Curso Metalurgia General

 

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OKPIF[TCHI CKEKTIF HEPTA@[JJHÚE. Ks ue jaelueta `k apkrijhaeks gïshjis kgkjtui`is sadrk ohekrifks kxtriï`as `k fi jartkzi tkrrkstrk, quk thkeke jaoa ghe< 9. Fi skp skpiri irijhú jhúee `k súf súfh`a h`a-- fïq fïquh` uh`a, a, ke kf sk adth adthke kekk uea a oés pra`u pra`ujta jtass véfh`as véfh`as ffioi`as jaejketri`a jaejketri`as. s. 4. Zk `ksj `ksjirti irti atra pra`uj pra`ujta ta ffioi ffioi`a `a rkfiv rkfivkk quk jaet jaethkek hkek fi pirtk pirtk kstèrhf kstèrhf `kf ohekrif. ohekrif. :. Ksti Kstiss `kgheh `kghehjhae jhaeks ks ks véfh` véfh`ii piri kf dke dkekghjh kghjhaa `k ohekrifks ohekrifks ea gkrrasas gkrrasas,, gkrrasa gkrrasas, s, ea oktéfhjas y jirdaeks. JFIZHGHJIJHÚE @K FIZ A^KTIJHAEKZ OKJÉEHJIZ. Zk thkek JFIZHGHJIJHÚE 9. Prh Prhtur turij ijhúe húe a jb jbiej ieji`a i`a ``kk ohe ohekri krifks fks.. 4. Jaej Jaejketri ketrijhúe jhúe (skp (skpirij irijhúe húe `afh`a `afh`a ‚ súfh` súfh`a) a) :. @ks @ksicui icui`a `a (skp (skpirij irijhúe húe súfh`a súfh`a ‚ fïquh fïquh`a) `a) 0. Apkr Apkrijha ijhaeks eks jui`yu jui`yucietk cietkss `k triespartk triespartk y ifoij ifoijkeio keiohketa hketa..  

Kxpfarijhúe ckafúchji

Kxpfarijhúe ohekri

Kxtrijjhúe oktifürchji

^rajksiohketa `k ohekrifks

Oktifurchi kxtrijthvi

Oktifurchi gïshji

Tkfivk

Jaejketri`a Ksjarhi   Cisks   rksh`uifks

Oktifks

TKGHEIJHÚE @K ^TAJKZIOHKEPA @K OHEKTIFKZ.

@ketra `k fi oktifurchi kxtrijthvi vhkek i skr kf jaelueta `k apkrijhaeks y prajksas uehtirhas oktifürchjas usi`as piri jaejketrir fas ohekrifks. Zk ffioi tiodhèe prkpirijhúe okjéehji `k fas ohekrifks parquk su adlkta ks prkpirir fis okeis quk sk adthkek ke fis fidarks ohekris. ^iri quk puk`ie skr pisi`as kjaeúohjioketk kjaeúohjioketk i ue prajksiohketa oktifürchja quk sk kxtrihcie kf oktif jaetkeh`as ke kffas.

Ti`ha `k jaejketrijhúe.jaejketrijhúe.-Ks fi rkfijhúe kxhstketk ketrk kf eüokra `k taekfi`is `k ohekrif `k jidkzi y èf euokra `k taekfi`is `k jaejketri`a praok`ha ke kf prajksa tatif `k fi jaejketrijhúe, sk hetkrprkti jaoa kf eüokra `k taekfi`is `k ohekrif `k jidkzi quk sk rkquhkrk piri adtkekr uei taekfi`i `k jaejketri`a. (klkopfa).  

 

DIFIEJK OKPIFÜTCHJA IEÉFHZHZ CTIE[F[OKPTHJ CTIE[F[OKPTHJA A Kf ieéfhshs crieufaoètrhja vhkek i skr fi `hstrhdujhúe `k tioiùas i trivès `k uei skrhk kstée`ir `k tiohjks tiohjks a jk`izas (puk`ke skr skr PXFKT ú IZPO) Kf ie ieéfh éfhshs shs cri crieuf eufaoè aoètrhj trhja, a, thkek thkek par adl adlkta kta kstu` kstu`hir hir fi jaopas jaopashjh hjhúe úe cri crieuf eufir ir `k fis okzjfis `k pirtïjufis, jae kf ghe `k jaeajkr kf tioiùa praok`ha `k fis pirtïjufis, su vafuoke y supkrghjhk, fi skpirijhúe `k kffas `k ijukr`a jae su tioiùa, piri `ktkroheir kf tioiùa `k fhdkrijhúe `k ue ohekrif y jae kf iuxhfha `kf ieéfhshs quïohja, kvifuir fas rksufti`as oktifürchjas. Ke ta`i apkrijhúe gue`ioketif `kf dkekghjha, fi crieufaoktrïi lukci ue pipkf hopartietk (ke garoi gue`ioketif ke fi préjthji oktifürchji), ke atras tèroheas fis apkrijhaeks `k jaejketrijhúee `k ohekrifks `kpke`ke ke ifta cri`a `kf tioiùa a `hstrhdujhúe `k tioiùa `k jaejketrijhú  pirtïjufis quk hetkrvhkeke ke kstis apkrijhaeks, ksta ks vifhasa hcuifoketk piri prajksas  phra oktifürchjas k bh`raoktifurchjas. EKJKZH@I@KZ X WKEPILIZ KJAEAOHJIZ @K FI JAEJKEPTIJHÚE

Ouy riris sae fis oheis oheis quk adthk adthkeke eke ue pra`uj pra`ujta ta `k fidarka quk puk`k puk`k skr vke`h`as vke`h`as `hrkjtioketk she ehecüe tritiohketa prkvha, fi okjéehji ks quk if oïehoa kxtrihci `k su `keuejha a jaejkshúe praphi a irrke`i`a ue ohekrif jae uei fky oïehoi kxpfatidfk ( jutagg) ouy okzjfi`a jae kspkjhks she vifar. Fis gue`hjhaeks jaoprie fas ohekrifks y jaejketrie quk `kdke tkekr fkyks oïehois `i`is `k jhkrtas oktifks piri quk su ekcajha if gue`hrfi hejfusa jisthcuk juie`a sadrkpisie parjketilks `k hopurkzis jaoa Z, irsèehja, iethoaeha, dhsouta, oiecieksa ktj. Fas praj Fas prajk` k`ho hohk hket etas as `k jaej jaejke ketri trijh jhúe úe ok okjé jéeh ehji ji ju juks ksti tiee rk rkfi fith thvi viok oket etkk ouy ouy pa paja ja jaopir jao piri`a i`a jae fas tritio tritiohke hketas tas phr phraa okt oktifü ifürch rchjas jas a bh`rao bh`raokti ktifur furchj chjas, as, par fa tieta tieta kjaeúohj kjae úohjioke ioketk tk lusthghjidfk lusthghjidfk jaoa uei ktipi hetk hetkrok`h rok`haa y gue`hjhúe gue`hjhúe,, fis vketilis vketilis quk agrkjk fi prkpirijhúe okjéehji sae fas shcuhketks< i) Kjae Kjaeaoïi aoïi `k gfktks, gfktks, pa parr jaejkpta jaejkpta `k pic picaa `k ue gifs gifsaa gfktk sadrk sadrk kf oitkrhif oitkrhif kstèrhf kstèrhf quk sk `ksjirti ke fis apkrijhaeks `k jaejketrijhúe. Kf jasta `k triespartk `k fi ohei i fi gue`hjhúe ks jastasas i tif pueta quk kf gfktk par  triespartir kf ohekrif oés padrk puk`k skr ois kfkvi`a quk kf vifar `kf jaetkeh`a oktéfhja.  d) Tk`ujk fi pkr`h`i `kf oktif ghea ke fi gue`hjhúe, puksta quk if gue`hrsk ue ohekrif  padrk sk pra`ujk uei gukrtk jieth`i` `k ksjarhi, quk shkoprk irristri uei kfkvi`i  parjhúe `k vifarks. vifarks. j) Tk Tk`u `ujj jjhú húee `kf `kf jast jastaa tati tatiff `k gue` gue`hj hjhú húee pu puks ksta ta qu qukk èf eu euok okra ra `k ta taek ekfi fi`i `iss `k jaejketri`as oujba okeas quk èf euokra `k taekfi`is `k ohekrif druta quk idrïi `k gue`hrsk sh ea sk jaejketri. `) ^kro ^krohtk htk rkif rkifhzir hzir uei ``kk fi ohei ke ga garoi roi ri`a ri`aei`i ei`i ke ke juieta juieta sk rkghkrk rkghkrk i fis fkyks fkyks `k fas ohek ohekrifks rifks,, fas ohekrifk ohekrifkss praj prajk`ke k`ketks tks `k fi ohei sudtkrréek sudtkrréekii sae oés rhjas quk fas ohekrifks quk pra`ujke `kf tila, okzjfie`a a jidkjkie`a kstas `as thpas `k ohekrifks ks pashdfk rijhaeir fi kxpfatijhúe `k kstk rkjursa icatidfk. k) [ei ko koprks prksii oktifürchj oktifürchjii quk gue gue`k `k ohe ohekrifk krifkss `k pfaoa pfaoa par klkopfa< klkopfa<

 

^rajuri quk fas ohekrifks quk sk ifhoketie if barea jaetkecie f ois ifta % `k pfaoa. Isï ue ohekrif jae fkyks `k jidkzi `k ;% `k ^d. X 8; % `k cieci a kstèrhf ea pa`ré gue`hrsk kjaeú kjaeúohj ohjiok ioketk etk par parquk quk bidrï bidrïii kst kstèrh èrhff quk ksjarh ksjarhghj ghjir ir jaes jaesuoh uohke` ke`aa kxjks kxjkshva hva jaodusthdfk, gue`ketks kf ohekrif kstèrhf quk jaethkek ;; % `k pfaoa y 0; % `k cieci sk gue`hré i ue jasta okear y jae rksufti`as kjaeúohjas piri fi koprksi. Ke rkifh`i` rkifh`i` kxhstk kxhstkee oujbis ohei oheiss `k crie vafuoke y `k paji fky quk oés pa`rïie skr  apkrit apk rithvi hviss sh ea sk `hspus `hspushkr hkrie ie `k pra prajk` jk`hoh hohke ketas tas dirita diritass y kghjhk kghjhketk etkss pir pirii tritir tritir y kerhqukjkr fas ohekrifks padrks qu qukk sk adthke adthkeke ke jaoa pra`ujta `k fi kxpfatijhúe kxpfatijhúe `k uei ohei

IEÉFHZHZ CTIE[F[OKPTHJA X TK^TKZKEPIJHÚE @K @HZPTHD[JHÚE @HZPTHD[JHÚE @K PIOIÙAZ 9. Adlkth Adlkthva va `k ieé ieéfhs fhshs hs crieuf crieufaoè aoètrh trhja ja.- [e ieéfhshs crieufaoètrhja vhkek i skr fi `hstrhdujhúe `k tioiùas i trivès `k uei skrhk kstée`ir `k tiohjks a jk`izas (puk`k skr  PXFKT a IZPO) Kf ieéf ieéfhshs hshs crieufaoè crieufaoètrhja trhja thkek par adlk adlkta ta kstu`hir kstu`hir fi jaopashjh jaopashjhúe úe crieufir crieufir `k fis okzjfis `k pirtïjufis. Jae kf ghe `k tioiùajae praok`ha `k fispiri pirtïjufis, su rvafuoke y supkrghjhk, fi skpirijhúe `kjaeajkr kffis `kkfijukr`a kffis su ti tioiùa, oiùa, `ktkrohei `ktkroheir kf tioiùa `k fhdkrijhúe `k ue ohekrif y jae iuxhfha `kf ieéfhshs quïohja kvifuir fas rksufti`as oktifürchjas oktifürchjas.. Ke ta`i ta`i apkr apkrij ijhú húee gue` gue`io ioke keti tiff `k dkek dkekghj ghjha ha,, fi cr crie ieuf ufao aokt ktrïi rïi lu lukc kcii ue pi pipk pkff hopartietk, ke atras tèroheas fis apkrijhaeks `k jaejketrijhúe `k ohekrifks `kpke`ke ke ifta cri`a `kf tioiùa a `hstrhdujhúe `k tioiùas `k pirtïjufis quk hetkrvhkeke ke kstis kst is apk apkrij rijhae haeks, ks, kst kstaa ks véf véfh`a h`a hcu hcuifo ifoket ketkk piri piri prajk prajksas sas phr phraa oktifü oktifürch rchjas jas k bh`raoktifurchjas.

4. Ipfhjijha Ipfhjijhaeks eks hopar hopartietk tietkss `kf ieéfhshs crieufao crieufaoètrhj ètrhjaa. i) Fi kghjhkejhi `k fas kquhpas `k jbieji`a y oafhke`i sk kstu`hie rkfijhaeie`a kf tridila tridi la kgkj kgkjtui` tui`aa y fas tioi tioiùas ùas `k fas pra`ujtas= pra`ujtas= juie`a sè jbieji a sk oukfk ke `hgkrketks jfisks `k jbieji`aris y oafheas. d) Fi ksthoijhúe `k fi patkejhi rkqukrh`i y jaesuoas `k kekrcïi piri jbiejir y/a oafkr ue ohekrif `ks`k ue tioiùa `k ifhoketijhúe ke ue tioiùa `k pra`ujta `ktkrohei`a sk bijk kghjhketkoketk i trivès `kf ieéfhshs crieufuoèthja

 

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j) Èf ji jifju fjufa fa `k fi kgh kghjhk jhkejh ejhii a pkr pkrgar garoie oiejk jk `k jfishg jfishghji hjijhú jhúee par tioiùa tioiùa `k ue jfishg jfi shghji hji`ar `ar bh` bh`réu réufhj fhja, a, ue jfi jfishg shghji hji`ar `ar ks ksphr phrif, if, jfishg jfishghji hji`ar `ar `k ristrh ristrhffa ffa a ue bh`rajhjfae, i ue tiohz, sk ksthoi jae dukei prkjhshúe, i pirthr `kf ieéfhshs `k oiffis `kf ifhoketi`a y pra`ujta `k tif apkrijhúe. Fi apk apkrij rijhúe húe `k jfi jfishg shghji hjijhú jhúee `kp `kpke` ke`kk gue gue`io `ioket ketifo ifoket ketkk `k `kff tioiùa tioiùa `k fis  pirtïjufis ohekrifks puks fis gukrzis crivhtijhaeifks y jketrïgucis quk sk kopfkie,  piri fis apkrijhaeks apkrijhaeks kstée rkfi rkfijhaei`is jhaei`is jae su tioiùa crie crieufir. ufir.

`) Ke fi apkrijhúe `k jaejketrijhú jaejketrijhúee ks kskejhif kf tioiùa crieufir `k ffis is pirtïjufis. Ke ta`is fis skpirijhaeks ski crivhtijhaeifks oiceèthjis oiceèthjis par gfatijhúe ktj. Kf tioiùa `k fis pirtïjufis, su supkrghjhk y oisi sae kfkoketas `k crie hopartiejhi ke kf jiopa `k fis gukrzis quk fis kgkjtuè, I `koés `koés sae hopar hopartie tietks tks ke fas pra prajk jksas sas `k jaejke jaejketri trijhú jhúee fis pk pkr`h r`h`is `is y kf  pradfkoi `k fas pra`ujtas ok` ok`has has quk sae `k `ksjrhtas sjrhtas ok`hietk su crieufaoktrïi. k) Fis apk apkrij rijhae haeks ks `k kfhohe kfhoheij ijhúe húe `k icu icuii (kspks (kspksi`a i`a-- ghftri` ghftri`a) a) `k `kpke pke`ke `ke `k fi jaopashjhúe crieufaoètrhji crieufaoètrhji `k fas pra`ujtas par kstir rkfijhaei`as jae fi gukrzi `k crivk`i` (kspkzilk) jae fi parash`i` (ghftrijhúe) a jae fi supkrghjhk kspkjïghji ( skji`a)

g) Kf ieéfhshs crieufaoètrhja ks hopartietk ks kstu`has `k hevksthcijhúe<

 

c)

b) h)  l)

Klkopfa kstu`ha ohekrifúchja, ohekra crighja y crieufaoètrhja `k pra`ujtas hetkrok`has `k fi gfatijhúe, rkfivks, jidkzi jae gheks i oklarir fas rksufti`as oktifürchjas `k cri`as `k jaejketrijhúe jaejketrijhúe y rkjupkrijhúe ke pfietis jaejketri`aris Ke fis apkrijhaeks `k jaeoheujhúe ( rk`ujjhúe y oafhke`i ) fas pradfkois `k fhdk fhdkri rijh jhúe úe piri piri oh ohek ekri rifk fkss vi vifh fhas asas as qu qukk pr prks kske keti tiee ioir ioirrk rkss ohek ohekri rifú fúch chja jas, s, `kshoiei`as , safioketk sk puk`ke kstu`hir sadrk fi disk `kf ieéfhshs crieufuortrhja y `k ksti garoi jrkie jae`hjhaeks apthois piri kf prajksa `k gfatijhúe. ^iri fi juiethghjijhúe `k fas jhrjuhtas `k jbieji`a `k oafhke`i y ke fi `ktkroheijhúe `k jirci jhrjufietks Kf prapú prapúshta shta prhejhp prhejhpif if `kf ieéfhsh ieéfhshss crie crieufaoè ufaoètrhja trhja ks kf `k jbkqukir jbkqukir fi sifh`i sifh`i `k fi oafhke`i (cri`a `k oafhke`i) a fi oicehtu` ke quk fas vifarks sk fhdkrie `k fi cieci i `hvkrsas tioiùas `k pirtïjufis. ^iri `ktkroheir fi oiffi `k fhdkrijhúe jae iyu`i `kf ieéfhshs quïohja.

ZKTHKZ @K PIOHJKZ, JK@I\AZ A OIFFIZ

Fas tiohjks sk usie piri ok`hr kf tioiùa y fi `hstrhdujhúe par tioiùas `k fis pirtïjufis. Fas jk`izas sae gidrhji`as jae ifiodrks `k ijkra a `k ifkijhaeks kspkjhifks, fas quk sk tklke garoie`a uei rk` jui`rhjufir `k iculkras `k `hvkrsis `hokeshaeks y juh`i`asio juh`i`asioketk ketk earoifhzi`as. Fi ‖OIFFI‟ sk `kghek jaoa kf eüokra `k bhfas oktéfhjas (a `k idkrturis)  par pufci`i, ok`h`as ok`h`as skcüe fis `hrkjjhaeks ``kk kffas. Kxhstke `hvkrsas shstkois< Iokrhjieas, Hecfksks, Griejès y Ifkoée.. shstkoi koi iokrhj iokrhjiea iea fis skrhks Pyfkr (jis (jishh uehvkrsi uehvkrsifoke foketk tk ijkpti`a), ijkpti`a), I.Z.P.O. I.Z.P.O.  Ke kf shst Ththeckr, Thjbir`s y Bavkr=  Ke kf shstkoi hecfès tkekoas fi skrhk @.Z.H,  Ke kf shstkoi shstkoi Griejès fi skrhk Igear y  Ke kf shstkoi Ifkoée fi skrhk @HE. Zk bijk eatir quk fi skrhk H.O.O pkrtkekjk if shstkoi iokrhjiea. Fi oiffi 4>> `k fi skrhk Pyfkr, bi sh`a i`apti`a jish uehvkrsifoketk jaoa pitrúe. Ksti oiffi thkek 4>> bhfas, y par fa tieta 4>> iculkras, ke uei pufci`i fhekif. Fis `hokeshaeks `kf fi`a `kf jui`ri`a `k fi oiffi 4>> ks `k >.>30 oo. ú >.>48 pufci`is. Kf prapúshta `kf ieéfhshs crieufaoètrhja ks kf jbkqukir fi jifh`i` `k fi oafhke`i, fi oicehtu` ke quk fas vifarks sk fhdkrie `k fi cieci i `hvkrsas tioiùas `k pirtïjufis y iyu`i if kstu`ha kspkjhghja `k fas jaesthtuyketks `k fi Okei. Oa`kri`ioketk, pkrohtk rijhaeifhzir kf `hskùa y guejhaeiohketa `k fis oiquheis `k trhturijhúe y oafhke`i. [sie`a ue Tatip sk `kdk siju`hr fi skrhk `k tiohjks `urietk 9; oheutas piri ohekrifks y 3 oheutas piri jirdaeks. Piodhèe sk puk`k bijkr kf ieéfhshs crieufaoètrhja par vïi büok`i shke`a ksti quk eas  praparjhaei rksufti`as rksufti`as ouy sithsgijtarhas sithsgijtarhas y prkjhsas. ^iri rkpartir fas rksufti`as adtkeh`as ke ue kesiyk crieufaoètrhj crieufaoètrhjaa ks prkjhsa kstir giohfhirhzi`a jae fas shcuhketks `kghehjhaeks<

% IJ (+) ? C(R).- Ks kf parjketilk ijuoufithva pashthva. Ksti jaesthtuh`a par ta`a kf ohekrif quk thkek uei crieufaoktrïi oiyar quk uei oiffi (R) juifquhkri ks `kjhr kstée jaesthtuh`a par ta`a fas cruksas ijuoufi`as sadrk fi oiffi (%`k rkjbiza).

 

% IJ (-) ? G (R)  Ks kf parjketilk ijuoufithva ekcithva ekcithva.. Ksti jaesthtuh`a par ta`a kf ohekrif quk thkek uei crieufaoktrïi hegkrhar i uei oiffi (R) juifquhkri, ks `kjhr ks kf  parjketilk ijuoufi`a ijuoufi`a `kf ohek ohekrif rif ghea quk itrivhksi ti tiff oiffi (% pisshec) G(R) ? % ^KZA ú % ^ITJHIF.- Ks kf parjketilk ke pksa `kf ohekrif rktkeh`a ke ji`i oiffi rkgkrh`a if pksa tatif `kf ohekrif tiohzi`a. O[KZPTI TK^TKZKEPIP TK^TKZKEPIPHWI HWI KLKO^FA. Zk `kski rkifhzir kf ieéfhshs crieufaoètrhja `k oukstris `k ohekrif juya rksufti`a sk thkek ke kf shcuhketk jui`ra y jae fas `itas adtkeh`as rkifhzir fi rkprksketijhúe créghji `kf kxioke ohekrifúchja fhekif y fi jurvi traopa. tr aopa. Zkrhk Pyfkr Oiffi + 42 :; 02 7; 9>> 9;> 4>> 43> :4; +0>> -0>>

Pyfkr  Idkrturi ke Ohjraeks ;8; 04> 483 49> 908 9>; 30 ;: 0: :3 -

: % pksa ke crs

% pksa ú pirjhif

7 94 9; 4> 43 42 4; 92 9; 49 P ?923 crs

:.49 7.04 2.>4 9>.3> 90.00 90.83 9:.:3 8.>4 2.>4 99.4: 9>> %

0

;

^arjketilk Ijuoufi`a C (R) (+) :.49 8.7: 93.7; 42.:; 04.38 ;3.37 39.9: 2>.3; 22.33 9>>.>>

^arjketilk Ijuoufi`a GR (-) 9>> 87.38 8>.:3 24.:; 39.7; ;3.49 04.40 42.23 98.4; 99.4: -

G (R) + C(R) ? 9>> G(R) ? 9>> ‚ C(R) Fi skrhk `k fas tiohjks sk kstie`irhzie shcuhke`a uei rk`ujjhúe `k 4  piri fi skrhk earoif 0 y `k 4  piri fi skrhk `adfk. Isï piri fi skrhk earoif. Fi oiffi heok`hiti ietkrhar tke`ré uei idkrturi `k< Rh ‚ 9? Rh x 4 Fi oiffi heok`hiti pastkrhar tke`ré Rh 4 Rh ? Pioiùa `k fi idkrturi `kf tiohz Rh + 9 ?

Klkopfa< Fi oiffi 4>> thkek uei idkrturi `k 30 ohjraeks Fi oiffi ietkrhar ietkrhar ? 30 4  ? 9>; ohjraeks Fi oiffi rkgkrkejhif ? 30 ohjraeks

oiffi 9;> oiffi 4>>

 

^TADFKOI< [ei pfieti jaejketri`ari triti 90>> PJZ par `ïi `kf ohekrif jae uei `hstrhdujhúe crieufaoètrhji, x X ? 9>>( -------)>.:;   98: X uei fky `k pfaoa `k 4.83 %. @kf ieéfhshs ieéfhshs cireufuoktrhja sk thkek quk kf kf oitkrhif + 9;> oiffis (9>; ohjraeks ohjraeks ) kesiyi 0.:2 % `k pfa pfaoa, oa, jifjufk [`. i) ±Fi fky `k pfaoa pfaoa ke kf oitk oitkrhif rhif -:4; oiffis1  d) ±Kf rkspkjthva taekfilk `kf oitk oitkrhif rhif -9;> oifis + :4; oiffis1 ZAF[JHÚE

JAEOHE[JHÚE X PTHP[TIJHÚE JAEOHE[JHÚE. Kf tèrohea jaeoheujhúe ks ipfhji`a i fi rk`ujjhúe `k trazas crie`ks i gricoketas pkqukùas `k rajis. Fi jaeoheujhúe usuifoketk sk ffkvi i jida ke `as pisas skpiri`as quk sae<  

Jbieji`a y Oafhke`i

GTK@ DAE@, ke kf iùa sksketi ks quk `i oiyarks ipartks `kghehke`a jaoa ‖ Kf  prajksa ke kf juif fi kekrcïi jheèthji okjéehji `k uei oiquhei u adlkta `k triesgkrkejhi i ue ohekrif pra`ujh`a ke èf, grhjjhaeks hetkreis y jifar quk arhcheie su rupturi. Jaoa kf oitkrhif ks hopijti`a jae sughjhketk gukrzi, ok`hietk ue safa jaetijta oishva a par virhas hopijtas pkqukùas, fi rkshstkejhi jrïthji `kf oitkrhif ffkci i kxjk`krsk y kf oitkrhif sk raopk. @urietk y `kspuès `kf hopijta, fi kekrcïi arhcheif sk jaesh`kri jaoa< 

 





Fi kekrcïi jheèthji `k trisfijhúe, tieta `kf jukrpa hopijti`a isï jaoa `kf jukrpa hopijtietk. Fi kekrcïi jheèthji `k vhdrijhúe `k fas jaopaeketk jaopaeketkss `kf jukrpa hopijtietk Fi kekr kekrcï cïii patk patkej ejhi hiff ifoi ifoijk jkei ei`i `i ja jaoa oa ke kekr krcï cïii `k `k `kga garo roij ijhú húe, e, ke fa fass jaopaeketks `kf shstkoi. Kf jifar ckekri`a par grhjjhúe `urietk fi `kgaroijhúe, ú par ioarthcuiohketa `kf oavhohketa ae`ufitarha. Fi eukvi kekrcïi supkrghjhif `kf oitkrhif grijturi`a ú qukdri`a.

Fi hopartiejhi `k ksti apkrijhúe piri kf prajksiohketa `k ohekrifks, ri`hji ke quk ok`hietk kffi, ks pashdfk fhdkrir fas ohekrifks vifhasas `k fas kstèrhfks y prkpirir fis supkrghjhks y kf tioiùa `k fis pirtïjufis piri prajksas pastkrharks `k jaejketrijhúe. Ke kf prajksa `k jaeoheujhúe sk rkquhkrk ue kfkvi`a jaesuoa `k kekrcïi, quk rkprksketi kf 7> % `k fas jastas apkrithvas `k fis pfietis jaejketri`aris.

 

Ke kf prksketk safioketk safioketk sk rkvhsiré fi tka tkarïi rïi `k Jaeoheujhúe `k Grk` Dae`, quk jaeshs jae shstk tk ke rkfij rkfijhae haeks ks ketrk ketrk fi ke kekrc krcïi ïi jae jaesuo suoh`i h`i y kf tioiùa tioiùa `k oitkrh oitkrhifk ifkss  pra`ujh`as, par par tkekr oiyar ijk ijkptijhúe ptijhúe y fi quk thkek oiyar vifh`kz vifh`kz ke fi He`ustrhi.

FI PKATÏI @K GTK@ J DAE@. Fi disk `kf rizaeiohketa `k Grk` J. Dae` ks `k quk kf tioiùa hehjhif `k uei  pirtïjufi ietks `k skr rk`ujh`i `kdk kstir yi jirci`a `k uei jhkrti jieth`i` `k kekrcïi supkrghjhif ijuoufi`i ohketris gukri rk`ujh`i i ue tioiùa tkúrhjioketk i kstk tioiùa hehjhif. ^iri pirtïjufis `k garois shohfirks kf tridila tatif hopuksta piri raopkr uei jieth` jie th`i` i` `k vafuo vafuoke ke skr skréé pra prapar parjha jhaei eiff i 9/ ^   `ae`k ^ ke kf tioiùa `k fi  pirtïjufi. Kstk ks kf prhejhpha gue`ioketif ke quk sk disi fi :ri. Pkarïi `k Dae`,  pastufie`a quk kf tridila üthf tatif ke grijjhaeir uei pirtïjufi `k juifquhkr tioiùa ks hevkrsioketk praparjhaeif i fi riïz jui`ri`i `k fi pirtïjufi. Ke kstk sketh`a if rk`ujhr ue tioiùa hehjhif `k ifhoketijhúe R9 i atra tioiùa `k  pra`ujta R4 fi kekrcïi hopuksti kevukfti kevukfti ke fi apkrijhúe skré fi `hgkrkejhi ketrk kf tridila tatif hopuksta idsardh`a ke ji`i uea `k kstas tioiùas `k pirtïjufis. Fi ioiffi kxprksi`i ke ohjraeks quk `k ue pra`ujta pisi kf 2>% `kf pksa ks `k vifar taoi`a jaoa ok`hi `kf tioiùa `k pirtïjufi (R9 R4 ke fi kjuijhúe `k Dae`. Fi kjuijhúe déshji `k fi :ri. Pkarïi `k jaouehjijhúe ks<   9> S ? Sh ( ---- x   R4

9> ---- ) R9

(9)

@ae`k Sh ? Ks kf Sa @ae`k Sar` r` He`k He`kx, x, a kf ppiréo iréoktra ktra quk quk kxprksi kxprksi fi rkshstk rkshstkejhi ejhi `kf `kf oitkrh oit krhif if pi piri ri skr rk` rk`ujh ujh`a. `a. Euoèrh Euoèrhji jioke oketk tk kf ‖Sarm ‖Sarm He`kx‟ He`kx‟ rkprks rkprksket ketii fas mhfawitts ‚ bari par taekfi`i jarti quk sk rkquhkrk piri rk`ujhr ue oitkrhif `k ue tioiùa tkúrhjioketk heghehta i ue tioiùa `k 2>% okeas 9>> ohjraeks. ^iri `ktkroheir kf Sh. @k ue ohekrif ke kf fidaritarha kxhstke oèta`as kstée`ir  `ksirraffi`as par Dae` y usie`a kquhpa kstée`ir `hskùi`a tiodhèe par kf ohsoa. Zhe Zhe kodi kodirc rcaa kxhs kxhstk tkee garo garouf ufis is `k `ksi sirr rraf affi fi`i `iss pa parr Dae` Dae` qu qukk he hejf jfuy uyke ke fi oafhke`idhfh`i` `kf ohekrif a ski fas crioas ektas par rkvafujhúe oafh`as y pisie fi oiffi quk sk ksti bijhke`a fi prukdi. [ei `k kstis gúroufis ks fi shcuhketk ^iri ue oafhea `k dafis `k fidaritarha< Sh ?

74 ^h >. 4:

?

Crp

>74

x

9> 9> ^ 2> G 2>

@ae`k< 00.; < Ks uei jaestietk juie`a sk usi kf kquhpa stie`ir` `k Dae` ^h < Ks kf tioiùa `k oiffi ke ohjrae ohjraeks ks i quk sk ksti bijhke`a bijhke`a fi `ktkroheijhúe. Cdp < Ks fi oafhke`idhfh`i` oafhke`idhfh`i` R9 < tioiùa tioiùa kkee ohj ohjraeks raeks qquk uk pisi 2>% `k `k fi okei

 

R4 < Pioiùa ke ohjraek ohjraekss quk pisi 22>% >% `kf pra`ujta ( jirci a ski kf ifhoketa). Garoufi piri `ktkroheir kf SATM HE@KR ke ue oafhea `k klks ke kf fidaritarha ks kf shcuhketk< Sh ?

97 . 7

^9

> . 74 74;;

Crp

9>>

@ae`k< Cdp < Ks fi oafhke`idhfh`i` oafhke`idhfh`i` kkee ue oafhea ``kk klks ^h < Pioiùa `k oiffi ke ohjraeks i fi quk sk bijk fi `ktkroheijhúe. Garoufi piri ue oafhea `k dafis< Sh ?

97 Crp

> . 24

^9 9>>

Ks ouy shopfk jifjufir kf Sar` He`kx ke fi apkrijhúe ke garoi `hrkjti. [sie`a fi garoufi déshji `k Dae` Dae` (9) y fkyke`a `hrkjtiok `hrkjtioketk etk kf ok`h`ar `k Mwb / Pae, `kf oafhea a jifjufie`a par ok`ha `k fi fkjturi `k fas iopkrhas jaesuoh`as ke ksk jhrjuhta `k oafhke`i sk puk`k jifjufir kf Sh. bijhke`a ue ieéfhshs `k oiffi rkprksketithva `kf ifhoketa y `k fi sifh`i i ksk jhrjuhta `k rk`ujjhúe. Bijhke`a ue crighja ke pipkf facirïtohja `kf parjketilk quk pisi vkrsus kf tioiùa `k oiffi ke ohjraeks. ohjra eks. Zk puk` puk`kk kxtrip kxtripafir afir kf tioiù tioiùaa quk pisi 2>% tieta tieta piri kf ifhoketa jaoa piri fi `ksjirci ( R9, R4) Isï ohsoa< Mwb/Pe ? S R9 ? G 2> R4 ? ^ 2> w ? Sh(

9> ^ 2>

-

9> G 2>

)

[ZA @KF SAT@ HE@KR Kf usa jath`hiea `kf Sh. `k ue ohekrif eas `i fi he`hjijhúe `k fi jifh`i` `kf ohekrif ohek rif ke juie juieta ta i su oafhke` oafhke`idhfh idhfh`i`. `i`. Zh sk triti `k ue ohekrif ohekrif `k kxpfarijhúe, kxpfarijhúe, heok`hitioketk eas `i uei h`ki `k fas guturas cistas `k oafhke`i. Atris vkjks fas cistas `k kekrcïi `k oafhke`i sudke ke uei pfieti she rizúe ipirketk, ketaejks ok`hietk `ktkroheijhaeks `hirhis `kf Sh. pa`koas vkr sh ke rkifh`i` fi `urkzi `kf ohekrif bi jiodhi`a jaopiri`a jae oksks ietkrharks. Ks hopartietk skùifir, quk kf `k oiyar jaesuoa `k kekrcïi ke ue oafhea `k dafis ijaopiùi` ijaopiùi`a iuoketa ke kf Sh. he`hjijhúe`k `ktriesohshúe quk uei criey/a jieth`i` `k kekrcïi kstéa `kf shke`a hopfhji`a jaesae fas uei okjiehsoas ke jifar   pra`ujh`a par fas oatarks. ^ar fa tieta ks rkjaoke`idfk rkvhsir fis jae`hjhaeks

 

okjéehjis `k kstas oafheas y `k fas oatarks, yi quk kf Sh. ke uei he`hjijhúe `k fi kghjhkejhi `k jaevkrshúe `k kekrcïi ke oafhke`i.

PTHP[TIJHÚE Jaejkp Jaej kpta ta..- Prht Prhtur urij ijhú húee ffio ffioi` i`aa tiod tiodhè hèee jb jbie ieji ji`a `a ks ue ueii ap apkr krij ijhú húee ke kf  prajksiohketa `k ohekrifks ohekrifks quk jaes jaeshstk hstk ke fi prkpirijhúe okjéehji okjéehji `k ohekrifks ohekrifks y sk `kghek jaoa jaoa fi A^KTIJHÚE [EHP [EHPITHI ITHI i `kshetkcrir ue o oitkrhif itkrhif ue oitkrhif súfh`a ipfhjie`a gukrzis gukrzis `k jaoprkshúe y ke okear praparjhú praparjhúee gukrzi `k grhjjhúe, gfkxhúe, shsiffiohketa y atras bisti gricoketas `k ¶ i :/2 `k pufci`i . Kf jaetkeh`a `k buok`i` ke súfh`a (ke kf ifhoketa) ks hopartietk ke fi rk`ujjhúe `k tioiùas tioiùas jui juie`a e`a ks hegkrha hegkrharr i 0% ea biy `hghju `hghjufti fti`, `, ke jiodha jiodha rk`ujk rk`ujk fi  prkskejhi `k pafvas pkra ju juie`a ie`a ks oiya oiyarr if 0% itisji fi jbieji`ari (prhoi (prhoirhi). rhi).

FHRHWHIJHÚE HEPTA@[JJHÚE Kstk Kstk tri tridi dila la `ksj `ksjrh rhdk dk ue rkij rkijth thva va eukv eukvaa y pk pkrgk rgkjj jjha haei ei`a `a (FHR (FHR--

70 70E) E) qu qukk th thke kekk

ue oafkjufir `k ::8, piri fi rkjupkrijhú r kjupkrijhúe e ykejaejketrij jaejketrijhúe húe `k ke fhjarks éjh`as `k pksa fhxhvhijhúe jaoa jaoüeoketk sk tridili fi He`ustrhi `kfJadrk Jadrk, piri usir ke rkkopfiza `kf rkijthva Ijarci ^-;9>> `k pksa oafkjufir 47: quk ijtuifoketk sk ksti usie`a ke fi pfieti `k icui `k Ohei `k Jketraohe ^krü `k Jkrra `k ^isja. Ke kst kstii apa apartu rtueh` eh`i` i` safio safioket ketkk sk oke okejha jhaei eiré ré fas is ispkj pkjtas tas cke ckekri krifks fks sadrk sadrk kf rkijth rki jthva va i rkk rkkopf opfizi izir, r, `kl `klée ée`af `afii pir pirtk tk `k hev hevkst ksthci hcijhú jhúee y gue`io gue`ioket ketijh ijhúe úe piri piri kf rkkopfiza `k `hjba rkijthva ke kf prúxhoa jurshffa. Fi cieiejhi `kf FHR-70E ks tif, quk kf prajksa bh`raoktifürchja ke fi gfatijhúe `k jaejketri`a `k sufgita `k jadrk jae fi sudskjuketk rkjupkrijhúe `k jadrk par kf FHR-70E quk ksté shke`a tèjehji y kjaeúohjio kjaeúohjioketk ketk gijthdfk. Fis praphk`i`ks y pkrgaroiejks `kf rkijthva jae ijtuifks fhjarks `k fhxhvhijhúe  piri virhas pra`ujtas `kf Z.A. quk sae `hsjuth`as. Fas riecas `k kstè fhjar `k fhxhvhijhúe gfujtüie ketrk 9,8:> c/f `k Ju y `k 9 i 9> c/f `k éjh`a (B4ZA0).

 

Fi ijkptijhúe `k kstk pra`ujta ke fi he`ustrhi bi sh`a ouy pfijketkri. [e duke eüokra `k pfietis phfatas y pfietis jaokrjhifks bie sh`a apkri`as ke fi ijtuifh`i` par fa tieta kstk rkijthva puk`k kxtrikr jadrk ke safujhaeks `k oiyar éjh`as y kxbhdk supkrharks jirijtkrïsthjis `k skpirijhúe `k gisks.

 

-9:-

HEPKTJIODHA HÚEHJA JAEZH@KTIJHAEKZ JAEZH@KTIJHA EKZ ^TKWHIZ Fi bh`raoktifurchi ke fas üfthoas thkopas ksté usie`a prajk`hohketas eavk`asas  piri fi rkjupkrijhúe `k oktifks he`ustrhifks tifks jaoa kf jadrk, oafhd`kea, jadifta, zhej, eïqukf, viei`ha, tuecstkea y atras. Fi kxtrijjhúe par safvketk kopfki`a ke icui `k Ohei sk rkghkrk if prajksa ke fi juif fi safujhúe rhji ke jadrk "JAZKJBI" quk i`koés `k jaetkekr haeks `k `hgkrketks kfkoketas `hsukftas ke kf fhjar fhxhvhi`a if skr okzjfi`a ke jaetrijarrhketk jae uei gisk heohjhdfk arcéehji FHR-70E puk`k kxtrikr jadrk `k fi ijuasi she oiyarks pradfkois. Fi skjukejhi `k kxtrijjhúe y rkkxtrijjhúe sk puk`k ffkvir i jida `k ksté oiekri. -

^u ^urh rhgh ghjjijhú jhúe y pr praa`u `ujj jjhú húee `k sa safu fujjhúe húe `k if ifti ti jae jaejk jkeetr trij ijhú húee `k jad jadrk ke ke fi gisk gisk ijuasi.

-

Fi rkck rkckek ekri rijh jhúe úe `k `kff rki rkijt jthv hvaa aarc rcée éehj hjaa kkee ffii kti ktipi pi `k rk rkkx kxtr trij ijjh jhúe úe..

sk safujhaeks puk`k `kjhrquk qukjaetkecie fi kxtrijjhúe par safvketk bay ke `ïi ks juyas ue prajksa vkrséthfPiodhèe piri tritir kfkoketas kjaeúohjas vifhasas húeks oukstr ouk strie ie rkfijh rkfijhaek aekss `k jaopar jaopartio tiohke hketa ta ke fis kti ktipis pis `k kxtrij kxtrijjhú jhúee par saf safvk vketk etk.. ^ar  jaeshcuhketk ke kstk tridila sk `ksjrhdk jaejkptas usi`as ke kxtrijjhúe par safvketk i ehvkf He`ustrhif.

JAOKEPITHAZ @KF TKIJPHWA ATCIEHJA Ke fi pfieti `k hetkrjiodha húehja piri fi kxtrijjhúe par safvketk kopfkie`a FHR70E piri fi rkjupkrijhúe, purhghjijhúe y jaejketrijhúe `kf jadrk ke fas fhjarks `k fhxhvhijhúe  prajk`ketks `k `k fas trks pi`s quk jaethkek jaethkekee `k 0 i ; crs/ft `k jadrk y 9.8 i 4 crs/ft `k B4sA0. Kf Fhx-70E ks uei okzjfi `k `krhvi`as `k axhois `kf crupa AJ-BH@TARHARHOIZ quk sk ckekrie par susthtujhúe y i`koés ks hesafudfk ke icui, jae fas jithaeks oktéfhjas garoie jaopfklas hesafudfks ke icui kspkjhifoketk jae kf jithúe jüprhja. Kstk safvketk arcéehja thkek fi pirthjufirh`i` `k jk`kr géjhfoketk sus haeks bh`rúckea, juie`a sk okzjfi jae safujhaeks `k dili ijh`kz (ktipi `k kxtrijjhúe) y rkjupkrir jae suoi gijhfh`i` kf húe bh`rúckea juie`a sk okzjfi jae safujhaeks éjh`as jaejketri`as. Úski quk apkri ke kf éjh`a `kf húe bh`rúckea. Kf fhx-70E ks iftioketk kgkjthva ke fi kxtrijjhúe par safvketk par skr skfkjthva `kf jadrk iuequk ks fhohti`a par fis gfujtuijhaeks `kf ^B, quk `ktkrohei fi dukei a oifi kxtrijjhúe, i`koés, kf FHR-70E thkek fi praphk`i` `k skpirirsk jae gijhfh`i` `k fi gisk ijuasi y jae okear juietïi `k itripiohketa y i`bkshaeks `k bhkrra quk sae eajhvas piri fi ktipi `k kfkjtrawhehec.

JAO^ATPIOHKEPA Y[ÏOHJA @KF FHR-70E

 

-90-

i.-

KPI^I @K KRPTIJJHÚE.- Fas fhjarks `k fhxhvhijhúe prajk`ketks `k fas pi`s sk okzj ok zjfi fiee jae jae kf rkij rkijth thva va arcé arcéeh ehja ja `k ifta ifta cr cri` i`aa `k ig ighe heh` h`i` i` pa parr at atra rass ha haek ekss +++ jaetioheietks (Gk , Oa, Oc, If, ZhA4, Oe y atras). Kf arcéehja tridili ke ue jhjfa `kf húe bh`rúckea `ae`k fas haeks juprasas sae triesgkrh`as i trivès `k fis hetkrgisks `k fis safujhaeks ea ohshdfks tif jaoa sk kxpfhji  par fi shcuhketk rkijjhúe. rkijjhúe. (Ju++ + ZA0) iq + (4TB) arc ---5 (T 4Ju) arc + 6--- (B4ZA0) iq @ae`k-4>> crs/ft) skcüe fi shcuhketk rkijjhúe< (T 4Ju) arc+(4B++ZA0+) iq ---5 (4TB) arc + 6---- (Ju ++ + ZA0-)iq@k ksti garoi kf rkijthva ks rkckekri`a y rkcrksi i fi ktipi `k kxtrijjhúe piri jaetheuir kf jhjfa `k jiptijhúe `k oafèjufis `k jadrk. ^ar atri pirtk fi safujhúe éjh`i `k sufgita `k jadrk fhdrk `k hopurkzis pisi i kfkjtra `kpashjhúe piri adtkekr jéta`as `k jadrk `k ifti fky. Fi rkkxtrijjhúe sk kgkjtüi ke `as ktipis y ke jaetrijarrhketk.  K

K9

  F.Z

T 4   @ae`k<

Z-

T 9 Z.A--

Y.F-

 

-9;-

K, K9 ? F.Z Y9 Z.Y, Z ? T 9, T 4 ?

Zafu Zafujh jhúe úe ijua ijuasi si,, jae jae ifti ifti jaej jaejke ketr trij ijhú húee `k `k éjh éjh`a `a (str (strhp hp). ). ? Zafujhúe ijuasi, jae ifti jaejketrijhúe ke jadrk. ? Arc Arcéeh éehja ja ji jirci rci`a `a ke ja jadrk drk.. Arcéehja `ksjirci`a ke jadrk. Jkf`is `k rkxtrijjhúe.

Kf adlkthva prhejhpif `k ksti ktipi ks jaeskcuhr ue kxtrijta jae ifti siturijhúe `k jadrk, par  ok`ha `k uei safujhúe éjh`i, piri fas prapúshtas `k rkkxtrijjhúe fi oiyar jaejketrijhúe `k éjh`a ks fi safujhúe y kfkvijhúe `k tkopkrituri.

PHKO^A @K TKIJJHÚE X ZK^ITIJHÚE @K GIZKZ PHKO^A @K TKIJJHÚE.- Ksté `i`a par kf thkopa `k okzjfi`a quk sk jaesh`kri jaoa uei virhidfk `kpke`hketk `kf prajksa `k hetkrjiodha Húehja, quk jaeshstk ke praparjhaeir if ok`ha uei oiyar `hstrhdujhúe `k fis gisks hehjhifoketk skpiri`is k heohshdfks, piri `irfks fi oiyar a okear kxtrijjhúe `kf húe jadrk `k fi gisk ijuasi, kstk okzjfi`a sk bijk jae fas shcuhketks gheks< i. i.-Pkek Pkekrr ue ueii dduk ukei ei ok okzj zjfi fi bbao aoac acèe èeki ki ketr ketrkk ffis is 4 gi gisk sks. s.  d.Givarkjkr fi okla oklarr triesgkrkejhi `k ha haeks. eks. j.j.-

Oiet Oietke kekr kr ke su susp spke kesh shúe úe fa fass gfula gfulass y ciri ciriet ethz hzir ir quk quk fi vkfaj vkfajh` h`i` i` `k jhr jhrju jufi fijh jhúe úe ski ski i`kjui`i.

ZK^ITIJHÚE ZK^ITIJH ÚE @K GIZKZ GIZKZ..-  Fi skpiri skpirijhú jhúee cri crivht vhtijh ijhaei aeiff `k okzjf okzjfis is `k fas fïquh` fïquh`as as heohshdfks, sk jaeshcuk ke fi pfieti he`ustrhif, hetra`ujhke`a uei okzjfi `k kffas, i ue rkjhphketk `k skjjhúe triesvkrsif sughjhketk jaoa piri pkrohthr fi skpirijhúe `k fis gisks. Kf arcéehja quk ks oés fhvhiea sk adthkek if gheif `kf sh`hoketi`ar ke su pirtk supkrhar y `k `ksj sjir irci ci`a `a par par kf vkrt vkrtk` k`kr kra, a, oh ohke ketr tris is kf ijua ijuasa sa oés oés pk pksi si`a `a pa parr su pi pirtk rtk he hegk gkrha rharr y `ksjirci`a par kf vkrtk`kra. Kf prajksa `k skpirijhúe `k gisks sk rkifhzi ok`hietk `as okjiehsoas. Zk`hoketijhúe y jaifksjkejhi ke fi hetkrgisk, jaoa kf thkopa `k rktkejhúe ke fi pfieti quk  puk`k skr `k 9> i 9; oheutas, fi jaifksjke jaifksjkejhi jhi `k fi `hspkrshúe sk kejuketri jaetrafi`i  prhejhpifoketk par fi tkeshúe tkeshúe hetkrgijhif, par atri pirtk fi skpirijhúe skpirijhúe `k gisks kksté sté ciriethzi`i  par kf usa `k fas fas shcuhketks ij ijjksarhas. jksarhas. i.i.Dist Disth` h`ar arks ks ja jaee rk` `k oif oiffi fiss pir pirii raop raopkr kr fi fiss ueha uehaek ekss trhgés trhgéshj hjas as,, arcée arcéehj hjaa-ij ijua uasi si-hetkrgisk y sujhk`i`ks sujhk`i`ks..  d.Digfas piri `hsoheu `hsoheuhr hr fi vkfajh`i` `k gfula, `k turdufketa fioheir. fioheir. Kstas ijjksarhas bijke `k fi die`i `k `hspkrshúe ke guejhúe `kf gfula kstè i`kjui`a oés a okeas quk `k 8" `k ifturi y quk fas itripiohketas `k arcéehja y ijuasi skie i`ohshdfks.

^B A^PHOA @K JAZKJBI.- Jaoa kf vifar `kf ^B ks ue eüokra quk shrvk `k ok`h`i `k fi gukrzi `k éjh`as y `k disks, `k tif oiekri quk ji`i safujhúe thkek ue vifar `k ^B `ktkrohei`a, quk pkrohtk `ir uei h`ki jfiri `kf jiréjtkr `k fi `hsafujhúe. Zkcüe ksti`ïsthjis `k `itasgrksji `k apkrijhúe `hirhas 9.2 `k triesgkrkejhi sk he`hji quk B^ úpthoa `k fi jaskjbi `kdk kstiry jaetrafks ketrk fas riecas i 4, quk`i `koastri`a qukkfi

 

-97-

okear ijh`kz fi kxtrijjhúe `kf jadrk ks oiyar, ke jaejfushúe kf FHR-70E tridili jae dukeas rke`hohketa `ketra `kf rieca ietks okejhaei`a.

JAEPHE[H@I@ @K GIZKZ KE KRPTIJJHÚE X TKKRPTIJJHAE JAEPHE[H@I@ @K GIZKZ KE KRPTIJJHÚE.- Fi jaetheuh`i` `k gisks ke ksti ktipi kstée `i`as par fi rkfijhúe A/I ke fas okzjfi`arks.   A >.2 Kxtrijjhúe 9 ? --- ? ---------- ijuasa jaetheua jaetheua   I 9   A 9 Kxtrijjhúe 4 ? --- ? --- ijuasa jaetheua   I 9   A 9.4 9.; Kxtrijjhúe : ? --- ? --- i --- ? arcéehja jaetheua   I 9 9

JAEPHE[H@I@ @K GIZKZ KE TKKRPTIJHAE.  A 9.; Tkkxtrijjhúe 9 ? --- ? --- arcéehja jaetheua   I 9   A >.2 Tkkxtrijjhúe 9 ? --- ?--- ijuasa jaetheua   I 9 Fi rkfijhúe A/I ke kf okzjfi`ar, thkek su hejh`kejhi eatarhi ke fi kxtrijjhúe quk`ie`a `koastri`a par eukstri kxpkrhkejhi quk juieta okeas ski kf vafuoke `k arcéehja rkspkjta if vafuoke ijuasa, oés dila skré fi kxtrijjhúe.

JAEJKEPTIJHÚE @KF TKIJPHWA ATCÉEHJA.-  Fi jaej jaejketri ketrijhúe jhúe `kf rkijthva rkijthva FHR-70E sk jaesh`kri jaoa uei virhidfk hopartietk ke rkfijhúe jae kf cri`a `k kxtrijjhúe `kf jadrk, i oés ifti jaejketrijhúe `k arcéehja oiyar skré fi triesgkrkejhi, ke fas prajksas `k ZR fi jaejketrijhúe `k fi okzjfi arcéehji lukci ue raf hopartietk puksta i oiyar  jaejketrijhúe y oés ifta ^B fi jipijh`i` `kf arcéehja skré oiyar, pkra i ok`h`i quk iuoketi fi jaejketrijhúe `k FHR-70E fi skpirijhúe `k fis gisks, ijuasa y arcéehja sk bijke ji`i vkz oés `hgïjhfks `kdh`a i quk iuoketi fi vhsjash`i` `k ksti üfthoi, ks par kstis rizaeks quk fi pfieti `k ZR sk kopfki fi shcuhketk praparjhúe `k okzjfi. FHR-70E Mkraskek Jirc Ji rcii oéxh oéxhoi? oi? 43 43.; .;% %

? ?

:>% Ke vafuoke 3>% Ke vafuoke

 

-93-

JAEPKEH@A @K JADTK KE FIZ ZAF[JHAEKZ IJ[AZIZ X ATCÉEHJA JADTK X IJH@A KE ZAF[JHAEKZ IJ[AZIZ @ksjrhpjhúe jadrk crs crs/ft /ft éjh`a crs/ft IP@ Jaskjbi 0.;> 4.>> 8.>> K. jirci`a 07.>> 90>.>> 4499>.>> K. `ksjirci`a :>.>> 970.>> 49>.>> Tkggheita >.2> 2.>> 8.>>

JADTK X IJH@A KE ZAF[JHAEKZ ATCÉEHJAZ @ksjrhpjhúe arc. jirci`a

Jadrk crs/ft 0.9>

éjh`a crs/ft. -

 

arc. `ksjirci`a >.0>

-

KFKJPTA@K^AZHJHÚE  Ks fi üfthoi ktipi `kf jaopfkla bh`raoktifürchja `ae`k sk adthkek jadrk kfkjtrafïthja jae cri`a `k kxpfatijhúe `k 88.82% `k purkzi.

APTAZ ^ITÉOKPTAZ.- Zk jaesh`kri fa shcuhketk< ^[TK\I.- @ksjirci `k kfkjtrúfhta icati`a if tiequk `k rkgg. jae fi gheifh`i` `k kfhoheir  hopurkzis jaoa Gk, If, ZhA, Ji, ^d y atras jaetioheie jaetioheietks. tks. -

Icrk Icrkci ci`a `a ``kk ic icui ui ``ks ksha haeh ehzi zi`i `i ppir irii `h `hsa safu fujh jhúe úe ``kk hopu hopurk rkzi ziss +, -94 -94 cif/ cif/oh oheu euta ta skc skcüe üe fi fi  purci. Kf kgk kgkjt jtaa dk dkek ekgh ghjh jhas asaa `k iù iùi` i`hr hr i fi sa safu fujh jhúe úe kkfk fkjt jtra rafï fïth thja ja ea ks ks safa safa ddil ilir ir vkf vkfaj ajh` h`i` i` `k `k jarrashúe `kf éea`a `kf pfaoa `kdh`a if axïckea, sh ea tiodhèe ke fi eiturifkzi `k fi `ktkrharijhúe `kf éea`a.

-

TKOAJHÚE @KF C[EM.- Kf cuem ks uei oisi gfuh`i büok`i jabkshvi quk sk garoi `ketra `kf jhrjuhta, fi jaopashjhúe kxijti `kf cuem ea bi sh`a `ktkrohei`a= ke vkr`i`, su jaopashjhúe  puk`k virhir `k uei pashjhúe `k fi pfieti i fi shcuhketk. Ke ckekrif ksté jaopuksti `k fi okzjfi FHR-70E, Mkraskek, pra`ujtas `k rkijjhúe `kf arcéehja, koufshaeks kxtrkoi`ioketk gheas y (kstidfks), oitkrhifks hearcéehjas jafah`ifks, pafva `kf ihrk y pashdfks jrkjhohketas `k dijtkrhis y`kfbaecas dijtkrhis. Kf cuem thkekpar uei`ae`k, crivk`i` kspkjïghji quk skkekejuketri ketrk kf pkrohtk ijuasa yquk fi arcéehja ke kf Ohxkr Zkttfkr, if dusjir su jiohea fi hetkrgisk, sh sk kf cuem sk ijuoufi ke fi hetkrgisk, kf kvketuifoketk kxtke`kré dila fi jaopukrti `k ijuasa `kf sh`koketi`ar. Juie`a ksta sujk`i ke fi üfthoi ktipi `k kxtrijjhúe, kf arcéehja ke kf cuem skré triesparti`a ke kf rkggheita. Iuoketie`a fis pkr`h`is `k arcéehja ke virhis vkjks fa quk `kdkré skr.

KFKJPTA@K^AZHJHAE.- Ks fi üfthoi ktipi `kf jaopfkla bh`raoktifürchja ke fi pra`ujjhúe `k Ju `k ifti purkzi `k 88.28% `k ohekrifks `k `kskjbas fhxhvhi`as. Kf pisa `k kfkjtrhjh`i` i trivès `k fis jkf`is jaetiohei`a sufgita `k jadrk, ke safujhúe purhghji`a pravkehketk `k fi kxtrijjhúe par safvketks, jiusi fi `kpashjhúe `k jadrk oktéfhja sadrk jéta`as. Kfkjtra`kpashjhúe sk `hgkrkejhi `k kfkjtrarkgheijhúe `kdh`a i quk fi prhokri `k kstis, thkek  prksketk fi rkijjhúe `k `ksjaopas `ksjaopashjhúe hjhúe `kf icui, fa quk jaoa jaeskjukejhi jaeskjukejhi `i ue oiyar  jaesuoa `k kekrcïi.

TKIJJHAE KE KF JIPA@A Ju++ + 4k- ? Ju



TKIJJHAE KE KF IEA@A B4A ? 4B+ + 4'A4 (2) + 4k-

TKIJJHAE PAPIF @K FI JKF@I ++

4 0

4

Ju  + ZA  ? B A ? Ju  + 9 A4 (c) + B4AZA0 K ? ->.28E.

 

^THEJH^HA @K G[E@HJHÚE X TKGHEKTÏI HEPTA@[JJHÚE. ^rksketi fis tkjeafacïis `k adtkejhúe `k fas oktifks Jadrk, ^faoa y Kstiùa jaoa klkopfa `k fas oktifks ea-gkrrasas quk sk pra`ujke ke kf ^krü y sk ieifhzie fas  pradfkois `k pafujhúe iodhketif quk sk prksketie ke kstis he`ustrhis. I jaetheuijhúe `k fi `ksjrhpjhúe `k fas prajksas `k gue`hjhúe y rkgheijhúe `k kstas oktifks, sk kegajie fas  pradfkois `k hopijta iodhketif rkspkjthva. Zk ieifhzie i jaetheuijhúe fis tèjehjis `kf tritio tri tiohke hketa ta `k ci cisks sks y `kp `kpuri urijhú jhúee `k pafva pafvass okt oktifü ifürch rchjas jas y tiodhè tiodhèee sk ke keskù skùie ie fas gue`ioketas `k jéfjufa `k jhrjuhta `k isphrijhúe `k cisks piri jaetrafir fis guketks `k kohshaeks `hgusis. Fas prhejhpifks cisks jaetioheietks quk kohtke fis gue`hjhaeks, tifks jaoa kf irsèehja y kf iebï`rh`a sufgurasa sae triti`as ke jipïtufas kspkjhifks y sk he`hjie fis tkjeafacïis kxhstketks piri `kpurir kstas cisks. Atras pra`ujtas quk sk pra`ujke ke fis gue`hjhaeks, jaoa ks kf jisa `k fis ksjarhis y prkjhphti`as `kf tritiohketa `k kgfuketks, su oiekla y `hspashjhúe, thkeke tiodhèe ue jipïtufa kspkjhif. Gheifoketk sk oukstrie klkopfas `k oaehtarka oaehtarka `k fi kohshúe k heohshúe `k ZA4 jae ifti tkjeafacïi, tkjeafacïi, klkopfa `k kstu`ha kstu`ha `k hopijta iodhketif `k uei gue`hjhúe `k jadrk, fas oèta`as `k iu`htarhi iodhketif piri uei gue`hjhúe y fas ispkjtas kjaeúohjas `k fi hopfietijhúe `k ok`h`is iodhketifks. Zk agrkjk i`koés uei jaegkrkejhi kspkjhif i jirca `k ue kxpkrta ifkoée sadrk tèjehjis oa`kreis `k `kpurijhúe `k cisks oktifürchjas y, i oa`a `k prijthji, vhshtis i hopartietks pfietis `k gue`hjhúe. G[E@ G[ E@HJ HJHÚ HÚE E @K JA JADT DTK K @K @KF F ^T ^TAJ AJKZ KZA A OHPZ OHPZ[D [DHZ HZBH BH @K G[E@ G[E@HJ HJHÚ HÚE E X JAEWKTZHÚE JAEPHE[I. HEPTA@[JJHÚE. Kf prajksa Ohtsudhsbh `k Gue`hjhúe y Jaevkrshúe `k Jadrk (‖prajksa Ohtsudhsbh4) guk puksta ke apkrijhúe jaokrjhif ke oirza `k 9830 ke fi gue`hjhúe Eiasbhoi `k fi Ohtsudhsbh Oktif Jarparithúe. @ks`k ketaejks, virhis oklaris y oa`hghjijhaeks bie sh`a hejarpari`is ke kf ^rajksa piri kstidfkjkr fi ijtuif apkrijhúe kstidfk. Apkrijhaeks Apkrijha eks `kf prajksa Ohtsudh Ohtsudhsbh. sbh. Fis jirijtkrïsthjis `kf prajksa ohtsudhsbh   y `k fi  pfieti Eiasbhoi gukrae pudfhji`is pudfhji`is ke virhis ajijhaeks, ajijhaeks, pkra piri ue ok oklar lar ketke`hohketa sk rksuok i jaetheuijhúe fis pirtks kskejhifks. Kf prajksa Jaetheua `k Tkgheijhúe y Jaevkrshúe `k Jadrk ks ue prajksa piri pra`ujhr jadrk  dfhstkr ke garoi jaetheui i pirthr `k oitkrhi prhoi jae jaetkeh`a `k jadrk ok`hietk uei skrhk `k bareas< piri gue`hjhúe, gue`hjhúe, fhophkzi `k ksjarhis y `k `k jaevkrshúe, fas juifks kstée ta`a ta`ass jaekjti`as. jaekjti`a s. Fi jipijh`i` `k `hskùa `k fi pfieti ks `k 0,>>> PO `k jadrk par oks. Ghcuri 9

Bareas piri gue`h Bareas gue`hjhúe jhúe (barea). (barea). Kf Barea ks `k 2.4; o `k `héoktra y :.: o `k ifturi, iodas ok`h`as if hetkrhar `k fas fi`rhffas y jae uei prague`h`i` `kf diùa `k 9.9 o, rkvksth`a jae fi`rhffas `k jraoa- oicekshti jae uehúe `hrkjti y fi`rhffa `k jraoa ‚ oicekshti oaf`ki`as par gushúe ke virhis érkis `k `kscistk skvkra. Ksté pravhsta `k skhs a shktk fiezis quk quk pk pkek ektri triee pk pkrp rpke ke`h `hju jufi firo roke ketk tk if tkjb tkjbaa `k `kff ba bare rea. a. Kf ja jaej ejke ketri tri`a `a ks sk skji ji`a `a y jaetheuioketk ifhoketi`a i su tisi jaestietk `k 4;-43 taekfi`is par bari, y if ohsoa thkopa, sk okzjfi tieta kf gue`ketk `k sïfhjk y jifhzi, fi ksjarhi `k jaevkrth`ar y kf pafva `k rkta rktare reaa ke ue ueii prap prapar arjh jhúe úe i`kj i`kjui ui`i `i.. Fi jirc jircii `k okzj okzjfi fi `k sú súfh fh`a `ass ks if ifho hoke keti ti`i `i rkuoéthjioketk i trivès `k tafvis ifhoketi`aris `ketra `k tudas hetkreas `k fis fiezis. Kf ihrk kerhqukjh`a jae axhckea ks hetra`ujh`a i trivès `k tudas kxtkreas `k fis fiezis vïi jidkzis `k fis fiezi. Pieta kf ihrk `k ifiezi, jaoa fi jirci súfh`as sae Kf okzjfi`as ke`k fi ihrk pirtky hegkrhar `k fiezis k heykjti`as ifti vkfajh`i` ke kf `k diùa gue`h`a. suohehstra axïckea ks i`ipti`a piri oietkekr kf cri`a `k oiti if 7;% `k jadrk. Jaoa fi oiti y fi

 

ksjarhi pra`ujh`is sae rkthri`is par kf rkdask. Fi jipi `k ksjarhi ke kf barea ks ouy `kfci`i, y kf diùa `k gue`h`a ksté jaopuksta prhejhpifoketk `k oiti, fi juif ks rhji ke izugrk ea axh`i`a y ke bhkrra, y iftioketk rkijthvi piri kf axïckea. Jaoa rksufti`a, fis rkijjhaeks `k fi gue`hjhúe prashcuke réph`ioketk, y fi kghjhkejhi `k fi uthfhzijhúe `k axïckea ke kf ihrk `k fi fiezi ks ouy ifti i pksir `k quk fis fiezis ea kstée suokrch`is ke kf diùa. Tkjhketkoketk jhkrti jieth`i` `k jirdúe pufvkrhzi`a ks okzjfi`a jae jaejketri`a piri rkkopfizir uei `k pktrúfka jaodusthdfk kf juif ks qukoi`a i trivès `k fas qukoi`arks hestifi`as ke fi pirk` fitkrif. Fi tkopkrituri `kf barea ks jaetrafi`i ilustie`a kf jaesuoa `k pktrúfka. Kf ihrk `k jaodusthúe ea ks prkjifketi`a.

Barea piri fhophkzi `k ksjarhis (Bareas ‚ JF). Fas pra`ujtas `kf barea `k gue`hjhúe, fi ksjarhi y fi oiti, rkdasie i trivès `k ue iculkra jaoüe y sae triesgkrh`is if barea `k fhophkzi `k ksjarhi ok`hietk ue jieif jifketi`a. Kf barea piri fhophkzi `k ksjarhis ks ue barea kfèjtrhja `k 0.4 o `k faechtu` y 4.4 o `k ifturi if hetkrhar `k fas fi`rhffas, pravhsta `k trks kfkjtra`as prk-bareki`as `k crighta ke bhfkri. Fi jipijh`i` `kf triesgaroi`ar ks `k 9,4>> MWI. Fi ksjarhi ks skpiri`i `k fi oiti, fhophi`i I >.; ‚ >.7 % `k jadrk ohketris ks rktkeh`i par ipraxhoi`ioketk uei bari, fukca sk pra`ujk rkdask i uei tisi kquhvifketk i fi `k triesgkrkejhi `ks`k kf barea `k gue`hjhúe. Fi ksjarhi ks gheifoketk crieufi`i jae icui y `ksjirci. Fi oiti ks kxtriï`i ok`hietk shgúe y triesgkrkejhi if jaevkrth`ar ok`hietk ue jieif jifketi`a. Barea jaevkrth`ar (Barea J) Kf barea ‚J ks `k 7.7; o `k `héoktra, 4.8 `k ifturi, iodas if hetkrhar `k fas fi`rhffas, y uei prague`h`i` `k diùa `k >.3; o. Wirhis jirijtkrïsthjis `kf barea jaevkrth`ar sae kskejhifoketk fis ohsois quk iqukffis `kf barea `k gue`hjhúe jae kxjkpjhúe `k fis `hokeshaeks y fi `hspashjhúe `k fas iculkras `k jafi`i. Ke kf barea jaevkrth`ar, fi oiti sk jaevhkrtk jaetheuioketk i jadrk dfhstkr sapfi`a ihrk if  diùa gue`h`a ok`hietk fiezis. Fi jieth`i` `k ihrk ks ilusti`i piri axh`ir ea súfa ta`a kf bhkrra y kf Izugrk, Zhea tiodhèe uei pirtk `kf jadrk `k fi oiti i úxh`a `k jadrk. [ei pkqukùi jieth`i` `k jifhzi sk iùi`k ok`hietk fiezis, garoie`a `k kstk oa`a uei ksjarhi `k jaevkrth`ar kspkjhif quk jaoprke`k ue shstkoi tkreirha `k Ju4A-JiA-Gk:A0. Kf JiA ke fi ksjarhi `k jaevkrth`ar ks jaetrafi`a i ipraxhoi`ioketk 9;%, y kf Ju i 9;-4>%. Dila kstis jae`hjhaeks `k apkrijhúe, kf jaetkeh`a `k izugrk `kf jadrk dfhstkr puk`k skr  rk`ujh`a i >.9 ‚ >.; %, quk ks oujba okear quk fi siturijhúe. Kf jadrk dfhstkr ks kxtriï`a ok`hietk ue shgúe, ifoijkei`a tkoparifoketk ke ue barea `k rktkejhú rktk ejhúe, e, fukca kevhi` kevhi`aa if barea `k éea` éea`aa ok`hietk ok`hietk ue vicúe parti jujbiri, jujbiri, rkghei`a rkghei`a y oaf`ki`a ke éea`as. Fi ksjarhi `k jaevkrth`ar ks kxtriï`i ue iculkra `k ksjarhi, crieufi`i ke icui, skji`i y rkcrksi`i if barea `k gue`hjhúe. Pa`as fas ohsoas `k prajksa sae oaehtarki`as oaehtarki`as y jaetrafi`as par kf shstkoi `k jaoputa. Zk taoi oukstris oukstris `k fas pra`ujt pra`ujtas as gue`h` gue`h`as as ji`i bari y sk ieifhzi ieifhzi iutaoéthj iutaoéthjioke ioketk. tk. fas rksufti`as sae rktraifhoketi`as if shstkoi `k jaetraf piri ilustir fis tisis `k ifhoketijhúe `k hesuoas `k prajksa. Fass cisk Fa ciskss prav pravke kehk hket etks ks `k `kff ba bare reaa `k gue` gue`hj hjhú húee y `k `kff ja jaev evkr krth th`a `arr sa saee ke kegr grhi hi`a `ass i ipraxhoi`ioketk i :;>¾J ke fas jif`kras. Fas rkcufi`arks fas bareas `k gue`h`as y jaevkrshúe sk kejuketrie i fi sifh`i`k`kthra fas rkspkjthvas jif`kras. Kfpiri vipar  rkjupkri`as ks kevhi`a i uei pfieti `k kekrcïi jaestruh`i rkjhketkoketk. Fas cisks sae

 

fukca hetra`ujh`as ke prkjhphti`arks kfkjtrastéthjas, kfkjtrastéthjas, y kf cis quk bi sh`a fhophi`a ks kevhi`a `ks` `ks`kk fa fass prkj prkjhp hpht hti` i`ar arks ks bist bistii fi pf pfie ieti ti `k éj éjh` h`a. a. Fi ja jaej ejke ketri trijh jhúe úe `k ZA4 ZA4 `k `kff ci ciss jaodhei`a ks `k 9>-99 % i fi ketri`i `k fi pfieti `k éjh`a.

JAEJF[ZHAEKZ Kf prajksa Ohtsudhsbk bi oastri`a uei pra`ujthvh`i` shcehghjithvioketk oés ifti y uei vh`i `kf barea oés prafaeci`i `k fa quk arhcheifoketk sk `hskùa. Kf prajksa Ohtsudhsbk guk puksta ke apkrijhúe, par skcue`i vkz ke kf oue`a, ke fi gue`hjhúe Phoohes Phoo hes `k Pkxisc Pkxiscufg, ufg, Jiei Jiei`é `é ke lueha `k 9829. Fi jipij jipijh`i` h`i` `k `hskùa `k ksti euk eukvi vi  pfieti ks `k 7;>> 7;>> PO `k ja jadrk drk par oks.

THKZCAZ KE FI G[E@HJHÚE @K OKPIFKZ Zk thkek tkjeafacïis `k adtkejhúe `k fas oktifks, jadrk, pfaoa y kstiùa y fas oktifks ea gkrrasas gkrra sas quk sk pra`uj pra`ujke ke ke kf ^krü y sk ieifhzie ieifhzie fas pradfk pradfkois ois `k fi pafujhúe pafujhúe iodhketi iodhketiff quk sk prksketie prksketie ke fi He`ustrhi ketrk kffas sk thkek fas rhkscas shcuhketk shcuhketks< s<  ^radfkois `k pafujhúe iodhketif quk prksketie fis he`ustrhis.  Zk ieifhzie fis tèjehjis `kf tritiohketa `k cisks. @kpurijhúe `k pafvas oktifürchjas   Fas prhejhpifks cisks jaetioheietks quk kohtke fis gue`hjhaeks tifks jaoa irsèehja y kf iebï`rh`a sufgurasa  Ksjarhis y prkjhphti`as `k kgfuketks ADLKPHWAZ i) Keskùir fas prajksas `k rkgheijhúe `k fas oktifks ea gkrrasas.  d) Hfustrir fas pradfkois ``kk hopijta iod iodhketif hketif quk prksketi fi he`ustrhi oktifürchji. oktifürchji. j) Bijk Bijkrr jaeajkr jaeajkr fis tèjehj tèjehjis is `k ohthcij ohthcijhúe húe `kf hopi hopijta jta iodhketif iodhketif `k fis gue`hjhae gue`hjhaeks. ks. `) Hopi Hopirthr rthr fas jaeajhohk jaeajhohketas etas quk hopf hopfhjie hjie fis apk apkrijha rijhaeks eks phra oktifürc oktifürchjis hjis.. ^TAJK@HOHKEPAZ ^HTAOKPIFÜTCH ^TAJK@HOHKEPAZ ^HTAOKPIFÜTCHJAZ JAZ X KFKJPTAOKPIF KFKJPTAOKPIFÜTCHJAZ ÜTCHJAZ Hetra`ujjhúe. Fas ohekrifks oés idue`ietks `k jadrk sae fas sufguras prksketks ke yijhohketas `k `hvkrsas thpas jae fkyks `k >.; i 4% Ju. Zu prajk`hohketa sk hehjhi ke fis pfietis jaejketri`aris< Prhturijhúe, oafhke`i y gfatijhúe. Kf prajksa phraoktifürchja `k adtkejhúe `k jadrk jaestietk< 

Pastijhúe, ktipi apjhaeif. Gue`hjhúe, quk piriksfiuei pra`uj pra`ujjhúe jhúe `k oiti fïquh`i< ke bareas vkrthjif, rkvkrdkra, kfèjtrhja kfèjtrhja a Gfisb. Jaevkrshúe, piri fi pra`ujjhúe pra`ujjhúe `k jadrk dfhstkr. Fis prhejhpifks vketi vketilis lis `k kstk oèta`a  sae< i) ^raj ^rajksi ksi `hrk `hrkjtio jtioketk ketk ohek ohekrifks rifks `k suf sufgura gura `k jadrk pi piri ri adtkekr adtkekr jadrk oktéfhja oktéfhja jae ue jaesuoa rkfithvioketk dila fi kekrcïi.  d) Kf jadrk pra`ujh`a pra`ujh`a i uei ifti tis tisi. i. Fis prhejhpifks `ksvketili `kf oèta`a ks quk pra`ujk jaetioheijhúe `kf iodhketk jae kf cis `k ZA4. Fi tastijhúe i fi kxtrijjhúe `k jadrk, ks uuei ei axh`ijhúe pirjhif `k fas jjaejketri`as aejketri`as `k sufguras `k jadrk jae kf ihrk sk ffkvi i jida par 4 rizaeks prhejhpifks< i) kxt kxtrij rijjhú jhúee bbh`r h`raok aoktif tifürc ürchji hji Fas ohekrifks `k sufgura `k jadrk ea sae fhxhvhi`as géjhfoketk, pkra sus sufguras sae safudfks ke icui y sus úxh`as ke éjh`a sufgürhja `hfuh`a. Isï uei tastijhúe jaetrafi`i `k sufguras puk`ke pra`ujhr uei jifjhei géjhfoketk fhxhvhidfk.  d) Kxtrijjhúe phraok phraoktifurchja tifurchja 

 

Fi tastijhúe sè préjthji grkjuketkoketk ietks `k fi gue`hjhúe ke rkvkrdkra y barea kfèjtrhja. Ke kstk jisa fas prapúshtas sae< 9) [thfhzir [thfhzir kf jifar `k fi tas tastijh tijhúe úe piri skjir skjir y jifketir jifketir fi jirci ietks ietks `k quk ski ski iùi`h`i if barea `k gue`hjhúe y 4) Hejrkoket Hejrkoketir ir fi jaejk jaejketrij etrijhúe húe `k jad jadrk rk ke kf pra`u pra`ujta jta `k gue`hjhú gue`hjhúe, e, ks `kjhr `kjhr fi oiti fïquh`i.

G[E@HJHÚE @K OIPI Fi gue`hjhúe `k oiti jaeshstk ke gue`hr g ue`hr i 99;> ‚ 94;>¾J , jaejketri`as pirjhifoketk tasti`as piri piri fi pra`ujj pra`ujjhúe húe `as gisks fïquh`is heio heiohshdfks hshdfks géjhfks `k skpirir ksjarhi (úxh`as) y oiti rhji ke jadrk (sufguri`a). Kf prhejhpif pra`ujta `kf prajksa `k gue`hjhúe ks uei oiti `k Ju4Z ‚ gKs (:;-7; % `k Ju) quk vi `hrkjtioketk if prajksa `k jaevkrshúe jaevkrshúe piri fi  pra`ujjhúe `k jadrk dfhstkr.

TKGHEIJHÚE KFKJPTAFÏPHJI KFKJPTAFÏPHJI @K JADTK Kf jadrk sk prajksi `k garoi ke garoi kfkjtrafïthji par rkgheijhúe kfkjtrafïthji `k éea`as a  par kfkjtra`kpashjhúe kfkjtra`kpashjhúe i pirthr `k safu safujhaeks jhaeks pravkehketks pravkehketks `k fhxhvhij fhxhvhijhúe húe y kxtrijjhúe par safvketk. Ke fi rkgheijhúe kfkjtrafïthji sk pra`ujk uei `hsafujhúe kfkjtrafïthji `k jadrk `k fas éea`as hopuras, ohketris quk fas haeks `k jadrk pukstas ke safujhúe sk `kpashtie skfkjthvioketk ke fas jéta`as. Ok`hietk kstk prajksa sk jaeshcuk< Zkpirir ta`as fis hopurkzis quk igkjtie fis praphk`i`ks kfèjtrhjis y okjéehjis `kf jadrk, jaeshcuhke`aa ue pra`ujta `k 88.88 + % Ju. Fis hopurkzis oktéfhjis ea ffkcie if >.>>; % jaeshcuhke`  piri skpirir fas oktifks prkjhasa prkjhasass jaoa sudpra sudpra`ujtas. `ujtas. i)  d) j) `) k)

Jao Jaopa parti rtiohk ohketa eta ``kk fis hop hopurk urkzi ziss JIZI @K JKF@IZ Fi Fioh ohei eiss ``kk irr irrie iequ qukk Jk Jkf` f`is is jjao aokr krjh jhif ifks ks Kfkj fkjtr traf afht hta. a.

PKJEAFACÏI IODHKEPIF KE FI G[E@HJHÚE @K OHEKTIFKZ ^rhejhpifks guketks `k jaetioheijhúe= jaetrafks tkroakfèjtrhjis. Ke ifcueas  piïsks ke fi gue`hjhúe `kf jadrk jadrk.. idsafuti= ea biy ghlijhúe `k ZA4, quk sk 4) Gue`hjhaeks iethcuis thkeke tkjeafacïi idsafuti= `ksjirci i fi itoúsgkri. :) Pkjeafacïis oa`kreis< oklar rke`hohketa kekrcèthja usie jifar hebkrketk `k sufguras, pra`ujke cisks cisks jae ifta ZA4 piri pra`ujhr éjh` éjh`aa sufgürhja a izugrk kfkoketif (jkra) ghlie 5 8> % Z. 0) [dhjijhúe, tkjeafúchji y okrji`a hejh`ke ke jasta piri `kjh`hr ke oa`hghjir a jaestruhr uei eukvi gue`hjhúe. 9)

Atras `kskjbas= pafvas , yksa, fa`a `k Is `kdke skr ohehohzi`as. TKGHEIJHÚE X G[ZHÚE @K OHEKTIFKZ ;)

 

Jaeshstk ke quk sk puk`k rkjupkrir atras oktifks quk kstée hejfuh`as jaoa hopurkzis, adtkehke`a uei oiyar rkgheijhúe ke fis `hsthetas ohekrifks quk sk tritie. ^iri su jaokrjhifhzijhúe `kdke tkekr ue cri`a ifta `k purkzi i ghe `k tkekr ue jasta tiodhke ifta.

JAEPTAF X ^TKWKEJHÚE @K FI JAEPIOHEIJHÚE @KF IHTK A ^AFWA Fi pra`ujjhúe `k ihrk ke ohekrïi ks `kdh`a i `hsthetis sustiejhis quk, shcuke su ksti`a gïshja,  puk`ke jfishghjirsk jfishghjirsk ke< i) ^ir ^irtïj tïjufi ufiss sú súfh` fh`is is y fïq fïquh` uh`is is y  d) Cisks y vip viparks arks Fis pirtïjufis jaetioheietks ke ksti`a súfh`a, oés jaeajh`as ks kf pafva quk jaoprke`k `héoktras `k 9 y 9.>>> » o . Zk `kpashtie par ijjhúe `k fi crivk`i`, quk sae jaeajh`is jaoa oitkrhi sk`hoketirhi

KFHOHEIJHÚE @K ^AFWAZ OKPIFÜTCHJAZ ^afvas. Zae pirtïjufis súfh`is ikratriesparti`is ke fas cisks PH^AZ @K ^AFWAZ OKPIFÜTCHJAZ<  ^afvas prhoirhas a `k irristrk okjéehja< ^irtïjufis súfh`is `k oitkrhi prhoi a juifquhkr atra oitkrhif quk ea bi kxpkrhoketi`a jiodhas `k gisk. Buoas a pafvas skjue`irhas< Zúfh`as garoi`as `k fas cisks a pafvas jae`kesi`as jae`kesi`as i fi tkopkrituri `k sifh`i `k fas cisks

 

JITIJPKTH\IJHÚE JITIJPKTH\IJH ÚE @K ^AFWAZ H`kethghjir y ok`hr praphk`i`ks `k fas pafvas piri<  @ktkroheir sus arïckeks @hskùir oèta`as piri su jiptijhúe   Juopfhr jae rkcufijhaeks cudkreioketi cudkreioketifks fksJITIJPKTÏZPHJIZ @K FAZ ^AFWAZ ^ITI Z[ ZK^ITIJHÚE @K FAZ CIZKZ    

Ckaoktrïi< garoi y tioiùa `k fas pafvas ^raphk`i`ks gïshjis< pksa kspkjhghja, `urkzi, rkshsthvh`i` kfèjtrhji Jaopashjhúe quïohji y kstrujturi ^iréoktras bh`ra`heéohjas

TKJ[^KTIJHÚE @K ^AFWAZ Adlkthvas `k fi rkjupkrijhúe `k fas pafvas.  

Tkjupkrir oitkrhifks prajksidfks Tkoavkr sustiejhis `iùheis i fas prajksas, i fis hestifijhaeks y if iodhketk ke ckekrif

^THEJH^HAZ KE Y[K ZK DIZIE FIZ A^KTIJHAEKZ @K ZK^ITIJHÚE @K ^AFWAZ

 

     

^ar fi gukrzi `k crivk`i`  ^ar hekrjhi ^ar gukrzi jketrïguci ^ar ghftrijhúe ^ar skpirijhúe kfkjtrastéthji Atras< Pèroheas, súehjas