Curso de Ingles Tecnico Para Quimica
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INGLÉS TÉCNICO PARA QUIMICOS Curso de Inglés específico para químicos o profesionales (o estudiantes) en el campo de la química
Aprende a : 1. 2. 3. 4.
Comunicar utilizando términos técnicos específicos de la materia Entender y redactar artículos científicos Aprende a escribir tu curriculum en inglés, expande tus horizontes Descubre las otras ventajas …
INGLÉS TÉCNICO – English for chemistry
El curso de inglés técnico de iquimicas.com
Presentación Este libro está dirigido en particular a estudiantes o profesionales del sector químico en general. El objetivo de este libro es promover el aprendizaje de modo activo, por lo que proponemos textos técnicos y científicos para aprender de modo simple y eficaz.
Para un mejor provecho del contenido de este curso se recomienda poseer conocimientos básicos de inglés general antes de afrontar el inglés técnico especifico.
Objetivos El objetivo principal es que usted, al final de este curso logre: 1. Leer y comprender textos de carácter técnico o científico que presenten términos, expresiones o estructuras sintácticas características de las ciencias químicas y ciencias afines. 2. Mejorar la capacidad de producción escrita y de comprensión de textos técnicos de carácter científico 3. El libro propone diferentes argumentos científicos divididos por capítulos y cuenta con ejercicios. 4. Ampliar el propio vocabulario relativo al mundo de la química en general 5. Escribir el propio currículo vitae en inglés 6. Dominar una valida herramienta para afrontar el mercado laboral cada vez más competitivo.
Estructura del curso: Introducción: Survival english - Inglés general básico Laboratory equipment and lab work + Safety in the laboratory Introducing chemistry: Matter, Branches of chemistry, The periodic table, Chemical reactions. Chemical Compounds: Nomenclature Environmental damage Industrial Chemistry How to write a resume that generates results Improving your English
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Index Remembering numbers Page 5 Definition of atom Page 6 Atomic number Page 7 Temperature Page 8 Chemistry of colours Page 9 The pH scale Page 10 Tips on studying a foreign language Page 11 What is chemistry? Page 12 Building blocks of matter Page 14 States of matter Page 15 – 16 Lewis structure Page 17 The Periodic Table Page 18 – 19 Chemical Phenomenon Page 20 Chemical Reactions Page 21 Laboratory equipment Page 23 – 28 Words relating to lab work Page 29 Lab Safety Rules Page 30 Laboratory Safety equipment Page 31 Hazard Diagrams Page 32 Chemical Labels Page 33 Lab work Page 35 Traditional naming of inorganic compounds Page 37 – 39 IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic compounds Page 40 – 41 List of common ion names Page 42 IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds Page 43 – 45 Organic compounds list containing a few types of organic molecules P. 46 Pollution Page 49 The lexicon of environmental damage Page 50 Sewage treatment Page 51 Basics of piping & Instrumentation Diagrams Page 53 Symbols for process equipment Page 54 Units of measurement Page 55 Writing a resume Page 57 Vocabulary
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Refreshing your English Unit 1 target: Refresh your english 1.
Remembering Numbers - The atomic number, Temperature
2. 3. 4.
Remembering colors, the pH scale Tips on studying a foreign language Steps to write a summary
Vocabulary: Atom = Atomo Structure = Estructura Protons = Protones Neutrons = Neutrones Elements = Elementos Nucleus = Nucleo Scales = Escalas Measurement = Medicion / to measure = medir To absorb = absorber Due to = debido a… Discoveries = descubrimientos Theoretical = teorico Chemical phenomena = Fenomeno Quimico Matter = Materia Shape = Forma Bond = Enlace Surrounded = Rodeado Shape = Forma Bond = Enlace Surrounded = Rodeado Takes place = Tener lugar (ocurrir) To Combine = Combinar Compound = Compuesto Reactants = Reactivos Products = Productos Mean = Medio Made of = Hecho/a de/por…. En esta primera unidad podrás encontrar algunas frases escritas en español. A partir de la unidad 2 se usará principalmente el inglés para que te familiarices con el idioma más fácilmente. 4
INGLÉS TÉCNICO – English for chemistry
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Remembering Numbers 1. One 2. Two 3. Three 4. Four 5. Five 6. Six 7. Seven 8. Eight 9. Nine 10.Ten 11.Eleven 12.Twelve 13.Thirteen 14.Fourteen 15.Fifteen 16.Sixteen 17.Seventeen 18.Eighteen 19.Nineteen 20.Twenty 21.Twenty-one ….etc 30. Thirty 40. Forty 50. Fifty 60. Sixty 70. Seventy 80. Eighty 90. Ninety 100. One hundred (a hundred) 101. One hundred and one…etc 200. Two hundred…etc 1000. One thousand (a thousand) 2001. Two thousand and one 1.000.000 One million
Los números que van desde 21 a 99 se escriben con un guion “-“ entre la decena y la unidad (example: 21 = twenty-one) En british english (inglés británico) para los números mayores de 100 se usa and entre las centenas y el resto del número (example: 210 = two hundred and ten ; en inglés americano (American english) se dice two hundred ten (sin and)
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Hundred, thousand, million se escriben sin la s del plural, excepto cuando son usados como expresiones indefinidas. (example: hundreds of dollars = centenares de dólares) los números grandes se escriben con comas, no con puntos y los números con decimales se escriben con puntos no con comas. Los números decimales después de la coma se leen singularmente (example: 86,512 eighty-six point five one two) Notar que el point indica que los números que expresaré después son decimales.
Numeros ordinales Numero First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh Eighth Nineth tenth
Abreviación 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th
En español
Primero Segundo Tercero Cuarto Quinto Sexto Séptimo Octavo Noveno Décimo
A todos los números se les agrega la terminación –th, menos a los que terminan en 1, 2 o 3 (después del 20), a los que se agrega, -st, -nd, -rd, respectivamente. Example: Twenty-first (21st), twenty-second (22nd), twenty-third (23rd)
Definition of atom Do you ever wonder what’s an atom? All objects surrounding1 us are made of2 matter3. Air, water, a brick, even4 you are made of matter! Matter is anything that has mass. Matter is made up5 of smaller pieces; atoms. An atom is the defining structure of an element, which cannot be broken by any chemical means6. An atom consists of a nucleus of protons and neutrons with electrons circling7 this nucleus. 1
Surrounding = que rodea/rodeando Made of = hecho de/ compuesto por 3 Matter = materia 4 Even = hasta / incluso / aun 5 Made up = sinonimo de “made of” 6 Chemical means = medios quimicos/metodos quimicos 7 Circling = rodeando 2
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Atomic Number The atomic number is the number of protons in an element. the number of protons in a neutral atom is equal to the number of electrons.
Prueba tu: Intenta traducir los párrafos anteriores (definition of atom and Atomic number) al español. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________
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Numbers and temperature There are many scales1 of temperature: Celsius, Fahrenheit and Kelvin. The most commonly2 used is Celsius. In U.S.A is mostly3 used the Fahrenheit scale. For practical purposes of scientific temperature measurement4, the International System of Units (SI) defines a scale and unit for the thermodynamic temperature: Kelvin, which the unit symbol is K. Grados (Spanish) = Degrees (English) Unit conversions Fahrenheit = Celsius * 9 / 5 + 32 Celsius = (Fahrenheit - 32) * 5 / 9 Kelvin = Celsius + 273.15
Exercise 1 - Try to complete the blanks with: 296,15 - 89,6 – 1.85 - 51,6 32 oC 125 F 23 oC 275 K
________ F ________ oC ________ K ________ oC
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Scales = Escalas Commonly = Comunmente 3 Mostly = Mayormente 4 Measurement = Medidas / Mediciones 2
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Chemistry of colours Every day materials we use presents many different colors. But why things have color? Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation and delivers1 energy in little packets called photons. All materials absorb photons of some energy, but only substances2 that absorb photons of visible radiations will have color. The color of a transparent object is due to3 the colors of light that can pass through4 the material. The color of any colored object comes from the light it doesn’t absorb. The color absorbed determines the color observed. Color absorbed Red Orange Yellow green Blue violet
Color observed Blue green Blue Violet Yellow
Remembering the colours - Exercise 2 - match the color with the correct name
Green Yellow Blue Brown Red Pink Light blue Violet White Black Orange
Try to do this exercise without looking at the solutions at the end of the next page. 1
Deliver = Llevar Substances = Sustancias 3 Due to = Debido a… 4 Pass through = Atravesar 2
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The pH scale
What is Acid? There are three common1 definitions for acids: the Arrhenius definition, the Brønsted-Lowry definition, and the Lewis definition. A Lewis acid is a species that accepts a pair of electrons from another species; in other words, it is an electron pair acceptor What is base? A base is a chemical species that donates electrons or hydroxide ions or that accepts protons. The pH scale measures2 how acidic or basic a substance is. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14. A pH of 7 is neutral. A pH less than 7 is acidic. A pH greater than 7 is basic. An indicator is usually some weak3 organic acid or base dye4 that changes colors5 at definite pH values. One of the oldest and most commonly used forms of pH indicator is the litmus paper. Litmus paper is paper that has been treated6 with a specific indicator - a mixture of 10-15 natural dyes obtained from lichens that changes colors at definite pH values.
Colors in a pH indicator
0 – Red 1 – Orange Red 2 – Dark orange 3 – Orange 4 – Tan 5 – Sun Yellow 6 – Lemon Yellow 7 – Yellow green 8 – Olive drab 9 – Asparagus 10 – Dark sea green 11- Royal blue 12 – Dark slate blue 13 – Ultramarine 14 - Navy blue 1
Common = Comun / General Measures = Mide 3 Weak = Débil 4 Dye = Tinte / Tinta / Tintura 2
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Color = In American (USA) English we write “color”, in british English “colour” but the meaning is the
same. 6
Has been treated = Ha sido tratado
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Important! : key for exercise 2 (Chemistry of colors): Page 9
Tips on studying a foreign Language
Study every day
Isolate new vocabulary and study it separately
Avoid word-by-word translation. Read many times a new passage trying to guess the meaning of a new word from context.
Check word endings
Memorize irregular verbs
Practice: read and listen, watch foreign TV, read news in English
Stay up-to-date, read, listen, speak, as frequently as possible.
Try to write a summary of what you’ve learned in this unit Steps to write a summary 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Read the passage twice try to understand the passage Find out exactly what you need to summarize Identify the main idea. Write your first draft. Then edit your first draft. Make a list of the new words you've learned
_______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ 11
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Understanding Chemistry Unit 2 Target: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Introducing chemistry States of Matter Atoms and molecules The periodic table Chemical reactions
Vocabulary: Atom = Atomo Structure = Estructura Protons = Protones Neutrons = Neutrones Elements = Elementos Nucleus = Nucleo Scales = Escalas Measurement = Medicion / to measure = medir To absorb = absorber Due to = debido a… Discoveries = descubrimientos Theoretical = teorico Chemical phenomena = Fenomeno Quimico Matter = Materia Shape = Forma Bond = Enlace Surrounded = Rodeado Shape = Forma Bond = Enlace Surrounded = Rodeado Takes place = Tener lugar (ocurrir) To Combine = Combinar Compound = Compuesto Reactants = Reactivos Products = Productos:
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What is Chemistry? Chemistry is an experimental science. Chemistry is evidence based. All chemical statements1 are based on experiment. It shares2 the experimental method of all sciences. It improves in time also using new discoveries3 and concepts from other sciences. In turn, it provides both theoretical and experimental tools to different sciences. Biology, Geology cannot be studied without a thorough4 understanding of chemical phenomena. Chemistry is the study of matter and changes that take place with that matter.
Branches of Chemistry Find the words that describes the branches of chemistry I G F W F O L X N B
N A Y X I R I C T I
O R G A N I C F Y O
R R W P D T A G U C
G Y E O U Y N G R H
A X R Z S E A E F E
N C T L T W L N P M
I P Y I R Q Y E H I
C H E M I S T R Y S
R I J X A E I A S T
T S K R L R C L I R
Q Y L E X T A Y C Y
R J O N U C L E A R
Y L W E Y H H V L O
Inorganic – organic – industrial – analytical – general – physical – nuclear – chemistry - biochemistry Exercise 3 - Fill in the blanks with the words you’ve found. The branch of chemistry that studies compounds of carbon is ……………………………………… Application of chemistry to manufacturing processes: …………………………………………… The branch of chemistry that studies compounds excluding those of carbon is ………………………………………………….studies radioactivity, fission and fusion of nuclei ……………………………………………….studies molecules and their transformation 1
Statement = Declaracion / Afirmacion Shares = Comparte 3 Discoveries = Descubrimientos 4 Thorough = Completo / Exhaustivo / Minucioso 2
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Biochemistry is the branch of chemistry that studies chemical processes in living things The determination of the composition of substances are studied in ……………………………….. Application of mathematics and physics to chemistry: Physical chemistry
The building blocks of matter
Picture 1
Matter is everything around us that we can touch, or see, or feel, or smell. Remember the definition of matter. Matter: is anything that takes up space or has a mass of any kind. Exercise 4 - Look at picture 1 (in page 13) and complete the following sentences. Matter is composed of different kinds of ……………………structures. These ………………… structures are made up of ……………………… A molecule is the smallest particle of a pure chemical substance that still retains its chemical composition and properties. A molecule consist of two or more ……………..
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States of matter There are three main1 states of matter: solid, liquid and gases. Each of these states is also known as a phase. The main differences between these states are shape2 and volume. Exercise 5 - Read the definition and complete the blanks with the correct word _______: Is matter with a rigid shape and fixed volume _______: Has a fixed volume but not a fixed shape _______: Has neither fixed volume nor shape. It expands to fill its container completely.
Exercise 6: Look the next three images and give a title to each one.
Picture 2
Why do atoms bond together? As we have seen in page 5, an atom consists of a nucleus of protons and neutrons with electrons circling this nucleus. You can break down3 the shell4 and orbitals of an atom on several5 levels of detail. There are the main shells of the atom, and these are numbered 1, 2, 3, 4..etc. Each shell holds different sub-shells, which are themselves composed of atomic orbitals. What’s an orbital? Can we know with certainty both where an electron is and where it's going next? According to The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, we can't. That makes it impossible to plot an orbit for an electron around a nucleus. However, there is a region of space where we can probably find an electron. Such a region of space is called an orbital. You can think of an orbital as being the region of space in which the electron lives. Now we can try to answer the main question: why do atoms bond together? 1
Main = Principal Shape = Forma 3 Break down = Romper / descomponer 4 Shell = Capa 5 Several = Varios 2
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Atoms are at their most stable when they have no partially-filled electron shells. If an atom has only a few electrons in a shell, it will tend to lose them to empty the shell. (These elements are metals). When an atom has a nearly full electron shell, it will try to find electrons from another atom so that it can fill its outer shell. (These elements are nonmetals).
So, atoms bond1 together for a very simple reason: atoms “like” to have full valence shells. Why? To get more stable, like noble gases. Different kind of bond: Ionic bond and Covalent bond. When metal atoms bond, a metallic bond occurs. The bond between two nonmetal atoms is usually a covalent bond. Where metal and nonmetal atom come together an ionic bond occurs. Covalent bond A covalent bond is a form of chemical bonding that is characterized by the sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms Ionic bond An ionic bond is a type of chemical bond formed through an electrostatic attraction between two oppositely charged ions. Ionic bonds are formed between a cation, which is usually a metal, and an anion, which is usually a nonmetal.
Exercise 7: Answer these questions What’s a noble gas? __________________________________________________________________ What’s the main difference between a covalent bond and an ionic bond? __________________________________________________________________ How can an atom get more stable? __________________________________________________________________
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Bond = Enlace
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Lewis Structure Lewis structures are diagrams that show the bonding between atoms of a molecule and the lone pairs of electrons that may exist in the molecule. How does it work? 1. Just write the symbol of an element, for example oxygen 2. The chemical symbol for the atom is surrounded1 by a number of dots2 corresponding to the number of valence electrons.
Your turn: Exercise 8 – Write the Lewis structure for the following elements:
C – Carbon Li – Lithium He – Helium F – Fluorine
1 2
Surrounded = Rodeado Dots = puntos
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The Periodic Table The periodic table of the chemical elements is a tabular display of the 118 known chemical elements organized by selected properties of their atomic structures. The elements are placed in specific places because of the way they look and act. Exercise 9 – Choose 3 different colors to identify metals, metalloids and nonmetals in the following periodic table.
The horizontal rows of the table are called periods. Vertical columns are called groups. Elements of the periodic table H – Hydrogen
Li – Lithium
Na – Sodium
K – Potassium
Rb – Rubidium
Cs – Cesium
Fr – Francium
Be – Beryllium
Mg – Magnesium
Ca – Calcium
Sr – Strontium
Ba – Barium
Ra – Radium
Sc – Scandium
Y – Yttrium
Lu –Lutetium
Ac – Actinium
Lr – Lawrencium
Ti - Titanium
Zr – Zirconium
Hf – Hafnium
Rf – Rutherfordium
V – Vanadium
Ta – Tantalum
Db – Dubnium
Cr – Chromium
Mo – molybdenum
W – Tungsten
Sg – Seaborgium Mn – Manganese
Tc – Technetium
Re – Rhenium
Bh – Bohrium 18
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Fe – Iron
Ru – Ruthenium
Os – Osmium
Hs – Hassium
Co – Cobalt
Rh – Rhodium
Ir – Iridium
Mt – Meitnerium
Ni – Nickel
Pd – Palladium
Pt – Platinum
Ds - Darmstadtium
Cu – Copper
Ag – Silver
Au – Gold
Rg – Roentgenium Zn – Zinc
Cd – Cadmium
Hg – Mercury
Cn - Copernicium
B – Boron
Al – Aluminum
Ga – Gallium
In – Indium
Tl – Thallium
C – Carbon
Si – Silicon
Ge – Germanium
Sn – Tin
Pb – Lead
N – Nitrogen
P – Phosphorus
As – Arsenic
Sb – Antimony
Bi – Bismuth
O – Oxygen
S – Sulfur
Se – Selenium
Te – Tellurium
Po – Polonium
F – Fluoride
Cl – Chlorine
Br – Bromine
I – Iodine
At – Astatine
He – Helium
Ne – Neon
Ar – Argon
Kr – Krypton
Xe – Xenon
Rn – Radon
La – Lanthanum
Ce – Cerium
Th – Thorium
Pr - Praseodymium Pa – Protactinium
Nd – Neodymium
U – Uranium
Pm – Promethium
Np – Neptunium
Sm – Samarium
Pu – Plutonium
Eu – Europium
Am – Americium
Gd – Gadolinium
Cm – Curium
Tb – Terbium
Bk – Berkelium
Dy – Dysprosium
Cf – Californium
Ho – Holmium
Es – Einstenium
Er – Erbium
Fm – Fermium
Tm – Thulium
Md – Mendelevium Yb – Ytterbium
No – Nobelium
Nb – Niobium
Uuq - Ununquadium
Uut - Ununtrium
Uup - Ununpentium Uuh - Ununhexium
Uus – Ununseptium
Uuo - Ununoctium 19
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Chemical phenomenon A chemical phenomenon is any change in the structure of matter. It happens when a compound is transformed into another with different properties. Examples of chemical reactions in everyday life 1. 2. 3. 4.
Photosynthesis in plants Digestion in our own bodies Decay of any biological matter (from plants to dead animals). Oxidation of various materials exposed to the atmosphere (For example: Iron can rust.) 5. Combusting petrol in a car engine 6. Cooking, souring, fermenting or burning Thus, it won't be wrong to say learning chemistry and chemical reactions start at home.
Exercise 10 – Write 10 examples of chemical reactions. 1. …………………………………………………………………………………… 2. …………………………………………………………………………………… 3. ……………………………………………………………………………………. 4. ……………………………………………………………………………………. 5. …………………………………………………………………………………… 6. …………………………………………………………………………………… 7. …………………………………………………………………………………… 8. …………………………………………………………………………………… 9. ……………………………………………………………………………………. 10.…………………………………………………………………………………….
This is an example of chemical phenomenon
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Chemical reactions A chemical reaction takes place1 whenever elements combine to form a compound2. So, a chemical reaction is a change in which reactants3 form new compounds called products4.
Rate5 of reaction: As you probably know, reactions happens at different speed. Some reactions occurs6 in less than a second while others takes years to happen. The rate of the reaction7 depends on the type of molecules which are combining.
Which things can affect the rate of the reaction? 1. Concentration : more concentration = higher chance that molecules will collide = reaction is speeded up8 2. Temperature: higher temperature = molecules have more energy and bounce9 much more = more molecules will collide10 to combine = reaction is speeded up 3. Pressure: increasing11 pressure (especially in gases) = molecules concentrate and collide with each other more often
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Takes place = ocurre Compound = Compuesto 3 Reactants = Reactivos 4 Products = Productos 5 Rate = Velocidad 6 Occurs = sinonimo de “happens” 7 Rate of the reaction = velocidad de reaccion 8 Speeded up = acelerada 9 Bounce = rebotar / brincar 10 Collide = chocar / encontrarse 11 Increasing = aumentando 2
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In the lab Unit 3 target:
1. 2. 3. 4.
Laboratory equipment Safety in the lab Lab work Words relating to lab work
Vocabulary: Container = Contenedor/Recipiente Heated = Calentado Withdraw = Retirar Grind = Moler Hold = mantener/sostener/sujetar Salt bridge = Puente salino Concern = Referirse Supplies = suministros labels = etiquetas hazard = Peligro/riesgo Avoid = evitar Fanning = abanicar/ventilar spill = vertido/derrame to rinse = enjuagar Running water = agua corriente Discarding = descartando Dealing = tratar – deal with = tratar con statements = declaraciones/afirmaciones
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Laboratory equipment Name: Beaker Use: as container1. It can be heated2 Made of: glass
Name: Graduated Cylinder Use: it’s very useful to measure volume. Made of: glass
Name: Stirring Rod Use: To stir combinations of materials Made of: glass
Name: Buret Use: To withdraw3 and measure volumes of solutions in titration4 Made of: glass
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Container = contenedor / recipiente Heated = Calentado 3 Withdraw = retirar 4 Titration = Titulacion 2
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Name: Mortar and Pestle Use: to grind1 chemicals to a powder Made of: heavy porcelain
Name: Volumetric Flask Use: Used in preparation of solution Made of: glass
Name: Spatula Use: …………………………….. Made of: metal, plastic or porcelain
Name: Erlenmeyer flask / conical flask Use:………………………………….. Made of: Glass
Name: Büchner flask, also known as a vacuum2 flask Use:……………………………………………… Made of:……………………………………………
Name: Wash bottle Use: to dispense distilled water Made of: ………………………….
1 2
Grind = Moler / Pulverizar Vaacum = Vacio
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Name: Tongs Use: To pick up and hold apparatus Made of: Metal
Name: Double buret clamp (with two burets) use: Hold burets when titrating Made of: ……………… with flexible clips
Name: Balance Use: …………………
Name: Volumetric flask Use: marked off to 500ml capacity Made of: glass
Name: Florence flask Use: can be heated Made of: ……………………..
Name: Bunsen burner Use: heating device Made of: metal 25
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Name: Test tubes in rack Use: Hold test tubes Made of: Plastic or wood
Name: Bottle Use: ……………………………. Made of: glass
Name: Funnel Use: ……………........ Made of: glass
Name: Dropper pipet Use: to transfer small amounts of liquids
Name: Volumetric Pipet Use: ……………………………………. Made of: glass
Name: Evaporating dish Use: ………………………. Made of: Porcelain
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Name: U tube Use: Useful as a "salt bridge" when making batteries Made of: glass
Name: Watch glass Use: Made of: glass
Name: Condensers Use: general purpose condenser that can be used for distillation and extraction Made of: glass
Name: Separatory Funnel Use: to separate liquids with different density Made of: glass
Name: Test tube Use:……………………………. Made of: …………………….
Name: Desiccator or desiccant container Use: is a chamber that removes water from chemicals or items
Name: Petri dish Use: used to culture cells, which can be bacteria, animal, plant, or fungus 27
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Name: Syringe
Name: Tripod Use: hold flask to be heaten Made of: metal
Name: Gloves Use: Protect your hands Name: Goggles Use: to protect your eyes
All the laboratory equipment made of glass are also called laboratory glassware. Exercise 11 – Group these words under the correct heading first-aid kit – gloves - Volumetric pipet – burette - safety shower - eye-wash - lab coat – goggles - Beaker Safety Equipment Protective clothing Glassware
Find the key at the end of the next page
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Words relating to Lab work Give the Spanish translation for the next words. These words may come in handy when describing lab work.
Add = …………………………………………………………………….. Check = …………………………………………………………………….. Spread = …………………………………………………………………….. Splash = …………………………………………………………………….. Stir = …………………………………………………………………….. Mix = …………………………………………………………………….. Melt = …………………………………………………………………….. Dry = …………………………………………………………………….. Grow = …………………………………………………………………….. Titrate = …………………………………………………………………….. Swab = …………………………………………………………………….. Weight = …………………………………………………………………….. Remove = …………………………………………………………………….. Heat = …………………………………………………………………….. Sample = …………………………………………………………………….. Shake = ……………………………………………………………………..
key for exercise 11: Safety equipment: first-aid kit, safety shower, eye-wash Protective clothing: lab coat, gloves, goggles Glassware: beaker, burette, volumetric pipet
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Lab Safety Rules
Safety must be the first concern1 of everyone working in a laboratory. 1. Know the location and use of all safety equipment in your laboratory. (read more at the next page) 2. Wear a laboratory coat or apron. 3. Wear gloves when dealing with chemicals. 4. Wear closed-toe and closed-heel shoes 5. Wear protective glasses or goggles for all laboratory work. (Wear glasses instead of contacts if possible ) 6. Tie back loose hair. 7. Keep your work area clean and organized, free from unnecessary supplies2 and papers. 8. Check chemical 3labels twice to make sure you have the correct substance. Some chemical formulas and names differ by only a letter or number. 9. Pay attention to the hazard4 classifications shown on the label. 10.You may be asked to transfer some laboratory chemicals from a common bottle or jar to your own test tube or beaker. DO NOT return any excess material to its original container. 11.Never taste laboratory materials. 12.Handle equipment carefully and deliberately 13.When using equipment with electrical cords, place the cord out of the way 14.Avoid5 using chipped6 or broken glassware 15.If you are instructed to smell something, do so by fanning7 some of the vapor toward your nose. Do not place your nose near the opening of the container. 16.Never look directly down into a test tube; view the contents from the side. 17.In case of a chemical spill8 on your skin or clothing rinse9 the affected area with plenty of water. If the eyes are affected water-washing must begin immediately and continue for 10 to 15 minutes or until professional assistance is obtained. 1
Concern = Preocupacion Supplies = Suministros 3 Label = Etiqueta 4 Hazard = Peligro / Riesgo 5 Avoid = Evitar 6 Chipped = Astillado 7 Fanning = Abanicandose 8 Spill = Derrame 9 Rinse = Enjuagar 2
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18.Minor skin burns should be placed under cold, running water1. 19.When discarding2 used chemicals, carefully follow the instructions provided. 20.Wash hands after dealing3 chemicals. 21.Do NOT put lab supplies in your mouth. 22.Before leaving the laboratory, ensure that gas lines and water faucets are shut off.
Laboratory Safety Equipment (including the safety shower, eye wash, first-aid kit, fire extinguisher, and blanket) Safety Shower Use a safety shower in the event of a chemical spill. How to use: 1. Pull the overhead handle 2. remove clothing that may be contaminated with chemicals 3. Rinse the skin Fire Blanket A fire blanket can be used to smother a fire. How to use: 1. Place the blanket on top, or surrounding a burning object, the job of the blanket is to cut off the oxygen supply to the fire, thereby putting it out Eye wash fountain In the event of an eye injury4 or chemical splash, use the eyewash immediately. How to use: 1. Run some water through the eyewash fountain before you use it. 2. Retract your eyelid (hold it open); 3. Run fresh water over your eye for several minutes (from 10 to 15 minutes) Fire extinguisher There are two main types of fire extinguishers, carbon dioxide or dry chemical (powder). How to use: 1. Read the tag to know which you will use. The tag also should show the date the extinguisher was last serviced 2. Carbon dioxide extinguishers are good, general purpose extinguishers. 3. Dry-chemical (powder) are used for difficult cases, say certain types of electrical fires. 4. avoid using a dry-chemical extinguisher on a fellow human being. 1
Running water = Agua corriente Discarding = Descartar / desechar 3 Dealing = Tratar 4 Injury = lesion / daño / herida 2
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First aid kit: First Aid1 kits are available in the lab for minor injuries like cuts or scrapes. Exits from the lab: Make sure that you know how to exit the lab quickly, in the event of an emergency. You should know two ways to get out.
Hazard diagrams hazard diagram is widely used to indicate the health, fire, and reactivity of chemicals. It is important to be familiar with this diagram and what the number in each section indicates in regards to the hazard presented by the chemical to which it is referring Red is FIRE danger: rated on a 0-4 basis. 0 = will not burn 1 = must be preheated to burn 2 = Ignites when moderately heated 3 = Ignites at normal temperatures 4 = Extremely flamable Yellow indicates REACTIVITY danger: rated on a 0-4 basis 0 = Normally stable 1 = Unstable if heated: use normal precautions 2 = Violent chemical change possible: use hose streams from distance 3 = Strong shock or heat may detonate: use monitors from behind explosive resistant barriers 4 = May detonate: vacate area if materials are exposed to fire Blue represents HEALTH HAZARDS: rated on a 0-4 basis 0 = Like ordinary material 1 = Slightly hazardous 2 = hazardous: use breathing apparatus 3= Extremely dangerous: use full protecting clothing 4 = Too dangerous to enter vapor or liquid WHITE signifies specific hazards, e.g. oxidizers, acids, bases, or corrosive materials. 1
First Aid = Primeros Auxilios
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Chemical labels Chemical manufacturers are required to perform an assessment of the physical and health hazards of the chemicals they produce. This information must be made available in two places: the chemical label and the material safety data sheet (MSDS). Thus, the information found on the original container label and the MSDS may provide a great deal of information about the identity of the chemical constituents and their health and physical hazards
Flammable
Explosive
Corrosive
Poison
Environmental hazard
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) •When a chemical is purchased, the supplier will send a MSDS sheet. •The MSDS sheet lists the known dangers of the chemical in question. •Make sure you use the right MSDS sheet for the right chemical, as many chemical names sound similar. You can find more info on: http://web.princeton.edu/sites/ehs/MSDS/msds_explanation.htm
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Exercise 12: Decide whether these statements are true or false When in the laboratory you should wear sandals When in the laboratory you should wear closed-toed shoes If acid gets on your skin or clothes, wash at once with water You must wear your goggles in the laboratory to improve your vision Never heat a test tube that is closed The most important thing in laboratory experiments is safety
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Lab work Methods of separating mixtures and purifying substances Filtration is commonly the mechanical or physical operation which is used for the separation of solids from fluids Distillation Distillation is used to separate two liquids that are miscible (miscible: liquids that completely mix and don’t form two layers1) Decantation Is the way of separating a liquid from an insoluble solid which has a density greater than water. The mixture is allowed to stand e.g. in a beaker, until all the solid settles out to the bottom of the container. Then the liquid is carefully poured off2 to leave the insoluble solid behind. Chromatography is the collective term for a set of laboratory techniques for the separation of mixtures. The mixture is dissolved in a fluid called the "mobile phase", which carries3 it through a structure holding another material called the "stationary phase". The various constituents of the mixture travel at different speeds, causing them to separate. The separation is based on differential partitioning4 between the mobile and stationary phases. Subtle5 differences in a compound's partition coefficient result in differential retention on the stationary phase and thus changing the separation.
Exercise 13 – Try to describe others Methods of separating mixtures and purifying substances TLC – Thin Layer Chromatography : ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ How can we separate two liquids that do not mix?
1
Layers = Capas Poured off = Vertir Fuera 3 Carries = Lleva 4 Partitioning = Particionamiento 5 Subtle = Sutil 2
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Chemical Compounds Unit 5 target: 1.
Nomenclature: - traditional naming of inorganic compounds - IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic compounds - IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds
2. 3.
List of common ions names Organic compounds list containing a few types of organic molecules
Vocabulary: Write below your own vocabulary list. ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 36
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Traditional naming of inorganic compounds Compuestos binarios La primera palabra señala alguna característica general a un grupo grande de sustancias, por ejemplo: acido, hidróxido, etc. La segunda palabra señala la característica especial que permite distinguir la especie química: Metal oxides 1. Oxido de + nombre del metal 2. Oxido metal+ico
In english To name oxides according to the traditional nomenclature1 you need to learn a little system of prefixes and suffixes for the oxidation numbers. If the metal has one oxidation number there isn’t a suffix to use. (some people use –ic suffix) If it has two oxidation numbers you have to choose a suffix according the oxidation number. With the smaller number you should use –ous, and –ic with the bigger number. -ous +2 +1
-ic +3 +2
Be careful: Suffix2 does not depend on the number, but on how many valences3 the element has. Writing structure of traditional nomenclature: ElementName+Suffix Oxide Manganic Oxide Ferric Oxide
1
Nomenclature = Nomenclatura Suffix = Sufijo 3 Valences = Valencias 2
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Hydroxides Hydroxides1 has this writing structure: Metal+OH You need to use a suffix like in oxide nomenclature (-ic or - -ous) Writing structure of traditional nomenclature: ElementName+Suffix Hydroxide Example: Ferric Hydroxide
Acids Acids are formed when Non-Metal Oxides (also known as anhydrides) react2 with water You need to learn a little system of prefixes3 and suffixes (for the oxidation numbers) Hyp……..ous -ous +2 +1 +3
-ic +4 +5
Per……..ic +6 +7
the suffix does not depend on the number but on how many valences the element has Writing structure of traditional nomenclature: ElementName + Suffix Acid Or, when needed: Prefix + ElementName + Suffix Acid Examples: Hypochlorous acid Chlorous acid Chloric Acid Perchloric acid 1
Hydroxides = Hidroxidos React = Reaccionar 3 Prefixes = Prefijos 2
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IUPAC and STOCK nomenclature in acids is not used frequently, as it is a bit difficult and general chemical compound markets in the most part use only the TRADITIONAL nomenclature. Salt nomenclature The name of a salt starts with the name of the cation (e.g. sodium or ammonium) followed by the name of the anion (e.g. chloride or acetate). Salts are often referred to only by the name of the cation (e.g. sodium salt or ammonium salt) or by the name of the anion (e.g. chloride or acetate).
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IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic compounds You need to learn the following prefixes: Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Prefixes -mono -di -tri -tetra -penta -hexa -hepta -octa -nona -deca
the writing structure of IUPAC nomenclature is: Prefix ElementName + Prefix + Hydroxide/oxyde if the metal has a subscript1 of one, we don’t use MONO, we only use MONO if the radical OH has 1 as subscript The name of the electronegative constituent is constructed by modifying the element name with the ending ‘ide’ Examples: 1. HCl hydrogen chloride 2. NO nitrogen oxide, or nitrogen monooxide, or nitrogen monoxide 3. NO2 nitrogen dioxide 4. N2O4 dinitrogen tetraoxide 5. OCl2 oxygen dichloride 6. O2Cl dioxygen chloride 7. Fe3O4 triiron tetraoxide 8. SiC silicon carbide
1
Subscript = Subindice
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Naming cations The name of a monoatomic cation is that of the element with an appropriate charge number appended1 in parentheses. Naming anions The name of a monoatomic anion is the element name (Table I) modified so as to carry the anion designator ‘ide’, either formed by replacing the ending of the element name (‘en’,‘ese’, ‘ic’, ‘ine’, ‘ium’, ‘ogen’, ‘on’, ‘orus’, ‘um’, ‘ur’, ‘y’ or ‘ygen’) by ‘ide’ or by directly adding ‘ide’ as an ending to the element name. El nombre de un anion monoatomico es el nombre del elemento (ver table 1) modificado en modo que pueda llevar el sufijo “ide” relativo al anion. Se forma remplazando el final del nombre del elemento (‘en’,‘ese’, ‘ic’, ‘ine’, ‘ium’, ‘ogen’, ‘on’, ‘orus’, ‘um’, ‘ur’, ‘y’ or ‘ygen’) con “ide” o directamente agregando “ide” al final del nombre del elemento.
Examples: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
chlorine, chloride carbon, carbide xenon, xenonide tungsten, tungstide bismuth, bismuthide
The endings in anion names are ‘ide’ (monoatomic or homopolyatomic species, heteropolyatomic species named from a parent hydride), ‘ate’ (heteropolyatomic species named additively2), and ‘ite’ (used in a few names which are still acceptable but do not derive from current systematic nomenclature) Some names of monoatomic anions are based on the root of the Latin element names. In these the ending ‘um’ or ‘ium’ is replaced by ‘ide’. Examples: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
1 2
silver, argentum, argentide gold, aurum, auride copper, cuprum, cupride iron, ferrum, ferride lead, plumbum, plumbide tin, stannum, stannide
Appended = Adjunto / Añadido Additively = Aditivamente
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List of common ion names Monatomic anions: Cl− chloride S2− sulfide P3− phosphide Polyatomic ions: NH4+ ammonium H3O+ hydronium NO3− nitrate NO2− nitrite ClO− hypochlorite ClO2− chlorite ClO3− chlorate ClO4− perchlorate SO32− sulfite SO42− sulfate HSO3− hydrogen sulfite (or bisulfite) HCO3− hydrogen carbonate (or bicarbonate) CO32− carbonate PO43− phosphate HPO42− hydrogen phosphate CrO42− chromate BO33− borate C2O42− oxalate CN− cyanide SCN− thiocyanate MnO4− permanganate 42
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IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds In order to name organic compounds you must first memorize a few basic names. These names are listed within the discussion of naming alkanes1. In general, the base part of the name reflects the number of carbons in what you have assigned to be the parent chain. The suffix of the name reflects the type(s) of functional group(s) present on (or within) the parent chain. Other groups which are attached to the parent chain are called substituents. Alkanes (saturated hydrocarbons) names of the straight chain saturated hydrocarbons for up to a 12 carbon chain El sufijo –ano utilizado para los alcanos en español corresponde al –ane en inglés.
Name Methane Ethane Propane Butane Pentane Hexane Heptane Octane Nonane Decane Undecane Dodecane
Number of carbons 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
The names of the substituents formed by the removal of one hydrogen from the end of the chain is obtained by changing the suffix -ane to -yl. Examples: Isobutyl Tert-butyl Sec-butyl Isopropyl A cyclic (ring) hydrocarbon is designated by the prefix cyclo- which appears directly in front of the base name Commas are used between numbers and dashes2 are used between letters and numbers 1 2
Alkanes = Alcanos Dashes = Guiones (-)
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Example: 4-ethyl-3,3-dimethylheptane Alkyl halides You need to use the prefix FluoroChloroBromoIodoExample: 2-bromo-3-methylbutane Alkenes and Alkynes - unsaturated hydrocarbons Double bonds1 in hydrocarbons are indicated by replacing the suffix -ane with -ene. If there is more than one double bond, the suffix is expanded to include a prefix that indicates the number of double bonds present (-adiene, -atriene, etc) Triple bonds are named in a similar way using the suffix -yne. Alcohols Alcohols are named by replacing the suffix -ane with -anol. If there is more than one hydroxyl group2 (-OH), the suffix is expanded to include a prefix that indicates the number of hydroxyl groups present (-anediol, -anetriol, etc.). Ethers The two alkyl groups3 attached to the oxygen are put in alphabetical order with spaces between the names and they are followed by the word ether. The prefix di- is used if both alkyl groups are the same. Example: Diethylether
1
Double Bond = Enlace Doble Hydroxyl group = Grupo Hidroxilo 3 Alkyl groups = Grupo alquilo 2
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Aldehydes Aldehydes are named by replacing the suffix -ane with –anal Ketones Ketones are named by replacing the suffix -ane with -anone. If there is more than one carbonyl group (C=O), the suffix is expanded to include a prefix that indicates the number of carbonyl groups present (-anedione, -anetrione, etc.). Carboxylic Acids Carboxylic acids are named by counting the number of carbons in the longest continuous chain including the carboxyl group and by replacing the suffix -ane of the corresponding alkane with -anoic acid Esters The alkyl group is named like a substituent using the -yl ending. This is followed by a space. The acyl portion of the name (what is left over) is named by replacing the -ic acid suffix of the corresponding carboxylic acid with -ate. Example: Methylpropanoate Amines They are named like ethers, the alkyl (R) groups attached to the nitrogen are put in alphabetical order with no spaces between the names and these are followed by the word amine Example: ethylmetylamine
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Organic compounds list containing a few types of organic molecules
Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes Alcohols Aldehydes Ketones Carboxylic acids Amines Amides Nitrites Nitrates Amino acids Haloalkanes Acyl/acid chlorides Cycloalkanes Cycloalkenes Annulenes Sulfides Sulfates Hydrochlorides Esters Ethers Sugars Cyanates Isocyanates Cyanides Cyanohydrins Fullerenes Phenols Phenyls and benzyls
Exercise: Name these compounds K2O Fe2O3 Na2O NaOH Al(OH)3 CuOH
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The Environment Unit 6 target: 1. 2.
Environmental damage Sewage treatment
Vocabulary: Harm = Daño Adverse effect = Efecto negativo Fossil Fuels = combustibles fosiles Sewage = Aguas Residuales Household sewage = Aguas residuals del hogar Sludge = lodo/sediment fangoso
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Pollution Is the introduction of pollutants1 (contaminants) into a natural environment2 that causes instability, disorder, harm3 or discomfort4 to the ecosystem5. Pollution6 can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise7, heat8 or light. What is acid rain? Acid rain9 is a precipitation10 having an acid pH value which has an adverse effect11 on animals and plants on which it falls. Acid rains results from the emission into the atmosphere of various pollutant gases which originate from the burning of fossil fuels and from car exhaust fumes. Exercise: Try to describe what is air pollution and what is the ozone layer. _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 1
Pollutants = Contaminantes Environment = Ambiente 3 Harm = Daño 4 Discomfort = Malestar 5 Ecosystem = Ecosistema 6 Pollution = contaminacion 7 Noise = Ruido 8 Heat = Calor 9 Acid Rain = Lluvia Acida 10 Precipitation = Precipitacion 11 Adverse effect = Efecto adverso / Efecto negativo 2
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The lexicon of environmental damage Acid rain – lluvia acida Climate change – cambio climatico Deforestation - deforestacion Ground pollution – contaminacion del suelo Ozone depletion – Reduccion de la capa de ozono Waste of resources – derroche/despilfarro de recursos naturales. Greenhouse efecto – Efecto invernadero Ozone layer – Capa de ozono Adverse – Dañino Harmful – Nocivo/Perjudicial Harmless – Inofensivo/inocuo Warming – calentamiento Noxious – Harmful/toxic Hazard – Risk Rise – increment Endanger – poner en peligro Amount – cantidad
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Sewage treatment Sewage1 treatment, or domestic wastewater2 treatment, is the process of removing contaminants from wastewater and household sewage3, both runoff (effluents) and domestic. It includes physical, chemical, and biological processes to remove physical, chemical and biological contaminants. Its objective is to produce an environmentallysafe4 fluid waste stream (or treated effluent) and a solid waste (or treated sludge5) suitable6 for disposal or reuse (usually as farm fertilizer).
A typical sewage treatment process:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Separate and dispose of grosser debris7 (large solids, rags, plastics) Grit removal (grit, stones, sand) Primary sedimentation (in which primary sludge is obtained) Biological treatment (in which secondary –biological- sludge is obtained) Tertiary treatment (tertiary sludge is obtained)
Exercise: Which are the main advantages obtained by treating wastewater? For example: Quality improvement of streams. 1
Sewage = Aguas residuales / Aguas servidas Wastewater = Aguas residuales 3 Household sewage = Aguas residuales de los hogares 4 Environmentally-safe = Ambientalmente seguro/a 5 Sludge = Lodo / Fango 6 Suitable = Adecuado / apto / idoneo 7 Debris = desechos solidos / escombros 2
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Industrial Chemistry Unit 7 target: 1. 2. 3. 4.
Basics of P&ID Common P&ID symbols used in developing Instrumentation Diagrams Symbols for process equipment Unit of measurement
Vocabulary: _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 51
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Basics of Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams P&ID stands for Piping1 and Instrumentation Diagram or Drawing. Alternatively, it could also be called Process and Instrumentation Diagram or simply P&I diagram or drawing. P&IDs are also known as Engineering Flow Diagrams or Mechanical Flow Diagrams .P&IDs are often used in the process industry to show the process flow and other installed equipment and instruments. They show the interconnection of process equipment and the instrumentation used to control the process. Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams play a crucial role in the design and engineering of process plants and piping systems. P&IDs are schematic diagrams that contain engineering and design details of the process plants. A P&ID is a working document that is used by every discipline involved in the design, engineering and construction of process plants. It is used as a Process Plant Layout and Piping Design reference for checking engineering and design documents and drawings associated with a project.
Common P&ID symbols used in Developing Instrumentation Diagrams - Instrument Indentifiers PC = Pressure2 controller PI =Pressure Indicator PR = Pressure recorder PIC = Pressure indicating controller PRC = Pressure recording controller PSV = Pressure safety valve RV = Relief valve3 LA = Level alarm LAH = Level alarm high LAL = Level alarm low LI = Level indicator LRC = Level recording cotroller FA = Flow4 alarm FE = Flow element FI = Flow indicator FR = Flow recorder FRC = Flow recording controller TA = Temperature alarm TI = Temperature Indicator TR = Temperature recorder TRC = Temperature recorder controller TW = temperature well 1
Piping = Tuberias Pressure = Presion 3 Relieve valve = Valvula de alivio / seguridad 4 Flow = Flujo 2
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Symbols for Process Equipment
Pressure vessels1
Centrifugal pump2
Conveyor belt3
Shell-and-tube heat exchanger
Jacketed vessel
Generic Valve Glove valve
Butterfly valve Ball valve Gate valve
Angle valve
Three way valve 1
Vessel = Contenedor / tanque / recipiente Pump = bomba 3 Conveyor belt = Cinta transportadora 2
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Units of measurement Exercise: Using a dictionary try to translate these unit of measurement Millimeter Centimeter Decimeter Meter Kilometer Miles Foot yard inch cubit parsecs light years square meter hectare Degrees of Celsius Kelvin Fahrenheit kilogram metric ton cubic meter hectoliter imperial gallon liquid US gallon liquid US gallon dry barrel
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How to write a resume? Unit 8 Target: 1.
Learn to write a resume.
Vocabulary: Advertisement = Anuncio/Publicidad Highlight = Destacar Achievements = Logros Skills = Habilidades Duties = Funciones/deberes Accomplishments = Logros/realizaciones Honed = Perfeccionado
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Writing a resume A resume is an advertisement about you. It should highlight how your skills, experience, and achievements match to the requirements of the job you want to get. What you include on your resume and how you organize your information will be different for each job.
1. 2. 3.
4.
Write your personal information: name, surname, phone number, email, address, etc. Decide in what combination you will list your education, work history, and other achievements. Your best qualities should be listed first List your employment history. This can be done in one of two ways: a. If your work history includes positions in more than one field, you should list your jobs under functional sub-headings, which categorize the skills you used at each particular one. When listing your employment history in this manner, each sub-heading should contain a listing of the positions you’ve held that relate to those functional areas. The listing should include the name and location of the employer, a description of your duties and responsibilities, the dates you were employed, and any accomplishments or achievements at that particular job. b. If you can demonstrate that your evolving work history highlights the key skills you want to promote, you may want to list your work history in reverse chronological order, without including any sub-headings. Instead of the subheadings, you could strategically select the way you word your descriptions of your roles and responsibilities to highlight how you honed those skills. Provide information about your education. The details you include about your education will be the same as the details you’d include in other resume styles; the difference is in where you present the information on the resume.
5.
Provide information on your skills, awards, and achievements. This can be blocked into one section, or they can be distributed within the sub-headings of your resume that highlight specific skills.
6.
Format your resume. Some guidelines to follow when formatting your resume: a. Set your margins to 1” all the way around. b. Use a standard font such as Arial or Times New Roman. c. Use font size 16 for your name, 14 for section headings, and 12 for all other text. d. Use bold font for your name and section headings. e. Use plenty of white space (blank lines). The proper use of white space will make your resume easy to scan quickly and much easier to read. f. Always use white paper and black font. 56
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Vocabulary Unit 8 Target: - Improve your english
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A Ablation = Ablación Absolute error = Error absoluto Absolute zero = Cero absoluto Absorption spectrum = Espectro de absorción Accuracy = Precisión Acid = Acido Acid rain = Lluvia acida Activation energy = energía de activación Active transport = Transporte activo Addition reaction = reacción de adicción Adhesive forces = fuerzas de adhesión Aerobic = aeróbico Aerobic respiration = respiración aeróbica Affinity = Afinidad Air pollution = Contaminación del aire Air quality assessment = Evaluación de la calidad del aire Alchemy = Alquimia Amorphus solid = Solido amorfo Angular momentum quantum number = Numero cuántico del momento angular Antimatter = Antimateria Archimedes Principle = Principio de Arquímedes Atmosphere = Atmosfera Avogadro’s Law = Ley de Avogadro Avogadro’s Number = Numero de Avogadro
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B Backscattering = Retro dispersión Binary Acid = Acido binario Binary Compound = Compuesto binario Biodegradability = Biodegradabilidad Boiling Point = Punto de ebullición Bond Energy = Energía de enlace
C Calorie = Calorías Calorimeter = calorímetro Capillary = Capilar Carcinogen = carcinógeno / cancerígeno Carrier gas = Gas de transporte Catode ray tube = Tubo de rayos catódicos Centripetal force = fuerza centrípeta Chain reaction = Reacción en cadena Chemical bonds = Enlaces químicos Chemical change = transformación química Chemical equation = Ecuación química Chemical equilibrium = Equilibrio químico Chemical kinetics = cinética química Chemistry = Química Climate = Clima 59
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Coenzyme = Coenzima Cohesive forces = Fuerzas de cohesión Coke = Coque Colligative Propierties = Propiedades coligativas Collision theory = Teoría de las colisiones Colloid = Coloide Complex ions = Iones complejos Compound = Compuesto Compressed gas = Gas comprimido Compression factor = Factor de compresión Concentration = Concentración Condensation = Condensación Condensed Phases = Fases condensadas Conjugate acid-base pair = par conjugado ácido – base Coordination = Coordinación Covalent bond = enlace covalente Covalent compounds = Compuestos covalentes Critical point = Punto critico Cryoscopy constant = Constante crioscopica Crystallization = Cristalización
D Deflagration = Deflagración Degeneracy = Degeneración Delocalization = Deslocalización 60
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Denaturation = Desnaturalización Density = Densidad Depolarization Factor = Factor de despolarización Diamagnetic = Diamagnético Diamond = Diamante Diastereotopic = diastereotópicos Diathermic = Diatérmico Dilution = Disolución Dipole – dipole interactions = Interacciones dipolo-dipolo Dipole moment = Momento dipolar Dissociation = Disociación Distillation = Destilación Distortion = Distorsión Double bond = Enlace doble Drug = Droga/fármaco Ductility = Ductilidad Dynamic Equilibrium = Equilibrio dinámico
E Ebullioscopic constant = Constante ebulloscópica Efficacy = Eficacia Elastic Deformation = Deformación elástica Electrical conductivity = Conductibilidad eléctrica Electrolysis = Electrolisis Electromagnetic Radiation = Radiación electromagnética 61
INGLÉS TÉCNICO – English for chemistry
El curso de inglés técnico de iquimicas.com
Electron affinity = Afinidad electrónica Electronegativity = Electronegatividad Electronic Transition = Transición electrónica Electrophile = Electrófilo Electrophoresis = Electroforesis Electrostatics = Electroestática Element = Elemento Eluant (or eluent) = eluyente Emission spectrum = Espectro de emisión Emulsifying agent = Agente emulsionante Enantiomer = Enantiomero Endothermic = Endotérmico Energy = Energía Enthalpy = Entalpia Entropy = Entropía Enzyme = Enzima Equilibrium (or chemical equilibrium) = Equilibrio (o equilibrio químico) Essential oil = Aceite esencial Eutectic temperatura = temperatura eutéctica Evaporation = Evaporación Excited state = Estado Excitado Exothermic = Exotérmico Extensive property = Propiedad extensiva Extrapolate = Extrapolar
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INGLÉS TÉCNICO – English for chemistry
El curso de inglés técnico de iquimicas.com
F Fatty acid = Ácido graso Fermentation = Fermentación Filtration = Filtración Fire = Fuego Flame test = ensayo de la llama Flammable = Inflamable Fractional distillation = Destilación fraccionada Free radical = Radicales libres Freezing point = punto de congelación
G Galvanic cell = Celda galvánica Gamma Radiation = Radiación gamma Glass = vidrio Greenhouse gas = Gas de invernadero Greenhouse effect = Efecto invernadero
H Heat = calentar Heat capacity = Capacidad calorífica Heavy metal = metal pesado Heinsenberg uncertainty principle = Principio de indeterminación de Heinsenberg 63
INGLÉS TÉCNICO – English for chemistry
El curso de inglés técnico de iquimicas.com
Heterogeneous = heterogéneo Homogeneous = Homogéneo Hybrid = Hibrido Hydrophobic = hidrófobo Hygroscopic = Higroscópico Hypothesis = hipótesis
I Ideal gas = gas ideal Immiscible = inmiscible Indicator = Indicador Infrared = infrarrojo Inhibitor = inhibidor Inorganic chemistry = química inorgánica Insecticide = Insecticida Insoluble = insoluble Intensive property = Propiedad intensiva Intrinsic property = propiedad intrínseca Isotopes = isotopos
K Kinetic = cinética Kinetic energy = energía cinética
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INGLÉS TÉCNICO – English for chemistry
El curso de inglés técnico de iquimicas.com
L Light = luz limiting reactant = Reactivo limitante Lipid = lípidos Litmus paper = Papel de tornasol
M Malleable = maleable Mass = masa Mass spectrometer = espectrómetro de masa Matter = materia Measurement = medida Melting point = Punto de fusión Metal complex = complejo metálico Molarity = molaridad Molecular geometry = geometría molecular
N Nitrate = nitrato Noble gas = Gas noble
O Octet rule = Regla del octeto 65
INGLÉS TÉCNICO – English for chemistry
El curso de inglés técnico de iquimicas.com
Oligosaccharide = oligosacárido
P Peptide bond = Enlace peptídico Petrochemistry = Petroquímica Physics = Física Polymer = Polímero Polyprotic acid = Acido políptico Power = Poder/fuerza Proof = Prueba
R Radiant energy = Energía radiante Radiation = Radiación Radioactivity = Radioactividad Reactant = Reactivo Reductant = Reductor Resonance = Resonancia
S Salt bridge = Puente salino Saturated solution = Solución saturada Science = Ciencia Scientific Method = Método científico Solubility = Solubilidad 66
INGLÉS TÉCNICO – English for chemistry
El curso de inglés técnico de iquimicas.com
Specific heat = Calor especifico Spontaneous process = Proceso espontaneo Stoichiometry = Estequiometria Strong acid = Acido fuerte
T Temperature = Temperatura Theory = Teoría Thermochemistry = Termoquímica Thermodynamic equilibrium = Equilibrio termodinámico Thermoplastic = Termoplásticos Transition metal = metal de transición
V Vacuum = Vacío Valence = Valencia Valence electron = Electron de valencia Viscosity = Viscosidad
W Wavelength = Longitud de onda Weak = débil
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INGLÉS TÉCNICO – English for chemistry
El curso de inglés técnico de iquimicas.com
Bibliography www.iquimicas.com chemguide.co.uk http://wiki.answers.com http://www.files.chem.vt.edu http://www.chemistry-dictionary.com/ http://www.chem.unl.edu/safety/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_organic_chemistry http://www.roymech.co.uk/Useful_Tables/Drawing/Flow_sheets.html http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemistryglossary/a/glossaryz.htm
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