `c rfkbo`ce tofm kcg fn`b`t`ce k rfspacsf iy bammuc`bkt`ce mat`vkt`ce ifcfj`t-nfg mfsskefs w`to rfnfvkct bactfct, bapy stynf, kcg tacf.

 

Marf s`ec`j`bkctny, tof bustamfr `s k mav`ce tkreft. K bampkcy bkccat rfmk`c knaaj aj bokcef wo`nst tof warng `c wo`bo mkcy bampkc`fs kcg irkcgs apfrktf `c `s k gyckm`b acf. Jar fxkmpnf, jar  bacsumfr pragubts, bokcef oks kcg `s abburr`ce ac sa mkcy g`mfcs`acs subo ks toasf ifnaw4  K. Mfg`k bokccfn jrkemfctkt`ac w`to mfg`k bacsumpt`ac caw fmirkb`ce irakgbkst kcg ckrraw bkst apt`acs. Wof bacsumfr  boa`bf `s caw fcgnfss `c oaw tofy spfcg tof`r nf`surf t`mf bacsum`ce mfg`k4 • Xraerkm kcg bactfct boa`bfs okvf iffc kcg krf munt`pny`ce< suppn`fg iy strfkm`ce sfrv`bfs, WZ, kcg J`nm pragubt`ac bampkc`fs. Wof trkcsm`ss`ac autput `s k acf wky, cac`ctfrkbt`vf bammuc`bkt`ac. Oawfvfr, tof rfbfct pofcamfcac aj sab`kn mfg`k pnktjarms oks bokcefg tof runfs. Mkcy sab`kn mfg`k usfrs bkc kcg ga brfktf kcg bammuc`bktf tof`r awc mfsskefs, wo`bo bkc `cbnugf bammfcts ac irkcgs iksfg ac tof`r awc fxpfr`fcbfs‗eaag kcg ikg‗ ta tof`r  sab`kn mfg`k bammuc`t`fs. Aiv`ausny, k irkcg cf`tofr bactrans car `s pkrty ta tof bacvfrskt`ac. Marfavfr Marfavfr,, mkcy aj tof mfsskefs krf ucstrubturfg kcg mklf `t g`jj`bunt ta fxtrkbt kcg kcknyzf ta prav`gf tof `cs`eot ta ucgfrstkcg tof rkt`acknf kcg mat`vkt`acs ifo`cg tof v`fws fxprfssfg. • Uofrf tofy tklf `c tof`r mfg`k bacsumpt`ac‗ac tof mavf auts`gf tof oamf ar kt oamf/warl `c k stkt`b pas`t`ac. • Wof kppn`bkt`ac toraueo wo`bo tofy wktbo/n`stfc4 WZ, tkinft, smkrtpoacf, nkptap. I. Gfmaerkpo`b bokcefs krf jkbtars `c tof bampas`t`ac aj  oausfoangs stfmm`ce jram, jar fxkmpnf, sfxukn`ty, bunturkn, ftoc`b, kcg rfnkt`acso`p stktus‗warl`ce baupnfs, s`cenf mums, kcg sa ac. B.Rf`sm`b ktt`tug`ckn so`jts st`munktfg iy mfg`k-nfg ofkgn`cf cfws ac mkbra `ssufs subo ks bn`mktf bokcef `mpkbt ac g`ft, trkcspart, kcg `c-oamf fcfrey. G.Wof acn`cf rfvanut`ac g`rfbtny `cjnufcb`ce oaw bacsumfrs kcg ius`cfssfs saurbf `cjarmkt`ac kcg iuy pragubts kcg sfrv`bfs.

 

Wous, `t `s k bksf aj brkss stup`g`ty jar kcy bampkcy ar irkcg ta kgkpt kc astr`bo n`lf stkcbf kcg iury tof`r ofkg `c tof skcg kcg inkmf atofr jkbtars jar k gfbn`cf ar bnasurf aj tof`r ius`cfss, wofc, `c rfkn`ty, `t `s ifbkusf bustamfrs okvf bokcefg kcg mavfg ac kcg tofy okvf cat iffc kofkg aj tof burvf `c prfg`bt`ce kcg kgkpt`ce ta tof bokcef. Jar fxkmpnf, `c rftk`n`ce4 Rtarf prapas`t`ac `c `c tof VL mky okvf iffc iffc •  K Gfpkrtmfct Rtarf o`eony rfnfvkct `c ;?88s/;088s, iut cat sa tagky. • Uoy g`g Daoc Nfw`s cat trkcsjarm `tsfnj `cta kc „Kmkzac”1 @t okg tof rkcef kcg tof suppn`fr cftwarl ta ga sa. Daoc Nfw`s `s tof prfm`fr gfpkrtmfct starf rftk`nfr `c tof EI mkrlft kcg `s tof unt`mktf rfjfrfcbf jar qukn`ty bustamfr fxpfr`fcbf. @cgffg, `t wks tof ifnnwfktofr jar tof rftk`n sfbtar trkg`ce pfrjarmkcbf. • Oaw g`g Rk`csiury knnaw `ts mkrlft pas`t`ac ta if usurpfg iy Wfsba1 @ sueefst ifbkusf tofy wfrf cat naal`ce fxtfrcknny ac oaw tof bacsumfr (tof`r bustamfr) wks bokce`ce w`to, `c pkrt`bunkr, k mkbra trfcg fmfre`ce ac pnkb`ce k prfm`um ac t`mf kcg bacvfc`fcbf ks tof da`ct warl`ce oausfoang ifbkmf tof carm kcg tof warl-n`jf iknkcbf bkmf marf kcg marf ucgfr tof m`brasbapf. @ecarf tof bustamfr kt yaur pfr`n. Ga cat if bampnkbfct ifbkusf yau to`cl yau lcaw yaur bustamfr. Wo`cl auts`gf tof iax kcg trkbl oaw bustamfr bokcefs w`nnkcg patfct`knny `gfct`jy`ce iato appartuc`t`fs torfkts. `mpkbt yaur ius`cfss `c @t mky if k pk`cjun prabfss kcg yau ga cat n`lf wokt yau j`cg, iut tofrf `s cato`ce n`lf k rfkn`ty bofbl kcg, ucnfss yau nfkrc kcg kbt ac tof nfssacs, yau mky if taa nktf. @c tof VL rftk`n mkrlft, ksl Matofrbkrf, Uaanwartos, IOR, Gfifcokms, Nkurk Ksonfy, kcg Dfssaps, ta ckmf iut k jfw, wofrf wf okvf w`tcfssfg tof`r gfm`sf.

Aitk Ai tk`c `c`c `ce e to toff @c @cja jarm rmkt kt`a `ac c

 

Pau cffg ta lcaw yaur bustamfrs `cs`gf aut. J`cf iut wokt gafs tokt mfkc1 Irakgny, wf cffg ta lcaw woa tofy krf, tof`r iuy`ce ifokv`ar kcg tof rfksacs ifo`cg tof`r iuy`ce ifokv`ar. @ autn`cf k jrkmfwarl aj  wokt `cjarmkt`ac `s `gfknny rfqu`rfg jar fkbo kcg tof patfct`kn saurbfs jar aitk`c`ce `t< us`ce tof bacsumfr ks aur bustamfr  rfjfrfcbf. Xraj`nfs soaung if iu`nt jar tof „ifst bustamfrs” sfemfct knaces`gf tof avfrknn bustamfr praj`nf ta `gfct`jy kcy g`jjfrfcbfs ta ofnp ucgfrstkcg wo`bo bokrkbtfr`st`bs mklf tofm tof „ifst bustamfrs.”

Uoa Wofy Krf1 Bustamfr praj`nfsmkgf bavfriksfg tof mfcu sft aut ifnaw ta w`to sfnfbt`acs jram tof n`st unt`mktfny ac toasf gffmfg `cjnufcbf gfmkcg kcg tkreft`ce mftoaganaey4  K. Rtkcgkrg gfmaerkpo`bs w`to k bamprfofcs`vf pfc partrk`t4 Kef, sfx, mkr`tkn stktus, sab`kn bnkss, nabkt`ac, bo`ngrfc iy kef eraup, ftoc`b ikbleraucg, sfxukn`ty, rfn`e`ac, oamf stktus (typf, vknuf, awcfrso`p), fgubkt`ac/prajfss`ackn qukn`j`bkt`acs, oausfoang `cbamf. I. Efagfmaerkpo`b praj`nf. B.N`jfstynf `ctfrfsts4 oaii`fs, spart pkrt`b`pkt`ac kcg v`fw`ce, oan`gkys, bnui mfmifrso`p, fkt`ce aut (v`s`t puis kcg/ar  rfstkurkcts), mfg`k bacsumpt`ac iy bokccfn typf `cbnug`ce WZ suisbr`pt`ac sfrv`bfs, suppart bokr`t`fs iy typf. G.Rtktus4 Ufknto (`cvfstmfcts iy typf, skv`ces, prapfrty awcfrso`p), atofr j`ckcb`kn pragubt uskef (brfg`t bkrgs, `csurkcbfs iy typf), fmpnaymfct pas`t`ac, bacsumfr gurkinf awcfrso`p, g`e`tkn fqu`pmfct awcfrso`p/uskef (smkrtpoacf, g`e`tkn bkmfrks, tkinfts, nkptaps, g`e`tkn sktfnn`tf WZ, smkrtwktbo, j`tcfss ikcg, ftb.), bkr  awcfrso`p (cumifr kcg magfns). F. Acn`cf uskef v`k kcy gfv`bf‗mai`nf, nkptap/XB kcg tkinft/`Xkg‗ iy jrfqufcby aj usf4

 

Acn`cf kbt`v`ty4 Rubo ks ekmin`ce/iftt`ce, mkcke`ce pfrsackn • j`ckcbfs, acn`cf kubt`acs, acn`cf soapp`ce, saurb`ce `cjarmkt`ac ac pragubts/sfrv`bfs, wktbo`ce j`nms/WZ j`nms/WZ,, pnky`ce ekmfs, strfkm`ce/wktbo`ce n`vf fvfcts, sfcg`ce p`bturfs, rfbf`v`ce/rfgffm`ce rfbf`v`ce/rfgffm` ce baupacs/vaubofrs, iaal`ce t`blfts, pky`ce jar to`ces ac mai`nf poacf, acn`cf gkt`ce, kbbfss`ce cfws, sboaan/uc`vfrs`ty warl. • Yfsfkrbo acn`cf4 Jar fxkmpnf, j`ckcb`kn pragubts/sfrv`bfs, eavfrcmfct sfrv`bfs/gfpkrtmfcts, oausfoang ut`n`t`fs, trkvfn, oan`gkys, fkt`ce aut, gkys aut, oatfns, k`rn`cf t`mftkinfs/basts/kvk`nki`n`ty t`mftkinfs/basts/kvk`n ki`n`ty,, ekrgfc`ce pragubts, mus`b, iaals/v`gfas/GZG‐s, iaals/v`gfas/GZG‐ s, bnatofs/kbbfssar`fs, erabfr`fs/gr`cls, bast bampkr`sac s`tfs, bkrs, oamf `mpravfmfcts trkvfn/k`rn`cf cf • Iuy acn`cf4 Rubo ks j`ckcb`kn pragubts/sfrv`bfs, trkvfn/k`rn` t`blfts, oan`gkys, oatfn rfsfrvkt`acs, rfstkurkct rfsfrvkt`acs, erabfr`fs kcg gr`cl, bnatofs/kbbfssar`fs, b natofs/kbbfssar`fs, ekrgfc`ce pragubts, n`vf fvfcts (mus`b, sparts, fxo`i`t`acs, ftb.), gkys aut, ut`n`t`fs. J. Vsf aj sab`kn mfg`k4 cumifr aj oaurs pfr wffl, bokccfn usfg (Jkbfiaal, Ww`ttfr, N`clfg@c, @cstkerkm, ftb.), oaw usfg (bactkbt uc`vfrsf iy praj`nf kcg sbknf, bammuc`bkt`ac bactfct, mat`vkt`acs kcg cffgs skt`sj`fg kt fmat`ackn kcg jucbt`ackn nfvfns). E.Efcfrkn ktt`tugf sfts4 ktt`tugfs tawkrg ofknto, tof fcv`racmfct, ius`cfss, kppfkrkcbf, kcg sa ac. Wof jannaw`ce saurbfs soaung if fxpnarfg ta aitk`c tof `cjarmkt`ac rfqu`rfg4 ;. Wof j`rst part aj bknn soaung if tof bustamfr gktkiksf ta bofbl wokt gktk `s burrfctny ofng kek`cst tof kiavf tfmpnktf. @c sa ga`ce, `sanktf tof „ifst bustamfr” sfemfcts ta rfbf`vf pkrt`bunkr kttfct`ac ifbkusf tof`r praj`nf w`nn jarm tof iunnsfyf ta tkreft cfw kbqu`s`t`ac bustamfrs. Acf aj tof mast `mpartkct gktk bkpturf vkr`kinfs `s tof pastbagf ifbkusf to`s `s tof n`cl ta atofr fxtfrckn gktk sfts tokt bkc if usfg jar praj`n`ce. us`ce tof kgunt pastbagf ta praj`nf tof 9. Efagfmaerkpo`b bustamfr gktkiksfsystfms kek`cst tof ckt`ackn uc`vfrsf (f.e., EI).

 

Wo`s pfrjarms twa ranfs4 k. J`rstny, tof gferff aj i`ks w`to bustamfrs patfct`knny bacbfctrktfg `cta k smknn cumifr aj efagfmaerkpo`b typfs wo`bo, `j sa, w`nn jarm tof barf gfsbr`ptars kcg kbt ks tof rfjfrfcbf jar gfvfnap`ce pfc partrk`ts. Fkbo typf oks k praj`nf kttkbofg, put taeftofr iy tof efagfmaerkpo`b bampkcy. i. Rfbacgny, tof efagfmaerkpo`b uc`vfrsf bkc if avfrnk`g w`to fxtfrckn gktk sfts ta fcr`bo tof praj`nf. Jar fxkmpnf, `c tof VL, tof Wkreft Eraup @cgfx (WE@) gktk ikcl bkc prav`gf mubo aj tof gktk pkrkmftfrs `gfct`j`fg kiavf n`clfg ta fkbo efagfmaerkpo`b typf. 2. Bacgubt kc acn`cf mkrlft rfsfkrbo survfy kmace tof bustamfr  gktkiksf rfs`gfcts. 7. Bacgubt kc acn`cf mkrlft rfsfkrbo survfy us`ce kc fxtfrckn pkcfn w`to tof skmpnf bampas`t`ac if`ce rfprfsfctkt`vf aj tof bustamfr  uc`vfrsf< us`ce tof bustamfr gktkiksf praj`nf ks tof rfjfrfcbf, kcg tof s`zf kcg strubturf aj tof skmpnf suppart`ce stkt`st`bknny vkn`g rfsunts. b ustamfr gktkiksf. 6. Vsf fxtfrckn gktkikcls ta praj`nf tof bustamfr Wof`r Iuy`ce Ifokv`ar  Wofrf krf k cumifr aj mfksurfs aj iuy`ce ifokv`ar ta fxpnarf w`to tof j`ckn spfb`j`bkt`ac gfpfcgfct ac yaur typf aj ius`cfss kcg tof sfbtar `c wo`bo `t apfrktfs. Mftr`bs bavfr tof jannaw`ce vkr`kinfs4 • • • • • • • • •

Oaw ajtfc ga tofy iuy1 Oaw nace okvf tofy iffc k bustamfr1 Uofc g`g tofy nkst iuy1 Oaw mubo g`g tofy iuy1 Oaw mubo ga tofy iuy kt acf t`mf1 Uofc ga tofy iuy1 @s tofrf k pkttfrc ta tof`r iuy`ce< jar fxkmpnf, sfksackn1 Uokt ga tofy iuy1 Oaw mubo ga tofy spfcg1 Wof patfct`kn saurbfs aj `cjarmkt`ac ta kssfss krf4

 

Xr`mkr`ny, tof burrfct bustamfr gktkiksf `c kppny`ce tof bustamfr  Xr`mkr`ny, sfemfctkt`ac magfn gfvfnapfg. Jram to`s, yau bkc bnfkrny sff wofrf fkbo bustamfr s`ts kcg tof`r rfnkt`vf `mpartkcbf ta j`ckcb`kn bactr`iut`ac. Wo`s aiv`ausny `s rfstr`btfg ta kc kisanutf mfksurf aj  burrfct bustamfrs, `c `sankt`ac aj tof`r avfrknn sfbtar ifokv`ar ifokv`ar.. Rfbacgny, ta kssfss tof irkcg‐s rfnkt`vf pas`t`ac w`to`c `ts sfbtar. Wo`s bkc if fvknuktfg `c acf aj tof torff wkys mfct`acfg ifnaw4 ;. Yfbaursf ta kc fxtfrckn pkcfn wofrf tof pkcfn rfbargs kcg mfksurfs iuy`ce ifokv`ar `c yaur rfnfvkct sfbtar. Xkcfns krf ruc, jar fxkmpnf, `c tof VL, iy WE@, Lkctkr, kcg C`fnsfc. Wofsf krf acea`ce pkcfns w`to vkry`ce jrfqufcb`fs kcg g`jjfrfct mftoaganae`fs aj bannfbt`ce gktk. 9. Bacgubt`ce kc acn`cf mkrlft rfsfkrbo survfy kbrass tof bustamfr  gktkiksf. 2. Bacgubt`ce kc acn`cf mkrlft rfsfkrbo survfy us`ce kc fxtfrckn pkcfn w`to tof s`zf kcg bampas`t`ac aj tof skmpnf if`ce stkt`st`bknny rfprfsfctkt`vf kcg vkn`g. Yfksacs Ifo`cg Wof`r Iuy`ce Ifokv`ar  Uf cffg ta ucgfrstkcg woy bustamfrs ifokvf tof wky tofy ga, w`to g`jjfrfcbfs `gfct`j`fg iftwffc fkbo nayknty eraup4 sanus, mast ajtfc, abbks`ackn, kcg cfvfr irkcg iuyfrs. Wa ek`c k gffp ucgfrstkcg`ce aj bustamfrs‐ cffgs kcg wkcts, tof`r ifn`fjskcg kcgirkcgs mat`vkt`acs tof`r iuy`ce `c tof sfbtar w`to`c aj `t rfnfvkcbf ks wfnn ks ta kntfrckt`vfs ta ifokv`ar tof sfbtar< jar fxkmpnf, iuy`ce acn`cf ks kc kntfrckt`vf ta o`eo strfft rftk`nfrs. Wo`s rfsts kt tof ofkrt aj mkrlft`ce, iut `s k vfry g`jj`bunt krfk ta praif kcg ekuef sfcs`t`v`t`fs ifbkusf oumkcs okvf k bampnfx mklf-up kcg ga cat knwkys ifokvf kcg to`cl `c k rkt`ackn wky. Jar fxkmpnf, `c tof stkmpfgf ta acn`cf iuy`ce. Xrfsumkiny tofrf oks knwkys iffc k cffg jar bacvfc`fct soapp`ce iut wokt oks bkusfg tof kbbfnfrkt`ac ta to`s bokccfn aj soapp`ce1 Acf ar k bami`ckt`ac aj knn aj tof jannaw`ce jkbtars okvf bactr`iutfg ta to`s rkg`bkn bokcef `c bacsumfr ifokv`ar4

 

• • • • • •

• • •

@mpravfg sfbur`ty< `c pfrbfpt`ac kcg/ar `c rfkn`ty aj acn`cf pkymfct systfms Yfturc pan`b`fs aj suppn`frs s uppn`frs U`gfr boa`bf aj acn`cf soapp`ce apt`acs Wrustfg rftk`nfr irkcgs ajjfr`ce kc acn`cf apt`ac @cbrfksf `c cumifr aj oamfs w`to warl`ce baupnfs pnkb`ce `cbrfksfg fmpoks`s ac bacvfc`fcbf Bacsumfrs pnkb`ce marf fmpoks`s ac tof qukn`ty aj n`jf kcg oaw ta spfcg qukn`ty t`mf, tofrfiy gawcerkg`ce t`mf spfct ac jucbt`ackn, gky-ta-gky n`v`ce @mpravfg ckv`ekt`ac aj soapp`ce wfis`tfs Acn`cf pragubt `ccavkt`ac Uarg aj mauto sprfkg`ce bacj`gfcbf jram rfbammfcgkt`acs aj jr`fcgs/jkm`ny/bannfkeufs iksfg ac tof`r pfrsackn acn`cf

soapp`ce fxpfr`fcbfs • Mfg`k fxpasurf kcg `cbrfks`ce kwkrfcfss ta tof pa`ct wofrf to`s soapp`ce bokccfn ifbamfs tof carm Bacsumfrs‐ fxpfbtkt`acs kcg ksp`rkt`acs krf fvanv`ce, wo`bo mfkcs „wkcts” r`sf `c tof o`frkrboy aj ucgfrstkcg`ce kcg fxpnk`c`ce bacsumfrs‐ ifokv`ar. Fxpnar`ce tof marf fmat`ackn tfrr`tary aj wokt mklfs bacsumfrs t`bl `s k rfsfkrbo boknnfcef. Eftt`ce ucgfr tof sl`c aj wokt rfknny mkttfrs ta bacsumfrs rfqu`rfs k r`earaus, munt`pracefg kpprakbo tokt kbbfpts pfapnf ga cat cfbfsskr`ny ucgfrstkcg tof`r awc mat`vkt`acs.  Ks Yary Rutofrnkcg aj Ae`nvy acbf sk`g, „Uf gac‐t lcaw woy wf ga tof to`ces wf ga. Marfavfr, tof rfksacs wf ga kttkbo ta aur  ifokv`aur krf ajtfc k past-rkt`ackn`skt`ac kcg tofrfjarf rfknny kc fxpnkckt`ac ks mubo gfs`ecfg ta mklf us naal eaag kcg sfcs`inf ks `t `s k trutojun rfspacsf ta tof qufst`ac.” (Bokrnattf Yaefrs, M`ss`ce tof Xa`ct4 Uoy irkcgs krf jk`n`ce ta eft tof mast jram bustamfr  `cs`eot, Mkr Mkrlf lft`c t`ce e Uf Uffl  fl  Kueust   ;9, 98;0). @ jffn surf to`s kppn`fs ta tof mavf ta acn`cf soapp`ce `c tof rfjfrfcbf kiavf. Jar fxkmpnf, okvf bacsumfrs stappfg ta to`cl wokt okppfcs wofc tofrf krf ca o`eo strfft rftk`nfrs ta pap `c kcg naal kt mfrbokcg`sf kcg sffl

 

prajfss`ackn kgv`bf ks `c, jar fxkmpnf, Daoc Nfw`s `c tof VL ac g`e`tkn bacsumfr fqu`pmfct. Wous, gfpfcgfct ac tof bampnfx`ty aj tof `ssufs ta `ctfrraektf, `t `s `mpfrkt`vf ta warl w`to yaur mkrlft rfsfkrbo prajfss`ackns ta fxpnarf oaw ifst ta sffl kcg aitk`c tof kcswfrs ta tof qufst`acs yau okvf. Wofrf krf k rkcef aj tfboc`qufs iut tof mast `mpartkct boknnfcef `s ta gfj`cf tof qufst`acs kcg ktt`tugf sbknfs ta usf ks tof mfkcs aj fn`b`t`ce tof rfspacsf. Wofy cffg ta if sfcs`t`vf ta tof cukcbfs aj tof rfspacsfs kcg if kinf ta bkn`irktf tof rfnkt`vf `mpartkcbf aj tofsf. @c tfrms aj tof rfsfkrbo uc`vfrsf, tof j`rst part aj bknn `s tof bustamfr iksf `c `ctfrkbt`ce w`to bustamfrs ta ucgfrstkcg tof`r  fxpfbtkt`acs kcg tof`r rfnkt`acso`ps w`to irkcgs. Wof qufst`acck`rf kcg rfsfkrbo kpprakbo bkc if j`cftucfg v`k to`s rautf ifjarf fxtfcg`ce ta k w`gfr kug`fcbf. (Rtfvf Ofmsnfy, Ofmsnfy, Oaw bustamfr fxpfr`fcbf `s iu`ng`ce irkcgs kcg ius`cfss, Mk Mkrl rlft ft`c `ce e Uffl  ffl      Ducf ;0, 98;0), (Wrfvar Xkrsacs, Wruf bustamfr-bfctr`b`ty rfqu`rfs prapfr `cvfstmfct, Mkrlft`ce Uffl       Kueust ;9, 98;0), 98;0), (Yktofr 98;: 98;:), ), (Rkn`m 98;?).

Irkcg Irk cg Xra Xrapa pas`t s`t`a `ac c Okv`ce gacf tof okrg erkjt, gac‐t rfst ac yaur nkurfns. Pau caw okvf k bnfkr ucgfrstkcg`ce aj wokt yaur burrfct kcg patfct`kn bustamfr  „cffgs kcg erkpo wokt „turcs tofm acoaw kcgyau ajj.”krf ea`ce ta Wof kcg j`cknwkcts” brass krf ac tof `s ta gfj`cf mfft yaur bustamfrs‐ „cffgs kcg wkcts” kcg bnfkrny pas`t`ac yaur  irkcg ta kggrfss kcg bammuc`bktf tofm. Wo`s `s tof tfrr`tary aj  gfj`c`ce irkcg ifcfj`ts< `gfknny, k uc`quf prapas`t`ac w`to g`jjfrfct`kn ifcfj`ts ta sfpkrktf yaur irkcg jram tof bampft`t`ac. Wo`s `s k s`ec`j`bkct mkrlft`ce boknnfcef ta g`st`nn knn tof rfsfkrbo j`cg`ces kcg `cs`eots, kcg trkcsnktf `cta k bnfkr ifcfj`t-nfg irkcg prapas`t`ac. Wof autput soaung if k jarmkn wr`ttfc irkcg pas`t`ac`ce stktfmfct s`ecfg ajj iy tof Iakrg kcg bammuc`bktfg kbrass tof ius`cfss kcg fxtfrckn kefcb`fs ks tof IYKCG I@INF. Wo`s `s tof rfjfrfcbf tokt

 

gr`vfs knn fxtfrckn bammuc`bkt`ac ta bustamfrs kcg, ks subo, `s tof acea`ce bofbl jar fcsur`ce knn subo bammuc`bkt`ac `s „ac irkcg.” G`jjfrfct bampkc`fs fmpnay g`jjfrfct prabfssfs ta krr`vf kt tof`r  Irkcg Xas`t`ac`ce Rtktfmfct kcg g`jjfrfct tfmpnktfs ta fxprfss `t. Acf sueefstfg kpprakbo `s tkinfg ifnaw us`ce k j`bt`t`aus VL rfstkurkct bok`c (Bkjà Jnfur) ks tof irkcg rfjfrfcbf w`to tof k`m aj  `nnustrkt`ce tof „ofkg`ces” ta eu`gf tof prabfss. Bkjà Jnfur `s k Jrfcbo irkssfr`f stynf bksukn g`c`ce rfstkurkct w`to iaut`quf stynf oatfn kbbammagkt`ac kttkbofg. @c bacbfpt, `t `s s`m`nkr ta tof Jrfcbo „Nae`s” wofrf tof jabus `s ac tof rfstkurkct w`to tof oatfn kbbammagkt`ac ks tof „kgg-ac”< knif`t gacf ta k bo`b, o`eo qukn`ty, gfs`ec-nfg, kcg styn`so spfb`j`bkt`ac. Fkbo nabkt`ac oks `ts awc uc`quf bokrkbtfr< acbf kek`c rfjnfbt`ce tof Jrfcbo „Nae`s” wofrf fkbo acf `s `cgfpfcgfctny awcfg kcg jkm`ny ruc w`to k jabus ac tof`r  pkss`ac jar supfri jaag kcg bustamfr sfrv`bf. Wof eraup burrfctny bacs`sts aj ;8 nabkt`acs tokt krf bkrfjunny nabktfg `c m`ggnf bnkss tawcs w`to eaag kbbfss ta trucl rakg rautfs. Vs`ce to`s ks aur eu`gf, tof Irkcg Xas`t`ac`ce Rtktfmfct `s sft aut `c 6.;. Wkinf 6.;. Wkinf 6.; Irkcg pas`t`ac`ce stktfmfct  IYKCG XAR IYKCG XAR@W@ @W@AC@ AC@CE CE RWK RWKWFMFCW WFMFCW BKJÀ BKJÀ JNFVY JNFVY K. WKY KYEF EFW W KV KVG@ G@FC FCBF BF K.;.. Gfmaer K.; Gfmaerkpo` kpo`bs bs Jfmknf kgunts kefg 76+  Kiavf kvfrkef oausfoang `cbamf4 £68L+ Ca bo`ngrfc kt oamf

K.9. Efagfmaerkpo` Efagfmaerkpo`bs bs Iksfg ac BKB@‐s Kbarc Efagfmaerkpo`b systfm ) Xr`mkry4 Kjjnufct Kbo`fvfrs •• Ufkntoy, Ufkntoy , o`eoarstktus sfm`rurkn, kcg suiurikc krfks tof bauctry M`ggnf kefg angfr rurkn, pfapnf w`to mkcy fmpty cfstfrs kcgajwfkntoy rft`rfg

 

• • • • •

Ufnn-ajj jkm`n`fs jkm`n`fs w`to angfr bo`ngrfc kt Vc`vfrs`ty ar nfjt oamf Nkref gftkbofg oausfs Ufnn fgubktfg kcg fmpnayfg `c mkckefr`kn kcg prajfss`ackn abbupkt`acs Bkc kjjarg ta spfcg jrffny kcg jrfqufctny w`to skv`ces kcg `cvfstmfcts Vsuknny bacj`gfct w`to cfw tfbocanaey

• Ofkntoy Ofkntoy,, wfkntoy, kcg bacj`gfct bacsumfrs ) Rfbacgkry4 Bamjartkinf Bammuc`t`fs • M`ggnf aj tof rakg Ir`tk`c • Bavfrs knn n`jf stkefs. M`xfg krfks‗samf bactk`c stkinf jkm`n`fs, fmpty cfstfrs, bamjartkiny ajj pfcs`acfrs n`v`ce `c rft`rfmfct krfks kraucg tof bakst, kcg samft`mfs yaucefr baupnfs stkrt`ce aut tof`r n`vfs taeftofr  • Efcfrknny awcfr abbup`frs n`v`ce `c sfm`-gftkbofg ar gftkbofg oausfs aj  kvfrkef ar mkre`cknny kiavf kvfrkef vknuf `c tof rfe`ac • Avfrknn oausfoang `cbamf mkre`cknny kiavf kvfrkef • Fmpnaymfct `c k m`x aj prajfss`ackn, mkckefr`kn, bnfr`bkn, kcg sl`nnfg abbupkcts • Fgubkt`ackn qukn`j`bkt`acs `c n`cf w`to tof ckt`ackn kvfrkef • Mast krf bamjartkiny ajj  • Wofy mky cat if avfrtny wfkntoy iut tofy okvf jfw mkdar j`ckcb`kn warr`fs

K.2. N`jfstynf/K N`jfstynf/Ktt`t tt`tugfs ugfs G`sbr`m`ckt`ce kcg g`sbfrc`ce pfapnf w`to bacj`gfcbf `c tof`r gfb`s`ac mkl`ce. W`mf r`bo w`to tof `cbamf ta fcday n`jf `c wo`bo sab`kn`z`ce `s kc `ctferkn pkrt. @ctfrfst `c jaag kcg fkt`ce aut krf bfctrkn tofmfs `c tof`r n`jfstynf. Fkt`ce aut `s `c tof`r GCK w`to k o`eo jrfqufcby aj g`c`ce aut w`to f`tofr tof`r pkrtcfr ar kgunt jr`fcgs. @c sa ga`ce, tofy okvf k prfjfrfcbf jar nabkn rfstkurkcts kcg puis avfr  ckt`ackn bok`cs.

I. IYKC IYKCG G XY XYAX AXAR AR@W @W@A @AC C Bkjà Jnfur4 Fcday eaag jaag kcg eaag bampkcy ``c c tof kkg gunt, rfnkxfg kmi` km i`fc fcbf bf aj yaur yaur na nabk bknn Jr Jrfc fcbo bo ir irks kssf sfr` r`ff wofr ofrf ya yau u bkc bkc fx fxpf pfr` r`fc fcbf bf to toff Jrfc Jrfcbo bo pk pkss ss`a `ac c jar jar jaag jaag,, pf pfap apnf nf,, bacv bacvfr frsk skt` t`ac ac kcg, kcg, ki kiav avff knn, knn, to toff pk pkck ckbo boff `c fvfr fvfryt yto` o`ce ce wf ga. ga. B. RVXX RVXXAY AYW W JA JAY Y WOF WOF XY XYAX AXAR AR@W @W@A @AC C ;. [ukct`j`fg Yfsfkrbo kmace tof bustamfr uc`vfrsf raiustny bacj`rmfg tokt Bkjà Jnfur passfssfs mkdar g`jjfrfct`kn strfcetos. @t‐s kppfkn g`rfbtny rfnktfs ta tof barf irkcg prapas`t`ac, wo`bo wks rfjnfbtfg kcg rf`cjarbfg iy tof Cft Xramatfr Rbarfs (sff Bokptfr ;;) ;;) `t kbo`fvfg `c rfsfkrbo ac rkt`ces jar Bkjà Jnfur4

 

•  Wo  Wof q qu ukn kn``ty a ajj tof jja aag kc kcg gg grr`cl a ajjjfr`ce

= +:6%

•  Wo  Wof rfb`pfs aj g`sofs ac tof mfcu

= +65%

•  Jr  Jr`fcgny sfrv`bf

= +62%

•  Wo  Wof fcv`racmfct/ktmaspofrf

= +70%

Wofsf krf rfknny rfmkrlkinf sbarfs kcg prav`gf tof pnktjarm ac wo`bo ta iu`ng k ifcfj`t-nfg bacsumfr prapas`t`ac tokt g`jjfrfct`ktfs Bkjà Jnfur jram atofr  rfstkurkcts< pkrt`bunkrny, pkrt`bunkrny, prfm`um bksukn g`c`ce eraups. Marf `mpartkctny, `t rfsacktfs kcg baccfbts w`to `ts tkreft kug`fcbf, wo`bo, `c mkrlft`ce tfrms, `s „warto `ts wf`eot `c eang.” e ang.” 9. Wof pr`mkry bampft`t`ac ta Bkjà Jnfur kt nabkn nfvfn krf `cgfpfcgfct rfstkurkcts kcg puis. Bkjà Jnfur s`ts bamjartkiny w`to`c to`s trkg`ce fcv`racmfct w`to kc fxtrkarg`ckry nfvfn aj jract aj m`cg kwkrfcfss kcg v`s`t jrfqufcby kcg, `mpartkctny, `s cat pfrbf`vfg ta if p`efac oanfg `c tof prfm`um bksukn g`c`ce bktfeary bktfeary.. 2. Gurkinf, truf irkcg nayknty `s iksfg ac bustamfr skt`sjkbt`ac. Rkt`sjkbt`ac gfr`vfg jram tof irkcg fxpfr`fcbf `c wo`bo tof irkcg bact`cuausny mffts ar  fxbffgs bustamfr fxpfbtkt`acs. Wo`s `s g`rfbtny n`clfg ta tof jucbt`ackn kcg/ar  fmat`ackn ifcfj`ts tof irkcg gfn`vfrs wo`bo krf tof barf irkcg kttr`iutfs. @c to`s rfspfbt, Bkjà Jnfur gfmacstrkiny gfn`vfrs iato jucbt`ackn kcg fmat`ackn ifcfj`ts `c mfft`ce bustamfrs‐ cffgs kcg wkcts. 7. Bkjà Jnfur ucgfrstkcgs kcg `gfct`j`fs w`to tof warng aj `ts bustamfrs `c wo`bo eaag jaag kcg w`cf sokrfg w`to eaag bampkcy krf kc `mpartkct pkrt. Bkjà Jnfur wkcts ta sokrf `ts pkss`ac jar jaag kcg w`cf kcg tof pfapnf woa mklf tof g`c`ce aut fxpfr`fcbf kc fcdaykinf acf w`to tofm. Wo`s `s kc fmat`ackn ir`gef `c baccfbt`ce tof irkcg w`to `ts bustamfrs. 6. Bkjà Jnfur rfstkurkcts krf uc`quf prapfrt`fs pfbun`kr ta tof`r nabkt`ac. Wofy ga cat jannaw k bammac prapfrty gfs`ec n`lf Bkjà Yauef ar Batf (tofsf krf Bksukn G`c`ce bok`cs `c EI) kcg, ks subo, bkc marf rfkg`ny if kbbfptfg ks pkrt aj tof nabkn trkg`ce fcv`racmfct `c wo`bo tofy okvf k uc`quf irkcg pas`t`ac`ce. @mpartkctny, tof styn`so, iaut`quf kbbammagkt`ac kggs kc fxtrk g`mfcs`ac ta g`vfrt kwky jram g`rfbt bampkr`sacs. :. Wof mkrlft`ce bammuc`bkt`acs aj prfm`um bksukn g`c`ce eraups `s cat ifcfj`tnfg w`to k brfkt`vf prapas`t`ac tokt `s uc`jarmny bammuc`bktfg kbrass knn bustamfr taubo pa`cts. Wofy krf cat prav`g`ce k ifcfj`t-nfg rfksac(s) woy

 

kcyacf soaung v`s`t tof`r rfstkurkcts. Wof`r bammuc`bkt`ac `s jfkturfs-nfg w`to kc fmpoks`s ac pramat`acs.

G. BVRW BVRWAM AMFY FY IF IFN@ N@FJ FJR R Fxtfrckn bammuc`bkt`ac soaung fcefcgfr tof jannaw`ce sft aj ifn`fjs jar tof irkcg4 • Wofrf `s ca ifttfr pnkbf ta fcday k rfknny rfnkx`ce kcg fcdaykinf g`c`ce fxpfr`fcbf. • Uofc @ boaasf Bkjà Jnfur, @ lcaw @ km ea`ce ta if trfktfg ks @ waung n`lf ta if trfktfg. • Bkjà Jnfur ucgfrstkcgs kcg `gfct`j`fs w`to mf ks k bustamfr `c fvfryto`ce tofy ga. • Uofc @ nfkvf Bkjà Jnfur, @ okvf k samfwokt smue sm`nf ac my jkbf ifbkusf aj tof wacgfrjun jaag kcg w`cf @ okvf g`cfg ac. • @t‐s ao sa c`bf ta if kinf ta rfnkx `c kc kgunt ar`fctktfg g`c`ce fcv`racmfct. • @ wkct ta e`vf k oue ta knn tof l`tbofc stkjj jar sfrv`ce mf subo k tksty kcg `ctfrfst`ce mfcu. • Uaw Uaw,, oaw ga tofy mk`ctk`c subo o`eo qukn`ty stkcgkrgs1

F. IY IYKC KCG G XF XFYR YRAC ACKN KN@W @WP P Ukrm, pfrsackinf, sab`kinf, w`tty, autea`ce w`toaut if`ce fxtravfrt, bokrm`ce, fctous`kst`b, kcg pkss`acktf kiaut tof`r warl

Ramf Lfy Woaueots ta Yfjnfbt ac `j Pau Krf Bacs`gf Bac s`gfr`c r`ce/Y e/Yfv`f fv`fw`c w`ce e BYM BYM Rtkrts kcg Fcgs U`to tof Bustamfr  Pau krf cat `c tof BYM rkbf ucnfss yau lcaw yaur bustamfrs `cs`gf aut. Wof bampkcy‐s mkrlft`ce tfkm must „n`vf kcg irfktof” tof bustamfr kcg fcsurf tof Iakrg aj G`rfbtars ga tof skmf! Fks`ny sk`g tokc gacf ifbkusf, ks oumkc if`ces, bustamfrs ajtfc ifokvf `c kc `rrkt`ackn, fmat`ackn wky kcg, mast s`ec`j`bkctny, tof`r ktt`tugf sft `s bacstkctny so`jt`ce< samft`mfs kt tof mast `cbrfg`inf ks w`tcfssfg tof krf4 9898 pkcgfm`b (Bav`g-;0). Wof twaspffg skbraskcbt runfs ta iy kgapt

 

• Lcaw yaur bustamfrs. • Ga cat trfkt tofm ks k oamaefcfaus mkss. Yfbaec`zf tokt `cg`v`gukn bustamfrs‐ pfrsackn`t`fs bkc vkry jram acf ta tof atofr kcg bkc ajtfc if eraupfg taeftofr ks bnustfrs w`to bammac bokrkbtfr`st`bs kbbarg`ce ta tof`r ifokv`ar, ifokv`ar, praj`nf, `ctfrfsts, kcg ktt`tugf sft ar k bami`ckt`ac aj knn. Wa to`s fcg, yau must4 Lcaw woa tofy krf. Lcaw tof`r iuy`ce ifokv`ar. Lcaw tof rfksacs ifo`cg tof`r iuy`ce ifokv`ar. Lcaw tof`r efcfrkn ktt`tugfs tawkrg soapp`ce (jar bacsumfrs), tof fcv`racmfct, kcg atofr jkbtars tokt baung okvf kc `mpkbt ac iuy`ce yaur pragubts/sfrv`bfs. • Xut `c pnkbf k sapo`st`bktfg, raiust, kcg wfnn-bacstrubtfg acea`ce mkrlft rfsfkrbo mftoaganaey ta lffp yaur „j`cefr ac tof punsf” aj bustamfr ktt`tugf kcg ifokv`ar so`jts `c efcfrkn kcg spfb`j`b ta yaur mkrlft sfbtar(s). • • • •

J`cknny, kcg mast `mpartkctny, trkcsnktf yaur `cs`eots kcg ucgfrstkcg`ce `cta jarmkn`z`ce yaur irkcg prapas`t`ac. @c s`mpnf tfrms, woy soaung bustamfrs iuy yaur irkcg `c prfjfrfcbf ta atofr  irkcgs1 Xnkbf yaur irkcg prapas`t`ac kt tof bfctfr aj yaur Irkcg Xas`t`ac`ce Rtktfmfct, wo`bo g`rfbts kcg bactrans knn fxtfrckn bustamfr bammuc`bkt`ac. Knn brfkt`v`ty `c tfrms aj stynf, tacf, kcg bactfct `s gr`vfc iy tof Irkcg Xas`t`ac`ce Rtktfmfct. @t `s tof irkcg‐s brfkt`vf i`inf. @j yau krf uckinf ta gfj`cf k rfnfvkct irkcg prapas`t`ac tokt `mpkrts bnfkr kcg g`jjfrfct`kn ifcfj`ts ta yaur tkreft kug`fcbf, @ waung surm`sf yau krf f`tofr knrfkgy `c trauinf ar krf ofkg`ce jar  trauinf!

 

BOKXWFY :

9 Wof „Y” `c BYM BYM `s bammfrb`knny gr`vfc. Yfst`ce kt tof ofkrt aj BYM `s mkx`m`z`ce praj`t toraueo bustamfr gfvfnapmfct w`to k jabus ac „ifst bustamfrs”‗toasf tokt bactr`iutf mast ta rfvfcuf kcg praj`t. Wa `gfct`jy „ifst praspfbt” bustamfrs, rfkbo kcg bacvfrt tofm kcg gfvfnap tofm `cta acea`ce nayknty. IVW, wokt `s nayknty kcg oaw ga wf curturf kcg awc `t1 @mpn`b`t `c tof gfj`c`t`ac aj irkcg nayknty `s tof fx`stfcbf aj k rfnkt`ackn ir`gef fx`st`ce iftwffc tof irkcg kcg tof bustamfr. K bamm`tmfct tokt ucgfrp`cs kc fmat`ackn iacg mkc`jfst`ce `tsfnj `c k puin`b gfbnkrkt`ac aj „@t‐s my irkcg aj boa`bf” iy tof bustamfr. Wo`s `s tof „Y” `c BYM4 tof rfnkt`acso`p iftwffc tof bampkcy (irkcg) kcg `ts bustamfrs. Nft‐s stkrt iy tkl`ce k ofn`baptfr v`fw ac nayknty `c rfnkt`ac ta samf „supfr irkcg” `bacs. `bacs. Bustamfr na nayknty yknty `s tof mast prfb`aus bammag`ty `c tof burrfcby aj irkcgs4 bkrfjunny iu`nt, v`earausny gfjfcgfg, kcg yft fks`ny fragfg iy tof bampnkbfct. Oawfvfr, samf irkcgs tokt okvf `cvfstfg yfkr kjtfr yfkr `c gfn`vfr`ce fxbfnnfct bacsumfr vknuf, bacs`stfct qukn`ty, kcg rfn`kinf sfrv`bf st`nn ga cat efcfrktf o`eo nayknty. Ra, wokt `s tof kggfg `cerfg`fct `c k „Rupfrirkcg” tokt ir`ces bacsumfrs ikbl t`mf kjtfr t`mf kek`c1 @ dugef `t `s k uc`quf bami`ckt`ac aj trust, kjjfbt`ac, kcg YFKN BACRVMFY IFCFJ@WR tokt krf rfpfktfgny gfn`vfrfg avfr t`mf, wo`bo efcfrktfs nkst`ce bacsumfr nayknty.

 

Naal kt tof rfbarg aj „Rupfrirkcgs” (f.e., `c tof VL4 Wfsba, Nkcg Yavfr, Iurifrry, Bkgiury, IMU, E`nnfttf, Jk`ry, Babk-Bank, Kppnf, Nfea, Rly, Gunux, L`t-Lkt, Kug`, kcg Gysac). Naal kt tof`r bacs`stfct kcg rfnfctnfss pursu`t aj bacsumfr skt`sjkbt`ac, bacstkctny n`stfc`ce, bacstkctny nfkrc`ce, bacstkctny `mprav`ce, sffl`ce ta `ccavktf kcg, kiavf knn, cfvfr knnaw`ce tof`r ajjfr`ce ta stkecktf. Ra, woy ga „Rupfrirkcgs” bammkcg o`eofr nayknty1 R`mpny put, ifbkusf tofy prav`gf us w`to rf rfkn kn ifcf ifcfj` j`ts ts   kcg bacs`stfct supfr`ar, efcu`cf skt`sjkbt`ac. Wokt‐s Wokt‐s woy wf navf tofm.  Kcg tokt‐s woy wf cffg ta fxpnarf kcg ucgfrstkcg bustamfr  nayknty.. @t `s tof mkrlft`ce Oany Erk`n ta apt`m`zf acea`ce, sustk`ckinf nayknty praj`t. Uf fxpnarf to`s v`tkn tap`b ucgfr tof jannaw`ce ofkg`ces4 ;. Uoy `s nayknty `mpartkct1 9. Uokt `s nayknty1 2. Uoa ta iu`ng k nayknty rfnkt`acso`p w`to1 7. Oaw ta iu`ng k rfnkt`acso`p‗Yfnkt`acso`p Mkrlft`ce1 6. Uokt stfps ta tklf1 :. Uokt nayknty praerkms ta ajjfr1

Uoy @s Naykn yknty @mpart rtkc kctt1 ;. Mfg`k kcg kug`fcbf jrkemfctkt`ac, baupnfg w`to tof gyckm`b aj  acn`cf nfgMkrlft`ce” ta k jucgkmfctkn `c tof magfn. iuy`ce, Jram k oks „Mkss kpprakbo,so`jt `c wo`bo tofius`cfss pragubt wks tof pr`mkry jabus, ta k „M`bra Mkrlft`ce” kpprakbo, wofrf tof p`vatkn jabus `s tof bustamfr. Wo`s `s `nnustrktfg ifnaw `c J`eurf :.; jar k bacsumfr pragubt ar sfrv`bf4

 

J`eurf :.; Bokce`ce mkrlft pnkbf Mkcy, `j cat mast, bacsumfr mkrlfts okvf ifbamf marf `ctfcsfny bampft`t`vf wo`nst, `c pkrknnfn, marf mkturf. Marf bampkc`fs boks`ce tof skmf bacsumfr wofrf pawfr oks `rrfvfrs`iny so`jtfg ta tof bacsumfr< woa `s skvvy fcaueo ta lcaw oaw ta nfvfrkef subo pawfr `c tof`r irkcg sfnfbt`acs. @c to`s bactfxt, tof `mpartkcbf aj nayknty fsbknktfs `c tof pursu`t aj  praj`tki`n`ty. @t ifbamfs praerfss`vfny fxpfcs`vf ta pursuf kcg w`c cfw bustamfrs wo`nst irkcgs krf surraucgfg iy k nakg aj „irkcg sokrls” wk`t`ce ta paucbf kcg tklf k irkcg‐s bustamfrs kwky jram tofm. @t `s kc `mpfrkt`vf jar k irkcg ta ifbamf k „Jart Lcax kcg punn up tof grkwir`gef,” rfpfn knn irkcg kssk`nkcts kcg lffp tof`r  prfb`aus, „ifst naykn” bustamfrs. Bustamfr rftfct`ac kcg gfvfnapmfct aj nayknty `s tof tap bammfrb`kn pr`ar`ty jar knn irkcgs. @t `s cat surpr`s`ce tokt irkcg nfkgfrs `c pragubt bktf ktfear` ear`f fs krf toa toasf to tokt kt fcda fcday y tof o`eo o`eofs fstt nf nfvf vfnn aj irk rkc cg nayknt nay knty y kma kmace ce tof tof`r `r bustam bustamfr fr iksf. iksf.

 

Wof bacsumfr mkp w`nn ifbamf fvfr marf bampnfx kcg tof gfmkcgs ac bampkc`fs ta rfspacg kbbarg`ceny w`nn barrfspacg`ceny fsbknktf. Wof `mpkbt aj tfbocanaey ac tof wky wf to`cl kcg ifokvf, kcg ac aur ktt`tugfs w`nn if ucprfbfgfctfg. Wof sbknf aj upofkvkn kcg g`srupt`ac w`to K@ (Krt`j`b`kn @ctfnn`efcbf), efcft`b fce`cffr`ce, bn`mktf bokcef, gr`vfrnfss bkrs, kcg sa ac `s knrfkgy rfsokp`ce sab`fty kcg tof pan`t`bkn nkcgsbkpf. Wof bacsumfr uc`vfrsf `s n`lfny ta jrkemfct ta fvfc smknnfr sfemfcts w`to g`jjfrfcbfs `c autnaal, n`jfstynf, g`ft, ktt`tugfs, kcg tof warl/nf`surf iknkcbf. Bampkc`fs tokt okvf cat knrfkgy rfbaec`zfg kcg fmirkbfg k bustamfr bfctr`b ius`cfss magfn w`nn j`cg `t fvfr  marf g`jj`bunt ta bammfrb`knny surv`vf `c subo k praerfss`vf warng. @gfct`jy`ce „ifst bustamfrs” kcg kgkpt`ce pragubts kcg sfrv`bfs ta mfft tof`r fvanv`ce cffgs kcg wkcts kcg, `c sa ga`ce, bfmfct tof`r  nayknty w`nn if aj pkrkmauct j`ckcb`kn `mpartkcbf. 9. @t `s k wfnn-lcawc, fstkin`sofg bammfrb`kn jkbt tokt k smknn prapart`ac aj k irkcg‐s bacsumfrs kbbauct jar k nkrefr prapart`ac aj `ts rfvfcuf‗tof „?8498” runf (Wof Xkrfta Xr`cb`pnf)< kntoaueo, `c prkbt`bf, marf n`lfny ta if 58428 ar fvfc :8478. Wofsf bustamfrs tfcg ta if tof i`eefst spfcgfrs kcg tof mast naykn ks gfmacstrktfg `c tof`r rfpfkt purboks`ce ifokv`ar. Wo`s `s bacbfptuknny `nnustrktfg ifnaw `c J`eurfs :.9 kcg :.9 kcg :.2 :.244 Ofcbf, `c purf bammfrb`kn tfrms, `t `s k „ca irk`cfr” cat ta `c`t`knny jabus ac tof „ifst bustamfrs” kcg put `c pnkbf k bnfkr kcg baofs`vf strktfey ta kggrfss tof`r cffgs kcg wkcts ifjarf boks`ce atofr  eakns. J`ckcb`knny, `t `s kc kisanutf MVRW MVRW ta  ta curturf kcg rftk`c to`s eraup kcg r`ce jfcbf tofm jram bampft`t`ac.

 

J`eurf :.9 Raurbf aj rfvfcuf iksfg ac kc knbaoan`b gr`cl irkcg 

J`eurf :.2 Bacsumfr vknuf ta k irkcg  2. Nayknty `s k strktfe`b `ssuf. Wof patfct`kn j`ckcb`kn pr`zf `s fcarmaus iy rftk`c`ce kcg gfvfnap`ce k bustamfr‐s n`jft`mf vknuf

 

(BNZ). Jar fxkmpnf, jar munt`pnf supfrmkrlfts `c EI. @j tofy mfft bustamfrs‐ cffgs kt knn stkefs toraueo tof`r n`jft`mf, wf krf tknl`ce kiaut k bustamfr‐s n`jft`mf vknuf aj b`rbk £06,888‗fjjfbt`vfny trfkt`ce tof bustamfr ks kc `cg`v`gukn praj`t bfctfr. Uofc k bampkcy bacs`stfctny gfn`vfrs supfr`ar vknuf, stfmm`ce jram k bami`ckt`ac aj bampnftf pragubt skt`sjkbt`ac kcg vknuf kggfg bustamfr fxpfr`fcbf, `t rfsunts `c r`s`ce bustamfr nayknty. @c turc, mkrlft sokrf kcg rfvfcufs ea up kcg tof bast aj kbqu`r`ce kcg sfrv`b`ce bustamfrs eafs gawc. Wof fbacam`b ifcfj`ts aj  bustamfr nayknty ajtfc fxpnk`cs woy acf bampft`tar `s marf praj`tkinf tokc kcatofr. BNZ (sff Bokptfr ;;) `s kc `ctferkn pkrt aj tof BYM vabkiunkry w`to tof bacbfpt kmpn`j`fg iy Xjf`jfr kcg Ikce4 „Bustamfr nace tfrm vknuf (BNZ) aj k bustamfr `s tof prfsfct vknuf aj tof juturf bkso jnaws kttr`iutkinf ta tof bustamfr rfnkt`acso`p avfr tof n`jft`mf aj tokt rfnkt`acso`p.” (Xjf`jfr kcg Ikce 9886) 7. Wofrf `s k eraw`ce avfrknn nfvfn aj bacsumfr jkt`euf `c mkcy pragubt/sfrv`bf bktfear`fs. Jfw irkcgs rfknny stkcg bnfkr `c tfrms aj g`jjfrfct`kn ifcfj`ts, fspfb`knny jucbt`ackn acfs. Irkcgs mavf ta k bammac pa`ct wofrf, `c tfrms aj poys`bkn bokrkbtfr`st`bs kcg jucbt`ackn pfrjarmkcbf, tofy krf cfkr `gfct`bkn. Wof fjjfbt `s sffc `c tof erkgukn fras`ac aj tof irkcg‐s jrkcbo`sf kcg `c erfktfr  bacsumfr pram`sbu`ty. @c subo b`rbumstkcbfs, tof irkcg‐s ius`cfss magfn bamfs ucgfr prfssurf ifbkusf aj tof nkbl aj pratfbt`ac `c gfjfcg`ce kek`cst f`tofr bokce`ce mkrlft bacg`t`acs ar bampft`t`vf kttkbl< pkrt`bunkrny ta bamikt kcy fxtfrckn jkbtars `mpkbt`ce f`tofr  gfmkcg ar mkre`cs, ar iato. Jar fxkmpnf, bast prfssurfs squffzf mkre`cs, wo`bo bkccat if knnfv`ktfg toraueo tof pr`b`ce mfbokc`sm ifbkusf aj tof nkbl aj k barf naykn bustamfr sfemfct kcg tof nkbl aj k bnfkr pragubt prapas`t`ac e`v`ce rfkn ifcfj`ts aj  woy bacsumfrs soaung boaasf acf irkcg `c prfjfrfcbf ta kcatofr. Wof 9898 bksukn g`c`ce rfstkurkct sfbtar `c EI `s k bnkss`b fxkmpnf aj to`s pofcamfcac `c kbt`ac. @cgffg, tof rfstkurkcts n`cf up `c tof skmf nabkt`ac ta fmpoks`zf tof`r bammackn`t`fs. Marfavfr, tof`r prfvk`n`ce sanut`ac ta tof prainfm `s toraueo tof pramat`ac rautf w`to baupac`ce kcg g`sbauct`ce w`to, `c tof mk`c,

 

knn bustamfrs trfktfg tof skmf kcg tof bammuc`bkt`ac tklf aut iy tof rfb`p`fct if`ce k jffn`ce aj if`ce „sang ta.” Wo`s `s try`ce ta „iuy” soart tfrm ius`cfss ifbkusf yau bkccat iuy nayknty!  @c k bammag`t`zfg mkrlft, tof qukn`ty kcg gfpto aj k bustamfr‐s rfnkt`acso`p w`to k irkcg must if tof unt`mktf g`jjfrfct`ktar ac wo`bo tof nayknty iacg w`to tof bustamfr `s jaucgfg. Wo`s `s fxpnarfg ifnaw `c tof sfbt`ac ac Yfnkt`acso`p Mkrlft`ce.

Uokt @s Nayk ayknty1*2 Gfj`c`ce nayknty `s cat k s`mpn`st`b bksf aj mfksur`ce ifokv`ar. Uf knsa cffg ta qufst`ac tof rfksacs ifo`cg tof ifokv`ar ta ucgfrstkcg oaw sfburf kcg sustk`ckinf tof nayknty stktus kbtuknny `s1 Kcg tokt `s wofrf wf bkc o`t tof iujjfrs ifbkusf cat knn ifokv`ar `s rkt`ackn! Bustamfr nayknty `s k jus`ac aj supfr`ar pragubt/sfrv`bf skt`sjkbt`ac kcg tof fmat`ackn kttkbomfct ta tof irkcg stfmm`ce jram tof`r bustamfr fxpfr`fcbfs kcg tof`r baccfbt`ac w`to tof irkcg‐s vknuf systfm kcg pas`t`ac`ce. Wof nkttfr `s rfjnfbtfg `c `ts `mkefry, `ts pr`b`ce, kcg `ts qukn`ty. Kiavf knn, tof ifcfj`ts (jucbt`ackn kcg/ar fmat`ackn) tof irkcg ajjfrs kcg gfn`vfrs kcg tof fxtfct ta wo`bo tofy krf uc`quf. Jram to`s, `t `s fv`gfct tokt k irkcg must4 Mac`ta tarr kc kcg g ucgf ucgfrs rstk tkcg cg bu bust stam amfr fr cf cffg fgs s kc kcg g wk wkct cts s ks • Mac` tofy to fy fv fvan anvf vf av avfr fr t`m t`mf. f. Bact ct`c `cua uaus usny ny rfsp rfspac acg g ta tofm tofm tora toraue ueo o pr prag agub ubtt • Ba gfvf gf vfna napm pmfc fctt kcg kcg fcok fcokcb cbfm fmfc fctt w`to w`to k sf sfr` r`au aus s ba bamm mm`t `tmf mfct ct ta ga sa `cerk`cfg `c tof bampkcy‐s ftoas. Bact ct`c `cua uaus usny ny rfjr rfjrfs fso o kc kcg g rfj` rfj`cf cf tof tof irkc irkcg g aj ajjf jfr` r`ce ce kc kcg g • Ba bamm ba mmuc uc`b `bkt kt`a `ac c ta stky stky ba bacc ccfb fbtf tfg g kcg kcg rf rfnf nfvk vkct ct ta rf rfjn jnfb fbtt bokce` bok ce`ce ce ktt ktt`tu `tugfs gfs,, gfmaer gfmaerkpo kpo`bs `bs,, kcg kcg n`j n`jfst fstynf ynfs. s. Fcsu surf rf tof tof bust bustam amfr fr rfbf rfbf`v `vfs fs k ba bacs cs`s `stf tfct ct kg kggf gfg g vk vknu nuf f • Fc fxpf pfr` r`fc fcbf bf kbra brass kn knnn taubo aubo pa`c pa`cts ts w`to w`to to tof f irk rkc cg `c tu tuc cf w`to w` to to tof f irkc irkcg‐ g‐s s pa pas` s`t` t`ac ac`c `ce. e.

 

Uf bkc sff tokt gurkinf, truf bustamfr nayknty `s iksfg ac k bami`ckt`ac aj jkbtars< pr`cb`pknny avfrt pas`t`vf ktt`tugfs tawkrg tof irkcg kcg suprfmf pragubt/sfrv`bf gfn`vfry. Wof rfsunt `s acf aj  bampnftf bustamfr trust `c kcg bamm`tmfct ta tof irkcg, trkcsnkt`ce `cta tof unt`mktf nayknty stktf aj if`ce k irkcg kgvabktf `c wo`bo tof bustamfr rfda`bfs `c o`s ar ofr boa`bf kcg okpp`ny rfbammfcgs `t ta jr`fcgs, jkm`ny, kcg bannfkeufs. Kt `ts barf `s bustamfr skt`sjkbt`ac. Rkt`sjkbt`ac gfr`vfg jram tof irkcg fxpfr`fcbf kt fvfry taubo pa`ct w`to tof irkcg `c wo`bo tof irkcg bact`cuausny mffts ar fxbffgs fxpfbtkt`acs4 t`mf kjtfr t`mf. Wofrf krf samf br`t`bkn eu`gfn`cfs ta tklf ac iakrg wofc `ctfrraekt`ce kcg fxpkcg`ce aur ucgfrstkcg`ce aj bustamfr nayknty, wo`bo krf fxpnarfg ifnaw4 ;. Wof mast `mpartkct eu`gf aj knn kt tof fp`bfctfr aj iu`ng`ce nayknty ‗tof pragubt ar sfrv`bf bact`cufs ta gfn`vfr acea`ce rfkn ifcfj`ts tokt g`rfbtny mfft fvanv`ce bustamfr cffgs kcg wkcts. @c tof bactfxt aj tof nkttfr, wf krf ajtfc tknl`ce kiaut fmat`ackn ifcfj`ts rktofr tokc jucbt`ackn ifcfj`ts kcg subo ifcfj`ts baung okvf k g`jjfrfct jabus iy bustamfr sfemfct. Jar fxkmpnf, `c tof g`sowksofr tkinft mkrlft, tof umirfnnk prapas`t`ac `s knn kiaut tof jucbt`ackn ifcfj`t aj `mpfbbkinf bnfkc g`sofs w`to k pfrjfbt so`cf fvfry t`mf bammuc`bktfg toraueo irakgsbknf mfg`k. Oawfvfr, tofrf `s k vfry `mpartkct sfemfct aj usfrs aj Mums w`to iki`fs kcg yauce bo`ngrfc woa krf i`e vanumf usfrs. Ofrf, tof mast rfnfvkct ifcfj`t `s k marf fmat`ackn acf aj t`mf‗tof mast prfb`aus e`jt yau bkc e`vf yaur ikiy‗iy spfcg`ce t`mf w`to yaur ikiy kcg cat yaur g`sofs! „Wkl`ce t`mf ta ofnp yaur ikiy ifbamf tof ifst tofy bkc if.” Marf `mpartkctny, Mums bkc ga sa lcaw`ce tof`r g`sowksofr kcg tkinft krf naal`ce kjtfr tof`r g`sofs `c tof mast oye`fc`b wky< wkso`ce g`sofs kt up ta 58 gferffs B, l`nn`ce knn efrms. @t knsa knnaws Mums ta l`ss eaagiyf ta efrms sprfkg iy fcgnfss g`sobnatos kcg tfk tawfns. K w`c-w`c s`tukt`ac. Wof bammuc`bkt`ac bokccfn ofrf `s `gfknny „acf-ta-acf mkrlft`ce” toraueo pfrsackn`zfg g`rfbt mk`n `ctak o`eony if kinf ta fjjfbt`vfny bammuc`bktf kc fmat`ackn mfsskef tkreftfg mkccfr mkccfr..

 

Wo`s mfkcs k jucgkmfctkn, tatkn tatkn   bampkcy bamm`tmfct ta trkbl`ce bustamfr cffgs/wkcts kcg kgdust`ce tof poys`bkn bokrkbtfr`st`bs aj tof pragubt/sfrv`bf kcg `ts irkcg prapas`t`ac kcg pas`t`ac`ce kbbarg`ceny. K bact`cuaus mkrlft rfsfkrbo praerkm tokt fckinfs tof bampkcy ta trkbl bokce`ce ktt`tugfs kcg oaw tofy trkcsnktf `cta purboks`ce rfqu`rfmfcts. @cgffg, ta sft yaur stknn aut ta if kofkg aj tof burvf `c prfg`bt`ce bokcefs (f.e., Wfsba‐s mavf ta aut-aj-tawc starfs) rktofr tokc rfspacg`ce ta bokcefs (f.e., Mkrls & Rpfcbfr‐s nktf fctry ta acn`cf erabfry soapp`ce v`k Abkga). Iato krf VL mkrlft rfnktfg. 9. Nayknty `s cat s`mpny k ifokv`arkn stktf. Nayknty mfksurfmfct `s cat acf-g`mfcs`ackn ifbkusf `t gafs cat tklf `cta kbbauct tof rfksacs jar tof`r purboksf ifokv`ar stktus. Mkcy bustamfrs bkc if dugefg ta if naykn kbbarg`ce ta tof`r  purboksf mfksurfmfct ifokv`ar kcg oaw tofy rfspacg ta rfsfkrbo qufst`acck`rfs ac g`mfcs`acs aj bustamfr skt`sjkbt`ac iut subo `ctfrprftkt`ac bkc if m`snfkg`ce. J`rstny, dust ifbkusf purboksf mfksurfmfcts `cg`bktf nayknty, gafs cat mfkc tof bustamfr `s ktt`tug`cknny naykn. Wwa fxkmpnfs ofrf4 l ffp • Uarlfrs bammut`ce `cta Nacgac oktf tof sfrv`bf iut lffp iuy`ce tof sfksac t`blft ifbkusf, nae`st`bknny nae`st`bknny,, tofy ifn`fvf tofy okvf ca prkbt`bkn boa`bf ar tof kntfrckt`vfs bkrry fvfc marf cfekt`vfs< jar fxkmpnf, trkvfn`ce iy bkr. Bacgubt`ce ktt`tug`ckn rfsfkrbo w`nn fn`b`t tof truf jffn`ces ifo`cg tof purboksf kcg, prfsfctfg w`to bampft`t`vf boa`bf, mkcy bustamfrs waung if ajj n`lf k soat. @c fssfcbf, tofy bacs`gfr  tofmsfnvfs „trkppfg” ifbkusf tofy ga cat sff k rfkn`st`b boa`bf. Wofy ajtfc fxpfr`fcbf vfry paar sfrv`bf iut okvf ta kbbfpt `t. Iut tofy w`nn if vabkn `c tof`r g`spnfksurf kcg w`nn tklf fvfry appartuc`ty ta bampnk`c kcg sffl tof sfrv`bf tofy fxpfbt. Rokr`ce tof`r fxpfr`fcbfs iy „warg aj mauto” bkc gftfr cfw bustamfrs if`ce kbqu`rfg. Ks subo, `t rfmk`cs `c tof bammfrb`kn `ctfrfst aj tof irkcg awcfr ta prakbt`vfny `mpravf tof sfrv`bf ta gfn`vfr sustk`ckinf nace-tfrm praj`ts kcg, `c tof bksf aj tof rk`nwkys, prav`gf k gfjfcs`inf bksf ta pratfbt tof`r jrkcbo`sf.

 

trkvfnfrs us`ce nayknty praerkms praerkms mky if rfbargfg ks •  K`rn`cf trkvfnfrs jrfqufct, naykn jn`frs. Oawfvfr, Oawfvfr, ktt`tug`ckn rfsfkrbo mky fstkin`so tokt tofy krf o`eony br`t`bkn aj tof sfrv`bf kcg tof acny rfksac tofy trkvfn `s ta fkrc tof rfwkrgs. (Catf4 tofrf `s k g`jjfrfcbf `c nayknty praerkms rfwkrg`ce nayknty rktofr tokc try`ce ta „iuy” nayknty toraueo pr`bf g`sbauct`ce.) Wof aiv`aus rautf `s ta gfn`vfr supfr`ar s upfr`ar bustamfr sfrv`bf knaces`gf tof rfwkrgs ks fxfmpn`j`fg iy Wfsba. Ifwkrf tokt ifokv`ar pkttfrcs bkc o`gf k jknsf nayknty pas`t`ac w`to k vkr`fty aj jkbtars efcfrkt`ce subo k pfrspfbt`vf4 • Nkbl aj bampft`t`ac. Jar fxkmpnf, bammutfr rk`nwkys • Eavfrcmfct rfeunkt`acs n`m`t`ce bampft`t`ac • O`eo sw`tbo`ce basts ta mavf jram acf suppn`fr ta kcatofr  • Xrapr`ftkry tfbocanaey n`m`t`ce kntfrckt`vfs nayknty pramat`acskt`sjkbt`ac praerkms mfksurfmfct. Oaw mkcy • Rtrace Rfbacgny, bustamfr mkrlfts okvf wf sffc wofrf, `c I9B, avfr ?8 pfrbfct rfpart if`ce skt`sj`fg iut acny 78 pfrbfct rfpurboksf ar, `c I9I, :6 pfrbfct aj  gfjfbtars okg prfv`ausny gfbnkrfg tofy wfrf skt`sj`fg ar vfry skt`sj`fg. Wofrf krf twa jkbtars kt warl ofrf tokt cffg ta if kbbauctfg jar4 • Wof sbknf usfg ta mfksurf skt`sjkbt`ac bkc if kcyto`ce jram k 6 pa`ct sbknf (vfry g`sskt`sj`fg ta vfry skt`sj`fg) ta k ;8 pa`ct sbknf ta fxpkcg tof sfcs`t`v`ty s fcs`t`v`ty.. @c f`tofr bksf, acny tof fxtrfmf sbarf soaung if `ctfrprftfg ks k mfksurf aj skt`sjkbt`ac ta tklf kbbauct, jar fxkmpnf, aj tof VL bacsumfrs‐ pfcbokct jar  cat wkct`ce ta upsft pfapnf. Jar k 6 pa`ct sbknf, dust usf tof „vfry skt`sj`fg” sbarf kcg kva`g tof tfmptkt`ac ta bami`cf „skt`sj`fg” kcg „vfry skt`sj`fg” ks k mfksurf aj skt`sjkbt`ac. Ac k ;8 pa`ct sbknf, usf tof CXR kpprakbo (sff Bokptfr ;;) kcg bami`cf tof sbarfs jar 0 kcg ;8. Wofsf e`vf k trufr `cg`bkt`ac aj tof rfkn skt`sjkbt`ac stktus. • Yuc k sfr`fs aj ktt`tugf qufst`acs knaces`gf tof skt`sjkbt`ac qufst`ac kcg brass kcknyzf ta barrfnktf tof gferff aj  ktt`tug`ckn nayknty w`to tof gfbnkrfg skt`sjkbt`ac sbarf.

 

@c summkry, tofrf `s k prajaucg g`jjfrfcbf iftwffc ktt`tug`ckn nayknty kcg ifokv`arkn nayknty. nayknty. K bustamfr `s ifokv`arknny naykn `j  tofy bact`cuf iuy`ce k irkcg (ar jram k bampkcy), wo`nf kc ktt`tug`cknny naykn bustamfr `s acf woa prfjfrs prfjfrs   ta iuy k pkrt`bunkr irkcg`s(arcat jram k spfb`j`b bampkcy). @j tof bustamfr‐s naykn ifokv`ar gr`vfc iy tof bustamfr‐s awc pas`t`vf ktt`tugf kiaut tof`r purboksf, tof rfnkt`acso`p w`nn if o`eony vuncfrkinf ta bampft`t`ac. Jar fxkmpnf, tokt‐s acf aj tof patfct`kn grkwikbls aj us`ce pr`bf g`sbaucts ta kbqu`rf cfw bustamfrs. Wofsf krf tof acfs woa krf marf sfcs`t`vf ta pr`b`ce `ssufs tokc tofy krf ta atofr jkbtars subo ks qukn`ty kcg tofy w`nn if tof j`rst ta gfjfbt ta bampft`tars ajjfr`ce tof`r awc g`sbaucts.  Ks stktfg kiavf, kssfss`ce bustamfrs‐ ktt`tug`ckn nayknty rfqu`rfs acea`ce survfy warl wo`nst ifokv`arkn nayknty bkc if aidfbt`vfny aisfrvfg. Wo`s `s `nnustrktfg `c pkpfrs iy Gac Xfppfrs (Bustamfr Nayknty4 Ifokv`aur ar Ktt`tugf, Mk Mkrl rlft ft`c `ce e Uff ffl  l      Mky 5, 98;0), Mkntoausf kcg Munofrc (9885), kcg Xftfr kcg Ansac (9887). Wo`s `s tof brux aj nayknty. Wruf irkcg nayknty abburs wofc tof pragubt ar sfrv`bf fxbffgs fxpfbtkt`acs kcg gfn`vfrs kc ucprfbfgfctfg fxpfr`fcbf. fxpfr`fcbf. Acbf k irkcg‐s pram`sf `s gfn`vfrfg, `t `s `mpartkct ta stalf tof j`rfs ta prampt iato ifokv`arkn kcg ktt`tug`ckn nayknty tofrfiy `cbrfks`ce purboksf jrfqufcby kcg  KAZ (Kvfrkef Argfr Zknuf). Nayknty mkrlft`ce jfkturfs subo ks pfrsackn`zkt`ac kcg tkreftfg mkrlft`ce bkmpk`ecs prav`gf rfnfvkct bactfct ta fcokcbf tof bustamfr fxpfr`fcbf. N`lf knn subbfssjun rfnkt`acso`ps, tof marf rfnfvkct, jrfso, kcg r`bofr tof bactfct, tof ifttfr tof bokcbf ta sustk`c tof rfnkt`acso`p (sff jannaw`ce sfbt`ac ac Yfnkt`acso`p Mkrlft`ce). 2. Wofrf krf gferffs aj nayknty ks mfksurfg iy tof`r ifokv`ar. K sueefstfg o`frkrboy `s4 NAPKNR4 Ktt`tug`ckn Ktt`tug`ckn naykn bustamfrs. Okrg-barf Okrg-barf naykn •  KBW@ZF NAPKNR4 bustamfrs woa iuy k spfb`j`b irkcg knn tof t`mf ks tof`r  prfjfrrfg irkcg. Wofy krf sanus iuyfrs woa knnabktf ;88

 

•

•

•

•

pfrbfct aj tof`r spfcg `c tof bktfeary ac tof spfb`j`b irkcg. Wofsf krf irkcg kgvabktfs. XKRR@ZF NAPKNR4 Ifokv`arkn naykn bustamfrs. Iuy k spfb`j`b irkcg knn tof t`mf iut purboksf `s marf aj `cfrt`k kcg `cg`jjfrfcbf `cg`jjfrf cbf gr`vfc. Wofy krf sanus s anus iuyfrs woa knnabktf ;88 pfrbfct aj tof`r spfcg `c tof bktfeary ac tof spfb`j`b irkcg. RXN@W NAPKNR4 Rfm`-naykn bustamfrs woa iuy 9‒2 irkcgs iut knnabktf tof mkdar`ty aj spfcg `c tof bktfeary ta tof spfb`j`b irkcg. Wofy bkc if bnkss`j`fg ks „Mast Ajtfc” irkcg iuyfrs w`to, ks k eu`gfn`cf, tof irkcg kbbauct`ce jar kiaut :8 pfrbfct aj tof bustamfr‐s bktfeary spfcg. RO@JW@CE NAPKNR4 NAPKNR4 Bustamfrs woa mavf jram acf irkcg ta kcatofr.. Wofy krf partjan`a iuyfrs. Wofy bkc if bnkss`j`fg ks kcatofr „abbks`ackn irkcg iuyfrs” w`to, ks k eu`gfn`cf, tof irkcg kbbauct`ce jar kiaut 98 pfrbfct aj tof bustamfr‐s bktfeary spfcg. Wofy j`cg tof irkcgs `c tof`r partjan`a ta if kbbfptkinf `c mfft`ce tof`r purboks`ce br`tfr`k. Wofy krf irkcg g`sbr`m`cktars kcg mklf k pas`t`vf sfnfbt`ac ac k rkcef aj  br`tfr`k kcg cat pr`bf knacf. Jar fxkmpnf, tof bacjfbt`acfry bktfeary. RU@WBOFYR4 Xram`sbuaus iuyfrs woa fxo`i`t kisanutfny ca nayknty.. Wofy rfspacg ta naw pr`bfs, iuy ac `mpunsf, rfkbt ta nayknty jkso`ac trfcgs ar mklf bokcef jar tof sklf aj mkl`ce k bokcef. Wof mkdar`ty iuy ac pr`bf knacf. Wofy boksf tof „pramat`ac grkeac” kcg, `c mkrlft`ce pkrnkcbf, krf ajtfc rfjfrrfg ta ks „pramat`ac ducl`fs.” Wofy krf fxpfcs`vf ta rfbru`t iut qu`bl ta nfkvf. Bfrtk`cny, Bfrtk`cny, tofy ga cat stky nace fcaueo jar tof rfnkt`acso`p ta turc `cta praj`t. Irkcgs ek`c n`ttnf `c mkrlft`ce ta to`s eraup fvfc toaueo mkcy bact`cuf ta ga sa< s`mpny ifbkusf tofy bkccat tfnn tofm kpkrt jram tof atofrs! Aiv`ausny, tof rkcl`ce kcg bustamfr bauct jar fkbo bnkss`j`bkt`ac w`nn vkry kbbarg`ce ta tof s`zf aj tof bktfeary kcg tof irkcg boa`bf kvk`nkinf ta tof iuyfr. Wof mkrlft`ce torust w`nn if acf aj jabus`ce ac mav`ce ks mkcy tkreft „ifst praspfbts” `cta tof „Kbt`vf Naykns”

 

bnkss`j`bkt`ac kcg m`c`m`z`ce `cvfstmfct `c tof „Rw`tbofrs” bnkss`j`bkt`ac. Wof s`ec`j`bkcbf aj nayknty ks k irkcg kcg bammfrb`kn jkbtar `s o`eon`eotfg `c tof jannaw`ce quatfs4 • „Nace-tfrm bustamfrs iuy marf, ir`ce `c cfw bustamfrs, tklf nfss aj tof sfrv`bf prav`gfr‐s t`mf kcg krf nfss sfcs`t`vf ta pr`bf.” (Yf`boofng ;00:) • „Irkcg nayknty `s marf tokc dust rfpfkt iuy`ce ifokv`aur< `t knsa `cbnugfs k prfjfrfcbf jar k pkrt`bunkr irkcg kcg k pas`t`vf fmat`ackn rfspacsf ta tof irkcg.” (Krcang, Xr`bf, kcg T`clokc 9882) • „Nayknty stktus `s kc `mpartkct sfemfctkt`ac iks`s kcg knnaws jar g`st`cbt`ac iftwffc bacsumfrs woa knwkys iuy tof skmf irkcg (okrg-barf naykns) kcg toasf tokt krf naykn ta 9 ar marf irkcgs (spn`t naykns).” (Latnfr kcg Lfnnfr 9886) • „Mkcke`ce subbfssjun bustamfr rfnkt`acso`ps ife`cs w`to `gfct`jy`ce kcg kbqu`r`ce tof r`eot bustamfrs. Wofrfjarf, bampkc`fs must str`vf ta g`sbavfr woa krf tof`r ifst bustamfrs kcg ek`c tof`r nayknty wo`nst s`muntkcfausny knnabkt`ce jfwfr rfsaurbfs ta mkckef rfnkt`acso`ps w`to ucpraj`tkinf bustamfrs.” (L`m`naenu kcg Tkrkn` 9880) 7. „Uarg aj mauto” rfbammfcgkt`ac rfmk`cs tof stracefst `ctragubt`ac ta k irkcg. Kcg tof krr`vkn kcg w`gfsprfkg usf aj  sab`kn mfg`k oks fxpkcgfg `ts ranf w`to bammuc`t`fs iu`nt jram tof smknn ta tof fcarmaus kbt`ce ks tof mfg`um jar „bokt.” Wo`s `s iato k o`eony pr`zfg kcg sfcs`t`vf mfg`um ifbkusf kc `cjnufct`kn mfsskef, eaag ar ikg, `mpkbt`ce ac k irkcg‐s `mkef bkc if bkrr`fg ta k bkst aj toauskcgs kt tof bn`bl aj k iuttac. Marf `mpartkctny, tof irkcg awcfr oks ca bactran avfr tof ar`e`ckn mfsskef wo`bo, `j gfraektary, baung if rfknny okrmjun kcg yft if fmat`acknny nfg kcg cat iksfg ac jkbtukn `cjarmkt`ac. @c to`s bactfxt, `t must if rfbaec`zfg tokt „warg aj mauto” bkc if cfekt`vf ks wfnn ks pas`t`vf w`to tof jarmfr bacvfy`ce mfsskefs aj  „paar irkcg fxpfr`fcbfs.” Wofrf krf twa pan`b`fs jar k bampkcy ta kgapt ta junny kblcawnfgef tof pawfr aj tof mfg`um kcg tof ranf aj  „warg aj mauto”4

 

• Ca ba bampkcy mpkcy `s pfrjfbt pfrjfbt kcg m m`stklf `stklfs s bkc i if f mkgf rfsunt`ce rfsunt`ce `c k bustamfr okv`ce k ikg fxpfr`fcbf kcg, `c tof mk`c, bustamfrs ucgfrstkcg to`s. Wof qufst`ac `s oaw k bampkcy rfspacgs ta subo s`tukt`acs1 @t `s `mpfrkt`vf tokt k bampkcy oks „ifst prkbt`bf” bustamfr sfrv`bf `c pnkbf ta kbt pas`t`vfny kcg trfkt bustamfrs fxbfpt`acknny wfnn kcg w`to rfspfbt wofc to`ces ea wrace. K bampkcy soaung k`m ta turc to`s s`tukt`ac ta `ts ifst kgvkctkef iy avfrtny if`ce sffc ta mklf kmfcgs. @j sa, k bustamfr‐s ifn`fj `c tof bampkcy `s mkgf fvfc marf fcgur`ce ifbkusf bustamfrs krf fssfct`knny rfksackinf. Wofy w`nn kppnkug k prajfss`ackn sfrv`bf wofrf tofy sff tofmsfnvfs ks tof jabus aj kttfct`ac, w`to tof`r r`eots rfbaec`zfg, kcg tof ki`n`ty ta fxprfss tofmsfnvfs knnawfg jar. Wof i`eefst r`sl `s toasf woa gfsfrt w`to k „bo`p ac tof`r  soaungfr” kcg, ks k rfsunt aj tof`r ikg fxpfr`fcbf, w`nn jffn ucnavfg kcg paarny gacf iy. Wa tofm, ca acf n`stfcfg, ca acf rfspacgfg kcg ca acf sartfg aut tof`r prainfm. Wofy w`nn patfct`knny vfct tof`r junn jrustrkt`ac. Wo`s rf`cjarbfs tof cffg jar tkbln`ce tof `ssuf ofkg ac wofrfvfr `t abburs‗`c k rfstkurkct, kt k oatfn rfbfpt`ac, acn`cf, tfnfpoacf bustamfr sfrv`bf, kcg sa ac. Wof pan`by jar kggrfss`ce tof bustamfr  soaung if uc`jarmny kppn`fg kbrass knn bustamfr `ctfrjkbfs w`to bustamfr sfrv`bf mklf kcg bustamfr bkrf aj fxbfpt`ackn stkcgkrg. Marf `mpartkctny, tof appartuc`ty ta kc bampnk`c kbbfss`inf‗cat okce`ce ac k tfnfpoacf n`cf jar kc oaur (Ir`t`so K`rwkys tklf catf) ar  tof irkcg o`g`ce ifo`cg tof`r acn`cf prfsfcbf w`to tof acny bactkbt rautf if`ce v`k f-mk`n. Kt tof iattam n`cf, prfvfct`ac `s tof acny rfkn sanut`ac. Yfmfmifr,, k okrg-gacf bustamfr (`c tof fyfs aj tof bustamfr) `s Yfmfmifr bkpkinf aj sprfkg`ce v`tr`an ta k rfknny w`gf kug`fcbf iut `s fquknny bkpkinf aj sprfkg`ce eaagw`nn `j trfktfg n`lf „rayknty.” „rayknty.” Wof bksf stugy ifnaw bnfkrny `nnustrktfs tof fxtrfmf aj „Ikg Xrkbt`bf” ta pucbo oamf tof `mpartkcbf aj prajfss`ackn bustamfr mkckefmfct.

 

• @c mkcy pragubt/sfrv`bf bktfear`fs, tof magfrc-gky bustamfr  oks sfvfrkn taubo pa`cts w`to tof bampkcy bampkcy.. Jar fxkmpnf, tof wfis`tf, f-mk`n bammuc`bkt`ac ta kcg jram tof bustamfr  gktkiksf, fcqu`r`fs v`k tof wfis`tf, fnfbtrac`b argfr`ce kcg gfn`vfry trkbl`ce, tfnfpoacf iaal`ce kcg bustamfr sfrv`bfs, kcg sa ac. @c fkbo bksf, tof bustamfr fxpfr`fcbf soaung if k uc`jarm acf kcg ta tof pan`by qukn`ty stkcgkrgs sft iy tof bampkcy< `gfknny k „eang stkcgkrg” w`to tof bustamfr trfktfg ks tof „spfb`kn acf.” Wo`s cffgs ta if trkcsnktfg `cta mfksurkinf br`tfr`k. Jar fxkmpnf, bknn ac k bustamfr bactkbt n`cf if`ce kcswfrfg w`to`c „_” m`cutfs w`to `gfknny k mfsskef tfnn`ce tof bustamfr wofrf tofy krf `c tof qufuf. @c bactrkst, oaw mkcy aj us okvf mkgf k bknn b knn ta k bampkcy bustamfr  bactkbt cumifr kcg skt ac tof tfnfpoacf jar ;6 m`cutfs ar  marf w`to k rfpfktfg mfsskef tfnn`ce us oaw `mpartkct wf krf! Wof `mpartkcbf aj warg-aj-mauto `s ucgfrsbarfg `c tof jannaw`ce quatfs4 • „Xas`t`vf warg-aj-mato rfnktfs ta bustamfr vknuf ifbkusf k bustamfr woa `cjnufcbfs tof purboksfs aj atofr bustamfrs `s aj erfktfr vknuf ta k j`rm.” (G`bl kcg Iksl ;007) • Dfjj Ifzas aj Kmkzac mkgf twa pfrt`cfct aisfrvkt`acs4 „@j yau iu`ng k erfkt fxpfr`fcbf, bustamfrs tfnn fkbo atofr kiaut tokt. Uarg-aj-mauto `s vfry pawfrjun” kcg „@j yau mklf bustamfrs Uarg-aj-mauto ucokppy `c tof poys`bkn warng, tofy m`eot fkbo tfnn : jr`fcgs. @j  yau mklf bustamfrs ucokppy ac tof @ctfrcft, tofy bkc fkbo tfnn :,888 jr`fcgs.” (rfjfrrknbkcgy.bam (rfjfrrknbkcgy.bam,, Inae, :0 aj tof Ifst Dfjj  Ifzas [uatfs, kbbfssfg Kueust 98, 9898) Mkcy bampkc`fs pky n`p sfrv`bf ta tof kiavf ta tof`r awc gftr`mfct. Ofrf `s k bnkss`b bksf stary ta `nnustrktf to`s. Ikbleraucg  Wof bampkcy `s www.tatknspartsoap.bam www.tatknspartsoap.bam.. @t wks jarmfg `c Cavfmifr 9880 kcg prajfssfs ta if tof Cumifr ; acn`cf jaatiknn

 

soap `c tof VL. Argfrs krf pnkbfg acn`cf v`k tof`r wfis`tf kcg knn bustamfr bactkbt `s rfstr`btfg ta f-mk`n acny w`to ca tfnfpoacf bactkbt cumifr. Wof bksf stugy bacbfrcs k jfmknf bustamfr woa argfrfg jaur  jaatiknn l`ts (so`rt, soarts, kcg sabls) jar ofr erkcgbo`ngrfc ks 98;0 Bor`stmks prfsfcts. Okv`ce sfkrbofg sfvfrkn s`tfs, sof fnfbtfg ta iuy jram Watkn Rparts ifbkusf tofy eukrkctffg gfn`vfry ifjarf Bor`stmks, wo`bo wks aiv`ausny kc `mpartkct iuy`ce br`tfr`k. Wof argfr wks pnkbfg kcg `cva`bfg ac Gfbfmifr 9, 98;0 w`to pkymfct mkgf up jract. Bustamfr Fxpfr`fcbf Wof bustamfr fxpfr`fcbf `c sfqufct`kn argfr wks4 ;. F-mk`n bacj`rm`ce tof argfr wks if`ce prabfssfg rfbf`vfg gktfg Gfbfmifr 6. 9. F-mk`n bacj`rm`ce tof argfr wks if`ce pkblfg rfbf`vfg gktfg Gfbfmifr ;7. 2. F-mk`n bacj`rm`ce tof argfr wks g`spktbofg rfbf`vfg gktfg Gfbfmifr ;5. Wofsf f-mk`ns prav`gfg rfkssurkcbf tokt fvfryto`ce wks j`cf. 7. Argfr gfn`vfrfg ac Gfbfmifr 98 iut `cbampnftf. Acf sft aj  so`rt/soarts kcg knn jaur pk`rs aj sabls m`ss`ce. F-mk`n sfct ta tof bampkcy ac tof skmf gky kgv`s`ce bampkcy kcg urefctny rfqufst`ce kgv`bf ac wofc m`ss`ce `tfms w`nn if gfn`vfrfg, fmpoks`z`ce tokt tofsf krf Bor`stmks prfsfcts. 6. Bampkcy sfct f-mk`n gktfg Gfbfmifr 9; stkt`ce tokt m`ss`ce `tfms w`nn if sfct aut ac tokt gky jar spfb`kn gfn`vfry ac Gfbfmifr  99. :. @tfms cfvfr krr`vfg. Bustamfr okg tof fmikrrkssmfct aj cat if`ce kinf ta e`vf acf aj ofr erkcgbo`ngrfc k prfsfct wo`nst okv`ce ta fxpnk`c ta knn jaur kiaut tof m`ss`ce sabls. 5. Kjtfr k iusy Bor`stmks pfr`ag, bustamfr sfct f-mk`n aj bampnk`ct ta tof bampkcy ac Gfbfmifr 28 gftk`n`ce tof b`rbumstkcbfs kcg fxprfss`ce ofr mkdar g`skppa`ctmfct kcg jrustrkt`ac.

 

?. Yfpny jram bampkcy rfbf`vfg gktfg Gfbfmifr 2; w`to pnkt`tugfs aj kpanaey kcg stkt`ce tokt `t wks if`ce jannawfg up w`to tof wkrfoausf. 0. Ca bactkbt jram tof bampkcy ar gfn`vfry okg iffc rfbf`vfg iy Dkcukry 5. Bustamfr sfct f-mk`n ta tof bampkcy fxprfss`ce ofr  g`sifn`fj ac tof `cbampftfcbf aj tof bampkcy kcg rfqufst`ce k stktus upgktf. 8.Bampkcy rfpn`fg gktfg Dkcukry ? stkt`ce tokt wkrfoausf okg prfpkrfg tof m`ss`ce `tfms kcg tofy w`nn if so`ppfg ac Dkcukry 0. ;. Ca gfn`vfry rfbf`vfg iy Dkcukry ;7. Jurtofr f-mk`n sfct ta tof bampkcy iy tof bustamfr tkin`ce tof o`stary aj fvfcts kcg stkt`ce sof okg iffc tatknny nft gawc kcg jffn`ce baccfg iy tof`r bampkcy okv`ce eukrkctffg gfn`vfry jar Bor`stmks 98;0 kcg st`nn cat bampnftfg iy Dkcukry ;7. 9.Ca rfpny rfbf`vfg. 2.Gfn`vfry krr`vfg ac Dkcukry ;: iut st`nn `cbampnftf. Jaur pk`rs aj  sabls argfrfg kcg acny torff gfn`vfrfg w`to twa aj tofm tof wrace s`zf. 7.Wof bustamfr sfct f-mk`n ta tof bampkcy gktfg Dkcukry 98 ta bammuc`bktf tof pas`t`ac kcg ksl`ce jar gfn`vfry gktf jar  rfmk`c`ce sabls. 6.Ca rfpny jram tof bampkcy. :.Wof bustamfr sfct jannaw-up f-mk`n gktfg Dkcukry 2;. 5.Wof bampkcy rfpn`fg gktfg Dkcukry 2; stkt`ce tokt k £6 rfjucg okg iffc `ssufg jar tof rfmk`c`ce pk`r aj sabls. ?.Ca rfjucg rfbf`vfg jaur wffls nktfr. Bammfct4 • Ca bactkbt ckmf wks fvfr prav`gfg iy tof bampkcy. Bammuc`bkt`ac wks `mpfrsackn w`to f-mk`ns s`mpny s`ecfg ajj  ks „WatknRparts.” • Bampfcskt`ac wks cf`tofr kslfg jar car vanuctffrfg. • @t `s prav`gfg `c gftk`n ta `nnustrktf oaw ikg bustamfr sfrv`bf bkc if prkbt`bfg kcg tof bustamfr fxpfr`fcbf kt tof fcg aj  subo kc kppknn`ce kpprakbo ta ius`cfss.

 

• K bam bampkcy pkcy gafs cat cfbfsskr`n cfbfsskr`ny y lcaw lcaw woa tof bustamfr bustamfr `s. `s. Jar fxkmpnf, woftofr of ar sof `s kc ap`c`ac jarmfr w`to k „Ww`ttfr” „W w`ttfr” jannaw`ce aj 688,888! Ks subo, `t `s v`tkn k bampkcy trfkts knn bustamfrs w`to rfspfbt kcg k o`eo nfvfn aj  rfspacs`vfcfss kcg cat kgapt k pfrbf`vfg knaaj kcg g`sm`ss`vf ktt`tugf. @t mky bamf ikbl ta „i`tf tofm `c tof ium!” *(Rapo`k Ifrckzzkc`, Wof Vnt`mktf Eu`gf ta bustamfr rftfct`ac, Ouispat Inae, kbbfssfg Cavfmifr, 98;0), (Ofmsnfy, Oaw bustamfr  fxpfr`fcbf `s iu`ng`ce irkcgs kcg ius`cfss, Mk Mkrl rlft ft`c `ce e Uffl  ffl ,    Ducf :, 98;0), (@ccavkt`ac XF@- Xrav`cbf aj Actkr`a, Bustamfr  Yfnkt`acso`p Mkckefmfct, 98;2, kbbfssfg Mky ;6, 98;0), (N`m Fce Lace, Eufst skt`sjkbt`ac kcg eufst nayknty stugy jar oatfn `cgustry, Y@W Rboankr Uarls, kbbfssfg Duny 0, 9898).

Uoa ta Iu`ng k Yfnkt`acso`p U`to1 Wof bammfrb`kn jabus aj BYM `s ta gfvfnap k bampkcy‐s „ifst bustamfrs” ac tof pr`cb`pnf tokt „Knn bustamfrs krf fqukn iut samf amf kr krf f mar arf f fquk fquknn tok tokc atofr tofrs s.” Wa `gfct`jy wo`bo bustamfrs bactr`iutf mast ta rfvfcuf kcg praj`t kcg usf tof`r praj`nf ta kbqu`rf „naal-k-n`lf” cfw bustamfrs. Wof rautf ta subbfss `s toraueo sfemfctkt`ac w`to bustamfr  strktfe`fs put `c Wof pnkbf kpprapr`ktf ta cat fkbo sfemfct `cbnug`ce tof tof nfvfn aj jucg`ce. bfctrkn tofmf `s ta trfkt knn bustamfrs skmf wky iut ta tk`nar praerkms rfjnfbt`vf aj tof rfvfcuf appartuc`ty kcg tof praj`nf aj tof bustamfrs b ustamfrs rfs`gfct `c fkbo sfemfct. Bacbfptuknny, to`s `s s`mpn`st`bknny `nnustrktfg `c J`eurf :.7  :.7  w`to aidfbt`vfs kn`ecfg ta vknuf appartuc`t`fs.  Kc fxtrk nkyfr aj sapo`st`bkt`ac bkc if kggfg iy irfkl`ce tof nayknty/vknuf eraups gawc `cta marf rfj`cfg sfemfcts kcg `ctragub`ce k to`rg g`mfcs`ac aj rfbfcby ta iu`ng kc YJZ magfn (Yfbfcby, Jrfqufcby, Zknuf)< fkbo sfemfct okv`ce k vknuf kttr`iutfg ta `t w`to bustamfr baucts. Ks g`sbussfg `c Bokptfr 7 7,, to`s fcokcbfs tof ki`n`ty ta fjj`b`fctny kcg fjjfbt`vfny tkreft, sft

 

qukct`j`kinf aidfbt`vfs, kcg mfksurf rfturc ac kbt`v`t`fs. Kc `mpartkct fnfmfct `s tof ki`n`ty ta `gfct`jy kcg `sanktf bustamfrs woa krf kiaut ta nkpsf kcg toasf woa okvf nkpsfg w`to bammuc`bkt`acs `c pnkbf ta kggrfss fkbo s`tukt`ac, ks `nnustrktfg `c Wkinf :.;4 :.;4

J`eurf :.7 Zknuf sfemfctkt`ac trkcsnktfg `cta kbt`ac Xr`ar`t`fs bkc if rkclfg iy sfemfct, jucgs knnabktfg, kcg bustamfr praerkms strubturfg. Ra jkr, tof jabus oks iffc ac ifokv`arkn mfksurfmfcts kcg cat p`bl`ce up ac tof bustamfr  praj`nfs pfrt`cfct ta fkbo sfemfct. Aiv`ausny, to`s `s br`t`bkn ifbkusf tof bactfct, tacf, kcg stynf aj bammuc`bkt`ac soaung if oacfg ta tof bustamfr bokrkbtfr`st`bs aj fkbo sfemfct. Ofcbf, kt to`s  ducbturf, fkbo pr`ar`ty sfemfct soaung if praj`nfg kcg jurtofr  sfemfctfg kcg eraupfg kbbarg`ce ta tof`r prapfcs`ty ta purboksf kcg tof bammackn`t`fs aj tof`r praj`nfs. Jar fxkmpnf, efagfmaerkpo`bknny, tofrf mky if k s`mpnf spn`t iftwffc torff eraups us`ce BKB@‐s systfm `c tof VL ks tof rfjfrffcbf4 Wkinf :.; Wof YJZ magfn  KBW@ZF KBW@ZF KBW@ ZF NAP NAPKNR KNR O` O`eo eo Rp Rpfc fcg g M`g Rp M`g Rpfc fcg g Naw Na w Rp Rpfc fcg g

RFM@-KBW@ZF

NKXRFG

 

XKRR@ZF NAP NAPKNR KNR O` O`eo eo Rp Rpfc fcg g M`g M` g Rp Rpfc fcg g Naw Na w Rp Rpfc fcg g RXN@W NAP RXN@W NAPKNR KNR O` O`eo eo Rp Rpfc fcg g M`g M` g Rp Rpfc fcg g Naw Na w Rp Rpfc fcg g RO@JW@CE RO@J W@CE NAP NAPKNR KNR O` O`eo eo Rp Rpfc fcg g M`g M` g Rp Rpfc fcg g Naw Na w Rp Rpfc fcg g RU@WBOFYR O` O`eo eo Rp Rpfc fcg g M`g/N M`g /Naw aw Rpf Rpfcg cg

• O`eo rkcl`ce ifst praspfbts = Kbarc Eraups K/I • Mfg`um rkcl`ce ifst praspfbts = Kbarc Eraups G/F/D • Naw rkcl`ce ifst praspfbts = Kbarc Eraups B/@ Aidfbt`vfs bkc if sft kcg praerkms bacstrubtfg. Wo`s kpprakbo `s `nnustrktfg `c J`eurf :.6  :.6  us`ce „O`eo Rpfcg`ce Naykns” ks tof rfjfrfcbf sfemfct.

 

J`eurf :.6 Rfemfctkt`ac magfn kppn`bkt`acs iksfg ac tof „O`eo Rpfcg Naykns” sfemfct  @t `s sfnj-fv`gfct tokt bammuc`bkt`acs soaung if ifspalf ta bustamfr bokrkbtfr`st`bs `j tof k`m `s ta mkx`m`zf fcekefmfct kcg rfspacsf. Kjtfr knn, tof marf rfnfvkct tof mfsskef, tof marf bokcbf aj `t if`ce rfkg kcg k g`knaeuf fcsu`ce. Jar fxkmpnf, m`nnfcc`kns krf vkstny g`jjfrfct jram tof past wkr  „ikiy Wofiaamfrs.” m`nnfcc`um soappfr oks marf macfy, rfnkt`vf ta tof`r  prfv`aus efcfrkt`ac bauctfrpkrts kcg k erfktfr gfs`rf ta soap iut nfss t`mf ta ga `t kcg nfss `cbn`ckt`ac ta kbbfpt tof stktus qua. Dugemfctknny, tof`r bfctrkn mfsskef bkc if summkr`zfg `c torff wargs4 W`mf (skvf mf t`mf), Wrfksurfs (e`vf mf k pnfkskct fxpfr`fcbf), kcg Wrust (nft mf ifn`fvf yau). Kcatofr bokrkbtfr`st`b `s tokt tofy okvf k tfcgfcby ta bokcef tof`r m`cgs. Wofy krf cat fksy ta typfbkst kcg tof prfv`ausny usfg mkrlft`ce p`efacoanfs krf ca nacefr kpprapr`ktf. @c bactrkst, „ikiy iaamfrs” krf r`bo `c tfrms aj t`mf, macfy, kcg kssfts. Wofy krf marf ktt`tug`cknny „yauce” bampkrfg ta tof fkrn`fr  efcfrkt`acs kt tof skmf n`jf stkef kcg marf kbt`vf w`to k i`e boucl

 

aj nf`surf t`mf. Wa mkcy sfbtars, pkrt`bunkrny oasp`tkn`ty, tofsf krf k o`eony kttrkbt`vf eraup w`to tof g`spaskinf `cbamf kcg `cbn`ckt`ac ta spfcg `t ac qukn`ty fxpfr`fcbfs. @t `s rfkg`ny kppkrfct tokt „acf s`zf gafs cat j`t knn” kcg tof skmf bammuc`bkt`ac sfct ta knn bustamfrs w`nn if pfrbf`vfg ks „ducl mk`n.” @c bacbnus`ac, sfemfctkt`ac `s tof „ckmf aj tof ekmf” w`to tkreft`ce ks tof tofmf‗woa ta tkreft, w`to wokt kcg wofc. M`bra mkrlft`ce kcg cat mkbra mkrlft`ce.

Oaw Oa w ta Iu` Iu`ng k Yfnk Yfnktt`a `acs cso` o`p‗ p‗Yf Yfnk nktt`a `acs cso` o`p p Mkrlft`ce @ctragubt`ac @c mkcy mkrlfts, avfr t`mf, pragubts bacvfref `c tfrms aj tof`r  poys`bkn bokrkbtfr`st`bs kcg jucbt`ackn pfrjarmkcbf. Bustamfrs bkc tklf tofsf jkbtars jar erkctfg kcg, `j sa, tofrf `s tof bacsfqufct appartuc`ty ta fsbknktf tof nfss tkce`inf, marf fmat`ackn jkbtars `c `mpartkcbf `c tof purboksf gfb`s`ac. @c ga`ce sa, tof rautf ta iu`ng`ce k gurkinf bustamfr jrkcbo`sf ifbamfs marf gfpfcgfct ac kgg`ce vknuf toraueo fmat`ackn ifcfj`ts ks k pas`t`vf irkcg g`sbr`m`cktar.. Uokt vknufs b g`sbr`m`cktar bkc kc wf kgg kpkrt jram tof rkt`ackn vknufs aj pragubt jfkturfs/ifcfj`ts rfnktfg ta bustamfr wkcts kcg n`jfstynf1 @j subbfssjun, tof qukn`ty aj tof bustamfr rfnkt`acso`p w`to k irkcg w`nn if tof unt`mktf g`jjfrfct`ktar. Wof BYM magfn fckinfs to`s ta if put `cta prkbt`bf iy ektofr`ce kcg star`ce bustamfr `cjarmkt`ac kcg sfemfct`ce tof bustamfr  uc`vfrsf. Wo`s jkb`n`tktfs tof ki`n`ty ta iu`ng rfnkt`acso`ps w`to „ifst bustamfrs”‗ ta curturf tof rfnkt`acso`p toraueo pfrsackn`zfg acfta-acf bammuc`bkt`ac tofrfiy iu`ng`ce baccfbt`v`ty iftwffc irkcg kcg bustamfr wo`bo, `c turc, iacgs nayknty. Wof tksl aj Yfnkt`acso`p Mkrlft`ce `s ta iu`ng truf nayknty `c lfy bustamfr sfemfcts. Wof strktfe`b kpprakbo `s ta iu`ng kc fmat`ackn ir`gef iftwffc tof bustamfr kcg tof irkcg, wo`bo iu`ngs fxtrk vknuf `cta tof rfnkt`acso`p ac tap aj tof poys`bkn

 

bokrkbtfr`st`bs aj tof pragubt ar sfrv`bf. @c sa ga`ce, `t `s pas`t`vfny sffl`ce ta bokcef ktt`tugfs ks k mfkcs aj bokce`ce ifokv`ar‗aj mav`ce tkreft bustamfrs ta „Kbt`vf Naykn” stktus kcg irkcg kgvabkby. @t‐s kiaut k rfnkt`acso`p, cat k „acf-c`eot stkcg.” Iu`ng`ce k nace-tfrm rfnkt`acso`p us`ce k prabfss aj       sfgu sf gubt bt`a `ac c kcg kcg cat cat ir`i ir`ifr fry y. N`lf knn subbfssjun rfnkt`acso`ps, tof marf rfnfvkct kcg jrfsofr  tof bactfct, tof ifttfr bokcbf aj sustk`c`ce tof rfnkt`acso`p. @t `s kcknaeaus ta mkrr`kef, wo`bo `s fxpkcgfg ofrf4 Wof Yfnkt`acso`p Daurcfy  Wof rfnkt`acso`p iftwffc k irkcg kcg `ts purboksfrs `s n`lf kcy rfnkt`acso`p iftwffc twa pfapnf. Kgvfrt`s`ce `s kl`c ta tof waa`ce prabfss. Fkbo pkrtcfr prffcs tofmsfnvfs, mklfs surf tofy naal tof`r ifst, kcg tofc kpprakbofs tof atofr. Okrso wargs krf cfvfr  spalfc kcg k rasy v`fw aj tof juturf `s eukrkctffg. Wof prabfss f`tofr jk`ns ar praerfssfs ta tof fcekefmfct‗tof j`rst jarmkn `cg`bkt`ac tokt tof rfnkt`acso`p `s gfvfnap`ce. Fcekefmfct tofc nfkgs ta mkrr`kef. Mkrr`kef bkc nfkg ta k n`jfnace bamm`tmfct kcg okpp`cfss ar ta k sfr`fs aj p`tjknns< tr`kn sfpkrkt`acs, kjjk`rs, g`varbf. @cgffg, mkrr`kef sa ajtfc nfkgs ta g`varbf, tokt mkrr`kef eu`gkcbf baucsfnn`ce sfrv`bfs okvf spruce up ta stfm tof t`gf. Nft us ir`fjny fxpnarf tof stfps `c to`s daurcfy, kcg `c sa ga`ce, fcokcbf aur ucgfrstkcg`ce ta fcsurf tokt irkcg nayknty rfmk`cs `ctkbt kcg tof br`s`s pa`ct aj g`varbf `s cat rfkbofg. J`eurf :.: g`kerkmmkt`bknny gfp`bts tof daurcfy iksfg ac k I9B irkcg. Baurtso`p Mast irkcgs ife`c tof`r rfnkt`acso`p w`to k praspfbt`vf purboksfr  w`to k wo`rnw`cg baurtso`p. Wof irkcg spfcgs k ouef kmauct ac kgvfrt`s`ce kcg pramat`ac, waa`ce tof trust`ce purboksfr w`to k gkzzn`ce g`spnky aj wfknto kcg bacj`gfcbf.

 

Iut, jar mast irkcgs, to`s baurtso`p gafs cat praerfss `cta kcyto`ce mfkc`cejun. Wof `c`t`kn jnaag aj kttfct`ac ifbamfs k gr`p jffg kcg tofc g`skppfkrs uct`n tof cfxt kbbauct`ce yfkr. Mfkcwo`nf, tofrf `s tof r`sl tokt k r`vkn su`tar pujjs aut `ts bofst, apfcs `ts wknnft, kcg eafs ac tof ajjfcs`vf. Vcnfss yau bkc bktbo tof purboksfr ifjarf tof r`vkn‐s l`ss, yau mky nasf tofm jarfvfr! Fcekefmfct  Mkcy mkrlftfrs fsbofw pram`sbu`ty kcg oang aut tof pram`sf aj k nacetfrm rfnkt`acso`p toraueo kc fcekefmfct w`to tof purboksfr. Wo`s mky mfkc ca marf tokc ksl`ce jar tof purboksfr‐s ckmf, kggrfss, kcg k jfw pfrsackn gftk`ns `c rfspacsf ta k pramat`ac ajjfr.  Ksl`ce jar pfrsackn gftk`ns fkrny ac `c tof rfnkt`acso`p `s n`lf prfsfct`ce k r`ce. @t `mpn`fs jurtofr bamm`tmfct, bacs`gfrkt`ac, kcg kttfct`ac. Ofrf kek`c, mkrlftfrs bkc sn`p up. @ecar`ce tof`r bktbo kcg nfkv`ce tof purboksfr apfc ta toasf fvfr-nurl`ce su`tars. Wof Ufgg`ce   K bacvfct`acknny mkckefg fcekefmfct w`nn if bacsummktfg w`to k wfgg`ce, nftt`ce tof auts`gf warng lcaw tokt k lcat oks iffc t`fg. @c tof prabfss aj bustamfr rftfct`ac, to`s `s tof stkef wofc tof purboksfr `s fcbaurkefg ta bammuc`bktf ta atofrs tof`r irkcg kgvabkby. Oawfvfr, mkrlft`ce mkckefrs krf cat cfbfsskr`ny mkgf `c ofkvfc. Wofy mky jnaur`so ks k rfsunt aj k bact`cufg kcg toaueotjun fct`bfmfct iut tofy mky knsa w`tofr ks k rfsunt aj s`mpny tkl`ce tof purboksfr jar erkctfg. Dust n`lf rfkn n`jf! Mkcy irkcgs boaasf ir`ifry ta lffp purboksfrs naykn. Baupacs kcg g`sbaucts krf g`sbaurtfausny torawc kt tof mkrr`kef pkrtcfr ks toaueo tofy wfrf k prast`tutf ajjfr`ce tofmsfnvfs jar o`rf. Uofrf k bkrfjun kcg san`b`taus sfgubt`ac `s cat kttfmptfg, tof rfsunt`ce gfbn`cf `c tof rfnkt`acso`p `s kssurfg.  Kjjk`rs

 

 K purboksfr, purboksfr, trfktfg `c k pram`sbuaus wky iy tof irkcg mkrlftfr  w`nn, saacfr ar nktfr, rfkbt. Wofy w`nn j`cg sankbf `c kcatofr ir`eot, cfw fxb`t`ce irkcg, wo`bo tofy w`nn okvf cat`bfg `c-starf, acn`cf, ar `c kgvfrt`s`ce, j`cg`ce `t okrg ta rfs`st tfmptkt`ac. Wofy‐rf ac tof sn`ppfry snapf. Wr`kn Rfpkrkt`ac Ru`tars w`nn iamikrg tof g`strfssfg purboksfr w`to pramat`acs kcg nayknty sbofmfs ta jarbf k tr`kn sfpkrkt`ac jram yaur irkcg. Knn taa ajtfc, tofy subbffg. G`varbf Wof purboksfr t`rfs aj wk`t`ce jar yaur irkcg ta rfpk`r tof gkmkef, bokcef yaur wkys, kcg ifokvf kppfkn`ceny. Wofy mavf `c w`to k su`tar irkcg ar tofy apt jar tof jrff kcg fksy n`jf aj pram`sbu`ty. Okppy Mkrr`kef Wo`s sn`ppfry snapf ta iralfc iacgs kcg purboksfr gfsfrt`ac `s cat efcfrktfg iy tof purboksfr iut iy tof ifokv`ar aj tof irkcg. Uf baung ifokvf g`jjfrfctny. Wofrf krf s`mpnf runfs ta k okppy rfnkt`acso`p w`to k purboksfr dust ks tofrf krf ta k okrmac`aus mkrr`kef. Wof sanut`ac ta tofrfnkt`acso`p rfnkt`acso`pmkrlft`ce. irfklgawc ta fmpnay tof prabfss aj bustamfr Wa`siu`ng `ctfrkbt`vf rfnkt`acso`ps iftwffc tof irkcg kcg tof `cg`v`gukn bustamfr, wo`bo g`rfbtny `mpkbt ktt`tugfs ks k mfkcs aj `cjnufcb`ce ifokv`ar. Wo`s `s ifst kbo`fvfg iy junny ut`n`z`ce knn tof `cjarmkt`ac ofng ac k bustamfr  mkrlft`ce gktkiksf. @c summkry, rf`cjarb`ce pa`cts prfv`ausny mkgf, tof lfys ta k nace-nkst`ce, naykn, kcg subbfssjun rfnkt`acso`p krf twajang4 Uf cffg ta ucgfrstkcg tof jucbt`ackn kcg fmat`ackn ;. wkcts aj aur bustamfrs ta ofnp fxpnk`c cffgs tof wky tofy ifokvf

 

kcg oaw tofy mklf tof`r purboks`ce gfb`s`acs. Uf bkc tofc trkcsnktf to`s ucgfrstkcg`ce `cta k ifcfj`t-nfg prapas`t`ac, tknl`ce ta aur purboksfr `c tof r`eot wky sa tokt tofy j`cg tof rfnkt`acso`p skt`sjy`ce. 9. Iu`ng`ce k raiust gktk strktfey (wokt l`cg aj gktk `s mast usfjun ta us, oaw ta bannfbt `t, oaw ga wf kcknyzf `t) w`to k bustamfr  bfctr`b gktkiksf kt `ts ofkrt.

J`eurf :.: Wof rfnkt`acso`p daurcfy 

Yunf Yu nfs s aj Fc Fcek ekef efmf mfct ct

 

Wof lfy subbfss jkbtars jar fceke`ce „ifst prkbt`bf” bustamfr  rfnkt`acso`p mkrlft`ce krf4 ;. Lcawnfgef `s pawfr. Yfknny ucgfrstkcg bustamfr cffgs, wkcts, kcg purboksf mat`vkt`acs knaces`gf tof`r n`jf stkef kcg n`jfstynf praj`nfs. 9. Rfemfctkt`ac `s lfy w`to bacbfctrkt`ac ac pr`ar`ty sfemfcts. @gfct`jy „ifst bustamfrs”‗toasf woa mfft tof bammfrb`kn br`tfr`k aj woa yau wkct ta iu`ng k rfnkt`acso`p w`to. 2. Gfvfnap rfnkt`acso`ps acny w`to bustamfrs woa kbt`vfny w`so ta pkrt`b`pktf. 7. Gfvfnap k bnfkr, baofs`vf brfkt`vf strktfey fcsor`cfg `c k irkcg pas`t`ac`ce stktfmfct w`to tof irkcg prapas`t`ac kt tof bfctfr. irkcg cg toraueo tof praerkm. 6. Kgg gfmacstrkinf vknuf ta tof irk :. Ks w`to kcy rfnkt`acso`p, sfgubt`ac `s nkst`ce, ir`ifry `s tfm tf mpar ark kry. ry. Ga cat cat „s „sfn fnn” n” ta to tof f bust busta amfr fr.. Wo Wof f ba bamm mmu uc`b c`bkt`a kt`ac c soaung if wfnbamfg kcg fcekefg, rfsunt`ce `c k g`knaeuf if`ce if` ce tr` tr`eef eefrfg rfg.. 5. Iu`ng trust kcg cfvfr kiusf `t. Wof bustamfr prav`gfs gktk kcg trusts tokt `t w`nn if usfg fjjfbt`vfny ta bammuc`bktf rfnfvkct mfsskefs. Wofy jurtofr trust tokt tof`r gktk w`nn if sfburfny lfpt kcg cfvfr sang ta to`rg pkrt`fs. Cfvfr iftrky bustamfr bacj`gfcbf. ?. Gfvfnap irkcg kjjfbt`ac. Wof naykn bustamfr rfspfbts tof irkcg ta tof fxtfct tofy ifn`fvf tof irkcg `s naal`ce kjtfr tof`r `ctfrfsts kcg tof `cjarmkt`ac tofy rfbf`vf `s kbburktf kcg oacfst. 0. Wof `mpkbt aj bustamfr rfnkt`acso`p mkrlft`ce praerkms `s cat  dugefg iy tof rfspacsf rktf ta k s`cenf mk`n`ce iut iy tof bokcef `c ktt`tugfs kcg rfnktfg ifokv`ar avfr k 9‒2 yfkr pfr`ag. 8.Barrfspacgfcbf soaung if pfrsackn‗cat mkss mk`n`ce iy ckturf. Bactkbt must knwkys if pfrsackn, `cbnus`vf, kcg `ct`mktf. ;. Wof rfnkt`acso`p must if curturfg kcg cfvfr tklfc jar erkctfg. Kt knn t`mfs, tof irkcg must gfvfnap kc fmat`ackn iacg`ce iy fcsur`ce tokt lfy bustamfr eraups jffn pkmpfrfg kcg pr`v`nfefg. Wrfkt bustamfrs n`lf jr`fcgs/bannfkeufs. Wknl w`to tofm kcg kva`g usf aj jarmkn`ty. 9.Nayknty `s bnfkrny k strktfe`b kcg nace-tfrm `ssuf, kcg yft, tof mast jrfqufct mfbokc`sm boasfc jar `ts gfvfnapmfct `s qu`bl j`x ir`ifry.

 

Ifwkrf aj tof p`tjknns. 2.Rft m`nfstacf eakns kcg mac`tar kek`cst tofm. @j aidfbt`vfs bokcef, kgdust tof praerkm kbbarg`ceny. 7.Bustamfr Yfnkt`acso`p Mkrlft`ce jabusfs ac g`rfbt bactkbt w`to tof bustamfr< soaw`ce tofm wf lcaw kcg ucgfrstkcg tof`r cffgs kcg wkcts, fvfc ifjarf tofy krf kwkrf aj tofm! @c to`s rfspfbt, kc `mpartkct pr`cb`pnf `s ta soaw bustamfrs wf krf rfbfpt`vf ta tof`r  bokce`ce n`jfstynfs kcg cffgs kcg wkcts. Wo`s patfct`knny mfkcs k bacstkct fvanut`ac aj bammuc`bkt`ac mftoags kcg bactfcts.

Lfy Lf y Ru Rubb bbfs fss s Jk Jkbt btar ars s ;. Yfbaec`zf jram tof ife`cc`ce tokt `t `s k strktfe`b taan, wo`bo bkc `cvanvf suistkct`kn sft-up basts. Iuy `cta to`s kcg soaw nace-tfrm bamm`tmfct w`to pkyikbl avfr k 9+ yfkr pfr`ag. bnfkr, qukct`j`kinf, kcg mfksurkinf aidfbt`vfs jram tof 9. Xut `c pnkbf bnfkr, autsft. 2. Eft s`ec ajj kt tof mast sfc`ar nfvfn `c tof arekc`zkt`ac. Bustamfr Yfnkt`acso`p Mkrlft`ce Mkrlft`ce bokmp`ac. 7. Kppa`ct k Bustamfr 6. Junny `ctferktf `cta tof jkir`b aj tof avfrknn sknfs kcg mkrlft`ce strktfey kcg pnkcs. Bnfkrny knnabktf iugefts jar tof Bustamfr  Yfnkt`acso`p Mkrlft`ce praerkm w`to prfb`sf t`m`ces. :. @mpnfmfct fjjfbt`vf mfksurfmfct systfms w`to jabus ac YA@. 5. @ctferktf w`to knn tof rfnfvkct `ctfrckn jucbt`acs woa patfct`knny `ctfrjkbf w`to bustamfrs woa krf mfmifrs aj tof praerkm, `cbnug`ce bustamfr sfrv`bfs. ?. Xutt`ce `c pnkbf brfkt`vf pkrtcfrs woa okvf tof krt g`rfbt`ac kcg bapy sl`nns ta trkcsnktf tof brfkt`vf strktfey `cta supfri fxfbut`ac w`to tof sfcs`t`v`t`fs rfqu`rfg ta iu`ng pfrsackn rfnkt`acso`ps.

Uof ofc c ta Ba Bacs cs`g `gfr fr Bu Bust stam amfr fr Yf Yfnk nkt` t`ac acso so`p `p Mkrlft`ce Wof tfboc`quf `s kpprapr`ktf ta bampkc`fs wofrf tof bfctrkn aidfbt`vf `s ta iu`ng ar pratfbt bustamfr nayknty< pkrt`bunkrny w`to „ifst

 

bustamfrs” woa kbbauct jar k suistkct`kn prapart`ac aj bampkcy rfvfcuf kcg praj`t, ks tof pr`cb`pkn mfkcs aj iu`ng`ce kcg sfbur`ce nace-tfrm praj`tki`n`ty. Wyp`bknny, tof pragubt ar sfrv`bf w`nn okvf samf ar knn aj tof jannaw`ce bokrkbtfr`st`bs4 ;. K o`eony bampft`t`vf bktfeary wofrf tof bacsumfr oks k boa`bf jram k partjan`a aj irkcgs. Jar fxkmpnf, Rp`r`ts, Rupfrmkrlfts, Nkefr, Bksukn G`c`ce Yfstkurkcts, @csurkcbf, U`cf Yftk`nfrs (ac kcg ajj n`cf), Yftk`n Ikcl`ce, Bkrs. 9. Uofrf g`jjfrfcbfs `c jucbt`ackn ifcfj`ts iftwffc irkcgs `c tof pragubt/sfrv`bf bktfeary krf mkre`ckn tofrfiy patfct`knny pnkb`ce fxtrk fmpoks`s ac fmat`ackn ifcfj`ts ta gftfrm`cf pas`t`vf bacsumfr irkcg sfnfbt`ac. Jar fxkmpnf, rftk`n ikcl`ce, `csurkcbf, supfrmkrlfts, mknt wo`sly, G@P rftk`nfrs, spartswfkr. 2. Uofrf tof mkrlft bktfeary `s mkturf kcg tof „?8498” runf kppn`fs w`to k nkref ofkvy usfr eraup‗98 pfrbfct aj bktfeary bacsumfrs if`ce „ofkvy” usfrs kbbauct`ce jar ?8 pfrbfct aj bktfeary vanumf. Mkx`m`z`ce irkcg nayknty kmacest tof ofkvy usfr eraup `s tofrfjarf tof lfy ta `mprav`ce praj`tki`n`ty. @c pkrknnfn, tof irkcg mky knrfkgy grkw tof iunl aj `ts sknfs jram rfeunkr iuyfrs aj woam kc `mpartkct prapart`ac krf vfry naykn wofrf tof pr`ar`ty `s ta pratfbt sknfs. 7. Wof bktfeary fxo`i`ts k o`eo jrfqufcby purboksf bybnf jkb`n`tkt`ce tof appartuc`ty jar k irkcg ta gfvfnap marf `ct`mktf rfnkt`acso`ps kcg fmat`ackn iacg`ce. 6. Uofrf tof irkcg `ctr`cs`bknny passfssfs k cumifr aj  bokrkbtfr`st`bs bkpkinf aj pnkb`ce `t `c k c`bof. :. Jar barparktf irkcgs w`to tof appartuc`ty ta brass sfnn kbrass k partjan`a aj pragubts/sfrv`bfs ac tof ikbl aj tof j`rst pragubt/sfrv`bf purboksfg. Jar fxkmpnf, rftk`n ikcls, iu`ng`ce sab`ft`fs, `csurkcbf iralfrs, oatfn eraups, k`rn`cfs, `csurkcbf bampkc`fs, oan`gky bampkc`fs. 5. @c bktfear`fs wofrf k naw jrfqufcby bybnf `s bauctfrkbtfg iy k o`eo uc`t pr`bf/mkre`c kcg fmat`ackn ifcfj`ts bkc if kc `mpartkct pkrt aj tof sknfs prapas`t`ac. Jar fxkmpnf, bkrs kcg oan`gky bampkc`fs.

 

Uofrf tof tkreft bacsumfr kug`fcbf `s sfemfctfg `cta `gfct`j`kinf ?. bnustfrs w`to spfb`j`b bokrkbtfr`st`bs kcg cffgs/wkcts. 0. Uofrf tofrf `s bammfrb`kn nae`b `c `cjnufcb`ce ktt`tugfs ta bokcef ifokv`ar iy tkreft`ce `cg`v`gukns w`to o`eo qukn`ty pfrsackn`zfg bammuc`bkt`ac rktofr tokc iy rfkbo`ce tofm toraueo marf mkss mkrlft mfg`k bokccfns.

Bksf Bk sf Rt Rtug ug`f `fs s ;. Oaw cat ta ga `t @ rfbf`vfg 98 f-mk`ns avfr k pfr`ag aj 0 wffls `c tof Rpr`ce kcg  Kutumc aj 98;0 jram Daoc Nfw`s< k prfm`fr gfpkrtmfct starf rftk`nfr `c Erfkt Ir`tk`c. Wofy knn jannawfg k s`m`nkr jarmkt summkr`zfg ks jannaws4 • Iu`nt ta k bammac jarmunk w`to k nfkg bktfeary/pragubt w`to atofr jfkturfg pragubt bktfear`fs jannaw`ce ks yau sbrann gawc. Wof pragubts jfkturfg g`g cat jarm pkrt aj kc `ctferktfg tofmf kcg wfrf mk`cny ucrfnktfg. Wof rfkgfr okg ca kwkrfcfss aj  wokt‐s ta jannaw kcg oaw nace tof daurcfy w`nn tklf. • Wof brfkt`vf jarmkt wks bammac ta knn. Wofy usfg styn`so, wfnn brappfg pragubt sftt`ces w`to s`mpnf, bnfkr n`cfs. Xoataerkpoy wks aj k o`eo qukn`ty stkcgkrg. • Xr`mkry mfsske`ce wks pramat`ac nfg w`to k „Xr`bf Mktbo” mfsskef knwkys prfsfct. • Wofy krf ifst gfsbr`ifg ks if`ce sknfs-nfg< if`ce gam`cktfg iy pramat`ac kbt`v`ty. summkry, `t wks k eaag jarmkt jar k sknfs-nfg, pragubt • @c summkry, partjan`a kpprakbo w`to bnkssy bnkssy,, wfnn prfsfctfg pragubts. Oawfvfr, `t g`g cat jknn ucgfr tof umirfnnk aj Bustamfr  Yfnkt`acso`p Mkrlft`ce w`to tof jannaw`ce cfekt`vfs4 • Wof iang mfsskef ac tof f-mk`ns @ rfbf`vfg stktfg4 „Wo`s fmk`n oks ca bactfct.” Wofrf wks ca pfrsackn`zkt`ac< f`tofr iy ckmf ar mfsskef. @t wks aiv`ausny k mkss f-mkrlft`ce bkmpk`ec kbrass tof`r bustamfr gktkiksf.

 

if`ce `mpfrsackn, tof tof pragubts jfkturfg jfkturfg wfrf cat •  Kpkrt jram `t if`ce rfnfvkct ta mf f`tofr `c tfrms aj my purboksf o`stary ar my my efagfmaerkpo`b efagfmaerkpo `b praj`nf. • Wof kpprakbo wks gfb`gfgny cat bustamfr jr`fcgny. @c knn praiki`n`ty, tof mk`c aidfbt`vf ifo`cg tof bkmpk`ec wks ta efcfrktf soart tfrm sknfs e`vfc tof g`rf trkg`ce bacg`t`acs fxpfr`fcbfg kbrass tof VL o`eo strfft `c 98;0. Oawfvfr, `t ucgfrm`cfg my rfspfbt jar tof Daoc Nfw`s irkcg kcg tof trust kcg bacj`gfcbf @ okg `c tof`r prajfss`ackn`sm `c wo`bo `t knwkys sffmfg ta mf tokt tofy pnkbfg tof`r bustamfrs ac k pfgfstkn. Wof `mpfrsackn, ducl f-mk`n ckturf aj tof bammuc`bkt`acs g`g cat s`t bamjartkiny w`to tof irkcg `mkef @ okg iu`nt up avfr mkcy yfkrs aj  spfcg`ce k sofg nakg aj macfy w`to tofm. Rurfny, tofy wfrf kinf ta rfbaec`zf tof v`rtufs aj „ifst prkbt`bf” acf-ta-acf mkrlft`ce kcg ea tof fxtrk ykrg aj kgg`ce my ckmf w`to k pfrsackn mfsskef< pfrokps fxprfssfg toraueo tof`r gfs`rf ta sokrf w`to mf samf fxbfnnfct sknfs appartuc`t`fs tofy okg `c starf! 9. Oaw ta ga `t  K bksf stugy iksfg ac tof VL Xart mkrlft. Xart Xa rt Mk Mkrl rlft ft R` R`tu tukt kt`a `ac c ;. Xart irkcgs okg s`m`nkr pragubt bokrkbtfr`st`bs, saurbfg jram tof skmf w`cf eraw`ce rfe`ac `c Xartuekn kcg knn okg k eaag ofr`tkef kcg pfg`erff. Irkcgs subo ks Ukrrf‐s, Gaw‐s, Babliurc, Wkynar‐s, kcg Erkokm‐s. Wofrf wks kc kisfcbf aj  pragubt g`jjfrfct`ktars g`jjfrfct`ktars kcg irkcg VRXs. 9. Irkcgs tfcgfg ta bacbfctrktf tof`r bacsumfr bammuc`bkt`ac spfcg `c tof ruc up ta Bor`stmks< tof mast fxpfcs`vf t`mf ta kgvfrt`sf kcg ta kbo`fvf irkcg kwkrfcfss kcg rfbaec`t`ac `c k brawgfg mkrlft. Rpfcg nfvfns wfrf n`m`tfg kcg kcy kwkrfcfss iu`nt saac fvkparktfg w`to k o`eo kgvfrt`s`ce gfbky jkbtar. 2. Knn bacsumfrs wfrf trfktfg tof skmf ks k uc`jarm mkss `c rfbf`v`ce tof skmf bammuc`bkt`ac. 7. @c gfpto kcknys`s aj tof iuy`ce uc`vfrsf rfvfknfg s`ec`j`bkct bacsumfr sfemfctkt`ac w`to k mkdar i`ks ta k ofkvy usfr 

 

eraup. Wof ofkvy usfr sfemfct kbbauctfg jar ;6 pfrbfct aj  iuyfrs iut :8 pfrbfct aj iattnf vanumf. Ac kvfrkef, tofy iaueot : iattnfs k yfkr< tokt `s, k iattnf fvfry ? wffls. Wofy iaueot yfkr raucg kcg cat dust kt Bor`stmks, wofc tofy tfcgfg ta knsa iuy Xart ta e`vf ks k e`jt. @c bactrkst, n`eot iuyfrs iaueot kc kvfrkef aj ; iattnf pfr yfkr kbbauct`ce jar  6? pfrbfct aj iuyfrs iut acny ;5 pfrbfct aj vanumf. @c kgg`t`ac, w`to`c tof ofkvy usfr sfemfct, tofrf wks kc `ccfr barf aj 988,888 „supfr ofkvy iuyfrs” kbbauct`ce jar 9.6 pfrbfct aj bktfeary iuyfrs iut 92 pfrbfct aj vanumf< iuy`ce, ac kvfrkef, ;5.6 iattnfs pfr yfkr. 6. Wof ofkvy usfr sfemfct okg k vfry g`st`cbt`vf praj`nf4 • Wof`r efagfmaerkpo`b praj`nf wks slfwfg tawkrg Kbarc Eraups K (Nkv`so N`jfstynfs), I (Fxfbut`vf Ufknto), B (Mkturf Macfy), G (B`ty Rapo`st`bktfs), kcg F (Bkrffr  Bn`mifrs) iksfg ac BKB@‐s efagfmaerkpo`b systfm `c tof VL. • Bacsumfrs fcdayfg o`eo `cbamfs‗`c tof tap ;8 pfrbfct aj `cbamf fkrcfrs kt tof`r pkrt`bunkr n`jf stkef. • Wofy wfrf g`sbfrc`ce kcg g`sbr`m`ckt`ce `c tof`r n`jfstynf boa`bfs. • Rab`kn`z`ce wks o`eo ac tof`r kefcgk `c wo`bo jaag kcg w`cf jarmfg kc `ctferkn pkrt. Oast`ce kcg pkrt`b`pkt`ce `c suppfr pkrt`fs w`to jr`fcgs kcg jkm`ny wks tof carm w`to bacvfrskt`ac avfr k enkss aj part kt tof fcg aj tof mfkn if`ce k rfeunkr tofmf. • Wofy okg k o`eo kjjfbt`ac jar Xart w`to k to`rst jar  lcawnfgef. Wof boknnfcef wks oaw ta iaast vanumf kcg mkrlft sokrf `c tof kiavf mkrlft jrkmfwarl. Ranut`ac Acf aj tof irkcgs (Irkcg _) taal up tof boknnfcef iy fceke`ce k Bustamfr Yfnkt`acso`p Mkrlft`ce prabfss fmiagy`ce tof jannaw`ce strktfe`b strkcgs4

 

Wkreft kug`fcbf aj tof ofkvy usfr sfemfct `c Kbarc Eraups ;.  K/I/B/G/F. 9. Xut `c pnkbf k gktk bkpturf prataban gfj`c`ce tof gktk ta if bkpturfg `c knn tof rfbru`tmfct kbt`v`t`fs bavfr`ce4 • Xfrsackn gftk`ns efcgfr, kcg GAI`cbnug`ce junn kggrfss, f-mk`n kggrfss, • Xart irkcgs grucl kcg knsa purboksfg ta e`vf ks k e`jt iy nayknty bktfeary‗acny, bktfeary‗acny, mast ajtfc, samft`mfs kcg cfvfr  • Cumifr aj iattnfs iaueot pfr yfkr jar sfnj-bacsumpt`ac kcg ta e`vf ks k e`jt • Vsukn pr`bf pk`g • Raurbf aj purboksf • Apt-`c ta rfbf`v`ce bammuc`bkt`ac 2. Yfbru`tmfct wks bacgubtfg toraueo `c-pkbl pramat`acs, g`rfbt mk`n ta n`sts aj lcawc part gr`clfrs, kcg pramat`acs `c bacducbt`ac w`to k rkg`a stkt`ac w`to k bampnfmfctkry kug`fcbf praj`nf. @c fkbo bksf, tof jrff ajjfr wks ta rfbf`vf „K Iaalnft kiaut Xart”‗k wry naal kt samf aj tof banarjun o`stary kcg trkg`t`acs aj part w`to wacgfrjun bkrtaacs kcg tkst`ce catfs. Wof rfbru`tmfct tkreft br`tfr`k wks sft kt iuy`ce twa ar marf iattnfs pfr yfkr kcg bacsumfrs woa g`g cat mfft to`s wfrf j`ntfrfg aut kt to`s stkef kcg g`g cat rfbf`vf juturf bammuc`bkt`acs. 7. Wof brfkt`vf prapfrty gfvfnapfg wks ucgfr tof tofmf aj „Wknfs ta tfnn avfr suppfr”< `c wo`bo bammuc`bkt`ac ta tkreft mfmifrs aj tof bustamfr gktkiksf jfkturfg n`ttnf iaal g`jjfrfct tof v`cfykrg kcg tof pfapnfk woa mklfw`to tof kpart. Wo`s tknf wksjram tof fmat`ackn ir`gef iu`nt iftwffc tof bacsumfrs kcg tof irkcg ac wo`bo tof bacsumfrs wfrf ac tof `cs`gf trkbl w`to `ct`mktf lcawnfgef sokrfg w`to tofm‗woa, `c turc, baung rfnky tof star`fs avfr tof`r suppfr pkrt`fs. 6. Rtr`bt brfkt`vf eu`gfn`cfs wfrf nk`g gawc, wo`bo must if kgofrfg ta kt knn t`mfs. :. Wwa mk`n`ces wfrf sfct pfr yfkr pnus k uc`qufny gfs`ecfg Bor`stmks bkrg w`to k pafm. Xfrsackn`zfg g`rfbt mk`n wks usfg ks tof bammuc`bkt`ac mfg`um kcg knwkys jfkturfg k pastkef stkmp gfs`ecfg ta kisanutfny kva`g kcy n`clkef ta „ducl mk`n.” Wo`s

 

mfg`um wks gfn`ifrktfny usfg ta iu`ng k pfrsackn, marf `ct`mktf rfnkt`acso`p. 5. Ca baupacs wfrf usfg. K Jrff Xr`zf Grkw jar k sfnfbt`ac aj Xart wks jfkturfg `c fvfry mk`n`ce efcfrkt`ce k rfspacsf aj 28+ pfrbfct‗w`to samf avfr 78 pfrbfct‗w`to tof w`ccfrs‐ ckmfs jfkturfg `c tof cfxt mk`n rf`cjarb`ce tof trkcspkrfcby kcg oacfsty aj tof praerkm. Xkrt`b`pkt`ac wks vfry strace ta tof fxtfct tokt mk`n bannfbt`acs wfrf jfkturfg ac „fIky.” ?. K mk`n survfy ta tof gktkiksf fn`b`tfg k 96 pfrbfct rfspacsf. Wof qufst`acck`rf m`rrarfg tof acf usfg ac rfbru`tmfct ta fckinf bokcefs `c ifokv`ar ta if mfksurfg kek`cst tof yfkr tofy wfrf rfbru`tfg. Wo`s soawfg k gfmacstrkinf upwkrg so`jt `c bacsumpt`ac kcg fckinfg YA@ bknbunkt`acs ta if mkgf w`to k s`ec`j`bkct pas`t`vf rfturc. 0. Fxtfrckn mkrlft pkcfn gktk soawfg k 22 pfrbfct sokrf ek`c `c tof ofkvy usfr sfemfct wo`nst tof fbacam`b ifcfj`ts aj tof praerkm fckinfg skv`ces ta if mkgf `c atofr pkrts aj tof mkrlft`ce iugeft.

Rtfps ta Wklf Wof jannaw`ce stfps soaung if ucgfrtklfc `c gftfrm`c`ce k bustamfr  nayknty strktfey4 ;. Bacgubt kc kug`t ta iu`ng k raiust, bamprfofcs`vf p`bturf aj yaur  bustamfr lcawnfgef bavfr`ce, jar fxkmpnf4 • Rfemfct mkrlft iy uskef kcg gfj`cf irkcg stktus rfnkt`vf ta atofr irkcgs w`to`c tof avfrknn mkrlft bktfeary kcg w`to`c fkbo sfemfct. [ukct`jy saurbf aj vanumf `c tatkn kcg iy irkcg iy sfemfct `gfct`jy`ce appartuc`t`fs kcg krfks rfqu`r`ce pratfbt`ac. • Jfkturfs kcg ifcfj`ts aj knn bampft`ce irkcgs. b ktfeary kcg • Cffgs, wkcts, kcg purboksf mat`vkt`acs aj bktfeary irkcg iuyfrs `c tatkn kcg kcy vkr`kt`acs iy sfemfct. qukn`ty,, • @gfct`jy burrfct stktus aj bustamfr gktkiksf `cbnug`ce qukn`ty qukct`ty, kcg saurbfs‗gktk ofng, wofrf kcg oaw `t‐s ofng,

 

oaw `t‐s bannfbtfg, kbburkby, bampn`kcbf w`to gktk pratfbt`ac nkws `c tof apfrkt`ce rfe`ac(s), kcg sa ac. • Vcgfrstkcg tof burrfct gktk bkpturf prataban(s). • Rfemfct gktkiksf iy rfbfcby, jrfqufcby, kcg vknuf. tof kiavf4 9. Jram vknuf sfemfcts kcg `gfct`jy tkreft ifokv`ar kgapt`ce tof k. Iu`ng bfctrkn pr`cb`pnf tokt bustamfrs krf cat brfktfg fquknny `c tfrms aj patfct`kn praj`t kcg soaung cat if trfktfg ks `j tofy wfrf. @c sa ga`ce, gfj`cf wokt `s cffgfg ta gr`vf pas`t`vf ifokv`ar bokcef. i. Rtrktfey gfvfnapmfct4 • Uoa ta tkreft. @gfct`jy tkreft kug`fcbf gfsbr`i`ce tofm ac knn rfnfvkct kttr`iutfs. @c pkrt`bunkr, pkrt`bunkr, wokt krf tof`r ktt`tugfs kcg purboksf mat`vkt`acs. @c sa ga`ce, rfkn`st`bknny `gfct`jy woftofr yau bkc mfft tof`r fxpfbtkt`acs ar woftofr  jucgkmfctkn pragubt/sfrv`bf `mpravfmfcts krf rfqu`rfg. • Fmifnn`so tof tkreft`ce iy kgg`ce tof g`mfcs`ac aj  patfct`kn spfcg w`to k jabus ac `cbrfks`ce „sokrf aj  wknnft”‗tokt `s, wokt tofy spfcg w`to yau `s cat cfbfsskr`ny wokt tofy okvf kvk`nkinf ta spfcg. • @gfct`jy tkreft ifokv`ar pkttfrcs jar fkbo sfemfct. • Gfj`cf yaur ifcfj`t-nfg pragubt/sfrv`bf prapas`t`ac kcg irkcg pas`t`ac`ce rfnkt`vf ta tof cffgs kcg wkcts yau krf ea`ce ta kggrfss. • Iu`ng tof ius`cfss magfn ta qukct`jy tkrefts, oaw mubo yau okvf ta `cvfst, kcg pkyikbl br`tfr`k. b. Xraerkm irkcg`ce. Nayknty praerkm must if `ctr`cs`bknny n`clfg ta tof irkcg vknufs. Wrkcsnktf irkcg pas`t`ac`ce `cta k brfkt`vf strktfey kcg fxfbut`ac jar tof nayknty praerkm w`to jabus ac wokt yau krf sfnn`ce kcg oaw yau krf ea`ce ta bammuc`bktf `t. g. Bammuc`bkt`ac pnkcc`ce. Uokt bammuc`bkt`acs w`nn gr`vf tof gfs`rfg pas`t`vf ifokv`arkn bokcef4 • Oaw krf yau ea`ce ta rfkbo cfw bustamfrs kcg wokt `s tof bast aj kbqu`s`t`ac1 • Oaw krf yau ea`ce ta iu`ng k rfnkt`acso`p w`to bustamfrs ac tof gktkiksf kcg wokt `s tof bast aj ga`ce sa1

 

Gktkiksf gfvfnapmfct. Wo`s `s k lfy kspfbt ifbkusf tof f. gktkiksf soaung fjjfbt`vfny kbt ks tof mkrlft`ce pkrtcfr, wo`bo, `j iu`nt kcg fcekefg prapfrny, w`nn4 Wr`eefr fr tof r`eot bammuc`bkt`ac ta tof r`eot tkreft kt tof • Wr`ee Jffgt`mf. `c knn tof bactkbt `cjarmkt`ac jram knn tof saurbfs. • r`eot • Gfn`vfr tof ki`n`ty ta mkrlft ta tof `cg`v`gukn tofrfiy ucgfrp`cc`ce tof pr`cb`pnfs aj rfnkt`acso`p iu`ng`ce. • Fcsurf `cjarmkt`ac `s bannfbtfg jram knn tof bactkbt pa`cts kcg ofng `c k bacs`stfct jarm kek`cst fkbo bustamfr ac tof gktkiksf. Wo`s oks tof kgg`t`ackn ifcfj`t aj fckin`ce strk`eotjarwkrg magfnn`ce aj „n`lf-m`cgfg” bustamfrs us`ce, jar fxkmpnf, s`mpnf rferfss`ac.

• • •

•

Wa ga sa, tof jannaw`ce bofbl n`st `s k tap-n`cf eu`gf4 @gfct`jy yaur bustamfr gktk ekps kcg oaw, oaw, `j kt knn, yau krf ea`ce ta j`nn tofm. Nky gawc yaur juturf gktk bkpturf prataban. Rpfb`jy kcy `mpravfmfcts rfqu`rfg ta tof jucbt`ackn`ty aj tof bustamfr bfctr`b gktkiksf, oaw tofy krf ea`ce ta if mkgf w`to t`m`ces kcg bast. @gfct`jy knn tof juturf gktk bannfbt`ac pa`cts, oaw gktk w`nn if bannfbtfg kcg trkcsjfrrfg ta tof gktkiksf.

k gktk prabfss`ce mkcukn. • Xut up`ckpnkbf systfm ta mfksurf, mac`tar, kcg fvknuktf `cbnug`ce tof 2. Rft jannaw`ce4 • Rft bnfkr qukct`j`fg strktfe`b aidfbt`vfs jram tof autsft • Iu`ng mfksurfmfct taans kcg rfpart`ce systfms up jract • Fstkin`so kc `cv`anktf bactran eraup ta knnaw yau ta ea ikbl kcg kgg kc fxtrk g`mfcs`ac ta tof fvknukt`ac aj `cvfstmfct gfb`s`acs •  Kbt ac rfsunts‗rann aut w`ccfrs kcg l`nn nasfrs

Naykn Na yknty ty Xra Xraerk erkms ms

 

Wof mkc`jfstkt`ac aj nayknty `s rfpfkt purboks`ce iy fx`st`ce bustamfrs. Wofrf krf twa typfs aj mkrlft`ce mfbokc`bs tokt bampkc`fs bkc gfpnay ta patfct`knny ofnp gfn`vfr to`s aidfbt`vf< acf bam`ce ucgfr tof ofkg`ce aj pramat`ac kcg tof atofr ks nayknty praerkms. Wof Xramat`ac Kpprakbo Wo`s kpprakbo usfs tof pramat`ac mfbokc`b aj sfcg`ce baupacs ta knn tof mfmifrs aj `ts bustamfr gktkiksf kcg/ar ajjfr`ce pr`bf g`sbaucts f`tofr `c tof jarm aj k strk`eotjarwkrg _ pfrbfct ajj ar  iacus ajjfrs subo ks „9 jar tof pr`bf aj ;.” Bagfs bkc if usfg ta trkbl rfgfmpt`ac iy `cg`v`gukn bustamfr. bustamfr. Wo`s rautf `s bnkss`bkn pramat`ac tfrr`tary kcg caiagy soaung if ucgfr tof `nnus`ac tokt `t bacst`tutfs k nayknty praerkm. @t `s us`ce inktkct ir`ifry ta „iuy” nayknty, wo`bo `s tof `mpass`inf grfkm. Pau okvf ta fkrc nayknty. Wo`s kpprakbo patfct`knny rfsunts `c acf ar marf aj tof jannaw`ce4 • @t martekefs ius`cfss iy ir`ce`ce purboksf jarwkrg. Wo`s kppn`fs ta tof s`tukt`acs wofrf bacsumpt`ac nfvfns w`nn cat bokcef ifbkusf aj uskef jrfqufcby praj`nfs< jar fxkmpnf, oausfoang bnfkc`ce pragubts ar ta`nftr`fs. Wofrfjarf, tof acny j`ckcb`kn ek`c `s `j `t inabls bampft`tars. Atofrw`sf, `t `s s`mpny rfgub`ce mkre`cs. • @t fcbaurkefs pram`sbu`ty< pr`mkr`ny kppfkn`ce ta „so`jt`ce naykns” ar „sw`tbofrs.” Pau Pau bkc `gfct`jy subo bustamfrs ac tof bustamfr gktkiksf `j yau trkbl rfgfmpt`acs us`ce baupac bagfs w`to k bustamfr VYC. K purboksf pkttfrc bnfkrny fmfrefs wofrf subo bustamfrs acny iuy ac pramat`ac. @j sa, baupac`ce soaung if rfstr`btfg ta toasf bustamfrs ac tof gktkiksf woa rfspacg ta subo pramat`acs kcg gfpnayfg wofc kcg `j tofrf `s k cffg ta efcfrktf soart tfrm vanumf. • @t bkc ucgfrm`cf nayknty jar tof rfmk`c`ce bustamfrs ac tof gktkiksf woa krf praikiny tof mast `mpartkct bactr`iutars ta praj`t. Wofy okvf k cfekt`vf pfrbfpt`ac aj knwkys if`ce „sang ta” `c k vfry `mpfrsackn wky wky.. Wofy ga cat jffn spfb`kn.

 

•

Wof iacus praerkm baung patfct`knny if dust`j`fg `j bustamfr  `cjarmkt`ac `s bannfbtfg ks k iypragubt aj tof kbt`v`ty. kbt`v`ty. „@t `s tof pr`bf @ pky jar tof `cjarmkt`ac @ eft.” Oawfvfr, `t soaung if bamm`ss`acfg w`to yaur „fyfs apfc” ifbkusf yau krf iuy`ce lcawnfgef toraueo `t kcg cat nayknty.

Nayknty Xraerkms Wofsf krf praerkms wofrf tof nayknty sbofmf `s kc `ctferkn pkrt aj  tof irkcg‐s mklfup kcg `s junny fmirkbfg `c tof bustamfr ajjfr`ce. @t `s usfg ks k irkcg g`sbr`m`cktar ta fcbaurkef pas`t`vf irkcg sfnfbt`ac. Wof pr`mkry g`jjfrfcbf ofrf `s tokt tof irkcg `s rfwkrg`ce bustamfr nayknty. Wofy krf cat pky`ce jar tof mfmifrso`p aj tof bnui. Wofy krf if`ce rfwkrgfg jar tof`r bustam‗tof marf tofy usf tof irkcg, tof marf rfwkrg ifcfj`ts tofy fkrc. Wof mast subbfssjun kcg o`eo praj`nf fxkmpnfs aj to`s kpprakbo `c tof VL `s Wfsba Bnuibkrg kcg Ir`t`so K`rwkys Kv`as. Iato sbofmfs okvf tof kgg`t`ackn ifcfj`ts aj bannfbt`ce vfry r`bo bustamfr  `cjarmkt`ac. Wofy krf `c passfss`ac aj bamprfofcs`vf bustamfr  `cjarmkt`ac iato `c tfrms aj tof`r iuy`ce ifokv`ar kcg tof`r pfrsackn praj`nfs. Uf lcaw „lcawnfgef `s pawfr” kcg iato irkcgs okvf to`s `c kiucgkcbf w`to tof ki`n`ty ta usf `t ta mkx`mum bammfrb`kn ek`c. @c subo sbofmfs, samf eu`gfn`cfs ta tklf ac iakrg krf4 • Ga cat avfr rfwkrg. Jar fxkmpnf, acf aj tof autbamfs aj  Wfsba‐s Bnuibkrg tfst`ce praerkm wks tokt k ; pfrbfct rfwkrg nfvfn efcfrktfg k s`m`nkr rfspacsf ta k 9 pfrbfct nfvfn. • Fcsurf tof barf ifcfj`ts kcg irkcg prapas`t`ac krf rfnfvkct, up-ta-gktf kcg prav`gf bnfkr g`jjfrfct`kn rfksacs jar tof bustamfr ta iuy tof pragubt/sfrv`bf. Yfmfmifr Yfmfmifr,, tof nayknty praerkm `s kc `ctferkn pkrt aj tof irkcg‐s bustamfr ajjfr`ce. @t `s tof irkcg‐s tatkn ajjfr`ce tokt gfn`vfrs nayknty‗cat dust tof nayknty praerkm `tsfnj. • Zkn`gktf tokt tof purboksf jrfqufcby bybnf `s bampkt`inf w`to tof nayknty sbofmf‐s mfbokc`bs kcg rfwkrgs ta fcsurf mkx`mum pkrt`b`pkt`ac nfvfns. • Magfn kcy n`ki`n`t`fs aj tof praerkm wky kofkg.

 

 Kva`g `cs`cbfrf `cs`cbfrf bammuc`bkt`acs. Mklf surf tof sbofmf `s tatknny trkcspkrfct kcg oacfst `c fvfryto`ce `t gafs. Yfmfmifr,, kbt`vf nayknty `s mfksurfg iy tof kbtukn • Yfmfmifr rfgfmpt`ac aj tof rfwkrgs kcg cat iy tof rfwkrgs fkrcfg. •

tofta sbofmf junnyprkbt`bf suppartfg iy stkjj`ce kcgfxpfr`fcbf • Fcsurf prabfssfs gfn`vfr`sifst bustamfr sfrv`bf kt knn bustamfr taubo pa`cts. • Bammuc`bkt`ac soaung if raatfg `c tof pr`cb`pnfs aj  Yfnkt`acso`p Mkrlft`ce. • Bustamfr gktk `s tof lfy ta truny `ctfnn`efct nayknty sbofmfs. Iy fmirkb`ce gktk bkpturf ks k bfctrkn pkrt aj k nayknty sbofmf, yau w`nn ifcfj`t jram twa lfy to`ces tokt krf fssfct`kn ta lffp`ce bustamfrs naykn‗baccfbt`ac kcg rfnfvkcbf. Rtky baccfbtfg w`to yaur bustamfrs kt k jrfqufcby `c n`cf w`to tof purboksf bybnf kcg, `cajjfrs, sa ga`ce, rfnfvkct kcg rfnfvkct pfrsackn`zfg bactfct, kcg prav`gf pramat`acs. Wof kcg bfctrkn ftoas `s ta fcekef w`to bustamfrs kcg iu`ng k rfnkt`acso`p‗ cat ta s`mpny „sfnn” ta tofm. Wof marf yau usf tof gktk bkpturfg ta ga sa, tof ifttfr bokcbf aj iu`ng`ce tof „rfnkt`acso`p ir`gef.”

Ramf Lfy Woaueots ta Yfjnfbt ac `j Pau Krf Bacs`gf Bac s`gfr`c r`ce/Y e/Yfv`f fv`fw`c w`ce e BYM Bfmfct`ce bustamfr nayknty `s tof rautf ta sustk`ckinf nace-tfrm praj`tki`n`ty. Iut wokt `s nayknty kcg oaw ga wf ea kiaut gfvfnap`ce kc umi`n`bkn barg ty`ce tof bustamfr ta tof irkcg1 Uf jabusfg ac `ct`mktfny kcg bamprfofcs`vfny lcaw`ce yaur  bustamfr `c Bokptfr 6. 6. @j yau jannaw tof eu`gfn`cfs nk`g gawc, yau w`nn lcaw yaur bustamfr‐s cffgs kcg wkcts kcg tof fxtfct ta wo`bo yaur  irkcg skt`sj`fs tofm rfnkt`vf ta tof bampft`ce irkcgs. Wo`s `s „iksf bkmp” `c yaur qufst ta bn`mi tof bustamfr nayknty mauctk`c. Jram tofrf, yau cffg ta bacvfrt tokt lcawnfgef `cta iu`ng`ce kc acea`ce rfnkt`acso`p w`to yaur „ifst bustamfrs.” Wa nabl tofm `cta purboks`ce yaur irkcg `c prfjfrfcbf ta atofr irkcg boa`bfs, tofrfiy

apt`m`z`ce yaur sokrf aj wknnft kcg nfvfrke`ce BNZ (Bustamfr 

 

N`jft`mf Zknuf). Wo`s `s praikiny acf aj tof i`eefst iut mast g`jj`bunt mkrlft`ce boknnfcefs kcg yft `s ajtfc e`vfc tof nfkst pr`ar`ty iy mkcy mkrlftfrs ks tofy bacbfctrktf tof`r fcfre`fs marf ac kbqu`s`t`ac aj cfw bustamfrs tokc rftfct`ac aj tof fx`st`ce acfs. Wof j`rst aj kcg jucgkmfctkn stfpta`syaur ta rfbaec`zf kcg qukct`jy tof `mpartkcbf bustamfr rftfct`ac irkcg‐s rfvfcuf kcg praj`t. Acbf yau ucgfrstkcg tof j`ckcb`kn fqukt`ac, yau w`nn „iuy `cta” tof bammfrb`kn ranf kcg `mpartkcbf aj bustamfr rftfct`ac ta yaur  ius`cfss kcg kpprakbo tof gfvfnapmfct aj bustamfr nayknty w`to fctous`ksm kcg v`s`ac. @cgffg, yau soaung kgapt tof mkctnf aj tof nayknty fvkcefn`st kcg „nfkg tof bampkcy ta tof pram`sfg nkcg” iy bammuc`bkt`ce `ts `mpartkcbf toraueoaut tof bampkcy. bampkcy. Wofrfkjtfr, `c pursu`ce tof nayknty boknnfcef, yau soaung jannaw tof toaueot prabfssfs `nnustrktfg `c to`s bokptfr kcg usf `t ks yaur  bofbln`st `c gfvfnap`ce tof bustamfr nayknty pkrt aj yaur BYM strktfey. Wof lfy fnfmfcts krf4 qufst`acs4 ;. Ksl yaursfnj twa iks`b qufst`acs4 • Uoy `s nayknty `mpartkct1 • Uokt `s nayknty1 @t `s v`tkn yau bkc ucgfrstkcg tofsf ifbkusf tofy ucgfrp`c tof bacbfpt aj bustamfr nayknty. Pau krf tofc `c k pas`t`ac ta bammuc`bktf `ctfrcknny kcg w`to fxtfrckn pkrtcfrs w`to pkss`ac kcg lcawnfgef ifbkusf yau okvf k jucgkmfctkn erksp aj tof bacbfpt wo`nst rfnkt`ce `t ta yaur awc irkcg s`tukt`ac. Wofrf krf jaur `mpartkct strkcgs aj toaueot `c kggrfss`ce tofsf qufst`acs4 • „Knn bustamfrs krf fqukn iut samf krf marf fqukn tokc atofrs.” Wof Xkrfta pr`cb`pnf kppn`fs ta mast irkcgs w`to k smknn prapart`ac aj bustamfrs kbbauct`ce jar k g`sprapart`acktf g`sprapart`ack tf nfvfn aj rfvfcuf. [ukct`jy tof rkt`a pfrtk`c`ce ta yaur irkcg kcg `gfct`jy woa tofy krf. • Nayknty `s k strktfe`b `ssuf. @t `s cat k acf-ajj mkrlft`ce kbt`v`ty.. @t rfnktfs ta gfj`c`ce k bustamfr‐s n`jft`mf vknuf kcg kbt`v`ty tof `cbrfmfctkn rfvfcuf tokt bkc if efcfrktfg iy `cbrfks`ce yaur „sokrf aj wknnft.” Okvf yau gacf tof bknbunkt`ac jar yaur 

irkcg1

 

• @c mkcy mkturf mkrlfts, irkcgs tfcg ta bacvfref `c tof jfkturfs kcg ifcfj`ts tofy ajjfr wo`nst, `c pkrknnfn, tofrf bkc if k eraw`ce avfrknn nfvfn aj bacsumfr jkt`euf. @c to`s bactfxt, `t must if kbbfptfg tokt yau bkccat iuy nayknty‗yau okvf ta fkrc `t. Wofifcfj`ts boknnfcef bkc w`to if acf `gfct`jy`ce g`jjfrfct`kn fmat`ackn `c tucf tofaj ktt`tugf systfms, maag, kcg n`jfstynf aj yaur tkreft kug`fcbf. Pau soaung tofrfjarf ksl yaursfnj tof iks`b qufst`ac4 gafs yaur bampkcy efcu`cfny kcg toaraueony trkbl bustamfr  cffgs/wkcts kcg kgdust tof poys`bkn bokrkbtfr`st`bs aj tof pragubt/sfrv`bf kcg `ts irkcg prapas`t`ac kcg pas`t`ac`ce kbbarg`ceny1 • Nayknty mfksurfmfct `s cat acf g`mfcs`ackn. @t must tklf `cta kbbauct tof rfksacs ifo`cg tof`r aisfrvfg purboksf ifokv`ar. @c rfkn`ty, `s k prajaucg ktt`tug`ckn nayknty kcgtofrf ifokv`arkn nayknty g`jjfrfcbf kcg, `c tofiftwffc bactfxt aj tof nkttfr, gferffs aj nayknty ks mfksurfg iy yaur sokrf aj bustamfr  fxpfcg`turf ac tof tatkn bktfeary. • Ga yau kblcawnfgef to`s `c yaur bampkcy kcg, sfbacgny, sfbacgny, ga yau qukct`jy mfksurfmfct ac knn bustamfr g`mfcs`acs w`to pkrt`bunkr jabus ac gfvfnap`ce mkrlft rfsfkrbo tfboc`qufs ta `cvfst`ektf ktt`tugfs, pfrbfpt`acs, kcg mat`vkt`acs n`clfg ta purboksf ifokv`ar1 9. Acbf yau okvf tofsf bfctrkn tofmfs nablfg `cta yaur to`cl`ce, to`s bokptfr ofnps yau mavf `cta kbt`ac magf `c twatapkrt`bunkr wkys4 yaur bustamfr sfemfctkt`ac magfn `gfct`jy kcg • Iu`ng`ce praj`nf yaur „ifst praspfbts” ta tkreft yaur bustamfr nayknty gfvfnapmfct kek`cst. @mpartkctny, @mpartkctny, oaw yau trkcsnktf subo s ubo sfemfctkt`ac magfns `cta k bammuc`bkt`ac praerkm. • @ctragubt`ac ta tof prabfss aj Yfnkt`acso`p Mkrlft`ce ks tof pr`mkry rautf `c to`cl`ce toraueo kcg fxfbut`ce k praerkm ta gfvfnap bustamfr nayknty. 2. Wo`s bokptfr j`cknny fcgs ac tof suidfbt aj nayknty praerkms. @c to`s bactfxt, yau cffg ta qufst`ac woftofr yaur irkcg jucgkmfctkns krf bampkt`inf w`to ktanayknty praerkm kcg, `j sa, wokt tof pkyikbl waung if. Pau cffg kcswfr to`s w`to tatkn aidfbt`v`ty kcg cat if

 

sfgubfg iy tof tfbocanaey aj tof nayknty kpps if`ce mkrlftfg (wo`bo bkc naal sa kppfkn`ce).

 

BOKXWFY 5

Wof „M” `c BYM* Wof Mkb kbrra X`bt X`btu urf Inuctny put, BYM tfbocanaey `s knn kiaut mkcke`ce k bampkcy‐s bustamfr Wokt `s woy mkcy BYMtof `s tfbocanaeyrfnkt`acso`ps. nfg. Iut, BYM tfbocanaey `s catpfapnf tof tk`nto`cl wkee`ce BYM gae! Wof bustam bustamfr fr j`rst j`rst Wof Wo f BYM BYM strk strktf tfey ey sfba sfbacg cg Wof BYM BYM syst systfm fms s sanu sanutt`ac `ac to`r to`rg g Wof BYM po`nasapoy `s s`mpnf‗XVW WOF BVRWAMFY J@YRW. @t `s k bustamfr bfctr`b ius`cfss magfn. @t stkrts kcg fcgs w`to tof bustamfr. Wofrf krf samf krf samf jkmaus quatfs iy Dfjj Dfjj Ifzas aj Kmkzac ta rf`cjarbf to`s4 „@t‐s aur bustamfrs woa tfnn woa tfnn us wokt ta ga cfxt.” „Wof mast `mpartkct s`cenf to`ce `s ta jabus aisfss`vfny ac tof bustamfr. Aur eakn `s ta if tof fkrto‐s mast bustamfr-bfctr`b bampkcy.” (rfjjfrrknbkcgy, inae, :0 aj tof Ifst Dfjj Ifzas [uatfs, kbbfssfg  Kueust 98, 9898) 9898) Wof BYM strktfey `s jarefg kek`cst k bustamfr jabus. @t `s k tap-gawc ius`cfss magfn. @t `s strktfey gr`vfc‗cat prabfss gr`vfc.

 

Rtrktfey jj``rst, oaw ta ta gfn`vfr `t sfbacg. Ius`cfss j`j`rst, tfbocanaey sfbacg. Wof BYM strktfey pnkbfs tof bustamfr kt tof bfctfr aj                       fvfryto`ce yau ga ga. BYM systfms of ofnp turc tof strktfey `cta rfkn`ty. Ca tfbocanaey, ca mkttfr oaw sapo`st`bktfg, bkc if subbfssjun w`toaut k strktfey ta eu`gf `ts purpasf, `ts `mpnfmfctkt`ac, kcg `ts usf. BYM strktfey kcg tfbocanaey must warl taeftofr `c okrcfss `c argfr ta ir`ce k bustamfr bfctr`b pnkc ta n`jf. @c to`s bactfxt, BYM systfms pnky kc kisanutfny p`vatkn ranf `c gfn`vfr`ce tof BYM strktfey toraueo mkcke`ce k bampkcy‐s rfnkt`acso`ps kcg `ctfrkbt`acs w`to bustamfrs kcg patfct`kn bustamfrs. @t ofnps bampkc`fs stky baccfbtfg ta bustamfrs, strfkmn`cf kcgfcr`bo unt`mktfny pkrknnfn, `t ofnps ta prabfssfs, fcokcbf kcg tof `mpravf bustamfrpraj`tki`n`ty. fxpfr`fcbf@c kt fvfry taubo pa`ct w`to tof bampkcy ifbkusf, wofc k ius`cfss naals kt fvfry trkcskbt`ac toraueo tof fyfs aj tof bustamfr, `t bkccat ofnp iut gfn`vfr k ifttfr bustamfr fxpfr`fcbf wo`bo, `c turc, ofnps bfmfct nayknty ta tof bampkcy. BYM sajtwkrf kn`ecs sknfs, mkrlft`ce, kcg bustamfr sfrv`bf gfpkrtmfcts taeftofr. Iy putt`ce tof bustamfr j`rst, sfpkrktf gktk s`nas krf iralfc gawc ta ifbamf uc`j`fg ucgfr acf raaj ta rfjnfbt bfctr`b bampkcy. BYM sajtwkrf taeftofrkknnbustamfr tof gktk jram g`jjfrfct gfpkrtmfcts toraueoautlc`ts tof bampkcy ta e`vf acf, s`ceunkr oan`st`b v`fw aj fkbo bustamfr `c rfkn t`mf. @t knnaws k bampkcy ta arbofstrktf knn tof bustamfr bactkbt kbt`v`t`fs ta gfn`vfr k bacs`stfctny pfrsackn`zfg, g`jjfrfct`ktfg bustamfr  fxpfr`fcbf rfekrgnfss aj tof `ctfrkbt`vf bokccfn boasfc iy tof bustamfr w`to k bammac fxpfr`fcbf w`tcfssfg kt knn tof taubo pa`cts w`to tof bampkcy. Wo`s fckinfs bampkc`fs ta mfref taeftofr  mkrlft`ce, sknfsumirfnnk, kcg bustamfr ucgfr k s`cenf bammuc`bkt`acs tofrfiysfrv`bf kva`g`cejucbt`acs tof autbamf aj g`spkrktf

 

mfsske`ce bam`ce jram trkg`t`ackn mftoags wofrf bactkbt bammuc`bkt`ac wks ajtfc pursufg `c sfpkrktf, kg-oab wkys. Wof rfsunt `s k marf bamprfofcs`vf, sb`fct`j`b, mftoag`bkn kpprakbo ta `gfct`jy`ce, bacvfrt`ce, kcg rftk`c`ce tof mast vknukinf bustamfrs. Jurtofrmarf, `t fmpawfrs `c krfks subo ks mkrlft`ce, sknfs, kcgbustamfr bustamfr jkb`ce sfrv`bffmpnayffs ta mklf qu`bl kcg `cjarmfg gfb`s`acs ac fvfryto`ce jram up-sfnn`ce kcg brass-sfnn`ce ta `mprav`ce tof qukn`ty aj bustamfr bammuc`bkt`ac kcg rfspacs`vfcfss ta baarg`ckt`ce kcg fvknukt`ce bammuc`bkt`ac bkmpk`ecs. BYM sajtwkrf punns knn tof bustamfr rfnktfg gktk `cta acf bfctrkn bustamfr bfctr`b gktkiksf. Gktk jram saurbfs subo ks bammuc`bkt`ac ta kcg jram bustamfrs (v`k f-mk`n, tfnfpoacf, wfis`tf, sab`kn mfg`k, past, ftb.), trkcskbt`ac gktk, survfys, kcg kutamkt`bknny m`erktfs atofr `cjarmkt`ac subo ks bustamfrs‐ pfrsackn prfjfrfcbfs ac bammuc`bkt`ac bokccfns. @c sa ga`ce, `t tatknny supparts k bustamfr bfctr`b strktfey toraueo gktk mkckefmfct kcg kutamkt`ac, ks bacbfptuknny soawc `c J`eurf 5.;. 5.;.

J`eurf 5.; Wof `cjnufcbf aj k bustamfr bfctr`b strktfey 

 

Wof BYM systfm tofc arekc`zfs tof `cjarmkt`ac ta e`vf usfrs k bampnftf rfbarg aj `cg`v`gukns kcg bampkc`fs w`to fvfryto`ce sffc `c acf pnkbf‗k s`mpnf bustam`zkinf gksoiakrg tokt bkc tfnn usfrs k bustamfr‐s prfv`aus trkcskbt`ac kcg rfspacsf o`stary, tof`r argfr  stktus, kcg `ssufs jar I9I, sa ac. Wo`s fckinfs k ius`cfss ta autstkcg`ce gffpfc `ts rfnkt`acso`ps w`tokcg bustamfrs. Jare`ce eaag rfnkt`acso`ps kcg lffp`ce trkbl aj praspfbts kcg bustamfrs `s br`t`bkn jar bustamfr kbqu`s`t`ac kcg rftfct`ac kcg to`s rfsts kt tof barf aj  tof BYM jucbt`ackn`ty. Wa jkb`n`tktf to`s, fvfry trkcskbt`ac soaung `gfknny if kttr`iutfg w`to k gktf kcg uc`quf rfjfrfcbf tofrfiy ofnp`ce ta `gfct`jy nayknty kcg fcekefmfct nfvfns. BYM sajtwkrf `mpravfs bustamfr rfnkt`acso`p mkckefmfct iy brfkt`ce k 2:8 gferff v`fw aj tof bustamfr ks g`kerkmmkt`bknny soawc `c J`eurf 5.9. 5.9. @t fckinfs usfrs ta rfbarg, rfpart, kcg kcknyzf bustamfr `ctfrkbt`acs w`to tof bampkcy kcg prfsfcts tof `cjarmkt`ac `c k rfkg`ny kbbfss`inf kcg uskinf wky. @mpartkctny, s`cbf k BYM systfm bfctrkn`zfs knn bustamfr jkb`ce `cjarmkt`ac `cta k s`cenf gktk s`na, j`cefr pa`ct`ce kcg g`sbuss`acs ac okv`ce k bammac ucgfrstkcg`ce aj gktk gfj`c`t`acs krf s`ec`j`bkctny rfgubfg. Ikrr`frs fcbaurke`ce k „inkmf ekmf” bunturf krf rfmavfg. Fvfryacf oks tof skmf kbbfss ta tof skmf bustamfr `cjarmkt`ac e`v`ce k 2:8 gferff bustamfr v`fw.

 

J`eurf 5.9 2:8 gferff v`fw aj tof bustamfr  Acf v`tkn `cerfg`fct `c tof BYM m`x jar BYM systfms `s `ts ki`n`ty ta fcokcbf bustamfr fxpfr`fcbf, wo`bo `s `ctr`cs`bknny n`clfg ta gfvfnap`ce eaag bustamfr rfnkt`acso`ps. Fvfry t`mf k bustamfr  bamfs `c bactkbt w`to k bampkcy, toraueo kcy bammuc`bkt`ac bokccfn, tof bustamfr oks tof appartuc`ty ta jarm kc ap`c`ac‗if `t eaag, ikg, ar `cg`jjfrfct. Avfr t`mf, tof`r bannfbt`vf sft aj  fxpfr`fcbfs jarms k p`bturf `c tof`r m`cg, wo`bo, `c turc, ofnps sokpf tof`r `mkef aj tof bampkcy/irkcg kcg `ts vknufs. BYM systfms okvf tof ki`n`ty ta rfbaec`zf to`s kcg junny tklf ac iakrg ifbkusf wf lcaw k paar fxpfr`fcbf `s k stfp tawkrg bustamfr bourc wofrfks k eaag fxpfr`fcbf iu`ngs eaagw`nn kcg fcbaurkefs rfnktfg nayknty.

 

Wof bfctrkn tfcft aj tof BYM systfm `s k gktk gr`vfc sanut`ac w`to k s`cenf bustamfr v`fw kt tof m`ggnf aj tof gktk uc`vfrsf.  K s`cenf bustamfr v`fw fckinfs tof bampkcy ta `gfct`jy tof bustamfr kbrass `ctfrkbt`acs kcg trkcskbt`ac pa`cts jkb`n`tkt`ce k gffpfr ucgfrstkcg`ce aj oaw bustamfrs fcekef kbrass bokccfns kcg tof fvanv`ce daurcfy ta purboksf kcg ifyacg. Vtap`k‗bammuc`bkt`acs kcg ajjfrs bkc if tk`narfg ta bustamfr ifokv`ar pkttfrcs kcg tof bokccfns aj bammuc`bkt`ac b ammuc`bkt`ac tofy prfjfr, tofrfiy strfcetofc`ce tof bampkcy‐s bustamfr  baccfbt`v`ty kcg iu`ng`ce gffpfr nayknty. @mpartkctny, wofc bustamfr gktk kbrass gktk s`nas, saurbfs, kcg bokccfns `s baccfbtfg kcg `s mkgf kbbfss`inf `c rfkn t`mf v`k k s`cenf pnktjarm, bampkc`fs bkc sff cat acny tof nfvfn aj fcekefmfct kbrass fkbo bokccfn kt tof bustamfr nfvfn, iut knsa tof fjjfbt`vfcfss aj fkbo bkmpk`ec‗tkl`ce mubo aj tof „eufsswarl” aut aj bkmpk`ec apt`m`zkt`ac gfb`s`acs w`to tof gktk `cjarm`ce usfrs, jar fxkmpnf, wo`bo `cg`v`gukns rfgffm k spfb`j`b ajjfr. Wo`s ucgfrn`cfs tof prfm`sf tokt wofc gktk `s usfg `c k mfkc`cejun wky, `t rfsunts `c ifttfr bustamfr rftfct`ac, o`eofr  bacvfrs`ac rktfs, kcg kc `mpravfg n`jft`mf vknuf. Iut `t knn stkrts w`to baccfbt`ce gktk ta k s`cenf bustamfr v`fw.

BYM BY M Ry Ryst stfm fm Jf Jfkt ktur urfs fs Wofrf krf twa kspfbts ta bacs`gfr4 wokt jucbt`acs tof systfms‐ pfrjarm kcg oaw `s tof jucbt`ackn`ty kppn`fg1 Jucbt`acs • Bannfbt`ce gktk jram knn tof bustamfr gktk bkpturf pa`cts `cbnug`ce bammuc`bkt`ac ta kcg jram (bustamfr rfspacsfs) tof Rtar`ce gktk sfburfny `c k bustamfr bfctr`b gktk wkrfoausf • bustamfrs.

e`v`ce k s`cenf bustamfr v`fw. Wo`s `cbnugfs tof jucbt`ackn`ty

 

jar kc fnfbtrac`b n`irkry ta starf s tarf apfc tfxt catfs jram mfft`ces kcg bknns, kcg sa ac. • Arekc`z`ce bustamfr gktk `c k rfnkt`ackn jarmkt ta fcsurf fjj`b`fct gktk prabfss`ce kcg fxtrkbt`ac jar bammuc`bkt`ac bkmpk`ecs kcg gktk kcknys`s. • Mkl`ce knn rfnfvkct gktk kvk`nkinf kcg rfkg`ny kbbfss`inf ta knn tof usfr eraups `c k mkccfr ifspalf ta tof`r cffgs< pkrt`bunkrny toasf g`rfbtny `ctfrjkb`ce w`to tof bustamfr. ta if kinf ta „sn`bf „sn`bf kcg g`bf” gktk ta fxtrkbt •  Kcknyt`bkn taans ta mkx`mum ifcfj`t `c efcfrkt`ce `cs`eots ta fcokcbf gfb`s`ac mkl`ce. • Fksy kcg jnfx`inf fxtrkbt`ac aj gktk iksfg ac munt`-vkr`kinf sfnfbt`ac br`tfr`k us`ce kcy bami`ckt`ac aj tof gktk j`fngs ofng. iu`ng kcg oang bustamfr bustamfr sfemfcts. •  Ki`n`ty ta iu`ng • Bkmpk`ec kutamkt`ac jucbt`ackn`ty. Wrkbl`ce bl`ce kcg rfpart`ce aj rfsunts. Rapo`st`bktfg rfpart`ce • Wrk bkpki`n`ty `cbnug`ce erkpo`bkn prfsfctkt`ac aj rfsunts. Yfpart`ce ac knn tof LX@‐s kcg gfs`ecktfg mftr`bs w`to jkb`n`ty jar rfkn t`mf rfpart`ce. Ks subo, rfparts efcfrktfg w`to up-tagktf `cjarmkt`ac `cbarparkt`ce rfvfcuf jarfbkst`ce kcg trfcg kcknys`s. • E`v`ce knn tof usfrs g`rfbt 97/5 kbbfss ta tof`r gktk jram kcywofrf w`to kc `ctfrcft baccfbt`ac.  Kppn`bkt`acs k. @gfct`jy`ce kcg trkbl`ce patfct`kn bustamfrs. i. Mkrlft`ce kppn`bkt`acs4 • Iu`ng bustamfr sfemfctkt`ac magfns kcg rfnktfg praerkms kcg mkckef tof`r fxfbut`ac. • Bkmpk`ec mkckefmfct kcg fvknukt`ac. • Rfcg bustam`zfg bammuc`bkt`ac iato `c tfrms aj bactfct kcg mfsske`ce. • Arekc`zf tr`eefrfg bammuc`bkt`acs ta fcokcbf mkrlft`ce fjjarts kt g`jjfrfct pa`cts `c tof rfnkt`acso`p w`to bustamfrs.

Jar fxkmpnf, nkps`ce ar nkpsfg.

 

• Vcgfrp`c tkreftfg mkrlft`ce kpprakbo ta apt`m`zf tof knnabkt`ac aj jucgs kek`cst pr`ar`ty aidfbt`vfs `c k o`frkrboy jram „ifst praj`tkinf bustamfrs” gawc. Wrkbl`ce e bustamfr kbt`v`ty ta gfr`vf vknukinf ifokv`ar `cs`eots. • Wrkbl`c Wrkbl`ce nfkg efcfrkt`ac w`to juccfn`ce aj nfkgs ta tof • Wrkbl`ce rfnfvkct `ctfrckn gfpkrtmfct/`cg`v`gukn gfpkrtmfct/`cg`v`gukn ta prabfss kcg bacvfrt. b. Rknfs tfkm kppn`bkt`acs4 • Okcgn`ce kcg trkbl`ce tof sknfs prabfss jram tof `c`t`kn nfkg ta efcu`cf praspfbt stktus ta qukct`j`fg sknfs appartuc`ty ta j`ckn argfr bacvfrs`ac. • Rknfs p`pfn`cf stktus. • Rtrfkmn`cfs tof sknfs prabfss. Iy if`ce kinf ta v`sukn`zf tof sknfs p`pfn`cf, sknfs rfps bkc `gfct`jy tof gfkns tokt rfqu`rf `mmfg`ktf jabus kcg/ar ajjfr tof mast vknukinf appartuc`t`fs. s bofgunf • Fckinfs sknfs pfrsaccfn ta mkckef tof`r g`kr`fs kcg sbofgunf kbt`v`ty‗bknns, jannaw-ups, mfft`ces, tkl`ce catfs, sfcg `cva`bfs, kcg sa ac‗wo`bo fcokcbfs fjj`b`fcby iut fcsurfs knn appartuc`t`fs stky ac tof rkgkr sbrffc kcg tofy krf cat avfrnaalfg. • Yucc`ce rfparts kcg jarfbksts. Wrkbl`ce eb bustamfr ustamfr `ctfrkbt`acs. • Wrkbl`c • Iu`ngs up k bustamfr lcawnfgef ikcl tofrfiy fcsur`ce knn `cjarmkt`ac stkys `c tof ius`cfss kcg gafs cat nfkvf w`to kcy lfy sknfs pfrsaccfn gfpkrt`ce. g. Bustamfr Rfrv`bf tfkm kppn`bkt`acs4 • Ofnps ta mkckef sfrv`bf gfn`vfry jram prf-argfr`ce ta bactrkbt gfn`vfry ta past sknf curtur`ce ta rfcfwkn. • Rtarfs bustamfr prfjfrfcbfs kcg trkbls knn kbt`v`t`fs kssab`ktfg w`to tofm. Jar fxkmpnf, ga cat wkct ta rfbf`vf wfflny f-mk`ns. • Mkckefs kcg mac`tars kcy past sknf `ctfrkbt`acs. • Yfknny kggs vknuf ta bustamfr fxpfr`fcbf w`to bustamfr  sfrv`bf okv`ce knn `cjarmkt`ac kt tof`r „j`cefr t`ps,” tofrfiy if`ce kinf ta okcgnf knn bampnk`cts kcg qufr`fs prajfss`acknny kcg w`to k pfrsackn snkct.

 

ar, pfrokps, fn`m`cktfs tof marf tfg`aus kspfbts aj  • Yfgubfs ar, tof bustamfr sfrv`bf dai rfnfks`ce t`mf ta jabus ac tof bustamfr `ctfrjkbf. f. Uarljnaw kutamkt`ac ofnp`ce ta apt`m`zf prabfssfs iy strfkmn`c`ce warlnakgs, wo`bo w`nn if jurtofrfmpnayffs fcokcbfg ta `c tof juturf iy mucgkcf „krt`j`b`kn `ctfnn`efcbf (K@).” Wo`s fckinfs jabus ac tof marf brfkt`vf kcg prakbt`vf tksls tokt kgg vknuf ta k bustamfr rfnkt`acso`p. @c kgg`t`ac ta kutamkt`ce tksls, K@ w`nn `gfct`jy iuy`ce pkttfrcs ks tof iks`s jar prfg`bt`ce juturf ifokv`ar. ifokv`ar. j. Wof kcknyt`bs bkpki`n`ty ofnps brfktf ifttfr bustamfr skt`sjkbt`ac rktfs kcg `gfct`jy sknfs appartuc`t`fs iy kcknyz`ce bustamfr gktk ta brfktf tkreftfg mkrlft`ce bkmpk`ecs. Wo`s nfkgs ta `mpravfg rfvfcuf strfkms. e. Baccfbt`v`ty toraueo KX@ ar JWX baccfbt`acs ta okcgnf g`rfbt gktk trkcsjfrs jram gktk bkpturf pa`cts kcg, wofrf rfnfvkct, autwkrg ta atofr gktkiksfs/gktk bfctfrs ar mk`n`ce trkcsm`ss`ac sfrv`bfs, f`tofr fnfbtrac`b ar pastkn.

BYM BY M Ry Ryst stfm fm If Ifcf cfj` j`ts ts Gktk `s tof fp`bfctfr aj BYM systfms kcg, ks I`nn Ektfs (sknfsjarbf.bam sknfsjarbf.bam,, kbbfssfg Kpr`n 92, 98;0) acbf jkmausny sk`g4 „Oa „O aw yau ek ekto tof fr, mk mkck ckef ef kcg kcg usf usf `cj cja arm rmkt kt``ac w` w`nn nn gf gftf tfrm rm``cf woft wo ftof ofrr yau yau w` w`c c ar nas nasf. f.” ” Ifcfj`ts jnaw jram tof BYM systfm‐s gfs`ec ta oausf kcg suppny gktk `c kc fks`ny kbbfss`inf kcg uskinf jarmkt ta tof usfrs ta fcokcbf tof`r gfb`s`ac mkl`ce kcg mkckef bustamfr rfnkt`acso`ps ta „ifst prkbt`bf” stkcgkrgs aj prajfss`ackn`sm. Ramf aj tof lfy ifcfj`ts krf summkr`zfg ifnaw4 ;. Rknfs mkckefmfct krf fmpawfrfg w`to k taan l`t ta pfrjarm kt tof tap aj tof`r ekmf. Jram nfkg efcfrkt`ac kcg acwkrgs toraueo tof bok`c w`to tof ki`n`ty ta mkckef tof`r p`pfn`cf ifttfr. Wo`s `cbnugfs tof jkb`n`ty ta if kinf ta `gfct`jy kcg bktfear`zf nfkgs iy us`ce, jar  fxkmpnf, k trkjj`b n`eot systfm.

 

9. Jarfbkst`ce kbburkby `mpravfs jram marf bamprfofcs`vf, t`mfny, kcg qukct`j`fg gktk if`ce kvk`nkinf. 2. Wof qukn`ty kcg pfrsackn`zkt`ac aj bustamfr sfrv`bf `s fcokcbfg iy bustamfr sfrv`bf tfkms if`ce kinf ta trkbl bacvfrskt`acs kbrass bokccfns kcgktokv`ce bustamfr bactkbt o`stary kcg praj`nf `cjarmkt`ac kvk`nkinf tof taubo aj k iuttac. 7. Kutamktfg warl jnaws kcg prabfss`ce trkcsnktfs `cta k o`eofr nfvfn aj pragubt`v`ty kcg fmpnayff mat`vkt`ac stfmm`ce jram tof rfmavkn aj mucgkcf prabfgurfs jram tof`r dai baupnfg w`to okv`ce tof taanl`t ta pfrjarm ta k o`eofr nfvfn. 6. Brass tfkm bannkiarkt`ac toraueo `ctferkt`ac fcsur`ce fvfryacf `s „s`ce`ce ajj tof skmf oymc sofft.” Knn tof usfrs krf warl`ce jram k bammac gktk sft, tofrfiy rfmav`ce g`sbuss`acs ac gktk gfj`c`t`acs kcg bnfkrny spfb`jy`ce fvfryacf‐s rfspacs`i`n`t`fs kcg kbbauctki`n`t`fs `c tof bustamfr rfnkt`acso`p bok`c jram nfkg efcfrkt`ac toaueo bacvfrs`ac ta acea`ce bustamfr gfvfnapmfct. :. Iy bkptur`ce rfnfvkct bustamfr `cjarmkt`ac, star`ce `t, kcg kcknyz`ce `t, strktfe`fs kcg praerkms bkc if jarmunktfg ta4 • Iu`ng k bustamfr sfemfctkt`ac magfn kcg, `c sa ga`ce, `gfct`jy „ifst bustamfrs” `c tfrms aj rfvfcuf kcg praj`t‗ burrfct kcg patfct`kn. • Fmpnay tkreftfg mkrlft`ce mftoaganaey w`to aidfbt`vfs sft `c rkcl`ce argfr iy sfemfct kcg praerkms gfvfnapfg ta gfn`vfr  tofm. Bkmpk`ecs tk`narfg iy sfemfct w`to rfnfvkct bactfct, brkjtfg mfsskefs, kcg pramat`acs ta rfjnfbt kcy g`jjfrfcbfs g`jjfrfcbfs `c bustamfr praj`nfs kcg tof`r cffgs kcg wkcts. • Jucgs krf pr`ar`t`zfg kcg knnabktfg, iksfg ac „okrg gktk,” kek`cst qukct`j`fg aidfbt`vfs kcg bustamfr praj`tki`n`ty praj`tki`n`ty.. Cat knn bustamfrs krf fqukn. Jar fxkmpnf, samf krf k grk`c ac tof bustamfr sfrv`bf tfkms gfsp`tf iuy`ce vfry n`ttnf. @c bactrkst, samf iuy jrfqufctny, jrfqufctny, iuy cfw pragubts kcg sfrv`bfs kcg krf strace `cjnufcbfrs `c tof`r mkrlft. BYM ofnps pr`ar`t`zf sknfs kcg mkrlft`ce fjjarts kek`cst tof praj`t rfturc wofc gfkn`ce w`to g`jjfrfct bustamfr sfemfcts. • @cbrfksfg appartuc`t`fs jar brass-sfnn`ce kcg up-sfnn`ce krf `gfct`j`fg jram kc `mpravfg ucgfrstkcg`ce aj bustamfrs.

Wofrf `s knsa tof sbapf ta `cbrfksf rfjfrrkns jram fx`st`ce

 

bustamfrs ifbkusf aj of`eotfcfg bustamfr sfrv`bf kcg skt`sjkbt`ac. • Bkmpk`ecs kcg rfnktfg spfcg bkc if junny kcg prapfrny fvknuktfg w`to YA@. Bkmpk`ec trkbl`ce prav`gfs kbt`ackinf `cs`eots `cta wokt typf aj mkrlft`ce warls wo`bo typf aj  bustamfr, bustamfr , mkl`ce `t fks`fr jar mkrlftfrs tajar mkx`m`zf tof`r  iugefts kcg gfn`vfr erfktfr YA@. •  Kct`b`pkt`ce bustamfr bustamfr cffgs kcg wkcts wkcts kcg kn`ec`ce pragubts kcg sfrv`bfs kcg rfnktfg bammuc`bkt`ac kbbarg`ceny e`vfs tof ifst bokcbf ta w`c kcg rftk`c rfpfkt ius`cfss toraueo `cbrfksfg bustamfr skt`sjkbt`ac. Ektofr`ce `cjarmkt`ac jram g`jjfrfct saurbfs e`vfs ucprfbfgfctfg `cs`eot `cta oaw bustamfrs jffn kcg wokt tofy krf sky`ce kiaut k bampkcy bampkcy.. • Bamp`n`ce gktk `cta k s`cenf bustamfr v`fw fckinfs k bampkcy ta sft `gfct`jy bustamfrs kbrassmamfcts k w`gf spfbtrum aj  `ctfrkbt`acs knaces`gf trkcskbt`ac (v`k munt`pnf bokccfns aj bactkbt‗f-mk`n, RMR mfsskefs, nayknty kpp, U`J`, acn`cf, sab`kn mfg`k, ftb.) e`v`ce k gffpfr ucgfrstkcg`ce aj  prfb`sfny oaw tof bustamfr fcekefs kbrass bokccfns, w`to tof`r prfjfrrfg acfs, `c tof fvanv`ce pktowky ta purboksf kcg ifyacg. • Bampkc`fs bkc sff cat acny tof nfvfn aj fcekefmfct kbrass fkbo bokccfn kt tof bustamfr nfvfn, iut tof fjjfbt`vfcfss aj  fkbo bkmpk`ec, tofrfiy tkl`ce tof eufsswarl aut aj  bkmpk`ec bkc apt`m`zkt`ac Kug`fcbf kcg tkreft`ce gfb`s`acs if iksfggfb`s`acs. ac tof bami`ckt`acs mast n`lfny ta gr`vf trkcskbt`acs kcg fcekefmfct. Wof bami`ckt`ac aj tof kiavf jkbtars patfct`knny rfsunt `c torff mkdar bammfrb`kn ifcfj`ts4 • Yfpfkt ius`cfss, bustamfr rftfct`ac, kcg nayknty krf mkx`m`zfg kcg trkcsnktfg `cta `mpravfg rfvfcufs kcg bustamfr praj`tki`n`ty. • Mkrlft`ce fjj`b`fcby kcg fjjfbt`vfcfss krf of`eotfcfg w`to rfspacsf nfvfns iaastfg knaces`gf apt`m`z`ce bast aj  rfkbo`ce bustamfrs toraueo taprfspacsf. catbo tkreft`ce bunm`ckt`ce `c rfgubfg bast pfr Wkl`ce k gktk

 

gr`vfc kpprakbo ta mkrlft`ce pragubfs marf subbfssjun pramat`acs wo`nst skv`ce macfy `c tof prabfss. • Nfvfrke`ce gktk fjj`b`fctny bkc prav`gf k bampft`t`vf kgvkctkef‗lcaw`ce kgvkctkef‗lcaw`c e woa yaur bustamfrs krf, wokt pragubts tofywo`nst prfjfrokrcfss`ce prfjfr, , oaw ajtfc knn tofy kcg fcekef w`to tof bampkcy tofiuy gktk `cta k s`cenf bustamfr v`fw. Wfsba `s tof ifst fxkmpnf aj putt`ce tofsf wargs `cta kbt`ac. 5. Xraj`t mkckefmfct `s „tap aj bnkss” ifbkusf aj tof jannaw`ce jkbtars4 • Bustamfr praj`tki`n`ty `s bfctfr stkef. Wo`s `s k stfp up ifbkusf, kjtfr knn, tof bustamfr `s rfspacs`inf jar tof rfvfcuf (gfmkcg) s`gf aj tof X & N. O`tofrta, mkcy bampkc`fs pr`mkr`ny rfpartfg kt tof pragubt kcg/ar gfpkrtmfctkn nfvfns. Wo`s p`tbofg praj`t rfpart`cem`bra kt tofp`bturf mkbraajnfvfn g`g cat prav`gf k bamprfofcs`vf, oawkcg bustamfrs wfrf ifokv`ce. • Rapo`st`bktfg kcknyt`bs kcg rfpart`ce kbrass knn LX@s kcg lfy sknfs kcg mkrlft`ce mftr`bs. Marfavfr, Marfavfr, rfpart`ce `s kbburktf, t`mfny, kcg `c rfkn t`mf fckin`ce jkstfr gfb`s`ac mkl`ce jar kcy kbt`acs ta if tklfc rfjnfbt`ce kcy sfcs`t`v`ty soawc iy tof gktk. •  Kutamkt`ac aj warl warl jnaws fcokcbfs pra pragubt`v`ty gubt`v`ty.. • Jarfbkst`ce kbburkby `s kbbfctuktfg toraueo ifttfr sknfs p`pfn`cf mkckefmfct kcg prav`s`ac aj kbburktf gktk kbrass knn bustamfr gfmkcg vkr`kinfs. ?. Ruppny bok`c, praburfmfct, kcg pkrtcfr mkckefmfct tfkms bkc mkckef rfnkt`acso`ps ifttfr.

BYM BY M Rys Rystf tfm m Ra Ranu nut` t`ac‗ ac‗Rpf Rpfb` b`j` j`bkt bkt`a `ac c Wof mast br`t`bkn tksl, `c gftfrm`c`ce tof BYM systfm‐s sanut`ac tokt ifst j`ts yaur rfqu`rfmfcts kcg iugeft, `s ta wr`tf k bamprfofcs`vf systfm‐s jucbt`ackn spfb`j`bkt`ac w`to knn tof „t‐s brassfg kcg `‐s gattfg.” Wo`s, `c turc, kbts ks yaur jarmkn ir`fj`ce gabumfct ta knn

patfct`kn fxtfrckn systfms‐ suppn`frs.

 

Wof stfps ta jannaw, bunm`ckt`ce `c tof spfb`j`bkt`ac, krf ks jannaws4 Bacgubt k Gktk Kug`t kcg Fstkin`so Burrfct Rtktus Rtkt Rt ktu us aj Gk Gktk tk Burr Burrfc fctn tny y Ofng Ofng k. @gfct`jy knn tof burrfct gktk bkpturf pa`cts jar tof bannfbt`ac aj  bustamfr gktk. i. Jar fkbo acf, `gfct`jy tof jannaw`ce4 • Gktk j`fngs bkpturfg w`to kcy o`star`bkn bokcefs iy t`m`ce pa`ct. • Bactkbt stktus ucgfr Gktk Xratfbt`ac Nkws `c knn rfnfvkct bauctr`fs `c wo`bo yau krf apfrkt`ce. • Oaw gktk `s bkpturfg kcg kt wo`bo jrfqufcby1 • Uofrf `s tof gktk starfg kcg oaw `s `t trkcsjfrrfg ta tof starkef s`na jram tof gktk bkpturf pa`ct1 o`star`bknn gktk kvk`nkinf4 kvk`nkinf4 b. Kug`t kcg bnfkc knn tof o`star`bk • Erass kcg cft baucts‗bactkbtkinf bustamfrs. • W`mf sfr`fs. j`fng. @gfct`jy kcg kcg qukct`jy knn gktk •  Kug`t aj gktk qukn`ty iy gktk j`fng. j`fng ekps. • Bnfkc kcg jarmkt gktk ta ifst prkbt`bf stkcgkrgs. g. Jar gktkiksfs oang`ce bustamfr gktk4 @gfct`jy tof gktk strubturf kcg o`frkrboy. Gf-gupf kcg bnfkc`ce/jarmktt`ce prabfssfs ucgfrtklfc. Yfpart`ce jucbt`ackn`ty kcg fstkin`so rfpart sfts pragubfg. Gktk mkckefmfct strubturf‗woa `s rfspacs`inf jar wokt. Gktk jnaw mkp trkbl`ce gktk jnaws `cta kcg aut aj fkbo gktkiksf kcg oaw, `j kt knn, gktkiksfs krf `ctfrbaccfbtfg. `gfct`jy knn tof g gktk ktk pa`cts ta wo`bo wo`bo gktk `s •  Ks pkrt aj to`s, `gfct`jy trkcsjfrrfg ta, `cbnug`ce kcy fxtfrckn pkrt`fs< jar fxkmpnf, pastkn mk`n`ce oausf, f-mk`n trkcsm`ss`ac systfm. Rpfb`jy oaw gktk `s sfct kcg kt wo`bo jrfqufcby. • Gktk sfbur`ty prabfssfs kcg prkbt`bfs `c pnkbf. • • • • •

 

• Gktk prabfss`ce kerffmfcts `c pnkbf bacjarm`ce ta tof rfqu`rfmfcts aj Gktk Xratfbt`ac Nkws. efagfmaerkpo`b • Xrfsfcbf aj kcy praj`n`ce taans. Jar fxkmpnf, efagfmaerkpo`b ar ius`cfss bnkss`j`bkt`ac systfms. f. Gfj`cf knn tof usfr eraups4 woa tofy krf, oaw ga tofy kbbfss gktk, wo`bo gktk tofy kbbfss, tof jrfqufcby aj kbbfss, wo`bo gktk tofy fxtrkbt, kcg oaw tofy kppny gktk. j. @gfct`jy kcy bactrkbtukn ain`ekt`acs w`to suppn`frs aj f`tofr  fqu`pmfct, sajtwkrf, ar gktk okcgn`ce sfrv`bfs. Gktk Kcknys`s @c`t`kn but aj gktk kcknys`s aj o`star`bkn gktk ta `gfct`jy bustamfr  gyckm`bs kcg praj`nfs. Wof fxtfct aj tof kcknysfs w`nn if k g`rfbt jucbt`ac aj tof irfkgto, gfpto, kcg qukn`ty aj tof gktk kvk`nkinf. Wof fxfrb`sf w`nn bavfr, jar fxkmpnf4 Iu`ng bustamfr sfemfctkt`ac magfn ac g`mfcs`acs aj YJZ. Raurbf aj ius`cfss iy sfemfct iy bokccfn iy bustamfr b ustamfr.. Bokccfn/efaerkpo`bkn Bokccfn/efa erkpo`bkn praj`nfs `c tatkn kcg iy sfemfct. Efagfmaerkpo`b Efagfmaerkpo` b praj`nfs `c tatkn kcg iy sfemfct jar I9B. Ius`cfss bnkss`j`bkt`ac systfm jar I9I. • Yfpfkt vfrsus cfw ius`cfss kcknys`s. •  Kttr`t`ac rktfs. • • • •

nfvfnstoraueo iy typfrktfs. aj fcekefmfct. Jar fxkmpnf, f• Fcekefmfct mk`n apfc`ce/bn`bl • Xramat`ac kcknys`s aj woa rfspacgs ta wo`bo typf aj `cbfct`vf ajjfr kcg kt wo`bo jrfqufcby. BYM Rtrktfey Yfjfrfcbf Wof BYM strktfey, iksfg ac tofsf kcg atofr `cputs ks prfv`ausny gfsbr`ifg `c fkrn`fr bokptfrs, usfg ks tof rfjfrfcbf „i`inf.”

BYM Rystfms‐ Ranut`ac Yfqu`rfmfcts

 

Nky gawc tof BYM Rystfm jucbt`ackn spfb`j`bkt`ac ta fckinf tof BYM strktfey ta if gfn`vfrfg. Wo`s w`nn kbt ks tof rfjfrfcbf jar  gfs`ec`ce, iu`ng`ce, kcg mkcke`ce tof BYM systfm‐s tfboc`bkn sanut`ac. @c pkrknnfn,jarkppa`ct k tfkm Wof nfkgfr ta okcgnf tof prabfss ta if kbbauctkinf tof autbamf. pas`t`ac w`nn rfpart ta tof Iakrg kcg if tof nfkg pr`cb`pkn `c knn tof cfeat`kt`acs. K tfkm aj rfnfvkct pfrsaccfn, rfpart`ce `cta to`s pas`t`ac, ta knsa if kppa`ctfg w`to bnfkr  rfnfvkct sl`nn sfts kcg rfspacs`i`n`t`fs. Wof pr`mkry `cputs w`nn if tof burrfct gktkiksfs/@W apfrkt`ackn jrkmfwarl bami`cfg w`to tof BYM juturf rfqu`rfmfcts aj knn tof gfpkrtmfcts `ctfrjkb`ce w`to bustamfrs (burrfct kcg patfct`kn) fmirkb`ce mkrlft`ce, sknfs, kcg bustamfr sfrv`bf. Wof spfb`j`bkt`ac w`nn `cbarparktf tof jannaw`ce4 k. Nky`ce gawc tof gktk bkpturf prataban aj knn tof gktk j`fngs ta if bkpturfg iy fkbo gktk bkpturf `ctfrjkbf wofrf gktk `s ektofrfg. @gfct`jy kcy g`jjfrfcbfs w`to burrfct/o`star`bkn pratabans kcg oaw, `j  kt knn, ekps w`nn if j`nnfg. i. Gktk jnaw mkp lc`tt`ce taeftofr knn tof gktk mavfmfcts iftwffc gktk bkpturf saurbfs, gktk starkef, kcg gktk prabfss`ce pa`cts. @gfct`jy tof ranf(s) kcg jucbt`ackn`ty aj knn pkrts aj tof cftwarl kcg oaw `ctfr-baccfbt`v`ty `s fcv`skefg. b. Nky gawc gktk sfbur`ty rfqu`rfmfcts bavfr`ce gktk starkef, prabfss`ce, kcg trkcsjfr ta tatknny bampny w`to knn tof rfnfvkct Gktk Xrabfss`ce Yfeunkt`acs. g. @gfct`jy knn pfrsaccfn g`rfbtny `cvanvfg `c sfrv`b`ce tof bustamfr  bavfr`ce4 • Wof`r ranf(s) `ctfrjkb`ce w`to bustamfrs. • Wof`r gktk cffgs `c sfrv`b`ce tof bustamfr w`to tof k`m aj  fcokcb`ce tof`r bustamfr fxpfr`fcbf. • Wof `cjarmkt`ac tofy cffg ta rfkg`ny kcg fks`ny `mpkrt ta tof bustamfr. • Wof `cjarmkt`ac tofy cffg ta ektofr jram tof bustamfr. • Oaw tof gktk `s ektofrfg kcg ta woam `s `t pkssfg. Wo`s soaung fmirkbf knn knn tof  tof bactkbts w`to tof bustamfr `cvanv`ce,

jar fxkmpnf, sknfs pfrsaccfn‐s bustamfr bactkbt jram tfnfpoacf

 

bacvfrskt`ac ta f-mk`n fxbokcef ta mfft`ces ta barrfspacgfcbf ta grkjt bactrkbts ta s`ecfg bactrkbts. f. @gfct`jy knn tof atofr usfrs kcg, jar fkbo, spfb`jy tof jannaw`ce4 • Wof`r ranf(s) `c gktk prabfss`ce, gktk mkckefmfct, mkcke`ce bustamfr rfnkt`acso`ps, sfnn`ce, gktk kcknyt`bs, bkmpk`ec b kmpk`ec mkckefmfct, gktk kppn`bkt`acs, rfpart`ce, kcg gfb`s`ac mkl`ce. Wo`s w`nn bavfr knn tof dai pas`t`acs jram Iakrg nfvfn gawc. • Wof`r gktk cffgs `c tfrms aj wokt `cjarmkt`ac ga tofy rfqu`rf, oaw ga tofy wkct ta rfbf`vf tof `cjarmkt`ac (bokccfn kcg jarmkt) kcg oaw ajtfc ga tofy wkct ta rfbf`vf `t. j. Rtrubturf kcg jucbt`ackn`ty aj tof bustamfr bfctr`b gktk wkrfoausf kbt`ce ks tof bfctrkn gktk rfpas`tary jar star`ce kcg prabfss`ce knn tof bustamfr gktk jram knn tof bustamfr gktk saurbfs ta e`vf k s`cenfkcg bustamfr v`fw (sff e. Yanf jucbt`ackn`ty aj cfxt kcy sfbt`ac). Nayknty Kpps kcg oaw `ctferkt`ac soaung warl w`to`c tof avfrknn systfm sys tfm sanut`ac. o. Wof acea`ce gktk kcknyt`bs ta if ucgfrtklfc ta efcfrktf tof `cs`eots ta apt`m`zf tof bammfrb`kn rfturc jram tof BYM strktfey. Wo`s soaung spfb`jy tof gktk rfpart`ce su`tf ta if prav`gfg, tof gktk m`c`ce taans rfqu`rfg, kcg tof stkt`st`bkn tfboc`qufs ta if kppn`fg w`to`c tof kcknys`s jrkmfwarl. Acf bkut`ackry warg aj kgv`bf ac tof kcknys`s kpprakbo. Mklf gktk kcknys`s prkemkt`b kcg fcsurf `t `s cat raatfg `c `ctfnnfbtukn`sm ks kc kbkgfm`b fxfrb`sf. @t soaung mavf kwky jram „kcknys`s pkrknys`s” kcg prav`gf kbt`ackinf `cs`eots. Gktk soaung if gf-myst`j`fg kcg toasf mkl`ce gfb`s`acs ac tof iks`s aj tof `cs`eots prav`gfg soaung cat cffg ta if k gktk kcknyst ta ucgfrstkcg kcg `ctfrprft wokt tof gktk `s tfnn`ce tofm. `. Iugeft eu`gfn`cfs jar gfs`ec, iu`ng, `cstknnkt`ac, kcg acea`ce suppart kcg mk`ctfckcbf.  d. Rpfb`j`bkt`ac aj tfboc`bkn suppart rfqu`rfg `j fxtfrckn suppn`frs krf `cvanvfg `c tof mkckefmfct kcg mk`ctfckcbf aj kcy pkrt aj tof systfm‐s sanut`ac. Kcy subo suppn`fr soaung trkcspkrfctny gfbnkrf kcy sui-bactrkbtar tofy prapasf us`ce ks pkrt aj tof`r sanut`ac. l. Xrav`gf k gftk`nfg spfb`j`bkt`ac aj tof burrfct bustamfr gktk

apfrkt`ac w`to tof rfqu`rfmfct ta gftk`n pnkcs ta mavf jram tof

 

prfsfct s`tukt`ac ta tof rfbammfcgfg sanut`ac w`to t`m`ces, kbt`acs, kcg r`sls. Wo`s soaung o`eon`eot gktk m`erkt`ac ks k lfy bampacfct aj tof pnkc. @gfct`jy k N`st aj Xatfct`kn Ruppn`frs kcg Fcekef tof Ir`fj`ce  Xrabfss Bacgubt rfsfkrbo ta `gfct`jy patfct`kn sanut`ac prav`gfrs kcg grkw up k soart n`st. Rpfb`jy tof ir`fj`ce prabfss w`to br`t`bkn pkto kcg mftoaganaey `cvanv`ce, jar fxkmpnf, jkbf-ta-jkbf `c`t`kn ir`fj`ce kcg j`ckn prapaskns prfsfctfg ikbl w`to tof woanf tfkm `c kttfcgkcbf jar iato. Ur`ttfc ir`fj `ssufg kcg gftk`nfg wr`ttfc prapaskn rfspacsf. Nky gawc br`tfr`k jar sfnfbt`ac kgg`ce kcy br`tfr`k ta tof ir`fj  `tsfnj. Bamm`ss`ac tof ir`fj`ce prabfss kcg kgapt k jarmkn, strubturfg kpprakbo `c suppn`fr `ctfrjkbfs. Gfb`gf ac BYM tfboc`bkn sanut`ac kcg woa ta kppa`ct ta gfn`vfr  `t. J`ckn`zf cfeat`kt`acs, grkw up nfekn kerffmfct, kcg jarmkn`zf kppa`ctmfct(s) Wof tfkm, ucgfr tof g`rfbt`ac aj tof tfkm nfkgfr, fvknuktfs tof prapasfg BYM tfboc`bkn sanut`acs jram k rkcef aj sanut`ac prav`gfrs w`to basts kcg ifcfj`ts qukct`j`fg kcg kssfssfg kek`cst tof br`tfr`k bactk`cfg `c tof ir`fj. @gfct`jy kcy qufst`acs bam`ce aut aj tof fvknukt`ac prabfss kcg rfturc ta tof rfnfvkct sanut`ac prav`gfr(s) ta aitk`c tof kcswfrs. Ac rfbf`pt, tof tfkm gfiktfs tof apt`acs kcg bamfs ta k j`ckn v`fw kcg rfbammfcgkt`ac. Yfbammfcgkt`ac prfsfctfg ta tof Iakrg w`to summkry aj  rfbammfcgkt`ac b`rbunktfg ifjarfokcg. Xfcg`ce Iakrg rfspacsf, tof prabfss bact`cufs toraueo ta tof kppa`ctmfct aj fxtfrckn pkrtcfrs w`to nfekn sfrv`bf kerffmfct(s) grkwc up kcg s`ecfg. @mpnfmfctkt`ac bammfcbfs.

 

Yanf Ya nf aj Bust Bustam amfr fr Bf Bfct ctr` r`b b Gktk Gktkik iksf sf Wof BYM gktk wkrfoausf oks twa pawfrjun, o`eony rfnfvkct bammfrb`kn ranfs. J`rstny, U`tcfss `t `s k strktfe`b kssft vknuf prapfrt`fs ta tof warto aj tof tof ius`cfss. Jkbfiaal kcg kgg`ce atofr acn`cf wofrf `c`t`kn vknuf pnkbfg ac tof ius`cfss wks `c rfnkt`ac ta tof vknuf aj `ts bustamfr iksf kcg cat `ts apfrkt`ackn praj`ts. Wof wkrfoausf starfs knn tof bustamfr gktk w`to g`sb`pn`cfg prabfssfs `c pnkbf ta mk`ctk`c `ts sfbur`ty, `ts kbburkby, kcg ta lffp `t up-ta-gktf. @t gfmacstrkiny iaasts tof X/F rkt`a `c tof vknukt`ac aj k bampkcy. Rfbacgny, `t pfrjarms k p`vatkn ranf kt tof bfctfr aj tof BYM tfboc`bkn sanut`ac. @t `s tof sanf bustamfr gktk rfpas`tary oang`ce kcg prabfss`ce bustamfr gktk bkpturfg jram knn gktk saurbfs `cbnug`ce bammuc`bkt`ac bustamfrs v`tkn ac tof gktkiksf kcg tof`r  Ks subo, `t `sta kisanutfny tokt gffp toaueot `s rfspacsfs. e`vfc ta tof rfqu`rfmfcts iu`nt `cta tof gfs`ec jucbt`ackn`ty iut knsa tof apfrkt`ackn jrkmfwarl kcg rfnktfg warl`ce prabfssfs. Wof jkbtars ta bacs`gfr krf n`stfg ifnaw4 ;. Mftoags gfpnayfg ta lffp gktk `ctfer`ty mk`ctk`cfg ta fxbfpt`ackn qukn`ty stkcgkrgs. Rtkrt w`to k bnfkc gktkiksf w`to k praerkm ta kbo`fvf to`s. Wofrfkjtfr, Wofrfkjtfr, spfb`jy tof gf-gupf prabfss ta if usfg ta `gfct`jy uc`quf bustamfrs, w`to tof knnabkt`ac aj k VYC kttkbofg ta fkbo acf, kggrfss jarmktt`ce kcg XKJ fcokcbfmfct. Wo`s ta `cbnugf tof wf`eot`ce aj vkr`kinfs ta mktbo bustamfrs‗ t`tnf, j`rst ckmf, surckmf, kggrfss, pastbagf, f-mk`n kggrfss. (XKJ, `c tof VL pastkn systfm, stkcgs jar „Xastkn Kggrfss J`nf,” wo`bo bkc if usfg ks tof rfjfrfcbf ta vfr`jy k bustamfr‐s bustamfr ‐s kggrfss gftk`ns.) 9. Rystfm kcg prabfss rfqu`rfmfcts ta if bampn`kct w`to Gktk Xratfbt`ac Yfeunkt`acs. 2. Gktk jffgs4 gktk fxbokcef pa`cts (sfcgfrs kcg rfbf`vfrs aj gktk), mftoag, jrfqufcby, kcg `gfct`jy`ce acf ar twa wky gktk trkcsjfr. @gfct`jy kcy bampkt`i`n`ty `ssufs iftwffc gktkiksfs w`to`c tof cftwarl sanut`ac w`to gktk trkcsjfr jfks`inf toraueo KX@ baccfbt`ac ar JWX. Wo`s soaung `cbnugf kcy baccfbt`acs ta Rab`kn BYM kcg

 Kcknyt`bkn taans. Bknbunktf tof t`mf fmpnayffs burrfctny spfcg ac

 

gktk mkckefmfct ta eu`gf tof kmauct aj t`mf rfnfksfg jar  „to`cl`ce kcg pnkcc`ce” kcg/ar tof bast skv`ces `j rfsaurbf `s rfnfksfg. 7. Gktk prabfss`ce kerffmfct gftk`n`ce knn tof prabfssfs `cvanvfg `c rfbf`v`ce, star`ce, fxtrkbt`ce, kcg trkcsjfrr`ce gktkw`to `ctfrcknny kcg fxtfrcknny w`to sfbur`ty mfksurfs bacs`stfct tof Gktk Xratfbt`ac Yfeunkt`acs. Wo`s ta if ta tof „ifst prkbt`bf” `cgustry stkcgkrgs `cbnug`ce tof kcacym`zkt`ac aj gktk. 6. Gktkiksf strubturf kcg o`frkrboy n`cl`ce trkcskbt`acs kcg bustamfr `ctfrkbt`acs w`to tof bampkcy ta `cg`v`gukn bustamfrs w`to tof`r praj`nfs kttkbofg. Knnawkcbf iu`nt `c jar knn bammuc`bkt`acs ta kcg jram bustamfrs ta if naeefg kcg tof stktus aj bustamfr praj`nfs ta if upgktfg. Wof bustamfr sfemfct autputs jram tof bustamfr sfemfctkt`ac magfn `cbarparktfg `ctafctfr`ce tof gfs`ec tof sfemfcts gyckm`bknny upgktfg jram cfw gktk tof w`to gktkiksf. :. Jkb`n`ty ta kgg praj`n`ce taans. Jar fxkmpnf, efaerkpo`b praj`n`ce kcg mkpp`ce aj tof bustamfr uc`vfrsf iy gr`vf t`mf/g`stkcbf jram gfs`ecktfg pa`ct. Jar fxkmpnf, rftk`n autnft, rfstkurkct, oatfn, b`cfmk, kcg sa ac. Efagfmaerkpo`b praj`n`ce jar I9B kcg ius`cfss bnkss`j`bkt`acs jar I9I. 5. Xrav`s`ac aj k bkmpk`ec mkckefmfct taan ta fckinf usfrs ta iu`ng mk`n`ce j`nfs kcg g`rfbtny fxpart bkmpk`ec j`nfs ta mk`n`ce oausf ar  f-mk`n trkcsm`ss`ac fce`cf. J`nf iu`nt iy f`tofr sfnfbt`ce prfgfj`cfg sfemfcts, prfv`ausny gfvfnapfg kcg ofng ac tof gktkiksf, ar kg-oab sfnfbt`acs iksfg ac k s`cenf vkr`kinf ar bami`ckt`ac aj  vkr`kinfs ofng ac tof gktkiksf. Wof jucbt`ackn`ty ta knsa `cbnugf tof ki`n`ty ta aitk`c baucts jram qufr`fs kcg tof fvknukt`ac aj bkmpk`ec pfrjarmkcbf v`k bustamfr  rfspacsf kcg YA@. ?. Ki`n`ty ta kutamktf bammuc`bkt`ac tr`eefrfg iy spfb`j`fg br`tfr`k, bactk`cfg w`to`c tof gktkiksf gfs`ec, if`ce mft, jar fxkmpnf, acf wffl kjtfr bustamfr oks nkpsfg. 0. Xrav`g`ce usfrs w`to g`rfbt 97/5 kbbfss ta tof gktkiksf v`k k jractfcg kppn`bkt`ac w`to tof ki`n`ty ta, jar fxkmpnf4 • Rfkrbo kcg upgktf/kmfcg bustamfr gftk`ns

•  Kbbfss rfparts

 

• Bacgubt baucts • Iu`ng kcg fxfbutf bkmpk`ecs 8.Nky gawc bamprfofcs`vf spfb`j`bkt`ac aj rfpart`ce rfqu`rfmfcts v`k stkcgkrg rfparts pragubfg ta k j`xfg jrfqufcby (f.e., qukrtfrny) kcg gyckm`bknny upgktfg rfparts pragubfg `c rfkn t`mf kcg soawc toraueo gksoiakrgs. Yfpart`ce ac LX@s, atofr mftr`bs, kcg fvknukt`acs. Wofsf ta if trkcsnktfg `cta rfpart`ce nkyauts kcg prfsfctkt`ac jarmkts (f.e., Xawfr I@). ;. @gfct`jy patfct`kn g`mfcs`acs jar juturf bokcefs `c sbknf. Wof sanut`ac soaung if sbknkinf w`to tof ki`n`ty ta kgg cfw jfkturfs kcg magunfs.

Wypfs aj BYM Rystfms

 Ks k rfm`cgfr rfjfrfcbf. rfjfrfcbf.

Wof BYM sajtwkrf systfm `s kc @W pnktjarm jar star`ce knn bustamfr gktk, `cbnug`ce j`ckcb`kn kcg bammuc`bkt`ac `ctfrkbt`acs w`to tof bampkcy, efcfrktfg kbrass munt`pnf bokccfns. @t bacsan`gktfs kcg fctfrs bustamfr `cjarmkt`ac `cta k s`cenf BYM gktkiksf sa ius`cfss usfrs bkc marf fks`ny kbbfss kcg mkckef `t. Wofrf krf twa barf rautfs ta kbbfss BYM tfbocanaey4 Ac-Xrfm`sf BYM   K systfm fssfct`knny purboksfg ajj tof sofnj kcg tk`narfg ta k bampkcy‐s cffgs ta woktfvfr gferff `s jfks`inf w`to`c tof systfm gfs`ec `tsfnj. Wof sajtwkrf s`ts ac tof bampkcy‐s awc sfrvfrs. Wofrfjarf, knn tof kspfbts aj @W mkckefmfct rfs`gfs w`to tof bampkcy‗kgm`c`strkt`ac, bactran, sfbur`ty, kcg mk`ctfckcbf aj tof gktkiksf kcg bampkcy `cjarmkt`ac. Wof bampkcy purboksfs uskef n`bfcsfs upjract jar tof systfm jram tof BYM sajtwkrf vfcgar kcg

kssumfs tof bast aj kcy uperkgfs.

 

Wof sajtwkrf `s `cstknnfg ac tof gfsltap bamputfrs jar knn tof usfrs. Wof m`erkt`ac aj tof gktk `cta tof sajtwkrf fcv`racmfct `s tof rfspacs`i`n`ty aj tof bampkcy kcg usuknny rfqu`rfs k pranacefg `cstknnkt`ac prabfss ta junny `ctferktf k bampkcy‐s gktk. Bnaug Iksfg BYM   K wfi iksfg kppn`bkt`ac, oastfg iy fxtfrckn pkrt`fs, w`to gktk kcg praerkms rfs`g`ce ac tof`r enaikn cftwarl aj sfburf gktk bfctfrs `cstfkg aj ac tof bampkcy‐s okrg gr`vf ks `c tof ac-prfm`sf rautf.  Ks subo, tofrf `s typ`bknny ca sajtwkrf ta if gawcnakgfg kcg `cstknnfg ac fkbo `cg`v`gukn usfr‐s bamputfr w`to tof BYM systfm s`tt`ce fct`rfny acn`cf w`to tof bampkcy fjjfbt`vfny rfct`ce tof sfrv`bf. RkkR Rk kR (R (Raj ajtw twkr krf f ks k Rfrv Rfrv`b `bf) f) `s  `s tof mast bammac typf aj bnaug bamput`ce, gfn`vfr`ce bampnftf, usfr-rfkgy kppn`bkt`acs avfr tof @ctfrcft. Ramft`mfs rfjfrrfg ta ks „Ac gfmkcg BYM.” Gktk `s starfg ac kc fxtfrckn, rfmatf cftwarl tokt fmpnayffs bkc kbbfss kcyt`mf, kcywofrf tofrf `s kc `ctfrcft baccfbt`ac. Bn`fcts upnakg tof`r bustamfr gktk ta tof oast‐s sfrvfrs kcg `ctfrkbt w`to tof gktk us`ce tof`r wfi irawsfrs. Fjjfbt`vfny, bnaug bamput`ce `s k l`cg aj autsaurb`ce aj sajtwkrf, gktk starkef, kcg prabfss`ce. Vsfrs kbbfss kppn`bkt`acs kcg j`nfs iy naee`ce `c jram kcy gfv`bf tokt oks kc `ctfrcft baccfbt`ac. @c to`s bactfxt, tofrf krf samf pawfrjun rfksacs jar `t ta if bacs`gfrfg4 prabfss`ce pawfr `s jrffg up, sokr`ce kcg bannkiarkt`ac `s jkb`n`tktfg, kcg `t knnaws sfburf mai`nf kbbfss rfekrgnfss aj wofrf tof usfr `s ar  wokt gfv`bf `s if`ce usfg. @c summkry, bnaug bamput`ce `s mkrlftfg ks k marf fjj`b`fct wky aj gfn`vfr`ce BYM bamput`ce sanut`acs. Xkymfct ta tof sfrv`bf prav`gfr jar sajtwkrf kcg sfrv`bf fcv`racmfcts `s suisbr`pt`ac iksfg w`to usfrs pky`ce k mactony jff `cstfkg aj iuy`ce n`bfcsfs. Wof sajtwkrf kcg pnktjarms krf mkckefg iy tof prav`gfrs kcg krf upgktfg bact`cuausny jar mkx`mum pfrjarmkcbf kcg sfbur`ty sfbur`ty.. Bamput`ce pawfr `s nagefg `c k ikcl aj fxtfrckn sfrvfrs, sa usfrs bkc tkp `cta fxtrk bkpkb`ty `j rfqu`rfg f`tofr ta okcgnf soart

tfrm sp`lfs ar nacetfrm jucbt`ackn`ty fxpkcs`ac. Munt`pnf usfrs `c k

 

bampkcy bkc kbbfss sokrfg praerkms ar j`nfs kcg bannkiarktf `c rfkn t`mf jram g`jjfrfct nabkt`acs. Wofrf krf twa iks`b kpprakbofs4 k ifspalf sanut`ac ar k prapr`ftkry systfm saurbfg v`k acf aj tof mkdar vfcgars subo ks Rknfsjarbf, M`brasajt, RKX, kcg Arkbnf. Wof bacbfpt kcg to`cl`ce ifo`cg k ifspalf sanut`ac `s `gfct`bkn ta tof prapr`ftkry systfm w`to gktk starfg rfmatfny `c tof „bnaug” `c kc fxtfrckn cftwarl w`to usfrs g`rfbtny kbbfss`ce v`k kcy gfv`bf (XB, nkptap, tkinft, smkrtpoacf) iy kc `ctfrcft baccfbt`ac. Wof acny g`jjfrfcbf `s tokt, ks tof ckmf sueefsts, tof ifspalf sanut`ac `s tk`narfg spfb`j`bknny ta tof bn`fct‐s rfqu`rfmfcts.  K bacbfptukn gfs`ec aj k ifspalf sanut`ac `s soawc ifnaw `c J`eurf 5.2 5.2 iksfg  iksfg ac k systfm jar k oatfn. Bampkt`inf w`to to`s, tof gktkiksf strubturf `s gfp`btfg `c J`eurf 5.7 5.7,, wo`bo kbts ks tof fce`cf raam bkmpk`ec jar gktk mkckefmfct kcg prabfss`ce acf lfy jfkturf if`ce pnkcc`ce ks soawc `c J`eurf 5.6. 5.6w`to . Ramf aj tof tap-n`cf g`jjfrfcbfs iftwffc ifspalf kcg prapr`ftkry systfms krf summkr`zfg ifnaw `c Wkinf 5.;4 5.;4 Gfpfcg`ce ac tof`r BYM spfb`j`bkt`ac kcg sfnfbt`ac br`tfr`k, Bampkc`fs soaung `c`t`knny bacgubt k irakg swffp aj apt`acs (Acprfm`sf, RkkR, Ifspalf BYM, kcg Apfc Raurbf BYM) ifjarf ckrraw`ce `t gawc ta toasf ajjfr`ce tof bnasfst j`t kcg jabus`ce ac suppn`frs w`to`c tofm.

 

J`eurf 5.2 BYM gktkiksf sanut`ac iksfg ac k oatfn magfn 

J`eurf 5.7 Gktkiksf strubturf

 

J`eurf 5.6 Bkmpk`ec pnkcc`ce  Xras kcg Bacs aj RkkR Zfrsus Ac-Xrfm`sf Bacs sfbur`ty. Wof bampkcy gafs cat `tsfnj poys`bknny bactran • Gktk sfbur`ty. tof starkef kcg mk`ctfckcbf aj tof gktk. @t `s starfg `c tof „bnaug” ucgfr tof mkckefmfct aj k to`rg pkrty kcg tof sfrvfrs mky if nabktfg `c efaerkpo`bkn krfks auts`gf, jar fxkmpnf, tof VL w`to rfnktfg Gktk Xratfbt`ac rkm`j`bkt`acs. Ac iato baucts, b aucts, `t `s aj pkrkmauct `mpartkcbf tokt k nfeknny i`cg`ce Gktk Xrabfss`ce Kerffmfct `s `c pnkbf `j to`s rautf `s pursufg. Wkinf 5.; Ifspalf sanut`acs vfrsus Xrapr`ftkry sanut`acs IFRXALF ;. Ifs Ifspal palf f `s gf gfs`e s`ecfg cfg tta a mff mfftt bn` bn`fct fct‐s ‐s BYM spfb`j`bkt`ac. Watknny tk`narfg ta bn`fct cffgs `c knn tof kspfbts aj jucbt`ackn`ty `cbnug`ce, jar fxkmpnf, tof jannaw`ce marf fks`ny kggrfssfg4 • Bustam`zkinf pfrsack

XYAXY@FWKYP Bn`fct j`ts gfs`ec kcg jucbt`ackn`ty aj tof prapr`ftkry systfm iut „Acf s`zf gafs cat cfbfsskr`ny j`t knn.” @mpartkct ta bofbl tof bustam`zkinf j`fngs tof efcfr`b pragubt ucgfr bacs`gfrkt`ac oks kcg woftofr `t e`vfs yau tof tk`narfg `cjarmkt`ac yau cffg wofc yau wkct `t.

• Kgg`t`ackn efagfmaerkpo`bs • K gg` gg`t`ackn t`ackn efabag`ce jar m mkpp`ce kpp`ce kcg g`stkcbf • Gktk mktbo`ce kcg RBZ v`k gfgupf sajtwkrf 9. Ifs Ifspal palf f gfs gfs`ec `ecfg fg ta if sb sbknk knkinf inf ta kbbammagktf erawto `c k j`ckcb`knny strubturfg wky. Bn`fct `c`t`knny pkys jar wokt tofy cffg w`to jucbt`ackn`ty kggfg fks`ny ks rfqu`rfmfcts fvanvf,

Xrapr`ftkry systfm‐s jucbt`ackn spfb bkc ajtfc if „avfr spfb” w`to tof bn`fct pky`ce jar jucbt`ackn`ty cat rfqu`rfg. Fxtrk bkpkb`ty `s cat tof `ssuf‗marf ta ga w`to fxpkcg`ce tof

subo ks fxtrk magunfs. 2. K bn bn`f `fct ct s sys ystf tfm m cf cffgs fgs ta o okv kvf f to tof f `c `c--

jucbt`ackn`ty. Wo Wof f ba bast st a ajj km kmfc fcg` g`ce ce k p pra rapr pr`f `ftk tkry ry

 

iu`nt jnfx`i`n`ty ta if kinf ta fvanvf `c n`cf w`to uskef.

systfm ta mfft tof bokce`ce spfb`j`b cffgs aj kc `cg`v`gukn bn`fct bkc if fxbfss`vf.

7. K ifsp ifspalf alf sy systf stfm/s m/sanu anut`a t`ac c prav prav`gf `gfrr bkc if marf „jnfft aj jaat” kcg rfspacs`vf ta bn`fct rfqufsts jar jucbt`ackn bokcefs.

 K bn`fct bkc if rfqu`rfg ta wk`t jar jar gfvfnapmfct rakgmkps jar tof`r jucbt`ackn bokcef rfqu`rfmfcts.

6. Wof ttfboc fboc`bk `bknn kcg ap apfrk frkt`a t`ackn ckn su suppar ppartt prav`gfg iy k ifspalf sanut`acs prav`gfr bkc if marf rfspacs`vf toraueo tfnfpoacf suppart, aps mkcukns, kcg acs`tf trk`c`ce.

Acea`ce tfboc`bkn kcg apfrkt`ackn suppart aj k prapr`ftkry suppn`fr bkc ajtfc if snaw `c bampkr`sac w`to gfnkys n`clfg ta tof kbbauct mkckefmfct strubturf kcg vanumf aj trkjj`b.

:. K ifs ifspal palf f sys systfm tfm s sanu anut`a t`ac c pra prav`g v`gfr fr  K prapr`ftkry systfm sanut`ac prav`gfr bkc okvf tof sl`nn sft ta kgv`sf ac tof pr`mkr`ny sanfny spfb`kn`zfs `c tof kppn`bkt`ac aj gktk w`to k mkdar `cput sajtwkrf kcg ga cat, `c tof mk`c, ac tof gfvfnapmfct aj tof BYM okvf BYM bacsuntkcby sfrv`bfs< strktfey. knif`t tofy okvf k cumifr aj bksf stug`fs. 5. Iy gfj gfj`c` `c`t`a t`ac, c, if ifspal spalf f san sanut` ut`acs acs kr krf f cat iksfg ac fx`st`ce sajtwkrf< knif`t samf aj tof bag`ce w`nn if bammac ta knn bn`fct sanut`acs. Ks subo, tof sajtwkrf gfs`ec sanut`ac bkccat if gfmacstrktfg< knif`t jfkturfs jram atofr systfms iu`nt bkc if.

Xrapr`ftkry systfms usf fx`st`ce, efcfr`b sajtwkrf kvk`nkinf ta knn tof fx`st`ce kcg patfct`kn bn`fcts. Ofcbf, bksf stug`fs bkc if eacf toraueo kcg tof sajtwkrf rfkg`ny gfmacstrktfg fckin`ce tof bn`fct ta sff wokt tofy w`nn if iuy`ce.

?. Ran Ranut` ut`ac ac pr prav` av`gfr gfrs s krf sm smknn knnfr fr `c s` s`zf zf w`to rfnktfg nfss ikbl-up rfsaurbfs.

Zfcgars krf aj k nkref s`zf kcg sbknf prav`g`ce o`eofr bacj`gfcbf nfvfns.

Catf4 Wofrf `s kc Apfc Raurbf BYM systfm kntfrckt`vf ta RkkR< wofrf saurbf Catf4 bagf `s mkgf kvk`nkinf jar bampkc`fs ta mklf kntfrkt`acs kt ca bast ta tof bampkcy fmpnay`ce tof systfm. Apfc Raurbf BYM systfms knsa fckinf tof kgg`t`ac kcg bustam`zkt`ac aj gktk n`cls ac sab`kn mfg`k bokccfns kss`st`ce bampkc`fs ta `mpravf sab`kn BYM prkbt`bfs. p rkbt`bfs. Fxkmpnfs aj Apfc Raurbf Xnktjarms krf Ara BYM, Ru`tf BYM, kcg Ruekr BYM.

• Wofrf mky if bampkt`i`n`ty `ssufs wofc gktk `s `c`t`knny m`erktfg jram k bampkcy‐s `ctfrckn systfm ta tof bnaug. Bampn`bkt`acs bkc kr`sf wofc mav`ce gktk ta tof bnaug kcg

warl`ce w`to g`spkrktf systfms. Ajtfc, `c tof warng aj @W, to`ces `cvkr`kiny saucg fksy iut pravf g`jj`bunt `c prkbt`bf.

 

• Xky`ce suisbr`pt`ac jffs bkc if marf bastny tokc ac prfm`sf magfns avfr t`mf. • Vcfxpfbtfg basts bkc kr`sf ks tof ius`cfss eraws kcg cffgs ta fvanvf. C`cf t`mfs aut aj tfc, to`s bkc okppfc wofc tof usfrs stkrt us`ce tof systfm kcg eft tof „tauboy jffny” fxpfr`fcbf kcg j`cg, `c prkbt`bf, tof systfm‐s gfj`b`fcb`fs kcg strfcetos. • Wof bampkcy rfn`fs ac tof oast`ce prav`gfr jar kcy upgktfs kcg tof t`m`ce aj upgktfs. Wo`s bkc pravf ta if k jrustrkt`ce kcg bastny fxpfr`fcbf. • Acbf bamm`ss`acfg kcg `c usf, tof systfm‐s r`e`g`ty kcg jucbt`ackn`ty bkc turc aut ta if k cfekt`vf. Cat cfbfsskr`ny ifbkusf aj tof systfm `tsfnj, iut ifbkusf f`tofr tof bampkcy oks mkgf k „ium” gfb`s`ac ar oks cat prapfrny eat fvfryiagy ac iakrg ifjarfokcg kcg tofc trk`cfg tofm prapfrny. Xras • Ca cffg ta ea toraueo t`mf bacsum`ce kcg bampnfx `cstknnkt`ac kcg `mpnfmfctkt`ac prabfssfs `c nabkt`ce sajtwkrf ac knn gfsltap bamputfrs. Ca okrgwkrf ta `cstknn kt tof stkrt ar  mk`ctk`c tofrfkjtfr. • Ca s`ec`j`bkct up jract Bkpfx ac @W `cjrkstrubturf ar gktk bfctfr basts. Vpgktfs kcg rfpk`rsupgktfs. gacf iyWof tof bnaug oast`ce prav`gfr w`to • kutamkt`b sajtwkrf systfm `s upgktfg `c rfkn t`mf iy tof oast`ce prav`gfr w`to ca systfm gawct`mf ar  kgg`t`ackn bokrefs guf ta okrgwkrf `ssufs. • Wof bampkcy‐s @W gfpkrtmfct‐s sfrv`bf kcg mk`ctfckcbf rfspacs`i`n`t`fs rfspacs`i`n`t`f s krf sbknfg gawc. • Wof `cjrkstrubturf bkc eraw w`to tof bampkcy ks `ts ius`cfss fxpkcgs. Wo`s rfnktfs ta tof starkef kcg prabfss`ce bkpkb`ty kcg cat cfbfsskr`ny tof sajtwkrf gktkiksf strubturf. • Ajjs`tf starkef aj bampkcy (kcg bn`fct gktk wofrf rfnfvkct) mklfs `t nfss vuncfrkinf ta acs`tf g`skstfrs.

• Wof fct`rf bampkcy s tfkm bkc qu`blny v`fw, kbbfss, kcg sokrf tof skmf bustamfr gktk `c rfkn t`mf kbrass g`jjfrfct

 

bokccfns kcyt`mf jram kcywofrf ac kcy gfv`bf. Atofr BYM Waans Wof autn`cfg krfbkc ifst ks „Apfrkt`ackn BYM” aj  ta wo`bosystfms atofr BYM „taans” ifgfsbr`ifg kggfg ta `cbrfksf tof bkpki`n`ty tof avfrknn systfm, subo ks4 k. Kcknyt`bkn BYM usfs gktk m`c`ce kcg pkttfrc rfbaec`t`ac ta prav`gf tof marf `c-gfpto kcg sfcs`t`vf `cs`eots ta ifttfr  ucgfrstkcg mkrlft trfcgs kcg bustamfrs‐ wkcts kcg cffgs. Wof fcr`bofg lcawnfgef bkc kgg vknuf ta fkbo stkef aj tof bustamfr   daurcfy jram nfkg efcfrkt`ac ta bustamfr rftfct`ac, iut `s pkrt`bunkrny ofnpjun `c ucgfrstkcg`ce oaw ta gfn`vfr efcu`cf bustamfr skt`sjkbt`ac. i. Bannkiarkt`vf BYM wofrf gktk `s paanfg kmace gktk pkrtcfrs. Wo`s `s rfnfvkct ta bampkc`fs wofrf tofy okvf sfvfrkn pragubt/sfrv`bf g`v`s`acs woa krf mkrlft`ce ta k bammac, avfrnkpp`ce uc`vfrsf. Jar fxkmpnf, `c tof VL, L`cej`sofr pnb toraueo `ts twa rftk`n apfrkt`acs aj I & [ kcg Rbrfwj`x. Aiv`ausny, kcy subo kbt`v`ty oks ta if tatknny bampn`kct ta tof Gktk Xratfbt`ac Yfeunkt`acs, wo`bo mfkcs, up jract, tof bustamfr cffgs ta ucgfrstkcg wokt tofy krf s`ec`ce up ta. (Rab`kn Bustamfr Yfnkt`acso`p Mkckefmfct).** b. R-BYM @cjarmkt`ac `ctferkt`ac rfqu`rfs tof kss`m`nkt`ac aj bustamfr  `cjarmkt`ac jram knn taubo pa`cts4 jram g`jjfrfct gktk saurbfs ta brfktf k baofrfct p`bturf aj bustamfrs, ta gfvfnap k s`cenf bustamfr v`fw, kcg bannfbt `cjarmkt`ac kiaut tof`r `ctfrkbt`ac w`to tof bampkcy. @c to`s bactfxt, sab`kn mfg`k `s praerfss`vfny fsbknkt`ce `c `mpartkcbf ks k pr`mkry gktk saurbf. Oawfvfr, tofrf krf samf jucgkmfctkn g`jjfrfcbfs w`to to`s bokccfn bampkrfg ta tof atofrs4 • @c tof trkg`t`ackn BYM kpprakbo, gktk `s naeefg iy k to`rg pkrty,, usuknny w`to samf t`mf ekp kjtfr tof fvfct oks abburrfg. pkrty

Wof R-BYM kpprakbo `cbarparktfs rfkn t`mf gktk jar rfkn t`mf `cjarmkt`ac w`to gktk efcfrktfg g`rfbtny iy bustamfrs. U`to

 

fvfry fcekefmfct w`to bustamfrs ac sab`kn mfg`k, marf gktk `s brfktfg. • Wof jabus aj BYM oks trkg`t`acknny bacs`stfg aj acf-wky bammuc`bkt`ac iftwffc bampkcy kcg bustamfr. Kc R-BYM systfm kssumfs bact`cuaus fxbokcef aj fxpfr`fcbfs< cat acny iftwffc bampkcy kcg bustamfr iut knsa iftwffc `cg`v`gukn bustamfrs. • Mast gktk bkpturfg toraueo sab`kn mfg`k `s ucstrubturfg w`to mast g`knaeuf if`ce apfc tfxt. Wofrfjarf, jar subo gktk ta if usfjun, `t cffgs ta if trkcsjarmfg iy gktk ar tfxt m`c`ce ℩ ifjarf `t bkc if `ctferktfg w`to BYM systfms. Rab`kn mfg`k prfsfcts kc Apfc Jarum jar bustamfrs ta fcekef `c k g`knaeuf kmace tofmsfnvfs ta sokrf tof`r fxpfr`fcbfs w`to k bampkcy< woftofr k`r`ce er`fvkcbfs ar pramat`ce pragubts. Bampkc`fs must tofy if krf `ctfrfstfg `c bkptur`ce subo bustamfr  sfct`mfcts ta fn`b`t tof n`lfn`oaag aj rfbammfcg`ce pragubts kcg tof`r avfrknn skt`sjkbt`ac‗ eaag ar ikg. Xnuee`ce `cta bustamfr  bammuc`t`fs wofrf bustamfrs past rfv`fws aj pragubts kcg bkc fcekef w`to atofr bustamfrs ta trauinfsoaat `ssufs ar rfsfkrbo pragubts `c rfkn t`mf `s knsa ifcfj`b`kn. Bammuc`t`fs bkc prav`gf naw nfvfn bustamfr sfrv`bf jar bfrtk`c l`cgs aj prainfms kcg rfgubf tof cumifr aj bactkbt bfctfr bknns. Wofy bkc knsa prav`gf cfw pragubt `gfks ar jffgikbl tokt bampkc`fs bkc usf `c n`fu aj jffgikbl jram Mkrlft Yfsfkrbo Eraups. Wa kgg vknuf ta bustamfr `ctfrkbt`acs ac sab`kn mfg`k, bampkc`fs bkc kbbfss vkr`aus R-BYM taans tokt mac`tar sab`kn mfg`k bacvfrskt`acs< jram spfb`j`b mfct`acs aj k bampkcy ar `ts irkcgs ta tof jrfqufcby aj lfywargs usfg. Wo`s bkc ofnp ta gftfrm`cf tof`r  tkreft kug`fcbf rfnktfg ta tof pnktjarms tofy usf. Knsa ta kcknyzf sab`kn mfg`k jffgikbl kcg kggrfss bustamfr qufr`fs kcg `ssufs. @c summkry, R-BYM fckinfs bampkc`fs ta `ctfrkbt g`rfbtny w`to tof`r bustamfrs `c rfkn t`mf us`ce k vkr`fty aj sab`kn mfg`k pnktjarms. Rab`kn mfg`k tfbocanae`fs okvf tof bkpki`n`ty ta ir`ce bustamfrs kcg bampkc`fs bnasfr taeftofr toraueo twa-wky `ctfrkbt`acs kcg g`knaeuf. Wof R-BYM systfm supparts bustamfr `cjarmkt`ac

g`knaeuf. Wof R BYM systfm supparts bustamfr `cjarmkt`ac mkckefmfct, kcg tofrfjarf, ofnps `mpravf g`knaeuf w`to bustamfrs

 

iy kbbfss`ce gktk jram tof cfw bokccfns aj bammuc`bkt`ac. Wo`s `s br`t`bkn ta mkcy bampkc`fs wofrf bustamfrs krf kbt`vf `c tof sab`kn mfg`k fcv`racmfct ifbkusf `t `s tof bktknyst ta cfw wkys aj  ifokv`ce w`to bammuc`ty mfmifrs sokr`ce fxpfr`fcbfs kcg v`fws iut, kiavf knn, mkcy aj wo`bo krf raatfg `c fmat`acs. Ramf aj tofsf bkc if o`eony gkmke`ce kcg, rfjnfbt`vf aj tof mfg`um, bkc sprfkg n`lf k prk`r`f j`rf. Wof jannaw`ce quatfs rf`cjarbf tof eraw`ce `mpartkcbf aj R-BYM4 • „Wof ius`cfss patfct`kn aj ucstrubturfg fxtfrckn sab`kn mfg`k `s vfry o`eo, bacs`gfr`ce tokt ?8% aj tof warng‐s gktk `s ucstrubturfg kcg `t `s eraw`ce kt ;6 t`mfs tof rktf aj strubturfg gktk.” (Xr`tbokrg, 98;9) • „Ks tof warng `s eraw`ce g`e`tkn gky iy gky, bacsumfrs‐ ifokv`aur `s `c knsa bokce`ce rkp`gny ta tfbocanae`bkn `ctfrvfct`ac tof`r gky-ta-gky n`jf.guf @c to`s pfr`ag, BYM `s bact`cuausny gfvfnap`ce ks acf aj tof mast ifcfj`b`kn ius`cfss taans ta skt`sjy bustamfrs kcg prav`gf tofm w`to tof vknufs tokt tofy rfqu`rf mast.” (Yk`, 98;7) • „R-BYM gafs cat cunn`jy tof fjjarts gfvfnapfg iy BYM mkrlft`ce iut prav`gfs k suppnfmfct, rf`cjarb`ce tof bampkcy‐s bustamfr jabus kcg jkb`n`tkt`ce lcawnfgef aj  ifokv`aurs, ktt`tugfs kcg jffn`ces.” (Uaagbabl, Erffc, kcg Rtkbfy, 98;;) **(J.K. Iuttnf, Bustamfr rfnkt`acso`p mkckefmfct4 bacbfpt kcg taans, YfsfkrboEktf, kbbfssfg Kpr`n ;5, 98;0), (Jrksfr, Ofnms, kcg Rpru`t 98;;), (Erffcifre 98;8), (Dfnacfl c.g.), (Xr`tbokrg 98;9), (Yausf, Forfcs, kcg L`wkl, BYM ‒ bustamfr rfnkt`acso`p mkckefmfct, [email protected] [email protected],, kbbfssfg Kpr`n 92, 98;0), (Rkctas,  Knmf`gk, kcg Mactf`ra 98;2), (Rbunn`c, Jdfrmfstkg, kcg Yamkca 9887) Acf jurtofr mkdar tfbocanaey gfvfnapmfct wo`bo w`nn efcfrknny `mpkbt BYM `s „krt`j`b`kn @ctfnn`efcbf” (K@).***

Wof eakn aj `mprav`ce tof bustamfr fxpfr`fcbf, kcg tofrfiy bustamfr skt`sjkbt`ac, `s k nfkg`ce bkcg`gktf jar `cvfstmfcts `c

 

krt`j`b`kn `ctfnn`efcbf, wo`bo bkc ofnp fcokcbf pfrsackn`zfg fxpfr`fcbfs iy rfbaec`z`ce bustamfrs, lcaw`ce tofm, kcg tofc kct`b`pkt`ce tof`r cffgs. K@ kcknysfs, bnkss`j`fs, kcg prfg`bts gktk jkstfr, `c erfktfr vanumf, kcg marf fxtfcs`vfny tokc oumkcs w`toaut  K@. Jar fxkmpnf, `c R-BYM, `t w`nn fcokcbf ucgfrstkcg`ce toraueo bacvfrskt`ackn `ctfrjkbfs kcg kuemfctfg kcknyt`bs. Ckturkn Nkceukef Xrabfss`ce (CNX) `s usfg ta kcknyzf warg boa`bf ta prav`gf k gffpfr nfvfn aj psyboanae`bkn `cs`eot w`to tof magfn bact`cuausny `mpravfg iy nfkrc`ce jram bacvfrskt`acs `t oks w`to pfapnf.  K@‐s kppn`bkt`ac w`nn `mpravf prfg`bt`acs iy spatt`ce trfcgs iur`fg `c gktk, ucgfrp`c marf kbburktf gfb`s`acs, kcg ofnp ta ucgfrstkcg oaw bustamfrs `ctfrprft `ssufs kcg mklf gfb`s`acs tokt w`nn patfct`knny if vfry pawfrjun `c `mprav`ce tof bustamfr fxpfr`fcbf. Ekrtcfr prfg`bts tokt iy 989;, ;6% aj knn bustamfr sfrv`bf `ctfrkbt`acs w`nn if bampnftfny okcgnfg iy K@, kc `cbrfksf aj    788% jram 98;5. (An`vf Oukce, Yfsfkrbo Z`bf-Xrfs`gfct, Ekrtcfr, ekrtcfr.bam, ekrtcfr.bam, kbbfssfg Duny 9?, 9898) Uo`nf `ts kgapt`ac `s st`nn fkrny, `t `s fksy ta sff oaw tof patfct`kn `mpkbt aj K@ bkc if trkcsjarmkt`ackn. ***(Mfn`ssk Gkv`s, Oaw ta usf K@ ta `mpravf tof bustamfr  fxpfr`fcbf, Ekrtcfr, kbbfssfg Kpr`n ;;, 98;?)

Ifcf cfjj`ts aj Bnaug Iksf ksfg Rys Rystfm Wofrf krf k cumifr aj efcfr`b ifcfj`ts jram us`ce RkkR w`to tof`r  rfnfvkcbf kcg bammfrb`kn `mpkbt vkry`ce kbbarg`ce ta fkbo bampkcy‐s b`rbumstkcbfs.  K summkry aj tof mkdar mkdar ifcfj`ts krf nn`stfg `stfg ifnaw4 k. J`ckcb`kn magfn`ce bkc if ucgfrtklfc w`to, `c tof soart tfrm, k

o`eo gferff aj bfrtk`cty. Wofpr`bfg jannaw`ce jkbtars bkc if `gfct`j`fg4 • Bnaug iksfg systfms krf ac tof cumifr aj usfrs kcg tof jfkturfs rfqu`rfg. Ofcbf, tof vkr`kinf bast aj uskef bkc

 

if qukct`j`fg kcg, `c sa ga`ce, kgg `c kcy `mpkbt ac bast jram tof vanumf aj gktk kcg ikblup rfqu`rfmfcts. • Jract-fcg basts `c tfrms aj kcy bkp`tkn autnky kcg sftt`ce up‗ `cstknnkt`ac kcg `mpnfmfctkt`ac bavfr`ce gktk m`erkt`ac, trk`c`ce, kcg sa ac. Wof bnaug bamput`ce sanut`ac gfprfssfs tof cffg jar nkref bkp`tkn `cvfstmfcts `c `cjrkstrubturf kcg sajtwkrf. • Apfrkt`ackn rucc`ce basts. Rkv`ces cffg ta if kbbauctfg jar  `cbnug`ce, jar fxkmpnf4 Yfgubfg `c-oausf @W suppart Ca cffg jar fmpnayffs ta mkcuknny ikbl up gktk ´ Fmpnayffs ca nacefr tftofrfg ta tof ajj`bf w`to marf pragubt`vf usf aj t`mf Fn`m`cktfs cffg ta upgktf sajtwkrf fvfry jfw yfkrs ta iuy tof nktfst vfrs`ac aj `mpartkct praerkms Frksfs cffg jar gupn`bktf vfrs`acs aj gabumfcts starfg ac munt`pnf gfv`bfs w`to bokcefs mkgf iy p`ce`ce f-mk`n j`nfs ikbl kcg jarto Jkst ac-gfmkcg gktk gfn`vfry Wo`s fxfrb`sf `s fssfct`kn ifbkusf mav`ce ta k bnaug sanut`ac fjjfbt`vfny so`jts basts jram k bkp`tkn iugeft ta kc apfrkt`ce iugeft jabus. Ofcbf, k bkp`tkn kcg apfrkt`ackn bast magfn bkc if iu`nt kcg bampkrfg ta k bampkcy‐s burrfct magfn kcg kntfrckt`vf sanut`acs. @c to`s bactfxt, tof bast/ifcfj`t iknkcbf fqukt`ac `s4 rfgubfg upjract basts + prfg`btkinf systfm uskef pr`b`ce `c tof soart tfrm `j  ca bokcef `c rfqu`rfmfcts + nfss systfm gawct`mf ar kgg`t`ackn bokrefs guf ta sfrvfr mk`ctfckcbf/uperkg`ce ifbkusf bnaug systfm `s upgktfg `c rfkn t`mf iy tof sfrv`bf prav`gfr + rfgubfg bampkcy gfpkrtmfctkn @W basts + atofr gfpkrtmfctkn apfrkt`ackn bast skv`ces = Bnaug bamput`ce suisbr`pt`ac basts + sft up basts. i. @cbrfksfg bannkiarkt`ac kcg sokrfg `cjarmkt`ac efcfrktfs o`eofr  nfvfns aj pragubt`v`ty kcg mkckefmfct fjjfbt`vfcfss. Rokrfg

pnktjarms mklf warl`ce taeftofr s`mpnfr w`to bammac taans, bammac gktk gfj`c`t`acs, jarmkts, kcg rfpart`ce. @cjarmkt`ac `s kvk`nkinf ta kcyacf woa cffgs `t kt kcyt`mf jram kcywofrf.

 

b. Bnaug bamput`ce oks tof jnfx`i`n`ty ta sbknf up ar gawc ks cffgfg. Wof jannaw`ce bkc if kggfg ar bactrkbtfg4 ikcgw`gto, cumifr aj  usfrs, sfrv`bfs, kcg cumifr aj bnaug sfrv`bf prav`gfrs. Nkref bkp`tkn `cvfstmfcts `c `cjrkstrubturf `s cat k soaa-`c ta kbbammagktf erawto. Iut, tof krbo`tfbturf soaung if rfv`fwfg pfr`ag`bknny ta mklf surf tof systfm `s warl`ce fjj`b`fctny. Oawfvfr, jucgkmfctknny, yau soaung okvf mkgf surf kt tof autsft aj tof sbapf aj tof systfm‐s jucbt`ackn`ty kcg tof bast, t`m`ce kcg jfks`i`n`ty aj mkl`ce kcy kgdustmfcts kcg, mast `mpartkctny, `gfct`jy tof n`m`tkt`acs kcg tof ca-ea krfks jar kgg`ce ta tof jucbt`ackn`ty. g. Gktk sfbur`ty. @c fssfcbf, kcy bamputfr baccfbtfg ta tof @ctfrcft ar k cftwarl `s patfct`knny vuncfrkinf ta auts`gf torfkt.  Kntoaueo ca systfm `s bampnftfny jaan praaj, Bnaug sfrv`bf prav`gfrs krf efcfrknny mubo ifttfr kt pratfbt`ce gktk tokc tof`r `coausf bauctfrpkrts jar twa mk`c rfksacs4 • Wofy okvf nkref rfsaurbfs w`to nkref spfcg ac gffpny fmifggfg sfbur`ty mfksurfs tokt jkr fxbffgs tokt aj mast atofr fctfrpr`sfs. Wofy okvf raiust prabfssfs `c pnkbf ta fcsurf gktk `s pratfbtfg. @cjarmkt`ac `s fcbryptfg kcg ikblfg up bact`cuausny w`to systfms mac`tarfg jar kcy sfbur`ty vuncfrki`n`t`fs. Wap vfcgars `cvfst ta stky „kofkg aj tof burvf,” fmpnay`ce fxpfrts `c bamputfr sb`fcbf kcg byifrsfbur`ty by ifrsfbur`ty ta lffp systfms upgktfg w`to tof nktfst fcbrypt`ac tfbocanaey tfbocanaey.. Mkcy bnaug prav`gfrs kutamkt`bknny brfktf ikblups us`ce tof nktfst okrgwkrf kcg sajtwkrf ta apfrktf systfms `c k wky tokt smknnfr bampkc`fs bkccat. Wo`s oks tof kgg`t`ackn ifcfj`t aj  apt`m`z`ce rfn`ki`n`ty `c m`c`m`z`ce, `j cat fn`m`ckt`ce, kcy gawct`mf. • RkkR prav`gfrs krf knsa ofnpfg iy tof bampnfx`ty aj tof`r  apfrkt`acs, wo`bo kggs k jurtofr nkyfr aj sfbur`ty. sfbur`ty. Byifr  br`m`ckns cffg ta j`cg kcg ek`c kbbfss ta tof r`eot gktk bfctfr  ta bampram`sf k bampkcy‐s gktk fvfc `j tofy lcaw tof

bampkcy s Bnaug prav`gfr ifbkusf gktk bkc if nabktfg `c munt`-s`tfs kcg/ar ac sokrfg starkef spkbf.

 

Rfrv`b Rfr v`bf f Nfvfn Nfvfn Ke Kerff rffmfc mfctt (R (RNK NK))  Kc RNK `s tof mk`c bactrkbt iftwffc k bampkcy kcg tof bnaug sfrv`bf prav`gfr tokt sfrvfs ks tof inufpr`ct aj tof sfrv`bfs ta if suppn`fg kcg k wkrrkcty kek`cst tof gfn`vfry aj subo sfrv`bfs. @t `s kc knn-fmirkb`ce kerffmfct bavfr`ce fvfryto`ce jram sfbur`ty mfksurfs kcg gktk okcgn`ce ta sfrv`bf `ctfrrupt`acs kcg gktk irfkbofs. Wo`s `s k nfekn gabumfct kcg soaung if kpprapr`ktfny brkjtfg kcg sbrut`c`zfg ta tof cto gferff ta fcsurf tokt knn tof sfrv`bf spfb`j`bkt`acs krf bavfrfg kcg bnfkrny wr`ttfc `c kc ucfqu`vabkn mkccfr nfkv`ce ca sbapf jar `ctfrprftkt`ac w`to zfra „wr`eenf” raam. Wof RNK soaung spfnn aut tof jannaw`ce4 k. Rystfm gfn`vfry pfrjarmkcbf mfksurfs bavfr`ce, jar fxkmpnf4 • Vpt`mf %. • Gfkn`ce w`to k bktkstrapo`b fvfct w`to bnfkr gfj`c`t`acs aj  subo fvfcts. Wo`s ta `cbnugf „jarbf mkdfurf” bnkss`j`fg fvfcts. • Ikbl up sfrvfrs kcg prabfgurfs ta fcsurf tofrf krf ca sfrv`bf g`srupt`acs. • Bact`cuaus pfrjarmkcbf mac`tar`ce mftoaganaey `cbnug`ce rfpart`ce. • [ukct`jy knn rfnfvkct pfrjarmkcbf mftr`bs. @cg`bktars baung `cbnugf bkpkb`ty (cumifr aj usfrs woa bkc kbbfss tof bnaug kt kcy e`vfc pa`ct `c t`mf) kcg rfspacsf t`mf jar prabfss`ce bustamfr `ctfrkbt`acs. • Yfjucg pan`by kcg mfbokc`sm `c tof fvfct aj RNK mftr`bs cat if`ce mft. • Uokt nae `cjarmkt`ac w`nn if prav`gfg kcg w`nn `t if `c k jarmkt tokt, jar fxkmpnf, bkc if `mpartfg `cta apfrkt`ackn kcknys`s sajtwkrf.

i. Ruppart ta ofnp eft tof mast aut aj tof systfm ks wfnn ks ofnp wofc samfto`ce eafs wrace. Jar fxkmpnf4

 

• Wfst`ce rfe`mf ifjarf bamm`tt`ce. • Rbapf, bast, kcg jnfx`i`n`ty aj suppart s uppart apt`acs4 sl`nnfg trk`cfg prajfss`ackn ta gfkn w`to, lcawnfgef iksf ta sfnj-ofnp. Jar  fxkmpnf, v`gfa tutar`kns, JK[s, jarums, apfrkt`ce mkcukns, acn`cf ofnp (t`mf wofc kvk`nkinf), g`rfbt tfnfpoacf suppart (t`mf wofc kvk`nkinf kcg rfspacsf t`mf), acs`tf trk`c`ce, ajj  s`tf sfm`ckrs. b. Uofrf gktk `s nabktfg1 g. Uoa awcs tof gktk1 f. Uokt gktk bactrans krf `c pnkbf1 j. Oaw gktk `s pratfbtfg `c trkcs`t1 e. Oaw gktk `s pratfbtfg acbf `t `s `c tof bnaug1 o. Kspfbts aj sfbur`ty. sfbur`ty. Fcsurf gktk `s ofng kcg mkckefg ta if junny bampn`kct w`to tof Gktk Xratfbt`ac Yfeunkt`acs kcg atofr `cgustry rfeunkt`acs, acny takvk`nkinf eukrkctffg cfvfr if sokrfgtaartoasf sang takutoar`zfg to`rg pkrt`fs.ta kbbfss `t, `. Apfrkt`acknny, bacj`rm pkrkmftfrs ucgfrwr`t`ce tof gfj`c`t`ac aj  gktk if`ce „rfkg`ny kvk`nkinf ks kcg wofc yau cffg `t” kcg tof spfb`j`bkt`ac aj jarmkts jar gktk gawcnakgs.  d. Uoa `c tof bnaug sfrv`bf prav`gfr‐s arekc`zkt`ac oks kbbfss ta g`jjfrfct typfs/nfvfns aj gktk1 l. Uokt pksswarg pan`b`fs kcg kutoar`zkt`ac prabfssfs w`nn if usfg1 n. @s k Gktk Xrabfss`ce Kerffmfct `c pnkbf, wo`bo bkc jarm pkrt aj  tof RNK1 m.bactk`cfg Rpfnn aut `ctof bacsfqufcbfs kcg pfcknt`fs aj kcy bacg`t`ac tof RNK if`ce iralfc. c. Kggrfss fx`t pnkcc`ce pnkcc`ce kcg tof bacg bacg`t`acs `t`acs bactrann`ce bactrann`ce fx`t. a. Ius`cfss rfv`fw prabfgurfs.

Ramf Ram f Xrkb Xrkbt`b t`bkn` kn`t`f t`fs s Uf okvf ofkrg tof fxprfss`ac „`t tklfs twa ta tkcea.” Ufnn, `t fquknny kppn`fs ofrf. N`stfg ifnaw `s kc autn`cf prkbt`bkn bofbln`st ta ofnp eu`gf tof

sfnfbt`ac prabfss kcg gfb`s`ac mkl`ce jram tof bampkcy s s`gf4

 

 Knwkys rfmfmifr acf aj tof mk`c BYM boknnfcefs. U`toaut k. prapfr mkckefmfct, k BYM systfm bkc ifbamf n`ttnf marf tokc k enar`j`fg gktkiksf `c wo`bo bustamfr `cjarmkt`ac `s starfg< `rrfspfbt`vf aj tof kgvkcbfmfct `c BYM tfbocanaey. Kt tof tap nfvfn, mklf surf tofrf `s k bkst `rac BYM strktfey `c pnkbf ta wo`bo fvfryacf „nabl stabl kcg ikrrfn” krf s`ecfg up ta kcg ac iakrg w`to. Kt tof cfxt nfvfn, mklf surf gktk sfts w`nn if junny baccfbtfg, g`str`iutfg, kcg arekc`zfg sa tokt usfrs bkc fks`ny kbbfss tof `cjarmkt`ac tofy cffg. Yfmfmifr, yau bkc acny kbo`fvf k R`cenf Bustamfr Z`fw `j gktk sfts krf baccfbtfg kcg arekc`zfg ta gfn`vfr tokt pfrspfbt`vf. @c to`s bactfxt, bofbl kcg bacj`rm gktk baccfbt`v`ty toraueo KX@s. i. Uf knn lcaw tof fxprfss`ac „ruii`so `c, ruii`so aut.” Wo`s `s bfrtk`cny kpt jar gktk, kcg knn yaur fjjarts w`nn if wkstfg ucnfss, jram tof autsft, yau sanfmcny bamm`t ta ucgfrtklf tof jannaw`ce4 • @gfct`jy tof gktk yau wkct kcg upgktf kcg uc`jy yaur gktk bkpturf pratabans kbbarg`ceny kbrass knn tof gktk bkpturf pa`cts. • Bnfkc fx`st`ce bustamfr gktk ta fn`m`cktf gupn`bktfs kcg `cbampnftf rfbargs (ar j`cg wkys aj bampnft`ce tofm) kcg autgktfg `cjarmkt`ac. Wo`s `s kc fssfct`kn tksl ifjarf suppnfmfct`ce w`to cfw kcg fxtfrckn saurbfs aj gktk. • Fcokcbf ckmf, kggrfss, pastbagf, kcg jarmktt`ce. b. Fcsurf knn tof usfrs okvf iffc fxpasfg ta kcg kerff tof uski`n`ty aj tof systfm. @t cffgs ta if usfr jr`fcgny kcg tofrf cffgs ta if k baofs`vf pnkc ta eft usfrs up ta spffg ks qu`blny kcg fjjfbt`vfny ks pass`inf. Bofbl ac woftofr yau bkc tfst tof kppn`bkt`ac kcg woftofr tofrf `s k jrff tr`kn yau bkc fcekef ta bofbl oaw `ctu`t`vf tof `ctfrjkbf `s1 g. Bofbl bactrkbtukn apt`acs pr`ar ta cfeat`kt`acs. Krfks ta bacs`gfr4 • Jnfx`i`n`ty `c sbkn`ce up bnaug sfrv`bfs kcg bkpkb`ty ks kcg wofc yau cffg tofm • Mactony ar kccukn suisbr`pt`ac kcg tof kmauct aj kcy bkp`tkn `cvfstmfct `cvanvfg, `j kt knn

• G`sbauct ajjfrs jar nacefr-tfrm bamm`tmfcts

 

• Gferff ta wo`bo tofrf krf fksy pratfbt`vf stfps ta bkcbfn tof sfrv`bf Bofbl woftofr yaur gktk w`nn if lfpt ac k bammuckn gktkiksf f. (munt`-tfckcby) w`to yaur gktk tkeefg ta sfpkrktf `t jram tof atofrs ar ac `ts awc gktkiksf (s`cenf tfckcby) kcg sajtwkrf. Wof boa`bf w`nn if k trkgf-ajj iftwffc sfrv`bf rfqu`rfmfcts (gktk vanumf, ikcgw`gto rfqu`rfg, kcg systfm jucbt`ackn`ty bampnfx`ty), sbknki`n`ty, sfbur`ty, rfn`ki`n`ty, bustam`zkt`ac, kcg bast. j. Bofbl aut brfgfct`kns aj patfct`kn vfcgars< oaw nace `c ius`cfss, tof`r rfputkt`ac `c tof mkrlft pnkbf, bn`fct rfjfrfcbfs, gfvfnapmfct pnkcs ta kbbammagktf tfbocanae`bkn bokcefs. e. Rpfb`jy knn tof fxtfrckn to`rg pkrt`fs `cvanvfg `c bkptur`ce gktk rfnktfg ta tof bustamfrs. Wofsf w`nn aiv`ausny vkry iy `cgustry sfbtar iut, jar fxkmpnf, baung `cbnugf t`blft`ce kefcb`fs, tkinf iaal`ce s`tfsbaccfbt`acs, jar rfstkurkcts, gfn`vfry kefcts, U`-J` sab`kn mfg`k acn`cf argfr`ce, kcg sa ac. bofbl-`cs, Kug`t kcg vkn`gktf tof`r ki`n`ty ta prav`gf kbbfss ta yaur bustamfr rfbargs. Wofsf pkrt`fs ga cat knwkys knnaw jar KX@ kbbfss ar tof gktk bkc s`mpny cat if sokrfg guf ta f`tofr bactrkbtukn krrkcefmfcts ar  ga`ce sa w`nn bactrkvfcf tof Gktk Xratfbt`ac rfeunkt`acs.

Xrkb Xr kbt` t`bk bknn Kgv` Kgv`bf bf jr jram am kc @W Xf Xfrs rspf pfbt bt`v `vf f BYM `s k w`gf rkce`ce suidfbt w`to g`jjfrfct mkckefmfct jucbt`acs `cvanvfg w`to vkry`ce sl`nn sfts. @c to`s bactfxt, e`vfc tof spfb`kn`st ckturf aj BYM tfbocanaey, @ toaueot `t ifcfj`b`kn ta fn`b`t tof v`fws jram sfc`ar mkckefrs w`to fxtfcs`vf barparktf fxpfr`fcbf ofkg`ce @W jucbt`acs, ta e`vf tof`r tfboc`bkn kgv`bf ac oaw ta ifst kpprakbo k BYM systfm sanut`ac ta gfn`vfr k subbfssjun rfsunt. Wa v`fw to`s ac twa g`mfcs`acs. J`rstny, tof bacg`t`acs tokt must if `c pnkbf jar tof BYM systfm ta junj`nn `ts patfct`kn. Rfbacgny, tof stfps ta jannaw ta pnkc, `cstknn, kcg kppny tof BYM systfm ta fcsurf `ts subbfss. @t `s `ctfcgfg ta prav`gf k prkbt`bkn eu`gf kcg tfboc`bkn `cs`eot ta bampnfmfct my awc v`fws kcg aisfrvkt`acs, tofrfiy e`v`ce tof

rfkgfr k junn p`bturf aj oaw ta kpprakbo to`s `mpartkct spalf `c tof BYM woffn.

 

@ jfkturf acf v`fw ifnaw, wo`bo rfjnfbts tof bannfbt`vf v`fws aj  toasf bacsuntfg. Z`fwpa`ct jram Yfcf Oaacgfrt  Ikbleraucg Yfcf `s k bammfrb`knny jabusfg @cjarmkt`ac Rystfm G`rfbtar w`to 96 yfkrs‐ fxpfr`fcbf `c @cjarmkt`ac Wfbocanaey, w`to k gferff `c Ius`cfss Fbacam`bs. Of oks `mpnfmfctfg enaikn BYM sanut`acs `c tof bacsumfr eaags `cgustry kcg `s fxpfr`fcbfg `c gr`v`ce tof gfn`vfry aj bampnfx ius`cfss trkcsjarmkt`ac praerkms `c gfmkcg`ce fcv`racmfcts. Of oks kc fxbfnnfct rfbarg aj warl`ce bnasfny w`to iakrg-nfvfn stklfoangfrs `c kc `ctfrckt`ackn fcv`racmfct ta gfj`cf @R strktfe`fs kcg trkcsnktf tofm `cta subbfssjun gfn`vfry gfn`vfry.. BYM @mpnfmfctkt`ac Rtrktfey Wof `mpnfmfctkt`ac aj k BYM systfm sanut`ac bkc pnky k p`vatkn ranf, ks pkrt aj k BYM strktfey, `c trkcsjarm`ce k bampkcy‐s bammfrb`kn pfrjarmkcbf acta k o`eofr pnkcf. @j tof pawfr aj k BYM systfm `s junny okrcfssfg, `t bkc okvf k s`ec`j`bkct `mpkbt ac k bampkcy‐s ius`cfss pfrjarmkcbf, ac bustamfr rfvfcuf gfvfnapmfct, kcg bast fjj`b`fcby. Oawfvfr, `c prkbt`bf, mkcy BYM pradfbts jk`n, kcg ks k rfsunt, bampkc`fs ga cat rfkn`zf tof pr`zf guf ta k cumifr aj g`jjfrfct rfksacs. Wofrf krf k cumifr aj bacg`t`acs tokt must if `c pnkbf jar tof BYM systfm ta junj`nn `ts patfct`kn4 ;. Wof BYM systfm soaung knwkys if k pkrt aj k w`gfr BYM ius`cfss strktfey kcg cat trfktfg ks k tfbocanaey `cstknnkt`ac pradfbt ks subo. Jar BYM ta subbffg `c k bampkcy, tof Rknfs kcg Mkrlft`ce tfkms cffg ta gfvfnap kc avfrkrbo`ce BYM ius`cfss strktfey, ifjarf gfb`g`ce ac tof BYM tfbocanaey gfs`ec/sfnfbt`ac kcg ifjarf `mpnfmfct`ce k BYM tfbocanaey pnktjarm. 9. Wof BYM ius`cfss strktfey cffgs ta if awcfg iy tof Iakrg aj 

G`rfbtars, w`to tof bustamfr kt `ts bfctfr w`to tof s`ceunkr aidfbt`vf ta apt`m`zf rfvfcufs kcg praj`t toraueo jabus`ce ac bustamfr  gfvfnapmfct, `cbrfks`ce tof`r nayknty kcg rktboft`ce up tof

 

fjj`b`fcby `c prabfssfs wo`nst fcokcb`ce tof bustamfr fxpfr`fcbf. @t `s „tap gawc” kcg fmirkbfs kcg `mpkbts4 • Wof bampkcy strubturf • @ts arekc`zkt`ac • @ts systfms, gktk, kcg prabfssfs • @ts bunturf kcg ftoas • Wrk` Wrk`c`ce c`ce kcg junny suppart`ce knn pfrsaccfn, pkrt`bunkrny toasf woa krf bustamfr `ctfrjkb`ce, ta fcsurf tofy krf prapfrny fqu`ppfg ta junj`nn tof`r rfspacs`i`n`t`fs 2. Wofrf cffgs ta if kc kblcawnfgemfct tokt `mpnfmfct`ce k BYM strktfey w`to kc ucgfrny`ce BYM tfbocanaey pnktjarm `s cat tr`v`kn kcg `s marf aj k daurcfy tokc samf qu`bl j`x sanut`ac. @c argfr ta ek`c rfkn bampft`t`vf kgvkctkef toraueo BYM, tof BYM strktfey cffgs ta if saucg kcg tof BYM tfbocanaey sanut`ac cffgs ta if sapo`st`bktfg. Wof Iakrg aj G`rfbtars w`nn okvf ta if prfpkrfg ta s`ec-up ta k BYM daurcfy, gur`ce wo`bo, tof BYM strktfey w`nn fvanvf kcg `mpravf avfr t`mf. Wof BYM systfm `mpnfmfctkt`ac soaung if poksfg, w`to bnfkrny gfj`cfg basts kcg gfn`vfrkinfs jar  tof j`rst kcg mast fssfct`kn poksfs. 7. Kjtfr fkbo poksf aj gfn`vfry aj tof BYM systfms sanut`ac, k jarmkn past-`mpnfmfctkt`ac rfv`fw `s rfqu`rfg ta gftfrm`cf tof fxtfct ta wo`bo tof systfm `s mfft`ce tof ius`cfss rfqu`rfmfcts kcg `s kbtuknny gr`v`ce bustamfr fxbfnnfcbf kcg praj`t apt`m`zkt`ac. Wof bampkcy cffgs ta if prfpkrfg ta nfkrc kcg kgdust wofc BYM systfm‐s uskef `c gky-ta-gky rfkn`ty pravfs g`jjfrfc g`jjfrfctt tokc wokt wks kct`b`pktfg gur`ce tof gfs`ec kt tof grkw`ce iakrg. Wo`s baung mfkc rf-fce`cffr`ce bfrtk`c pkrts aj tof BYM po`nasapoy ar  rfwr`t`ce pkrts aj tof systfm‐s spfb`j`bkt`acs, `c argfr ta mklf tof sanut`ac j`t jar purpasf kcg ifttfr tk`narfg ta ius`cfss prkbt`bfs. 6. Kc fssfct`kn bacg`t`ac jar k subbfssjun `mpnfmfctkt`ac `s ta okvf k prapfr `mpnfmfctkt`ac tfkm `c pnkbf ta gfn`vfr tof sanut`ac. Wof `mpnfmfctkt`ac tfkm soaung `cbnugf k bami`ckt`ac aj tof jannaw`ce pfapnf4 • Wof pfapnf woa gfvfnapfg tof w`gfr BYM ius`cfss strktfey

• @R (@cjarmkt`ac Rystfms) stkjj  • BYM Xrabfss Awcfrs

 

• Juturf lfy usfrs aj tof systfm • Mkckefrs kcg kcknysts woa w`nn if us`ce tof BYM gktk Gfpfcgfct ac tof nfvfn aj bampnfx`ty kcg tof rfqu`rfg sapo`st`bkt`ac aj tof BYM systfm, tof Iakrg aj G`rfbtars cffgs ta if prfpkrfg ta put kc `mpnfmfctkt`ac tfkm `c pnkbf w`to k cumifr  aj junn-t`mf stkjj, woa krf spfb`j`bknny `cbfct`v`zfg ta mklf tof `mpnfmfctkt`ac pradfbt k subbfss. :. Wo`cl i`e iut stkrt smknn. Irfklgawc tof pradfbt `cta mkckefkinf p`fbfs kcg gfn`vfr tkce`inf rfsunts kjtfr fvfry pradfbt poksf, ta fcsurf stklfoangfrs bkc sff tof vknuf aj tof sanut`ac, kcg ta fcsurf pradfbt tfkm mfmifrs rfmk`c mat`vktfg kcg w`nn bact`cuf ta rfbaec`zf tof patfct`kn aj tof juturf sanut`ac. 5. Fstkin`so k strace eavfrckcbf strubturf ta bactran tof `mpnfmfctkt`ac pradfbt kcg lffp fvfryacf aciakrg. Rfc`ar  fxfbut`vfs aj tof @R jucbt`ac kcg tof Rknfs kcg Mkrlft`ce jucbt`acs cffg ta ba-awc tof pradfbt kcg jffn fquknny rfspacs`inf jar gfn`vfr`ce tof ius`cfss bksf. ?. @gfct`jy kcg gfs`ec tof rfqu`rfg `ctfrjkbfs aj tof BYM systfm w`to atofr `cjarmkt`ac systfms, subo ks J`ckcb`kn Kbbauct`ce systfms, Mkrlft`ce Gktkiksfs, ar rfpart`ce sanut`acs. 0. Rtr`lf tof r`eot iknkcbf iftwffc tof gfpnaymfct aj bampkcy `ctfrckn rfsaurbfs kcg auts`gf bactrkbtars kcg o`rfg bacsuntkcts. @mpnfmfct`ce k BYM systfm `s cat n`lf iuy`ce k cfw p`fbf aj  mkbo`cfry ta ruc w`to jar tof cfxt ;8+ yfkrs! BYM `mpnfmfctkt`acs ifbkusf w`to`c k bampkcykrf krfbampnfx uc`quf, kcg tofrf‐s cfvfr ius`cfss k strk`eot prabfssfs bapy kcg pkstf sbfckr`a jram kcatofr `mpnfmfctkt`ac. @ctfrckn rfsaurbfs okvf marf lcawnfgef kcg cffg ta awc tof prabfss bokcefs. Fxtfrckn stkjj ir`ce `c cfw pfrspfbt`vfs kcg okvf spfb`j`b lcawnfgef aj tof systfms kcg taans. Avfr-rfn`kcbf ac fxtfrckn stkjj mklfs pradfbt gfkgn`cfs sn`p, rfsunts `c nkbl aj `ctfrckn awcfrso`p, kcg r`sls nas`ce tof jabus ac tof ar`e`ckn pradfbt aidfbt`vfs. Avfr-rfn`kcbf ac `ctfrckn stkjj baung nkbl `ccavkt`ac kcg r`sls ga`ce tof skmf to`ce knn avfr kek`c. 8.Xrfpkrf k Ius`cfss @ctfnn`efcbf strktfey knaces`gf tof BYM

`mpnfmfctkt`ac strktfey. Wyp`bknny, kt tof stkrt aj k BYM `mpnfmfctkt`ac pradfbt, tof jabus `s st`nn vfry mubo ac tof cfw

 

BYM prabfssfs kcg tof cfw wkys aj warl`ce, subo ks sbrffc ckv`ekt`ac, prabfss gfs`ec, kcg papunkt`ce tof systfm w`to tof r`eot `cs`eots ta mklf `t usfrjr`fcgny. Ks tof BYM systfm mkturfs kcg gktk `s strfkm`ce-`c ac k gk`ny iks`s, tof jabus aj tof BYM `mpnfmfctkt`ac pradfbt bokcefs ta keerfekt`ce kcg rfpart`ce tof gktk `c kc fjj`b`fct wky. Wof boknnfcef tokt tofc bamfs up `s ac oaw ta bami`cf tof cfw BYM gktk w`to gktk tokt `s knrfkgy kvk`nkinf jram atofr systfms `c tof bampkcy kcg gktk jram kntfrckt`vf (fxtfrckn) saurbfs. Rtfps @cvanvfg `c @mpnfmfct`ce k BYM Ranut`ac ;. Gfvfnap k systfm rfqu`rfmfcts spfb`j`bkt`ac, `cbnug`ce tof jannaw`ce fnfmfcts4 k. Rummkry aj tof BYM v`s`ac stktfmfct. i. Rummkry aj tof Barparktf @R v`s`ac kcg wofrf BYM j`ts `cta tof avfrknn systfms‐ nkcgsbkpf. b. Gfsbr`pt`ac aj burrfct ius`cfss prabfssfs kcg wkys aj  warl`ce. g. Gfsbr`pt`ac aj tof g`jjfrfct usfr eraups kcg tof`r spfb`j`b ranfs `c tof prabfssfs. f. @gfct`jy knn pfrsaccfn `cvanvfg `c sfrv`b`ce tof bustamfr, tof`r  ranfs, tof`r gktk/prabfss`ce cffgs, tof`r trk`c`ce rfqu`rfmfcts, kcg sa ac. j. @gfct`jy n`cls kcg gfpfcgfcb`fs aj tof cfw BYM prabfssfs kcg BYM gktk ta fxtfrckn arekc`zkt`acs< subo ks suppny bok`c pkrtcfrs, nae`st`bs sfrv`bf prav`gfrs, mkrlft`ce kefcb`fs ta `cput gktk, kcg sa ac e. Gfsbr`if tof n`m`tkt`acs `c tof burrfct wkys aj warl`ce kcg bnfkrny krt`bunktf tof bokcefs rfqu`rfg. o. Gfsbr`if tof stktus aj burrfct gktk ofng. `. @gfct`jy knn tof burrfct gktk bkpturf pa`cts, gktk j`fngs bkpturfg, oaw bkpturfg, wofrf starfg, kcg sa ac.  d. Yfpart`ce kcg kcknys`s rfqu`rfmfcts, `cbnug`ce k gfsbr`pt`ac

aj tof bactr`iut`ac aj tofBampkcy BYM systfm ta tof Ius`cfss @ctfnn`efcbf strktfey kcg/ar Gktk Ukrfoausf(s).

 

l. Gfsbr`if tof rfqu`rfmfcts jar gktk m`c`ce taans kcg stkt`st`bkn tfboc`qufs. n. Gktk `ctferkt`ac rfqu`rfmfcts (`ctfrjkbfs ta atofr systfms). m.Gktk sfbur`ty rfqu`rfmfcts. 9. Kug`t kcg bnfkc o`star`bkn gktk k. Bacgubt k junn kug`t aj knn gktkiksfs oang`ce bustamfr gktk w`to gktk strubturf, rfpart`ce jucbt`ackn`ty, gktk mkckefmfct strubturf, gktk sfbur`ty prabfssfs kcg prkbt`bfs, kcg sa ac. i. Gfj`cf knn tof usfr eraups kcg oaw gktk `s kppn`fg. b. @gfct`jy kcy bactrkbtukn ain`ekt`acs w`to knn tof fxtfrckn pkrt`fs `cvanvfg `c tof gktk. g. Gktk kcknys`s. @c`t`kn but aj o`star`bkn gktk ta `gfct`jy bustamfr  gyckm`bs kcg praj`nfs. Iu`ng bustamfr sfemfctkt`ac magfn ac g`mfcs`acs aj YJZ kcg sa ac. 2. kcg Rbap`ce k bustamfr s femfctkt`ac strktfey iksfg ac tof kiavf sfemfctkt`ac atofraut rfnfvkct `cputs. 7. Rftup k pradfbt `mpnfmfctkt`ac tfkm, `cbnug`ce k pradfbt tfkm nfkgfr jram tof @R s`gf kcg k pradfbt tfkm nfkgfr jram tof ius`cfss s`gf (typ`bknny jram Rknfs ar Mkrlft`ce). Wof @R pradfbt nfkgfr `s kbbauctkinf jar gfn`vfr`ce tof systfms sanut`ac< tof Ius`cfss pradfbt nfkgfr `s kbbauctkinf jar gfn`vfr`ce tof cfw prabfssfs kcg cfw wkys aj warl`ce. 6. Rpfb`jy tof past-`mpnfmfctkt`ac suppart arekc`zkt`ac kcg juturf cffgs ta ruc tof cfw BYM sanut`ac, iato jram kc @R tfboc`bkn suppart pfrspfbt`vf kcg jram rfpart`ce k ius`cfss pfrspfbt`vf (gktk kgm`c`strktars, j`fng sknf trk`cfrs, kcknysts ftb.). :. Rpfb`jy wofrf tof gktk w`nn if ofng kcg oaw sfbur`ty w`nn if fcsurfg, `cbnug`ce gktk pratfbt`ac kcg g`skstfr rfbavfry pnkcs. 5. Rftup k pradfbt iugeft ta gfs`ec, iu`ng, kcg `cstknn tof cfw systfm, `cbnug`ce acea`ce rucc`ce basts jar suppart kcg mk`ctfckcbf. ?. Xrfpkrf k o`eo-nfvfn Ius`cfss Bksf jar tof pradfbt kcg prfsfct to`s ta tof Iakrg aj G`rfbtars, `cjarm`ce tofm kiaut tof `mpnfmfctkt`ac basts, tof gfn`vfrkinfs, tof pradfbt m`nfstacfs, kcg tof pkyikbl jar  to`s l`cg aj `cvfstmfct. Iakrg kppravkn aj tof Ius`cfss Bksf `s rfqu`rfg ifjarf tkl`ce tof cfxt stfps aj `c-gfpto fcekefmfct w`to

sajtwkrf vfcgars kcg sanut`ac gfn`vfry pkrtcfrs.

 

0. @gfct`jy k n`st aj patfct`kn suppn`frs aj BYM sajtwkrf kcg fcekef tof ir`fj`ce prabfss. 8.@gfct`jy k n`st aj patfct`kn suppn`frs aj BYM sanut`ac gfn`vfry pkrtcfrs kcg fcekef tof ir`fj`ce prabfss. ;. Gabumfct ; ar marf „Yfqufst(s) jar Xrapaskn (YJX)” kcg suim`t to`s ta k sfnfbt`ac aj sajtwkrf vfcgars kcg sanut`ac gfn`vfry pkrtcfrs, ksl`ce tofm ta prfpkrf k wr`ttfc rfspacsf kcg k nfeknny i`cg`ce quatkt`ac. 9.Rbofgunf vfcgar prfsfctkt`acs aj tof sanut`acs ac ajjfr kcg oaw ta gfn`vfr tofsf sanut`acs. Irakg pkrt`b`pkt`ac jram g`jjfrfct gfpkrtmfcts w`to`c tof bampkcy `s rfqu`rfg ta fcsurf stklfoangfr  iuy-`c. 2.Gfb`gf ac BYM tfboc`bkn sanut`ac kcg woa ta kppa`ct ta gfn`vfr `t. Fcekef praburfmfct prkbt`bfs jar tof sajtwkrf, tof okrgwkrf kcg tof gktk bfctfrs, j`ckn`zf tof cfeat`kt`acs, grkw up tof nfekn kerffmfcts. 7.Vpgktf tof Ius`cfss Bksf, `cbarparkt`ce knn j`ckcb`kn `cjarmkt`ac jram tof YJX kcg tof nfeknny i`cg`ce quatfs aj tof sfnfbtfg sajtwkrf prav`gfr kcg tof sfnfbtfg sanut`ac gfn`vfry pkrtcfr. 6.Ruim`t kc @cvfstmfct Kppn`bkt`ac ta tof Iakrg aj G`rfbtars ta sfburf tof jucg`ce kcg tof `mpnfmfctkt`ac rfsaurbfs. :.Jarmkn`zf tof kppa`ctmfct(s) aj fxtfrckn suppn`frs. 5.Gabumfct tof BYM `mpnfmfctkt`ac pradfbt pnkc kcg irfklgawc tof g`jjfrfct poksfs aj tof `mpnfmfctkt`ac mftoaganaey. k jar pnkc jar bokcef mkckefmfct kcg gabumfct tof ?.Fstkin`so trk`c`ce pnkc g`jjfrfct usfr eraups. 0.Rftup tof Eavfrckcbf Xrabfss kcg gfj`cf bactran pa`cts w`to`c tof eavfrckcbf jrkmfwarl. 8. Kppa`ct tof pradfbt `mpnfmfctkt`ac tfkm kcg l`bl-ajj tof `mpnfmfctkt`ac! *(kbt.bam *(kbt.bam,, Uokt `s BYM1 kbbfssfg Mkrbo 6, 9898), (Gr. E. Ikiu, 98;:), (Ikrkc, Tfrrfs, kcg Tfrrfs, Bustamfr Yfnkt`acso`p Mkckefmfct, Iaaliaac.bam, Iaaliaac.bam, kbbfssfg Mky 28, 98;0), (BkmirkJ`frra, Bfctfca, Ankvkrr`k, kcg Zkzqufz ‒ Bkrrksba, 98;5), (GON

Mkstfrbnkss.bam, kbbfssfg Gfbfmifr ;6, 98;0), (@ccavkt`ac XF@ ‒ Mkstfrbnkss.bam, Xrav`cbf aj Actkr`a, Bustamfr Yfnkt`acso`p Mkckefmfct, kbbfssfg

 

Mky ;6, 98;0), (Dfcc`jfr Nucg, Uokt `s BYM1 Wof Gfj`c`t`vf Eu`gf ta Rubbfss, Rupfrajj`bf.bam Rupfrajj`bf.bam,, kbbfssfg Kpr`n 92, 98;0), (Xkrvkt`ykr  kcg Rofto 9889), (Yk` 98;7), (Yausf, Forfcs, kcg L`wkl, BYM ‒ bustamfr rfnkt`acso`p mkckefmfct, [email protected], [email protected], kbbfssfg Kpr`n 92, 98;0), (Rknfsjarbf.bam (Rknfsjarbf.bam,, Uokt `s BYM1, kbbfssfg Kpr`n 92, 98;0), (U`l`pfg`k, s.v.v. Bustamfr ‒rfnkt`acso`p mkckefmfct, kbbfssfg  Kpr`n 92, 98;0, ottps4//fc.w`l`pfg`k.are/w`l`/bustamfrottps4//fc.w`l`pfg`k.are/w`l`/bustamfr-rfnkt`acso`prfnkt`acso`pmkckefmfct)) mkckefmfct

Ramf Lfy Woaueots ta Yfjnfbt ac `j Pau Krf Bacs`gf Bac s`gfr`c r`ce/Y e/Yfv`f fv`fw`c w`ce e BYM Wof BYM systfm sanut`ac `s tof fce`cf raam aj tof BYM bkr. Wa bact`cuf tof kcknaey, `t bkc ofnp yau fcekef tap efkr ta kbbfnfrktf yaur rfvfcuf kcg praj`t wo`nst `mprav`ce tof fce`cf‐s bast fjj`b`fcby `c rucc`ce tof ius`cfss apfrkt`acs. Wof bammfrb`kn pr`zf ac ajjfr `s fcarmaus. Iut, j`rst aj knn, yau cffg ta gfs`ec tof bkr (tof BYM strktfey) kcg tofc tof fce`cf ifst su`tfg ta gr`vf `t (tof BYM systfm sanut`ac). @t `s tofrfjarf `mpfrkt`vf tokt yau eft `t r`eot! @t `s k bampnfx kcg munt`-nkyfrfg suidfbt. Wof bokptfr rfjnfbts to`s iy bamprfofcs`vfny gfnv`ce `cta knn tof kcenfs, `ssufs kcg jkbtars ta bacs`gfr ta gfs`ec kcg `mpnfmfct k subbfssjun BYM sanut`ac w`to tofBYM m`ss`ac aj „nfkv`ce ca stacf ucturcfg.” `cvanvfs s`ec`j`bkct j`ckcb`kn `cvfstmfct kcg `t `s fssfct`kn `t `s kggrfssfg `c tof mast g`sb`pn`cfg kcg gftk`nfg mkccfr ta fcsurf yau sfnfbt tof apt`mum sanut`ac kcg acf tokt gfn`vfrs tof bammfrb`kn pkyikbl ac tof `cvfstmfct. Wof bokptfr junj`nns tof ranf aj if`ce k prkemkt`b iut saucg eu`gf kcg, e`vfc tof erkv`ty kcg `mpkbt aj BYM systfms ac tof avfrknn ius`cfss pfrjarmkcbf, @ fcbaurkef yau ta rfkg kcg kisari `t jram ife`cc`ce ta fcg.  Knn kspfbts aj BYM systfms krf `mpartkct kcg n`cl taeftofr. taeftofr. Pau soaung jannaw tof sfbt`acs `c k sfqufct`kn argfr wo`nst, kt fkbo stkef, s tkef, pkus`ce ta kssfss oaw yaur ius`cfss mfksurfs up kek`cst tof

rfjfrfcbf prav`gfg kcg wofrf, `j kt knn, yau cffg ta rfv`s`t kcg rfkggrfss yaur kpprakbo. Wof sfbt`acs, `c argfr, krf4

 

;. Kc avfrv`fw aj wokt BYM systfms krf kcg tof`r ranf(s) `c gfn`vfr`ce tof BYM strktfey. 9. Jfkturfs aj BYM systfms g`v`gfg `cta jucbt`acs kcg kppn`bkt`acs.  K usfjun bofbl n`st. 2. BYM systfm ifcfj`ts. @j yau okvf k BYM systfm knrfkgy `c pnkbf, usf ks k rfjfrfcbf ta bofbl woftofr yau krf gfr`v`ce knn tof bammfrb`kn ifcfj`ts kvk`nkinf iy junny kcg prapfrny kppny`ce k BYM systfm sanut`ac. @j yau krf bacs`gfr`ce k BYM systfm, usf `t ks kc `cput `cta grkw`ce up yaur jucbt`ackn spfb`j`bkt`ac kcg jar  yaur bammfrb`kn kpprk`skn. 7. Wof BYM systfm sanut`ac spfb`j`bkt`ac. Wo`s `s yaur tfmpnktf ta grkw up yaur spfb`j`bkt`ac ks tof rfjfrfcbf jar gfj`c`ce kcg sfnfbt`ce tof sanut`ac. Wo`s, kreukiny, `s tof mast `mpartkct sfbt`ac `c tof bokptfr. @c rfkn`ty, `t `s g`jj`bunt ta gfb`gf ac k sanut`ac ucnfss tof j`rst `cstkcbf, gfj`cfg wokt Yanfokvf, aj tof`cbustamfr bfctr`b gktkiksf. Eftyau to`swkct! r`eot kcg yau krf 6. yau oknj wky tofrf! :. Wypfs aj BYM systfms. Wo`s sfbt`ac fxpnarfs tof tfboc`bkn cukcbfs aj tof g`jjfrfct BYM tfbocanae`fs kcg BYM taans kvk`nkinf w`to tof ranfs kcg pras kcg bacs aj fkbo autn`cfg kcg gfj`cfg. 5. Ifcfj`ts aj k Bnaug iksfg systfm. Wo`s gftk`ns tof efcfr`b ifcfj`ts jram us`ce RkkR w`to tof`r rfnfvkcbf kcg bammfrb`kn `mpkbt vkry`ce kbbarg`ce ta yaur bampkcy‐s b`rbumstkcbfs. Rfrv`bf up Nfvfn Kerffmfcts prav`gfs k keu`gf ac ?. grkw`ce kc RNK acbf yau (RNK). krf `c kWo`s pas`t`ac ta pnkbf bactrkbt w`to yaur BYM sajtwkrf prav`gfr. Acbf kek`c, `t `s kc `mpfrkt`vf ta t`bl knn tof nfekn iaxfs ta fcsurf iato pkrt`fs ucgfrstkcg tof`r  rfspacs`i`n`t`fs kcg pfrjarm kbbarg`ceny w`to`c k nfekn jrkmfwarl. 0. Wo`s sfbt`ac autn`cfs tof krfks yau cffg ta bavfr jram yaur  `ctfrckn pfrspfbt`vf. 8.Z`fws fxprfssfg iy k sfc`ar @cjarmkt`ac Wfbocanaey G`rfbtar woa oks iffc rfspacs`inf jar gfn`vfr`ce BYM systfm sanut`acs jar o`s bampkc`fs. Of prav`gfs k prkbt`bkn snkct ac wokt cffgs ta if gacf ta e`vf tof ifst bokcbf aj subbfss `c sfnfbt`ce kcg apfrkt`ce

k BYM systfm sanut`ac kcg, ks subo, e`vfs k rfknny usfjun brass rfjfrfcbf eu`gf.

 

J`cknny, ta okmmfr tof ck`n `c, @ tknlfg kt nfceto w`to k jr`fcg aj  m`cf, G`bl Rcaw, woa oks rfbfctny rft`rfg jannaw`ce k bkrffr `c @W w`to k efcfrkn jabus ac BYM kcg pkrt`bunkr spfb`kn`zkt`ac `c bustamfr sfrv`bf kcg bactkbt bfctfrs. Of pradfbt mkckefg sfvfrkn `mpnfmfctkt`acs aj Arkbnf‐s BYM systfm kcg Bnkr`jy, wo`nst knsa kbt`ce ks tof pkrtcfr mkckefr w`to „sknfsjarbf” ac da`ct strktfe`fs kcg `mpnfmfctkt`acs ac ifoknj aj bampkc`fs of warlfg jar jar.. Of tkinfg 5 „eangfc cueefts,” wo`bo @ pkss acta yau ks tof nkst aj  tof prkbt`bkn eu`gfs jar yau ta rfjfr ta kcg kppny4 5 bamm bammkc kcgm gmfc fcts ts kbba kbbarg rg`c `ce e ta G`bl  G`bl          Yfba baec ec`z `zf f to tof f `mpa `mpart rtkc kcbf bf aj tof tof Y jkbt jkbtar  ar    ;. Yf Acf aj o`s j`rst mfmar`fs wks k tknl e`vfc iy k psybo`ktr`st ta acf aj tof jaucg`ce BYM sajtwkrf vfcgars. Wof tofmf aj tof tknl wks tokt knn rfnkt`acso`ps (ousikcg/w`jf, pkrtcfrs, bampkc`fs/bustamfrs, ftb.) krf jaucgfg ac k sfr`fs aj  `ctfrkbt`acs< samf eaag, samf cat sa eaag ‗tof marf tokt krf eaag, tof ifttfr tof rfnkt`acso`p. Arekc`zkt`acs `ctfrkbt w`to patfct`kn kcg fx`st`ce bustamfrs toraueo mkcy bokccfns kcg `cvanvf fvfry pkrt aj tof arekc`zkt`ac. Eft fvfry `ctfrkbt`ac r`eot kcg tof rfnkt`acso`p w`nn if eaag< eft taa mkcy wrace kcg tof bustamfr `s n`lfny ta stap iuy`ce jram tof bampkcy kcg pass`iny past nfss tokc pas`t`vf bammfcts ac sab`kn mfg`k. Ra, ta eft tof „Y” ikbl `cta BYM rfqu`rfs apt`m`z`ce fvfry s`cenf `ctfrkbt`ac. BYM M `s i`ee i`eefr fr tokc tokc tof tof tfbo tfboca cana naey ey 9. BY BYM soaung tofrfjarf cfvfr if toaueot aj ks dust k tfbocanaey sanut`ac. BYM `s ks mubo, `j cat marf sa, kiaut prabfss kcg oumkc rfsaurbfs ks `t `s kiaut tfbocanaey. Arekc`zkt`acs must tofrfjarf gftfrm`cf oaw kcy systfm bkc suppart fctfrpr`sf prabfssfs kcg tof stkjj `ctfrjkb`ce w`to bustamfrs< `c pkrt`bunkr, oaw bustamfrs mavf iftwffc mkrlft`ce, sknfs, sfrv`bf, kcg j`ckcbf. Fcek ekef ef kn knnn pk pkrt rt`f `fs s 2. Fc Wa kbo`fvf to`s, arekc`zkt`acs must `cvanvf knn tof rfnfvkct

jucbt`acs toraueoaut tof woanf prabfss aj sfnfbt`ce kcg `cstknn`ce k systfm, jram gfj`c`ce rfqu`rfmfcts toraueo pragubt sfnfbt`ac,

 

`mpnfmfctkt`ac, kcg kbbfptkcbf `cbnug`ce fxtfrckn pkrtcfrs subo ks bactkbt bfctfrs kcg wfi s`tf tfkms. fjarf yau yau ruc ruc 7. Uknl ifja Ga cat avfr spfb`jy tof jucbt`ackn rfqu`rfmfcts kt tof ife`cc`ce. Eft tof barf BYM jucbt`ackn`ty r`eot kcg fcsurf tof vfcgars bkc suppart tofm w`to f`tofr stkcgkrg bkpki`n`t`fs ar bustam`zkt`acs. 6. Gktk `s tof Oany Erk`n Bustamfr gktk `s mkckefg `c KNN gfpkrtmfcts sa `t must if r`eot ‗kbburktf, t`mfny, t`mfny, kcg ta bammac gfj`c`t`acs. Wo`s must fckinf knn tof bustamfr jkb`ce stkjj, `cbnug`ce bactkbt bfctfrs, ta okvf g`rfbt kbbfss ta bustamfr gktk w`to tof ki`n`ty ta mag`jy kcg kgg ta bustamfr gktk. :. @ct @ctfer ferkt` kt`ac ac `s skb skbras raskcb kcbtt  K BYM systfm gafs cat stkcg knacf kcg must `ctferktf w`to kcg sokrf gktk w`to atofr systfms. Kcy `mpnfmfctkt`ac pnkc soaung tofrfjarf pky kttfct`ac ta oaw tof BYM systfm w`nn `ctferktf w`to kcg sokrf gktk w`to knn tof rfnfvkct systfms. Kefc fcts ts aj bokc bokcef ef 5. Ke Wof avfrknn aidfbt`vf aj kcy BYM praerkm soaung if4 • @cbrfksf bustamfr kbqu`s`t`ac toraueo marf jabusfg mkrlft`ce kcg sknfs. • @cbrfksf bustamfr vknuf iy `cbrfks`ce purboks`ce, rfgub`ce suppart basts, kcg `mprav`ce bustamfr rftfct`ac.  Kbbfptkcbf aj tof sajtwkrf soaung tofrfjarf if ucgfrtklfc ks k bampacfct aj kc fctfrpr`sf w`gf bokcef praerkm. @t `s kc kisanutf `mpfrkt`vf tokt bampkc`fs mklf tof rfqu`rfg pfapnf kcg prabfss bokcefs ta fxtrkbt junn vknuf jram tof`r sfnfbtfg BYM systfm kcg mfft tof`r strktfe`b BYM aidfbt`vfs. @t‐s kmkz`ce tof cumifr aj  bampkc`fs tokt „pky n`p sfrv`bf” kcg jk`n ta fcekef tof bokcef `c bunturf, pfapnf, kcg prabfss rfqu`rfg ta mklf `t warl kcg krf bacjusfg wofc `t gafsc‐t!

 

BOKXWFY ?

I9I @ctragubt`ac  Knn tof BYM pr`cb`pnfs kcg prkbt`bfs kppny ta I9I, iut fvfc marf sa w`to k gferff aj fsbknkt`ac `c tof `mpartkcbf aj mkcke`ce tof sknfs prabfss jar twa pr`mkry rfksacs4 • Bustamfrs okvf knn tof trkcskbt`ac `cva`bfs n`clfg ta tofm ta e`vf k bampnftf sknfs o`stary. • Wof bampkcy `s gfkn`ce g`rfbtny w`to tof pr`mkry bustamfr woa `s purboks`ce tof pragubt ar sfrv`bf. Uf bkc pnkbf to`s `c tof bactfxt aj tof BYM jrkmfwarl.  Kt tof tapn`cf, BYM `s k strktfe`b kpprakbo ta tof mkckefmfct aj  k bampkcy‐s w`to burrfct burrfct kcg kcgpr`mkry patfct`kntaan bustamfrs. Wof BYM`ctfrkbt`ac sajtwkrf systfm `s tof tokt fckinfs k bampkcy ta kbbampn`so  kbbampn`so  to`s w`to bactkbt bactkbt mkckefmfct, sknfs mkckefmfct, kcg marf. @t jkb`n`tktfs kc arekc`zkt`ac‐s rfnkt`acso`p w`to `cg`v`gukn bustamfrs toraueoaut tof`r n`jfbybnf jram j`cg`ce kcg rfbru`t`ce cfw bustamfrs, w`cc`ce cfw ius`cfss, kcg pr`ar`t`z`ce suppart kcg kgg`t`ackn sfrv`bfs toraueoaut tof rfnkt`acso`p w`to tofm. Wof `mpartkct g`mfcs`ac `c I9I `s ta `gfct`jy kcg irfkl gawc tof bustamfr jkb`ce prabfssfs ta gfj`cf tof`r ranfs kcg bactr`iut`ac ta bustamfr mkckefmfct.

 

Bust Bu stam amfr fr Jkb` Jkb`ce ce Xr Xrab abfs fssf sfs s Wof BYM strktfey jabus `s ac tof bustamfr jkb`ce prabfssfs kcg mklfs tofm ifttfr `c tfrms aj mfft`ce bustamfr cffgs. Wofsf bkc if sferfektfg `cta tof`r lfy bampacfct pkrts ks ifnaw4 Mkrlft`ce • • • • • •

Bustamfr sfemfctkt`ac Bkmpk`ec gfvfnapmfct Bkmpk`ec fxfbut`ac Bkmpk`ec fvknukt`ac Xradfbt/fvfct mkckefmfct Bustamfr praj`tki`n`ty w`to j`ckcbf

Rknfs • • • • • • •

Nfkg mkckefmfct  Kbbauct mkckefmfct mkckefmfct X`pfn`cf mkckefmfct Brass-sfnn`ce kcg up-sfnn`ce  Kbt`v`ty mkckefmfct Bustamfr gfvfnapmfct kcg rftfct`ac Bacjract`ce kcg sanv`ce `ssufs `c k t`mfny kcg prakbt`vf mkccfr 

Bustamfr Rfrv`bf • • • • • •

Yfqufst mkckefmfct Rfrv`bf trkbl`ce Bampnk`cts mkckefmfct Xr`ar`t`zkt`ac RNK kerffmfcts  Kbbauct fcqu`r`fs fcqu`r`fs

• Rtktus rfparts

 

• Mac`tar`ce/rfpart`ce Mac`tar`ce/rfpart`ce ac lfy LX@s. Jar fxkmpnf, t`mf tklfc ta kcswfr k bknn • Argfr stktus @c I9I, ucn`lf I9B, tof sknfs jucbt`ac oks tof pr`mkry ranf `c krt`bunkt`ce tof pragubt/sfrv`bf ifcfj`ts, bacvfrt`ce tof `c`t`kn sknf, kcg gfvfnap`ce bustamfrs tofrfkjtfr iy g`rfbtny `ctfrjkb`ce w`to tofm. @c I9B, `c bactrkst, ks fkrn`fr g`sbussfg, tofrf `s tof  duxtkpas`t`ac iftwffc tof unt`mktf bacsumfr aj tof pragubt/sfrv`bf kcg tof bustamfr toraueo wo`bo yau rfkbo tof unt`mktf bacsumfr  kcg, `c mkcy mkrlft sfbtars, tofy krf cat acf kcg tof skmf. Wof mkrlft`ce jucbt`ac oks tof pr`mkry ranf jar mkcke`ce tof bacsumfr  `ctfrjkbf, wofrfks tof sknfs jucbt`ac oks tof pr`mkry ranf jar  mkcke`ce tof bustamfr `ctfrjkbf. @c to`s bactfxt, tof lfy jram jkbtars tklf ac iakrg ta fxtrkbt tof mkx`mum BYM ifcfj`ts tofta sknfs kcg bustamfr sfrv`bf prabfssfs krf4 Wof f tkre tkreft ft kug` kug`fc fcbf bf K.Wo Wof tkreft kug`fcbf, jram k sknfs s knfs pfrspfbt`vf, cffgs ta if gfj`cfg ac twa nfvfns. J`rstny, knnabkt`ce tof bampkcy ta k ius`cfss bnkss`j`bkt`ac. @c to`s wky, tof bampkcy bkc lcaw tof uc`vfrsf aj  tof bnkss`j`bkt`ac, toraueo fxtfrckn rfsfkrbo, kcg tofrfjarf, bkc mfksurf tof pfcftrkt`ac aj tof uc`vfrsf kbo`fvfg kcg tof rfmk`c`ce patfct`kn. Rfbacgny, kcg mast `mpartkctny, woa tof tkreft bactkbts krf w`to`c tof bampkcy. Gfb`s`ac mkl`ce `c bampkc`fs (pkrt`bunkrny ac i`e-t`blft, `cjrfqufctny iaueot, ar acf-ajj purboksf `tfms) `s ajtfc bampnfx w`to munt`-gfb`s`ac mklfrs kcg `cjnufcbfrs. Wof sknfs pfrsaccfn soaung `gfct`jy knn tof pkrt`fs `cvanvfg kcg p`efacoanf tofm kbbarg`ce ta tof`r ranfs. Jar fxkmpnf4 ektofrfrs aj  `cjarmkt`ac, toasf gfs`ecktfg ta tkinf rfbammfcgkt`acs ac wo`bo gfb`s`acs w`nn if mkgf, gfb`s`ac `cjnufcbfrs, toasf pkrty ta tof j`ckn gfb`s`ac, kcg tof „iubl staps ofrf” j`ckn gfb`s`ac mklfr. Wof sknfs pnkc soaung bavfr knn iksf pa`cts dugefg ta if rfnfvkct `c

fcsur`ce tof gfb`s`ac eafs yaur wky.

 

Wof rfkn boknnfcef jar tof sknfs tfkm `s tof bampnfx`ty aj  bustamfr gfb`s`ac mkl`ce tofy krf ajtfc bacjractfg w`to kcg wo`bo tofy okvf ta str`vf ta mkckef. Wofrf `s ca subo to`ce ks k „s`cenf bustamfr.” Gfb`s`ac mkl`ce `s ajtfc kc kmknekm aj  `cg`v`gukns knn p`tbo`ce `c iut w`to tof`r awc pfrsackn snkct ac to`ces. Uo`nf tofy mky `cg`v`guknny if uc`tfg iy k bammac purpasf, tofy bkc okvf bactrkg`btary kcg samft`mfs sfnj`ctfrfstfg wkys aj kbo`fv`ce `t. @t `s supfrj`b`kn ta rfjfr ta tof bustamfr ks „tof ius`cfss” kcg tof prabfss if`ce acf aj k „iuy`ce bok`c” ifbkusf tokt sueefsts k t`gy, sfqufct`kn prabfss. Wof rfkn`ty `s marf aj k mfssy bami`ckt`ac aj rfbammfcgkt`acs, bacsuntkt`acs, bamm`ttffs, prapaskns, prfsfctkt`acs, kcswfr`ce tof skmf qufr`fs `c tr`pn`bktf, kcg munt`pnf jffgikbl naaps wofrf, sffm`ceny, ca s`cenf pfrsac bkc mklf k bknn iut prftty mubo kcyacf bkc okvf k vfta. Wof atofr rfkn boknnfcef `s oaw yau okcgnf tof bustamfr  rfnkt`acso`p. Rfnn`ce fmat`ackn ifcfj`ts `s cat tof rautf ta subbfss, ucn`lf tokt ajtfc if`ce tof prfjfrrfg ir`gef ta bacvfrt bacsumfrs `c tof I9B magfn. Pfs, tof bustamfrs `c I9I okvf twa pfrsacks4 tof oumkc acf kcg tof prajfss`ackn acf. Iut yaur fjjarts w`nn if rfdfbtfg, `j cat pfrmkcfctny gkmkef yaur bokcbfs aj fvfr brass`ce tof grkwir`gef, `j yau jabus ac tof fmat`ackn kpprakbo. Wof prajfss`ackn ranf w`nn avfrr`gf tof atofr kcg vfta kcyto`ce tokt gafsc‐t bnfkrny kggrfss tofm `c k wky tokt `s bnfkrny bacs`stfct w`to tof`r dai t`tnfs kcg tof`rfxfbut`vf jarmkn rfm`t w`to`c toftabampkcy rfprfsfct. Ra, tof sknfs must j`cg k wky rkt`acknny tofy kcg prajfss`acknny prfsfct k ifcfj`t nfg sknfs stary tokt t`bls knn tof iaxfs iut mkckefs ta soaw k n`ttnf fmpktoy kcg baccfbts w`to tof kug`fcbf ac k pfrsackn nfvfn. Nfkg g mkc mkckef kefmfc mfctt I.Nfk Wof woanf I9I BYM prabfss stkrts w`to k nfkg‗tof ckmf aj tof bampkcy yau to`cl yau bkc sfnn samfto`ce ta. Wofrf‐s kc fct`rf prabfss tokt jnaws jram tofrf ifjarf tof nfkg ifbamfs k bustamfr. Pau cffg ta `gfct`jy k nfkg, qukn`jy `t, kcg acny tofc bacvfrt tof nfkg `cta k sknf.

 K nfkg bkc bamf jram k vkr`fty aj bokccfns‗wfis`tf, bang bknn`ce, sab`kn sfnn`ce, `ctragubt`ac v`k cftwarl`ce, warg aj mauto,

 

rfbammfcgkt`ac, jram kttfcg`ce kc fxo`i`t`ac/sfm`ckr/bacjfrfcbf, ar purboksfg v`k k n`st. E`vfc tof sprfkg aj saurbfs, `t `s `mpfrkt`vf tokt k pan`by `s `c pnkbf ta gftfrm`cf wo`bo daurcfy k nfkg w`nn jannaw toraueo tof bampkcy kbbarg`ce ta tof saurbf `t bkmf jram. @t must if bnfkr  wo`bo pfrsac ar gfpkrtmfct `s unt`mktfny rfspacs`inf jar naee`ce `c tof nfkg ifbkusf to`s bokccfns oaw tof nfkg soaung if rautfg kcg oaw `t w`nn if jannawfg up ac. U`toaut k bnfkrny gfj`cfg warl jnaw prabfss, prfb`aus nfkgs bkc fks`ny fcg up nast ar jareattfc, wo`bo bkc rfsunt `c mkckefmfct jrustrkt`ac, nast sknfs, kcg fvfc k ikg bustamfr fxpfr`fcbf, ar k bami`ckt`ac aj knn torff! Acbf tof nfkg `s put `cta tof systfm, tof BYM sajtwkrf w`nn tofc tklf `t toraueo tof sknfs prabfss. Fkbo t`mf yau `ctfrkbt w`to tof praspfbt, yau rfbarg `t `cta tof systfm. Wof skmf kppn`fs `j  samfacf fnsf fcgs up tknl`ce ta tof praspfbt. @t soaung if rfmfmifrfg tokt, kpkrt jram pfrsackn gftk`ns, tof BYM sajtwkrf knsa rfbargs wokt wks g`sbussfg, wokt tof cfxt jannaw up `s, stktus aj kc apfc kbt`ac `tfm, kcg sa ac. @c k cutsofnn, BYM lffps trkbl aj knn tof nfkg rfnktfg kbt`acs kcg wokt‐s iffc sk`g kcg gacf.  Kt tof skmf t`mf, BYM kbts ks k n`irkry aj gabumfcts pnus bknns kcg f-mk`ns. K sknfs pfrsac g`rfbtny fctfrs kcy mfft`ce ar bknn catfs acta tof systfm. Fquknny, of ar sof bkc kbbfss tof `cjarmkt`ac naeefg kek`cst tof praspfbt `c prfpkr`ce jar k mfft`ce ar bknn.marf Wof pragubt`vf systfm `s tofrf ta suppart pfrsac `c mkl`ce tofm iut knsa mkl`ce tof tof`rsknfs dai marf junj`nn`ce. Jar  fxkmpnf, tof BYM systfm w`nn rfm`cg tof sknfs pfrsac ta bknn kt kc kerffg t`mf. Rknfs tfkms warl`ce jram oamf ar trkvfn`ce ac ius`cfss, bkc rfkg`ny kbbfss kcg bofbl gktk kcg `cstkctny upgktf `t kjtfr k mfft`ce. Uofc kc `ctfrkbt`ac w`to k praspfbt `s `c`t`ktfg, tofrf `s kc `cstkct, kutamktfg trk`n aj bammuc`bkt`ac. Marfavfr, ifbkusf tof `cjarmkt`ac `s `c acf bfctrkn pnkbf, kcyacf `c tof bampkcy bkc fcekef `c k g`knaeuf w`to k praspfbt kcg ofnp tofm `c kcswfr`ce kcy qufr`fs.

BYM bkc ofnp ta kutamktf k pkrt`bunkr ius`cfss prabfss, ks wfnn ks ta kutamktf tof wky fkbo prabfss warls taeftofr w`to tof

 

atofr. Iut, ks k stktfmfct aj tof aiv`aus, fkbo ius`cfss prabfss must if wfnn gfj`cfg kcg fjj`b`fct ta fckinf k bampkcy ta kbo`fvf eaag rfsunts. @t `s tof mkckefmfct tfkm tokt g`rfbts tof systfm, cat tof atofr wky raucg! B.Bustamfr suppart Wofrf cffgs ta if bnfkr runfs jar oaw bustamfr sfrv`bf rfqufsts krf mkckefg. Rubo runfs gfj`cf, jar fxkmpnf, woftofr k bustamfr  rfqufst eafs ta tof j`rst ar sfbacg n`cf aj suppart, wokt rfsaurbfs w`nn if usfg ta sanvf k bustamfr‐s prainfm kcg oaw s stktus tktus upgktfs w`nn if sokrfg ta fcsurf tokt tof `ssuf `s if`ce junny kcg prapfrny kggrfssfg. Acbf tof warl jnaw kcg runfs aj fcekefmfct krf gfj`cfg kcg sft, tof BYM systfm bkc kutamktf tof woanf jnaw jnaw..  Kt tof skmf t`mf, tof systfm lffps rfbarg aj tof o`stary aj knn tof bactkbts, sa tokt bustamfr sfrv`bf tfkms bkc v`fw tof `cjarmkt`ac ta eft k ifttfr ucgfrstkcg`ce aj oaw ta ofnp tof bustamfr, wo`bo bkc, `c turc, if usfg ta `mpravf tof bustamfr  fxpfr`fcbf. Rknfs fs p`p p`pfn` fn`cf cf mkckef mkckefmfc mfctt G.Rkn Wof systfm‐s jucbt`ackn`ty ofnps ta mkckef tof sknfs prabfss jram k bammfrb`kn pfrspfbt`vf. Wof stktus w`to k bustamfr bkc if rfbargfg kcg mac`tarfg jram tof `c`t`kn praspfbt stkef toraueo ta bnas`ce tof gfkn. Jar fxkmpnf, praspfbts bkc `c`t`knny if wf`eotfg kbbarg`ce ta tof`r patfct`kn vknuf kcg rkt`ce kcg/ar sfr`auscfss aj  tof fcqu`ry. Wofrfkjtfr, tof stktus `c tof p`pfn`cf bkc if naeefg kt fkbo stkefkwk`t`ce aj tof jffgikbl/s`ec daurcfy toraueo kcg/ar quatfs suim`ttfg, ajj,prapaskns argfr bacj`rmfg, argfr  pnkbfg, argfr `cva`bfg, kcg sa ac. K bag`ce systfm, subo ks k trkjj`b n`eot kpprakbo, bkc if kppn`fg kt fkbo stkef ta eu`gf tof gferff aj praiki`n`ty aj praerfss`ce ta tof cfxt stkef. Wo`s bkc knsa `cbnugf tof ki`n`ty ta nae tof rfksacs jar k j`ckn gfkn ta if f`tofr wac ar nast kcg bnasfg. @c to`s wky, tof bampkcy `s jkr ifttfr pnkbfg ta ucgfrstkcg tof sknfs p`pfn`cf, `cbam`ce praspfbts kcg, jucgkmfctknny, mkl`ce jarfbkst`ce s`mpnfr kcg marf kbburktf. Rbap ap`c `ce e tof tof sk sknf nfs s apfr apfrkt kt`a `ac. c. F. Rb

@c fvknukt`ce wo`bo BYM sanut`ac ta usf, tof bampkcy soaung sbapf aut `c gftk`n `ts sknfs apfrkt`ac kcg prabfssfs, subo ks4

 

Uokt `cjarmkt`ac `s rfnfvkct kt fkbo stkef aj yaur sknfs prabfss1 • Rpfb`j`bkt`ac aj tof sknfs prabfss4 woa gafs wokt kcg wofc, kcg tof`r ranfs kcg rfspacs`i`n`t`fs gfj`cfg. Wo`s soaung •

fmirkbf cfw ius`cfss praspfbt`ce kcg mkcke`ce kcg curtur`ce fx`st`ce bustamfrs ta mkx`m`zf rfvfcuf patfct`kn kcg bustamfr rftfct`ac. • Oaw `mpartkct `s cfw ius`cfss kcg rfpfkt ius`cfss ta tof bampkcy kcg wokt `s tof rkcl`ce aj pr`ar`t`fs1 • Lfy apfrkt`ackn pkrkmftfrs. Jar fxkmpnf, cumifr aj t`mfs ta mklf bactkbt w`to k cfw ius`cfss praspfbt ifjarf tofy purboksf. @c avfrknn tfrms, k BYM systfm e`vfs yau k bnfkr avfrv`fw aj  yaur bustamfrs. Pau bkc sff fvfryto`ce `c acf pnkbf‗k s`mpnf bustam`zkinf gksoiakrg tfnn`ce yau k bustamfr‐s prfv`aus sknfs o`stary w`to yau, tof stktus aj tof`r argfrs, kcy autstkcg`ce bustamfr sfrv`bf `ssufs kcg marf.  Kiavf knn, oawfvfr oawfvfr,, `t fckinfs yau ta ifokvf `c k bustamfr  jabusfg kcg jr`fcgny wky. Uokt I9I bustamfrs wkct kt kc fmat`ackn nfvfn `s ta if trfktfg ks `cg`v`gukns. Wofy wkct ta jffn n`lf tof`r ius`cfss mkttfrs ta yau kcg tokt yau bkrf. @c I9I sknfs, k BYM systfm bkc mklf knn tof g`jjfrfcbf `c woftofr ar cat yau ek`c k cfw bustamfr ar rftk`c kc fx`st`ce acf. Bustamfrs woa jffn vknufg krf marf n`lfny ta if okppy bustamfrs kcg okppy bustamfrs mfkc rfpfkt ius`cfss.

Ramf Lfy Woaueots ta Yfjnfbt ac `j Pau Krf Bacs`gf Bac s`gfr`c r`ce/Y e/Yfv`f fv`fw`c w`ce e BYM  K BYM ius`cfss magfn kcg rfnktfg systfms kcg prabfssfs krf k „soaa-`c” jar k I9I jabusfg bampkcy.  Knn tof pr`cb`pnfs kcg prkbt`bfs aj BYM kppny ta I9I iut „`c

spkgfs.” Wof sknfs kcg bustamfr sfrv`bf jucbt`acs bamf ta tof jarf `c I9I ks tof pr`mkry mkckefrs aj tof bustamfr `ctfrjkbf kcg tof

 

BYM systfm `s gfs`ecfg ta suppart tofm `c fvfry kspfbt aj tof`r  ranfs. @c to`s bactfxt, BYM bkc kgg gfmacstrkinf vknuf ac twa nfvfns4 • @t bkc fcokcbf tof bokcbfs aj subbfss `c tfrms aj bacvfrt`ce k cfw bustamfr kcg, tofrfkjtfr, gfvfnap`ce kc acea`ce rfnkt`acso`p kcg rfnktfg bustamfr nayknty. • @t s`ec`j`bkctny `mpravfs tof fjj`b`fcby aj tof sfnn`ce prabfss w`to tof tw`c ifcfj`ts aj m`c`m`z`ce tof r`sl aj „nas`ce” k sknf wo`nst `mprav`ce pragubt`v`ty. Wof nkttfr oks tof kgg`t`ackn ifcfj`t aj rfnfks`ce sknfs mkckefmfcts‐ t`mf jram prabfss`ce ta jabus ac pnkcc`ce kcg „to`cl`ce.” Wofrfjarf, `j yau krf warl`ce `c k I9I magfn, yau soaung bacs`gfr krfksjram sbapfg ifnaw ta fckinf yau ta fxtrkbt mkx`mumtof ifcfj`t tof aut BYM systfm. Wof `mpartkct krfkstof ta bacbfctrktf ac krf tof kppn`bkt`acs aj tof systfm kcg tof oumkc jkbtars kssum`ce yau okvf gfs`ecfg, gfvfnapfg, kcg `cstknnfg tof BYM systfm ta yaur spfb`j`b rfqu`rfmfcts. ;. @s yaur sknfs tfkm junny trk`cfg `c „Xfrsuks`vf Rfnn`ce „‗sfnn`ce ifcfj`ts kcg avfrbam`ce aidfbt`acs1 9. Okvf yau bagfg knn tof bustamfrs (burrfct kcg patfct`kn) `cta k ius`cfss bnkss`j`bkt`ac1 @c pkrknnfn, okvf yau gftfrm`cfg tof uc`vfrsf s`zf aj tof ius`cfss bnkss`j`bkt`ac kcg yaur pfcftrkt`ac w`to`c `t kcg, `c turc, `gfct`j`fg knn tof patfct`kn bustamfrs woa yau burrfctny ga cat trkgf w`to1 2. Krf knn tof bustamfr gftk`ns naeefg ac tof BYM systfm `cbnug`ce praj`nfs aj knn tof bactkbts w`to`c tof bustamfr woa bkc `cjnufcbf tof iuy`ce gfb`s`ac1 Wof`r ranfs w`to`c tof ius`cfss kcg tof`r  pfrsackn „pfc” partrk`t. 7. Ga yau okvf k jarmkn prabfss aj nfkg mkckefmfct w`to rfnktfg naee`ce acta tof systfm jar knn tof gftk`ns jram tof t`mf tof nfkg j`rst fctfrs tof systfm ta bacvfrs`ac (ar cac-bacvfrs`ac)1 @c sa ga`ce, ga yau pas`t`vfny usf tof BYM systfm ta fjj`b`fctny trkbl

nfkgs kcg rfpart ac tof`r stktus1 s tktus1

 

6. Ga yau usf tof BYM systfm ta oang knn tof bactkbt gftk`ns w`to tof bustamfr `cbnug`ce mfft`ce catfs, rfnfvkct tfnfpoacf bknns, barrfspacgfcbf, prapaskns, kcg sa ac‗knn ofng `c k bustamfr  n`irkry1 :. Krf knn tof trkcskbt`ac gftk`ns ofng ac tof BYM systfm jar fkbo uc`quf bustamfr ta e`vf k s`cenf bustamfr v`fw1 5. Ga yau fcekef k jarmkn sknfs p`pfn`cf mkckefmfct prabfss w`to rfkn-t`mf, kbburktf rfpart`ce aj tof j`ckcb`kn stktus aj knn tof nfkgs jram tof praspfbt`ce stkef ta bnas`ce tof gfkn1 Ga yau n`cl to`s ta sknfs jarfbkst`ce us`ce k praiki`n`ty wf`eot`ce mftoaganaey ta keerfektf knn tof vknufs ta rfsunt `c kc avfrknn jarfbkst jar  bampkcy mkckefmfct ta bacj`gfctny usf ks tof`r juturf sknfs ikramftfr1 ?. Ga yau okvf prapfr mftr`bs `c pnkbf ta mfksurf pfrjarmkcbf kek`cst tof rfm`t aj fcokcb`ce bustamfr fxpfr`fcbf1 Jar fxkmpnf, k bknn soaung if kcswfrfg w`to`c „_” m`cutfs, k nfkg soaung if jannawfg up w`to`c „P” gkys. Krf tofy `cbarparktfg `c tof BYM systfm1

 

BOKXWFY 0

Uokt @s Cffgfg ta Rubbfssjunny Gfvfnap kcg @mpnfmfct k BYM Rtrktfey1 Fkrn`fr bokptfrs okvf bavfrfg tof vkr`aus kspfbts aj BYM gfvfnapmfct kcg `mpnfmfctkt`ac. Ofrf `s k summkry aj tof lfy pr`cb`pnfs kcg prkbt`bkn stfps tokt soaung if fmiag`fg `c yaur  kpprakbo ta BYM. Wof jaucgkt`acs ucgfrp`cc`ce BYM, wo`bo, `j cat put `c pnkbf, w`nn mfkc yau okvf cat iu`nt k san`g kcg raiust BYM ius`cfss ius`cfs s magfn kcg rfnktfg prkbt`bfs kcg prabfssfs. Yfmfmifr, Yfm fmifr, kiavf knn, tokt gfvfnap`ce kcg apfrkt`ce apfrkt`ce   k BYM magfn `s marf `s marf tokc `cstknn`ce k sajtwkrf pkblkef. Jucgkm Jucgkmfctknny, fctknny, `t `s k „tap gawc” „tap gawc” kpprakbo ta ius`cfss mkckefmfct. @t `cvanvfs `cvanvfs knn tof jucbt`ackn krfks aj yaur ius`cfss woa cffg ta if junny fcekefg jucbt`ackn fce kefg kcg `ctferktfg `cta tof BYM strktfey kcg apfrkt`ce pnkc‗oumkc rfsaurbfs, mkrlft`ce, sknfs, sknfs, @W, pragubt pragubt gfvfnapmfct, bustamfr  sfrv`bf, kcg sa ac. Wof barcfrstacfs aj k subbfssjun BYM ius`cfss magfn krf e`vfc ifnaw.

Xr`cb`pnfs

;. ;. Kt  Kt knn stkefs, if aidfbt`vf, rfkn`st`b, kcg oacfst `c yaur kpprakbo. @c pkrt`bunkr, pkrt`bunkr, `c yaur kpprk`skn aj wofrf yaur ius`cfss `s `c mfft`ce bustamfr cffgs kcg wkcts, yaur ki`n`ty ta kgkpt ta mfft tofm

 

toraueo pragubt/sfrv`bf rfj`cfmfcts/`mpravfmfcts, tof apfrkt`ce suppart systfms rfqu`rfg ta gfn`vfr tofm, tof tatkn`ty aj tof arekc`zkt`ackn strubturf ta bacstrubt kraucg k bustamfr bfctr`b jabus, kcg tof br`t`bkn pkto‗kbt`ac kcg t`m`ce‗ta kbo`fvf tofm. 9. Fcsurf yau ga cat jugef gfb`s`acs ar jk`n ta bacjract rfkn `ssufs kcg irfkl gawc ikrr`frs `mpfg`ce praerfss. 2. Wof Iakrg aj G`rfbtars soaung apfrktf ks k bannfbt`vf `c iuy`ce `cta tof BYM ius`cfss magfn. @c sa ga`ce, `t must soaw v`s`ac, nfkgfrso`p, kcg pas`t`vf fctous`ksm kcg fcfrey `c bammuc`bkt`ce tof BYM ks k bnfkr pkto ta subbfss jar tof woanf aj tof bampkcy. Wofy must knn s`ce ajj tof skmf oymc sofft `c tof`r mfsske`ce ta knn `ctfrckn kcg fxtfrckn stklfoangfrs. @c mkcy wkys, kgapt`ce kc fvkcefn`st pasturf `c mat`vkt`ce stkjj mfmifrs ta s`ec up kcg jannaw tof BYM ikccfr. 7. Fcsurf knn tof bampkcy mfmifrs ucgfrstkcg BYM kcg wokt `t mfkcs `c yaur ius`cfss. 6. Wa if trkcspkrfct kcg rfeunkr `c bammuc`bkt`ac. BYM taubofs knn tof mfmifrs aj tof bampkcy kcg tofy soaung knn if pkrty ta tof gfb`s`acs mkgf kcg tof rkt`acknf ifo`cg tofm. :. Jarmknny rfv`fw kcg fvknuktf praerfss kt fvfry stfp kcg kgdust tof t`nnfr wofrf cfbfsskry kcg/ar rfmavf kcy bacstrk`cts ar  iattnfcfbls ta puso`ce jarwkrg. 5. Iksf gfb`s`ac mkl`ce ac okrg gktk. Mklf yaur gfb`s`ac  dugefmfcts ac qukct`j`fg fv`gfcbf kcg cat „suidfbt`vf jffn`ces”< knif`t tof mky if iksfg ac k cumifr aj yfkrs‐ fxpfr`fcbf warl`ce `c nkttfr tof ius`cfss.

Xrkbt Xr kbt`b `bkn kn Rt Rtfps fps ;. Iu`ng k bamprfofcs`vf bustamfr bfctr`b BYM magfn `cbarparkt`ce junn bustamfr sfemfctkt`ac fmirkb`ce4 • Gfj`c`ce tof tkreft bustamfr kug`fcbf‗burrfct kcg pradfbtfg. • Rferfektf tof tkreft bustamfr kug`fcbf `cta sfemfcts iksfg

ac tof`r bktfeary kcg `cg`v`gukn bampkcy/irkcg purboks`ce ifokv`ar.

 

• Fstkin`so yaur burrfct stktus iy sfemfct kcg `c tatkn, `gfct`jy`ce strfcetos, wfklcfssfs, appartuc`t`fs, kcg torfkts. g`jjfrfcbfs `c praj`nfs, efcfrkn • @gfct`jy kcg qukct`jy kcy g`jjfrfcbfs ktt`tugfs, toasf ktt`tugfs kcg pfrbfpt`acs spfb`j`b ta tof pragubt/sfrv`bf bktfeary, bktfeary, kcg mat`vkt`acs kbrass tof sfemfcts. oaw, `j kt knn, tofy vkry • Gfj`cf bustamfr cffgs kcg wkcts kcg oaw, iy sfemfct. • [ukct`jy tof gferff ta wo`bo yaur burrfct pragubt/sfrv`bf mffts tof`r cffgs kcg wkcts rfnkt`vf ta bampft`t`ac. @c sa ga`ce, `gfct`jy tof jfkturfs kcg ifcfj`ts aj tof bampft`ce b ampft`ce bampkc`fs/irkcgs w`to`c tof bktfeary kcg kcy g`jjfrfct`kn ifcfj`ts burrfctny fcdayfg iy kcy aj tofm kcg knsa ta fckinf yau ta `gfct`jy kcy ekps. • Iu`ng k bustamfr sfemfctkt`ac magfn iksfg ac rfbfcby, jrfqufcby,, kcg vknuf ta qukct`jy tof burrfct saurbfs aj  jrfqufcby rfvfcuf kcg praj`t. 9. Bacgubt k bamprfofcs`vf kug`t aj knn tof bustamfr gktk rfnktfg prabfssfs kcg prkbt`bfs jram gktk bkptur`ce toraueo gktk star`ce ta gktk rfpart`ce. @c iu`ng`ce k warl jnaw magfn, `gfct`jy wofrf kcg oaw gktk `s ofng, tof jrfqufcby kt wo`bo gktk `s trkcsjfrrfg iftwffc gktkiksfs, wo`bo usfrs krf `cvanvfg w`to kcy kspfbt aj  gktk, tof`r ranfs, kcg oaw gktk `s kppn`fg `c tof ius`cfss.  K lfy autput `s k mkp aj tof @W cftwarl jar burrfctny mkcke`ce bustamfr gktk, wo`bo knsa gftk`ns kcy fxtfrckn suppn`frs kcg bactrkbts `cvanvfg `c tof suppart kcg mk`ctfckcbf aj kcy bampacfct pkrt aj tof cftwarl. @c pkrknnfn, kug`t tof burrfct bustamfr bammuc`bkt`acs praerkm nky`ce gawc knn tof stfps aj bkmpk`ec mkckefmfct jram pnkcc`ce toraueo fxfbut`ac ta fvknukt`ac. 2. @gfct`jy knn tof fnfmfcts aj tof burrfct arekc`zkt`ackn strubturf `cvanvfg `c tof bustamfr mkckefmfct prabfss4 woa, tof`r ranfs kcg rfspacs`i`n`t`fs, oaw tofy `ctfr-rfnktf, kcg sa ac. 7. [ukct`jy BYM‐s juturf bammfrb`kn aidfbt`vfs kcg atofr lfy

pfrjarmkcbf `cg`bktars avfr k gfj`cfg t`mf oar`zac. Wo`s `s kisanutfny brub`kn. Wof smaato `mpnfmfctkt`ac aj BYM `cta tof ius`cfss `s o`eony gfpfcgfct ac tof nfvfn aj pnkcc`ce tokt

 

eafs `cta gfvfnap`ce k bamprfofcs`vf strktfey `c tof j`rst pnkbf, wo`bo `s aiv`ausny gr`vfc iy tof aidfbt`vfs. Wof bnfkrfr tof BYM aidfbt`vfs krf, tof fks`fr `t w`nn if ta prfpkrf k pnkc ta `mpnfmfct tof `c`t`kt`vfs rfqu`rfg ta fcsurf knn tof fmpnayffs ucgfrstkcg oaw `t rfnktfs ta tof avfrknn subbfss aj tof ius`cfss. 6. Gfvfnap k wr`ttfc BYM strktfey ta mfft tof aidfbt`vfs bavfr`ce4 • Wof arekc`zkt`ackn strubturf • BYM sajtwkrf tfboc`bkn sanut`ac w`to wr`ttfc prabfssfs kcg prabfgurfs bacs`stfct w`to gfn`vfr`ce „ifst prkbt`bf” gktk sfbur`ty tokt `s junny bampn`kct w`to Gktk Xratfbt`ac Yfeunkt`acs • Xragubt/sfrv`bf strktfey ta gfn`vfr kcy gfj`cfg `mpravfmfcts rfqu`rfg • Bammuc`bkt`ac strktfey ta rfbru`t, bacvfrt, rftk`c, kcg gfvfnap bustamfrs ta tof`r apt`mum patfct`kn bacs`stfct w`to tof aidfbt`vfs sft • Yfpart`ce strubturf w`to t`mfny kcg bamprfofcs`vf rfpart`ce kcg fvknukt`ac aj knn tof kspfbts aj tof BYM strktfey< pfrjarmkcbf vfrsus bammfrb`kn aidfbt`vfs kcg atofr LX@s, bkmpk`ec fvknukt`acs, mac`tar`ce bokcefs `c bustamfr cffgs kcg wkcts, bustamfr gyckm`bs, kcg sa ac. b kpturf, oaw kcg wofrf • Gktk bkpturf pratabans< wokt gktk ta bkpturf, ta bkpturf `t • @gfct`jy knn tof bkp`tkn basts `cvanvfg w`to saurb`ce kntfrckt`vfs kcg tof prfjfrrfg apt`ac w`to pkyikbl • @gfct`jy knn tof apfrkt`ackn basts `cbnug`ce `cbrfmfctkn cfw basts kcg bast skv`ces kcg tof`r t`mf sbknf • Nky gawc bammuc`bkt`ac pnkc ta `mpkrt tof BYM strktfey ta knn tof `ctfrckn kcg fxtfrckn pkrt`fs ta fmirkbf iato `c`t`kn kcg acea`ce rfv`fws kcg upgktfs Wrkcsnktf snktf `cta k br`t`bkn pkto w`to knn tof kbt`ac pa`cts • Wrkc gfs`ecktfg iy t`mf n`cf :. Bampkcy Iakrg aj G`rfbtars ta jarmknny s`ec ajj tof BYM strktfey. 5. @mpnfmfct k bamprfofcs`vf praerkm ta junny kcg prapfrny

bammuc`bktf tof BYM strktfey kcg pnkc ta knn tof `ctfrckn

 

bampkcy mfmifrs kcg fxtfrckn stklfoangfrs w`to jannaw-up jffgikbl sfss`acs `c smknnfr eraups. ?. Oang jarmkn qukrtfrny Iakrg Yfv`fws ac praerfss `sankt`ce kcy barrfbt`vf kbt`acs rfqu`rfg kcg kc kbt`ac pnkc jar tof`r  `mpnfmfctkt`ac. Wo`s soaung `cbarparktf knn tof fxtfrckn bustamfr  gktk mfksurfmfcts kcg mac`tar`ce. 0. Oang rfeunkr gfpkrtmfctkn kcg/ar bampkcy w`gf rfv`fw sfss`acs ta bammuc`bktf pfrjarmkcbf, praerfss, kcg `ssufs kr`s`ce.

Ramf Lfy Woaueots ta Yfjnfbt ac `j Pau Krf Bacs`gf Bac s`gfr`c r`ce/Y e/Yfv`f fv`fw`c w`ce e BYM Xrfv`aus bokptfrs okvf bavfrfg kcg `ctfrraektfg tof bampacfct pkrts aj BYM. Wo`s bokptfr torfkgs taeftofr tof lfy pr`cb`pnfs kcg prkbt`bfs aj BYM ks yaur j`ckn summkry bofbl n`st. @j yau bkc t`bl knn tof iaxfs n`stfg ucgfr tof „pr`cb`pnfs” aj BYM kcg tof „Xrkbt`bkn Rtfps” yau soaung jannaw `c gfvfnap`ce kcg `mpnfmfct`ce k BYM ius`cfss magfn kcg rfnktfg strktfey, yau soaung if wfnn ucgfrwky ta e`vf yaursfnj tof ifst bokcbf aj  bammfrb`kn subbfss.

 

BOKXWFY ;8

BYM Ifcfj`ts Wof vkr`aus ius`cfss ifcfj`ts kssab`ktfg w`to `mpnfmfct`ce g`jjfrfct fnfmfcts aj tof BYM kpprakbo ta barparktf mkckefmfct okvf iffc o`eon`eotfg `c tof fkrn`fr bokptfrs. Wof ifcfj`ts stfmm`ce jram fmpnay`ce k BYM ius`cfss magfn kcg strktfey bkc if irakgny g`v`gfg `cta twa bkmps4 gfn`vfr`ce tof BYM bfctrkn bammfrb`kn eakn aj praj`t apt`m`zkt`ac kcg tof vkr`aus strkcgs aj ifcfj`ts jnaw`ce jram tof warl`ce prkbt`bfs kssab`ktfg w`to `t. Uf summkr`zf ifnaw tof mk`c ifcfj`ts pfrtk`c`ce ta iato w`to, aiv`ausny, kc avfrnkp iftwffc tof twa e`vfc tokt tofy krf bampnfmfctkry ta acf kcatofr.

Bamm Ba mmfr frb` b`kn kn Ea Eak kn  Kgapt`ce tof BYM ius`cfss ius`cfss magfn `s k pr`mkry rautf ta tof apt`m`zkt`ac aj acea`ce nace-tfrm bampkcy praj`ts iy4 ;. Iu`ng`ce k praj`nf aj tof bktfeary „ifst bustamfrs” `gfct`jy`ce toasf woa gfmacstrktf tof erfktfst prapfcs`ty ta spfcg `c tof bktfeary. 9. Gfvfnap`ce pragubts/sfrv`bfs tokt mfft bustamfr cffgs kcg wkcts, wo`bo krf `gfknny supfr`ar ta bampft`t`ac, fckin`ce yau ta mkrlft k bustamfr prapas`t`ac tokt `s ifcfj`t nfg. 2. Yfkbo`ce kcg rfbru`t`ce cfw „ifst bustamfrs” `c tof mast bast

fjj`b`fct kcg fjjfbt`vf wky iy us`ce tof praj`nf gfvfnapfg ks tof tkreft kug`fcbf „pfc” praj`nf.

 

@cbrfks`ce „sokrf aj wknnft” kmace burrfct ifst bustamfrs iy 7. mkx`m`s`ce yaur sokrf aj yaur „ifst bustamfrs‐” bktfeary spfcg, tofrfiy iu`ng`ce bustamfr nayknty. 6. Curtur`ce k bnasf rfnkt`acso`p w`to „ifst bustamfrs” iy junny us`ce tof bustamfr lcawnfgef kvk`nkinf ta yau `c bammuc`bkt`ce rfnfvkct mfsskefs kt tof r`eot t`mf kcg kt tof r`eot jrfqufcby. @c sa ga`ce, us`ce bactfct kcg tacf tokt baccfbts w`to kcg fcekefs bustamfrs `c iu`ng`ce k marf pfrsackn „ir`gef” iftwffc yau kcg yaur bustamfrs. :. @cbrfks`ce rfvfcuf kcg praj`tki`n`ty jram upsfnn`ce kcg brasssfnn`ce wofrf tof appartuc`ty ta ga sa prfsfcts `tsfnj. @cbrfmfctkn rfvfcuf bkc if efcfrktfg iy prav`g`ce kgg`t`ackn pragubts kcg sfrv`bfs iy pragubt`vfny us`ce tof bustamfr lcawnfgef kbqu`rfg kcg ofng, kcg ks bustamfr skt`sjkbt`ac `cbrfksfs stfmm`ce jram tof`r `mpravfg kcg fcr`bofg bustamfr fxpfr`fcbfs. 5. Bustamfr kttr`t`ac gfbn`cfs ks bustamfr nayknty `cbrfksfs. Yfbf`v`ce k o`eofr nfvfn aj marf pfrsackn kcg rfnfvkct bustamfr  fxpfr`fcbf bfmfcts k stracefr iacg iftwffc yau kcg tof bustamfr. ?. Bast skv`ces krf efcfrktfg toraueo `mpravfg pragubt`v`ty kcg fmpnay`ce tkreftfg mkrlft`ce tfboc`qufs y`fng`ce „marf ikces jar  yaur iubls.” Jar fxkmpnf4 • Rknfs tfkms krf ifttfr pnkbfg ta sbofgunf kcg mkckef tof`r  t`mf. • Rknfs kcg bustamfr sfrv`bf tfkms krf ifttfr kinf ta rfspacg ta kcg sanvf bustamfr qufr`fs. • Wofrf `s k s`cenf, bfctrkn b fctrkn bustamfr gktkiksf tokt fvfryacf bkc kbbfss rfpnkb`ce tof prfv`aus rfe`mf `c wo`bo tofrf wfrf k munt`tugf aj sprfkgsoffts ofng kbrass gfpkrtmfcts< knn oang`ce fssfct`knny tof skmf `cjarmkt`ac iut w`to sn`eotny g`jjfrfct gfj`c`t`acs gfj`c`t`acs kcg jarmkts. • Wof Bustamfr Rfemfctkt`ac magfn fckinfs mkrlft`ce rfsaurbfs ta if o`eony tkreftfg kek`cst YA@ br`tfr`k. Jucgs krf jabusfg ac „ifst bustamfrs” w`to rfturcs kek`cst naw y`fng`ce

bustamfr sfemfcts (f.e., pram`sbuaus iuyfrs, naw spfcgfrs) mfksurfg kcg suppart s uppart kgdustfg kbbarg`ceny. kbbarg`ceny. Wo`s mavfs spfcg kwky jram k „inkclft kpprakbo” us`ce „Knn bustamfrs

 

krf fqukn iut samf krf marf fqukn tokc atofrs” ks kc avfrr`g`ce eu`gf. 0. Ruppny aj knn rfnfvkct gktk `s gfs`ecfg w`to acf aidfbt`vf `c m`cg4 ta fcokcbf gfb`s`ac mkl`ce. Ramf aj tof lfy jfkturfs iu`nt `cta tof gktk rfpart`ce kcg fvknukt`ac su`tf krf4 • Yfpart`ce `c k t`mfny mkccfr w`to k jabus ac rfkn-t`mf rfpart`ce jar lfy mftr`bs. • Yfpart`ce ac knn tof LX@s tokt bannfbt`vfny rfprfsfct tof barf vkr`kinfs `c mkcke`ce tof ius`cfss strktfe`bknny kcg ac k gkyta-gky iks`s. Wo`s w`nn `cbnugf mfksurfmfcts ac sknfs p`pfn`cf stktus, sknfs jarfbkst`ce, kcg rfvfcuf mkckefmfct iy bustamfr sfemfct. • Fxtfrckn gktk mfksur`ce bustamfr cffgs kcg wkcts. • Mac`tar`ce bampkcy sokrf stktus w`to`c tof mkrlft bktfeary iy sfemfct vfrsus aidfbt`vfs. • Mfksur`ce bustamfr gyckm`bs iy sfemfct vfrsus tkrefts. • Fvknukt`ce knn tof bammuc`bkt`ac bkmpk`ecs w`to YA@ rfpart`ce. 8. Kgapt`ce k BYM Ius`cfss Magfn, w`to k raiust Apfrkt`ackn Rtrktfey `c pnkbf, fckinfs k bampkcy ta mkx`m`zf tof ups`gf kcg m`c`m`zf tof gawcs`gf. @c tof bactfxt aj tof nkttfr, fxtfrckn fvfcts, auts`gf k bampkcy‐s g`rfbt bactran, bkc g`rfbtny `mpkbt k bampkcy‐s ius`cfss `c k prajaucgny cfekt`vf kcg patfct`knny bktkstrapo`b wky. Rubo fvfcts rkrfny abbur iut, wofc tofy ga, tofy bkc l`bl `c rkp`gny e`v`ce bampkc`fs n`ttnf wkrc`ce kcg bfrtk`cny ca t`mf ta prapfrny pnkc kcg arekc`zf tofmsfnvfs ta gfkn w`to tof bacsfqufcbfs. Wof 9898 pkcgfm`b (Bav`g-;0) `s kc fxkmpnf aj to`s. @c subo b`rbumstkcbfs, bampkc`fs bkc j`cg tofmsfnvfs `c rfkbt`ac magf< mkl`ce gfb`s`acs `c rfspacsf ta fxtfrckn jkbtars tokt bokcef ac kc knmast gk`ny iks`s. @c kc `gfkn warng, bampkc`fs waung okvf k bact`cefcby pnkc tublfg kwky `c tof`r tap r`eot okcg grkw wofrf tofy okvf s`munktfg

s`tukt`acs subo ks toasf. @c rfkn`ty, tof vkst mkdar`ty, `j cat knn, w`nn cat okvf gacf sa. Okv`ce k BYM apfrkt`ackn jrkmfwarl `c s`tu w`nn cat

 

bkcbfn aut tof `mpkbt aj subo kc fvfct iut `t w`nn g`nutf `t ifbkusf tof bampkcy w`nn okvf kc fnfmfct aj bactran. Rubo k bustamfr bfctr`b bampkcy oks `ts bustamfrs rfs`gfct ac tof`r bfctrkn gktkiksf w`to tof`r praj`nf gftk`ns kcg o`stary kttkbofg ta knn. Marf `mpartkctny, tofy bkc fcekef `c k twa-wky g`knaeuf w`to tofm ta eft tof`r jffgikbl ac oaw tof fvfct `s kjjfbt`ce tof`r burrfct purboks`ce ifokv`ar kcg tof`r juturf purboks`ce pnkcs w`to`c tof bampkcy‐s trkg`ce bktfeary. Wo`s, `c turc, fckinfs tof bampkcy ta tkbt`bknny rfjabus kcg fxpnarf kntfrckt`vf rautfs ta pratfbt ar, pfrokps, fxpkcg soart-tfrm rfvfcuf strfkms. @c tof VL, mkcy bampkc`fs sw`tbofg rfsaurbfs ta jabus ac `ctfrcft iuy`ce wofrf tof appartuc`ty ta ga sa wks prfsfct, w`to toasf knrfkgy prkbt`b`ce BYM okv`ce k bampft`t`vf kgvkctkef. Acf bampkcy tokt g`g cat okvf ta ga sa wks Kmkzac< tof krbo-g`sb`pnf aj  BYM, woa wks knrfkgy `c pr`mf pas`t`ac ta tklf kgvkctkef aj tof prfvk`n`ce bacsumfr maag ta soap jram oamf ta kva`g tof r`sl aj  bktbo`ce tof v`rus!

Uarl` Ua rl`ce ce Xrkbt Xrkbt`b `bfs fs Ifc Ifcfj fj`t `ts s rfnkt`acso`ps. Wof marf yau lcaw kiaut • Ifttfr bustamfr rfnkt`acso`ps. Wof tofm (kcg, `mpartkctny, krf sffc ta lcaw iy tofm), tof marf yau bkc strubturf rfnfvkct ifcfj`ts ta mfft tof`r cffgs kcg wkcts kcg, fckinfs `c turc, tof bustamfrs yaukcg bkrfgffpfr  kiaut tofm. Wo`s yaumarf ta jaref k mubolcaw stracefr trkg`ce rfnkt`acso`p. Lcaw aw yaur yaur bu bust stam amfr frs, s, bn bnas asf f ma marf rf sknf sknfs. s. Vs`ce  Vs`ce tof sknfs • Lc kutamkt`ac taans ta trkbl kcg mac`tar fvfry bustamfr‐s sknfs  daurcfy jram stkrt ta j`c`so `c acf pnkbf, fckinfs fckinfs tof sknfs tfkm ta sfnn marf fjj`b`fctny kcg jabus ac gfn`vfr`ce k eaag bustamfr fxpfr`fcbf ta ofnp bnasf tof gfkn. @mpr prav avfg fg ki`n ki`n`t `ty y ta upsf upsfnn nn kcg kcg bras brasss-sf sfnn nn.. Wof marf yau • @m lcaw kiaut yaur bustamfrs‐ cffgs kcg wkcts, tof ifttfr 

pnkbfg yau krf tanfkg`ce put prakbt`vf `gfks kcg sanut`acs ac tof tkinf< patfct`knny ta `cbrfmfctkn sknfs.

 

• @cbrfksf @cbrfksfg g tfkm bannkiarkt bannkiarkt`ac. `ac. Wo`s  Wo`s `s bacg`t`ackn ac bampkcy mfmifrs iuy`ce `cta tof BYM systfms, if`ce trk`cfg ac kcg kbt`vfny if`ce mfksurfg ac tof`r systfm usf. Fvfryacf okv`ce kbbfss ta tof skmf gktk w`to k uc`vfrskn gfj`c`t`ac aj knn gktk w`nn rfmavf wkstfg fjjart kcg pramatf tfkm `ctferkt`ac kcg iacg`ce. Wof bustamfr ifbamfs tof acny bammac jabus rfmav`ce gfpkrtmfctkn jr`bt`ac kcg `cjarmkt`ac s`nas. • @mpr @mpravfg avfg bust bustamfr amfr `ctfrjkb `ctfrjkbf. f. Kek`c,  Kek`c, tof marf yau lcaw kiaut bn`fcts, tof ifttfr kinf yau krf ta sfrvf tofm. @j  fvfryacf usfs tof BYM systfm prapfrny `c rfbarg`ce fvfry bustamfr `ctfrkbt`ac tofy okvf, tofc atofrs krf ifttfr kinf ta sfrv`bf tof bustamfr ut`n`z`ce tof mast up-ta-gktf lcawnfgef aj fvfryto`ce g`sbussfg w`to tof bustamfr. Wo`s w`nn `mprfss, rfkssurf, kcg pr`mkr`ny iu`ng bustamfr bacj`gfcbf `c gfkn`ce w`to yau. Erfktf ktfrr stkjj stkjj markn marknf f kcg skt`sj skt`sjkbt kbt`ac `ac.. Wof marf rfnfvkct • Erf kcg ofnpjun lcawnfgef suppn`fg ta bampkcy mfmifrs `c kc fks`ny g`efst`inf kcg kbbfss`inf wky wky,, tof marf fmpawfrfg kcg fcekefg tofy krf. Okv`ce kc kbburktf kcg up-ta-gktf BYM systfm tokt fvfryacf usfs kcg oks kbbfss ta ofnps bampkcy mfmifrs sanvf bustamfr prainfms kcg ta sfnn-ac. Ga`ce sa mklfs tofm kcg, `c turc, tof bustamfrs okppy. fss s kgm` kgm`c c t` t`m mf, mar arf f sknf sknfs s t`mf. `mf. Xrav`g`ce  Xrav`g`ce gktk ta e`vf k • Nfs s`cenf bustamfr v`fw mfkcs tof sknfs tfkm bkc jabus ac bacstrubt`ce tof sknfs prapaskn ta bn`cbo tof gfkn kcg cat tof rfbarg lffp`ce. Wo`s `s ucgfrsbarfg w`to sfburf kbbfss kcg sokr`ce aj `cjarmkt`ac. Lcaw awnf nfge gef f `s pawf pawfrr. Knn tof lfy tfkm mfmifrs okvf kbbfss kbb fss • Lc ta up-ta-gktf gktk `c rfkn t`mf. Ra fvfryacf lcaws wokt‐s okppfc`ce kt kcy pa`ct `c t`mf. Wofrf `s tatkn trkcspkrfcby aj  tof stktus `c tof sknfs p`pfn`cf w`to bampkcyw`gf v`s`i`n`ty kt bampkcy,, tfkm, kcg `cg`v`gukn nfvfns. Knsa, tof ranf aj  bampkcy jarfbkst`ce `s kbbfctuktfg. Jarfbkst`ce `s marf kbburktf w`to

pfrjarmkcbf kek`cst jarfbkst ac knn lfy mftr`bs rfpartfg `c rfkn t`mf. Wo`s y`fngs kc kbt`ac ar`fctktfg stktus rfpart ta

 

fckinf br`t`bkn gfb`s`acs ta o`t tkrefts iut, marf `mpartkctny, `mpartkctny, `t spats wofrf subo kbt`ac soaung if jabusfg.

Ramf Lfy Woaueots ta Yfjnfbt ac `j Pau Krf Bacs`gf Bac s`gfr`c r`ce/Y e/Yfv`f fv`fw`c w`ce e BYM Wof pat aj eang kt tof fcg aj tof BYM rk`ciaw `s tof rfknny s`ec`j`bkct bammfrb`kn kcg warl`ce prkbt`bf ifcfj`ts stfmm`ce jram tof BYM ius`cfss magfn. Wo`s bokptfr summkr`zfs tof lfy ifcfj`ts ac ajjfr ks tof pr`zf jar  prkbt`b`ce BYM. Wof rfkgfr soaung usf to`s ks tof`r rfjfrfcbf ta kssfss tof gferff ta wo`bo tofy krf rfkn`z`ce tofm w`to`c tof`r awc bampkcy kcg, `j cat, wokt tofy cffg ta ga ta mksskef tof`r awc BYM ius`cfss magfn. @t soaung knsa if catfg tokt BYM `s cat acf-wky trkjj`b. @t bkc ofnp bampkc`fs m`c`m`zf tof gawcs`gf ks wfnn ks mkx`m`zf tof ups`gf. Dugemfctknny,, toasf bampkc`fs w`to k BYM ius`cfss magfn `c pnkbf Dugemfctknny w`nn okvf jkrfg ifttfr `c tof 9898 Bav`g-;0 pkcgfm`b tokc tof`r  bampft`t`vf sft. @ fcbaurkef yau ta iu`ng to`s `cta yaur to`cl`ce kcg pnkcc`ce wofc bacs`gfr`ce ar rfv`fw`ce yaur BYM pnkcs.

 

BO BOKX KXWF WFY Y ;;

Vsfj Vs fjun un Mf Mfks ksur urfm fmfc fctt Gf Gfj` j`c` c`t` t`ac acs s Yftu Yf turc rc Ac @c @cvf vfst stmf mfct ct (YA@ (YA@)) Yfturc ac @cvfstmfct (YA@) `s k j`ckcb`kn mftr`b aj praj`tki`n`ty tokt `s w`gfny usfg ta mfksurf tof rfturc ar ek`c jram kc `cvfstmfct. @t `s k s`mpnf rkt`a aj tof ek`c jram kc `cvfstmfct rfnkt`vf ta `ts bast. @t `s usfg ta fvknuktf tof fjj`b`fcby kcg fjjfbt`vfcfss aj kc `cvfstmfct. @c BYM, `t bkc if usfg ta mfksurf tof fjjfbt`vfcfss aj kc `cg`v`gukn mkrlft`ce ar sknfs bkmpk`ec ar tof pkyikbl ac bustamfr  gfvfnapmfct. @cg`v`gukn Bkmpk`ec Wo`s kppn`fs ta kcy `cg`v`gukn bkmpk`ec, gfpnayfg kek`cst f`tofr  kbqu`s`t`ac kbqu`s`t` ac ar rftfct`ac aidfbt`vfs, wofrf tofrf `s k bknn ta kbt`ac baccfbtfg ta k mfksurkinf rfspacsf ac trkcskbt`ac vknuf.

Catfs

 K. Cft rfvfcuf = Erass rfvfcuf nfss ZKW nfss kcy trkg`ce

g`sbaucts I. Zkr`kinf bast = Basts aj tof pragubt (f.e., rkw mktfr`kns, pkblke`ce, pragubt`ac bast, kcg g`str`iut`ac jar k mkcujkbturfg

 

pragubt) ar prav`g`ce tof sfrv`bf B.Erass bactr`iut`ac `s k mfksurf aj erass praj`t fqukt`ce ta praj`t ifjarf sknfs kcg mkrlft`ce bast, avfrofkgs, kcg bactr`iut`ac ta cft praj`t. G.Bkmpk`ec bast = Mfg`k bast (f.e., g`rfbt mk`n = brfkt`vf gfs`ec, brfkt`vf pragubt`ac, mktfr`kns, pragubt`ac aj mk`n`ce p`fbf, gfn`vfry) pnus kcy `cbfct`vf< jar fxkmpnf, macfy ajj baupac. Jar  tof nkttfr, fcsurf tof bast `s cat gauinf bauctfg‗`t `s f`tofr  kbbauctfg jar `c tof cft rfvfcuf j`eurf ar `c tof bkmpk`ec bast. kiavf ;88 pfrbfct `c `cg`bktfs g`bktfs k pas`t`vf rf rfturc. turc. F. Kcy j`eurf kiavf Bustamfr Gfvfnapmfct  @c to`s sbfckr`a, wf krf naal`ce kt tof pkyikbl pfr`ag kcg kssab`ktfg rfturc jram tof t`mf k cfw bustamfr `s rfbru`tfg. Wo`s `cbarparktfs tof kbqu`s`t`ac kcg rftfct`ac basts wofrf tof nkttfr `s `cvanvfg `c curtur`ce kc acea`ce rfnkt`acso`p< jar fxkmpnf, nayknty praerkm. Wo`s `s ifst `nnustrktfg iy rfjfrfcbf ta k tofarft`bkn magfn iksfg ac k iattnf aj mknt wo`sly wo`sly.. Wof rfnfvkct pkrkmftfrs krf4 - Kbqu`s Kbqu`s`t` `t`ac ac =£5 pfr cfw rfbru`t bast - Yftfct Yftfct`ac `ac =£6 pfr bustamfr pfr yfkr bavfr`ce tof bast aj tof bast rfnkt`acso`p mkrlft`ce praerkm - Eras Er ass s = £;8 pfr ia iattnf ttnf bactr`iut`ac Wof pkyikbl magfn pfr cfw rfbru`t `s `nnustrktfg `c Wkinf ;;.;. ;;.;. Wkinf ;;.; Xkyikbl magfn jar k cfw rfbru`t 

Kbqu`s Kbq u`s`t` `t`ac ac bas bastt

 PFKY ;

PFKY 9

PFKY 2

£5

£8

£8

Yftfct Yft fct`a `ac c bas bastt

£6

£6

£6

WAW WA WKN BAR BARW W

£;9

£6

£6

Iatt Ia ttnf nfs s ia iaue ueot ot pf pfrr yf yfkr  kr * 

8.56

;.6

;.6

Erass bact bactr`iu r`iut`ac t`ac

£5.68

£;6

£;6

Cftt ba Cf bact ctr` r`iu iut` t`ac ac pf pfrr yfk yfkr r   

(£7.68)

£;8

£;8

Bumun Bum unkt` kt`vf vf cft bac bactr` tr`iut iut`a `ac c

(£7.68)

£6.68

£;6.68

 

*@cbrfmfctkn cumifr aj iattnfs iaueot pfr yfkr  Catfs

 K. Irfkl-fvfc `s pkssfg `c yfkr 9 jram wofc k pas`t`vf bactr`iut`ac ta praj`t `s mkgf I. Wo`s s`mpn`st`b magfn kssumfs k ;88 pfrbfct rftfct`ac rktf. @t w`nn cffg ta if kgdustfg ta tklf kbbauct aj tof kbtukn rftfct`ac rktf.

Bust Bu stam amfr fr N`jf N`jft` t`mf mf Zkn knuf uf (BN (BNZ)* Z)* Bustamfr N`jft`mf Zknuf `s tof tatkn warto aj kc `cg`v`gukn bustamfr  avfr tof n`jfspkc aj tof`r rfnkt`acso`p w`to tof bampkcy/irkcg‗oaw mubo rfvfcuf ta if mkgf jram kc `cg`v`gukn bustamfr. @t fquktfs ta tof rfvfcuf kc kvfrkef bustamfr w`nn prav`gf k irkcg/bampkcy ifjarf tofy g`sbact`cuf tof`r pktrackef. @c to`s bactfxt, tof s`mpnf jarmunk ta kppny `s ta munt`pny tof kvfrkef kccukn rfvfcuf iy tof kvfrkef n`jfspkc aj k bustamfr ks soawc ifnaw4 Kvf vfrk rke ef kccu kccukn kn rfvf rfvfcu cuf f pfr bust bustam amfr fr x kvf vfrk rke ef n` n`jf jft` t`mf mf aj      bustamfr = Bustamfr Bustamfr N`jft`mf Zknuf @c rfkn`ty, rfkn`ty, tofrf krf torff jkbtars tokt okvf kc `mpkbt ac tof vknuf4 • Wof purboksf jrfqufcby aj tof pragubt ar sfrv`bf. Jar  fxkmpnf, samfacf w`nn iuy jaag ac k wfflny bybnf wofrfks samfacf mky acny gfbarktf tof`r oausf fvfry ;8 yfkrs. • Wof n`jfspkc aj tof purboksf bybnf. Jar fxkmpnf, samfacf mky fkt aut kt k rfstkurkct kt nfkst acbf k yfkr jram tof kef aj 99 yfkrs ta tof kef aj 56 yfkrs, wofrfks tofy acny iaueot k ikiy iueey acbf `c tof`r n`jft`mf kt tof kef aj 26 yfkrs. @c to`s bactfxt, tof kccukn purboksf rktf mky vkry kt g`jjfrfct n`jf stkefs aj tof bustamfr, wo`bo cffgs ta if tklfc `cta kbbauct.

Jar fxkmpnf, k bustamfr‐s wfflny w`nn if patfct`knny o`eofr iftwffc tof kefssupfrmkrlft aj 29 yfkrs soap kcg 66 yfkrs wofc bo`ngrfc krf kt oamf tokc past bo`ngrfc.

 

•

Wof sokrf aj wknnft k irkcg/bampkcy oks aj tof bustamfrs‐ kccukn spfcg ac tof pragubt/sfrv`bf bktfeary bktfeary.. Wo`s `s k mfksurf aj irkcg nayknty w`to, aiv`ausny aiv`ausny,, ;88 pfrbfct nayknty fqukt`ce ta tof irkcg/bampkcy fcday`ce tof junn pktrackef aj  tof bustamfrs‐ spfcg.

 Ks k j`rst stfp, `t `s `mpartkct ta fvknuktf tof junn patfct`kn warto aj  k bustamfr kbrass tof pass`inf n`jfspkc aj tof bustamfr if`ce kbt`vf `c tof pragubt/sfrv`bf bktfeary‗tof`r tatkn erass warto iksfg ac tof`r tatkn spfcg. Wo`s prav`gfs tof bf`n`ce aj rfvfcuf appartuc`ty iksfg ac ;88 pfrbfct aj tof bustamfr‐s spfcg`ce ac tof bktfeary if`ce w`to tof `cg`v`gukn irkcg/bampkcy. Wo`s `s `nnustrktfg ifnaw `c Wkinf ;;.9  ;;.9  us`ce k tofarft`bkn magfn iksfg ac tof rfstkurkct sfbtar. Wkinf ;;.9 Bustamfr N`jft`mf Zknuf bknbunkt`ac iksfg ac tof rfstkurkct sfbtar  KEF KE F IY IYFK FKLR LR44 PF PFKY KYR R AN ANG G ;5‒27

26‒77

76‒67

66‒:7

:6‒57

56+

WAWKN

Kvfrkef kccukn bustamfr   vknu vk nuf f (£) (£)

  788

768

688

656

768

788

7:6

Cumifr Cumi fr aj    yfkrs ks k bustamfr  

 

;2

;8

;8

;8

;8

6

6?

Bustamfr   vknuf iy kef irfkl/ irf kl/bum bum (£)

6,988

7,688

6,888

6,568

7,688

9,888

9:,068

 Kssumpt`acs4 ;. Bustamfr j`rst ifbamfs k bustamfr kt tof kef aj ;5 yfkrs kcg w`nn if kc kbt`vf bustamfr uct`n tof kef aj ?8 yfkrs.

9. 9. Kccukn  Kccukn bustamfr vknuf rfjnfbts tof kvfrkef spfcg nfvfns kt tof vkr`aus n`jf stkefs.

 

2. Zknufs iksfg ac bacstkct 98;0 vknufs w`to ca knnawkcbf jar  `cjnkt`ac. 7. Catf, tof kcknys`s `s iksfg ac tof kvfrkef bustamfr. Ks w`to kcy sfbtar, tofrf w`nn if k ofkvy usfr sfemfct wofrf tof patfct`kn rfturcs w`nn if barrfspacg`ceny erfktfr. Wo`s kcknys`s y`fngs tof patfct`kn n`jft`mf vknuf aj k bustamfr kcg soaung kbt ks tof rfjfrfcbf pa`ct jar strktfe`b pnkcc`ce. Jar fxkmpnf, `j yaur burrfct sokrf aj wknnft `s 26 pfrbfct, kc `cbrfksf ta 68 pfrbfct waung y`fng kc `cbrfmfctkn n`jft`mf vknuf `cbrfksf aj  £7,879.68 pfr bustamfr. Wo`s waung trkcsnktf `cta kc `cbrfmfctkn rfvfcuf strfkm aj £787,968,888 pfr ;88,888 bustamfrs! Wo`s gfmacstrktfs tof strktfe`b `mpartkcbf aj us`ce bustamfr  n`jft`mf vknuf ks k LX@. @cbrfks`ce bustamfr n`jft`mf vknuf gfmacstrkiny `cbrfksfs tof tatkn vknuf aj tof ius`cfss kcg tofrfjarf tof warto aj tof ius`cfss. @t knsa fcsurfs tof strktfe`b jabus ac torff `mpartkct bustamfr  gyckm`bs4 ;. @mprav`ce praspfbt ta bustamfr bacvfrs`ac 9. Yfgub`ce bustamfr bourc 2. @cbrfks`ce irkcg sokrf aj bustamfrs‐ bktfeary spfcg (Rokrf aj  wknnft) *(Ikomkc, Okd`paur, kcg Manug Fsjkokc`, Gfntk Magfn kppn`bkt`ac jar gfvfnap`ce bustamfr n`jft`mf vknuf, Fmfrkng @cs`eot ‒ Mkrlft`ce @ctfnn`efcbf kcg Xnkcc`ce, kbbfssfg Abtaifr ?, 98;?), (Ikrkc, Tfrrfs, kcg Tfrrfs, Bustamfr Yfnkt`acso`p Mkckefmfct, Iaaliaac.ba Iaaliaac.ba,, kbbfssfg Mky 28, 98;0), (Xjf`jfr kcg Ikce 9886)

Bust Bu stam amfr fr Bour Bourc c Wo`s `s acf aj tof mast `mpartkct mftr`bs `c bustamfr mkckefmfct kcg gfvfnapmfct< pkrt`bunkrny jar k bampkcy tokt `s eraw`ce. @t

prav`gfs tof qukct`j`fg okrg cumifr ac tof okrso truto kiaut yaur  bustamfr rftfct`ac stktus. Wo`s wks acf aj tof jk`nurfs aj tof gat.bam   iaam `c tof nktf ;008s. Bampkc`fs spfct k sofg nakg aj  gat.bam

 

macfy ac bustamfr kbqu`s`t`ac (wo`bo mkgf mkcy kc kefcby okppy iucc`fs) iut g`g cat mfksurf bustamfr bourc. Wofy wfrf mkcke`ce k „nfkly iublft” w`to bustamfrs, kt erfkt fxpfcsf, fctfr`ce kt tof tap fcg iut jknn`ce aut kt tof iattam fcg. Wof bustamfr bourc rktf `s tof pfrbfctkef aj bustamfrs tokt stap us`ce k bampkcy‐s pragubt ar sfrv`bf gur`ce k gfj`cfg t`mf jrkmf. @t bkc s`mpny if bknbunktfg iy g`v`g`ce tof cumifr aj bustamfrs nast gur`ce tof gfj`cfg t`mf pfr`ag iy tof bustamfr uc`vfrsf tokt wks `c pnkbf kt tof ife`cc`ce aj tof t`mf pfr`ag. Jar fxkmpnf4 Bustamfr bauct kt tof ife`cc`ce aj tof =6,888 t`mf pfr`ag Bustamfr bauct kt tof fcg aj tof t`mf =6,968 pfr`ag Cfw bustamfrs kbqu`rfg `c tof t`mf =688 pfr`ag Bustamfrs nast `c tof t`mf pfr`ag = 96 968 Bourc rktf = 6%* *6888∙7568 = 968/6888 Õ ;88 = 6%  Kntfrckt`vfny,, rfvfcuf bourc bkc if bknbunk  Kntfrckt`vfny bknbunktfg tfg avfr k gfj`cfg t`mf t`mf (sky acf yfkr) pfr`ag iy4 rucc`ce rktf aj vknuf aj ius`cfss kt tof ife`cc`ce aj  •  Kccukn rucc`ce tof yfkr  rucc`ce rktf aj vknuf aj ius`cfss kt tof fcg aj tof yfkr  •  Kccukn rucc`ce • Cumifr aj cfw bustamfrs kcg rfvfcuf bactr`iut`ac • Cumifr aj bustamfrs nast • Zknuf aj rfburr`ce ius`cfss nast • Xfrbfctkef aj rfburr`ce vknuf nast Yfvfcuf bourc rfvfkns oaw mubo rfburr`ce rfvfcuf wks nast `c k e`vfc pfr`ag aj t`mf. Wo`s `s pkrt`bunkrny `mpartkct jar k suisbr`pt`ac

ius`cfss. Wof bourc rktf kcg `ts mkckefmfct ucgfrp`cs k bampkcy‐s praj`tki`n`ty ac tof pravfc prfm`sf tokt `t basts marf ta kbqu`rf cfw

 

bustamfrs tokc `t gafs ta rftk`c tof fx`st`ce bustamfrs. Wofrf krf mkcy rkt`as quatfg iut, ks k runf aj toumi, k 6 pfrbfct `cbrfksf `c rftfct`ac rktf bkc `cbrfksf praj`t iy 96 pfrbfct ifbkusf rfturc`ce bustamfrs okvf k erfktfr prapfcs`ty ta spfcg marf ac k bampkcy‐s pragubts kcg sfrv`bfs. Wo`s, `c turc, e`vfs tof apt`ac jar k bampkcy ta spfcg nfss ac kbqu`r`ce cfw bustamfrs kcg skv`ce rfnktfg mkrlft`ce bast. Ramf aisfrvkt`acs4 • @gfct`jy toasf `c yaur bustamfr iksf woa krf mast n`lfny ta nkpsf kcg woy. • Xut `c pnkbf k nkps`ce praerkm tkreft`ce bustamfrs woa krf kiaut ta nkpsf. Acbf bustamfrs nkpsf, `t `s vfry bastny ta rffcekef tofm `j c`eo ac `mpass`inf. • If prakbt`vf `c baccfbt`ce w`to tof sfemfct woa soaw nkps`ce bokrkbtfr`st`bs. Bammuc`bktf w`to tofm ac knn tof ifcfj`ts (fmat`ackn kcg jucbt`ackn) yau ajjfr kcg soaw tofm yau bkrf b krf kiaut tof`r fxpfr`fcbf. • Rfr`ausny fvknuktf tof bammfrb`kn ifcfj`ts aj paan`ce yaur  rfsaurbfs `cta yaur naykn, praj`tkinf bustamfrs rktofr tokc pr`ar`t`z`ce ac ajjfr`ce marf kcg marf `cbfct`vfs ta tof bustamfrs woa krf bacs`gfr`ce bourc`ce.

Busta Bus tamf mfrr Kbq Kbqu` u`s` s`t` t`ac ac Bas Bastt (B (BKB KB)) Bustamfr kbqu`s`t`ac bast `s tof kmauct aj macfy spfct ac kc `cg`v`gukn rfbru`tmfct bkmpk`ec ar kbrass sknfs kcg mkrlft`ce ta bnasf k trkcskbt`ac gfkn ta rfbru`t k cfw bustamfr avfr k gfj`cfg t`mf pfr`ag< jar fxkmpnf, k bampkcy‐s trkg`ce yfkr. @t `s bknbunktfg iy summ`ce knn tof `cg`v`gukn bkmpk`ec basts, `cbnug`ce kcy `cbfct`vfs ajjfrfg, kcg g`v`g`ce `t iy tof cumifr aj cfw bustamfrs. Kntfrckt`vfny, summ`ce k bampkcy‐s tatkn sknfs kcg mkrlft`ce spfcg kek`cst cfw bustamfr kbqu`s`t`ac kcg g`v`g`ce `t iy

tof cumifr aj cfw bustamfrs rfbru`tfg.  Kmauct spfct ac sknfs kcg mkrlft`ce ac cfw bustamfr = £_

 

rfbru`tmfct `c 98;0 j`sbkn Cumifr aj cfw bustamfrs kbqu`rfg `c 98;0 j`sbkn Cfw bustamfr kbqu`s`t`ac bast

=P = £T

Cft Xram ama atfr Rba barrf (CXR) CXR `s k mftr`b tokt bkc if usfg `c mfksur`ce bustamfr rfspacsfs ta kcy kttr`iutf wofrf k qukct`j`fg sbknf `s usfg iy eraup`ce rfspacsfs `cta torff bktfear`fs. Iksfg ac, jar fxkmpnf, k ;8 pa`ct sbknf4 Xramatfrs Xkss`vf

= tto oasf sbar`ce 0 ar ;8 = toasf sbar`ce 5 ar ?

Gftrkbtars

= tto oasf sbar`ce 8 ta :

Wof CXR sbarf `s gfr`vfg iy suitrkbt`ce tof pfrbfctkef aj  „Gftrkbtars” jram tof pfrbfctkef aj „Xramatfrs.” Wo`s `s s`mpny `nnustrktfg ifnaw4 RBAY@CE RFEMFCW XYAMAWFY (0 ar ;8) XKRR@ZF (5 ar ?) GFWYKBWAY (8‒:)

BAVCW K B F

WAWKN YFRXACRFR E CXR RBAYF = % XYAMAWFY ∙ % GFWYKBWAY

% I G J ;88

 Kcyto`ce kiavf zfra `s eaag wo`nf kcyto`ce ifnaw zfra sueefsts kbt`ac `s rfqu`rfg ta kggrfss tof `ssuf if`ce `cvfst`ektfg. Wof rkw gktk `s carmknny aitk`cfg iy sfcg`ce aut k survfy ta tof fx`st`ce bustamfrs ksl`ce tofm, jar fxkmpnf, oaw n`lfny tofy waung if ta rfbammfcg yaur pragubt ar sfrv`bf ta k jr`fcg, rfnkt`vf, ar  bannfkeuf1 @c to`s bactfxt, k cfekt`vf sbarf w`nn sueefst yau cffg ta `mpravf tof bustamfr fxpfr`fcbf w`to tof survfy `cg`bkt`ce tof

krfks yau cffg ta jabus ac jar subo `mpravfmfcts. Wo`s mftoaganaey bkc knsa if usfg ta ekuef k „BVRWAMFY RKW@RJKBW@AC RBAYF (BRK)” wofrf tof qufst`ac `c tof survfy `s

 

brkjtfg ta spfb`j`bknny kggrfss to`s.

Jarmu Ja rmunk nk ta Xrfg` Xrfg`bt bt Yf Yfspa spacsf csf Yktf Yktf Yf Yfqu` qu`rfg rfg ta Irfk Ir fkl l Fv Fvfc fc Mkrlft`ce basts krf o`eo kcg, ks subo, k sb`fct`j`b kpprakbo soaung if fmpnayfg ta iu`ng k rfspacsf magfn ta gftfrm`cf tof rfspacsf rfqu`rfg ta irfklfvfc jar k mkrlft`ce kbt`v`ty `c wo`bo k mfksurkinf trkcskbt`ac vknuf `s tof aidfbt aj tof kbt`v`ty. Wof kbtukn rfsunt bkc tofc if fvknuktfg kek`cst tof tkreft rfqu`rfg.  K vfry s`mpn`j`fg magfn `s autn`cfg ifnaw iksfg ac k tofarft`bkn acn`cf bacsumfr pragubt ks kc fxkmpnf ta `nnustrktf tof typf aj  kpprakbo. Jarmunk Wof irfklfvfc pa`ct `s wofrf tof bammuc`bkt`ac bast fquktfs ta tof erass bactr`iut`ac. Wokt `s, bast aj bammuc`bkt`acs (bamms) = erass bactr`iut`ac = cft rfvfcuf Õ % praj`t mkre`c. Ar cft rfvfcuf = bast aj bamms/% praj`t mkre`c Cft rfvfcuf = kvfrkef argfr vknuf (KAZ) Õ cumifr aj argfrs (rfspacsfs) Wofrfjarf, jar ta k irfklfvfc. prfg`btfg KAZ, `t `s pass`inf ta gfr`vf tof rfspacsf rfqu`rfg Yfspacsf rktf rfqu`rfg = Cft rfvfcuf/KAZ Jar fxkmpnf, k magfn iksfg ac tof jannaw`ce pkrkmftfrs4 Bactkbt uc`vfrsf = ;,888

-

£9 Bammuc`bkt`ac bast = bactkbt

-

KAZ

= £68

pfr

-

% praj`t mkre`c

= 76%

 

Wof jarmunk warls ks jannaws4 ;. Bast aj bamms (;,888 Õ £9 pfr bactkbt) = £9,888 9. Cft rfvfcuf = Bast aj bamms/% praj`t mkre`c = £9,888/8.76 = £7,777 2. Cft rfvfcuf = KAZ Õ cumifr aj argfrs Cumifr aj argfrs = Cft rfvfcuf/KAZ = £7,777/£68 = ??.0 = ?.0% iksfg ac bactkbt uc`vfrsf aj ;,888 Yfspacsf rktf rfqu`rfg = ?.0%

Kppn Kp pn`b `bkt kt`a `ac c aj Ja Jarm rmun unk k ;;.2 soaws  soaws oaw tof jarmunkbast `s kppn`fg ta tof 2 aj ac KAZ Wkinf kcg 2;;.2 nfvfns aj bammuc`bkt`ac pfr bactkbt< knnnfvfns iksfg k bactkbt uc`vfrsf aj ;,8884 Wkinf ;;.2 Kppn`bkt`ac aj jarmunk ta soaw rfspacsf rktf rfqu`rfg ta irfklfvfc BAMMVC@B BAMM VC@BK KW@AC BARW Xfr   Bactkbt

Watkn

£;.88 £9.88

£;,888 £9,888

£2.88

£2,888

IYFKL-FZFC YFZFCVF

KAZ44 YFR KAZ YFRXAC XACRF RF YK YKWF WF YF[V@YFG £96

£68

£56

£9,999 £7,777

?.0% ;5.?%

7.7% ?.0%

2% 6.0%

£:,:::

9:.5%

;2.2%

?.0%

Ramf Lfy Woaueots ta Yfjnfbt ac `j Pau Krf Bacs`gf Bac s`gfr`c r`ce/Y e/Yfv`f fv`fw`c w`ce e BYM Acf aj tof mkdar strfcetos aj BYM `s `ts jabus ac tof bammfrb`kn

pfrjarmkcbf us`ce qukct`j`fg kcknys`s ta mfksurf lfy mftr`bs. Wo`s bokptfr jfkturfs samf jarmunkf bammacny usfg w`to`c tof BYM jrktfrc`ty< mkcy aj wo`bo krf jaucgfg `c G`rfbt Mkrlft`ce.

 

Yfkgfrs soaung bacs`gfr kcg `cbarparktf tofm `cta tof`r awc kcknys`s taanl`t.

 

Yfjfrfcbfs ;. Gr.E. Gr.E. Bouck Ikiu 98;: Bkmirk ‒ J`frra, Bfctfca, Ankvkrr`k, kcg Zkzqufz ‒ Bkrrksba 98;5 Bratfku kcg N@ 9882 Erffcnfkj kcg U`cfr 9889 Lumkr kcg Ykm`c` 9887 Nuc, D`cn`c kcg P`cey`ce 988? Cwflf (c.g.) Xkycf kcg Jraw 9886 Xkrvkt`ykr kcg Rofto 9889 Ykikiko, Maog, kcg @rko`m 98;8 Yk` 98;7 Yykns kcg Lcax 988; Rkctas kcg Bkstfna 98;8 9. Gr. Gr. E. Bo`ck, Ikiu 98;: Ikokruc 988? Ifrry ;0?2 Bann`cefr 9882 Fvkcs kcg Nksl`c ;007 Mknokc kcg Gr. Kcdum 98;5 Ckgfr`kc kcg Ikokruc 98;2 Yykns kcg Xkycf 988; Rkctas, Knmf`gk, kcg Mactf`ra 9882 T`lmucg, MbNfag, kcg E`nifrt 9882 2.  Kcgfrsac, Jarcfnn, kcg Mkzvkcbofryn 9887 Gr. Gr. Kcekmutou 98;6

 Krcang, IkokrucXr`bf, 988? kcg T`clokc 9882 Iknnfstfr kcg Knfmkc 988;/9886 Iawfc kcg Bofc 988;

 

Bkrfv 988? Mkn`okc kcg Kcdum 98;5 Mkntoausf kcg Munofrc 9885 Ckgfr`kc kcg Ikokruc 98;2 Yktofr 98;: Rkn`m 98;?

 

Kiaut tof Kutoar     K Jfnnaw aj tof @cst`tutf aj Bacsunt`ce, M`lf Xfkrbf‐s bkrffr spkcs sfc`ar pas`t`acs `c barparktf mkckefmfct w`to „inuf-bo`p” bampkc`fs, mkckefmfct bacsuntkcb`fs (`cbnug`ce MG aj kc  Kmfr`bkc Bacsuntkcby) kcg rucc`ce o`s awc ius`cfssfs< knn ucgfr  tof efcfrkn umirfnnk aj sknfs, mkrlft`ce kcg BYM. bkrffr `cbnugfs Fxfbut`vf bacsuntkcby kcg Cac-Fxfbut`vf kcgO`swarl`ce `c kcg prav`g`ce sfrv`bfsG`rfbtarso`ps ta k w`gf spfbtrum aj ius`cfssfs‗jram nkref ta smknn w`to k m`xturf aj  pr`vktf kcg n`stfg bampkc`fs ks wfnn ks sftt`ce up, gfvfnap`ce kcg sfnn`ce twa bampkc`fs. Wof irfkgto kcg gfpto aj o`s bkrffr fxpfr`fcbf oks fckinfg o`m ta w`tcfss tof prkbt`bkn g`mfcs`acs aj BYM tofrfiy pnkb`ce o`m `c k eaag pas`t`ac ta grkw `cs`eots ac oaw ta sft up kcg fxfbutf k BYM strktfey kcg `ts ranf `c tof ius`cfss magfn.

 

@cgfx Nfttfrs ‟j ‐    kcg ‟t ‐  kjtfr  pkef  pkef cumifrs `cg`bktf j`eurf kcg tkinf, rfspfbt`vfny. ??,, 00  Kbt`vf naykns, ??  Krt`j`b`kn @ctfnn`efcbf @ctfnn`efcbf (K@) (K@),, ;9: 9:,, ;7:  Kvfrkef Argfr Zknuf Zknuf (KAZ), ?? ??,, ;08 I9I. Rf  Bustamfrr Y Yfnkt fnkt`acso`p `acso`p Mkckefmfct (BYM) Rff f kn knsa sa Bustamf BYM kppn`bkt`ac, rfksacs jar, ;:2 ;:2 BYM ifcfj`ts, jkbtars `cjnu `cjnuf fcb cb`ce, `ce, ;:6 ‒;:0  ‒;:0 BYM systfm, sbapf `c,  `c, ;58 ;58 bustamfr jkb`ce prabfssfs kcg bampacfcts, bampacfcts, ;:2 ‒;:7  ‒;:7 bustamfr suppart, ;:5 ‒;:?  ‒;:? nfkg mkckefmfct, ;:: ‒;:5  ‒;:5 sknfs mkckefmfct ;:? sknfs apfrkt`ac, sbap`ce aj, ;:? ‒;  ‒;:0 tkreft kug`fcbf, ;:6 ‒;::  ‒;:: vs. I9B, ;:7 ‒;:6  ‒;:6 Ifspalf BYM systfm, ;20 I`e gktk ; Iakrg aj G`rfbtars, ;7 ;7,, ;:, ;:, ;?, ;?, 95 95,, ;67 ;67,, ;66, ;66, ;65, ;65, ;6?, ;6?, ;59 ;59,, ;52 Irkcg I`inf, 52 Irkcg fqu`ty mktr`x, 28 28,, 2;j ,    29 bnustfr zacfs `c, 29 Irkcg nfkgfrs, ?; Irkcg nayknty, 50 50,, ?; ?;,, ??, ??, 00 ktt`tug`ckn vs. ifokv`arkn i fokv`arkn nayknty, ?? irkcg nfkgfrs, ?; bampnk`cts kcg bustamfr sfrv`bf, 0; 0;,, 07 bacsumfr jkt`euf, ?2

bacsumfr vknuf ta irkcg, ?9 ?9j, j, ;;7 jknsf nayknty kcg bustamfr sfrv`bf, ?: ‒?5  ‒?5 `mpartkcbf aj nayknty nayknty,, ?8 ‒?7  ‒?7,, 08 nayknty mkrlft`ce, ??

 

nayknty, gferffs aj, ?? ‒?0 nayknty,  ‒?0 mfg`um kcg „pawfr aj mauto” rfbammfcgkt`acs, 08 ‒0;  ‒0;,, 09 ?7, ;89 Irkcg pas`t`ac`ce, 28 ‒29  ‒29,, 52, 52, 57t  ‒5: ;89,, ;;;   t ,  ?7, Irkcg prapas`t`ac, 52 52,, 57 ‒5: 55,, ?2, ?2, ;89 t   t ,  55 Irkcg sfemfctkt`ac, Irfklfvfc pa`ct, ;08 6: Ir`t`so K`rwkys Kv`as, ;;2 Bnaug iksfg BYM systfms, ;, ;2? ifcfj`ts aj, ;75 ‒;70  ‒;70 ifspalf vs. prapr`ftkry systfm, ;20 ;20,, ;20j, ;20j, ;7;t ;7;t bnaug bamput`ce, ;2? kcg gktk sfbur`ty sfbur`ty,, ;7? ‒;70  ‒;70 gktkiksf strubturf, ;78 ;78j  j  atofr BYM taans, ;72 ‒;77  ‒;77 RkkR vs. ac-prfm`sf systfm, pras kcg bacs, ;78 ;78,, ;79 ‒;72  ‒;72,, ;:8 sfrv`bf nfvfn kerffmfct, ;70 ‒;68  ‒;68,, ;:8 Rajtwkrf ks k Rfrv`bf, ;2? trkg`t`ackn BYM vs. R-BYM, ;77 Bannkiarkt`vf BYM taans, ;72 Bammuc`bkt`ac pnkcc`ce, ;;; Bacsumfr jkt`euf, ?2 BYM kcknyt`bkn taans, ;;, ;97 ;97,, ;72 purpasf aj, ;2 typfs, ;2 BYM strktfey, ;, ;;, ;7 ;7,, 95, 95, 75 ‒69  ‒69,, 65 ‒:8  ‒:8,, :9, :9, ;;6 ;6,, ;;0 ;0,, ;2; ;2;,, ;6;, ;6;, ;67 ;67,, ;60, ;60, ;57 ;57.. Rff Rf f kn knsa sa BYM systfms kppn`bkt`ac kcg ius`cfss typfs, 95 ‒90  ‒90 irkcg kcknys`s, 90 ‒29  ‒29 irkcg fqu`ty mktr`x, 28, 28, 2;j, 2;j, 29, 29, :9 irkcg sfemfctkt`ac, 6: ‒65  ‒65 BYM kug`t, 76 ‒7:  ‒7: bustamfr fcekefmfct kcg nayknty, 72 bustamfr aidfbt`vfs, 2?, 2?, :9 bustamfr sfemfctkt`ac magfn, 26 ‒2:  ‒2:,, 26 26j  j  fxfbut`ac kcg mac`tar`ce, 72, 72, :2 oumkc rfsaurbfs, 7; ‒79  ‒79 `mpnfmfctkt`ac jk`nurf, rfksacs jar, 79 `mpnfmfctkt`ac stfps, 90 ‒72  ‒72,, :9 ‒:2  ‒:2

lfy jaucgkt`acs `c, ;7 ‒;6  ‒;6 aidfbt`vf kbo`fvfmfct strktfe`fs, 79 ‒72  ‒72,, :2 arekc`zkt`ackn bkpki`n`t`fs, 2? ‒79  ‒79,, :2 pr`cb`pnfs, ;5; ‒;59  ‒;59

 

prabfss rfqu`rfmfcts, 78 78,, :2 stfps jar, ;59 ‒;56  ‒;56 tkreftfg mkrlft`ce, :8 ‒:9  ‒:9,, :2 tfbocanaey, 20 ‒78  ‒78,, :2 :2,, ;;0 kcgsystfms, Wfsba, 75; ‒69  ‒, 69 BYM 0, ;;, ;:5, ;:5, ;:?, ;:?, ;:0 ;:0,, ;?8 kppn`bkt`acs, ;97 ‒;9:  ‒;9:,, ;:8  Krt`j`b`kn @ctfnn`efcbf, @ctfnn`efcbf, ;9:, ;9:, ;7: ifcfj`ts, ;9: ‒;90  ‒;90,, ;:8 ifspalf vs. prapr`ftkry systfm, ;20 ;20,, ;20j, ;20j, ;7;t ;7;t bnaug iksfg BYM systfms, ;2? ‒;20  ‒;20,, ;:8 bnaug iksfg systfm, ifcfj`ts aj, ;75 ‒;70  ‒;70,, ;:8 bnaug bamput`ce, ;2? ;2?,, ;:8 bammfrb`kn ifcfj`ts, ;9? ‒;90  ‒;90 BYM sajtwkrf, ;98, ;98, ;9; bustamfr bfctr`b gktkiksf, ranf aj, ;26 ‒;25  ‒;25,, ;:8 bustamfr bfctr`b`ty bfctr`b`ty,, ;9;j, ;9;j, ;92 kcg bustamfr fxpfr`fcbf, ;99 kcg bustamfr mkckefmfct, ;8 gktk kcknys`s, ;2; gktk kug`t kcg stktus, ;28 ‒;2;  ‒;2; gktkiksf strubturf, ;78 ;78j  j  jfkturfs, ;92 ‒;9:  ‒;9:,, ;:8 jucbt`acs, ;92 ‒;97  ‒;97,, ;:8 eu`gfn`cfs, ;; ‒;2  ‒;2 `mpnfmfctkt`ac stfps, ;6: ‒;6?  ‒;6? `mpnfmfctkt`ac, bacg`t`acs jar jar,, ;62 ‒;6:  ‒;6: ac-prfm`sf BYM systfms, ;25 ‒;2?  ‒;2?,, ;78 ;78,, ;:8 atofr BYM taans, ;72 ‒;77  ‒;77 avfrknn aidfbt`vfs, ;:9 purpasf aj, ;;, ;98 ;98,, ;:8 RkkR vs. ac-prfm`sf systfm, pras kcg bacs, ;78 ;78,, ;79 ‒;72  ‒;72 sfnfbt`ac kcg gfb`s`ac mkl`ce prabfss, ;6; ‒;69  ‒;69 sfrv`bf nfvfn kerffmfct, ;70 ‒;68  ‒;68,, ;:8 5 bammkcgmfcts jar kppny`ce, ;:; ‒;:9  ‒;:9 sab`kn-BYM systfm, ;72 ‒;7:  ‒;7: sanut`ac rfqu`rfmfcts, ;29 ‒;27  ‒;27 sanut`ac spfb`j`bkt`acs, ;90 ‒;26  ‒;26,, ;60, ;60, ;:8 suppn`fr sfnfbt`ac, ;27 ‒;26  ‒;26

kcg tfbocanaey tfbocanaey,, 20 ‒78  ‒78 2:8 gferff v`fw aj bustamfr, ;99j  ;99j  Bustamfr Kbqu`s`t`ac Bast (BKB), ;?? ‒;?0  ‒;?0 Bustamfr bfctr`b ius`cfss magfn, ;, 9, ;7, ;7, ;0, ;0, 95, 95, 29, 29, 75, 75, :6 :6,, ?;

 

Bustamfr bfctr`b gktkiksf, :9 :9,, :0, :0, 50 50,, ;;;, ;98, ;98, ;28 jkbtars jar iu`ng`ce, ;26 ‒;25  ‒;25 ranf aj, ;26 Bustamfr bourc gfj`c`t`ac, rktf, ;?5 ;?5 rfvfcuf bourc, ;?5 ‒;??  ‒;?? Bustamfr gfvfnapmfct, ;?7 Bustamfr fxpfr`fcbf, ;, 9, 0, ;0, ;0, 9; 9;,, 07 07,, ;98 ;98,, ;99 ;99,, ;5? Bustamfr jabus, ?8j ,    ;;0 Bustamfr N`jft`mf Zknuf (BNZ), 7: 7:,, ?2 ?2,, ;;6 Bustamfr nayknty, ;, ;;, ;7, ;7, 92 92,, 27, 27, 72, 72, 50 50,, ?6, ?6, ;82 ;82,, ;87 ;87,, ;;2 ;2,, ;5?. ;5?. Rf Rff f kn knsa sa nayknty praerkms ktt`tug`ckn vs. ifokv`arkn i fokv`arkn nayknty, ?? kcg irkcg nayknty nayknty,, 50, 50, ?; bacsumfr jkt`euf, ?2 bacsumfr vknuf ta irkcg, ?9 ?9j  j  ?7,, ;;6 bustamfr nayknty nayknty,, gfj`c`t`ac, ?7 fmat`ackn vs. jucbt`ackn pragubt ifcfj`ts, ?6 ‒?:  ‒?:,, 0? jknsf nayknty kcg bustamfr sfrv`bf, ?: ‒?5  ‒?5 `mpartkcbf aj nayknty nayknty,, ?8 ‒?7  ‒?7,, 08, 08, ;;7 lfy fnfmfcts `c, ;;6 ‒;  ‒;;5 nayknty,, gferffs aj, ?? ‒?0 nayknty  ‒?0 mfg`um kcg „warg aj mauto” rfbammfcgkt`ac, 08 ‒0;  ‒0;,, 09 rfkn ifcfj`ts, ?8 kcg Rupfrirkcgs, 50 Wfsba Bnui Bkrg, 70 ‒69  ‒69 Bustamfr praj`tki`n`ty, 99 99,, 95, 95, ;87, ;87, ;95 ;95,, ;9?, ;9?, ;90 Bustamfr Yfnkt`acso`p Mkckefmfct (BYM), v, ;8 ;8,, ;22, ;22, ;69. ;69. Rf Rff f kn knsa sa I9I< BYM strktfey< BYM systfms< bustamfr nayknty< bustamfr   ‒90 kppn`bkt`ac kcg ius`cfss typfs, 95 ‒90 ks k ius`cfss po`nasapoy, 9, ;8 ;8,, ;7 ;7,, 95, 95, 67 67,, ;;0 ;0,, ;52 „ifst praspfbt” bustamfr, 50 50,, ?; ?;,, ?0, ?0, 06 06,, 0? 0?,, ;89, ;89, ;95, ;95, ;55 kcg irkcg nayknty nayknty,, 50 bammfrb`kn eakn ifcfj`ts, ;55 ‒;50  ‒;50 bampacfcts `c, ;; kcg bustamfr mkckefmfct, ;8 bustamfr sfemfctkt`ac kcg `gfct`j`bkt`ac, 06 ‒0?  ‒0?,, ;89 ;89,, ;86, ;86, ;95, ;95, ;65, ;65, ;52 kcg bustamfr bustamfr,, :6, :6, 5:

gfj`c`t`ac, ;, ;6 jrkmfwarl, 95 `c mkckefmfct kefcgk, ; mkrlft bokcefs, ;0 ‒99  ‒99

 

kcg mkrlft`ce, ;5 avfrknn aidfbt`vfs, ;:9 pr`cb`pnfs, ;5; ‒;59  ‒;59 kcg rfnkt`acso`p mkrlft`ce, 99 ‒97  ‒97 rfnfvkcbf aj, 2 5 bammkcgmfcts jar kppny`ce, ;:; ‒;:9  ‒;:9 stfps `c, ;59 ‒;56  ‒;56 vknuf sfemfctkt`ac, 06j  06j  warl`ce prkbt`bfs ifcfj`ts, ;?8 ‒;?;  ‒;?; Bustamfr Rkt`sjkbt`ac Rbarf (BRK), ;08 Bustamfr sfemfctkt`ac, ;9 ;9,, 98 98,, 27, 27, 68, 68, :8, :8, :9, :9, ?; ?;,, 06 ‒0?  ‒0?,, ;89, ;89, ;86, ;86, ;95, ;95, ;65, ;65, ;5? magfn, 26 ‒2:  ‒2:,, 26 26j  j  Bustamfr, :6 :6,, 5: irkcg prapas`t`ac, 52, 52, 57 57t‒5:t, t‒5:t, 55 55,, ?2 iuy`ce ifokv`ar if okv`ar,, 58 ‒5;  ‒5;,, 55 55,, ?9 iuy`ce ifokv`ar, rfksacs jar jar,, 5; ‒59  ‒59,, 55, 55, ?: bustamfr sfemfctkt`ac kcg `gfct`j`bkt`ac, 06 ‒0?  ‒0? `cjarmkt`ac saurbf kcg bustamfr praj`nf, :0 ‒58  ‒58,, 55 kcg mkrlft bokcef g`mfcs`acs, :: praj`nfs, :? ‒:0  ‒:0 Gktk jnaw mkp, ;28 ;28,, ;29 Gktk m`c`ce, ;, ;2, ;2, ;72 ;72,, ;77 ;77,, ;65 Gktkiksf mkckefmfct, ;, 99 99,, ;28 ;28,, ;22 Gfb`s`ac mkl`ce, ;, 0, ;2 ;2,, 9; 9;,, ;:6 Fbacam`fs aj Rbknf, ?8j     Jkst Mav`ce Bacsumfr Eaags (JMBE), 9? Efcfrkn Gktk Xratfbt`ac Yfeunkt`ac (EGXY), ;8 @cg`v`gukn bkmpk`ec, ;?2 ‒;?7  ‒;?7 Daoc Nfw`s, ;86 ;86,, ;8: Nayknty praerkms, ;;9 ;9,, ;;5 gfj`c`t`ac, ;;2 eu`gfn`cfs `c, ;;7

vs. pramat`ac kpprakbo, ;;9 ‒;  ‒;;2 Mkrlft`ce, ;5, ;5, 75 75,, ;97 gfj`c`t`ac, lfy bacbfpts `c, ;5 ‒;0  ‒;0

 

g`rfbt mkrlft`ce, 69 mkrlft bokcefs, ;0 ‒99  ‒99 kcg rfnkt`acso`p mkrlft`ce, 99 ‒97  ‒97 tkreftfg, 98, 98, :8 ‒:9  ‒:9,, :2, :2, ?6 ?6,, ??, ??, 0?, 0?, ;97, ;97, ;95 j    

Mkss ?8, M`bra mkrlft`ce, mkrlft`ce, ?8 ?8 ?8,,, ?8 ?8j ,,    0? 0? Cft Xramatfr Rbarf (CXR), ;?0 ‒;08  ‒;08 Ac-prfm`sf BYM systfms, ;25 ‒;2?  ‒;2?,, ;20 ;20,, ;78 Apfc saurbf BYM systfm, ;2; Xkrfta Xr`cb`pnf, ?; Xkss`vf naykns, ?0 Xart mkrlft, ;85 ;85,, ;8?, ;8?, ;80 Xraj`t mkckefmfct, ;90 Xramat`ac kpprakbo, ;;9 ‒;  ‒;;2 Xurboksf jrfqufcby jrfqufcby,, ?? ??,, ;;7 ;7,, ;?6 ;2;, ;65 Yfbfcby, Jrfqufcby, Zknuf (YJZ) magfn, 26 26,, :9, :9, 06 06,, 0:t ,  ;2;, Yfnkt`acso`p mkrlft`ce, 99 ‒97  ‒97,, ;;5 ;5,, ;:;. ;:;. Rf Rff f kn knsa sa Bustamfr Yfnkt`acso`p Mkrlft`ce ifst prkbt`bfs `c, ;89 ‒;82  ‒;82 bustamfr nayknty, bofbln`st jar, ;;; ‒;  ‒;;9 bustamfr nayknty, lfy fnfmfcts `c, ;;6 ‒;  ‒;;5 gfj`c`t`ac, 92 gftfrm`c`ce bustamfr nayknty nayknty,, ;80 ‒;  ‒;;; fssfcbf aj, 92 nayknty praerkms, ;;9 ‒;  ‒;;7 pragubt/sfrv`bf bokrkbtfr`st`bs, ;87 ‒;86  ‒;86 purpasf aj, 00, 00, ;87 rfnkt`acso`p daurcfy daurcfy,, 00 ‒;89  ‒;89,, ;89 ;89j  j  subbfss jkbtars, ;82 ‒;87  ‒;87 Yfspacsf rktf, ;08 Yfturc ac @cvfstmfct (Ya@), 96 96,, :2, :2, ;87, ;87, ;80, ;80, ;9?, ;9?, ;2:, ;2:, ;5?, ;5?, ;50 ;50,, ;?2 bustamfr gfvfnapmfct, ;?7 `cg`v`gukn bkmpk`ec, ;?2 ‒;?7  ‒;?7 Yfvfcuf bourc, ;?5 ‒;??  ‒;??

Rfrv`bf Nfvfn Kerffmfct (RNK), ;70 bactfct, ;70 ‒;68  ‒;68 purpasf aj, ;70 Ro`jt`ce naykns, ?0 ?0,, ;;2

 

R`cenf Bustamfr Z`fw (RBZ), 0 Rab`kn-BYM (R-BYM) taan, ;72 ‒;77  ‒;77 `mpartkcbf aj, ;76 ‒;7:  ‒;7: kcg sab`kn mfg`k, ;77 ‒;76  ‒;76 vs. trkg`t`ackn BYM, (RkkR), ;77 Rajtwkrf ks k Rfrv`bf ;2? ;2?,, ;20, ;20, ;78, ;78, ;70 Rpn`t naykns, ?0 Rupfr irkcg, 50, 50, ?8 Rustk`ckinf praj`t, v, ;, 7, ?8. ?8. Rf Rff f knsa knsa nayknty praerkm gftfrm`ckt`ac aj, ;80 ‒;  ‒;;; mkrlft`ce mfbokc`bs jar jar,, ;;9 pramat`ac kpprakbo, ;;9 ‒;  ‒;;2 Rw`tbofrs, ?0 ?0,, ;;2 Wkreftfg mkrlft`ce, 98 98,, :8 ‒:9  ‒:9,, :2 :2,, ?6, ?6, ?? ??,, 0?, 0?, ;97, ;97, ;95 BYM ius`cfss magfn ifcfj`ts `c, :; jrkmfwarl, :; :;j  j   ‒69,, ;;2 ;2,, ;;7 Wfsba Bnui Bkrg, 70 ‒69 Wfsba, 77, 77, 70 70,, 62 62,, ;90 Watkn Rparts, 09 09,, 02

 

AWOF AW OFY Y W@ W@WN WNFR FR @C WO WOF F MK MKYL YLFW FW@C @CE E BANNFBW@AC Ckrfso Mknoatrk, Efare`k Wfbo, Fg`tar  • Rtkc Ir`kc MbEurl Rtkcg g Aut!  Aut!  iy   • Wof Bam`ce Kef aj Yaiats iy Efaref Xftt`c`ba kcg Efaref Y.

M`ncf • Mkr Mkrlft lft Fct Fctrap rapy  y  iy     Ykdkeapkn •  Krt`st Gfvfnapmfct Fssfct`kns iy Fssfct`kns iy Or`sta Xfcbofv • Gf Gfba bag` g`c ce Bu Bust stam amf fr Zknu nuf f kt to tof f Iat atttam aj to tof f Xyrk Xyrkm` m`g  g  iy     Y`tu Rr`vkstkvk [ukn`t [uk n`tkt` kt`vf vf Mkrlft Mkrlft`ce `ce Yfsfkr Yfsfkrbo bo iy  iy Ykdkeapkn Rab`knn Mfg`k Mkrlft`ce  Rab`k Mkrlft`ce  iy  iy Knkc Bokrnfswarto Fmpnayff Fmpna yff Kmik Kmiksskga sskgarso`p rso`p iy  iy M`bokfn U. Nawfcstf`c Br`t Br `t`b `bkn kn Wo Wo`c `cl` l`ce ce ja jarr Mkrl Mkrlft ftfr frs, s, Zan anum umf f @@  iy     Gkv`g Gw`eot, Gkv`g Raaroantz kcg Wfrry Erkpfct`cf • Br Br`t `t`b `bkn kn Wo Wo`c `cl` l`ce ce ja jarr Mkrl Mkrlft ftfr frs, s, Zan anum umf f @  iy     Gkv`g Gw`eot, Gkv`g Raaroantz kcg Wfrry Erkpfct`cf • Rfr Rfrv`bf v`bf Fxbfnn Fxbfnnfcb fcbf f iy Yuto C. Iantac • Yfn Yfnkt` kt`acs acso`p o`p Mkr Mkrlft lft`ce `ce YfYf-@mk @mke`c e`cfg  fg  iy   Ckrfso Mknoatrk, Bkc • • • •

Vsnky kcg Komft Ikyrkltkr 

• Mkr Mkrlft lft`ce `ce Xnk Xnkc c Wfmp fmpnkt nktfs fs jar Fcokcb Fcokcb`ce `ce Xraj`t Xraj`ts s iy Fn`zkifto Yuso

Lruefr  • Nkuc Nkucbo`ce bo`ce Cfw Xragubts Xragubts iy  iy Daoc B. Ufstmkc kcg Xkun Rawyrgk • Rmk Rmkrt rt Mkr Mkrlft lft`ce  `ce  iy  iy Komfg Kn Klifr 

Bacb Ba cb`s `sf f kc kcg g Kp Kppn pn`f `fg g Iu Ius` s`cf cfss ss Ia Iaal als s Wof Bannfbt`ac n`stfg kiavf `s acf aj 28 ius`cfss suidfbt bannfbt`acs

tokt Ius`cfss Fxpfrt Xrfss oks erawc ta mklf IFX k prfm`frf puin`sofr aj pr`ct kcg g`e`tkn iaals. Aur bacb`sf kcg kppn`fg iaals krf jar…

 

• Xrajfss`ackns kcg Xrkbt`t`acfrs • Jkbunt`fs woa kgapt aur iaals jar baursfs • N`irkr`kcs woa lcaw tokt IFX‐s G`e`tkn N`irkr`fs krf k uc`quf wky

ta ajjfr stugfcts fiaals ta gawcnakg, cat rfstr`btfg w`to kcy g`e`tkn r`eots mkckefmfct • Fxfbut`vf Wrk`c`ce Baursf Nfkgfrs • Ius`cfss Rfm`ckr Arekc`zfrs Ius`cfss Fxpfrt Xrfss iaals krf jar kcyacf woa cffgs ta g`e gffpfr ac ius`cfss `gfks, eakns, kcg sanut`acs ta fvfrygky prainfms. Uoftofr acf pr`ct iaal, acf fiaal, ar iuy`ce k g`e`tkn n`irkry aj ;;8 fiaals, wf rfmk`c tof kjjargkinf kcg smkrt wky ta if ius`cfss smkrt. Jar marf `cjarmkt`ac, pnfksf v`s`t www.ius`cfssfxpfrtprfss.bam www.ius`cfssfxpfrtprfss.bam,, ar bactkbt sknfsHius`cfssfxpfrtprfss.bam sknfsHius`cfssfxpfrtprfss.bam..

 

Wkinf aj Bactfcts ;. Bavfr  9. Oknj-W`tnf Xkef 2. W`tnf Xkef 7. Bapyr`eot Bapyr`eot 6. Gfsbr`pt`ac Gfsbr`pt`ac :. Bactfcts Bactfcts 5. 5. Kblca  Kblcawnfgemfcts wnfgemfcts ?. Bokptfr Bokptfr ; @ctragubt`ac 0. Bokptfr Bokptfr 9 Gfj`c`t`ac ;8. Bokptfr Bokptfr 2 Wof Fvanut`ac Fvanut`ac aj BYM ;;. Bokptf Bokptfrr 7 Gfvfnap`ce k BYM BYM Rtrktfey ;9. Bokptfr 6 Wof „B” `c BYM ;2. Bokptfr Bokptfr : Wof „Y” `c BYM ;7. Bokptfr Bokptfr 5 Wof „M” `c BYM ;6. Bokptfr ? I9I ;:. Bokptfr Bokptfr 0 Uokt @s Cffgfg Cffgfg ta Rubbfssjunny Gfvfnap kcg @mpnfmfct @mpnfm fct k BYM Rtrktfey1 ;5. Bokptfr Bokptfr ;8 BYM BYM Ifcfj`ts ;?. Bokptfr Bokptfr ;; Vsfjun Vsfjun Mfksurfmfct Gfj`c`t`acs ;0. Yfjfrfcbfs Yfjfrfcbfs 98. Kiaut 98.  Kiaut tof Kutoar  Kutoar  9;. @cgfx 99. Ikblbavfr 

Eu`gf