Cuatro Filosofías de La Educación

 

N]BQYL HD@L^LHÆB^ AM @B MA]NBNDÞK ¼Nþfl amimræbfls maunbrkls< ^þnrbtms kls amnæb kl smpbfls b qum gbnmr gbstb qum kl smpbfls qum slfls, fdmktrbs qum bpl`l bnlksmebib m` nlklnmrsm b ukl fdsfl.

¼Ruä ms m` glfirm< Mstb smrdb `b prdfmrb y u`tdfb prmjuktb hd`lsþhdnb, am bnumral b mstb prmjuktb sbirmfls nlfl amimfls vdvdr.

M^R]MFB BKQYLSL@LJDNL Slamfls n`bsdhdnbr mk nubtrl. ]td`dzbkal m` msqumfb am S`btþk. -  - 

Dktm`mntl. Humrzb am vl`uktba.

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Amsmls.

^m pumamk rmklfirbr nlfl -  -  - 

^mktdfdmktls Xl`uktba Dktm`mntl

Kl gby smktdfdmktl, sdk `ls sbimrms. M` bspmntl am msnljmr tbfidäk rmprmsmktb b`jl, m` amsml. @ls gufbkls kl pumamk tmkmr vl`uktba sdk dktm`djmkndb. Mstbs smræbk nlfl `bs nlknmsdlkms am` glfirm, y pumamk smr mk`bzbr`ls nlk `b maunbndþk am bnumral nlk m` pmsl qum sm rmprmsmktbk mktrm `bs `b s psdqums qum mstâk bquæ rmprmsmktbabs.

¼Ruä slfls y qum qumrræbfls ``mjbr b smr< Eubk Bktlkdl Kmjrmtm B`nuadb trbtb am rmsplkamr b msb prmjuktb5 - 

Rumrræbfls ``mjbr b tmkmr ukb vdab iumkb.

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Smrl ¼nþfl ms ukb vdab iumkb< T plr `l tbktl ¼nþfl maunbr pbrb tmkmr ukb vdab iumkb<

Nlkn`uym qum ms kmnmsbrdl prdfmrl sbimr quä slfls (¼quä ms m` glfirm.

Xl`uktba y maunbndþk mk m` amimr.

1.

Nlkþnmtm b td fdsfl.

Am mstbs vdsdlkms amrdvbk prmjuktbs dktmrmsbktms b `bs Fbmstrbs y Fbmstrls5

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¼Nþfl mstbfls maunbkal mk m` fukal bntub`< ¼Nþfl mstbs maunbkal< ¼Sbrb quä tus b`ufkls tmkjbk ukb iumkb vdab<

 

2. Qlab maunbndþk ms fbkdpu`bndþk ]kl am `ls jrbkams rdmsjls rdmsj ls qum amim mkhrmktbr m` maunbalr, sd qudmrm maunbr b` ‐glfirm am pb`birb‖, ms `b fbkdpu`bndþk qum sm dktmktb `ljrbr b trbväs am` `mkjubem. ^m trbtb am `b fbkdpu`bndþk fâs mhmntdvbfmktm pmrvmrsb? plr nubktl ms suirmptdndb y bpuktb adrmntbfmktm b `b nbpbndaba am pmksbr y nlfukdnbrsm. Bquæ, bkb`dzbrmfls b`jukbs mstrbtmjdbs am fbkdpu`bndþk, pums b` gbnmr`b nlksndmktm, sm dfpdam dfpd am su bntubr suirmptdndl y, plr `l fdsfl, sus mhmntls. Kl tmkmfls nbrbntmræstdnbs prlpdbs qum kls amhdkbk y qum `b maunbndþk amimræb

hlfmktbr y amsbrrl``br y gbnmr nrmnmr. Slr S lr `l tbktl, pdmksb qum ‐QLAB MA]NBNDÞK M^ FBKDS]@BNDÞK‖. ^m prmjuktb ¼quä ms m` glfirm y pbrb pb rb quä mstâ< Mstb tmlræb nlktmstbrâ5 ms KBAB y mstâ pbrb KBAB. Ms amndr qum kl slfls kbab prmamtmrfdkbal, kl tmkmfls msmkndb kd hdkb`daba prmmstbi`mndab, sdkl qum slfls ukb mxdstmkndb p`mkbfmktm bidmrtb. Mstbfls nlkamkbals b smr `dirms adræb ^BYQYM. Nlk uk suemtl plaræbfls gbnmr nub`qudmr nlsb y ä` fdsfl plaræb gbnmr nub`qudmr nlsb am sæ fdsfl. ¼Nþfl amimræbfls vd vdvdr< vdr< Mstâ prmjuktb kl tdmkm rmspumstb. Sums, kl gby uk nþfl vdvdr plr kbturb`mzb. Amsam ukb pmrspmntdvb iuadstb, smjõk Iuab sd rmh`mxdlkbfls, kls abrmfls numktb am qum trbs tlabs `bs bpbrdmkndbs kl gby kbab y klsltrls fdsfls kl slfls kbab. Qlal ms uk eumjl d`uslrdl. @b pmabjljæb tmkaræb qum amflstrbrkls msb kbab. T mk msl nlksdstm `b fmadtbndþk mk `dimrbrkls am tlal smktdfdmktl, am tlab dktmkndþk y am tlal pmksbfdmktl? l qudzâs nlktmfp`br`ls pbsbr sdk damktdhdnbrkls nlk m``ls. m`` ls.

9. Mfltdvdsfl y iõsqumab am `b hm`dndaba Bhdrfb qum kumstrb msmkndb slk `ls smktdfdmktls. @b hdkb`daba õ`tdfb am `b vdab ms `b hm`dndaba, b` hdk y b` nbil ukb pmrslkb amimræb b`nbkzbr uk mstbal smktdfmktb` plsdtdvl y aurbamrl mk `l plsdi`m. @b ilkaba am `b vdab sm fdam plr `b hm`dndaba vdvdab. @ls smktdfmktb`dstbs nlksdamrbk qum tmkmfls uk humrtm smktdfdmktl mfpâtdnl qum kls gbnm mstbr b`mjrm nubkal mstâk b`mjrms kumstrls smfmebktms y suhrdr nubkal mstls ms tls suhrmk. Qbfidäk tmkmfls smktdfdmktls nlk m` trbtl sl`dabrdl gbndb `bs ` bs pmrslkbs, plr memfp`l5 smktdfdmktls am dkeustdndb nubkal vmfls uk trbtl amsdjub`. amsdj ub`. M` flal am rmb`dzbr mstb maunbndþk mflndlkb` mstâ ibsbal mk m` bflr y m` rmspmtl plr m` smktdfdmktl am `ls ngdnls l am` maunbkal, amsam m` prdfmr flfmktl am su mxdstmkndb mxd stmkndb mk m` smkl fbtmrkl gbstb m` õ`tdfl aæb am su vdab. ^l`l fmadbktm m` rmspmtl am `ls smktdfdmktls smktdfd mktls plamfls nlksmjudr nlkaundr b ukb pmrslkb b bqum``l qum `m nlkvdmkm pbrb vdvdr ukb vdab iumkb y hm`dz. Slamfls mstbr smjurls am tlal bqum``l qum rmsu`tb fâs al`lrlsl qum sbtdshbntlrdl ms pmreuadndb` y kl suplkm ukb nlrrmntb maunbndþk. Mk msm nbfdkl gby qum abr prdlrdaba b `b sbtdshbnndþk qum b` al`lr. ]kb bafdkdstrbndþk idmk fmadab am p`bnmrms y al`lrms, prmfdls y nbstdjls nbstdj ls ms `b õkdnb fbkmrb am nlkaundr b b`judmk gbndb alkam qumrmfls qum vbyb, `l qum sm sum`m ``bfbr dkbamnubabfmktm d kbamnubabfmktm nlkauntdsfl.

 

>. Xl`uktba y maunbndþk mk m` amimr @b nbpbndaba fâs butþklfb pbrb amndadr kumstrls bntls. Mstl kl dfp`dnb kmjbr qum `ls smktdfdmktls l `b rbzþk tmkjbk uk humrtm pmsl mk kumstrbs amndsdlkms, pmrl, b` hdk y b` nbil, pmsm b tlabs `bs rbzlkms qum kls pumab lhrmnmr kumstrl mktmkadfdmktl y hrmktm b tlabs `bs fltdvbndlkms mflndlkb`ms qum tmkjbfls, b` hdk gbnmfls `l qum qumrmfls, `l qum kumstrb vl`uktba amndam. @b pmabjljæb vl`uktbrdstb sm prmjuktb ¼Nþfl amimræbfls maunbr b uk glfirm< Bglrb kl ms `l fâs dfplrtbktm `b maunbndþk mflndlkb`, sdkl `b am `b nlkndmkndb flrb`. Kl gby qum hlfmktbr qum `bs nlsbs sm gbjbk plr mfpbtæb, plr fdmal l nub`qudmr ltrl smktdfdmktl, sdkl plr m` amimr fdsfl. ^m slstdmkm qum kl sm pumam maunbr fmadbktm prmfdls y nbstdjls, plrqum smræb badmstrbr b uk smr smrvd`, b` nlktrbrdl, b vmnms gby qum mksmòbr b slirmplkmrsm b `ls smktdfdmktls plr fuy nlfpbsdvls nlfpbsdv ls qum smbk sdkl rmsplkamk b `l eustl. Ms ndmrtl qum tmkmfls smktdfdmktls flrb`ms, nlfl m` smktdfdmktl am rmspmtl gbndb `l eustl l m` am brrmpmktdfdmktl plr kumstrb fb`b nlkauntb. Gby qum nu`tdvbr y b`bibr msls smktdfdmktls, pmrl kl pumam nrmmrsm nrm mrsm qum msls smktdfdmktls smbk m` lrdjmk am `b ` b flrb`daba. Kd maunbrsm mk m` adsnursl am qum tmkmfls qum smr eustls pbrb sbtdshbnmr msls smktdfdmktls. Mktlknms amimfls prmjuktbrkls5 ¼sd `b nlkndmkndb flrb` yb `b tmkmfls pbrb qum ms kmnmsbrdl maunbr`b< @bs liemndlkms b `b bktrlpl`ljæb bktrlpl`ljæ b y pmabjljæb vl`uktbrdstb ms qum ukb pmrslkb pumam m`mjdr m` fb` sbidäkal`l, nubkal sm m`djm m`d jm `l dkeustl m` suemtl sbim qum amimræb qumrmr `l nlktrbrdl, mstl ms `l qum gbnm qum tmkjb smktdal `ls nlknmptls am färdtl y nu`pb. ^lfls nu`pbi`ms plrqum sbidmkal qum ms iumkl y qum ms fb`l, msnljmfls `l fb`l, y tlals `ls  eudndls qum gbnmfls am `bs pmrslkbs, abfls plr supumstl supumstl qum m`djdmrlk `l pmlr b sbidmkabs. @b pmrslkb kl ms kmjlndbi`m. @b maunbndþk kl amim nlksdstm mk uk bf bfbmstrbfdmktl bmstrbfdmktl l badmstrbfdmktl mflndlkb`. Kl nub`qudmr sbtdshbnndþk ms bamnubab, sdkl bqum``bs qum sm bplybk mk m` smktdal am `b `dimrtba y `b eustdndb.

1. Nlkþnmtm b td fdsfl Ms ukb nlknmpndþk am` glfirm qum nl`lnb m` kõn`ml am `b pmrslkb`daba mk `b rbzþk, pmrl kl nlfl `b rbzþk qum mktdmkam `b ndmkndb, `b rbzþk dkstrufmktb` l nb`nu`balrb, sdkl mk m` smktdal am `b nbpbndaba am dktudr l vmr `b msmkndb y m` vb`lr am `bs nlsbs, `b rbzþk nlfl nlfprmksdþk l jklsds. Qlabs `bs nu`turbs numktbk nlk ukb nlrrdmktm jkþstdnb, pbrb `b nub` nlknmptls nlfl pmnbal y nu`pb nbrmnmk am smktdal, sdmkal sustdtudals plr `ls am mrrlr m djklrbkndb. Mstl kl qudmrm amndr qum sm djklrm m` rmstl am nbpbndabams l am hbnu`tbams u ltrls bspmntls am `b psdqum, pmrl sæ qum sm `b suilradkb b `b nbpbndaba am nlfprmksdþk. Slamfls amndr qum qumrmfls bqum``l qum ms iumkl y adshrutbfls ad shrutbfls nlk bqum``l qum qumrmfls. @l qum nlfprmkal `l qudmrl. @l qum qudmrl fm gbnm hm`d hm`dz. z. Xmraba, idmk y im``mzb mstâk nlkmntbal y mk msm lramk. @ls adhmrmktms bspmntls dktm`mntdvl, vl`dtdvl y mfltdvl ms `l fdsfl. Mstb hd`lslhæb hum amsbrrl``bab plr ^þnrbtms y S`btþk. ^lnrbtms vdvdþ y furdþ ibel `b amflnrbndb btmkdmksm. ^mjõk ^þnrbtms, quä slfls y qum kls nlrrmsplkam. ¼Ruä ms m`

 

glfirm< ¼Ruä ms `l iumkl< ¼Ruä ms `b vdrtua< Nþfl vdvdr ukb vd vdab ab iumkb y amnmktm. @l prdfmrl qum amimfls sbimr ms quä slfls.

‐Nlkþnmtm b td fdsfl‖. ^þnrbtms bktm m` eurbal qum `l nlkamkþ b fumrtm, ddksdstdþ ksdstdþ mk qum ä` sþ`l sm amadnbib b iusnbr rbzlkms y b` pbrmnmr amnæb smr mxpmrtl mk bflr. S`btþk hum uk ird``bktm adsnæpu`l am ^þnrbtms, qudmk trbs`bal ukb vdsdþk am` glfirm dktmrprmtbab b kumstrb fbkmrb y ms5 m` glfirm ms uk smr mspdrdtub` nbpbz am nlfprmkamr, mk ndmrtl flal `bs dambs mtmrkbs, qum slk `b msmkndb am `bs nlsbs. @b rmb`daba butäktdnb. @b kbturb`mzb fbtmrdb` l nlrpþrmb am` glfirm kl ms fâs qum ukb dfbjmk am su msmkndb, dkbnnmsdi`m b `ls lels am `b nbrkm. Smrl m` glfirm mk su nbæab, djklrb su prlpdb kbturb`mzb y sm damktdhdnb nlk uk trlzl am nbrkm flrtb`, amsbtmkadmkal `l fâs dfplrtbktm qum gby mk ä`5 `b vmraba y `b eustdndb.

¼Ruä tdmkm qum amndr `b Hd`lslhæb bnmrnb am `b Maunbndþk< ¼Ruä rm`bndþk gby mktrm m``bs< Rudzâs plrqum fm amadnl b `bs als nlsbs b `b vmz y b` fdsfl tdmfpl, pdmksl qum hd`lslhæb y maunbndþk mstâk fuy mstrmngbfmktm rm`bndlkbabs. Mk ndmrtl flal, dkn`usl, pdmksl qum "hd`lslhæb am `b maunbndþk" ms nbsd uk nlknmptl rmaukabktm. Nlfl fækdfl, Hd`lslhæb am `b Maunbndþk y Maunbndþk mk `b Hd`lslhæb slk als nlsbs fuy prþxdfbs. Slrqum `b Hd`lslhæb, smjõk adnm `b pb`birb, ms "bfdstba nlk m` sbimr", bflr b `b sbidauræb, mktmkadmkal "sbidauræb" kl sl`l mk m` smktdal tmþrdnl am nlklnmr nlsbs b hlkal y amsam sus hukabfmktls (sbimr `l fâs plsdi`m `b msmkndb am nbab nlsb), sdkl tbfidäk mk m` smktdal "prântdnl" am sbimr vdvdr, sbimr vdvdr ukb vdab iumkb (`l qum b `l fmelr kl ms `l fdsfl qum abrsm ukb "iumkb vdab"). T sm suplkm qum `b Maunbndþk (b adhmrmkndb am `b dkstrunndþk, d kstrunndþk, `b mksmòbkzb tänkdnl-prlhmsdlkb`, l nlsbs sdfd`brms) tdmkm nlfl fmtb amndrkls l byuabrkls b sbimr ``mvbr ukb vdab iumkb. ^bimr quä ms vdvdr, y sbimr vdvdr, hd`lslhæb y maunbndþk. Bsæ qum `b Hd`lslhæb (slirm tlal mk su bspmntl fâs prântdnl) y `b Maunbndþk, trbtbk, mk ndmrtl flal, am nþfl vdvdr idmk, idmk mk m` smktdal fâs p`mkl am mstb pb`birb. Dkn`usl plaræb sunmamr (msl nrmmk, b` fmkls, b`jukls b`j ukls hd`þslhls) qum m` vdvdr idmk humsm, slirm tlal, `b prântdnb fdsfb am `b ` b Hd`lslhæb, ms amndr, m` amsml am nlfprmkamr. Rudzâs nlfprmkamr ms `b fmelr l ukb am `bs ` bs fmelrms fbkmrbs am mstbr mk m` fukal, l ukl am sus bspmntls msmkndb`ms. Qbfidäk pumam qum kl, l qum dkn`usl `l fmelr f melr smb kl pmksbr....