Cuadernos Energias Renovables para Todos Biocarburantes Fenercom

 

3

Cjoifrcurfdths  Ahsñ  Ah sñss Nh Nhrd rdæd ædlh lhz, z, Mu Muko ko @u @uif ifss  y Eh Ehrrih ihlh lhss Cf Cf`` ``hs hsth thro ros  s 

CJOIOECXY\JC@HY

@ÅVXJLOY WFSF WFSF H@ \SFDYWOS \SFDYWOS\H \H. @f lhdoejdfijùd lh cjoioecustjc`hs `åqujlos sh fp`jif f udf shrjh lh proluitos lh orjkhd cjo`ùkjio utj`jzfc`hs ioeo ioecustjc`hs lh sustjtuijùd lh `os lhrjvflos lh` phtrù`ho o ioeo fljtjvos lh êstos pfrf su uso hd eotorhs. Yh puhlhd utj`jzfr tfdto hd `os eotorhs lh hxp`osjùd lh hdihdljlo por imjspf (iji`o Otto), ioeo hd `os lh ioecustjùd jdthrdf por ioeprhsjùd (iji`o Ljhsh`).

Hstos proluitos sh octjhdhd ehljfdth `f trfdsnorefijùd lh efthrjfs prjefs lh orjkhd vhkhtf` y prhshdtfd lhthrejdflfs ifrfithråstjifs njsjio-quåejifs sjej`frhs f `fs lh `os ioecustjc`hs iodvhdijodf`hs lhrjvflos lh` phtrù`ho.Hd `ho. Hd f`kudos pfåshs pfåshs hurophos, hurophos, prjdijpf`ehdth hd Nrfdijf, f hsth krupo lh ioepuhstos ioepuhstos sh `hs lhdoejdf ‐cjoifrcurfdths― y sh lhaf `f lhdoejdfijùd khdêrjif lh cjoioecustjc`h pfrf `os proluitos proihlhdths lh `f cjoefsf quh sh utj`jihd hd fp`jifijodhs têrejifs (jdi`ujlf `f proluiijùd lh h`hitrjijlfl) y quh iodstjtuyhd h` krupo lh `os cjoioecustjc`hs sù`jlos.

\JWOY LH CJOIFSCXSFD\HY

@os cjoifrcurfdths, cjoifrcurfdths, o cjoioecustjc`hs `åqujlos `åqujlos pfrf h` trfdsporth (C@\), (C@\), hdk`ocfd hd `f fituffituf`jlfl los tjpos lh proluitos1 proluitos1 h` cjohtfdo` y sus lhrjvflos, pfrf sustjtujr pfrijf` pfrijf` o totf`ehdth f `fs kfso`jdfs o f `os fljtjvos quh sh utj`jzfd hd `os eotorhs lh hxp`osjùd pfrf fuehdtfr h` ådljih lh oitfdo2 oitfdo2 y h` cjoljhsh` ioeo suihlædho suihlædho lh` kfsù`ho lh futoeoijùd (tfecjêd lhdoejdflo dfl o cjokfsù`h cjokfsù`ho o o ljhsthr), ljhsthr), pro prolui luijlo jlo por trfdshsthrjnjifijùd (rhfiijùd hdtrh ud êsthr y ud f`iomo`) f`iomo`) lh fihjths fihjths vhkhtf`hs, vhkhtf`hs, dfturf`hs o usflos. usfl os. Ifl Iflff udo lh lh hstos cjoif cjoifrcurf rcurfdths dths puhlh lfr orjkhd f shdlfs jdlustrjfs fkrfrjfs hd `fs quh sh puhlh iodthep`fr k`ocf`ehdth `f proluiijùd lh `f efthrjf prjef ehljfdth iu`tjvos hsphiånjios y `f trfdsnorefijùd lh êstf hd cjoifrcurfdth.

 

9

Otros proluitos `åqujlos tf`hs ioeo h` ehtfdo` octhdjlo f pfrtjr lh `f cjoefsf trftflf por proihsoss threoquåejios, `os êsthrhs proluijlos proihso proluijlos iod krfsfs fdjef`hs o `os fihjths vhkhtf`hs sjd trfdshsthrjnjifr,, puhlhd shr iodsjlhrflos trfdshsthrjnjifr iodsjlhrflos tfecjêd ioeo ioeo cjoifrcurfdths, cjoifrcurfdths, phro su uso fituf` ioeo tf`hs tjhdh poif jeportfdijf rh`ftjvf.

H@ CJOH\FDO@ H` htfdo` sh puhlh octhdhr f pfrtjr lh` phtrù`ho o por våf cjo`ùkjif ehljfdth proihsos lh nhrehdtfijùd. nhrehdtfijù d. H` f`iomo` htå`jio lh orjkhd orjkhd vhkhtf` (cjohtfdo`) sh octjhdh por nhrehdtfijùd lh eostos fzuifrflos, fzuifrflos, quh lfd `ukfr f ‐vjdos― lh krflo f`iomù`jio vfrjfc`h (doref`ehdth hdtrh h` 67 y h` 68 %). Hsth f`iomo` sh puhlh puhlh iodihdiodihdtrfr eæs tfrlh por lhstj`fijùd mfstf `f octhdijùd lh` lhdoejdflo "f`iomo` mjlrftflo" ( =8 :8 9>;

:79 =: 67> 887

6.67

’ 673 66= 8;7

bA/bk

.=77

3.777

bk/` bk/ie3

KFYO@JDF 7,;8 7,;8

H\CH

 

8

lh `f nfcrjifijùd lh` htfdo` y `f lhphdlhdijf lh` jsocutj`hdo (sucproluito (sucproluito lh `fs rhnjdhråfs) pfrf su nfcrjifijùd. Hd HH.XX y h` rhsto lh pfåshs fehrjifdos `o `o eæs nrhiuhdth nrhiuhdth hs utj`jzfr utj`jzfr htfdo` fcso`uto, fcso`uto, fpto pfrf ehzi`frsh iod `f kfso`jdf y utj`jzfrsh utj`jzfrs h hd tolo tjpo lh eotorhs lh` iji`o Otto. Otto. Hd Huropf sh hstæ utj`jzfdlo utj`jzfdlo efyorjtfrjfehdth efyorjtfrjfehdth H\CH, fudquh `f thdlhdijf hs jr tfecjêd mfijf `f utj`jzfijùd lh` htfdo`` fcso`uto. htfdo fcso`uto. Otrf thdlhdij thdlhdijff hs utj`jzfr utj`jzfr h` htfdo` hd ehzi`fs suphrjorhs (=8% lh htfdo` y 68% lh kfso`jdf) `os vhmåiu`os NN^ (N`hxjc`h Nuh`hd ^hmji`hs), ioeo lhdoejdflos yf sh hstæ mfijhdlo ijhdl o hd HH.XX. HH.XX. y Yuhijf, Yuhijf, por hahep`o. hahep`o.

IÙEO YH WSOLXIH @f proluiijùd lh cjohtfdo` sh rhf`jzf f pfrtjr lh  aukos  auk os fzu fzuifr ifrflo floss lh lh pro prolui luitos tos fkr fkråio` åio`fs fs rjio rjioss hd hd h``os (tf``o lh `f iföf lh fzñifr o lh` sorko fzuifrflo, rfåz lh rheo`fimf o eh`fzfs lh fzuifrhfzuifrhråf por hahep`o) o f pfrtjr pfrt jr lh proluitos quh iodtjhdhd f`ejlùd o jdu`jdf (krfdos lh ihrhf`hs, tucêriu`os lh pftftfs o rfåihs lh hdljvjf por hahep`o), f `os quh prhvjfehdth prhvjfehdth mfy mfy quh mjlro`jmjlro`jzfr pfrf octhdhr k`uiosf y/o nruitosf quh norefræd pfrth lh` eosto fzuifrflo. fzuifrflo. Xdf thrihrf posjposj-

Octhdijùd lh` htfdo` Cjoefsf fzuifrflf

Cjoefsf fej`æihf

Cjoefsf ih`u`ùsjif

Mjlrù`jsjs iodvhdijodf`

Mjlrù`jsjs nuhrth

Eosto nhrehdtfc`h Nhrehdtfijùd Lhstj`fijùd

H\FDO@

^jdfzfs

Ihrhf`hs, Ihrhf`h s, rh rheo`f eo`fimf imf y iföf lh fzñifr  Hd HH.XX y f`kudos f`kudos pfåshs pfåshs hurophos, hurophos, `f nuhdth  prjdijpf`  prjdijp f` lh octhdij octhdijùd ùd lh htfdo` htfdo` sod `os ihrhf`h ihrhf`hss  y `f rheo`fimf rheo`fimf,, ejhdtrfs ejhdtrfs quh hd `os pfåshs lh lh i`jef tropjif` sh utj`jzf `f iföf lh fzñifr.  F pfrtjr lh lh krfdos krfdos lh ihrhf`hs ihrhf`hs sh puhlh octhdhr  octhdhr  cjohtfdo` f rfzùd lh ud `jtro por iflf 3,8-9 bk2 f pfrtjr lh rfåihs lh rheo`fimf sh octjhdh 6 `jtro lh cjohtfdo` por iflf 67 bk lh rfåihs2 hd h` ifso lh `f iföf lh fzñifr `f octhdijùd lh 6 `jtro lh cjohtfdo` rhqujhrh hdtrh 68 y 37 bk lh iföf.  Hd `fs lhstj`h lhstj`hråfs råfs iodvhdijo iodvhdijodf`hs, df`hs, iufdlo iufdlo sh utj`jzfd ihrhf`hs o rheo`fimf mfy quh rhiurrjr f udf nuhdth hxthrdf lh hdhrkåf pfrf `f octhdijùd lh` htfdo`, lh efdhrf quh mfy quh ljshöfr euy cjhd `fs p`fdtfs sj sh qujhrh quh h` cf`fdih hdhrkêtjio lh proluiijùd lh htfdo` (iu`tjvo y trfdsnorefijùd) shf posjtjvo. Hd h` ifso lh `f iföf lh fzñifr, trfs `f hxtrfiijùd lh` auko fzuifrflo quhlf ud cfkfzo lh efthrjf`  `jkdoih`u`ùsjio quh sh utj`jzf doref`ehdth ioeo ioecustjc`h hd `f propjf lhstj`hråf, mfijhdlo h`   proihso lh octhdijùd octhdijùd lh htfdo` htfdo` totf`ehdt totf`ehdthh futùdoeo lhslh h` pudto lh vjstf hdhrkêtjio, sjd dhihsjlfl lh utj`jzfr ioecustjc`hs nùsj`hs.  Hd `f fituf`j fituf`jlfl, lfl, h` proihso lh proluiijùd proluiijùd lh cjohtfdo` sf`h eæs ifro quh h` htfdo` octhdjlo lh `os proluitos phtro`ånhros, yf quh fquê` sh rhf`jzf f pfrtjr lh iu`tjvos trfljijodf`hs pfrf `f  proluiijùd  proluii jùd f`jehdtf f`jehdtfrjf, rjf, por por `o quh sus prhijos prhijos sod suphrjorhs f `os lh `os proluitos hdhrkêtjios iod h` ejseo iodthdjlo if`ùrjio, sj cjhd, iod `os prhijos fituf`hs lh` irulo, hsf ljnhrhdijf hs iflf vhz ehdor. Hd iuf`qujhr ifso, pfrf `okrfr `f rhdtfcj`jlfl lh` cjohtfdo` hs dhihsfrjo iodtfr iod sucvhdijodhs quh fejdorhd h` iosth lh `f efthrjf prjef, o cusifr efthrjfs prjefs eæs cfrftfs quh `fs trfljijodf`hs.

 

>

cj`jlfl hs usfr cjoefsf `jkdoih`u`ùsjif lh `f quh, por mjlrù`jsjs lh `f ih`u`osf,sh ih`u`osf, sh puhlh octhdhr k`uiosf nhrehdtfc`h. nhrehdtfc`h. @os los prjehros prjehros ifsos sod `f nuhdth efyorjtfrjf efyorjtfrjf lh cjohtfdo` hd `f fituf`jlfl.H` fituf`jlfl. H` thrihr ifso hs h` eæs ftrfyhdth por `f fcudlfdijf y cfao prhijo lh `f cjoefsf `jkdoih`u`ù `jkdoih`u`ùsjif, sjif, phro tjhdh por lh`fdth tolfvåf udf htfpf lh J+L J+L.. H` proihso lh proluiijùd hs h` sjkujhdth1 Xdf vhz octhdjlo h` eosto fzuifrflo, `fs `hvflurfs, `hvflurfs, hd fushdijf fushdijf lh lh oxåkhdo oxåkhdo,, trfdsnor▧

   f    r    h    u    q    s    o     E    f    p    f     W

efd `f k`uiosf hd htfdo`. htfdo`. 677 677 k lh k k`uiosf sh octjhdhd 86,6 kWor lh iflf htfdo` y .777 =;; 9.;79 8 >.777  Nuhdth1 h`fcorfi h`fcorfijùd jùd propjf propjf

JD^HY\JKFI D^HY\JKFIJÙD JÙDZ Z LHYFSSO@@O LHYFSSO@@O LH@ CJOH\FDO@ Hdtrh `os iu`tjvos do iodvhdijodf`hs quh sh hstæd jdvhstjkfdlo pfrf `f proluiijùd lh cjohtfdo tf do`` lhs lhstf tfif ifd, d, hd pr prje jehr hr `u `ukf kfrr, `f pftfif (Mh`jfdtmus tuchrosus @.) y h` sorko fzuifrhro (York Yorkmue mue cjio`or cjio`or @. Eohd Eohdim im) y hd ud shkudlo `ukfr `os quh proluihd efthrjfs ih`u`ùsjifs y `os

rhstos lh ioshimfs, octhdijù octhdijùd d lhtolfhtfdo` f pfrtjr lh hsth fudquh tjpo lh `fcjoefsf hstæ våf hd nfsh lh J+L. @f pftfif hs ud iu`tjvo euy euy rñstjio, rhsjsthdth f p`fkfs y hdnhrehlfl hdnhrehlflhs. hs. Yh puhlhd octhdhr octhdhr proluiijodhs lh 8.777->.777 `jtros lh htfdo` por mhitærhf (f rfzùd lh ud `jtro por iflf 63 bk lh tucêriu`os), tucêriu `os), iod `f vhdtfaf lh quh quh sj sh utj`jzfd `os tf``os ioeo nuhdth lh hdhrkåf do sh dhihsjtf fporth if`ùrjio sup`hehdtfrjo pfrf `f lhstj`fijùd lh` f`iomo`.

    @     H     S     D

H` sorko shråf iu`tjvo prhnhrhdthehdth pfrffzuifrhro `os rhkflåos lhud zodfs iæ`jlfs y phrejtjråf suphrfr `os ’ 67 + 8 ; Lhsihdso jdlhthrejdflo + 97-87 * Lhsihdso jdlhthrejdflo

(Nuhdth1 Shport HXS 373=7 HD lh `f Ioejsjùd Hurophf (efyo lh 3773).

 

:

H` cjohtfdo` sh puhlh octhdhr f pfrtjr lh eñ`tjp`hs iu`tjvos,ioeo `os fzñifrhs lh iföf o rheo`fimf y h` f`ejlùd lh ihrhf`hs.

    @     H     S     D     ©

lh kfshs iodtfejdfdths y lh hnhito jdvhrdflhro sjdo tfecjêd por `f propjf dfturf`hzf lh` htfdo`, ud proluito so`uc`h hd fkuf y euimo eæs lhkrflf lhkr flfc`h c`h quh `os mjlr mjlroifr oifrcur curos. os. Fså, ejhd ejhdtrfs trfs quh `f h`jejdfijùd lh vhrtjlos fiijlhdtf`hs lh phtrù`ho puhlh ``hvfr ``hvfr föos, sj sh proluih ud vhrtjlo lh htfdo` su h`jejdfijùd polråf shr iuhstjùd lh låfs so`fehdth y iod cfstfdth ehdor ph`jkro lh toxjijlfl pfrf `os shrhs vjvos.

Flheæs, `f sustjtuijùd pfrijf pfrijf`` lh ud ioecustjioecustjc`h nùsj` por ud cjoifrcurfdth supodh hvjtfr `f jdiorporfijùd f `f fteùsnhrf lh` IO 3 proihlhdth lh` ioecustjc`h ioecustjc`h nùsj` sustjtujlo. Wor iflf `jtro lh kfso`jdf sustjtujlo sh hvjtf `f hejsjùd lh 6,=8 bk lh IO3, lh `os quh quh 6,;: iorrhspod iorrhspodlhd lhd f `f ioecustjùd ljrhitf lh` ifrcurfdth y h` rhsto f `os proihsos proihsos lh lh hxtrfiijùd, hxtrfiijùd, trfdsporth y rhnjdo.

Hdhrdflhro, iufdtoo,f `fs hejsjodhs lh kfshs ud lh hnhito jdvhrdflhr jdv h` cjohtfdo` cjohtfdo ` prhshdtf iji`o dhutro rhsphito f` IO3, yf quh tolo h` ifrcodo quh sh hejth hd `f ioecustjùd lh hsth f`iomo` iorrhspodlh f ifrcodo quh mfcåf sjlo prhvjf-

Shsphito f otros kfshs iodtfejdfdths y lh hnhito jdvhrdflhro, jdvhrdflhr o, hxihpto `os ùxjlos lh djtrùkhdo quh sh jdirhehdtfd hd ud 8% hd ioepfrfijùd iod `os proluijlos por h` uso lh `f kfso`jdf, `fs hejsjodhs lh `os lheæs lhirhihd.

ehdth rhtjrflo lh `f fteùsnhrf por h` iu`tjvo.

 

67

Octhdijùd lh` cjoljhsh` Fihjth

6.777 bk

Iftf`jzflor :,3 bk lh BOM

Ehtfdo` 68> bk

Shfitor

K`jihrjdf

Ehtfdo`

6;7 bk

39 bk

CJOLJHYH@ :>8 bk

H@ CJOLJHYH@ @os fihjths vhkhtf vhkhtf`hs, `hs, o lhrjvflos lhrjvflos lh êstos, êstos, puhlhd utj`jzfrsh hd eotorhs ljhsh` hd sustjtuijùd pfrijf` o totf` lh` lh` kfsù`ho lh futoeoijùd. futoeoijùd. Lh mhimo,, h` uso lh ioecustjc`hs vhkhtf`hs mhimo vhkhtf`hs hd hsth tjpo lh eotorhs hs ifsj tfd fdtjkuo ioeo h` ejseo eotor. eotor. Wruhcf lh h``o hs quh Sulo`n Ljhsh`, quh nuh nuh qujhd qujhd `os jdvhdtù jdvhdtù,, utj`j utj`jzù zù hd h` föo föo 6:77 fihjth lh ififmuhth ioeo ioecustjc`h.

Octhdijùd lh cjoljhsh` hd udf   p`fdt  p`f dtf f ioe ioepfi pfitf tf phq phquhö uhöf, f, lh  udf proluiijùd lh 877 `/m  (thido`okåf CL\, Fustrjf). H` iodsueo h`êitrjio lh hstf   p`fd  p` fdtf tf sh pu puhl hlhh ij ijnr nrfr fr hd 97 [m   porr iflf  po iflf `j `jtro tro lh cj cjolj oljhs hsh`  h`   prolui  pro luijlo jlo,, `o `o quh tr trflu fluij ijlo lo f  hdhrkåf prjefrjf shråf lh

Fmorf cjhd, `os fihjths fihjths vhkhtf`hs vhkhtf`hs utj`jzflos ljrhitfehdth hd eotorhs sjd prhiæefrf lh jdyhiijùd do rhsu`tfd rhsu`tfd flhiuflos1 flhiuflos1 prolu proluihd ihd rhsjluos ifrcodosos y fnhitfd f` sjsthef lh jdyhiijùd. ijù d. Yjd hecf hecfrk rko, o, hst hstos os fihjt fihjths hs utj`j utj`jzfl zflos os hd eotorhs lh jdyhiijùd jdljrhitf o lh prhiæefrf, så quh rhsu`tfd hnjifihs.\fecjêd sh puhlhd utj`jzfr `os fihjths sjd eoljnjifr, eoljnjifr, ehzi`flos hd ljvhrljvhrsfs proporijodhs proporijodhs iod h` kfsù`ho, phro `f thdlhdijf fituf` hs h` uso lh fihjths eoljnjiflos hd

679 bif` (iod ud rhdljejhdto  h`êitrjio lh` 38 %).

noref lh cjoljhsh` quh tjhdh udfs propjhlflhs propjhlflhs njsjio-quåejifs euy sjej`frhs f `fs lh` kfsù`ho.

Ifrfithråstjifs lh` fihjth lh io`zf y kjrfso` y lh sus êsthrhs ehtå`jios hd ioepfrfijùd iod h` kfsù`ho lh futoeoijùd IFSFI\HSJY\JIF Lhdsjlfl (k/ie9) ▧WIY hsphiånjio (EA/@) ▧WIJ hsphiånjio (EA/`) ▧^jsiosjlfl ee3/s 37±I ▧^jsiosjlfl ee3/s 87±I ▧D± lh Ihtfdo ▧Shsjluo ifrcodoso % ▧Fzunrh % ▧

FIHJ\H lh IO@QF KJSFYO@ 7,:6> 7,:3< 9;,3 9>,8 9