Nociones básicas sobre el idioma japonés Guía para hispanohablantes JUAN MANUEL CARDONA
U NIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE COLOMBIA
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Nociones básicas sobre el idioma japonés Guía para hispanohablantes JUAN MANUEL CARDONA
U NIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE COLOMBIA
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INTRODUCCI ÓN
A continuaci ón se presenta un breve compendio de gram ática japonesa preparado para personas de habla hispana. Se trata del tipo de documento, que aunque limitado en su alcance, es lo m ás parecido que se pudo hacer al texto con el que hubi éramos querido contar al abordar el aprendizaje del idioma nip ón, y debe considerarse como reducci ón de una obra de m ás alcance en preparaci ón todav ía. Espera el autor haber conseguido, dentro de la brevedad alcanzada, el propósito a que ha dedicado sus esfuerzos. MEDELLÍN, COLOMBIA año 2000 Cualquier sugerencia o duda sobre este texto puede ser enviada a
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El Sistema de Escritura Japonés Los más antiguos sistemas de escritura de oriente y del occidente eran pictogramas; dibujos que representan ideas. En occidente, algunos de esos caracteres se simplificaron y vinieron a significar los sonidos del lenguaje hablado, prevaleciendo entonces el sistema fonético. En China, el sistema pictográfico permaneció intacto hasta la era actual. Pero en el Japón moderno, tal vez debido a las diferencias morfológicas y gramaticales entre el chino y el Japonés, ambos métodos coexisten en el lenguaje escrito.
KANJI
En el siglo III y IV DC, los inmigrantes chinos y coreanos trajeron los caracteres escritos conocidos como Kanji, o caracteres del período Han (206 (206 AC 2 2 0 DC) DC) a Japón. Estos caracteres se originaron en la región del Hoan H o (río amarillo) de China en el 2000 AC, de los cuales se han descubierto 3000 de esta era. En la época, el lenguaje japonés existía solamente en forma hablada, pues los caracteres chinos fueron adaptados por unos 400 años para expresar el lenguaje oral japonés en escritura. Kun-yomi.
Los caracteres chinos escritos se usaron para expresar palabras habladas. Cuando el sonido japonés de una palabra es expresado por un Kanji, la lectura, o pronunciación de ese carácter, se llama lectura Kun (Kun-yomi), y usualmente al carácter le sigue un tallo inflexional escrito en Hiragana, conocido como Okurigana .
SUKUNAI - POCO
Kanji raíz Tallo inflexional en Intentos de pronunciar la lectura china, o lectura On (On-yomi, también - suku Hiragana - nai entró al sistema lingüistico japonés. Esta situación explica por qué los kanji solos usualmente tienen lecturas Kun y los kanji en compuestos tienen lecturas On. Adicionalmente, debido al constante cambio y evolución del lenguaje japonés, la mayoría de los Kanji modernos tienen 2 ó 3 lecturas On y 2 ó 3 lecturas Kun cada uno, lo que explica parcialmente el gran número de palabras homófonas del idioma japonés.
On-Yomi.
Así, la adición de caracteres chinos al japonés incrementó el número de conceptos y métodos de expresión disponibles para los hablantes del japonés, con la creación de muchos nuevos términos y compuestos. Comparativamente, un efecto similar ocurrió en el lenguaje inglés con la adaptación del latín. TIPOS DE KANJI. Desde el Shuo Wen Chie Tsu , el primer diccionario chino y el texto más antiguo conocido que haya estudiado el origen pictórico de los caracteres chinos, se publicase en el II DC, habían cinco categorías de caracteres: Shoukei Moji. Simples pictogramas de objetos como árboles. Shiji Moji. Símbolos simples representando conceptos abstractos como encima o debajo. Kaii Moji. Ideogramas, combinando pictogramas y símbolos para expresar ideas complejas. Keisei-Moji. Ideogramas fonéticos, que contienen el 85% de todo el Kanji, combinando elementos de significado semántico con elementos de significado fonético. Tenchuu Moji. Caracteres cuyo significado o pronunciación se ha cambiado tomando prestado del carácter para representar otros símbolos e ideas. Kasha Moji. Caracteres fonéticos puros establecidos como una especie de silabario kanji. Kokuji. Más o menos una docena de caracteres que se originaron dentro de Japón, y que siempre se leen con lectura Kun. KAISHO. Aunque ya había una considerable estandarización de caracteres en China tan antiguamente como en el 300 AC, el estilo de imprenta, o kaisho, que es el prototipo del Kanji moderno, se estableció en el 200 DC. Como cualquier carácter chino puede ser en principio un Kanji japonés, algunos diccionarios de este país listaban hasta 50.000 de ellos incluso en épocas tan recientes como la Segunda Guerra Mundial, aunque la capacidad para leer periódicos y revistas sólo requería conocer unos 4000 antes de 1946. GYOUSHO . Es un estilo semicursivo de kanji, una simplificación del kaisho que permite escribir más fluida y rápidamente. Como ejemplo presentamos el mismo carácter, umi (mar), en Kaisho (izquierda) y Gyousho (derecha)
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EL KANA KATAKANA .
Aunque los caracteres chinos o Kanji se hab ían adaptado al japon és varios cientos de años antes de que se desarrollaran los silabarios fon éticos Kana, el lenguaje japon és, polisil ábico e inflexional no se expresaba fácilmente con el sistema chino ideado para el lenguaje chino, monosil ábico y politonal. El lenguaje chino carec ía de términos inflexionales como tallos verbales (como en espa ñol endo, en el subiendo endo, del verbo verbo subir, subir, o a r a, en endo pintara ara, del verbo pintar), por lo que los verbos se ara expresaban por un car ácter chino principal seguido por otros engorrosos kanji que representaban la variaci ón final del verbo (como en epa ñol ser ía, ser á, ha sido). Esra combinaci ón de Kanji mezclaba un car ácter con significado semántico con caracteres con s ólo significado fon ético, lo que era muy confuso. Inicialmente, una soluci ón fue escribir Kanji m ás peque ños para expresar las terminaciones inflexionales, o para escribir los Kanji fon éticos al lado del escrito vertical. Para el siglo IX los Kanji fon éticos se hab ían simplificado en dos silabarios fon éticos estandarizados y paralelos cono conoci cido dos s com como o Kan Kana a ( nombres nombres asu asumi mido dos s ) . Cada Cada s ímbolo Kana se deriva de un Kanji del mismo sonido, pero carente de sem ántica. El Kata Kataka kana na ( escrit escritur ura a late latera ral l ) , es el m ás angular de los silabarios fon éticos y fu el primero de los silabarios Kana. Se lo invent ó Kibi no Makibi (693-755 DC) simplificando un elemento de un radical de cada uno de los Kanji fon éticos. Cada s ímbolo Katakana se deriv ó de un car ácter chino de la misma forma que cada s ímbolo Hiragana, exepto que el Hiragana se simplific ó de caracteres completos. El Katakana se us ó inicialmente s ólo como ayuda de pronunciaci ón en escrituras budistas, pero se mezcl ó con caracteres chinos desde el siglo IX. En épocas m ás recientes, los dos silabarios se diferenciaron en dos usos distintos dentro del japon és escrito. Katakana se usa ahora para escribir palabras extranjeras utilizadas cuando no hab ía una palabra nativa para expresar una idea extranjera. Para quien desea aprender japon és es una opci ón lógica empezar por el Katakana, que tambi én es utilizado para otros prop ósitos: Para mostrar énfasis en una forma similar al uso de la letra it álica en el espa ñol. Para palabras onomatop éyicas, cuyo significado es el mismo sonido, (como PA-CHIN パーチン, el golpe de una pelota). Para representar equivocaciones de extranjeros al hablar japon és. Nombres de personas y lugares extranjeros. Para enviar telegramas y llenar formularios. HIRAGANA. Un predicador budista conocido como Koukai (734-835 DC), invent ó el Hiragana, el otro de los dos silabarios Kana. Su simplificaci ón de los Kanji fon éticos virtualmente creó la literatura Heian (794-1185, la era de paz y tranquilidad), al capacitar a las mujeres, que por esta época no se les ense ñaba kanji por consider árselas incapaces de escribir los complejos caracteres chinos, para escibir. Como un resultado, las mujeres escribieron los primeros libros en Jap ón. El trabajo m ás importante de los de la era Heian es Genji Monogatari (La historia de Genji), por Murasaki Shikibu. Cada s ímbolo de Hiragana se deriv ó de un car ácter chino de la misma forma que cada s ímbolo Katakana, excepto que el Hiragana se simplific ó de caracteres Kanji completos. La funci ón primaria del Hiragana es expresar palabras japonesas para las que no existe un Kanji. Tambi én se usa para part ículas y copulativos, así como para todas las terminaciones inflexionales. Los ni ños de Jap ón aprenden primero el Hiragana, al ya tener algo de dominio sobre el lenguaje hablado. Los ni ños escriben con Hiragana hasta que su conocimiento de Kanji se incrementa. Eventualmente, al aprender un japon és cada vez m ás Kanji, el Hiragana cada vez se deja m ás solamente para escribir la parte inflexional de un verbo o un adjetivo (Okurigana) y aquellas palabras
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CONTENIDO
6. EXPRESIONES DE APARIENCIA ................................10
9.23 IMPERATIVO ....................................................35 9.24 FORMA INTENCIONAL O VOLITIVA ..................36 9.25 VERBOS COMPLEMENTARIOS ........................37 9.25.1 -TE IRU ....................................................37 9.25.2 -TE ARU ...................................................38 9.25.3 -TE SHIMAU.............................................38 9.25.4 -TE OKU ...................................................38 9.25.5 -TE MIRU .................................................38 9.25.6 -TE IKU ....................................................39 9.25.7 -TE KURU ................................................39 9.26 COLOCARSE Y QUITARSE ROPA .....................39 9.27 KEIGO ( 敬語) ...................................................40 9.27.1 Lenguaje honorifiico ..............................40 9.27.2 Lenguaje humilde ..................................42 9.27.3 Lenguaje cortes......................................43
7. OTROS SUFIJOS ........................................................11
10. ADJETIVOS ..............................................................44
8. PARTICULAS ..............................................................12
11. SUSTANTIVACIÓN ...................................................45
9. VERBOS .....................................................................18
12. ADVERBIOS .............................................................47
9.1 INTRODUCCION .................................................18 9.2 FORMAS TRANSITIVAS E INTRANSITIVAS DE LOS VERBOS. ...........................................................19 9.3 FORMAS CORTESES EN PASADO Y PRESENTE 20 9.4 EXPRESANDO SER .............................................20 9.5 USOS DE DESHOU .............................................21 9.6 FORMAS DEL PASADO Y PRESENTE P RESENTE LLANO ....22 9.7 OTRAS FORMAS DEL VERBO SER ...............................23 9.8 MEZCLANDO TIEMPOS VERBALES ...................24 9.9 FORMA POTENCIAL DE LOS VERBOS ...............24 9.10 FORMA NO DESU ............................................25 9.11 FORMA NARRATIVA .........................................26 9.12 VERBOS CHINOS O VERBOS SURU ................27 9.13 EL GERUNDIO O FORMA -TE ...........................28 9.14 TIEMPO PROGRESIVO............................................28 9.14.1 Forma -TE MO .........................................29 9.14.2 -TE MO KAMAWANAI (se puede esta bien si... No importa que...) ................................29 9.14.3 -TE WA IKENAI (Se prohibe, no se debe)
13. CONSTRUYENDO FRASES LARGAS .......................51
1. PRELIMINARES SOBRE CÓMO SE ABORDA EL JAPONÉS EN ESTE TEXTO ...............................................3 1.1 LA ROMANIZACIÓN ..............................................3 1.2 COMO "JAPONIZAR" PALABRAS CASTELLANAS ...............4 2. ORDEN DE LAS PALABRAS .........................................5 3. SUSTANTIVOS .............................................................6 4. PRONOMBRES ............................................................7 5. DEMOSTRATIVOS E INTERROGATIVOS ......................9
.............................................................................29
9.15 FORMA DESIDERATIVA ..........................................29 9.16 FORMA PASIVA ................................................30 9.17 FORMA CAUSATIVA .........................................31 9.18 FORMA CONDICIONAL ....................................32 9.19 INDICAR CUANDO ALGO SE LLEVA A CABO
................34
9.20 DAR Y RECIBIR ................................................34 9.21 COMENZAR O TERMINAR UNA ACCION .........35 9.22 DIFICIL O FACIL ....................................................35
14. COMPARACIONES ...................................................53 15. NUMEROS ...............................................................53 16. TIEMPO ESPECIFICO ..............................................54 17. CONTADORES (CLASIFICADORES) .........................55 18. CALENDARIO ...........................................................57 19. FAMILIA ...................................................................57 20. PARTES DEL CUERPO .............................................58 BIBLIOGRAFIA................................................................60 APENDICE UNO -UNOS CUANTOS VERBOS ..................61 APÉNDICE DOS - FRASES GENERALES ........................64 APÉNDICE TRES - PRESENTARSE EN JAPONES ..........71 ..............72 BREVE BREVE DICCIONARIO DICCIO NARIO ESPAÑOL ESPAÑO APONÉS APONÉS..............72 DICCIONARIO ESPAÑOLL „ ª JJAPONÉS
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HIRAGANA
あ か さ た な は ま や ら わ
a ka sa ta na ha* ma ya ra wa
い き し ち に ひ み
i ki shi chi ni hi mi
り
ri
が ざ だ ば
ga za da ba pa
ぎ じ ぢ び ぴ
ん
n
っ
gi ji dchi bi pi
う く す つ ぬ ふ む ゆ る
ぐ ず づ ぶ ぷ
u ku su tsu nu fu mu yu ru
gu zu dzu bu pu
え け せ て ぬ へ め
e ke se te ne he me
れ
re
お こ そ と の ほ も よ ろ を
o ko so to no ho mo yo ro wo (o)
げ ぜ で べ ぺ
ge ze de be pe
ご ぞ ど ぼ ぽ
go zo do bo po
エ ケ セ テ ネ ヘ メ
e ke se te ne he me
レ
re
オ コ ソ ト ノ ホ モ ヨ ロ ヲ
o ko so to no ho mo yo ro wo (o)
きゃ しゃ ちゃ ひゃ みゃ りゃ びゃ ぎゃ
kya sha cha hya mya rya byo gya
きゅ しゅ ちゅ ひゅ みゅ りゅ びゅ ぎゅ
kyu shu chu hyu myu ryu byu gyu
じゃ ja にゃ nya ぴゃ pya ぢゃ dcha
じゅ ju にゅ nyu ぴゅ pyu ぢゅ dchu
キャ シャ チャ ヒャ ミャ リャ ビャ ギャ ジャ ニャ
キュ シュ チュ ヒュ ミュ リュ ビュ ギュ ジュ ニュ
きょ しょ ちょ ひょ みょ りょ びょ ぎょ
kyo sho cho hyo myo ryo byo gyo
じょ jo にょ nyo ぴょ pyo ぢょ dcho
kk, tt,ss
KATAKANA
ア カ サ タ
a ka sa ta EE Na ハ ha マ ma ヤ ya ラ ra ワ wa ガ ザ ダ
ga za da
イ キ シ チ ニ ヒ ミ
i ki shi chi ni hi mi
リ
ri
ギ ジ ヂ
ウ ク ス ツ ヌ フ ム ユ ル
gi グ ji ズ dchi ヅ ブ
u ku su tsu nu fu mu yu ru
gu zu dzu
ゲ ゼ デ
ge ze de
ゴ ゾ ド ボ
kya sha cha hya mya rya bya gya ja nya
kyu shu chu hyu myu ryu byu gyu ju nyu
キョ ショ チョ ヒョ ミョ リョ ビョ ギョ ジョ ニョ
kyo sho cho hyo myo ryo byo gyo jo nyo
ピャ pya ピュ pyu ピョ pyo ヂャ dcha ヂュ dchu ヂョ dcho
go zo do ヴァ ヴィ
va
ファ
fa
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Generalidades de Gramática Japonesa JUAN MANUEL CARDONA No se tienen pretensiones sobre la originalidad o completez de estas notas. Muchos ejemplos han sido tomados de, o han sido sugeridos por, las referencias dadas al final. Los temas escogidos son aquellos que podrían beneficiar a una persona que este comenzando a estudiar Japonés y que quisiera una rápida referencia para complementar fuentes mas completas y de mas autoridad.
1. PRELIMINARES SOBRE C CÓ ÓMO MO SE ABORDA EL JAPONÉ Ó JAPONÉS ÉS EN ESTE TEXTO Cuando se empieza a estudiar japonés, tal vez la principal dificultad estriba en que la mayoría de los textos de aprendizaje de este idioma estan en ingles. Aunque es deseable (dada la gran influencia actual de esa lengua en el japonés moderno), dominar el ingles antes de acometer el estudio de el idioma nipón, no es estrictamente necesario que sea así. No obstante, un texto guía al aprender un idioma extranjero idealmente debería estar en la lengua madre de quien estudia. La pronunciación japonesa es muy similar a la española, y en realidad hay menos sonidos.
1.1 LA ROMANIZACIÓ ROMANIZACI ÓN ÓN La romanización es la forma como se expresa la pronunciación japonesa en letras latinas, el alfabeto. Los japoneses se refieren a los caracteres del alfabeto que usamos como ROMAJI. Las romanizaciones actualmente mas usadas son producto producto de estudios de personajes angloparlantes. Para no confundir al lector, aqui usaremos el sistema de romanización HEPBURN, que tiene equivalentes en español iguales excepto en estos casos: HA, HE, HI, HO Como JA, JE, JI, JO, en español El caracter は (ha) suena como wa cuando se usa como particula y no como parte de una palabra. Como particula:
妻は山林技師です。 Tsuma wa sanringishi desu. Mi esposa es ingeniera forestal. こんにちは Konnichiwa! Hola! Como parte de una palabra:
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Existen dos tipos de vocales japonesas: las vocales cortas y las vocales largas. Muchas palabras se diferencian solo por la pronunciacion larga o corta de una palabra, lo que es analogo al uso de los acentos en español. El conocer la diferencia entre ellos va mas alla de las posibilidades de un texto escrito como este, y solo puede adquirirse habilidad para ello oyendo hablar el idioma.
故障 古書 高所 良好 旅行
【こしょう】 kosh koshou ou 【こしょ】 kosh kosho o kousho ho 【こうしょ】 kous 【りょうこ うこう う】 ryoukouryokou ou 【りょこう】 ryok
da dañado libr libro o anti antigu guo o luga lugar r alto alto favorable, satisfactorio viaj viaje e
Por lo tanto, la mayoria de las vocales en japones se pronuncian de manera corta (en especial la U). Por 【がくせい】se romaniza escribiendola GAKUSEI, pero la pronunciacion se asemeja mas a un ejemplo, 学生 【がくせい】 【まつ つ だ】 【じょう ょうねつ ねつ】 】mas como JOUNETS. GAKSEI, 松田 【ま es mas como MATSDA, y 情熱 【じ En cuanto a las consonantes dobles (kk, tt, ss, pp) son representadas por un caracter っ、 Un (tsu [つ] pequeño) como en
一体！ 【いったいな】 【いったいな】Ittai! (diablos! / maldita sea!) 出発 【しゅっぱ っぱつ つ】 Shuppatstu (partida) 学校 【がっこう】 Gakkou (escuela) Se pronuncian con una ligera pausa (I-tai, Shu-patsu, Ga-kou), no alargando la consonante que la sigue ni la vocal que la precede. Acerca del acento, la mayoría de los textos (al estar escritos por angloparlantes) no mencionan como se acentúan las palabras japonesas e incluso otros sugieren que no se acentúan. En la práctica, sin embargo, las palabras de dos sílabas se acentúan frecuentemente en la última sílaba.
花 ご免なさ ご免 なさい い 酒
【はな】 haná 【ごめん 【ご めんなさ なさい】 い】gomén nasái 【さけ】saké
flor lo siento, perdón licor
1.2 COMO "JAPONIZAR" "JAPONIZ "JAPONIZAR" AR" PALA B RAS CASTELLANAS CASTELLAN CASTELLANAS AS Como mencionamos arriba, el japones tiene menos sonidos que el español. Por ejemplo, no existen la "L" ni sonidos equivalentes a DI, TI, FA, FE, FI, ni a consonantes compuestas como RP, TR, CR, BR, DR. Sin embargo, existen formas de simularlas: Alejandra Famoso Tragaldabas Bernardo Tintagel Brasil Clasista Crataeva
アレハンヅラ ファモソ ツラグルダバス ベルナルド チンタヘル ブラシル クラシタ クラタエバ
Arehantzura Famoso Turagurudabasu Berunarudo Tintaheru Burasiru Curasista Curateba
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El simbolo ー del Katakana indica una vocal alargada, como muchas de las que se usan en la pronunciación anglosajona, pero menos en español: Member Party Leer
- メムバー - パーティー - レール
Memubaa Paatii Reeru
La pronunciacion de la V labiodental, tal como la pronuncian los angloparlantes, españoles peninsulares y argentinos, es ajena al japones. Los latinoamericanos en general no hacen distinciones al pronunciar la V y la B, por lo que, excepto en el caso de palabras ajenas al español, es correcto escribir en katakana con B: Vision - ビシオン Vestal - ベスタル El equivalente de la V labiodental en japones se escribe e n katakana ヴァ va, ヴェ ve, ヴィ vi, ヴォ vo, ヴ vu. Vaudevil Verbatim Visualization Vortex Voulez vous autre rendezvous?
ヴォデヴィル ヴェルバチム ヴィスアリセージオン ヴォルテクス ヴレヴオツレレンデヴッ？
El idioma japones actualmente puede escribirse de dos formas: horizontal, como en occidente, de la forma que se ve en este texto. Esta forma de escribir se adopto despues de la segunda guerra mundial, antes de la cual se escribia de derecha a izquierda, como los arabes. Cuando se escribe horizontalmente, se escriben los números en romaji.
１９９９ Tambien se puede escribir verticalmente, en cuyo caso se lee de derecha a izquierda. Los libros japoneses escritos en este formato tienen la portada donde uno nuestro nuestro tendria la pagina final. Cuando se escribe verticalmente, los numeros se escriben en sus equivalentes en kanji.
一 九 九 九 Otra particularidad del japones es que no se usan espacios para separar las definidas para la romanizacion en este aspecto. En este texto se separan las en muchos otros textos no se hace esta distincion. Otra cosa que conviene repeticion de los kanji (々), que se usa para evitar escribir otra vez un misma palabra.
民主主義 民主々義
palabras. No existen normas palabras de las particulas; recordar es el caracter de Kanji que se repite en una
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Una oracion se convierte en pregunta al colocar la particula KA al final
トラコがねずみを見ましたか。 TORAKO ga nezumi o mimashita ka Vio torako un raton? El japones es un lenguaje de varios niveles, pues los verbos, adjetivos y pronombres que se utilicen dependen en gran medida de la condición de con quien se esta hablando (en terminos de edad o status), con un igual, con un superior o con alguno de un nivel inferior. Los japoneses prestan especial importancia a esto, aunque entre nosotros el uso de terminos como don, do doña, etc., tambien se usa. En el japones, los verbos tienen la forma cortes para hablar con extraños; la forma llana para la gente con quien tenemos cierta confianza y la forma elegante para dirigirnos a personas de un nivel superior (mayores en edad, en rango, etc.). Yo soy Beatriz Puede colocarse asi en orden de mayor a menor formalidad: 私はベアツリスでございます。 Watashi wa Beatriz de gozaimasu 私はベアツリスです。 Watashi wa Beatriz desu 俺はベアツリスだ。 Ore wa Beatriz da [Yo Beatriz ser] Adicionalmente, en japones hay ciertas palabras que usan las mujeres pero no los hombres y viceversa, aunque eso hoy en dia tiende a cambiar, especialmente para las mujeres, que usan cada vez mas el lenguaje de los hombres, mas directo que el de las mujeres (que tradicionalmente es mas humilde en japones), pero el que un hombre use expresiones propias del lenguaje femenino puede resultar bochornoso; conviene conocer las diferencias, aunque tales sutilezas van mas alla del alcance de este texto, que pretende ser basico.
どうしてかしら。あの人の顔を思い出せないのよ。 Doushite kashira? Ano hito no kao o omoidasenai no yo Por que sera que no me puedo acordar de la cara de esa persona? (como lo diria una mujer; la particula NO hace a la frase mas suavizada al final) なぜかわからない、あの人の顔を思い出せない。 Naze ka wakaranai, ano hito no kao o omoidasenai No se por que pero no me puedo acordar de la cara de esa persona. (como lo diria un hombre, el verbo a secas al fi nal es mas agresivo)
3. SUSTANTIVOS En japones, los sustantivos no tienen genero, y no pueden ser modificados por articulos definidos o indefinidos, (la, un, los) puesto que no existen, y las formas singulares y plurales son usualmente las mismas. En ROMAJI los nombres nombres de personas e idiomas idiomas empiezan con mayuscula excepto el ingles (EIGO). (EIGO).
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花 ［はな］ hana flor 肉 ［にく］ niku carne 小説［しょうせつ］ shousetsu novela 芸術［げいじゅつか］ geijutsu arte
花屋［はなや］ hanaya hanaya 肉屋［にくや］ niku nikuya ya 小説家［しょうせつか］ 芸術家［げいじゅつか］
florist floristeri eria, a, floris florista ta carni carnice ceri ria a shousetsuka novelista geijutsuka a r t is t a
Cuando se esta uno dirigiendo a un dependiente o tendero, se usa el sufijo honorifico SAN (さん)。
本屋さん
HONYA SAN
librero, vendedor de libros
Dos pronombres usados juntos como un sustantivo compuesto se unen con la particula NO （de）.
日本語のクラス [にほんごのクラス] Nihongo no kurasu アパートのビル Apaato no biru
Clase de Japones (idioma) Edificio de apartamentos
4. PRONOMBRES 私 [わたし]、僕 [ぼく]、俺 [おれ] wata watash shi i, boku, oku, ore ore Yo, Yo, mi Watashi Watashitac tachi, hi, bokuta bokutachi chi, , oreta oretachi chi Nosotr Nosotros, os, nos 私達、僕達、俺達 我々[われわれ] wareware nosotros anata usted 貴方［あなた］ 貴方達、 貴方がた anatatachi、 anatagata ustedes 君［きみ］、 お前［おまえ］ kimi, omae tú 君たち、 お前たち kimitachi, omaetachi, ustedes 彼［かれ］ kare el karera ellos 彼ら 彼女［かのじょ］ kanojo ella kanojotachi ellas 彼女達 あの人 ano hito esa persona ano hi hitotachi esas pe personas あのひとたち あの方 ano kata ese señor (señora) 彼奴［あいつ］ aitsu ese, esa 彼奴ら aitsura esa gente 此奴［こいつ］ koitsu este, esta
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田中さんは何を買いましたか。 Tanaka san wa nani o kaimashita ka? Que compro ella (La señora Tanaka)? WAREWARE es una forma especial de "nosotros", usada sobre todo por hombres y q ue pretende transmitir un sentido de solidaridad
誰よりも、我々大学の学生一生懸命に勉強していました。 Dare yori mo, wareware daigaku no gakusei isshoukenmei ni benkyou shite imashita. Nosotros los estudiantes universitarios estudiamos mas que nadie. Los pronombres indefinidos son los siguientes
誰か［だれか］ 誰も どれか どれも どこか どこも 何か［なにか］ 何も 幾らか［いくらか］ 幾らも 幾つか［いくつか] 幾つも なんでも なんにも
dareka daremo doreka doremo dokoka dokomo nanika nanimo ikuraka ikuramo ikutsuka ikutsu mo nandemo nannimo
alguien nadie a lg o n ad a alguna parte en ninguna parte a lg o n ad a algo, un poco de no mucho algo de, algunos de muchos lo que sea nada
Los pronombres negativos indefinidos toman un verbo negativo
誰か来ました。 Dareka kimashita. Alguien vino 誰も来ませんでした Daremo kimasen deshita.
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5. DEMOSTRATIVOS E INTERROGA INTE RROGATIVOS INTERROG ATIVOS Las palabras demostrativas e interrogativas, que pueden ser pronombres, adjetivos, o adverbios, se pueden dividir en cuatro grupos dependiendo del prefijo:
これ k ore e sto
それ sore es o
あれ あれ are aquello
こち ら kochira por acá
そち ら sochira por allí
あちら achira por allá
どちら dochira por donde
どれ d ore C ual
この kono este
その その s on o ese
こん な konna así como esto
そん な sonna así como eso
あんな an n a así como aquello
どんな donna como qué
あの ano aquel
どの d on o c ua l
ここ k oko aquí
こう s ou
そう k ou
ああ aa
どう dou
そこ s oko allí
あそこ asoko allá
どこ d oko donde
así
de esa forma
de aquel uella forma rma
en que for forma
Otros pronombres interrogativos son los siguientes:
誰［だれ］ どなた どちらさま なん、何［なに］ 何人 ［なんにん］ 幾ら ［いくら］ 幾つ［いくつ］ いつ
dare donata dochirasama nan, nani nannin ikura ikutsu itsu
quien quien (formal) quien (muy formal) qu e cuanta gente cuanto cuantos cuando
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あそこには何人ですか。 Asoko ni wa nan nin desu ka? Cuantas personas hay alla? そこに何がありますか。 Soko ni nani ga arimasu ka? Que hay ahi? あなたはなぜ昨日学校を休んだのですか。 Anata wa naze kinou gakkou o yasunda no desu ka? Por que ayer falto usted a clases? この言葉は漢字でどのように書きますか。 Kono kotoba wa kanji de dono you ni kakimasuka? Como se escribe esta palabra en kanji? どのような人でしたか。 Dono you na hito deshita ka? Que tipo de persona era? あなたのうちは駅からどのように行くのですか、 Anata no uchi wa eki kara dono you ni i ku no desu ka? Como se va de la estacion a su casa? どのくらい日本語を習っていますか。 Dono kurai nihongo o naratte imasu ka, Como cuanto tiempo hace que estas estudiando japones?
6. EXPRESIONES DE APARIENCIA La forma auxiliar YOU DA (que en forma cortes es YOU DESU) se usa para comparar cosas o para mostrar semejanza o el modo de hacer algo.
あの雲は人こ顔のようですね。
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Hoy hace un dia como de primavera
今日は春みたいに暖かい。 Kyou wa haru mitai ni atatakai. Hoy hace calor como en primavera La terminación RASHII se añade a las frases y oraciones para expresar apariencia, pero con menos certeza que las anteriores, pues se usa para referirse a hechos de los que no estamos seguros, a diferencia de MITAI y YOU DA.
レスツレポさんも行くらしいです。 Restrepo san mo iku rashii desu Parece que tambien el señor Restrepo va a ir レスツレポさんも行ったらしいです。 Restrepo san mo itta rashii desu Parece que tambien el señor Restrepo fue. Cuando se añade RASHII a un sustantivo, lo convierte en adjetivo y le da a la palabra un sentido de "propio de...".
女 女らしい onna 女性 女性らしい josei femenina, muy mujer
onnarashii* joseirashii
Aqui conviene anotar que actualmente no es muy bien visto por las mujeres japonesas que se refieran a ellas como ONNA, termino que resulta mas o menos peyorativo cuanto que suele usarse de manera condescendiente. Es preferible josei (sexo femenino), asi
部屋の中に女性が二人います。 Heya no naka ni josei ga futari imasu. Hay dos (mujeres) señoras en la habitacion Es mas cortes que 部屋の中に女の人が二人います。 Heya no naka ni onna no hito ga futari imasu.
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最近の日本の林業は機械化されています。 Saikin no Nihon no ringyou wa kikaika sarete imasu. La silvicultura japonesa de hoy es mecanizada. -KA (家) para indicar una profesion dada
建築か 小説か 専門か 音学家 画家 漫画家
kenchikuka arquitecto shousetsuka novelista senmonka especialista ongakka musico gaka pintor mangaka artista de dibujos animados
夫は芸術家です。 Otto wa geijutsuka desu. Mi esposo es artista -性 SEI (naturaleza, caracteristica) Parecido al sufijo -DAD, -EZ o -CIA en español
悪性 akusei maldad 安全性
eisokusei permanencia
可変性 versatilidad
生産性 seisansei productividad
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りんごは美味しいです。 Ringo wa oishii desu. La manzana es deliciosa (En cuanto a la manzana, es deliciosa). GA puede marcar el sujeto al igual que el objeto indirecto de una frase.
りんごが美味しいです。 Ringo ga oishii desu. (Una) manzana es deliciosa. Puede ser de ayuda pensar en WA/GA como el/un en algunos casos. Ayuda a distinguir cuando usar uno de los dos. Pero que quede claro, que WA *no* marca el sujeto de una frase sino el asunto que se discute. GA puede marcar el sujeto y a menudo lo resalta para el oyene y ayuda a cambiar sujetos dentro de una frase tambien. Watashi wa tabemashita En cuanto a mi, (comparado con otra gente), yo comi (algo) O tambien Yo? Me la comi. El "la" no se menciona en japones y es en realidad el sujeto de la frase.
Esta podria ser la espuesta a
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Arriba se menciono que WA no marca el sujeto de una frase. Lo que hace es dar dar una guia de lo que se esta hablando. Watashi no namae wa Juan desu ... podria ser traducido En cuanto a mi nombre, es Juan El sujeto no es "mi", sino sino "es".
Si se acepta esto, podemos traducir traducir la frase como:
Estoy hablando de mi nombre. Es Juan Pero esto suena extraño en español, por lo que la traducción mas natural de "Mi nombre es Juan" hace parecer que el TEMA es el SUJETO, y no es asi Veamos una forma mas compleja de usar WA para marcar el TEMA:
明け方までインターネットしていうような奴は危ない akegata made intaanetto shite iru you na yatsu wa abunai [desu] En esta frase, el WA esta casi al final de la frase, lo cual daria pie a decir que se trata de un TEMA muy largo. Pero WA solo prepara el escenario para la parte real de la frase, que es ABUNAI (peligroso, aunque en este caso simplemente significa extraño). De hecho, ABUNAI es la frase, y se puede omitir todo antes del WA y todavia es una frase.
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日本の食べ物は美味しいです。 Nihon no tabemono wa oishii desu. La comida japonesa es deliciosa 友達の田中さんは先生です。 Tomodachi no Tanaka san wa sensei desu. MI amigo el senor Tanaka es profesor (maestro). Mas adelante, cuando se discuta la nominalizacion, se veran otros usos de の。 NI [に]
Objeto indirecto, localizacion, localizacion, tiempo especifico; especifico; semejante semejante a "a, en"
私は田中さんに本を貸しました。 Watashi wa Tanaka san ni hon o kashimashita. Le preste un libro al Sr. Tanaka ひろみさんは東京にいます。 Hiromi san wa Toukyou ni imasu. Hiromi esta en Tokyo. 昨日私は早くうちに帰りました。 Kinou watashi wa hayaku uchi ni kaerimashita. Ayer volvi temprano a casa
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MADE [まで]
（hasta)
デパートは六時までです。 Depaato wa rokuji made desu. El centro comercial abre hasta las seis (literalmente: Es hasta las seis) ここから駅までは一キロです。 Koko kara eki made wa ichikiro desu. De aqui a la estacion es un kilometro. MO [も] (tambien, (tambien, tampoco) tampoco)
私はお茶が好きです。コヒイーもすきです。 Watashi wa ocha ga suki desu. Kohii mo suki desu. Me gusta el te. Tambien me gusta el cafe. お茶もコーヒーも飲みます。 Ocha mo kouhii mo nomimasu. Bebo cafe y te. お茶もコーヒーも飲みません。 Ocha mo kouhii mo nomimasen. No bebo cafe ni te. TO [と]
(y, con) lista completa, relacion
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忙しかったからキャンセルしました。 Isogashikatta kara, kyanseru shimashita. Como estaba muy ocupado, cancele (la cita, la reunión, etc). Incluso si la razón es ilógica, se justifica mas si se usa NODE y DE . Se usan para dar justificaciones razonables (DE se usa con sustantivos). Se usan en situaciones públicas y en conversaciones formales.
忙しかったのでキャンセルしました。 Isogashikatta node, kyanseru shimashita Como estaba muy ocupado, cancelé
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Mas ejemplos:
パツリシアさんが数学を勉強している間きりちゃんはパーティーを楽しんでいます。 Patricia san ga suugaku o benkyou shite iru aida Kiri chan wa party o tanoshinde imasu. Mientras Patricia estudia matematicas, Kiri disfruta de la fiesta. Sin embargo, no se dice: Patricia san ga suugaku o benkyou shinagara Kiri chan wa party o tanoshinde imasu. Notese que cuando los sujetos son diferentes, "ga" se usa en la clausula subordinada ("Patricia san ga"), mientras que "wa" se usa en la clausula principal ("Kiri-chan wa"). KA [か]
marcador de pregunta
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書く［かく] 行く［いく] 読む［よむ] 待つ［まつ] 話す［はなす] 思う［おもう］
DICCIONARIO k aku i ku y omu matsu hanasu o m ou
R AI Z k a kiky o mmath an a s omo-
INFINITIVO kakiiki yomimachihanashi omoi-
SIGNIFICADO escribir ir le e r es p er a r h a bl a r creer, pensar
Los verbos Tipo II o del Grupo 2 (o 一段, ichidan, un paso), un grupo mucho menor que el primero, son la mayor parte de los verbos que terminan en -ERU o -IRU en la forma del diccionario; el infinitivo es igual a la raiz. Se forma la la raiz quitando el -RU final; Esto se llaman llaman Verbos vocales.
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TRANSITIVOS eru/aru eru/aru 閉める shimeru 掛る kakeru かえる kaeru -eru/u 開ける akeru ける
INTRANSITIVOS
閉まる shimaru 掻かる kakaru かわる kawaru 開く ak u く
cerrar colgar cambiar
abrir
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Aqui es la estacion Yokohama.
喫茶店は銀行と郵便局の間にあります。 Kissaten wa ginkou to yuubinkyoku no aida ni arimasu. La cafeteria esta entre el banco y la oficina postal. わたなべさんはどこにいますか。 Watanabe san wa doko ni imasu ka. Donde esta el senor Watanabe? 銀行はどこにありますか。 Ginkou wa doko ni arimasu ka. Donde es el banco?
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あのへやのなかでひとはなんににますか。 １５人います。 Ano heya no naka de hito wa nanin imasu ka. Jugonin imasu. Cuantas personas hay en aquella habitacion?. Hay quince. 若さは二度と戻らない。 Wakasa wa nido to modoranai. La juventud no viene dos veces (no vuelve).
18. CALENDARIO Los días del mes se citan de la siguiente forma: 1º 2º 3º 4º 5º 6º 7º 8º 9º 10º 31º
Tsuitachi Futsuka Mikka Yokka Itsuka Muika Nanoka Youka Kokonoka Touka Sanjuuichinichi
11º 12º 13º 14º 15º 16º 17º 18 19º 20º
juuichinichi juuninichi juusannichi juuyokka juugonichi juurokunichi juushichinichi juuhachinichi juukunichi hatsuka
21º 22º 23º 24º 25º 26º 27º 28º 29º 30º
nijuuichinichi nijuuninichi nijuusannichi nijuuyokka nijuugonichi nijuurokunichi nijuushichinichi nijuuhachinichi nijuukunichi sanjuunichi
月曜日 Lunes getsuyoubi Enero 一月 ichigatsu 火曜日 Martes kayoubi Febrero 二月 nigatsu 水曜日 Miercoles suiyoubi Marzo sangatsu 木曜日 Jueves mokuyoubi Abril shigatsu 金曜日 Viernes kinyoubi Mayo gogatsu 土曜日 Sabado doyoubi Junio rokugatsu 日曜日 Domingo nichiyoubi Julio shichigatsu Agosto hachigatsu Septiembre kugatsu Octubre juugatsu Noviembre juuichigatsu Diciembre juunigatsu 妻のお誕生日は８月二十日です。 Tsuma no otanjoubi wa hachigatsu yokka desu. El cumpleaños de mi esposa es el 20 de a agosto. gosto. 春 夏 秋 冬
haru primavera natsu verano aki otono fuyu invierno
19. FAMILIA Los japoneses se refieren de manera diferente a los familiares de o tras personas cuando hablan de ellas. RELACION abuela abuelo d
MI FAMILIA 祖母 sobo 祖父 sofu 母 h h
TU FAMILIA お婆さん obaasan お爺さん oj i is a n おかあさん k
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esposo hija hijo hermana hermana hermano hermano tia tio sobrina sobrino
夫 otto 娘 musume 息子 musuko 姉 mayor ane 妹 menor 兄 mayor 弟 menor 叔母 oba 叔父 oji 姪 mei 甥 oi
御主人 goshujin* 娘さん musumesan 息子さん musukosan お姉さん oneesan 妹さん imouto imoutosan お兄さん ani oniisan 弟さん otouto otoutosan 叔母さん obasan 叔父さん ojisan 姪ごさん meigosan 甥ごさん oigosan
従兄 primo (mayor que uno) 従弟 primo (menor que uno) 従妹 prima (menor que uno) 従姉 prima (mayor que uno) 従兄弟 【じゅうけいてい】 【じゅうけいてい】primos hombres (juukeitei) 従姉妹 【じゅうしまい】 【じゅうしまい】primas (juushimai) primo itoko SHUJIN (esposo, literalmente amo) no es del agrado de las mujeres japonesas modernas. Algo análogo puede decirse del vocablo KANAI (esposa, literalmente dentro de la casa). RELACION niño nieto familia hermano/a hermanas
MI FAMILIA
子供 kodomo 孫 mago 家族 kazoku 兄弟 kyoudai 姉妹 shimai
TU FAMILIA
子供さん kodomosan 孫さん omagosan ご家族 gokazoku ご兄弟 gokyoudai ご姉妹 goshimai
El adjetivo GIRI NO significa familia politica: 義理の息子 giri no musuko yerno
20. PARTES DEL CUERPO 頭 眉毛 髪の毛 睫毛 口 唇 舌
【あたま】 【まゆげ】 【かみのけ】 【まつげ】 【くち】 【くちびる】 【した】
atama mayuge kaminoke matsuge kuchi kuchibiru h
ca b e z a c e ja cabellos pestañas bo c a la b i os l
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目 瞼 顎 首 首筋 腕 前腕 肘 お腹 腹 手 手首 指 親指 人差指 中指 薬指 小指 手の平 肩 胸 背中 お尻 腰 腿 膝 脹ら脛 足 踵 足首 足の指 足の裏
【め】 【まぶた】 【あご】 【くび】 【くびすじ】 【うで】 【まえうで】 【ひじ】 【おなか】 【はら】 【て】 【てくび】 【ゆび】 【おやゆび】 【ひとさしゆび】 【なかゆび】 【くすりゆび】 【こゆび】 【てのひら】 【かた】 【むね】 【せなか】 【おしり】 【こし】 【もも】 【ひざ】 【ふくらはぎ】 【あし】 【かかと】 【あしくび】 【あしのゆび】 【あしのうら】
me mabuta ago ku b i kubisuji ud e ma e ud e hi j i on a ka ha r a te tekubi yu b i oy a yu b i hitosashi no yubi nakayubi kusuriyubi koyubi te no hira ka t a mu n e se n ak a os h ir i ko s hi mo m o hi z a fukurahagi as h i kakato ashikubi ashi no yubi ashi no ura
二日酔いから瞼ほどが痛いんだよ。 Futsukayoi kara mabuta hodo ga itai n da yo. Con el guayabo (resaca) me duelen hasta los párpados.
oj o párpado mentón,cumbamba cuello nu ca brazo antebrazo co d o vientre (formal) vientre (menos formal) ma n o muñeca de d o pulgar dedo índice dedo medio, dedo del corazón anular meñique palma de la mano hombro pecho espalda trasero cadera muslo rodilla pantorrilla pie, pierna talón tobillo dedo del pie planta del pie
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BIBLIOGRAFIA Japanese.. Barron's Educational Series, Inc., Hauppauge, AKIYAMA, Nobuo and AKIYAMA, Carol. 1995. Master the Basics. Japanese New York. I . Kodansha International, Tokyo. Association for Japanese Language Teaching, 1984. Japanese 1984. Japanese for Busy People I. The Hirou Japanese Center, 1989. The Complete Japanese Verb Guide. Charles E. Tuttle Company, Rutland, Vermont. NAKAO, Seigo, 1995. Random House Japanese-English English-Japanese Dictionary . Ballantine Books, New York. STRUGNELL, Lynne, 1994. Essential Japanese. Japanese. Berlitz Publishing Company, Inc., Princeton, N. J. YOSHIMI, Kenji, 1999. Class Notes. Notes. SMILLIE, Keith. Some notes on Japanese Grammar. (en la página de Jim Breen; JGRAMMAR.PDF) Jim Breen's EDICT Japanese/English Dictionary Fundacion Japon. Diccionario Basico Japones Españ Español ñol. ol. Limusa: Mejico, 1992. 950 pag. system . Hong Kong: Tuttle HADAMITZKY, Wolfgang. & Spahn, Mark. Kanji & Kana: A handbook of the japanese writing system. Language Lybrary, 1981. 430 pag. ROSENTHAL, Glen. JWPce Glen. JWPce Japanese Word Processor http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/~jwb/japanese.html ftp://ftp.cc.monash.edu.au/pub/nihongo/00INDEX.html
AGRADECIMIENTOS Se agradece especiamente a los se ñores Kenji Konaka y Masanori Sasama por la gran ayuda que proporcionaron al responder todas las preguntas que les he formulado; sin su ayuda no podr ía haber compuesto este texto.
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APENDICE UNO -UNOS -UNOS CUANTOS CUANTOS VERBOS Diccionario 上げる ageru 開ける akeru ある aru 遊ぶ asobu 会う au 違う chigau だ da 出かける dekakeru できる dekiru 出る deru 降る furu ござる gozaru 入る hairu 始まる hajimaru 話す hanasu 走る hashiru 働く hataraku 行く 行ます iku 生きる ikiru いらっしゃる irassharu 入れる ireru いる iru いただく itadaku 言う iu 返る kaeru かかる kakaru かける kakeru
-forma masu 上げます agemasu 開けます akemasu あります arimasu 遊びます asobimasu 会います aimasu 違います chigaimasu です desu 出かけます dekakemasu できます dekimasu 出ます demasu 降ります furimasu ございます gozaimasu 入ります hairimasu 始まります hajimarimasu 話します hanashimasu 走ります hashirimasu 働きます hatarakimasu 行って ikimasu 生きます ikimasu いらっしゃいます irasshaimasu 入れます iremasu います imasu いただきます itadakimasu 言います iimasu 返ります kaerimasu かかります kakarimasu かけます kakemasu
-Forma TE 上げて agete 開けて akete あって atte 遊んで asonde 会って atte 違って chigatte で de 出けかけて dekakete できて dekite 出て dete 降って futte ござって gozatte 入って haitte 始まって hajimatte 話して hanashite 走って hashitte 働いて hataraite itte 生きて ikite いらっしゃいて irasshatte 入れて irete いて ite いただいて itadaite 言って itte 返って kaette かっかて kakatte かけて kakete
Significado dar, elevar abrir ser, existir,
tener
jugar conocer, encontrarse diferir, estar equivocado sere (copulativo) salir poder, ser capaz salir, aparecer caer (lluvia, nieve) ser, existir, tener (formal) entrar comenzar hablar, charlar correr trabajar ir vivir ir, venir, ser (formal) meter existir,
ser
recibir (elegante) decir,
contar
volver tomar (tiempo) telefonear
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借りる kariru 貸す kasu 買う 飼う kau 通う kayou 聞く kiku 決める kimeru 下さる kudasaru 下る kudaru 比べる kuraberu くれる kureru 来る kuru 曲がる magaru 待つ matsu 見る miru 貰う morau 持つ motsu 持って行く motte iku 持って来る motte kuru 向ける mukeru なる naru 寝る neru 上る noboru 飲む nomu 塗る nuru 起きる okiru
借ります karimasu 貸します kashimasu 買います 飼います kaimasu 通います kayoimasu 聞きます kikimasu 決めます kimemasu 下さいます kudasaimasu 下ります kudarimasu 比べます kurabemasu くれます kuremasu 来ます kimasu 曲がります magarimasu 待ちます machimasu 見ます mimasu 貰ます moraimasu 持ちます mochimasu 持って行きます motte ikimasu 持って来ます motte kimasu 向けます mukemasu なります narimasu 寝ます nemasu 上ります noborimasu 飲みます nomimasu 塗あす nurimasu 起きます okimasu
借りて karite 貸して kashite 買って 飼って katte 通って kayotte 聞いて kiite 決めて kimete 下さって kudasatte 下って kudatte 比べて kurabete くれて kurete 来て kite 曲がって magatte 待って matte 見て mite 貰って moratte 持って motte 持って行って motte itte 持って来て motte kite 向けて mukete なって natte 寝て nete 上って nobotte 飲んで nonde 塗って nutte 起きて okite
pedir
prestado, alquilar
prestar comprar, poseer (animales) transportarse, asistir oir, preguntar decidir, escoger dar al hablante (elegante) bajar, descender comparar dar al hablante venir voltear, girar esperar ver, mirar recibir tener, sostener llevar traer dar la vuelta convertirse en acostarse, dormir alzarse, subir, trepar beber pintar levantarse
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閉める shimeru 信じる shinjiru 死ぬ shinu 住む sumu する suru 座る suwaru 食べる taberu 飛ぶ tobu 泊まる tomaru 止まる tomaru 取る toru 疲れる tsukareru 使う tsukau 作る tsukuru 勤める tsutomeru 動く ugoku 産む umu 生む umu 売る uru わかる wakaru 忘れる wasureru やる yaru 休む yasumu 呼ぶ yobu 読む yomu
閉めます sh shimemasu 信じます shinjimasu 死にます shinimasu 住ます sumimasu します shimasu 座ります suwarimasu 食べます tabemasu 飛びます tobimasu 泊まります tomarimasu 止まります tomarimasu 取ります torimasu 疲れます tsukaremasu 使います tsukaimasu 作ります tsukurimasu 勤めます tsutomemasu 動きます ugokimasu 産みます umimasu 生みます umimasu 売ります urimasu わかります wakarimasu 忘れます wasuremasu やります yarimasu 休みます yasumimasu 呼びます yobimasu 読みます yomimasu
閉めて shimete 信じて shinjite 死んで shinde 住んで sunde して shite 座って suwatte 食べて tabete 飛んで tonde 泊まって tomatte 止まって tomatte 捕って totte 疲れて tsukarete 使って tsukatte 作って tsukutte 勤めて tsutomete 動いて ugoite 産んで unde 生んで unde 売って utte わかって wakatte 忘れて wasurete やって yatte 休んで yasunde 読んで yonde 読んで yonde
ce r r a r creer morir vivir hacer sentarse comer volar,
saltar
pasar la noche, detenerse conseguir, tomar, ganar cansarse usar hacer,
fabricar
estar empleado mover,
cambiar
producir parir vender entender olvidar dar
(informal)
descansar llamar leer
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APÉNDICE DOS - FRASES GENERALES SALUDOS [aisatsu] Buenos dias (por la mañana) OHAYOUGOZAIMASU 日本では朝「おはようございます」と挨拶をします。 Nihon de wa, asa "ohayou gozaimasu" to aisatsu o shimasu [Japón en en cuanto a, mañana "ohayou gozaimasu" saludo hacerse] En Japón, el saludo por la mañana es Ohayou gozaimasu Hola (Buenos dias, por la tarde) こんにちは KONNICHIWA Buenas tardes (desde el atardecer) こんばんは KONBANWA Buenas noches (despedida) お休みなさい OYASUMINASAI (antes de comer -buen provecho) いただきます ITADAKIMASU (despues de comer - Estaba delicioso) 御馳走様でした GOCHISOUSAMADESHITA Adiós さようなら SAYOUNARA Nos vemos じゃまたね JA MATA NE Las siguientes frases se presentan en la forma llana. SALUDOS Cómo estás? Estoy bien. Estoy muy bien. Sobrevivo. Ahí voy pasando No has cambiado nada Tú tampoco No lo he visto en dos años No hemos oído de el desde hace rato
Genki? Genki. Totemo genki. Ikiteru yo. Nantoka ganbatteru. Chittomo kawatte nai ne. Anata mo kawatte nai ne. Ni-nen mo kare ni atte nai. Kare kara shibaraku renraku
nai.
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Nos vemos pronto Ahí nos vemos Cuídate Me tengo que ir Ya me voy Hablamos después
Mata sonouchine. Mata sugu aeru yone. Ki o tsukete. Mou ikanakucha. Mou deru. Mata atode hanasou.
¿Dónde estás? Doko ni iruno? ¿Donde estabas(estuviste) estabas(estuviste) ¿dónde has estado? Doko ni itano? Está Jairo? Jairo iru? Has visto a Sergio? Sergio mita? ¿Dónde te has estado escondiendo? Nanda koko ni kakurete tano? URESHII Estoy feliz/ Estoy contento Pareces contento Me alegra que hayas vuelto. Nunc Nunca a hab había ía esta estado do tan tan fel feliz iz ¿Por qué estás tan contento? Es un tipo muy divertido Parecer/parecerse Suena bien/bueno. Suena/parece interesante. Parece divertido Te ves bien Pareces triste Pareces deprimido Pareces un tonto Me Me Me No No Lo
Ureshii. Ureshi sou ne. Modotte kite kurete ureshii. Kore Kore ijou ijou ures ureshi hii i kot koto o wa wa nai naiyo yo. . Nande son nani happy nano? Kare wa tanoshii hito.
Yosasou. Omoshirosou. Tanoshisou. Choushi ga yosasou ne. Kanashisou ne. Ochikonderu mitai ne. Baka mitai.
gusta/ No me gusta gusta Ii ne. / Suki. encanta Daisuki. me gusta Suki ja nai. me va a gustar. Sore wa doumo suki ni narenai. odio. Kare wa kirai.
Hobby, pasatiempo / Gustos ¿Qué te gusta hacer? / ¿Cuál es tu pasatiempo? Shumi wa nani? Tus gustos son extravagantes Anata no shumi wa zeitaku. Tus gustos son horribles. Anata no shumi wa saitei. Día / Año ¿Hoy qué día es? ¿Qué fecha es hoy? ¿Sabes que día era
Kyou wa nan youbi? Kyou wa nan nichi? Kinou wa hi dattaka shitteru?
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¿Cuál es tu nacionalidad? Kokuseki wa doko? ¿Cómo se dice "_____"en japonés? "_____"wa nihongo de nante iuno ? ¿Qu´ota forma hay de decir "_____"? "_____" no betsu no iikata wa? ¿Es el españ español ol tu tu lengua lengua nati nativa? va? Supein Supeingo go wa bokoku bokokugo? go? ¿Hablas inglés? Eigo hanaseru? ¿ISP ¿ISP es la abre abrevi viat atur ura a de de qué qué? ? ISP ISP wa wa nan nan no ryak ryaku? u? Es la abreviatura de "Internet Service Provider". "Internet Service Provider" no ryaku dayo. ¿Cómo se deletrea? superu wa? Habl Hable e más más desp despac acio io por por fav favor or Yukk Yukkur uri i han hanas ashi hite te (kud (kudas asai ai). ). GRACIAS Gracias. Arigatou. Muchísimas gr gracias. Doumo ar arigatou go gozaimasu. Gracias po por su su ti tiempo Jikan o totte moratte su sumimasen. No es nada/ de nada. Dou itashi mashite./ De ver verda dad d que que lo apre apreci cio. o. Kans Kansha ha shi shite teim imas asu. u. Gracias por todo(lo que usted ha hecho por mí) Iroiro arigatou. Lo siento. Discúlpeme por eso. Sonokoto wa gomen nasai. Discúlpeme/Qué pena Gomen nasai. / Sumimasen. Perdón. Go me n. No se disculpe. Ayamaru koto naiyo. Qué lástima. Kawaisou. Me siento muy mal por usted. Okinodoku ni. Que pena. Zannnen dane. Que horror, que mal. Sore wa yokunai ne./ Sore wa hidoi ne. Le debo una disculpa. Anata ni ayamara nakucha. Es mi culpa. Watashi no sei. No es mi culpa. Watashi no sei janai. No es culpa de nadie. Dare no sei demo nai. ¿Quieres que me disculpe? Watashi ni ayamatte morai taino? Nunca lo voy a perdonar. Kare o zettai yurusanai. No lo voy a tolerar. Taerare nai. Tuve mis razones. (Sou suru) riyuu ga atta no. Perdón por interrumpir. Ojama shite sumimasen. No era mi intención interrumpir. Jama suru tsumori wa nain dakedo. Que pena si lo molesté. Doumo ojama shimashita. Te arrepentirás. Koukai suru yo. ¿Lo estoy molestando? Ojama shitemo ii desuka? PENSAR Creo que... ...to omou. Apuesto a que ... Kitto ...dato omou. Pensé que... ...to tekkiri omoi konde ita. Me pregunto... ...ka na. Me he estado preguntado... Zutto...kana to omotte ta. Noté que... ...to ki ga tsuiteita. di wakatta.
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Estoy confundido Me estoy confundiendo Es fácil
Konran shiteru. Konran shitekita. Kantan.
Mejor/ El mejor Me esforzaré. Gambari masu. Haré lo mejor que pueda. Besuto o tsukusuyo. Eso será mejor. Sonohou ga ii yo. Me siento mucho mejor. Kibun ga yoku natta. Es mejor que hagas ejercicio. Undou shita houga iiyo. Necesitas una revisión médica. Kenkoushindan ni itta houga iiyo. Dame un mejor precio. Motto yasuku shite. Se ve mejor en persona. Jitsubutu no houga iiyo. Mientras más pronto mejor. Hayakereba hayaihodo ii. Que le vaya mejor la siguiente vez. Konotsugi wa ganbatte. Esto es mejor de lo que parece. Omotta yorimo mashi. Esto cada vez se pone mejor. Dandan omoshiroku natte kita. ¿Estoy mejorando? Umakunatta? Puedes hacerlo mejor. Motto umaku dekiruyo. Mucho mejor. Zutto yokunatta. Mejor que nunca. Imamade yoriwa yokunatta. ASÍ ES! ¡Así es! / ¡Exactamente! Sonotouri! Estoy de acuerdo. Sansei. Así lo creo. Sou omou. Eso espero. Sou dato iine. No puedo evitarlo. Shouga naiyo. ¡Eso es! (¡eso quería yo decir!) Sou sore! Claro / Por supuesto. Mochiron. Eso es todo. Sonna kanji.
Probablemente/ Tal vez, quizá
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EXCELENTE/LO HICISTE ¡Bie ¡Bien! n!/ / ¡Exc ¡Excel elen ente te! ! / ¡Fa ¡Fant ntás ásti tico co! ! / ¡Su ¡Supe per! r! / ¡Mar ¡Marav avil illo loso so! ! ¡Chévere! Estupendo. Kakkoii. ¡Sorprendente! Odoroita! ¡Lo lograste! / Yattane! ¡Lo logré! Yatta! SUERTE ¡Que suerte! Tienes suerte. Qué envidia. YO Yo El Tú Yo
Nante lucky nandarou! Lucky dane. Urayamashii.
TAMBIÉN también/yo tampoco... Watashi mo sou. mío también Watashi nomo sou. también Anata mo sou. no Watashi wa chigau.
BUENO... Veamos... Etto... Bueno... / Sate, / Etto... Tu sabes, ne shitteru, / Anone.... Odio decirte esto pero.... Iinikuin dakedo..... Entre tu y yo... Kokodake no Hanashi dakedo... Por ejemplo... Tatoeba... De todos modos, Tonikaku, A propósito, Tokorode, chinami ni En efecto, Jitsuwa, No obstante Shikashi Pero... Demo... EXPRESIONES CORTAS Es riesgoso. Cálmate.
Yabai. Ochitsuite.
Sugo Sugoin ine! e!
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Mira! ¡No mires! ¡Mira eso! Echa un vistazo. ¿Viste eso? Lo vi. Quería verlo. No lo quiero ver. No lo vi. No lo pude ver. ¿Qué estás viendo? ¿Qué estás buscando?
Mite! Minaide! Are mite! Chotto mite. Mita? Mitayo. Mitakatta. Mitakunakatta. Minakatta. Mienakatta. Nani miteruno? Nani sagashiteruno?
OIR/ESCUCHAR Escúchame Kiite. No escuches/ No me preguntes. Kikanaide. ¿Puedes oírme? Kikoeru? ¿Me estás escuchando? Kiiteruno? ¡No ¡No est estás ás escuc scucha hand ndo! o! Kiit Kiite enai nai jan janai ai ! ¿Me oíste? Kikoeta? No pude oir. Kikoenakatta. No oí. Kikanakatta. No quiero oir. Kikitakunai. DECIR/HABLAR No lo puedo asegurar. Dí algo. ¿Tú dijiste eso, no? ¿De qué hablas? No debes decir eso. ¿Qué dijiste? No dije nada Dígalo de nuevo ¿Qué quieres decir? No sé que decir.
Nantomo ienai. Nanka itte. Sou ittadesho? Nani itteruno? / Nani hanashiteruno? Sonna koto iwanai houga ii. Nante ittano? Nanimo ittenai. Mou ikkai itte. Naniga iitaino? Nante itteiika wakaranai.
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Tengo hambre. Tengo sed. ¡Pruébalo! Como de todo.
Onaka suita. Nodoga kawaita. Tabetemite. Suki-kirai wa naiyo.
TELÉFONO ¿Aló? Está la señora Valencia? Moshi moshi? Valencia san desuka? ¿Es este el 9876-5432? 9876-5432 ban desuka? Soy Valencia de XYZ. XYZ no Valencia desu. ¿Está Zulma? Zulma san imasuka? ¿Puede pasarme a Zulma? Zulma wo onegai shimasu. ¿Está Carlos ahí? Carlos iru? ¿Quién llama, por favor? Dochira sama desuka? Ya la llamo. Kanojo o yonde kimasu. Un momento por favor. Shoushou omachi kudasai. Que pena hacerlo esperar. Omatase shite sumimasen. Acabó de salir. Tadaima dekaketeimasu. ¿Cuándo vuelve? Itsu modori masuka? Por favor, dígale que llamé. Denwa ga atta to tsutaete kudasai. ¿Puedo dejarle un mensaje? Message o tsutaete morae masuka? ¿Quiere dejar un mensaje? Message o tsutaemashouka? No, está bien. Iie daijobu desu. Debe tener el número equivocado. Bangou ga machigatte masu. ¿A qué número llama? Nanban ni okake desuka? Yo vuelvo a llamarlo. Kakenaoshi masu El lunes lo llamo. Getsuyoubi ni denwa shimasu. ¿Dónde lo puedo encontrar de día? Hiruma wa doko ni renraku sureba iidesuka? ¿Puede prestarme el teléfono? Denwa o karitemo iidesuka? ¿Puede darme su (nombre teléfono, dirección)? Namae (denwa-bangou,jusho) o oshiete itadake masuka?
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APÉNDICE TRES - PRESENTARSE EN JAPONES BEATRIZ JAPONES1 BEATRIZ JAPONES1 BEATRIZ YAMADA BEATRIZ YAMADA BEATRIZ YAMADA L UI S
Sumimasen ga... Yamada san desu ka Iie, chigaimasu. Gomen nasai. Shinpai nasaranaide kudasai Sumimasen ga... Yamada san desu ka Hai, sou desu. Hajime imemashite. te. Beatriz triz Caice icedo desu desu.. Douzo yoroshiku Yamada ada Shige igeru desu. su. Douzo yorosh oshiku Kore wa Luis desu. Shujin desu. Douzo yoroshiku Medellin ni you koso
Disculpe. Usted es el/la señor/señora Yamada? No, se equivoca. Lo siento No se preocupe Disculpe. Usted es el/la señor/señora Yamada? Si, asi es, Mucho gusto. Yo soy Beatriz Caicedo. Encantado de conocerlo/a Yo soy Shige higerru Yamada. Encanta ntado de conoce nocerrlos Este es Luis. Es mi esposo. Mucho gusto. Bienvenido a Medellín
Nótese que los japoneses suelen suelen mencionar primero primero su apellido al presentarse. Douzo yoroshiku significa literalmente "a su disposición", o "por favor, sea amable". Hajimemashite significa "primera vez". "san" se a ñade a los nombres de las otras personas personas (pero no al propio). Para personas de edad o prestigio se usa el "sama". Para profesores, "sensei".
笹間先生は日本語を教えてくれました。 Sasama-sensei wa Nihongo o oshiete kuremashita. El profesor Sasama tuvo la amabilidad de enseñarme japones はい Ha i いいえ Ii e ありがとう Arigatou どうもありがとう Doumo arigatou Doumo o arig arigat atou ou goza gozaim imas asu u どうもありがとうございます Doum どういたしまして Dou itashimashite Konnichi wa こんにちは 何かほしいですか N i k h hii d k
Sí, No Gracias Muchas gracias Much Muchis isis isim imas as grac gracia ias s De nada Hola/buenos dias A l d ?
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BREVE BREVE DICCIONARI DICCIONARIO O ESPAÑOL ESPAÑOL „ ª J APONÉS APONÉS No se pretende hacer una lista exhaustiva, sino solamente presentar algunas de las palabras más necesarias para ir enriqueciendo el léxico y como rápida referencia. Las `palabras precedidas por un guión son sufijos, las antecedidas por guión son prefijos. chuujun joujun gejun yatto ichiji ni shibashiba wazawaza tokorode tama ni suteru kouto akeru hiraku aku sobo
10 intermedios dias del mes 10 primeros días del mes 10 últimos días del mes a duras penas duras penas a la vez a menudo a propósito, adrede a propósito (por cierto) a veces abandonar abrigo abrir abrir, abrirse abrirse abuela
hirumeshi -atari kiiro tsunagu kankyou ryou aijou ren'ai, koi yubiwa doubutsu rainen kakitoru otohoi mae izen
almuerzo alrededor de (tiempo) amarillo amarrar ambiente, atmósfera ambos amor amor anillo animal año entrante anotar anteayer antes antes de
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kudari noboru oriru -hikui abiru hata yasui tokoya haku chounai kanari kanari tariru gomi akachan nomu kirei jitensha kangei hige saifu shiro
bajada bajar bajarse de un vehiculo bajo bañarse bandera barato barbero barrer barrio bastante bastante bastar basura bebe beber bello, bella bicicleta bienvenida bigote, barba billetera blanco
kaeru torikaeru henkou aruku douro shatsu tii shatsu hatake tsukareru tsukareru kao takai tegami kanban juutaku hotondo gen'in okosu -senchi chuou chikai chikaku
cambiar, cambiarse, transformar cambiar, reemplazar cambio caminar camino, calle camiseta camiseta campo de cultivo cansarse cansarse cara caro carta cartel casa, vivienda casi causa causar centímetros centro cerca cerca
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kakaru necuresu hajimeru hajimaru -hajimeru taberu kuu agaru hajime donokurai dono you na koto doushite mo hodo nakana hatasu Kau futsuu fudan shikirini constantemente heiki jouken
colgar collar comenzar comenzar comenzar a comer comer (animales) comer, beber (honorífico) comienzo cómo cuanto, qué tanto cómo qué cosa como sea como, tanto compañero, colega complir comprar común, corriente común, ordinario con frecuencia, con tranquilidad, con calma condición
kifujin kifujin higai kureru ageru ataeru kashikomarimashita kongo gouzen tomokaku jitsu wa futatabi moshiku wa ikinari totzuzen tonikaku shita gimu hazu yubi tsumasaki nokosu
dama dama daño, estrago dar dar dar de acuerdo de ahora en adelante de casualidad de cualquier forma, sea como sea de hecho de nuevo de otro modo de repente de repente de todos modos debajo deber debería ser dedo dedos de los pies dejar, abandonar
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jisho jiten ha jyuu man chigau muzukashii -nikui verbo) okane shageki iroiro tanoshimu isha shorui juusho nichiyoubi neru ni gimon kashi amai
diccionario diccionario diente diez mil diez mil diferir dificil difícil de (sufijo después de dinero disparo diversos, varios divertirse doctor documento domicilio domingo dormir dos duda dulce dulce
jidai sono kawari puragu mitzukeru hirou Au mitzukaru kakaru hiyasu okoru, ikaru sarada yogosu yogoreru yogoreru zenbu suru to dewa dewa iriguchi hairu todokeru sutereo
en una época en vez de, por otro lado enchufe encontrar, hallar encontrar, recoger encontrarse encontrarse, hallarse encontrarse, verse enfriar, refrescar enojarse ensalada ensuciar ensuciarse ensuciarse entero entonces entonces, pues bien entonces, pues bien entrada entrar enviar equipo de sonido
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kakaru un puente) higashi kakaru hoshi nado nado eien akiraka wazawaza choudo shiken igai narade wa iiwake jikken tenrankai hirogeru hirogaru koishigara fushigi kojou
estar construido sobre (como este estorbar estrella etc. etc. eternidad evidente ex profeso exactamente examen excepto excepto por excusa, disculpa experimento exposición extender, propagar extenderse, propagarse extrañar extraño, admirable fábrica
kasegeru, kasegu shako nodo kakeru hiyou hyougen seifu utsu futoi shizuku rokusa arigatou kono okage de shidai ni, sorosoro ookina/ookii hocchikisu hai iro sakebu hitokoe atsui atsui denwachou
ganar dinero garaje garganta gastar tiempo o plata gasto, costo gesto, expresión gobierno golpear gordo gota grabar en video gracias gracias a esto gradualmente grande grapadora gris gritar grito grueso grueso guia telefonica
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byooin kyou kemuri shisou kangae kyouka kagiru taisetsu juuyou daikin purintaa
hospital hoy humo idea idea iglesia imitar importante importante importe, cuenta impresora
kagiri souji kawaii me ni tomaru kakeru kagi naru mitasu -darake man'in hakobu
límite limpiar lindo llamar la atención llamar por teléfono llave llegar a ser, suceder llenar lleno de lleno de gente llevar
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ika uso uso ago ichiba jamu raigetsu tsukue kinzoku kishougaku ireru
menos de mentira mentira mentón mercado, plaza mermelada mes entrante mesa metal meteorología meter
iya - te wa ikenai amari amari tokoroga shikashi dakedenaku yuukita wareware nyuusu
no (familiar) no deber, se prohibe no mucho no muy/demasiado no obstante no obstante, sin embargo no sólo noche, tarde norte nosotros (muy formal) noticias
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asatte sugiru kairou -ho kusa heiwa ukagau (humilde) ayamaru tanomu haru
pasado mañana pasar, transcurrir pasillo paso pasto paz pedir informes, escuchar pedir perdón pedir, rogar pegar, adherir
hokori kakaru kakeru oku haku tatsu subete mattaku dakara tatoeba hikikae
polvo poner en marcha una máquina poner en marcha una máquina poner, dejar, colocar ponerse (ropa) ponerse de pie por completo por completo, verdaderamente por consiguiente por ejemplo por el contrario
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shibaraku shinjitsu uketsuke portería morau uketoru kakaru uketori konogoro toriageru mitomeru
rato (un) realidad recepción, información, recibir recibir recibir llamada recibo recientemente, últimamente recoger reconocer
(-te mo kamawanai) fuku hosu kawaku -ka himitsu kawaku kitto roku raishuu gakki
se puede, esta bien si secar secar secarse, tener sed sección, lección secreto sed seguramente seis semana entrante semestre
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mazui yawaraka agaru agaru noru kitanai ase gibo gifu chijou yuka
soto, torpe suave, delicado subir subir subirse a un vehiculo sucio sudor suegra suegro suelo suelo
arashi keeki marude shoku jimu kurushi honyaku yakusu motte kuru motsu koutsu
tormenta torta totalmente trabajo trabajo de oficina trabajoso traducción traducir traer traer puesto, llevar tráfico
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ikiru
vivir, estar vivo
y (para enumerar cosas)
