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FKLMN QËLEKLN AD GKBAKVDW\KANA

Lu`tkvbs Zdrhnedetds

Vkþdabs y B`kvnr 

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ÈEAKLD

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KEQWBATLLKÜE

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NIWKLT@QTWN NIWKLT@ QTWN [ GKBAKVDW\KANA

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LT@QKVB\\ ZDWHNEDEQD\ DE @N DTWBZ LT@QKVB DTWBZNN HDAKQDWWÎEDN

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LT@QKVB\ ZDWHNEDEQD\ D KHZNLQB\ DE @N GKBAKVDW\KANA

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1.> Qrngnobs de d` sud`b 1.7 Idstküe ad eutrkdetds y fdrtk`kznlküe 1.< Lbetrb` ad p`nins y Zrbtdllküe vdidtn` 1.1 Idstküe ad` niun y rkdib

9 ; >> >1

ID\QKÜE AD @N GKBAKVDW\KANA

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WD\THDE AD@ ZWB[DLQB @KFD

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Fklmn Qëlekln ad Gkbakvdrskana

 

KEQWBATLLKÜE

LT@QKVB\\ ZDWHNEDEQD\ LT@QKVB Vkþdabs y B`kvnr 

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>. KEQWBATLLKÜE D` prbydltb @KFD Fbba & Gkbakvdrskty npbyn n `bs dstîeanrds y dhprdsns ad` sdltbr nirbn`khdetnrkb de d` adsnrrb``b ad hdakans d﬎lkdetds pnrn `n prbtdllküe ad `n gkbakvdrskana ad hbab qud pudane sdr kelbrpbrnans k elbrpbrnans n sus lrktdrkbs b akrdltrklds ad ngnstdlkhkdetb. De dstn Fklmn Qëlekln sbgrd Gkbakvdrskana sd prbpbrlkben kefbrhnlküe sbgrd `bs khpnltbs ad `bs lu`tkvbs pdrhnedetds de `n gkbakvdrskana ad `ns rdikbeds tdhp`nans ad `n Teküe Durbpdn, nsè lbhb

sbgrd gudens prîltklns y idstküe ad `n gkbakvdrskana. Ten nirklu`turn n`kednan lbe `n prbtdllküe ad `n gkbakvdrskana adpdead ad abs pk`nrds prkelkpn`ds, lbhb hudstrn d` skiukdetd irî﬎lb. Adetrb ad dstd abluhdetb, `bs nspdltbs ad ―huy gudens prîltklns nirèlb`ns‐ sdrîe akslutkabs de lnan lnpètu`b, hkdetrns qud d` nspdltb ad `n idstküe ad `n gkbakvdrskana sd adslrkgd lbe hîs adtn``d de d` ÿ`tkhb lnpètu`b.

NIWKLT@QTWN NIWKLT@ QTWN GDEDFKLKB\N ZNWN @N GKBAKVDW\KANA Wdaullküe ad khpnltbs edintkvbs sbgrd `n gkbakvdrskana y `bs dlbskstdhns (p. do. rdaullküe ad pdstklkans)

Lrdnlküe, prbtdllküe b fbhdetb ad mîgktnts (p. do. lrdnlküe ad mîgktnts sdhk-enturn`ds y

GTDEN\ ZWÎLQKLN\ NIWÈLB@N\ [ INENADWN\ ZNWN HDOBWNW @N

lbrrdabrds gkbtbpbs)

Dstn Fklmn Qëlekln dstî akrkikan n nqud``ns pdrsbens delnrinans delnrinans ad `n tbhn ad adlkskbeds de `bs prbldsbs ad aksdþb y adsnrrb``b ad prbaultbs, idstküe ad `n lnaden ad suhkekstrb, ln`kana ad` prbaultb y nspdltbs ad sbstdekgk`kana de `ns dhprdsns ad prbldsnab ad n`khdetbs

ID\QKÜE AD @N GKBAKVDW\AKNA

y hkebrkstns ad n`khdetbs ad `n TD. ^udrdhbs akvu`inr `n khpbrtnelkn qud tkded `n gkbakvdrska gkbakvdrskana na de `n prbvksküe ad sdrvklkbs dlbskstëhklbs, dlbskstëhklbs, qud n su vdz ds `n gnsd fueanhdetn` pnrn `n prbaullküe nirnrkn.

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NIWKLT@QTWN NIWKLT@Q TWN [ GKBAKVDW\KANA

LT@QKVB\\ ZDWHNEDEQD\ LT@QKVB Vkþdabs y B`kvnr 

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7. NIWKLT@QTWN [ GKBAKVDW\KANA Zërakan ad gkbakvdrskana? ds d` hbhdetb ad nltunr @n përakan ad gkbakvdrskana ds ueb ad `bs hnybrds rdtbs n `bs qud

lbesdrvnlküe y d` usb sbstdekg`d ad `n gkbakvdrskana eb ds ue hdrb

ebs defrdetnhbs mbyhk` de aèn. nltkvkana dstîmngrèn lnusneab përakan ad dspdlkds vdlds@nhîs rîpkabmuhnen ad `b qud skabuen de lkrluestnelkns dvb`utkvns enturn`ds. Euhdrbsbs dlbskstdhns qud ebs prbpbrlkbene prbpbrlkbe ne rdlursbs dsdelkn`ds dstîe de pd`kirb ad adstrullküe. @n

prbg`dhn ynhgkdetn`, skeb dlbskstëhklbs qud tkded ue khpnltb eutrklküe btrbs sdrvklkbs lbhb d` l`nrb niun,sbgrd d` nkrdeudstrn `khpkb b d` l`khn y, de ad﬎ektkvn, de eudstrn ln`kana ad vkan.

@n gkbakvdrskana sd ad﬎ed lbhb `n akvdrskana ketrndspdlè﬎ln (akvdrskana ideëtkln), ad dspdlkds y ad dlbskstdhns

@bs prkelkpn`ds fnltbrds qud adtdrhkene `n përakan ad `n gkbakvdrskana gkbakvdrska na sbe?  N`tdrnlküe y/b frnihdetnlküe ad mîgktnts, y lnhgkbs ad usbs ad` sud`b. @n lbevdrsküe ad pnstbs de tkdrrns ad lu`tkvb, d` ngneabeb ad tkdrrns, d` lrdlkhkdetb urgneb y `n rîpkan dxpnesküe ad kefrndstrulturns ad trnespbrtd y rdads ad dedrièn3 d` 9:% ad `ns dspdlkds dstîe nhdenznans pbr `n përakan ad mîgktnts. Lbelrdtnhdetd `n ﬇brn y fnuen nsblknan n dspnlkbs nirnrkbs mn akshkeukab ue ;: % adgkab n `n ketdesk﬎lnlküe ad` usb ad` sud`b, n` kelrdhdetb de d` usb ad pdstklkans y n `n sbgrdfdrtk`kznlküe.

u

 Lbetnhkenlküe. D` 76% ad `ns dspdlkds dstî nhdenznans pbr d`

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dfdltb ad p`niuklkans y fdrtk`kznetds tn`ds lbhb ektrntbs y fbsfntbs fbsfntbs..  \bgrddxp`btnlküe ad `bs gbsquds, blënebs, rèbs y sud`bs. D` : hk``beds ad mdltîrdns ad tkdrrns nrng`ds y pnstbs, `b qud skiek﬎ln qud `n hktna ad `n supdr﬎lkd ad `n TD-7= tkded ue usb nirnrkb. Lbhb rdsu`tnab, d` 4:% ad `ns dspdlkds durbpdns adpdeade ad `bs mîgktnts nirnrkbs nirnrkbs.. @n rd`nlküe skhgkütkln detrd nirklu`turn y gkbakvdrska gkbakvdrskana, na, ske dhgnrib, sd mn vkstb n`tdrnan adsad `n aëlnan ad >;4:s. D` sdltbr nirbn`khdetnrkb pudad lbetrkgukr ad hnedrn adlkskvn n `n lbesdrvnlküe ad `n gkbakvdrskana. @n ketdirnlküe ad `n gkbakvdrskana lbhb fnltbr de `ns dstrntdikns ad nprbvkskbenhkdetb pdrhktde `n dvn`unlküe ad rkdsibs de bpdrnlkbeds ketdrens, de `n idstküe ad `n hnrln, pnrn nad`netnrsd n lnhgkbs `diks`ntkvbs, pnrn `n hdobrn ad `n ln`kana y, de ad﬎ektkvn, pnrn `birnr ue suhkekstrb hdobr y hîs dstng`d pnrn hkebrkstns y l`kdetds ﬎en`ds. Ten guden dstrntdikn ad lbesdrvnlküe ad `n gkbakvdrskana, pbr dodhp`b, ue gude adsdhpdþb ad `n gkbakvdrskana, ngrd `n pudrtn n bpbrtuekanads de tërhkebs ad akfdrdelknlküe ad hdrlnab, prbpudstn ad vn`br, lbeblkhkdetb ad `n adhnean ad` lbesuhkabr y dstrntdikns ad nprbvkskbenhkdetb hîs d﬎lkdetds.

 

NIWKLT@QTWN NIWKLT@Q TWN [ GKBAKVDW\KANA

LT@QKVB\ LT@QKV B\ ZDWHNEDEQD\

Hnrlb ourèaklb pnrn `n nirklu`turn de Durbpn? Zb`ètkln Nirèlb`n Lbhÿe ZNL Adsad >;67, `n Zb`ètkln Nirèlb`n Lbhÿe ad `n TD (ZNL, Akrdltkvn Akrdltkvn >9=7/7::< / LD y `ns dehkdeans ad 7:>/696 / LDD “ ‐Akrdltkvn sbgrd Ektrntbs‐ qud rdiu`n `ns hdobrds prîltklns pnrn `n fdrtk`kznlküe ad `bs lu`tkvbs.

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 @n Akrdltkvn 7::;/>7= / LD “ ‐Akrdltkvn sbgrd p`niuklkans‐ qud rdiu`n `ns hdobrds prîltklns pnrn d` usb ad kesdltklkans, kesdltklkans, mdrgklkans y fueiklkans.

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 Akrdltkvns ;7/1< / LDD “ ‐Akrdltkvn F`brn-Fnuen-Mîgktnts‐ F`brn-Fnuen-Mîgktnts‐ y 9;/1:; / LDD - ―Akrdltkvn ad Nvds‐3 ane d` hnrlb `din` ad lbesdrvnlküe ad `n gkbakvdrska gkbakvdrskana na de Durbpn, qud ds rntk﬎lnab pbr tbabs `bs Dstnabs hkdhgrbs y, y, de n`iuebs pnèsds, trnesfdrkab trnesfdrkab akrdltnhdetd n `dyds enlkben`ds ad lbesdrvnlküe.

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 Akrdltkvn 7:::/6: / LD “ @n ―Akrdltkvn hnrlb ad` niun‐ dstî akrkikan n hdobrnr d` dstnab ad `ns hnsns ad niun de Durbpn y tkded uen fudrtd rd`nlküe lbe `n gkbakvdrskana.

@n Lbeaklkben`kana ngbran, adsad 7::7, `n ZNL prbhudvd `n khp`dhdetnlküe ad hdakans nirbnhgkdetn`ds vb`uetnrkns, rdspn`anans lbe pnibs pbr mdltîrdn, adpdeakdeab ad `bs dsfudrzbs y `ns përakans ad rdeakhkdetb adspuës ad `n khp`dhdetnlküe ad dstns hdakans. @bs Dstnabs hkdhgrbs, `ns prbvkelkns y `bs dstnabs fdadrn`ds ad﬎ede hdakans nirbnhgkdetn`ds nabptnans rdikben`hdetd. Ëstns ngnrlne hdakans qud sd ldetrne akrdltnhdetd de `n prbtdllküe y `n lbesdrvnlküe ad `n nirb-gkbakvdrskana. @bs nirklu`tbrds pudade sdhgrnr gneans ad ﬇brds, adonr ad lu`tkvnr ad hbab pdrhnedetd b tdhpbrn`, p`nek﬎lnr frneons ad nhbrtkiunlküe n `b `nrib ad lursbs b ludrpbs ad niun, p`netnr sdtbs de `keadr `keadrbs, bs, dtl. Akfdrdetds dstuakbs lbesdrvnlkbekstns lbesdrvnlkbekstns hudstrne `bs dfdltbs pbsktkvbs ad tn`ds hdakans de `n gkbakvdrskana (Ymnt Ybrcs ke Lbesdrvntkbe 7:>9, K\GE Akiktn` -ZAF-? ;9=->-9=-9= 6 pnrn `bs pnèsds hdaktdrrîedbs ad `n TD-7=, Fudetd? Durbstnt 7:>=

@n hnybrèn ad `n prbaullküe ad uvn u vn de `bs pnèsds hdaktdrrîedbs durbpdbs, sdiÿe Fnbstnt, sd prbauld de Dspnþn (;7: >:= mn), sdiukan ad Ktn`kn (66= :=9 mn) y Zbrtuin` (>91 ;96 mn). De idedrn`, `n prbaullküe ad `n TD-7= nsldeakü n hîs ad 7< hk``beds ad tbed`nans de 7:>6, ue `kidrb adsldesb de lbhpnrnlküe lbe 7:>4, lbe 74,4 hk``beds ad tbed`nans. D` lu`tkvb ad uvn ds uen ad `ns nltkvkanads hîs netkiuns ad `n lkvk`kznlküe ad `n ludeln hdaktdrrîedn. hdaktdrrîedn. Dstd lu`tkvb rdqukdr rdqukdrdd ue sud`b rklb de pbtnsn, pdrhdng`d y eb huy mÿhdab. Luneab Luneab `bs lu`tkvbs ad uvn sd trngnone de tkdrrns fërtk`ds y frdslns, `n lnetkana ad frutbs nuhdetn, pdrb `n ln`kana sd pkdrad, d` vkeb bgtdekab tkded pdbr ln`kana qud luneab `ns vkads sd p`netne de tkdrrns îrkans y sdlns.

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Fklmn Qëlekln ad Gkbakvdrskana

De `b qud rdspdltn n `n prbaullküe b`kvnrdrn, Dspnþn ds rdspbesng`d ad `n hnybrèn ad `n prbaullküe ad `n TD-7= (6,4 hk``beds ad tbed`nans) sdiÿe `bs ÿ`tkhbs antbs ad Durbstnt de 7:>6. Ouetb lbe Irdlkn (7,< hk``beds ad tbed`nans) d Ktn`kn (7 hk``beds ad tbed`nans), rdprdrdprdsdetne d` ;4% ad `n prbaullküe b`kvnrdrn de `n TD-7=. D` b`kvb ds uen dspdlkd tèpkln hdaktdrrîedn, prdsdetd prdsdetd de `bs pnksnods ad `n Zdeèesu`n Kgërkln lbhb d`dhdetb ad `bs dlbskstdhns y ad `n lu`turn hdaktdrrîedn. Nuequd ds uen dspdlkd rÿstkln, tnhgkëe tkded rdquksktbs l`khîtklbs qud `khktne su akstrkgulküe n `ns îrdns ad l`khn hdaktdrrîedb.

 

LT@QKVB\\ ZDWHNEDEQD\ D KHZNLQB\ DE @N GKBAKVDW\KANA LT@QKVB

LT@QKVB\ LT@QKV B\ ZDWHNEDEQD\ Vkþdabs y B`kvnr 

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1. LT@QKVB\ ZDWHNEDEQD\ D KHZNLQB\ DE @N GKBAKVDW\KANA @ns skiukdetds pîikens adslrkgde `bs khpnltbs hîs khpbrtnetds sbgrd `n gkbakvdrskana ad abs ad `bs lu`tkvbs pdrhnedetds hîs rdprdsdetntkvbs ad` Hdaktdrrîedb (vkþdabs y b`kvnrds), nsè lbhb hdakans pnrn prdvdekr dstbs khpnltbs. Znrn uen hdobr lbhprdesküe,

`bs khpnltbs sd mne akvkakab de akfdrdetds lntdibrèns (sud`b, niun, hnedob ad fdrtk`kznetds, dtl.) y de lnan sdllküe sd ane rdlbhdeanlkbeds pnrn uens hdobrds prîltklns nirèlb`ns.

1.> Qrngnobs de d` sud`b Vkþdabs y b`kvbs mne skab p`netnabs aurnetd ski`bs de tbans `ns îrdns ad` Hdaktdrrîedb. Lrdlde de lbeaklkbeds ad sud`b y hklrbl`khns huy akfdrdetds. @bs vkþdabs y b`kvnrds trnaklkt rnaklkben`ds sbe ad sdlneb y `ns p`netns sd akstrkguyde ad fbrhn dspnlknan de `ns pnrld`ns, qud de n`iuebs lnsbs sbe huy pdqudþns y pudade blupnr blu pnr `nadrns dhpkenans. @bs trngnobs de d` sud`b sd rdaulde n` hèekhb de dstbs lnhpbs trnaklkben`ds adgkab n `ns `khktnlkbeds ad hnqukenrkn y hneb ad bgrn, nuequd de d` lnsb ad `ns pnrld`ns ad hbetnþn, sd rdqukdrd ue trngnob huy ketdesb pnrn mnldr tdrrnzns y rdaulkr d` rkdsib ad drbsküe. @bs vkþdabs y b`kvnrds trnaklkben`ds Drbsküe ad` sud`b de b`kvnr. © FIE pudade lbeskadrnrsd lu`tkvbs de dxtdeskvb adgkab qud sd rdqukdrde pblbs kesuhbs nirèlb`ns y dstîe huy ketdirnabs de d` pnksnod. \ke dhgnrib, de `ns ÿ`tkhns aëlnans, `bs lnhpbs hdebs lbhpdtktkvbs mne lnhgknab mnlkn hbad`bs qud sbe hîs rdetng`ds. De dsd sdetkab, sd mne lrdnab pnrld`ns hîs irneads y mbhbiëedns, sd mne ketrbaulkab eudvns vnrkdanads, sd mnhîs utk`kznab d` rkdib ad hnedrn hîs b hdebs ketdeskvn y, de `bs ÿ`tkhbs nþbs, `ns p`netnlkbeds ad vkþdabs de dspn`adrn sd mne vud`tb lbhueds Hnetdedr ue ekvd` nprbpknab ad hntdrkn briîekln de `bs sud`bs hdaktdrrîedbs ds n vdlds lbhp`dob, pdrb n` hkshb tkdhpb, d` prkelkpn` adsnfèb pnrn `n prbtdllküe ad` sud`b y `n lbhpdtktkvkana ad `bs lu`tkvbs. Zbln muhdana aurnetd ue `nrib pdrèbab ad` nþb, n`tns tdhpdrnturns de vdrneb, gnons detrnans ad gkbhnsn briîekln adgkab n hn`ns lugkdrtns ad mdrgîldns y pbln akspbekgk`kana ak spbekgk`kana ad ngbebs, gnon nltkvkana gkb`üikln3 tbabs dstbs nspdltbs sbe ketdradpdeakdetds y ak﬎lu`tne `n fbrhnlküe ad hntdrkn briîekln. D` mdlmb ds qud `n hntdrkn briîekln ds d` prkelkpn` fnltbr pnrn qud d` sud`b hnetdein uen guden dstrulturn, y hnetdein tnhgkëe `n fdrtk`kana y `n lnpnlkana ad rdtdelküe ad niun. Ds pbr dsb qud, n pdsnr ad `ns `khktnlkbeds enturn`ds (fn`tn ad ``uvkn y n`tns tdhpdrnturns), `bs nirklu`tbrds adgde mnldr tbab `b pbskg`d pnrn npbrtnr sustnelkns briîeklns n `bs sud`bs qud pudane adslbhpbedrsd de hntdrkn briîekln. Te prbg`dhn naklkben` de `n nirklu`turn hdaktdrrîedn hbadren ds qud `n inenadrèn sd mn adslbedltnab ad `n nirklu`turn? n `bs nirklu`tbrds `ds ludstn delbetrnr su﬎lkdetds ngbebs briîeklbs y sustnelkns skhk`nrds. @bs lu`tkvbs ad lugkdrtns sbe uen bplküe n`tdrentkvn, yn qud dstns p`netns pudade prbaulkr uen lnetkana skiek﬎lntkvn ad gkbhnsn y prbpbrlkbenr eutrkdetds. \ke dhgnrib, de `ns îrdns hdaktdrrîedns, `n dslnsdz ad niun y `n lbhpdtdelkn pudade sdr ue prbg`dhn, dspdlkn`hdetd de `bs lu`tkvbs ad sdlneb. @ns prdlkpktnlkbeds sd lbeldetrne prkelkpn`hdetd aurnetd `bs hdsds ad btbþb d kevkdreb, luneab `n dvnpbtrnespkrnlküe tnhgkëe ds hdebr. hdebr. Aurnetd dsd pdrèbab, `ns p`netns sk`vdstrds `birne lugrkr `bs sud`bs, prbaulkdeab uen lnetkana skiek﬎lntkvn ad gkbhnsn y prbtdikdeab n` sud`b ad `n drbsküe. \ke dhgnrib, n prkelkpkbs ad prkhnvdrn (de `n ëpbln ad grbtd b ﬇brnlküe ad b`kvb) sd d`khkene `bs lu`tkvbs ad lbgdrturn pnrn dvktnr `n lbhpdtdelkn pbr d` niun lbe d` lu`tkvb, `khktneab `n lnetkana ad gkbhnsn qud sd pudad prbaulkr lnan nþb y, lbhb rdsu`tnab, rdaulkdeab d` pbtdelkn` ad fbrhnlküe ad hntdrkn briîekln.

KHZNLQB\ \BGWD @N GKBAKVDW\KANA Zdesnr qud `bs fdrtk`kznetds pudade lugrkr tbans `ns edldska edldskanads nads ad sud`b y ad `ns p`netns ds ue defbqud huy skhp`kstn, pdrb adsnfbrtuenanhdetd gnstnetd lbhÿe. \diÿe `n Nidelkn Fdadrn` ad Hdakb Nhgkdetd ad N`dhnekn, ue irnhb ad sud`b lbetkded hk`ds ad hk``beds ad hklrbbrinekshbs? gnltdrkns, mbeibs, n`ins y prbtbzbbs. Te hdtrb lÿgklb ad sud`b n`gdrin adsad lkdetbs ad hk`ds mnstn hk``beds ad dspdlèhdeds ad fnuen daî﬎ln lbhb edhntbabs, `bhgrklds, îlnrbs, lblmkek``ns, lb`ëhgb`bs y `nrvns ad kesdltbs. Ten mdltîrdn ad sud`b dernkznab lbetkded n`rdadabr ad >4 tbed`nans ad hntdrkn vkvn, d` dqukvn`detd n uens 7: vnlns. De btrns pn`ngrns, hulmbs hîs brinekshbs vkvde adetrb adetrb ad` sud`b qud sbgrd ë`. @n dlb`bièn ad` sud`b oudin ue pnpd` l`nvd de `ns fuelkbeds enturn`ds enturn`ds ad` hkshb. Zbr dodhp`b, `bs prbldsbs gkb`üiklbs de `bs dlbskstdhns ad` sud`b luhp`de fuelkbeds tn`ds lbhb `n ketdirnlküe ad rdskaubs rdskau bs ad p`netns de d` sud`b, trkturnlküe, adslbhpbsklküe y `kgdrnlküe ad `bs eutrkde eutrkdetds tds prdvknhdetd prdvknhdetd ﬎onabs lbhb `bs hkedrn`ds edldsnrkbs pnrn lrdlkhkdetb ad `ns p`netns. @bs brinekshbs ad` sud`b lrdne lbeaklkbeds fèsklns fnvbrng`ds de ë`, n`hnldeneab y hdzl`neabb hntdrkn`ds ad` sud`b (gkbturgnlküe), namkrkdeab `ns pnrtèlu`ns ad` sud`b n trnvës ad `n sdlrdlküe ad hblb (nirdinlküe) y hdzl`nea adsdhpdþneab adsdhpdþne ab ue pnpd` kestruhdetn` de `n fbrhnlküe ad` skstdhn ad pbrbs ad` sud`b. @bs brinekshbs ad` sud`b fbrhne lbhp`dobs dstng`ds ad nrlk``n y muhus lbe n`tn lnpnlkana ad n`hnldenhkdetb ad eutrkdetds y niun, y lrdne uen dstrulturn ad irneb ﬎eb y rdskstdetd n `n drbsküe. Mnstn lkdrtb puetb, dstbs brinekshbs sbe lnpnlds ad hktkinr `bs dfdltbs eblkvbs ad `ns sustnelkns briîeklns de d` sud`b, `ns niuns sugtdrrîedns y `n lnaden n`khdetnrkn. n`khdetnrkn. 9

 

LT@QKVB\\ ZDWHNEDEQD\ D KHZNLQB\ DE @N GKBAKVDW\KANA LT@QKVB

LT@QKVB\ ZDWHNEDEQD\

Mkstürklnhdetd, `ns n`tns tnsns ad drbsküe de b`kvnrds sd mne adgkab n` hnedob ad` sud`b. \d lbeskadrn qud `n drbsküe ad` sud`b ds d` prkelkpn` prbg`dhn nhgkdetn` ad `bs b`kvnrds hdaktdrrîedbs, yn qud d` hnedob nirèlb`n de d` pnsnab mn prkbrkznab d` gded﬎lkb dlbeühklb sbgrd `n sbstdekgk`kana. De d` ldetrb y ebrbdstd ad Dspnþn, d` sud`b ds hîs vu`edrng`d n `bs fnltbrds l`khîtklbs, hkdetrns qud de d` ldetrb y sur ad Irdlkn `ns prkelkpn`ds lnusns ad vu`edrngk`kana sbe `ns lnrnltdrèstklns ad` prbpkb sud`b y d` irnakdetd ad `n pdeakdetd. hnedobhdlîeklb, ad` sud`bnsè tkded ue `nkhpnltb arîstklb de `n ketdrnllküe p`netn-sud`b, yn qud fnltbrds lbhb `n prbfueakana y frdludelkn ad` D``ngbrdb lbhb prdsdelkn ad lbgdrturn vdidtn`, nfdltne n `n dslbrrdetèn ad` niun ad ``uvkn y, pbr `b tnetb, n `n ln`kana ad` sud`b y su irnab ad drbsküe. Adgkab n `ns lbeaklkbeds l`khîtklns hdaktdrrîedns y n `ns gnons npbrtnlkbeds ad niun, d` hnedob trnaklkben` sd gnsn de `n rdaullküe ad `n adeskana ad îrgb`ds, d` lbetrb` ad` tnhnþb ad` absd` hdaknetd pban y d` lbetrb` ketdeskvb ad hn`dzns. D` lbetrb` ad dstns mkdrgns navdetklkns eb adsdnans hdaknetd `ngbrdb lbevdelkben` ds uen prîltkln trnaklkben`. Wdlkdetdhdetd sd mne lbeskadrnab hëtbabs n`tdrentkvbs, lbhb d` `ngbrdb rdaulkab, `n `ngrnezn ldrb b `ns gneans ad lugkdrtn vdidtn`. De idedrn`, d` trngnob y `bs trntnhkdetbs ad` sud`b nfdltne edintkvnhdetd `n gkbakvdrskana, yn qud ketdr﬎drde lbe `bs prbldsbs enturn`ds adslrktbs netdrkbrhdetd netdrkbrhdetd.. D` bxèideb, `n rnaknlküe u`trnvkb`dtn y d` ln`br detrnrîe de lbetnltb lbe d` sud`b, dspdlkn`hde dspdlkn`hdetd td adspuës ad` nrnab, y dstb anrî `uinr n irnvds dfdltbs ad gbrad pnrn `n vkan de d` sud`b. @bs prbldsbs ad muhk﬎lnlküe, qud blurrde gnob `n dxl`usküe ad bxèideb, sd vdrîe bgstnlu`kznabs3 y sd n`tdrnrî d` skstdhn enturn` ad pbrbs ad` sud`b. Lnan trntnhkdetb nfdltn de akfdrdetd hdakan n `n gkbakvdrskana ad` sud`b y `n fnuen y ﬇brn sbgrd d` sud`b, y pnrn hulmns dspdlkds ds adsfnvbrng`d. Btrbs nspdltbs tnhgkëe `khktne `n fbrhnlküe ad hntdrkn briîekln y lbetrkguyde n `n adirnanlküe ad` sud`b sbe? gnob npbrtd ad sustnelkns briîeklns, adstrullküe akrdltn b keakrdltn ad gkbhnsn b ad brinekshbs ad` sud`b, lbhpnltnlküe pbr d` dxldsb ad usb ad hnqukenrkn utk`kznan, dtl.

Hdobrds prîltklns nirèlb`ns pnrn lbesdrvnr `n gkbakvdrskan gkbakvdrskanaa

1.>

\d pudad akshkeukr `n lbhpnltnlküe rdaulkdeab y bptkhkzneab `bs trntnhkdetbs ad` sud`b. De lnan lnsb, d` trngnob adgd dvn`unrsd pnrn bptkhkznr`b n` hîxkhb (lbhgkeneab trngnob/trntnhkdetbs) pnrn hkekhkznr d` pnsb ad hnqukenrkn. Ten hnqukenrkn hîs `kidrn tnhgkëe pudad sdr uen bplküe. Lbhb sd hdelkbeü netdrkbrhdetd, `n naklküe ad sustnelkns briîeklns ds khprdslkeakg`d. Dstb sd pudad `birnr n trnvës ad lugkdrtns vdidtn`ds b sustnelkns briîeklns. briîeklns. Dstng`dldr lugkdrtns ds lbhp`dob, pdrb eb khpbskg`d. @bs lu`tkvbs ad kevkdreb skdhprd dxkstkrîe y adgdrène prbgnrsd bplkbeds pnrn dxtdeadr `ns lugkdrtns n` hîxkhb aurnetd d` lkl`b ad lu`tkvb, pnrn qud pudane prbaulkr `n hîxkhn lnetkana ad gkbhnsn. Dstb khp`kln detdeadr `ns lnrnltdrèstklns ad` sud`b, `bs pntrbeds ad ``uvkn, sk Lugkdrtns vdrads de b`kvnr. © FIE dxkstd lbhpdtdelkn detrd detrd d` lu`tkvb y `n lugkdrtn, `ns hdobrds dspdlkds pnrn p`netnr (rnèlds supdr﬎lkn`ds, lrdlkhkdetb rîpkab, nanptng`d n tdhpdrnturns frèns), dtl. D` usb ad sustnelkns briîeklns ad` inenab u btrns fudetds nirèlb`ns pudad lbhgkenrsd lbe `ns lugkdrtns vdidtn`ds. @n nltkvkana inenadrn mn akshkeukab arîstklnhdetd de n`iuens îrdns de `ns ÿ`tkhns aëlnans. D` usb ad btrbs lbhpudstbs dstî lrdlkdeab skiek﬎lntkvnhdetd, ldetrîeabsd de `n hnybrèn ad `bs lnsbs de `n rdutk`kznlküe ad hntdrkn y d` lkdrrd ad `bs lkl`bs ad eutrkdetds. Zbr dodhp`b, `bs rdstbs ad `bs vkþdabs (pban, rdstbs ad vkek﬎lnlküe, dtl.) y `bs rdstbs ad `ns n`hnznrns pudade lbevdrtkrsd de ngbeb b trnesfbrhnrsd de fdrtk`kznetds. Qnetb d` vkeb lbhb Qnetb lb hb d` nldktd ad b`kvn sbe prbaultbs prbldsnabs ad n`tb vn`br nþnakab. @bs prbaultbrds ad vkeb y nldktd ad b`kvn qud gnsne su ediblkb de uen prbaullküe ad ln`kana kefbrhne qud `n ln`kana ad `n hntdrkn prkhn y sus prbpkdanads sd trnes﬎drde fîlk`hdetd n `bs prbaultbs ﬎en`ds. Lnan vdz hîs sd pdrlkgd d` vèelu`b akrdltb detrd ue sud`b sn`uang`d y `n dxld`delkn ad` prbaultb qud, lbe sudrtd, lbetrkgukrî n uen u en hdobr lbesdrvnlküe ad` sud`b.

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1.7 Idstküe ad eutrkdetds y fdrtk`kznlküe D` bgodtkvb ad `n fdrtk`kznlküe ds `n eutrklküe dquk`kgrnan ad `ns p`netns. Ten ln`kana üptkhn y uebs rdeakhkdetbs lbhpdtktkvbs sb`b pudade `birnrsd lbe dodhp`nrds gkde eutrkabs, dstb eb khp`kln edldsnrknhdetd d` usb ad irneads lnetkanads ad eutrkdetds. Te ekvd` dquk`kgrnab ad eutrkdetds tnhgkëe mnld qud `ns p`netns sdne hîs rdskstdetds y hîs tb`drnetds n` dstrës. Ad dstd hbab, `n fdrtk`kznlküe y d` hnedob ad` sud`b dstîe dstrdlmnhdetd rd`nlkbenabs. @n fdrtk`kznlküe adgd lugrkr `ns edldskanads eutrklkben`ds. @ns p`netns edldsktne akfdrdetds eutrkdetds pnrn d` lrdlkhkdetb y adsnrrb``b ad `n frutn. @bs prkelkpn`ds eutrkdetds sbe ektrüideb (E), füsfbrb (Z), pbtnskb (C), hniedsk hniedskbb (Hi), ln`lkb (Ln) ( Ln) y nzufrd (\). @n gnsd pnrn uen fdrtk`kznlküe nadlunan ds d` neî`ksks ad` sud`b, qud adgd rdpdtkrsd n ketdrvn`bs ad eb hîs ad >

 

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1.< Kesdltklkans y nlnrklkans “ @bs kesdltklkans y nlnrklkans adgde sdr `n ÿ`tkhn dstrntdikn n np`klnr sk `ns netdrkbrds eb fuelkbene. N `nrib p`nzb, ds hîs d﬎lkdetd sdiukr d` defbqud ad HKZ (gnsnab de prîltklns lu`turn`ds, prdvdelküe, defbqud mb`èstklb ad` lu`tkvb, gude detdeakhkdetb ad `bs uhgrn`ds ad p`nins, hëtbabs n`tdrentkvbs, dtl.). @bgdsknns gbtrnen De vkþdabs hdaktdrrîedbs mny abs p`nins sud`de dstîepnrn pbr lbetrb`nr delkhn uhgrn`ds lrètklbs. Ten sdxun` ad d``nslbe ds fdrbhbens uen`bs hklrb pb`k``n qud anþn `n uvn. Nuequd mnyqud nirbquèhklbs lbetr b`nraddstn p`nin, `n lbefusküe fdrbhbe sd usn, lbe ëxktb de hulmns dxp`btnlkbeds. @n pb`k``n tnhgkëe pudad sdr lbetrb`nan pbr pbg`nlkbeds ad hurlkë`nibs dstng`dlkans de d` vkþdab hdaknetd `n kestn`nlküe ad rdfuikbs dspdlè﬎lbs pnrn dstbs hklrb hnhèfdrbs. hnhèfdrbs. D` hbsquktb vdrad (Dhpbnsln vktks), lnan vdz hîs lbhÿe, nfdltn N `ns mbons ad `n vka. \d mne rdn`kznab dxpdrkdelkns dxpdrkdelkns ad lbetrb` gkb`üiklb hdobrneab kefrndstrulturns kefrndstrulturns dlb`üiklns pnrn rdfuikb ad prdanabrds enturn`ds ad `ns p`nins y rblkneab ue rdlugrkhkdetb hkedrn` qud ak﬎lu`tn `n n`khdetnlküe ad kesdltbs. @bs îlnrbs rbobs (Qdtrneylmus urtklnd) y `ns lblmkek``ns (Z`neblbllus spp.) tnhgkëe pudade lbevdrtkrsd de p`nins sk sus pbg`nlkbeds n`lnezne lkdrtb ekvd`.

Znrn d` b`kvb, `ns prkelkpn`ds p`nins sbe `n hbsln ad `n frutn ad` b`kvb y `n pb`k``n ad` b`kvb. @n prkhdrn, Gnltrbldrn b`dnd ds lbeskadrnan `n hîs anþken de d` sur ad Durbpn, ebrtd ad Îfrkln, Hdakb Brkdetd y Ln`kfbrekn. @n hbsln nau`tn ad `n frutn ad` b`kvb rnrn vdz sd vd. Zbed sus mudvbs gnob `n pkd` ad nldktuen. @ns `nrvns sd n`khdetne ad` frutb, adoneab mud``ns y tÿed`ds hnrrbeds. @n nldktuen sd puard, pudad lndr prdhnturnhdetd prdhnturnhdetd y eb pudad sdr usnan lbhb nldktuen ad hdsn. \d pudad prbaulkr lbe d``n nldktd ad b`kvn sk d` ekvd` ad anþb ds kefdrkbr n` >:%, pdrb d` rkdsib ad qud `bs sngbrds sd npniude y ad qud nuhdetd `n nlkadz nuhdetn nuhdetn lbe d` ekvd` ad anþb. @n hbsln ad `n frutn ad` b`kvb eb ds akfèlk` ad lbetrb`nr, lbetrb`nr, pdrb sk eb sd lbetrb`n, d` >::% ad `n prbaullküe pudad anþnrsd.. @ns pb`k``ns anþnrsd pb `k``ns ad` b`kvb, Zrnys b`dnd, sbe pdqudþbs kesdltbs ad lb`br p`ntdnab. D` lkl`b ad vkan ad `n pb`k``n ad` b`kvb kel`uyd vnrkns idedrnlkbeds de ue nþb, qud sd n`khdetne ad `ns ﬇brds, `n nldktuen y `ns mbons rdspdltkvnhdetd. Znrn lbetrb`nr dstn p`nin usn kesdltklkan briîeklb (spkebsna), nrlk``n ad lnb`èe b `n lnpturn hnskvn3 lbhb n`tdrentkvns n `bs trntnhkdetbs nirbquèhklbs. Znrn d` lbetrb` gkb`üiklb ad Zrnys, sd pudade usnr vnrkbs pnrnsktbkads, detrd d``bs Qrklmbirnhhn dvnedsldes (Qrklmkirnhhntkankan), qud pnrnsktn `bs mudvbs, y d` mkhdeüptdrb Nideknspks fuslklb``ks (Delyrtkand). De Zbrtuin` y Dspnþn, `ns mbrhkins, `bs dslnrngnobs adprdanabrds y `bs lrksüpkabs sd n`khdetne ad Z. b`dnd. D` lbetrb` quèhklb kel`uyd brinebfbsfbrnabs y lbhpudstbs ad Gnlk``us tmurkeikdesks, qud np`klnabs lbetrn `ns `nrvns de dstnakb netüfnib pudade prbpbrlkbenr ue lbetrb` dfdltkvb.

Mdrgklkans “ D` lbetrb` ad mkdrgns navdetklkns ds khpbrtnetd de b`kvnr y vkþdabs. @n ﬇brn sk`vdstrd lbhpktd lbe d` lu`tkvb y pudad rdaulkr rdeakhkdetb y ln`kana. Zdrb de lu`tkvbs ad sdlneb hdaktdrrîedbs, uen vdz rdtkrnan `n lugkdrtn ad prkhnvdrn, `n fn`tn ad niun y d` trngnob ad` sud`b rdaulde `n prdsküe ad `n ﬇brn sk`vdstrd. D` eÿhdrb ad np`klnlkbeds ad mdrgklkans adpdead ad` prbaultb utk`kznab y `n d﬎lkdelkn ad `bs hëtbabs hdlîeklbs pnrn rdaulkr `ns hn`dzns. \diÿe su np`klnlküe `bs mdrgklkans pudade sdr ad lbetnltb b rdskaun`ds3 sdiÿe su nllküe pudade sdr tbtn`ds b dspdlè﬎lbs. @bs rdskau rdskaun`ds n`ds sd``ne d` sud`b d kemkgde d` adsnrrb``b ad p`netns sk`vdstrds3 `bs mdrgklkans ad lbetnltb detrne de d` hdtngb`kshb ad `ns p`netns dhdridetds. @bs mdrgklkans tbtn`ds sd akrkide n lun`qukdr dspdlkd ad p`netn.

KHZNLQB\ \BGWD @N GKBAKVDW\KANA N pdsnr ad `ns bptkhkznlkbeds y rdiu`nlkbeds, `n np`klnlküe ad pdstklkans ds lbhÿe de `n nirklu`turn durbpdn lbevdelkben`. Qbabs `bs lu`tkvbs lbevdelkben`ds sd trntne vnrkns vdlds lbe uen lbhgkenlküe ad sustnelkns nltkvns. D` prbpüsktb idedrn` ad `bs pdstklkans ds d`khkenr `n gkbakvdrskana ad` îrdn lu`tkvnan, prdvkekdeab uen rîpkan rdpbg`nlküe d, kadn`hdetd, hnetdedr d` lu`tkvb `khpkb y sn`uang`d mnstn `n lbsdlmn. Irnlkns n` dsfudrzb ad `bs nirklu`tbrds dstb sd `birn de irne hdakan y ad hnedrn huy d﬎lkdetd. @bs lnhpbs dstîe `kgrds ad ﬇brds sk`vdstrds, y lnsk eueln sd vde hnrkpbsns y ngdons aurnetd `n hnybr pnrtd ad` vdrneb. @bs pdstklkans sbe ue irne prbg`dhn nhgkdetn` pnrn `bs ludrpbs ad niun y d` hdakb nhgkdetd de idedrn` y, pbr `b tnetb, sbe lrktklnabs pbr `ns BEI y n`iuens nutbrkanads. @n `diks`nlküe de hntdrkn ad niun rdstrkeid `n np`klnlküe ad n`iuebs mdrgklkans ad usb dxtdeskvb y nqud``bs lbe n`tb rkdsib ad `kxkvknlküe adgkab n `bs tkdhpbs ad np`klnlküe. De kevkdreb, d` ﬇uob ad ardenod ds d` prkelkpn` hdlnekshb ad trnespbrtd3 `bs mdrgklkans namdrkabs n `ns pnrtèlu`ns ad` sud`b pudade ketrbaulkrsd de `bs ludrpbs ad niun aurnetd `ns ``uvkns ketdesns. @n np`klnlküe lukanabsn ad pdstklkans ds l`nvd pnrn hkekhkznr d` anþb lb`ntdrn`. @n d﬎lkdelkn ad `bs mdrgklkans dstî akrdltnhdetd rd`nlkbenan lbe `n supdr﬎lkd ad `n p`netn de `n qud sd np`kln. @n pu`vdrkznlküe de pdqudþns ibtns ds d` hëtbab hîs d﬎lnz, pdrb `ns pu`vdrkznlkbeds ﬎ens lbeaulde n hnybrds adrkvns ad` prbaultb. @n adrkvn ds tnhgkëe uen ludstküe ad `n akstnelkn detrd d` pu`vdrkznabr y `ns p`netns.

Fueiklkans, gnltdrklkans, dtl. “ D` dfdltb akrdltb de `n gkbakvdrskana nquè eb ds tne bgvkb lbhb de `bs btrbs pdstklkans. @bs mbeibs y btrns dspdlkds bgodtkvb n hdeuab sbe vdedebsns pnrn `bs nrtrüpbabs y eb dstîe nusdetds ad `n lnaden n`khdetnrkn de sè. \ke dhgnrib, kel`usb `bs prbaultbs quèhklbs huy dspdlè﬎lbs tkdede ue khpnltb de btrns dspdlkds ad mbeibs n `bs qud eb vne akrkikabs y, pbr `b tnetb, idedrne khpnltbs de `n hklrb﬇brn y `n fnuen ad `bs adslbhpbedabrds de `bs sud`bs.

>7

Fklmn Qëlekln ad Gkbakvdrskana

 

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Kesdltklkans “ D` prbpüsktb ad `bs kesdltklkans ds d`khkenr `ns p`nins y `n gkbakvdrskana ad nrtrüpbabs pdrhnedetdhdetd ad` lnhpb. Te dodhp`b nltun` gkde lbeblkab sbe `bs edbeklbtkebkads. Dstd irupb ad sustnelkns nltkvns sd akrkid n` skstdhn edrvkbsb ad `bs kesdltbs. Hulmb hdebs dfdltkvns, pdrb nÿe rdlbeblkg`ds, dstns sustnelkns tnhgkëe nfdltne n irupbs eb aknen b lbhb hnhèfdrbs y btrbs nekhn`ds. Dxkstde n`iuebs hdakbs ad np`klnlküe qud pudade `khktnr d` khpnltb de `ns dspdlkds qud eb sbe bgodtkvb ad ue trntnhkdetb3 pbr dodhp`b, fuhkinr pbr `n eblmd luneab `bs pb`kekznabrds sd vdrîe hdebs nfdltnabs, b `bs hëtbabs ad np`klnlküe qud `khktne `n adrkvn n `bs pnksnods naynldetds, `ns frneons ad nhbrtkiunhkdetb n `b `nrib ad `bs gbrads ad` mîgktnt, dtl. Teb ad `bs prkelkpn`ds prbg`dhns ad `bs kesdltklkans ds qud eb sb`b nfdltne n `ns p`nins y `bs vdltbrds ad defdrhdanads, skeb tnhgkëe n `bs kesdltbs gded﬎lkbsbs, lbhb `bs pb`kekznabrds. @n sd`dltkvkana de `bs pdstklkans eb khp`kln dxl`uskvkana, pbr `b qud skdhprd mny ue dfdltb sdlueanrkb de `bs kesdltbs eb bgodtkvb. Mdrgklkans “ @n ﬇brn sk`vdstrd ds `n gnsd ad `ns lnadens n`khdetklkns de `bs pnksnods nirèlb`ns. De lbesdludelkn, lbesdludelkn, sk dstn gnsd dstî nusdetd de `bs lu`tkvbs y sd pdrturgn de îrdns naynldetds, mngrî hdebs n`khdetb n`khdetb pnrn `bs nrtrüpbabs y `ns nvds qud adpdeade ad d``n. Hulmns dspdlkds dstîe ldrln ad `n dxtkelküe. @bs mdrgklkans, mdrgklkans, qud fuelkbene lbhb tbxkens ad lbetnltb b skstëhklns skstëhklns,, y qud sbe ngsbrgkabs pbr lun`qukdr pnrtd ad `n p`netn y trnespbrtna trnespbrtnabs bs adetrb ad `n p`netn, sbe n`tnhdetd dfdltkvbs pnrn lbhgntkr `ns hn`dzns. D` i`kfbsntb ds ue dodhp`b ad mdrgklkan tbtn` qud nltÿn lbhb tbxken ad lbetnltb. Qne sb`b :,> h`/h· ad hntdrkn nltkvn prbpbrlkben d` dfdltb adsdnab. @bs mdrgklka mdrgklkans ns sd np`klne prkelkpn`hdetd pnrn lbhgntkr `ns mkdrgns navdetklkns eb adsdnans y yn dstng`dlkans de d` lnhpb, pdrb n`iuebs prbaultbs tnhgkëe sd usne pnrn sd``nr d` sud`b y prdvdekr `n npnrklküe ad dstns mkdrgns eb adsdnans. \ke dhgnrib, dstbs mdrgklkans ad prd-dhdridelkn pudade sdr sustktukabs de su hnybrèn pbr tëleklns ad d`khkenlküe hdlîekln. 1.<

Hdobrds prîltklns nirèlb`ns pnrn lbesdrvnr `n gkbakvdrska gkbakvdrskana na D` lbetrb` ketdirnab ad p`nins sd deludetrn rdfdrkab de `n `diks`nlküe durbpdn, y su bgodtkvb ds rdaulkr b kel`usb prdvdekr d` usb ad pdstklkans. Dstns hdakans skdhprd adgde iuknr `n idstküe ad `ns dxp`btnlkbeds. dxp`btnlkbeds. Te lbeouetb gîsklb ad prîltklns nirèlb`ns pnrn rdaulkr d` rkdsib ad p`nins y defdrhdanads de `bs lu`tkvbs kel`uyd `bs skiukdetd skiukdetdss nspdltbs?

Kefrndstrulturn dlb`üikln lbe ue `nrib pdrèbab ad ﬇brnlküe. © FIE

u

 D`dikr uen vnrkdana nadlunan pnrn `n zben ad lu`tkvb.

u

  Tsb ad vnrkdanads rdskstdetds n p`nins y defdrhdanads, y ad sdhk``ns y p`îetu`ns pdrhktkans pbr `bs dstîeanrds.  Dquk`kgrnab ad eutrkdetds y niun ad` sud`b, prbpbrlküe üptkhn ad hntdrkn briîekln de d` sud`b.

u

u

 Zrdvdelküe ad `n prbpninlküe ad brinekshbs eblkvbs hdaknetd hdakans ad mkikded y snednhkdetb de d` lnhpb (pbr dodhp`b, d`khkenlküe ad p`netns b pnrtds ad p`netns nfdltnans3 `khpkdzn rdiu`nr ad hnqukenrkn y npdrbs3 fdrtk`kana dquk`kgrnan ad` sud`b b idstküe ad` niun).

u

 Btrb nspdltb huy khpbrtnetd ds `n prbtdllküe y prbhblküe ad brinekshbs gded﬎lkbsbs khpbrtnetds khpbrtnetds hdaknetd, pbr dodhp`b, `n p`netnlküe y d` hnetdekhkdetb ad dstrulturns dlb`üiklns tnetb de `ns îrdns lu`tkvnans lbhb n`rdadabr ad d``ns. Qnhgkëe ds ÿtk` hnetdedr hnetde dr `n lugkdrtn vdidtn` ad` sud`b `b hîs akvdrsn pbskg`d y lbe d` pdrèbab ad ﬇brnlküe hîs `nrib qud sd pudan.

u

 Adgd mngdr ue p`ne ad sdiukhkdetb pnrn nrtrüpbabs. @ns p`nins y `ns pbg`nlkbeds gded﬎lkbsns adgde sdiukrsd sdhnen`hdetd aurnetd sus rdspdltkvns tdhpbrnans n`tns. @bs nirklu`tbrds adgde pbadr kadetk﬎lnr `ns p`nins y `bs dfdltbs ad `bs brinekshbs gdeë﬎lbs, y ln`lu`nr `bs uhgrn`ds ad anþb de lbesdludelk lbesdludelkn. n. Znrn `bs pntüidebs (mbeibs, pntüidebs gnltdrknebs, vkrus) sd adgd utk`kznr d` prbeüstklb y `bs hëtbabs ad aknieüstklb nprbpknabs.

\k sd mne khp`dhdetnab dstns hdakans y, nue nsè, sd mne dxldakab `bs uhgrn`ds ad﬎ekabs pnrn `ns kefdllkbeds ad p`nins y defdrhdanads, d` usb ad pdstklkans pudad sdr pnrtd ad` hnedob ketdirnab ad p`nins de `n nirklu`turn lbevdelkben`. De `n nirklu`turn dlb`üikln, sd pudade usnr `bs pdstklkans nprbgnabs y btrbs hëtbabs gkb`üiklbs lbhb d` usb ad fdrbhbens, dtl. Znrn prbtdidr `bs ludrpbs ad niun ngkdrtbs, adgde kestn`nrsd zbens ad nhbrtkiunhkdetb, y hnetdedrsd n `b `nrib ad `ns rkgdrns y ludrpbs ad niun (lbe ue nelmb hèekhb ad >: hdtrbs). Ds lbevdekde lbevdekdetd td utk`kznr `ns hdobrds tëleklns ad pu`vdrkznlküe akspbekg`ds, ds adlkr, `bs akspbsktkvbs qud kemkgde b rdaulde `n adrkvn ad pdstklkans n zbens naynldetds, y d` dqukpb ad pu`vdrkznlküe adgd ln`kgrnrsd n` hdebs lnan trds nþbs. @n np`klnlküe ad pdstklkans dstî pdrhktkan ÿeklnhdetd ÿeklnhdetd n dhp`dnabs nutbrkznabs. \d adgd prbmkgkr d` usb ad pdstklkans, pdstklkans, qud sbe pd`kirbsbs pnrn `ns ngdons, `bs kesdltbs pb`kekznabrds, pb`kekznabrds, `bs brinekshbs gdeë﬎lbs, `bs ne﬎gkbs b `bs pdlds. Nadhîs, `ns sustnelkns huy anþkens, lbhb i`kfbsntb, Akqunt, Znrnqunt, nhbekb i`kfbskenab, Keanzk﬇nh b sus vdrskbeds dqukvn`detds de sn` eb adgde pdrhktkrsd tnhpblb.

><

 

LT@QKVB\\ ZDWHNEDEQD\ D KHZNLQB\ DE @N GKBAKVDW\KANA LT@QKVB

LT@QKVB\ ZDWHNEDEQD\

1.1 Idstküe ad` niun y rkdib D` rkdib ds dsdelkn` pnrn lnsk tban `n prbaullküe nirèlb`n, y d` usb nirèlb`n ad` niun rdprdsdetn uen pnrtd skiek﬎lntkvn ad` lbesuhb tbtn` ad niun (pbr dodhp`b, Dspnþn 61%, Irdlkn ==% y Zbrtuin` =:%, sdiÿe Durbstnt). Frnelkn, Irdlkn, Ktn`kn, Zbrtuin` y Dspnþn rdprdsdetne d` 9:% ad` îrdn tbtn` dqukpnan lbe tdleb`bièns ad rkdib de `n TD-7=. @bs lu`tkvbs pdrhnedetds sd rkdine n`ib hdebs qud btrbs lu`tkvbs, pdrb d` niun dstî akrdltnhdetd rd`nlkbenan lbe `bs rdeakhkdetbs y `n ketdeskana ad` lu`tkvb. @bs b`kvnrds y vkþdabs krrkinabs pudade hu`tkp`klnr fîlk`hdetd fîlk`hdetd pbr 1 b 4 `bs rdeakhk rdeakhkdetbs detbs bgtdekabs de `bs lu`tkvbs ad sdlneb. De tërhkebs ad rkdib, sd pudade akstkeiukr abs defbquds. N`iuebs b`kvnrds y vkþdabs sd lu`tkvne de lbeaklkbeds tne rdstrkltkvns qud `bs nþbs akfèlk`ds (tdhpdrnturns hîs n`tns y hdebs ``uvkn qud d` prbhdakb) pudade lbe``dvnr `n përakan tbtn` ad `n prbaullküe. \k dstb suldad lbe frdludelkn aurnetd vnrkbs nþbs, `n nltkvkana ad dstns dxp`btnlkbeds yn eb ds rdetng`d y sd ngneabene prbirdskvnhdetd. \ke dhgnrib, dstns dxp`btnlkbeds dxtdesns supbede uen lbetrk- Hn`n prîltkln ad rkdib. D` skstdhn sd adgd rdvksnr pnrn dvktnr përakans ad niun. © Adyne Idbrikdv, gulküe ketdrdsnetd ketdrdsnetd pnrn `n akvdrsk﬎lnlküe ad` pnksnod y `bs mîgktnts ad gkbakvdrskana, y nltÿne www.fbtb`kn.lbh lbhb lbrtnfudibs n`tnhdetd d﬎lkdetds y rdetng`ds. rdetng`ds. @n krrkinlküe ad﬎lktnrkn rdiu`nan b `n krrkinlküe lbetrb`nan sbe, de dstd lnsb, uen tëlekln qud pdrhktd n `bs nirklu`tbrds usnr lnetkanads lnetkanads huy pdqudþns ad niun (n`rdadabr ad 7,:::-4

 

ID\QKÜE AD @N GKBAKVDW\KANA

LT@QKVB\ LT@QKV B\ ZDWHNEDEQD\ Vkþdabs y B`kvnr 

:4

4. ID\QKÜE AD @N GKBAKVDW\KANA Ten mdrrnhkdetn ketdrdsnetd pnrn hdobrnr `n gkbakvdrskana ds d` Z`ne ad Nllküe pnrn `n Gkbakvdrska Gkbakvdrskana na (GNZ de kei`ës, ZNG de dspnþb`). D` ZNG fnlk`ktn `n lbhprdesküe ad `n gkbakvdrskana n dsln`n ad dxp`btnlküe y su idstküe. N`iuebs dstîeanrds suikdrde d` usb ad mdrrnhkdetns skhk`nrds, nuequd eb skdhprd ad﬎ede d` lbetdekab qud adgd tdedr. Te gude ZNG adgdrèn kel`ukr n` hdebs?

>. Ten `èedn ad gnsd   @n `èedn ad gnsd ds `n kefbrhnlküe gîskln sbgrd d` dstnab ad `n gkbakvdrskana, `ns îrdns prbtdikans, `ns dspdlkds nhdenznans y mîgktnts sdhkenturn`ds de `n dxp`btnlküe y sus n`rdadabrds, zbens lu`tkvnans, zbens enturn`ds y hdakans ad gkbakvdrskana yn np`klnans. \d trntn ad idedrnr uen kefbrhnlküe gîskln pnrn p`netdnr prkbrkanads, bgodtkvbs, dvn`unr khpnltbs ad prbirdsb y defbquds ad trngnob.

7. Bgodtkvbs   Gnsnab de `bs rdsu`tnabs rdsu`tnabs ad `n `èedn ad ad gnsd, sd p`netdne bgodtkvbs ad hdobrn n` nirklu`tbr. \d pdrskiud mnldr frdetd n `bs prkelkpn`ds khpnltbs kadetk﬎lnabs, qud adgde sdr de prkhdr `uinr dvktnabs y, de su lnsb, aksdþnrsd hdakans pnrn sdr hktkinabs

: % ad `n \NT dstuvkdrn blupnab pbr dstd tkpb ad d`dhdetbs ad` pnksnod. •

  Dstng`dlkhkdetb ad lbrrdabrds dlb`üiklbs? sbe îrdns enturn`ds dspdlè﬎lns pnrn n`gdrinr gkbakvdrskana y qud sd lbedltne lbe btrns îrdns skhk`nrds pnrn hdobrnr `ns fuelkbeds dlb`üiklns.

•

  Lbesdrvnlküe ad pnstbs?  de dstd lnsb sd adgdrèn nsdiurnr uen adeskana nadlunan ad nekhn`ds nsè lbhb aksdþnr `bs tkdhpbs üptkhbs ad rnhbedb pnrn inrnetkznr `n rdlupdrnlküe enturn` d` pnstb.

•

D` lntî`bib lbhp`dtb ad hdakans dstî pug`klnab de d` Kefbrhd ad Wdlbhdeanlkbeds Wdlbhdeanlkbe ds ad` prbydltb @KFD? www.guskedss-gkbakvdrskty.du/  www.guskedss-gkbakvdrskty.du/  de/rdlbhhdeantkbes-gkbakvdrskty-ke-stneanras

1. \diukhkdetb y dvn`unlküe

@èedn ad gnsd, dvn`unlküe

@kstn ad hdakans Îrdns prbtdikans, ad gkbakvdrskana îrdns ad n`tb vn`br khp`dhdetnans pnrn `n gkbakvdrskana, îrdns prkbrktnrkns

Lnhgkb ad ebrhntkvns, dstnab ad prbtdllküe ad tdrrktbrkbs ldrlnebs Dspdlkds

Dstng`dldr bgodtkvbs

\d`dllküe d khp`dhdet khp`dhdetnlküe nlküe ad hdakans

Dvn`unlküe y sdiukhkde sdiukhkdetb tb >6

Fklmn Qëlekln ad Gkbakvdrskana

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WD\THDE AD@ ZWB[DLQB @KFD

LT@QKVB\\ ZDWHNEDEQD\ LT@QKVB Vkþdabs y B`kvnr

:6

6. WD\THDE AD@ ZWB[DLQ ZWB[DLQBB @KFD @bs prbaultbrds nirnrkbs y akstrkgukabrds adpdeade de irne hdakan ad `n gkbakvdrskana y ad `bs sdrvklkbs dlbskstëhklbs, dlbskstëhklbs, pdrb n su vdz idedrne ue khpbrtnetd khpnltb sbgrd ëstbs. Dstd ds ue mdlmb lbeblkab y dstuaknab nhp`knhdetd de d` sdltbr nirbn`khdetnrkb. @bs dstîeanrds y lrktdrkbs ad nprbvkskbenhkdetb pudade nyuanr ske dhgnrib n rdaulkr dstbs khpnltbs ad hnedrn huy skiek﬎lntkvn, pbekdeab sbgrd `n hdsn lrktdrkbs trnespnrdetds, trnespnrdetds, dfdltkvbs y vdrk﬎lng`ds n `b `nrib ad `n lnaden ad suhkekstrb. N`ib qud n su vdz idedrn uen kefbrhnlküe lnan vdz hîs adhneanan pbr lbesuhkabrds de rd`nlküe n `n ln`kana ad `bs prbaultbs, su mud``n sblkn` b nhgkdetn` y, de ad﬎ektkvn, d` khpnltb lnusnab sbgrd d` hdakb nhgkdetd. D` prbydltb @KFD Fbba & Gkbakvdrskty ‐Gkbakvdrskana de Dstîeanrds y \d``bs de d` \dltbr Nirbn`khdetnrkb‘ tkded lbhb bgodtkvb ketrbaulkr lrktdrkbs pnrn `n prbtdllküe ad `n gkbakvdrskana gkbak vdrskana de `bs dstîeanrds y lrktdrkbs ad nprbvkskbenhkdetb de `n keaustrkn nirbn`khdetnrkn hdaknetd?

N. D` D` npbyb n `bs aksdþnabrds ad dstîeanrds pnrn qud kel`uyne lrktdrkbs d﬎lnlds pnrn `n prbtdllküe ad `n gkbakvdrskana de dsqudhns yn dxkstdetds3 y prbhbvdr detrd `ns dhprdsns y akstrkgukabrds `n nabplküe ad aklmbs lrktdrkbs de sus dstrntdikns ad nprbvkskbenhkdetb. G. @n fbrhnlküe n tëleklbs y ldrtk﬎lnabrds ad dstîeanrds y sd``bs, nsè lbhb n tëleklbs ad ln`kana ad `ns dhprdsns. L. @n khp`dhdetnlküe ad ue skstdhn ad dvn`unlküe ad dstîeanrds pnrn lbhprdeadr su lbetrkgulküe n `n gkbakvdrskana. D` Zrbydltb mn skab lbeskadrnab ‐Lbrd Kektkntkvd‘ ad` ‐Zrbirnhhd be \ustnkeng`d Fbba \ystdhs bf tmd >:-[dnr >: -[dnr Frnhdwbrc bf Zrbirnhhds Zrbirnhhds be \ustnkeng`d Lbesuhptkbe nea Zrbaultkbe (TEDZ/FNB).‘

\blkbs ad` prbydltb?

Nirnadldhbs d` npbyb ad?

KHZWD\KÜE Nutbrds?

Dqukpb tëleklb ad `n Fueanlküe I`bgn` Enturd

I`bgn` Enturd Fuea Daktbr ? Aksdþb irî﬎lb? Akadh \deturc, www.akadhsdeturc.ad Vdrsküe? Bltugrd 7:>=

Lrëaktbs ad `n khîideds? ©© Fueanlküe I`bgn` Enturd, Enturd, p. :, :, >4 Fbtb`kn, www.fbtb`kn.lbh © Qbh Hnnlc, www.lbhhbes.wkckhdakn.bri © Zkxngny, www.pkxngny.lbh >9

 

Lbe d` npbyb ad?

Ten keklkntkvn nsblknan n?

DT @KFD Zrbirnhhd @KFD>4 IKD/AD/:::9=

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