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Durs `mbhmc> Kjahcmts g‘Kprcmcmtktlc Lrkcbbk gc pr`lrkjkdhô

Kjahcmts k Cg. (Hmfkmb ` Yrhjérhk)

M`rjcs lcmcrkbs gc fumdh`mkjcmt Gucs tkrgcs k kbk sctjkmk (ghbbums h ghvcmgrcs), cbs mcms h mcmcs gc b‘cgudkdhô hmfkmb vkm k fcr kjahcmts (;3‘;9 k ;6‘;3). Cbbs sôm cbs quc trhcm trhcm `m v`bcm kmkr cb jktchx ghk kb jk . K dkgk dbkssc eh ek umk lrkcbbk kja cbs sê sêja`bs ja`bs gcbs kjahcmts h p`scm bk scvk f`t`lrkk (Y (Y4) 4) ` cb scu m`j (Y7 h Y3). ). Bk tut`rk fk um d`mtr`b g‘ksshståmdhk. [ukm krrhacm k bk tkrgk , cs pcmlcm bk jcgkbbk d`rrcsp`mcmt h vkm k bk kubk `m `m cbs t`dk kmkr , dkgksdumk g‘cbbcs csté hgcmdkgk kja um ghsmu k bk p`rtk . K dkgk kjahcmt eh ek cmtrc ;4/;7 hmfkmts, khxê quc bk rk` ès jès akhxk h cbs p`gcj ktcmgrc g‘umk jkmcrk jès hmghvhgukbhtzkgk. Bk ghméjhdk gcbs kjahcmts scré scjprc bk jktchxk> Qhtukb g‘cmtrkgk> K b‘cmtrkr k b‘kjahcmt cs fkré umk pc tk d`mvcrsk cm r`tbbkmk pcr pkrbkr s`arc quhmcs sôm bcs d`mshlmcs quc dkb scluhr, kbbñ k quå pcmscm nulkr, quhms r`bs cs gcscmv`bupcm cm kqucbb kjahcmt… Kdvhtkt bbhurc kbs cspkhs gc bk skbk> 

N`d jès bbhurc pcr pkrt gcbs hmfkmts `m bk jcstrk fkré gc luhk h gc sullcrhg`rk gc pr`p`stcs. Qcd`bbhrkm qukm s`mh bk ‒dkjpkmctk jélhdk‚.

Qhtukb gc s`rgk> 

Ycr mkbhtzkr, cs t`rmkré k fcr umk  d`mvcrsk pcr cxpbhdkr bcs scvcs `phmh`ms, prcfcråmdhcs, kbbñ quc cbs eh ek drhgkt b‘ktcmdhô…h ms h t`t pbksjkr cm um ghauhx kbbñ quc ekm drckt, scmt ` fct.

Gcsprås, s`arc bcs ;6.;3 dkgksdþ t`rmkré k bk scvk kubk. K dkgk kjahcmt eh ek umk jcstrc rcsp`mskabc quc ès b‘cmdkrrclkgk gc pbkmhdkr h ghsscmykr b‘ kjahcmt. Cbs kbujmcs gurkmt t`t cb durs pksscm pcr dkgk kjahcmt h s‘cstkm cm dkgk um g‘cbbs trcs scssh`ms. Gcsprès dkmvhcm g‘kjahcmts.

 

Durs `mbhmc> Kjahcmts g‘Kprcmcmtktlc Lrkcbbk gc pr`lrkjkdhô

Kjahcmts Kjahcmt scms`rhkb, scms`rhkb, cxpcrhjcmtcj kja ghfcrcmts jktcrhkbs, (phmycs , pctxhmcs, dkrl`bs gc gc jkr, s`rrk gc pbktnk, fubbcs, pcgrctcs...).   B‘`ancdu lcmcrkb g‘kqucst kjahcmt ès quc cbs mcms h mcmcs kdtuàm s`arc cbs jktcrhkbs (jkmhpubkr, cxpb`rkr, cxpcrhjcmtkr) pcr vcurc quhms cfcdtcs pr`v`dk cm cbbs bk scvk kddhô, quc gcsd`archxhm bcs qukbhtkts gcbs `ancdtcs (gurcsk, tcxturk, d`b`r, f`rjk, pcs,…) h puluhm kmkr rckddh`mkmt gkvkmt bcs scvcs ghfcråmdhcs. -Kjahcmt jktcjéd h d`mstruddh`ms, B‘kjahcmt gc jktcjéqucs h d`mstruddh`ms ès um cspkh gcsmkt k d`mstruhr h trcakbbkr bcs jktc jéqucs kja ghvcrshtkt gc jktcrhkbs> pcdcs gc fustk gc ghfcrcmts jhgcs ,jktcrhkbs kpbhdkabcs, phsskrrcs jklmåqucs, mþjcr`s hjkmtkts… K trkvès gc bcs ghfcrcmts d`mstruddh`ms h cquhvkbåmdhcs.cbs kbujmcs p`gcm trcakbbkr d`mdcptcs rcbkdh`mkts kja b‘éjaht jktcjéd ( jhgcs, f`rjcs lc`jåtrhqucs, scrhkdh`ms, rcbkdh`ms gc shjctrhcs

Ctkpk h Mhvcbb/s cgudku/s

Gurkgk (m¾ gc scssh`ms)

Wrhjcstrc

Yrhjcr Dhdbc g‘cgudkdhô hmfkmb

Gucs tkrgcs k bk sctjkmk

Gurkmt t`t cb durs cbs kjahcmts cs j`ghdkmt dkgk trhjcstrc

D`jpctåmdhcs D`jpctåmd hcs / Dkpkdhtkts Kprcmgrc k scr h kdtukr g‘umk jkmcrk dkgk vclkgk jès kutñm`j>

;-  -Yr`lrcsskr cm cb d`mchxcjcmt h g`jhmh gcb sc u d`s, cm cb j`vhjcmt h bk d``rghmkdhô, t`t kg`mkmt-sc gc bcs scvcs p`sshahbhtkts. 1-  - Kss`bhr pr`lrcsshvkjcmt sclurctkt kfcdvk h cj`dh`mkb h k mkr-sc f`rjkmt umk hjktlc p`shvk g‘cbb jktchx h gcbs k btrcs. 4-  - Kgquhrhr pr`lrcsshvkjcmt eéahts aéshds g‘kut`m`jhk cm kddh`ms qu`ghkmcs, pcr kdtukr kja sclurctkt h cdédhk. Kprcmgrc k pcmskr h k d`jumhdkr> 7- -Ycmskr, drckr, cbka`rkr cxpbhdkdh`ms h hmhdhkr-sc cj bcs ekahbhtkts jktcjéqucs aéshqucs. 3-  - Yr`lrcsskr cm bk d`jumhdkdhô h cxprcsshô k nustkgk kbs ghfcrcmts d`mtcxt`s h shtukdh`ms gc d`jumhdkdhô ekahtukbs pcr jhtné gcbs ghvcrs`s bbcmluktlcs.  Kprcmgrc k gcsd`arhr h tcmhr hmhdhkvk> 6- - @ascrvkr h cxpb`rkr b‘cmt`rm hjjcghkt, mkturkb h shd, kja umk k dtug gc durh`shtkt h rcspcdtc h pkrdhpkr, lrkgukbjcmt, cm kdvhtkts s`dhkbs h dubturkbs.

 

Durs `mbhmc> Kjahcmts g‘Kprcmcmtktlc Lrkcbbk gc pr`lrkjkdhô

 5- D`mvhurc cm bk ghvcrshtkt, kvkmìkmt cm bk rcbkdhô kja cbs kbtrcs h cm bk rcs`budhô pkdêdk gc d`mhdtcs.  8- D`jp`rtkr-sc g‘kd`rg kja umcs pkutcs gc d`mvhvåmdhk quc cb p`rm dkp k umk kut`m`jhk pcrs`mkb, dkp k bk d`b¼bka`rkdhô kja cb lrup h dkp k bk hmtclrkdhô s`dhkb. @ancdus lcmcrkbs gcbs kjahcmts - Y`tcmdhkr cb bbcmluktlc `rkb. - Kgquhrhr dkdk vclkgk jès kut`m`jhk kb gcspbkìkr-sc pcbs ghfcrcmts bb`ds h gcdhghr cmtrc bcs ghfcrcmts pr`p`stcs h kgquhrhr drhtcrh pr`ph. pr`ph.  — Gcscmv`bupkr Kfkv`rhr bcs rcbkdh`ms s`dhkbs h gcd`jpkrr d`mvhvåmdhk cmtrcn`ds, cbs hmfkmts gc p`skr-sc ghfcrcmtsg‘kd`rg cgkts. cbs ums kja cbs kbtrcs, cstkabhr  — cbs eéahts s`dhkbs? cspkhs, n`luhmcs, cstkabhr m`rjcs gc d`jp`rtkjcmt h gc n`d…  — Gcscmv`bupkr cb bbcmluktlc `rkb> båxhd, csp`mtkmcàtkt cm bk pkrbk… -Gcscmv`bupkr cbs ghfcrcmts bbcmluktlcs > `rkb, jktcjéd, lcstukb, pbésd, dhcmd. dhcmd... ..  — Kprcmgrc gcbs d`jpkmys/cs, m` m`jès gc b‘kgubt.  — @fcrhr kbs hmfkmts um cspkh gc n`d `m p`gcr hmvcslkr, `ascrvkr, jkmhpubkr…gc jkmcrk d`mstkmt h bbhurc bbhurc shstcjédkjcmt.  — Cxprcsskr cbs scus scmjcmts, cj`dh`ms h scmskdh`ms bbhurcjcmt.  — Qcspcdtkr k bcs pcrs`mcs h cbs jktcrhkbs

Gcsdrhpdhô gcbs kjahcmts

Kjahcmt scms`rhkb

M`rjcs lcmcrkbs gc fumdh`mkjcmt  Cs rcumchxcm cbs hmfkmts gc CH4 ms k CH3 cs rcumchxcm kb cspkh quc csté uahdkt kbk grctk gcb pksskgês gc b‘cmtrkgk prhmdhpkb. Wc vkrhcs tkubcs h eh ek umk skfktk pcr tkubk kja ghfcrcmts jktcrhkbs mkturkbs. Cs prctèm quc cxpcrhjcmm kja ghfcrcmts jktcrhkbs.   B‘`ancdu lcmcrkb g‘kqucst kjahcmt ès quc c bs mcms h mcmcs kdtuàm s`arc cbs jktcrhkbs pcr vcurc quhms cfcdtcs pr`v`dk cm cbbs bk scvk kddhô, quc gcsd`archxhm bcs qukbhtkts gcbs `ancdtcs h puluhm kmkr rckddh`mkmt gkvkmt bcs scvcs ghfcråmdhcs (jkmhpubkr, cxpb`rkr, cxpb`rkr, cxpcrhjcmtkr). Cm kqucst cspkh eh ek umk umk jcstrc pcr tkb gc vctbbkr pcr bk sclurctkt h acmcstkr gcb gcbss kbujmcs h `fcrhr um sup`rt kgghdh`mkb k kqucbbs

 

Durs `mbhmc> Kjahcmts g‘Kprcmcmtktlc Lrkcbbk gc pr`lrkjkdhô

quc e` mcdcsshm cm j`jcmts d`mdrcts,

^`mk Jktcrhkbs> Yctxhmcs, , s`rrk gc pbktnk, pcgrctcs, påtkbs gc `rs.   Gurcsk ^`mk Jktcrhkbs> Tkfktk kja khluk ,dubbcrcs gc ghfcrcmts jhgcs, p`ts, Ycs pcgrctcs gc d`b`rs, d`t` gc d`b`rs. ^`mk Jktcrhkbs> Dkrl`bs gc jkr, phmycs, fubbcs, pctxhmcs Wcxturk D`jpctåmdhcs D`jpctåmd hcs ` dkpkdhtkts prñphcs gc b‘Kjahcmt -Yr`lrcsskr h cm bk d`jumhdkdhô h cxprcsshô cm cbs ghfcrcmts d`mtcxt`s h shtu shtukdh`ms kdh`ms gc d`jumhdkdhô ekah ekahtukbs tukbs pcr jhtnk gcb bbcmluktlc. -Kprcmgrc k d`jpkrkr -Cxpcrhjcmtkr kja jktcrhkbs ghvcrs`s @ancdus -Lkughr gc b‘cxpcrhjcmtkdhô kja jktcrhkbs mkturkbs. -Kgquhrhr eéahts g‘ kut`m`jhk, prcmcmt gcdhsh`ms pcr kfkv`rhr b‘kut`m`jhk. -Cxpcrhjcmtkr, drckr h `rlkmhtzkr. -Gcscmv`bupkr eéahts s`dhkbs , d`jpkrmt cspkhs, n`ds, n`luhmcs h p`skr-sc g‘kd`rg

D`mmluts  Kfkv`rhr bk j`trhdhtkt gcbs hmfkmts k pkrr gc bk scvk hmhdhkvk h bk fumdh`mkbhtkt gc bcs scvcs hmtcmdh`ms. -Gcsd`acrtk g‘um jktchx h gcbs kbtrcs -Cxpb`rkdhô gc bcs prñphcs cj`dh`ms - D`jpkrr b‘cspkh, kja bcs kddh`ms h kja cb bbcmluktlc (`phmh`ms, hgccs).

kja cbs kbtrcs pcr cstkabhr b‘kut`m`jhk. -Kfkv`rhr bcs rcbkdh`ms s`dhkbs h gc d`mvhvåmdhk cmtrc cbs hmfkmts gc ghfcrcmts cgkts t`t pkrdhpkmt cm bcs kdvhtkts d`b¼bcdvcs.

-D`jumhdkdhô h bbcmluktlc -Gcsd`acrtk gc b‘cmt`rm. -Cxpcrhjcmtkdhô kja jktcrhkbs mkturkbs. - D`jpkrr cbs kprcmcmtktlcs cmtrc b‘kbujmkt gc dhdbc.

Hmstrujcmtss g‘kvkbukdhô Hmstrujcmt

Drhtcrhs g‘kvkbukdhô ---Bk `ascrvkdhô -[uå kpråm0 -D`j kpråm0 -Cs rcbkdh`mk0 -E` hmtcmtk0

 

Durs `mbhmc> Kjahcmts g‘Kprcmcmtktlc Lrkcbbk gc pr`lrkjkdhô

-Kbujmcs > Jhtnkmìkmt umk d`mvcrsk kb mkb gc dkgk scsshô `m cbs mcms cxprcsscm kbbñ quc jès cbs klrkgkt gc bk scsshô. H cbs mcms e` cxprcsscm kja um ghauhx.  -G`dcmts> T‘kvkbucm cbs jktcrhkbs h cbs cspkhs cmtrc cbs g`dcmts k bk rcumhô gc dhdbc. -@ascrvkdhô h kvkbukdhô d`m d`mmuk muk cm rcfcrcmdhk kbs `ancdus cstkabcrts -Lrkcbbk g‘`ascrvkdhô -Csdkbcs shlmhdkvcs -Ghkrh gc dbkssc -Kja bcs pkutcs g‘cmrclhstrkjcmt gc d`mgudtcs

Gcsdrhpdhô lcmcrkb gc b‘Kjahcmt

Kjahcmt Jktcjéd h gc D`mstruddh`ms

Cs fkré k bk skbk CC g‘Hmfkmb ^`mk  D`jp`shdhô g‘kmhjkbs ^`mk Tcrhkdh`ms

^`mk D`mstruddh`ms

@ancdus - Kfkv`rhr bk dkpkdhtkt drckvk h bñlhdk k trkvès gc bk jkmhpubkdhô gc ghfcrcmts jktcrhkbs.  - Hmtr`guhr-sc cm cb d`mchxcjcmt gc b‘cspkh, fcmt d`mstruddh`ms kja fustcs ` g‘kbtrcs jktcrhkbs.  - D`mstruhr m`dh`ms gc bñlhdk-jktcjédk ( f`rjcs, jhgcs, klrupkdh`ms, scrhkdh`ms,

Jktcrhkbs Ghfcrcmts f`rjcs lc`jåtrhqucs (gc fustk h pbésd) Jktcrhkbs Dkmyctcs gc pbésd rctkbbkgcs, btrc gc phpk gc d`b`rs ,tkps g‘kjp`bbcs gc d`b`rs, a`t`ms gc d`b`rs. Jktcrhkbs G‘þs qu`ghé (r`tbb`s gc pkpcr auhts gc ghfcrcmts jhgcs , kmcbbcs gc fustk, phb`tcs gc ghfcrcmts jhgcs h jktcrhkbs, dkhxcs gc dkrtrô pctcs h lr`sscs...) D`mmluts -- D`mstruddhô gc m`dh`ms gc bñlhdk — jktcjédk (f`rjcs, jhgcs, klrupkdh`ms, scrhkdh`ms, dbksshdkdh`ms) k pkrr gc b‘kddhô ghrcdtk. - Qcbkdh`ms gc shjctrhk h cquhvkbåmdhk. - @rgcmkdhô, dbksshdkdhô h scrhkdhô p`tcmdhkmt bk qukbhtkt gcbs `ancdtcs.  - D`jptkr, d`jpkrkr scl`ms bk qukmtkts

Drhtcrhs g‘kvkbukdhô --Bk `ascrvkdhô -[uå kpråm0 -D`j kpråm0 -Cs rcbkdh`mk0 -E` hmtcmtk0

 

Durs `mbhmc> Kjahcmts g‘Kprcmcmtktlc Lrkcbbk gc pr`lrkjkdhô

dbksshdkdh`ms) k pkrr gc b‘kddhô ghrcdtk.  - Gcsd`arhr h cxpcrhjcmtkr, k trkvès gc bk hmtcrkddhô, bcs rcbkdh`ms quc cs p`gcm cstkabhr cmtrc cbs `ancdtcs h quc cbs pcrjctcm d`jpkrkr-b`s, klrupkr-b`s, `rlkmhtzkr-b`s. - D`jpkrr b‘cspkh, kja bcs kddh`ms h kja cb bbcmluktlc (`phmh`ms, hgccs). - Cmrhquhr bcs rcbkdh`ms cmtrc hmfkmts gc ghfcrcmts cgkts.

g‘`ancdtcs. - Yshd`j`trhdhtkt mk (D``rghmkdhô ñdubjkmukb).  - D`mchxcjcmt gc b‘cspkh cm fumdhô gcbs `ancdtcs quc shtuk h gcbs scus j`vhjcmts. - Gcscmv`bupkjcmt gcb d`mchxcjcmt hmtuàu gc bcs pr`phctkts gcbs `ancdtcs k pkrr gc bk d`mstruddhô h gcstruddhô gc bcs pr`guddh`ms.  - D`mstruddhô gc m`dh`ms k pkrr gc b‘kddhô

 D`jpkrr kprcmcmtktlcs cmtrc b‘kbujmkt gccbs dhdbc.  - Drckr um dbhjk gc scrcmhtkt h trkmquhb¼bhtkt. Hmstrujcmtss g‘kvkbukdhô Hmstrujcmt

ghrcdtk h bk pcrdcpdhô. - Csjubkdhô gc bk drckvhtkt.

-Kbujmcs > Jhtnkmìkmt umk d`mvcrsk kb mkb gc dkgk scsshô `m cbs mcms cxprcsscm kbbñ quc jès cbs klrkgkt gc bk scsshô. H cbs mcms e` cxprcsscm kja um ghauhx.  -G`dcmts> T‘kvkbucm cbs jktcrhkbs h cbs cspkhs cmtrc cbs g`dcmts k bk rcumhô gc dhdbc. -@ascrvkdhô h kvkbukdhô d`m d`mmuk muk cm rcfcrcmdhk kbs `ancdus cstkabcrts -Lrkcbbk g‘`ascrvkdhô -Csdkbcs shlmhdkvcs -Ghkrh gc dbkssc -Kja bcs pkutcs g‘cmrclhstrkjcmt gc d`mgudtcs -- @ascrvkdhô gcbs kbujmcs -Lrkcbbk gc b‘kdvhtkt

Gcsdrhpdhô lcmcrkb gc b‘Kjahcmt

 

Durs `mbhmc> Kjahcmts g‘Kprcmcmtktlc Lrkcbbk gc pr`lrkjkdhô

Kjahcmt

^`mk (gcsdrhpdhô gc bcs pr`p`stcs g‘kdvhtkts) ^`mk (gcsdrhpdhô gc bcs pr`p`stcs g‘kdvhtkts) ^`mk (gcsdrhpdhô gc bcs pr`p`stcs g‘kdvhtkts) D`jpctåmdhcs D`jpctåmd hcs ` dkpkdhtkts prñphcs gc b‘Kjahcmt

@ancdus -

Jktcrhkbs Jktcrhkbs Jktcrhkbs

Drhtcrhs g‘kvkbukdhô -

D`mmluts -

Hmstrujcmtss g‘kvkbukdhô Hmstrujcmt (Hmghdkr quhms hmstrujcmts g‘kvkbukdhô s‘ubhtzkrkm, tkmt cm b‘kvkbukdhô f`rjkvk d`j cm b‘kvkbukdhô f`rjkg`rk) Gcsdrhpdhô lcmcrkb gc b‘Kjahcmt

Kjahcmt

^`mk (gcsdrhpdhô gc bcs pr`p`stcs g‘kdvhtkts) ^`mk (gcsdrhpdhô gc bcs pr`p`stcs g‘kdvhtkts) ^`mk (gcsdrhpdhô gc bcs pr`p`stcs g‘kdvhtkts)

Jktcrhkbs Jktcrhkbs Jktcrhkbs

 

Durs `mbhmc> Kjahcmts g‘Kprcmcmtktlc Lrkcbbk gc pr`lrkjkdhô

D`jpctåmdhcs D`jpctåmd hcs ` dkpkdhtkts prñphcs gc b‘Kjahcmt

@ancdus -

D`mmluts -

Drhtcrhs g‘kvkbukdhô -

Hmstrujcmtss g‘kvkbukdhô Hmstrujcmt (Hmghdkr quhms hmstrujcmts g‘kvkbukdhô s‘ubhtzkrkm, tkmt cm b‘kvkbukdhô f`rjkvk d`j cm b‘kvkbukdhô f`rjkg`rk) -