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Föc lm if ]egvmrsfigzfjgúe lm if Zfiul„

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]EGQMRZGLFL EFJGCEFI LM BFRRFEJF AFJ]I\FL LM GEOMEGMRÎF MZJ]MIF TRCAMZGCEFI LM GEOMEGMRÎF ME GEL]Z\RGFZ FIGNME\FRGFZ

\MNF Jumstgcefrgc JGJIC; GP

Getmorfetms; Fiafrc efvgejciqug, rcjgc Tfkumic sfej`mz, hgevmriy

]EGLFL; Geomegmrgf GGG GEO; Cjrcspcnf lumöfs _giigfn BFRRFEJF ‚ TMRÛ 2426

 

J]MZ\GCEFRGC 6. ³Vuç me metgmel tgmelmm pcr mbu mbuiigjgú iigjgúe e y juæi ms if l lgamrme gamrmejgf jgf met metrm rm mbuii mbuiigjgúe gjgúe y mv mvfpcrf fpcrfjgúe3 jgúe3 if mbuiigjgúe ms mi ncvgngmetc vgcimetc lmi fouf u ctrc iîquglc, jce prclujjgúe lm burbukfs, jcnc jcesmjumejgf lmi funmetc lm su tmnpmrfturf c pcr mstfr scnmtglc f amrnmetfjgúe c mamrvmsjmejgf Me if mbuiigjgúe if prmsgce lm vfpcr lm if nftmrgf ms goufi f if prmsgce lmi sgstmnf. Me ctrfs  pfifbrfs, if afsm ofsmcsf tgmem if ngsnf prmsgúe ’fnbgmetfi„ ’fnbgmetfi„ y f if tmnpmrfturf f if qum cjurrm cjurrm miic sm im lmecngnf puetc lm mbuiigjgúe. Me msm puetc jc-mxgstme if afsm iîquglf y if ofsmcsf, me mqugigbrgc tmrnglgeængjc. Me if mvfpcrfjgúe if prmsgce lm vfpcr lm if sustfejgf f uef tmnpmrfturf ms nmecr qum if prmsgúe lmi sgstmnf. Fue sgmelc nmecr, `fy ætcncs c ncimjuifs lm if sustfejgf qum tgmeme if memrogf suagjgmetm pfrf mstfr me afsm ofsmcsf, pmrc ec mstæ me mqugigbrgc tmrnclgeængjc.

2. ³Juæims sce ics prcjmlgngmetcs qum sm lmbme smougr jufelc sm jcejmetrf pcr mvfpcrfjgúe ue prclujtc tmrncsmesgbim3 Jfiglfl lmi prclujtc mvfpcrflc Magjgmejgf lm if mvfpcrfjgúe Mjcecnîf lmi prcjmsc

:. ³Vuç l lgamrme gamrmejgf jgf mxg mxgstm stm me metm tm mbu mbuiigjgú iigjgúe e euji eujimflf mflf y mmbuiig buiigjgúe jgúe l lmm pmiîj pmiîjuif3 uif3 if mbuiigjgúe eujimflf , sm acrnfe burbukfs lm vfpcr me if supmragjgm lm trfesamrmejgf lm jficr y iumoc sm smpfrfe y sm trfespcrtfe f if jcrrgmetm prgejgpfi lmi aiuglc. \fi ncvgngmetc nmkcrf if trfesamrmejgf lm jficr pcrqum mi jficr omemrflc me if supmragjgm sm trfespcrtf lgrmjtfnmetm f if jcrrgmetm lm aiuglc.

If mbuiigjgúe lm if pmiîjuif  cjurrm jufelc if prmsgúe lm ue sgstmnf jfm c mi aiukc lgsngeuym. Me mstm jfsc, ifs burbukfs ec pumlme msjfpfr tfe ræpglc lm if supmragjgm lm trfesamrmejgf lm jficr. Lmi ngsnc nclc, sg funmetf if tmnpmrfturf lm if supmragjgm lm trfesamrmejgf lm jficr, sm jrmfe næs burbukfs. F nmlglf qum if tmnpmrfturf jcetgeûf funmetfelc, sm acrnfe næs  burbukfs lm ifs qum sm pumlme iimvfr iimvfr lm nfemrf magjgmetm.

\s - \b 

lcelm \b ms uef tmnpmrfturf

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nmlgf lmi aiuglc, if jufi sm jcecjm jcnc tmnpmrfturf lm nfsf c tmnpmrfturf nmlgf lm nmzjif. Fquî bfstfræ cbsmrvfr qum me if mjufjgúe lm if memroîf pfrf aiukc mstfjgcefrgcs

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metcejms mi jcmagjgmetm lm trfesamrmejgf lm

jficr imkcs lm if metrflf lm if tubmrîf, mstæ lflc pcr if rmifjgúe mxfjtf

lcelm h ms if jcelujtgvglfl tçrngjf lmi aiuglc y L ms mi lgænmtrc lm if tubmrîf. Eútmsm qum mi jcmagjgmetm lm trfesamrmejgf lm jficr jfi cr ms lgrmjtfnmetm prcpcrjgcefi f if jcelujtgvglfl tçrngjf, m gevmrsfnmetm prcpcrjgcefi fi lgænmtrc lm if tubmrîf y, ic qum qugzæs jfusm scrprmsf, gelmpmelgmetm lm if vmicjglfl lm aiukc.

=. Zmoû Zmoûe e if orfa orfagjf gjf lm lu` lu`rgeo rgeo lm lmtmrng tmrngem em if tmnp tmnpmrftu mrfturf rf lm mbu mbuiigjgú iigjgúe e lm uef lgsciujgúe lm sfjfrcsf juyf jcejmetrfjgúe ms f) 244 p pfrtms frtms lm sf sfjfrcs jfrcsff pcr jflf 644 p pfrtms frtms lm fouf fouf b) ? pf pfrtms rtms lm ssfjfrc fjfrcsf sf p pcr cr jf jflf lf p pfrtm frtm lm fo fouf uf

1. ³juæ ³juæims ims sce if ifss jcelg jcelgjgcem jgcemss qum pmr pmrngtme ngtme u uef ef cpmr cpmrfjgúe fjgúe n nfs fs mamj mamjtgvf tgvf me u ue e mvfpcrflcr mej`fqumtflc3 

Mi mvfpcrflcr mej`fqumtflc ms nuy rmjcnmelfbim pfrf mi usc jcnc rmbcgimr c jfilmrîe lm if jciunef

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Trclujtcs tmrncsmesgbims

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Trclujtcs nuy vgsjcscs qum ecrnfinmetm cbturfe ics tubcs lm ue jfnbgflcr 

 

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jcevmejgcefi.

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Jfrofs nîegnfs lm iîquglc

?. Tcrq Tcrqum um rfzú rfzúe e jufel jufelcc sm lmsm lmsmff mvfpc mvfpcrfr rfr ræp ræpglfnm glfnmetm etm ue p prclu rclujtc jtc vgsj vgsjcsc csc sm prmagmrm ue mvfpcrflcr lm smrpmetîe me iuofr lm ue mej`fqumtflc

Tcrqum mi mvfpcrflcr pcr smrpmetîe ms nuj`c næs aæjgi pfrf nfemkfr W su ignpgmzf ms næs fjjmsgbim tfnbgçe sce aæjginmetm aæjginmetm rmncvgbims y trfespcrtfbims trfespcrtfbims sm usfe nuj`c pfrf pfrf gestfifjgcems  prcvgscrgfs

0. ³Vuç tgpc lm mvfpcrflcr ms næs fprcpgflc pfrf jcejmetrfr ue prclujtc jce tmelmejgf f acrnfr mspunf3 Mxpigqum su rmspumstf Mi mvfpcrflcr mvfpcrflcr fprcpgf fprcpgflc lc smrgf mi mvfpcrflc mvfpcrflcrr vmrtgjfi vmrtgjfi lm tubc ifroc pcrqum pcrqum tgmem uef jænfrf jænfrf vmrtgjfi `mj`f lm ue getmrjfnbgflcr tubuifr y uef jænfrf lm smpfrfjgúe ic qum gelgjf qum uef vmz mi iîquglc lgiuglc sm prmjfigmetf fetms lm metrfr f ics tubcs, `fstf jfsg if tmnpmrfturf lm mb mbui uiig igjgú jgúe e lm lmet etrc rc lm ic icss tu tubc bcs, s, mi iîqug iîquglc lc jc jcng ngme mezf zf f `m `mrv rvgr gr y if mx mxpf pfes esgú gúe e lm lmbg bglc lc f if vfpcrgzfjgúe prclujm if acrnfjgúe lm mspunfs lm vfpcr qum jgrjuife f fitf vmicjglfl y frrfstrfe mi iîquglc, qum jcetgeûf jcejmetræelcsm ngmetrfs sm numvm `fjgf flmifetm y fi sfigr lm if pfrtm supmrgcr j`cjf jce ue lmaimjtcr qum smpfrf , lgvglm y agefinmetm agefinmetm sm icorf uef nfycr mvfpcrfjgúe mvfpcrfjgúe tctfi .

7. ³Juæims sce ifs vmetfkfs y igngtfjgcems me if cpmrfjgúe lm ics mvfpcrflcrms f pifjfs3 QME\FKFZ

Ics

mvfpcrflcrms

f

pifjfs

IGNG\FJGCEMZ

ms

magjgmejgf, mjcecnîf y rmelgngmetc

lm

fit itff Mi mvfpcrflcr lmbm auejgcefr lmetrc lmi rfeoc lm 21‚644 ´ J y pumlm migngefr mi fouf me ue

rfeoc lm Q2 +J

Q6 > Z+ J

Q2 > Z+J

Bfifejm tctfi ; Z> Q6+ Q2 + Tp2 + Tp:

 b) Tifetmm ifs mjufjgcems lm bfifejm lm jficr me jflf mamjtc.

Z > Q6`v

Z > Q2`v2

Z > Q6 `v6 + Q2`v2 V > Z ( @s ‚ `s) >

BGBIGCORFAGF

 Mvfpcrflcrms, \. G. G. (e.l.). ]egvmrsglfl Efjgcefi Efjgcefi Mxpmrgnmetfi Arfejgsjc lm Ngrfelf Jcnpi Jc npimkc mkc fjf fjflçn lçngjc gjc Mi Zfbgec Zfbgec Trc Trcorf orfnf nf lm Geo Geomeg megmrîf mrîf Gelust Gelustrgf rgfii ]eglfl  ]eglfl  jurrgjuifr ; Mqugpcs næqugefs m gestfifjgcems gelustrgfims Trca . Geo . Jfrfjjgcic Oúnmz . NZj . Zge geoo`, R., y @m @mil iln nfe, fe, L. R. (67 (677?). 7?).

Getr Getrcclujj lujjgú gúee f if geom geomeegmrî gmrîff lm ics ics

fignmetcs.Mspföf; Mlgtcrgfi Fjrgbgf.  Brmeefe, K. O., Buttmrs, K. O., Jcwmii, E. L., Igiimy, F. M. Q. (6770). Ifs cpmrfjgcemslm if geomegmrîf lm ics fignmetcs. Mspföf; Mlgtcrgfi Fjrgbgf.  Brmeefe, Kfnms O. (244?).

Nfeufi lmi prcjmsflc lm ics fignmetcs. Mspföf;

 MlgtcrgfiFjrgbgf.    BRC_E, O. O. Cpmrfjgcems Bæsgjfs lm if GGeomegmrîf eomegmrîf Vuîngjf. If @fbfef; Mlgtcrgfi  Tumbic y Mlujfjgúe, 670=. 670=. JFBRMRF, JFBRM RF, M. y OFELÚE OFELÚE,, K. Aue Auelfnmetc lfnmetc lm ifs C Cpmrfjgcems pmrfjgcems ]egtfrgfs. If @fbfef;  Mlgtcrgfi Tumbic y Mlujfjgúe, Mlujfjgúe, 670:.

 

LCEFI V. HMRE (677=),„Trcjmscs (6 77=),„Trcjmscs lm \rfesamrmejgf lm Jficr„, Qgomsgncsmxtf Rmgnprmsgúe, Jcnpföîf Mlgtcrgfi Jceemetfi Z.F. lm J.Q., Gnprmsc me Nçxgjc.