Cuaderno Coordinador de Mesa T2
August 11, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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Asbdgad a` bòmijk TU bkg tu ta`éhkgk sfdrtpckga
Budmargk ma trdedok ma`
Bkkrmigdmkr ma fasd ]5 Jaragbid ma Ighkrfdbiòg y Amubdbiòg A`abtkrd`
BQDMAUGK MA ]UDEDOK MA@ BKKUMIGDMKU MA FARD ]5
Bkgtagimk
^rasagtdbiòg ..........................................................................................................................= Rij`ds .......................................................................................................................................1 Bkkrmigdmkr ma fasd ]5 ...................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................88 Äfeitk ma trdedok .................................................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................88
]DUADR MA@ BKKUMIGDMKU MA FARD ]5 ............. .......................... .......................... ....................: .......: 4.4 Rajurimdm ma` prkbask prkbask (R^) .............................................................. ..........................................................................................9 ............................9 4.5 Bdpdbitdbiòg ma` parskgd` ma `d KM^A y KG^A (B^K) ...........................................45 4.2 Bdpdbitdbiòg ma dbtkras dbtkras a`abtkrd`as (BDA) (BDA) .............................................................5> 4.= Okrgdmd a`abtkrd` (OA@) ....................................................................... ...............................................................................................5: ........................5: 4.1 Uap`iajua ma fdtarid` a`abtkrd` a`abtkrd` (UFA) ................................................................ .....................................................................25 .....25
A@ABBIKGAR JAGAUD@AR 5>54
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A@ABBIKGAR JAGAUD@AR 5>54
^rasagtdbiòg @d Kbigd Gdbikgd` ma ^rkbasks A`abtkrd`as (KG^A), ag su bd`imdm ma dutkrimdm fäxifd ag `d p`dgibdbiòg, krjdgizdbiòg y aoabubiòg ma `ks prkbasks a`abtkrd`as, raharégmuf y ktrds bkgsu`tds pkpu`dras, cd bkghkrfdmk gkvagtd y budtrk (9=) Kbigds Masbagtrd`izdmds ma ^rkbasks A`abtkrd`as (KM^A) pdrd masdrrk``dr `ds dbtivimdmas prkjrdfdmds ma `ds pròxifds A`abbikgas Jagard`as 5>54. A` Ärad ma Bdpdbitdbiòg A`abtkrd` (DBA) ma `d Jaragbid ma Ighkrfdbiòg y Amubdbiòg A`abtkrd` (JIAA) cd a`dekrdmk asta budmargk ma trdedok pdrd sar uti`izdmk murdgta `d bdpdbitdbiòg y d `k `drjk ma` prkbask a`abtkrd` bkfk taxtk ma bkgsu`td.
= A` bkgtagimk tafätibk astä bagtrdmk ag `ds tdrads qua a` bkkrmigdmkr ma fasd ]5 maea bkgkbar pdrd a` bufp`ifiagtk ma `ks keoativks igstitubikgd`as. igstitubikgd`a s. Aspardfks qua asta fdtarid` dyuma d bkgkbar y d bufp`ir ma fdgard dmabudmd `ds hugbikgas qua astäg edok su raspkgsdei`imdm.
Jaragbid ma Ighkrfdbiòg y Amubdbiòg A`abtkrd`
BQDMAUGK MA ]UDEDOK MA@ BKKUMIGDMKU MA FARD ]5
BQDMAUGK MA ]UDEDOK MA@ BKKUMIGDMKU MA FARD ]5
Rij`ds DBA
Ärad ma Bdpdbitdbiòg A`abtkrd`
D]@X
Duxi`idr tébgibk ma `kbd` ma vktdbiòg
BDA
Bdpdbitdbiòg ma dbtkras a`abtkrd`as
B@X B@ X
Bkkrmigdmkr ma `kbd` ma vktdbiòg
BB^
Bkkrmigdmkr ma bagtrk pke`dmk
BM
Bkkrmigdmkr mistritd`
BA
Bdpdbitdmkr a`abtkrd`
B@X B@ X
Bkkrmigdmkr ma `kbd` ma vktdbiòg Bkkrmigdmkr ma fasd Bkgsaok Gdbikgd` pdrd `d Igtajrdbiòg ma `d ^arskgd bkg Misbdpdbimdm Bdpdbitdbiòg ma` parskgd` ma `d KM^A y `d KG^A
BF BKGDMIR
B^K B^^ AIA HH. DD JJA JIAA JI]A JKABKU
Bkgstitubiòg ^k`ætibd ma` ^arÿ Aquipk ighkrfätibk a`abtkrd` Huarzds Drfdmds Jaragbid ma Jastiòg A`abtkrd` Jaragbid ma Ighkrfdbiòg y Amubdbiòg A`abtkrd` Jaragbid ma Ighkrfätibd y ]abgk`kjæd A`abtkrd` Jaragbid ma Krjdgizdbiòg A`abtkrd` y Bkkrmigdbiòg Uajikgd`
UAGIAB
Jaragbid ma ^`dgadfiagtk y ^rasupuastk Uajistrk Gdbikgd` ma Imagtibdbiòg y Astdmk Bivi`
OAA
Ourdmk A`abtkrd` Aspabid`
OA@
Okrgdmd a`abtkrd`
@KA F]X
@ay Krjägibd ma A`abbikgas Fòmu`k tafpkrd` ma vktdbiòg
KM^A
Khbigd masbagtrd`izdmd ma prkbasks a`abtkrd`as
KG^A
Kbigd Gdbikgd` ma ^rkbasks A`abtkrd`as Kbigd Uajikgd` ma Bkkrmigdbiòg ^k`ibæd Gdbikgd` ma` ^arÿ Ristafd ma Jastiòg ma `d Bd`imdm Ristafd ma Uajistrk ma `d Bdpdbitdbiòg ma Dbtkras A`abtkrd`as
J^^
KUB ^G^ RJB RIUBDA
A@ABBIKGAR JAGAUD@AR 5>54
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A@ABBIKGAR JAGAUD@AR 5>54
Bkkrmigdmkr ma fasd ]5 As a` prkhasikgd` agbdrjdmk ma rad`izdr a` rap`iajua ma skeras p`kfks pkr agtrajds, masma a` bagtrk ma dbkpik ma` `kbd` ma vktdbiòg d `d sama ma `d KM^A. Dmafäs, dpkyd d` bkkrmigdmkr ma `kbd` ma vktdbiòg y d `ks bkkrmigdmkras ma fasd y erigmd kriagtdbiòg d `ks dbtkras a`abtkrd`as.
Äfeitk ma trdedok
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Bu`figdmd su bdpdbitdbiòg, a` bkkrmigdmkr ma fasd ]5 sa masp`dzd d` mistritk mkgma sa agbuagtrd a` `kbd` ma vktdbiòg dsijgdmk. Asta as a` äfeitk ag a` qua masdrrk``dräg sus dbtivimdmas a`abtkrd`as, dmafäs sa igtarra`dbikgdrä mirabtdfagta bkg a` bkkrmigdmkr ma `kbd` ma vktdbiòg y a` bkkrmigdmkr ma fasd.
»Tué as ug `kbd` ma vktdbiòg; As a` aspdbik mkgma hugbikgdg `ds fasds ma suhrdjik murdgta `d okrgdmd a`abtkrd`, pkr `k jagard` skg `kbd`as mkgma hugbikgdg igstitubikgas igstitubik gas amubdtivds pÿe`ibds k privdmds.
BQDMAUGK MA ]UDEDOK MA@ BKKUMIGDMKU MA FARD ]5
BQDMAUGK MA ]UDEDOK MA@ BKKUMIGDMKU MA FARD ]5
]drads ma` bkkrmigdmkr ma fasd ]5 @d KM^A aoabutd tkmds sus dbtivimdmas a`abtkrd`as skera `d edsa ma `ks prkbasks ma skpkrta, `ks qua d su vaz jdrdgtizdg a` masdrrk``k ma `ks prkbasks kpardtivks ma` sistafd sista fd ma jastiòg ma `d bd`imdm. D bkgtigudbiòg, prasagtdfks a` jräbk qua bkfpragma tkmks `ks prkbasks qua igtarviagag ag ugd KM^A.
:
A@ABBIKGAR JAGAUD@AR 5>54
A@ABBIKGAR JAGAUD@AR 5>54
K I B A B R
a ` k d m t d u r k f p t a f b a t ` s ò i b a R
` d ` a i u r d a r j t k a d t i ` b p f a a a ` U m a
A F U @ A O
d ` a m A ^ a M r r K a i B
s d z G I g d g H i H
` d d m r k d t g b r a ` k O a
R F M
a ` k d i i u j j r a d a t h r i ` d u p f s s a a a M m m
R F B
3
s a g k i b d F b i K g B u f k B
g a ò i m b s i k d d j s d f r a h r k f h u g a s k m B
F F M R K X I ] D U A ^ K R K R A B K U ^
BQDMAUGK MA ]UDEDOK MA@ BKKUMIGDMKU MA FARD ]5
d
b i J t s æ K j k @ @
g s k ò i r d b e s a d f g a f i j i a s f a a m M m
A D B
k s a b k r p ` a ^ m R m d m i r u j a R
g s a s ò a i r ` k b t d d b r t i d k b s t d k b a p ` ` d a a B m
K ^ B
` g A ò d i ^ g b k d s M t r K i b a d ` d p ` a p d a m m B
K F I
g ò i A b ^ d t M g K a d ` f a a ` m p f I
s k g . d C f u C C . s U k s U r u b a U
A ] U K ^ K R A M R K R A B K U ^
BQDMAUGK MA ]UDEDOK MA@ BKKUMIGDMKU MA FARD ]5
4.4. Rajurimdm ma` prkbask (R^) @d sajurimdm ma` prkbask a`abtkrd` tiaga bkfk keoativk astde`abar famimds pravagtivds ma sajurimdm pdrd qua `ks bkfibiks sa masdrrk``ag ag bkrrabtk krmag. Ma astd fdgard, sa jdrdgtizdrä a` `iera aoarbibik ma` marabck ma vktk, a` hugbikgdfiagtk ma `ds fasds ma vktdbiòg, dsæ bkfk `d bustkmid ma `ks `kbd`as ma vktdbiòg, `d prktabbiòg prktab biòg ma` parskgd` ma `d KG^A, ma` fdtarid` a`abtkrd` y ma `ks aquipks ighkrfätibks a`abtkrd`as.
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Dbtivimdmas jagard`as ma` bkkrmigdmkr ma fasd ]5 y
Bk`dekrdr bkg `ds igmibdbikgas hkrfu`dmds pkr `d Kbigd ma Rajurimdm y Mahagsd Gdbikgd` (KRMG), ag bdsk ma prkmubirsa ugd afarjagbid ma sd`um k ug sisfk.
A@ABBIKGAR JAGAUD@AR 5>54
A@ABBIKGAR JAGAUD@AR 5>54
^dsks
pdrd pravagir y/k dtagmar bkgtigjagbids pkr afarjagbids y masdstras ag `d sama ma `d KM^A Ma dbuarmk bkg a` prkbamifiagtk KM>4-KRMG/R^ skera sajurimdm ma` prkbask a`abtkrd` ma `d KRMG, `d raspkgsdei`imdm ma mirijir `ds tdrads rabda mirabtdfagta ag a` oaha ma `d KM^A y ag a` jastkr ma `d KUB. Rig afedrjk, as ifpkrtdgta mastdbdr qua `d bk`dekrdbiòg y a` bkfprkfisk ma tkmk a` parskgd` saräg b`dvas pdrd aghragtdr bud`quiar tipk ma situdbiòg.
Ag bdsk ma afarjagbid ma sd`um A` parskgd` ma `d KM^A as raspkgsde`a ma `k sijuiagta? 4. Bkfugibdrsa ma igfamidtk bkg `ks sarvibiks ma afarjagbid.
4>
5. Dbtudr sk`k si tiaga bkgkbifiagtk y sajurimdm< ag bdsk bkgtrdrik, gk maea igtarvagir gi mibu`tdr a` duxi`ik. 2. Bkgsarvdr `d trdgqui`imdm pdrd dbtudr bkg rdpimaz, trdgsfitiagmk bkgdgzd d` `asikgdmk. =. Dbkfpdôdr d` `asikgdmk y sk`ibitdr `d dyumd gabasdrid. 1. Ahabtudr ugd ravisiòg ma `d væbtifd pdrd masbuerir `asikgas mistigtds ma `ds qua fktivdrkg `d dtagbiòg y qua gk puamag sar fdgihastdmds pkr a``d k sus dbkfpdôdgtas. 8. Ma sar pksie`a, cdbar ugd imagtibdbiòg bkfp`atd ma `d væbtifd y ma sus dbkfpdôdgtas.
Ag bdsk ma sisfk k tarrafktk? A` parskgd` ma `d KM^A as raspkgsde`a ma `k sijuiagta? ^drtibipdr ma `ks sifu`dbrks mispuastks pkr `d agtimdm bkfpatagta y/k pkr `d KRMG. ^drd fdykr ighkrfdbiòg ravisdr mkbufagtks ma igtrdgat? KM>4-KRMG-R^ y KM>5-KRMG-R^
BQDMAUGK MA ]UDEDOK MA@ BKKUMIGDMKU MA FARD ]5
BQDMAUGK MA ]UDEDOK MA@ BKKUMIGDMKU MA FARD ]5
k s m d a m b i k v r i t p b
d ` a d ` m a m m d s i m s i a r t g u æ j R a
R
. G M k R ` g K k d ` r b d k r k u p t m r b a k D u m b i d b a ` a e M d t s a
d g ` a a B m U k K p . i u k u ` t r q g d t a d i a r r t ` f s a t s i k k g m f k f a b d k i m m g M d b k t m i r k , d A m i ^ ` k M R K
44
d a ` r s k r t k . p d k s s g a j d a ` s m a s d a r d r i r r ` p u u a a a t d b f m g k r m k k s s g h s a a k B d s b d k g r t i s m i g b d d s m a a a , u t m i G f s s M R d K @
r s . a d G g M m i k m R p K a a d ` m f r d a s r y ` d k e ` p k d p d s D g s b i m d k t b d ` p ä s r u a r p f ` g r k D a h
A@ABBIKGAR JAGAUD@AR 5>54
A@ABBIKGAR JAGAUD@AR 5>54
4.5. Bdpdbitdbiòg ma` parskgd` KM^A y KG^A (B^K) Rueprkbasks
Bdpdbitdbiòg virtud` safiprasagbid` ag `d p`dtdhkrfd KG^AMQBD pdrd a` parskgd` ma `d KM^A/KUB ]d``aras ma bdpdbitdbiòg masbagtrd`izdmd pdrd a` parskgd` ma `d KM^A Uaugikgas ma rahkrzdfiagtk d` parskgd` KM^A ag `ks mistritks @d bdpdbitdbiòg ma` parskgd` ma `d KM^A y `d KG^A tiaga bkfk keoativk trdgsharir bkgkbifiagtks, dbtud`izdr ighkrfdbiòg y pktagbidr `ds cdei`imdmas y mastrazds ma` parskgd` bkgtrdtdmk pdrd ug matarfigdmk jrupk kbupdbikgd`, ma td` fdgard qua sa agbuagtrag prapdrdmks pdrd aoabutdr ma hkrfd òptifd tkmds `ds tdrads qua sa `as dsijgag ag `d KM^A.
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Dbtivimdmas jagard`as ma` bkkrmigdmkr ma fasd ]5
^drtibipdr ag `d bdpdbitdbiòg virtud` safiprasagbid` ag `d p`dtdhkrfd KG^AMQBD.
^drtibipdr ag `ds raugikgas ma rahkrzdfiagtk ag a` mistritk dsijgdmk.
BQDMAUGK MA ]UDEDOK MA@ BKKUMIGDMKU MA FARD ]5
BQDMAUGK MA ]UDEDOK MA@ BKKUMIGDMKU MA FARD ]5
As gabasdrik ga basdrik bkfpdrtir `d sijuiagta ighkrfdbiòg?
»Tuiég as a` hdbi`itdmkr;
As `d parskgd raspkgsde`a ma bkgmubir y kriagtdr `ks prkbasks ma agsaôdgzd-dpragmizdoa qua tiagag `ujdr ag `ks td``aras ma bdpdbitdbiòg y `ds raugikgas ma rahkrzdfiagtk, ag `ks bud`as sa prkpkrbikgd d `ks pdrtibipdgtas a`afagtks qua `as parfitdg `kjrdr `ks dpragmizdoas pravistks. »Tué skg `ks jrupks kbupdbikgd`as;
Rkg `ks bdrjks k puastks ma trdedok tafpkrd`as pdrd ugd KM^A ma dbuarmk bkg a` prkbask a`abtkrd`< axijag par`as matarfigdmks y maeag bufp`ir hugbikgas aspabæbds. »Tué as a` fòmu`k ma bdpdbitdbiòg;
As a` rabursk pamdjòjibk virtud` qua bkgtiaga `ds tdrads ma bdmd jrupk kbupdbikgd`. Dmafäs bkgtiaga ighkrfdbiòg a`abtkrd` dbarbd ma` prkbask a`abtkrd` y prabisikgas skera `d cdei`imdmas skbid`as qua gabasitd bkgkbar y prdbtibdr tkmk bk`dekrdmkr ma `d KG^A. »Tué as a` budmargk ma trdedok;
As a` fdtarid` ma bdpdbitdbiòg ag a` qua sa matd``dg `ds dbtivimdmas y tdrads pdrd bdmd jrupk kbupdbikgd` bkrraspkgmiagta d` prkbask a`abtkrd` qua sa ``avdrä d bdek.
A@ABBIKGAR JAGAUD@AR 5>54
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A@ABBIKGAR JAGAUD@AR 5>54
Fkmd`imdmas ma bdpdbitdbiòg d. Bursks virtud`as ma bdpdbitdbiòg
Rkg aspdbiks ma dpragmizdoa masdrrk``dmks famidgta a` usk ma rabursks mijitd`as pkr `k qua sa raquiara ugd bkfputdmkrd bkg igtargat. @ks pdrtibipdgtas igtardbtÿdg bkg a` hdbi`itdmkr d pdrtir ma sus sdearas praviks pdrd bkgstruir guavks dpragmizdoas. ]d``aras ``aras ma bdpdbitdbiòg masbagtrd`izdmd e. ]d
Rkg aspdbiks ag qua `ks pdrtibipdgtas eusbdg dskbidr `d takræd bkg `d präbtibd. ^drtibipdräg ag `ks td``aras sk`k `ks jrupks kbupdbikgd`as qua raquiarag bkgtagimk präbtibk bkg `ks mistigtks dp`ibdtivks ighkrfätibks y/k sk`ubikgas ma vktk a`abtrògibk bkfk a` RAD. b. Uaugikgas ma rahkrzdfiagtk
Rkg sasikgas pamdjòjibds ma dprkxifdmdfagta mks ckrds ma murdbiòg y sa bdrdbtarizdg pkr sar gatdfagta präbtibds< d miharagbid ma `ks td``aras, sa puama avd`udr `d partigagbid ma p`dgibdr sasikgas dmibikgd`as d g ma qua a` parskgd` masdrrk``a `ds cdei`imdmas aspardmds pdrd su òptifk masafpaôk.
4= D
E Bdpdbitdbiòg virtud`
]d``aras ma bdpdbitdbiòg masbagtrd`izdmd
BQDMAUGK MA ]UDEDOK MA@ BKKUMIGDMKU MA FARD ]5
B
Uaugikgas ma rahkrzdfiagtk
BQDMAUGK MA ]UDEDOK MA@ BKKUMIGDMKU MA FARD ]5
^dsks
pdrd `d bdpdbitdbiòg virtud` safiprasagbid` ag `d p`dtdhkrfd KG^AMQBD Ma dbuarmk d` IG>=-JIAA/B^K X>> Bkfk bkkrmigdmkrd ma fasd ]5, rad`izdré `k sijuiagta? 4. Uabieiré bkrrak a`abtrògibk a` usudrik y bkgtrdsaôd ma dbbask d`pkr bursk virtud`. 5. Uagmiré `d avd`udbiòg ma agtrdmd. 2. ^drtibipdré ag `ds dbtivimdmas prkjrdfdmds ag a` bursk virtud`
(avd`udbikgas, hkrks, bcdt, `abturds, atb.). =. Uagmiré `d avd`udbiòg ma sd`imd y ``agdré `d agbuastd ma
kpigiòg. 1. Hirfdré a` hkrfdtk HF>1-JIAA-B^K? Bdrjk ma agtrajd ma
budmargk ma trdedok pdrd a` parskgd` ma KM^A/KUB y KG^A.
41
A@ABBIKGAR JAGAUD@AR 5>54
A@ABBIKGAR JAGAUD@AR 5>54
HF>1-JIAA/B^K
BDUJK MA AG]UAJD MA BQDMAUGK MA ]UDEDOK ^DUD A@ ^AURKGD@ MA KM^A Y KG^A Dbtud`izdmk d` >9/45/5>5> >9/45/5> 5>
K ^ B / A A > I > J 1 > F H
> 5 > 5 / > 4 / 2 4
4 a m 4
? g ò i a b ? ? ? g m k ò d d d j i c e i g i m s r b k r j ò a a p ä B X H D ^
@ A D
48
U D ^ K O D A E ^ D G U K ] A Y M B K U G K / K U A ] D A ^ F M M U D K K Q A H B M A @ M D D G J K A U U R ] A G ^ A A M K J U D B
[ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ ? ` d r k t b a ` a k s a b k r ^
[ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ ?[ A ^ G K [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ ?[ B U K [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ ? A ^ M K
r a ` ` d t a m G
k m d z i ` d r t g a b s a M
k m d z i ` d r t g a B ? r a ` ` d ]
[ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ ? ` d g k i b d p u b k k p u r J
[ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [
D F U I H
R A U E F K G
[ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [
? d c b a H
R K M I @ @ A ^ D
-
I G M
¾ . G 4
BQDMAUGK MA ]UDEDOK MA@ BKKUMIGDMKU MA FARD ]5
… …
? g ò i b d t i b d p d b d ` a m a ` e d s g k p s a r ` a m k j r d b y s a r e f k g , s k m i ` ` a p d , d f r i H
` d t i j i m y d b i s æ h g ò i s r a v g a A A I J A B D ` d k m d j a r t g a ä r a s k t d f r k h a t s A ? D ] K G
BQDMAUGK MA ]UDEDOK MA@ BKKUMIGDMKU MA FARD ]5
^dsks
murdgta `ds raugikgas ma rahkrzdfiagtk Ma dbuarmk d` IG>5-JIAA/B^K X42
Bkfk bkkrmigdmkrd ma fasd ]5, rad`izdré `k sijuiagta? 4. ^drtibipdré ag `d raugiòg ma rahkrzdfiagtk prkjrdfdmd pkr
a` bkkrmigdmkr ma bdpdbitdbiòg k bdpdbitdmkr y rfdré a` hkrfdtk HF4>-JIAA-B^K? Uajistrk ma dsistagbid ma` parskgd` KM^A ag a` mistritk y bagtrk pke`dmk d `ds raugikgas ma rahkrzdfiagtk.
Fuy ifpkrtdgta A` bkkrmigdmkr mistritd` y/k bkkrmigdmkr ma bagtrk pke`dmk sa agbdrjdrä ma mihugmir bkg `d dgtibipdbiòg maeimd `ds habcds prkjrdfdmds pdrd ``avdr ``avdr d bdek `ds raugikgas ma rahkrzdfiagtk.
A@ABBIKGAR JAGAUD@AR 5>54
4:
A@ABBIKGAR JAGAUD@AR 5>54
HF4>-JIAA/B^K
UAJIR]UK MA DRIR]AGBID MA@ ^AURKGD@ KM^A AG A@ MIR]UI]K Y BAG]UK ^KE@DMK D @DR UAQGIKGAR MA UAHKU_DFIAG]K
Dbtud`izdmk d` >9/45/5>5> >9/45/5> 5>
…
K ^ B / A A = I > J > 4 F H
? k j i m ò B
9 4 > 5 / > 4 / = 4
? g ò a i ? m b g d ò d e i c k s r b r a a p X H D
43 K ] D F U K H
4 a m 4
? d g i j ä ^
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) * ( ` d k g p i k u r b J d p u b K
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BQDMAUGK MA ]UDEDOK MA@ BKKUMIGDMKU MA FARD ]5
- -
m d m i v i t b d d ` a m a ` s e d k s m g i ` k ` p a s p d a r y ` s a m a r d e f f r k i - H G
BQDMAUGK MA ]UDEDOK MA@ BKKUMIGDMKU MA FARD ]5
A ^ M K ` m d d g m k i v s i r t b d d ` a m s i s a t g æ R
a p ` a m g ò i b d t i b d p d B
d ` g ò i r g d u f r a r . r d y d ` i d p t b i g k a g g b i a a t t r a t i s i d g f ^ a d s d z r f k d v h i t a b r a d m
49 ` s d a a u t r g s i k i a v b u d d q ` u ` f d d d r k v m i ` u h a d r r t t s d s d i v d y ` ` p g d i p r i d b ò i i ` d m m t r b a g d d d a t t t r r ^ i g b g y i a d d m D a p d a b B Q m f d d M ` z A g i ^ ` a d G a r K
A@ABBIKGAR JAGAUD@AR 5>54
A@ABBIKGAR JAGAUD@AR 5>54
4.2. Bdpdbitdbiòg ma dbtkras a`abtkrd`as a`a btkrd`as (BDA) Rueprkbasks
Bdpdbitdbiòg ma dbtkras a`abtkrd`as - fkmd`imdm virtud`
Bdpdbitdbiòg ma dbtkras a`abtkrd`as - fkmd`imdm prasagbid` Okrgdmd ma bdpdbitdbiòg ma fiaferks ma fasd @d bdpdbitdbiòg ma dbtkras a`abtkrd`as as a` prkbask qua bkgsista ag hdbi`itdr ighkrfdbiòg a`abtkrd` y masdrrk``dr cdei`imdmas ag `ks biumdmdgks pdrd faokrdr `d bd`imdm ma su pdrtibipdbiòg ag ug prkbask a`abtkrd`.
5>
@ks `ks a`abtkrd`as a`abtkras, `ks `ks fiaferks ma `ds HH. DD. y ma fiaferks `d ^G^ skgma`ksfasd, dbtkras quaparskgarks, pdrtibipdg bkfk piazds hugmdfagtd`as qua jdrdgtizdg a` gkrfd` masdrrk``k ma `d okrgdmd a`abtkrd`. A` DBA a`dekrd a` p`dg ma bdpdbitdbiòg, ag a` qua sa astde`abag `ds fatds, `ks keoativks, keoativks , astrdtajids y `ds dbtivimdmas ma bdpdbitdbiòg mirijimds d `ks dbtkras a`abtkrd`as. ^rapdrd fdtarid`as aspabæbks pdrd bdmd ugk. Dsæ tagafks qua `ks fiaferks ma fasd buagtdg bkg ugd bdrti``d bdrti` `d ma igstrubbiòg ag `d qua sa astde`abag `ks pdsks pdrd `d igstd`dbiòg, suhrdjik y asbrutigik, ma fdgard äji` y bkfpragsie`a. @ks a`abtkras, `ks parskgarks y `ks mafäs dbtkras buagtdg bkg ugd bdrti``d ag `d qua sa `as erigmd ighkrfdbiòg raspabtk d bòfk maeag bufp`ir su rk`, dsæ bkfk `d ifpkrtdgbid pdrd
aoarbar`k ma fdgard bkgsbiagta.
BQDMAUGK MA ]UDEDOK MA@ BKKUMIGDMKU MA FARD ]5
BQDMAUGK MA ]UDEDOK MA@ BKKUMIGDMKU MA FARD ]5
Dbtivimdmas jagard`as ma` bkkrmigdmkr ma fasd ]5
Dpkydr ag `d mihusiòg ma` ckrdrik y `ks `ujdras ma bdpdbitdbiòg ma `ds okrgdmds ma bdpdbitdbiòg d fiaferks ma fasd.
Dpkydr ag `d krjdgizdbiòg ma `ds okrgdmds ma bdpdbitdbiòg d fiaferks ma fasd ougtk d `ks ktrks jrupks kbupdbikgd`as.
Dpkydr murdgta `ds okrgdmds ma bdpdbitdbiòg d fiaferks ma fasd.
As gabasdrik ga basdrik bkfpdrtir `d sijuiagta ighkrfdbiòg? »Tuiégas skg `ks dbtkras a`abtkrd`as;
Rkg dqua``ks biumdmdgks qua murdgta `ks prkbasks a`abtkrd`as, ma hkrfd igmivimud` k d trdvés ma mivarsds krjdgizdbikgas, masafpaôdg hugbikgas aspabæbds buyk bufp`ifiagtk ahabtivk sa trdmuba ag a` éxitk ma `ds a`abbikgas. Rkg igmispagsde`as pdrd `d bkgsk`imdbiòg ma `d mafkbrdbid famidgta ug prkbask a`abtkrd`. Axistag mivarsks tipks ma dbtkras a`abtkrd`as, sajÿg a` rk` qua masafpaôag ag a` prkbask a`abtkrd`, ma hkrfd igmivimud` k ag jrupks krjdgizdmks ma `d skbiamdm bivi` k pk`ætibd, k bkfk pdrta ma d`jugd igstitubiòg u krjdgisfk qua partagaba d` Astdmk. Ra bkgsimard pÿe`ibk keoativk ma `d bdpdbitdbiòg a`abtkrd` d `ks sijuiagtas dbtkras a`abtkrd`as? 9
A`abtkras
9
Fiaferks ma fasd
9
^arskgarks ma fasd
9
Huarzds Drfdmds (HH. DD.) y ^k`ibæd Gdbikgd` ma` ^arÿ (^G^)
»Tué as ugd okrgdmd ma bdpdbitdbiòg;
As ugd astrdtajid ma bdpdbitdbiòg mirijimd d `ks fiaferks ma fasd, qua parfita `d präbtibd y a` bkgkbifiagtk ma `ks prkbamifiagtks a`abtkrd`as pdrd su bkrrabtk masafpaôk murdgta `d okrgdmd a`abtkrd`. Ra rad`izd a` mkfigjk pravik d `d a`abbiòg.
A@ABBIKGAR JAGAUD@AR 5>54
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A@ABBIKGAR JAGAUD@AR 5>54
Fatds ma `d bdpdbitdbiòg a`abtkrd` D. Fatds ma `d bdpdbitdbiòg a`abtkrd` • Bdpdbitdr pkr `k fagks d` 18,1 % ma `ds parskgds qua masafpaôdräg a` bdrjk
ma fiaferk ma fasd. • Bdpdbitdr pkr `k fagks d` 24 % ma` a`abtkrdmk.
55
18,1%
24%
fiaferks ma fasd
a`abtkras Huagta? ^KA-AJ 5>54-X>>
• ]kmk a` parskgd` ma `d KG^A maearä pdrtibipdr dbtivdfagta dbtivdfagt a pdrd qua sa bufp`dg
`ds fatds ag su raspabtivk mistritk k bagtrk pke`dmk. E. Astrdtajids ma `d bdpdbitdbiòg a`abtkrd`
Qgd astrdtajid as ug agbuagtrk p`dgibdmk prkfkvarmabkgkbifiagtks, euagds dbtitumas y cdei`imdmas pdrd `kjrdrqua ugdeusbd pdrtibipdbiòg bd`imdm ag a` prkbask a`abtkrd`. Qgd astrdtajid as, pkr aoafp`k, `d ‐ okrgdmd okrgdmd ma bdpdbitdbiòg ma fiaferks ma fasd‖. Cdy ktrds, bkfk `d ‐bdpdbitdbiòg parskgd`izdmd‖, ma parskgd d parskgd, k `d ‐raugiòg ma bdpdbitdbiòg‖, ag mkgma sa bdpdbitd d fäs ma ugd parskgd d` fisfk tiafpk. ^drd `ds AJ 5>54, `ds astrdtajids ma bdpdbitdbiòg ma `d KG^A sa cdg dmabudmk d `d guavd rad`imdm. Ag a` sijuiagta budmrk, `ds prasagtdfks y fagbikgdfks ag qué sa cdg dmdptdmk.
BQDMAUGK MA ]UDEDOK MA@ BKKUMIGDMKU MA FARD ]5
BQDMAUGK MA ]UDEDOK MA@ BKKUMIGDMKU MA FARD ]5
^drd fiaferks ma fasd Astrdtajid
Dmdptdbiòg
^arskgd`izdmd (bkg ugd k ug fiaferk ma fasd) y raugiòg (bkg fäs ma mks y fäxifk kbck)
Ag du`ds ma bdpdbitdbiòg parfdgagta, igmapagmiagtas ma `d kbigd mistritd`, qua sa ifp`afagtdräg praharagtafagta ag igstitubikgas amubdtivds (raafp`dzdg d` ärad ma bdpdbitdbiòg ma `d kbigd mistritd`).
Ag @ifd y ag `ks `ujdras bkg fdykr gÿfark ma fasds ma suhrdjik, sa ifp`afagtdräg du`ds `ks ]d``ar ma bdpdbitdbiòg ma fiaferks ma fasd ag `kbd`as ma vktdbiòg ma su zkgd (säedmks y mkfigjks)
säedmks y `ks mkfigjks ag `d fdykræd ma `ks `kbd`as ma vktdbiòg (ma praharagbid ag tkmks). Astk sa rad`izdrä bkg `d gd`imdm ma masbagtrd`izdr `d bdpdbitdbiòg, pdrd erigmdr hdbi`imdmas ma dbbask d `ks td``aras y figifizdr `d gabasimdm ma usdr vacæbu`ks ma trdgspkrta pÿe`ibk.
^arskgd`izdmd k raugiòg ag `ægad
Xæd dp`ibdbikgas jrdtuitds, ma fkmk vk`ugtdrik. Rk`k ag mistritks bkg euagd saôd` ma igtargat.
Okrgdmd
Ag igstitubikgas amubdtivds amubdt ivds y bkg astribtk bkgtrk` ma dhkrk. ^ravidfagta sa bkgvkbdrä d bdmd fiaferk ma fasd pkr jrupks sapdrdmks ag habcd y turgk.
ma bdpdbitdbiòg
A@ABBIKGAR JAGAUD@AR 5>54
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A@ABBIKGAR JAGAUD@AR 5>54
^drd a` a`abtkrdmk Astrdtajid
Dmdptdbiòg
Bdpdbitdbiòg ^arskgd`izdmd ag aspdbiks pÿe`ibks
Ag aspdbiks pÿe`ibks, ag a` hrkgtis ma `ds igstitubikgas igstitubik gas pÿe`ibds y privdmds, bkg a` usk ma dbcas (‐»Bòfk vktdr;‖ y ‐^dsks ma` a`abtkr‖) y `d agtrajd ma `d Bdrti``d pdrd a` a`abtkr , raspatdgmk a` mistdgbidfiagtk hæsibk.
Uaugiòg
Uaugiòg Bkg igstitubik igstitubikgas gas qua bkgvkquag d parskgds ag dfeiagtas vagti`dmks y bkg bufp`ifiagtk ma ug prktkbk`k sdgitdrik.
^drd parskgards y parskgarks ma fasd
5=
Astrdtajid
Dmdptdbiòg
Uaugiòg ma bdpdbitdbiòg (bkg fäs ma mks y fäxifk sais parskgds)
Ag du`ds ma bdpdbitdbiòg parfdgagta, igmapagmiagtas ma `d kbigd mistritd`, qua sa ifp`afagtdräg (praharagtafagta) ag igstitubikgas amubdtivds, bufp`iagmk bkg a` prktkbk`k ma eiksajurimdm.
Uaugiòg ag `ægad
Xæd dp`ibdbikgas jrdtuitds, ma fkmk vk`ugtdrik. Rk`k ag mistritks bkg euagd saôd` ma igtargat.
^drd ahabtivks ma `ds HH. DD. y `d ^G^ Astrdtajid
Dmdptdbiòg
Ag `kbd`as ma vktdbiòg ma `ks mistritks, ug mæd k mks mæds dgtas ma `d habcd ma `ds a`abbikgas.
Uaugiòg ma bdpdbitdbiòg
Ag `kbd`as ma `ds igstitubikgas drfdmds, pravid bkkrmigdbiòg agtra `d oahdturd ma `d KM^A y `ks fdgmks fi`itdras k pk`ibid`as, siafpra qua
jdrdgtibag bkgmibikgas ma sajurimdm sdgitdrid.
BQDMAUGK MA ]UDEDOK MA@ BKKUMIGDMKU MA FARD ]5
BQDMAUGK MA ]UDEDOK MA@ BKKUMIGDMKU MA FARD ]5
^dsks
pdrd dpkydr ag `ds okrgdmds ma bdpdbitdbiòg ma fiaferks ma fasd Ma dbuarmk d` IG>5-JIAA/BDA X>9 Bkfk bkkrmigdmkr ma fasd ]5, rad`izdré `k sijuiagta? Ag `d mihusiòg ma `d okrgdmd ma bdpdbitdbiòg? • Dpkydré ag `d bk`kbdbiòg ma dbcas ag `ks `ujdras dutkrizdmks
bkfk pdrta ma `d mihusiòg ma `d okrgdmd ma bdpdbitdbiòg. Ag `d krjdgizdbiòg ma `d okrgdmd ma bdpdbitdbiòg? 4. Dpkydré ag a` trds`dmk ma `ks fdtarid`as ma bdpdbitdbiòg (lit
ma bdpdbitdbiòg, bdrti``ds ma igstrubbiòg, `dpibarks, atb.) d` `kbd` mkgma sa rad`izdrä `d okrgdmd ma bdpdbitdbiòg. 5. Dpkydré ag a` dbkgmibikgdfiagtk ma` `kbd` y dfeiagtas
mkgma sa rad`izdrä `d okrgdmd ma bdpdbitdbiòg.
Ag `d aoabubiòg ma `d okrgdmd ma bdpdbitdbiòg d fiaferks ma fasd? 4. Dsistiré d` `kbd` ma `d okrgdmd ma bdpdbitdbiòg dgtas ma `d ckrd ma igibik pdrd mdr `d eiagvagimd d `ks fiaferks ma fasd. 5. Dpkydré ag ktrds tdrads qua a` B@ B@X X fa agbdrjua. 2. Bkgb`uimd `d okrgdmd ma bdpdbitdbiòg, dpkydré ag `d
mascdei`itdbiòg ma` `kbd` y ag a` trds`dmk ma `ks fdtarid`as ma bdpdbitdbiòg d `d sama mistritd` k ma bagtrk pke`dmk.
Okrgdmds ma bdpdbitdbiòg mirijimds d fiaferks ma fasd Okrgdmds ma bdpdbitdbiòg mirijimds d fiaferks ma fasd
Habcds
^rifard okrgdmd ma bdpdbitdbiòg
53 ma fdrzk ma 5>54
Rajugmd okrgdmd ma bdpdbitdbiòg
= ma deri` ma 5>54
Huagta? Jaragbid ma ^`dgadfiagtk y ^rasupuastk.
Maeas bufp`ir `ds famimds astde`abimds ag a` ^`dg pdrd `d viji`dgbid, pravagbiòg y bkgtrk` ma` BKXIM-49 dgtas, murdgta y maspués masp ués ma `d ` d bdpdbitdbiòg bdpdbi tdbiòg d `ks dbtkras db tkras a`abtkrd`as. a` abtkrd`as.
A@ABBIKGAR JAGAUD@AR 5>54
51
A@ABBIKGAR JAGAUD@AR 5>54
58
s a ` d r k t b a ` m d a m i s v i a t b d k r t d ` b a d m a s i m s a g t ò g æ i R b d t i b d p d B
a m a m d m s a d ` d g r i r o k a t d . ` g d a ò f i r d s m ` b k d d y ` t i k b b a p k ` m D ` d k d p m g d b d ` ò i s b d r t d t ` i a b d g p a d b
s s a ` k ` d m a y g . m ò k d i g r i b s ò d a d r i t i k b b f r c d i d a d ` t m p y a b d s k m d b p g p r d a k D ò b e i m s a s f u m d a h i i m m s f a d d r ` d g r k g j u o a `
BQDMAUGK MA ]UDEDOK MA@ BKKUMIGDMKU MA FARD ]5
` . d g b ò k i ` ` b a d i m t b k t d g p i d r a b d f y a m k d p g d i m D k b i d m g g r o k k b d ` d ` d a r g d a p
a m s k r e f a i f r s . d k y ` d s k a a m p D g f ò i b p a b a r d ` g a
d ` a m . ` d g ò b k i b ` ` d t a i b r m g d d p y ò i k b d b p d a t i D ` i m e d d m c d s g a r m k o d ` g a
BQDMAUGK MA ]UDEDOK MA@ BKKUMIGDMKU MA FARD ]5
4.=. Okrgdmd a`abtkrd` (OA@) Rueprkbasks
Dbkgmibikgdfiagtk ma `kbd` ma vktdbiòg Igstd`dbiòg, suhrdjik y asbrutigik A` mæd ma `d okrgdmd a`abtkrd`, `ks fiaferks ma fasd igjrasdg d su `kbd` ma vktdbiòg d pdrtir ma `ds 8?>> d.f. y sa mirijag d` du`d mkgma igstd`dräg `d fasd ma suhrdjik. Ag asta aspdbik, a` bkkrmigdmkr ma fasd, `as mistrieuya a` fdtarid` a`abtkrd` pdrd masdrrk``dr sus tdrads ag `ks tras fkfagtks ma `d okrgdmd a`abtkrd`? igstd`dbiòg, suhrdjik k vktdbiòg y asbrutigik k bkgtak ma vktks. A` dbtk a`abtkrd` bkgb`uya ag a` fkfagtk ma` asbrutigik bkg `d ifprasiòg y rfd ma `ds dbtds a`abtkrd`as pkr pdrta ma `ks fiaferks ma fasd y `d agtrajd ma a``ds ag sus raspabtivks skeras ma bk`kras d` parskgd` ma `d KG^A.
5:
Dbtivimdmas jagard`as ma` bkkrmigdmkr ma fasd ]5
Dpkydr ag a` dbkgmibikgdfiagtk y saôd`izdbiòg ma `ks pdtiks, pdsdmizks y ktrks dfeiagtas ma` `kbd` ma vktdbiòg.
A@ABBIKGAR JAGAUD@AR 5>54
A@ABBIKGAR JAGAUD@AR 5>54
As gabasdrik bkfpdrtir `d sijuiagta ighkrfdbiòg? »Tué as `d okrgdmd a`abtkrd`;
As a` tiafpk murdgta a` bud` `ks biumdmdgks afitag su vktk ag `d fasd ma suhrdjik. ^drd a``k, a` prasimagta, a` sabratdrik y a` tarbar fiaferk rad`izdg sus tdrads murdgta `ks tras fkfagtks? igstd`dbiòg, suhrdjik y asbrutigik. »Ag qué bkgsista a` dbkgmibikgdfiagtk ma` `kbd` ma vktdbiòg; vktdbiòg;
As `d dbtivimdm qua parfita bkgtdr bkg `ds faokras bkgmibikgas pdrd `d rad`izdbiòg ma `d okrgdmd a`abtkrd`. Hdbi`itd d `ks dbtkras a`abtkrd`as a` dbbask d` `kbd` y d `ds du`ds ma vktdbiòg, dsæ bkfk a` trdtk praharagta, a` krmag y `d sajurimdm. Dsifisfk, hdvkraba a` masdrrk``k ma `ds tdrads ma` parskgd` ma `d KG^A. ^kr a``k, sa maeag dbkgmibikgdr y saôd`izdr `ks sijuiagtas dfeiagtas? 99A` `kbd` ma vktdbiòg
53
99@ds du`ds ma suhrdjik 99A` bagtrk ma dbkpik (ag `d fdôdgd y `d tdrma) 99A` pugtk ma trdgsfisiòg (ag bdsk
bkrraspkgmd)
»D qué magkfigdfks igstd`dbiòg ma `d fasd ma suhrdjik;
As a` prifar fkfagtk ma `d okrgdmd a`abtkrd`. Ra masdrrk``d masma qua `ks fiaferks ma fasd rabieag ma` parskgd` ma `d KG^A `d bdod bkg a` fdtarid` a`abtkrd` pdrd su raspabtivd ravisiòg y dbkgmibikgdfiagtk ag `d fasd ma vktdbiòg. »D qué magkfigdfks suhrdjik k vktdbiòg;
As a` sajugmk fkfagtk ma `d okrgdmd a`abtkrd` y sa igibid igfamidtdfagta maspués ma cdear rfdmk a` dbtd ma igstd`dbiòg. Bkgsista ag `d afisiòg ma` vktk pkr pdrta ma `ks a`abtkras. Ag astd atdpd puama bkgtdr bkg `d prasagbid ma parskgarks y, d` térfigk ma a``d, sa maea rfdr a` dbtd ma suhrdjik bkrraspkgmiagta.
BQDMAUGK MA ]UDEDOK MA@ BKKUMIGDMKU MA FARD ]5
BQDMAUGK MA ]UDEDOK MA@ BKKUMIGDMKU MA FARD ]5
»D qué magkfigdfks asbrugik k bkgtak ma vktks;
As a` tarbar fkfagtk ma `d okrgdmd a`abtkrd`. Ag astd hdsa `ks fiaferks ma fasd, ag prasagbid ma `ks parskgarks, ravisdg `ds bému`ds ma suhrdjik, matarfigdg `d vd`imaz gu`imdm ma `ks vktks y `ks buagtdg, rajistrdgmk `ks rasu`tdmks ag a` kdbtd ma asbrutigik. »Tué as ug dbtd a`abtkrd`;
As a` mkbufagtk mkgma sa rajistrdg `ks cabcks y dbtks qua sa prkmubag ag bdmd fasd ma suhrdjik masma a` fkfagtk ma su igstd`dbiòg cdstd a` biarra. Bkgstd ma tras pdrtas k sabbikgas? dbtd ma igstd`dbiòg, dbtd ma suhrdjik y dbtd ma asbrutigik. »Tué as a` trds`dmk ma `ks mkbufagtks a`abtkrd`as;
As `d dbtivimdm qua rad`izd a` bkkrmigdmkr ma fasd y bkgsista ag trds`dmdr `ks mkbufagtks y fdtarid` a`abtkrd` ma `d fasd ma suhrdjik d` bagtrk ma dbkpik. Igibid budgmk a` prasimagta ma fasd agtrajd d` BF a` skera dgdrdgodmk qua bkgtiaga `d `istd ma a`abtkras, `d ckod ma bkgtrk` ma dsistagbid ma fiaferks ma fasd y `d bdrti``d bdr ti``d ma ck`kjrdfds. @uajk, d` térfigk ma` asbrutigik, a` prasimagta ma fasd agtrajd d` BF `ks bigbk (1) skeras p`ästibks ma bk`kras (p`kfk, ba`asta, varma, rkok y fkrdmk) qua bkgtiagag `ds dbtds a`abtkrd`as, maeimdfagta barrdmks. ]dfeiég agtrajd `d bdod ma rastks a`abtkrd`as, `d bdeigd y a` äghkrd, y sa dsajurd ma rajistrdr su agtrajd ag a` bdrjk bkrraspkgmiagta.
A@ABBIKGAR JAGAUD@AR 5>54
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A@ABBIKGAR JAGAUD@AR 5>54
^dsks
^drd a` dbkgmibikgdfiagtk y saôd`izdbiòg ma` `kbd` ma vktdbiòg (pdtik y dfeiagtas bkfugas) Ma dbuarmk d` IG>4-JKABKU/OA@ X>5
Bkfk bkkrmigdmkr ma fasd ]5, rad`izdré `k sijuiagta? A` mæd dgtarikr d `d okrgdmd a`abtkrd`? 4. Uabieiré `ds igmibdbikgas ma` bkkrmigdmkr ma `kbd` ma vktdbiòg pdrd a` igibik ma` dbkgmibikgdfiagtk ma` `kbd` ma vktdbiòg. 5. Dpkydré ag `d ueibdbiòg ma `ds sijuiagtas saôd`étibds? du`d,
pdea``òg, igjrask, sd`imd, edôks? Ckferas y Fuoaras, bagtrk ma dbkpik, ighkrfas, prkcieimk a` pdsk, prkcieimk hufdr, rutd pdrd parskgds bkg misbdpdbimdm, h`abcds, zkgd ma sajurimdm, trdtk praharagta, prkcieimk a` usk ma ba`u`dras y bäfdrds hktkjräbds k ma vimak ag `d bdeigd ma vktdbiòg, brkquis ma` @X, @X, ra`dbiòg ma jrupks ma vktdbiòg pkr @X @X (k pkr krmag d`hdeétibk sajÿg sad mispuastk pkr J^^), brkquis ma pdea``òg ma sar gabasdrik y ra`dbiòg ma jrupks ma vktdbiòg pkr pdea``òg (k pkr krmag d`hdeétibk sajÿg sad mispuastk pkr J^^), ma sar gabasdrik.
2>
^dsks
pdrd a` dbkgmibikgdfiagtk y saôd`izdbiòg ma` fòmu`k tafpkrd` ma vktdbiòg? Ma dbuarmk d` IG>4-JKABKU/OA@ X>5
Bkfk bkkrmigdmkrd ma fasd ]5, rad`izdré `k sijuiagta? A` mæd dgtarikr d `d okrgdmd a`abtkrd`? Ma dbuarmk d `ds igmibdbikgas ma` B@X? 4. Dpkydré ag `d `ifpiazd ma` dfeiagta qua hugbikgdrä bkfk
fòmu`k tafpkrd` ma vktdbiòg. 5. Dpkydré ag a` dbkgmibikgdfiagtk ma tras fasds y tras si``ds
pdrd qua `ks fiaferks ma fasd dpkyag `ks fdtarid`as y rad`ibag sus tdrads bkg bkfkmimdm ma dbuarmk d` fkma`k raharagbid` sajÿg a` fkma`k ma du`d y a` prktkbk`k ma sajurimdm y pravagbiòg bkgtrd a` BKXIM-49. 2. Dpkydré ag `d igstd`dbiòg ma `d bdeigd ma vktdbiòg edok `ds
fisfds bkgmibikgas ma privdbimdm qua ag `ds mafäs fasds ma suhrdjik. BQDMAUGK MA ]UDEDOK MA@ BKKUMIGDMKU MA FARD ]5
BQDMAUGK MA ]UDEDOK MA@ BKKUMIGDMKU MA FARD ]5
m ` d d m i r v k i t t b b d a ` d ` a
a d m m s d i s g a r t g k æ O R
k t s t g a a i g a i f d e g f k d g i ò b i s i m k r b d g t t r k k k d b y v y d s a k y k m p g z i ` D d ò b i m b d k ` s d d ` z i p a ` d , m ô s a k i s t d d p ` g a m a
D M I @ D R
24
A@ABBIKGAR JAGAUD@AR 5>54
A@ABBIKGAR JAGAUD@AR 5>54
4.1. Uap`iajua ma fdtarid` a`abtkrd` (UFA) Rueprkbasks
Krjdgizdbiòg y rap`iajua ma `ks mkbufagtks y fdtarid` a`abtkrd` masma a` `kbd` ma vktdbiòg cdstd `d sama ma `d KM^A prkvigbids Uabapbiòg ma `ks mkbufagtks, aquipks y fdtarid` a`abtkrd` rap`ajdmks d `d sama KM^A ma prkvigbid/@ifd Fatrkpk`itdgd y Bd``dk, KG^A A` rap`iajua bkgsista ag a` ratkrgk ma` fdtarid` a`abtkrd` y ma `ks mkbufagtks a`abtkrd`as jagardmks ag `ds fasds ma suhrdjik, masma `ks `kbd`as ma vktdbiòg cdstd cdst d `d KM^A y ma d``æ cdstd a` `kbd` ma `ks d`fdbagas ma `d Jaragbid ma Jastiòg A`abtkrd` (JJA).
25
Dbtivimdmas jagard`as ma` bkkrmigdmkr ma fasd ]5
]rds`dmdr ma` bagtrk ma dbkpik ma` `kbd` ma vktdbiòg cdstd `d sama KM^A a` äghkrd bkg `ks skeras p`kfks.
Uad`izdr a` rap`iajua igtajrd` ma `ks mkbufagtks a`abtkrd`as (skeras p`kfks, ba`astas, varmas, rkoks, fkrdmks y dgdrdgodmks), pdrd a` bdsk ma `ds KM^A ma @ifd Fatrkpk`itdgd y Bd``dk.
Agtrajdr äghkrds y bdeigds p`ajdmds, bdods ma rastks a`abtkrd`as
yrasu`tdmks fdtarid` pdrd ma bkgtigjagbid, QREmamaKM^A. trdgsfisiòg ma a` bdsk ma RADdsæagbkfk `ds samas
BQDMAUGK MA ]UDEDOK MA@ BKKUMIGDMKU MA FARD ]5
BQDMAUGK MA ]UDEDOK MA@ BKKUMIGDMKU MA FARD ]5
As gabasdrik ga basdrik bkfpdrtir `d sijuiagta ighkrfdbiòg? »Tué skg `ks skeras ma bk`kras;
Rkg `ks rabipiagtas p`ästibks qua sirvag pdrd prktajar `ds dbtds a`abtkrd`as a` trds`dmka`masma `d ma fasd suhrdjik cdstd `ks su mastigk gd`.murdgta ^drd miharagbidr mastigk bdmdmadbtd, sa uti`izdg sijuiagtas skeras ma bk`kras? • Rkera p`kfk? bkgtiaga a` dbtd pdrd a` bagtrk ma bòfputk. • Rkera ba`asta? bkgtiaga a` dbtd pdrd a` OAA • Rkera varma? bkgtiaga a` dbtd pdrd a` OGA • Rkera rkok? bkgtiaga a` dbtd pdrd `d KG^A • Rkera fkrdmk? bkgtiaga a` dbtd pdrd `ks raprasagtdgtas ma `ds
krjdgizdbikgas pk`ætibds. • Rkera dgdrdgodmk? bkgtiaga `d `istd ma a`abtkras, `d dsistagbid ma
fiaferks ma fasd y `d bdrti``d ma ck`kjrdfds. »Ag qué bkgsista a` rap`iajua ma skeras p`kfks pkr agtrajds;
As a` trds`dmk ma `ks skeras p`kfks qua bkgtiagag dbtds mastigdmds d` bagtrk ma bòfputk. Asta rap`iajua sa rad`izd, ma fdgard fdgard pdrbid`, masma masma a` bagtrk ma dbkpik cdstd `d sama ma `ds KM^A ma @ifd Fatrkpk`itdgd y a` Bd``dk, ag `d famimd qua sa rabied ag a` bagtrk ma dbkpik. ^uama cdear vdriks trds`dmks mapagmiagmk ma `d bdgtimdm ma dbtds, `d mistdgbid y `d bkfp`aoimdm ma `d vktdbiòg »Tué as a` rap`iajua ma `ks mkbufagtks a`abtkrd`as y a` fdtarid`
a`abtkrd`;
As a` trds`dmk ma `ks mkbufagtks a`abtkrd`as (ag sus raspabtivks skeras barrdmks, ag a` bdsk ma `ds dbtds a`abtkrd`as) a`abtkrd`as) y ma` fdtarid` a`abtkrd`, edok famimds ma sajurimdm y bkg `d prasagbid ma` sbd`izdmkr ma` OAA, masma `d fasd ma suhrdjik cdstd su mastigk. »Tué as a` as a` rap`iajua igtajrd`;
As a` trds`dmk trds`dmk bkgougtk ugd sk`d vaz, ma mkbufagtks a`abtkrd`as a`abtkrd`as y fdtarid` a`abtkrd` masma a` `kbd` ma vktdbiòg cdstd `d sama ma `d KM^A ^rkvigbid.
A@ABBIKGAR JAGAUD@AR 5>54
22
A@ABBIKGAR JAGAUD@AR 5>54
^dsks
pdrd dpkydr ag `d krjdgizdbiòg y rap`iajua ma `ks mkbufagtks, aquipks y fdtarid` a`abtkrd` masma a` `kbd` ma vktdbiòg cdstd `d sama ma `d KM^A ma Ma dbuarmk d` IG>4-JKABKU/UFA X>5 prkvigbid Bkfk bkkrmigdmkrd ma fasd ]5, rad`izdré `k sijuiagta? ^rkmubtk ma `ds bkkrmigdbikgas pravids ma` oaha ma `d KM^A bkg a` bkkrmigdmkr dmfigistrdtivk y a` bkkrmigdmkr ma kpardbikgas? A` mæd ma `ds a`abbikgas, dsistiré d `d sama KM^A ag `d ckrd odmd pdrd rabkjar a` pig ma imagtibdbiòg. Ma sar pksie`a, sd`mré masma `d sama ma `d KM^A ag bkfpdôæd ma ug ahabtivk ma `d ^G^ bkg `d raspabtivd fkvi`imdm cdbid a` `kbd` ma vktdbiòg dsijgdmk.
^drd a` krmagdfiagtk ma `ks skeras p`kfks pdrd rap`iajua pkr agtrajds? ^kr bdmd agtrajd 4. Uatirdré `ks skeras p`kfks qua sa agbuagtrag ag `d bdod ma
2=
bk`kr p`kfk y `ks trds`dmdré d `d fasd ma trdedok. 5. Uajistrdré ag a` hkrfdtk HF>4-JKABKU/UFA? ‐Ckod ma rutd
pdrd a` rap`iajua ma skeras p`kfks pkr agtrajds d `d sama KM^A‖, `ks gÿfarks ma `ds fasds ma suhrdjik qua vdg d sar rap`ajdmks d `d sama ma `d KM^A. 2. Ruoatdré bkg bigtd fdsligj tdpa `ks skeras p`kfks (gk
uti`izdré bigtd ma afed`doa) fdgtagiagmk a` krmag ma `ks
gÿfarks ma `ds dbtds. =. Xaribdré bkg bkg a` B@X B@X `ks gÿfarks ma `ds dbtds, bkgtagimks bkgtagimks ag `ks skeras p`kfks, qua sa agbuagtrag rajistrdmks ag a` hkrfdtk HF>4-JKABKU/UFA? ‐Ckod ma rutd pdrd a` rap`iajua ma skeras p`kfks pkr agtrajds d `d sama KM^A‖, y rfdré ag saôd` ma bkghkrfimdm. dbkgmibikgdmd pdrd a` rap`iajua ma 1. Igtrkmubiré ag a` äghkrd dbkgmibikgdmd skeras p`kfks, a` pdquata ma skeras p`kfks y a` hkrfdtk HF>4-JKABKU/UFA ‐Ckod ma rutd pdrd a` rap`iajua ma skeras p`kfks pkr agtrajds d `d sama KM^A‖ (2 bkpids). 8. Ra``dré a` äghkrd bkg bigtd ma afed`doa y rktu`dré sajÿg a`
dgaxk 4. BQDMAUGK MA ]UDEDOK MA@ BKKUMIGDMKU MA FARD ]5
BQDMAUGK MA ]UDEDOK MA@ BKKUMIGDMKU MA FARD ]5
Dgaxk >4? Bdgtimdm ma äghkrds pdrd a` rap`iajua ma mkbufagtks a`abtkrd`as a`a btkrd`as pkr a`abbikgas k bkgsu`tds Bdgtimdm ma äghkrds ma bk`kras
G¿ ma a`abikgas k bkgsu`tds Qgd a`abbiòg k
bkgsu`td Mks a`abbikgas k bkgsu`tds ]ras a`abbikgas k bkgsu`tds
^`kfk
Ba`asta
Xarma
Ukok
Fkrdmk
Dgdrdgodmk
]ktd` ma äghkrds
4
4
4
4
4
4
8
5
5
5
5
5
4
44
2
2
2
2
2
4
48
Uktu`dbiòg ma` äghkrd pdrd a` rap`iajua
@d atiquatd ma` äghkrd maea bkgtagar 9
Gÿfark ma bagtrk ma dbkpik
9
Gkfera ma `d a`abbiòg / bkgsu`td
9
Gkfera ma` `kbd` ma vktdbiòg
9
Gkfera ma `d KM^A
9
Gkfera ma` mistritk, prkvigbid y mapdrtdfagtk
@KBD@ IGR]I]QBIÒG AMQBD]IXD G¿ 2>>82 KM^A? @IFD GKU]A
21
G¿ BAG]UK DBK^IK MA
4
Mistritk / ^rkvigbid / Mapdrtdfagtk @KR K@IXKR / @IFD /@IFD
AJ 5>54
Gktd? A` dbkgmibikgdfiagtk ma `ds äghkrds bkgsista Gktd? A` ag pajdr `ds atiquatds ma bk`kras ag `ks axtrafks ma bdmd ugd ma `ds äghkrds, ma dbuarmk d` aoafp`k ma `d jurd
A@ABBIKGAR JAGAUD@AR 5>54
A@ABBIKGAR JAGAUD@AR 5>54
Ag a` rap`iajua ma `ks mkbufagtks y fdtarid`as a`abtkrd`as masma a` bagtrk ma dbkpik d `d sama ma KM^A ma prkvigbid. ^drd a` rap`iajua ma skeras p`kfks pkr agtrajds? • ]rds`dmdré, ag bkfpdôæd ma` sbd`izdmkr ma` OAA y ma `d ^G^,
masma a` bagtrk ma dbkpik cdstd `d sama KM^A a` äghkrd qua bkgtiaga `ks skeras p`kfks.
• Agtrajdré ag `d `ægad ma rabapbiòg ma skeras p`kfks ma `d
KM^A, a` äghkrd d` agbdrjdmk ma `d rabapbiòg. • Ri gk as a` ÿ`tifk trds`dmk ma skeras p`kfks, ratkrgdré d` `kbd`
ma vktdbiòg, y agtrajdré agt rajdré d` B@X B@X ugd 4 bkpid ma` hkrfdtk hkrf dtk HF>4JKABKU/UFA? ‐Ckod ma rutd pdrd a` rap`iajua ma skeras p`kfks pkr agtrajds d `d sama KM^A‖, maeimdfagta rfdmk pkr a` agbdrjdmk ma `d rabapbiòg. Bdsk bkgtrdrik, `d agtrajd
28
ma `d bkpid sa rad`izdræd d` mæd sijuiagta ma `d okrgdmd a`abtkrd`. ‐Ck od ma • Judrmdré ugd bkpid ma` hkrfdtk HF>4-JKABKU/UFA ‐Ckod rutd pdrd a` rap`iajua ma skeras p`kfks pkr agtrajds d `d sama KM^A‖, bkfk bkgstdgbid ma qua agtrajué `ks skeras p`kfks.
Fuy ifpkrtdgta @d prkjrdfdbiòg ma` gÿfark ma agtrajds y `d bdgtimdm ma skeras p`kfks d rap`ajdr pkr bdmd agtrajd, `d astde`abarä famidgta fafkrägmuf fÿ`tip`a `d JKABKU.
BQDMAUGK MA ]UDEDOK MA@ BKKUMIGDMKU MA FARD ]5
BQDMAUGK MA ]UDEDOK MA@ BKKUMIGDMKU MA FARD ]5
HF>4-JKABKU/UFA
CKOD MA UQ]D ^DUD A@ MAR^@IAJQA MA RKEUAR ^@KFKR ^KU AG]UAJDR D @D RAMA KM^A Dbtud`izdmk d` >9/45/5>5> >9/45/5> 5> HKUFD]K
Bòm òmij ijk k?
HF> HF >4-J -JK KAB ABK KU/U /UFA FA
CKOD MA UQ]D ^DUD A@ UA^@IAJQA MA RKEUAR ^@KFKR ^KU AG]UAJDR D @D RAMA KM^A
Xarsiòg? Habcd ma dprkedbikg ^äjigd?
>5 45/>9/5>48 4 ma 4
4. Mdtks Jagar Jagard`as? d`as? KM^A
HABCD
@KBD @K BD@ @ MA MA XK]D XK]DBI BI G
Bdgtimdm tktd` ma dbtds pkr rap`ajdr
G¾ ma Bagtrk ma Dbkpik
5. Uap`iajua ma Rkeras ^`kfks d `d Rama ma `d KM^A? IGR]UQBBIKGAR? - A` Uaspkgsde`a ma` ]rds`dmk dgktd `ks gÿfarks ma `ds Fasds ma Ruhrdjik ma `ds Dbtds A`abtkrd`as y fdrbd sajÿg a` tipk ma a`abbiòg / Bkgsu`td qua sa trds`dmdräg d `d Rama ma `d KM^A.
- A` Bkkrmigdmkr ma @kbd` ma Xktdbiòg varihibd `d bdgtimdm ma `ds dbtds a`abtkrd`as bkgtagimds ag `ks Rkeras ^`kfks qua sa agbuagtrag rajistrdmds ag `d Ckod ma Uutd.
- A` Bkkrmigdmkr ma @kbd` ma Xktdbiòg y a` Uaspkgsde`a ma` ]rds`dmk hirfdg ag saôd` ma bkghkrfimdm. - Ag `d @ægad ma Uabapbiòg ma `d KM^A, a` Agbdrjdmk ma `d Uabapbiòg maspués ma varihibdr `d axistagbid ma `ds dbtds a`abtkrd`as, maea hirfdr ag saôd` ma bkghkrfimdm.
G¾
G¾ Fasds ma Ruhrdjik
A`abbiòg / Bkgsu`td 4 (*)
A`abbiòg / Bkgsu`td 5 (*)
A`abbiòg / bkgsu`td 2 (*)
4 5 2 = 1
Hirfd ma` Uaspkgsde`a ma` ]rds`dmk ma Rkeras
8 :
Gkferas?
3
Dpa``imks?
9
MGI?
4> 44 45 42 4= 41
Hirfd ma` Bkkrmigdmkr ma @kbd` ma Xktdbiòg
48 4:
Gkferas?
43
Dpa``imks?
49
MGI?
5> 54 55 52 5=
Hirfd ma` Agbdrjdmk ma `d Uabapbiòg
51 58 5:
Gkferas?
53
Dpa``imks?
59
MGI?
2> ^drd `ks bdsks qua sa agbdrjua d `d KUB `d aoabubiòg ma` prkbask a`abtkrd`, maearäg bkgsijgdr `ks mdtks ma `d KUB ag `ks bdfpks qua bkrraspkgmag d `d KM^A, dsifisfk, ma raquarir`k `ks mdtks ma` raspkgsde`a. Gktd?
Gktds? - (*) A` gkfera ma `d A`abbiòg / Bkgsu`td sarä rajistrdmk pkr `d JKABKU, dgtas ma su mistrieubiòg. mistrieubiòg. - 4 Ouajk (2 bkpids) pkr bdmd rap`iajua rap`iajua ma skeras p`kfks.
A@ABBIKGAR JAGAUD@AR 5>54
2:
A@ABBIKGAR JAGAUD@AR 5>54
23
g ` ò i r d b d i k d t b t b g k a i v ` v a A m g k ò r ` i t p d b s k a a ` ` J m a a ` a m a m d i v s a b i g g m ` a d a r r d t k J ` d d b ` r ` a k a d t ` k d j b i r a a a u ` t , a d ` d ` f i d y b i g r s i v k k a t r t d g a p a f f m u A a b k ^ m m M K a s k ` a m a u m j s a a a i ` u ` d p j d a t a i ` s d U p a c U
a ) m A J d J i b ( g ` A d ^ a r r G k a t J b K d a ` d ` ` A a a m ò g m a i t m s a a R J
d s a ) m ` d d A z r ^ i ` k M d t r b t ( a K g ` d A a i b s b s k g a s i M a v k r d b k g i r p b ^ a ffl a m K m
g ò i b d t k v a m ` d b k @
BQDMAUGK MA ]UDEDOK MA@ BKKUMIGDMKU MA FARD ]5
BQDMAUGK MA ]UDEDOK MA@ BKKUMIGDMKU MA FARD ]5
^dsks
pdrd dpkydr ag `d krjdgizdbiòg y rap`iajua ma `ks mkbufagtks masma a` `kbd` ma vktdbiòg cdstd `d sama ma `d KM^A ma @ifd fatrkpk`itdgd y Bd``dk Ma dbuarmk d` IG>5-JKABKU/UFA X>>
Bkfk bkkrmigdmkrd ma fasd ]5, rad`izdré `k sijuiagta? ^drd a` krmagdfiagtk ma skeras p`kfks pdrd rap`iajua pkr agtrajds? ^kr bdmd agtrajd 4. Uatirdré `ks skeras p`kfks qua sa agbuagtrag ag `d bdod ma bk`kr p`kfk y `ks trds`dmdré d `d fasd ma trdedok. 5. Uajistrdré ag a` hkrfdtk HF>4-JKABKU/UFA? ‐Ckod ma rutd pdrd a` rap`iajua ma skeras p`kfks pkr agtrajds d `d sama KM^A‖, `ks gÿfarks ma `ds fasds ma suhrdjik qua vdg d sar rap`ajdmks d `d sama ma `d KM^A. 2. Ruoatdré bkg bigtd fdsligj tdpa `ks skeras p`kfks (gk uti`izdré bigtd ma afed`doa) fdgtagiagmk a` krmag ma `ks gÿfarks ma `ds dbtds qua rajistré ag a` hkrfdtk HF>4-JKABKU/UFA? ‐Ckod ma rutd pdrd a` rap`iajua ma skeras p`kfks pkr agtrajds d `d sama KM^A‖.y `ds krmagdré ma fdgard dsbagmagta pkr gÿfark ma fasd ma suhrdjik. =. Xaribdré `ks gÿfarks ma `ds dbtds bkgtagimks ag `ks skeras p`kfks, qua sa agbuagtrag rajistrdmks ag a` hkrfdtk HF>4JKABKU/UFA? ‐Ckod ma rutd pdrd a` rap`iajua ma skeras p`kfks pkr agtrajds d `d sama KM^A‖ y rfdré ag saôd` ma bkghkrfimdm. 1. Igtrkmubiré ag a` äghkrd dbkgmibikgdmd pdrd a` rap`iajua ma skeras p`kfks, a` pdquata marutd skeras y a`mahkrfdtk HF>4-JKABKU/UFA? ‐Ckod ma pdrd p`kfks a` rap`iajua skeras p`kfks pkr agtrajds d `d sama KM^A‖ (2 bkpids). 8. Ra``dré a` äghkrd bkg bigtd ma afed`doa.
Fuy ifpkrtdgta @d Jaragbid ma Jastiòg A`abtkrd` sa agbdrjdrä ma rad`izdr a` rap`iajua ma `ds bdeigds, äghkrds y bdods bkg rastks a`abtkrd`as y fdtarid` ma rasarvd masma bdmd `kbd` ma vktdbiòg cdstd `ks d`fdbagas ma jastiòg.
A@ABBIKGAR JAGAUD@AR 5>54
29
A@ABBIKGAR JAGAUD@AR 5>54
Ag a` rap`iajua ma mkbufagtks a`abtkrd`as masma a` bagtrk ma dbkpik cdstd `d sama ma `d KM^A Uap`iajua ma skeras p`kfks pkr agtrajds? 4. ]rds`dmdré, ag bkfpdôæd ma` sbd`izdmkr ma` OAA y ma `d ^G^,
masma a` bagtrk ma dbkpik cdstd `d sama KM^A a` äghkrd qua bkgtiaga `ks skeras p`kfks. 5. Agtrajdré ag `d `ægad ma rabapbiòg ma skeras p`kfks ma `d
KM^A a` äghkrd d` agbdrjdmk ma `d rabapbiòg. 2. Ri gk as a` ÿ`tifk trds`dmk ma skeras p`kfks, ratkrgdré d`
`kbd` ma vktdbiòg y agtrajdré d` B@X ugd bkpid ma` hkrfdtk HF>4-JKABKU/UFA? ‐Ckod ma rutd pdrd a` rap`iajua ma skeras p`kfks pkr agtrajds d `d sama KM^A‖, maeimdfagta rfdmk pkr a` agbdrjdmk ma `d rabapbiòg. Bdsk bkgtrdrik, `d agtrajd ma `d bkpid sa rad`izdræd d` mæd sijuiagta ma `d okrgdmd a`abtkrd`. =. Judrmdré ugda`bkpid ma` hkrfdtk HF>4-JKABKU/UFA ‐Ckodd ma rutd pdrd rap`iajua ma skeras p`kfks pkr agtrajds
=>
`d sama KM^A‖, bkfk bkgstdgbid ma qua agtrajué `ks skeras p`kfks. Uap`iajua igtajrd` ma mkbufagtks a`abtkrd`as (skeras p`kfks, ba`astas, varmas, rkoks, fkrdmks y dgdrdgodmks)? 4. ]rds`dmdré masma a` bagtrk ma dbkpik cdstd `d sama KM^A
`ds äghkrds qua bkgtiagag `d tktd`imdm ma skeras p`kfks, ba`astas, varmas, rkoks, fkrdmks y dgdrdgodmks, ag bkfpdôæd ma ug sbd`izdmkr ma` OAA y ma ug ahabtivk ma `d ^G^. 5. D` ``ajdr d `d sama KM^A, agtrajdré `ds äghkrds d `ks
agbdrjdmks ma `d rabapbiòg, tagiagmk ag buagtd `ds prikrimdmas? skeras p`kfks, skeras ba`astas, skeras varmas, skeras rkoks, fkrdmks y dgdrdgodmks ag bd`imdm ma bustkmid. bustkmi d.
2. Agtrajdré d` B@X ugd bkpid ma `ks hkrfdtks HF>5-JKABKU/
UFA? ‐Ckod ma rutd pdrd a` rap`iajua ma mkbufagtks a`abtkrd`as d `d sama KM^A‖ y `ks hkrfdtks HF>9-JKABKU/ UFA? ‐Bdrjk ma rabapbiòg ma skeras rkoks, fkrdmks y dgdrdgodmks ag bustkmid - KM^A @ifd @if d Fatrkpk`itdgd y Bd``dk‖, maeimdfagta rfdmks pkr `ks agbdrjdmks ma `d rabapbiòg. =. Judrmdré `ds mks bkpids ma `ks hkrfdtks HF>5-JKABKU/
UFA y HF>9-JKAKUK/UFA bkfk bkgstdgbid ma qua agtrajué `ks mkbufagtks a`abtkrd`as.
BQDMAUGK MA ]UDEDOK MA@ BKKUMIGDMKU MA FARD ]5
BQDMAUGK MA ]UDEDOK MA@ BKKUMIGDMKU MA FARD ]5
HF>5-JKABKU/UFA
CKOD MA UQ]D ^DUD A@ UA^@IAJQA MA MKBQFAG]KR A@AB]KUD@AR D @D RAMA KM^A Dbtud`izdmk d` >9/45/5>5> >9/45/5> 5> HKUFD]K
Bò mi mijk?
H F> F>5-J -JK KABKU/U /UF FA
CKOD MA UQ]D ^DUD A@ UA^@IAJQA MA MKBQFAG]KR A@AB]KUD@AR D @D RAMA KM^A
Xarsiòg?
>>
^äjigd?
>4 ma >4
4. Mdtks Jagard Jagard`as? `as? KM^A
HABCD G¾ ma Bagtrk ma Dbkpik
@KBD@ @KB D@ MA XK] XK]DB DBII G
5. Uap`iajua ma Mkbufagtks Mkbufagtks A`abtkrd`as d `d Rama ma `d KM^A? KM^A? IGR]UQBBIKGAR?
- A` Bkkrmigdmkr ma @kbd` ma Xktdbiòg varihibd
`d axistagbid ma tkmks `ks skeras p`ästibks, uti`izdgmk `ks gÿfarks ma `ds fasds ma suhrdjik rajistrdmds.
A` Bkkrmigdmkr ma @kbd` ma Xktdbiòg hirfdg ag saôd` ma bkghkrfimdm.
-
Ag `d @ægad ma Uabapbiòg ma `d KM^A, a` Agbdrjdmk ma `d Uabapbiòg maspués ma varihibdr `d axistagbid ma ` ks skeras p`ästibks, maea hirfdr ag saôd` ma bkghkrfimdm.
Rkera ^`kfk
Rkera Ba`asta
Rkera Xarma
Rkera Ukok
Rkera Fkrdmk
Rkera Dgdrdgodmk
G¾
G¾ Fasds ma Ruhrdjik
A`abbiòg / Bkgsu`td 4 (*)
A`abbiòg / Bkgsu`td 5 (*)
A`abbiòg / Bkgsu`td 2 (*)
G¾
4
24
5 2 =
25 22 2=
1
21
8
28
: 3
2: 23
9
29
4>
=>
44 45
=4 =5
42
=2
4=
==
41
=1
48 4:
=8 =:
43
=3
49
=9
5> 54
1> 14
55
15
52
12
5= 51
1= 11
58
18
5:
1:
53
13
59 2>
19 8>
G¾ Fasds ma Ruhrdjik
A`abbiòg / Bkgsutd 4 (*)
A`abbiòg / Bkgsu`td 5 (*)
A`abbiòg / Bkgsu`td 2 (*)
=4
GK]D? ^drd `ks bdsks qua sa agbdrjua d `d KUB `d aoabubiòg ma` prkbask a`abtkrd`, maearäg bkgsijgdr bkgsijgdr `ks mdtks ma `d KUB ag `ks bdfpks qua bkrraspkgmag bkrraspkgmag d `d KM^A, dsifisfk, ma raquarir`k `ks mdtks ma` raspkgsde`a.
Hirfd ma` Bkkrmigdmkr ma @kbd` ma Xktdbiòg
**
Hirfd ma Uaspkgsde`a ma ]rds`dmk ma Rkeras
Gkferas y Dpa``imks?
Gkferas y Dpa``imks?
MGI?
MGI?
Hirfd ma` Agbdrjdmk ma `d Uabapbiòg Gkferas y Dpa``imks? MGI?
A@ABBIKGAR JAGAUD@AR 5>54
A@ABBIKGAR JAGAUD@AR 5>54
HF>9-JKABKU/UFA
BDUJK MA UABA^BIÒG MA RKEUAR UKOKR, FKUDMKR Y DGDUDGODMKR AG BQR]KMID ‒ KM^A Dbtud`izdmk d` >9/45/5>5> >9/45/5> 5> HKUFD]K BDUJK MA UABA^BIÒG MA RKEUAR UKOKR, FKUDMKR Y DGDUDGODMKR AG BQR]KMID ‒ KM^A
Bòmijk?
HF>9-JKABKU/UFA
Xarsiòg?
>>
^äjigd?
4 ma 4
4. Md Mdtk tkss Jaga Jagard rd`a `as? s? KM^A
HABCD
@KBD@ MA XK]DBIÒG
G¾ BAG]UK MA DBK^IK
5. Mkb Mkbufa ufagtk gtkss A`a A`abtk btkrd`a rd`ass rabi rabieim eimks ks ag bus bustkm tkmid? id? Ra rabiea ag bd`imdm bd`imdm ma bustkmid? bustkmid?
=5
Gÿfark ma Äghkrds ]ipk ma Rkeras
A`abbiòg / Bkgsu`td 4 (*)
A`abbiòg / Bkgsu`td 5 (*)
A`abbiòg / Bkgsu`td 2 (*)
Rkeras Ukoks Rkeras Fkrdmks Rkeras Dgdrdgodmks
Hirfd ma` Bkkrmigdmkr ma @kbd` ma Xktdbiòg Gkferas? Dpa``imks? MGI?
Hirfd ma` Uaspkgsde`a ma ]rds`dmk ma Rkeras Gkferas? Dpa``imks? MGI?
Hirfd ma` Agbdrjdmk ma `d Uabapbiòg Gkferas? Gkferas? Dpa``imks? MGI?
BQDMAUGK MA ]UDEDOK MA@ BKKUMIGDMKU MA FARD ]5
BQDMAUGK MA ]UDEDOK MA@ BKKUMIGDMKU MA FARD ]5
^dsks
pdrd dpkydr ag `d rabapbiòg ma `ks mkbufagtks, aquipks y fdtarid` a`abtkrd` rap`ajdmks d `d sama KM^A ma prkvigbid / @ifd Fatrkpk`itdgd y Bd``dk,
KG^A
Ma dbuarmk d` IG>2-JKABKU/UFA X>2
Bkfk bkkrmigdmkrd ma fasd ]5, rad`izdré `k sijuiagta? Ag `d rabapbiòg, bkgtrk` y krjdgizdbiòg ma skeras p`kfks ag `d sama KM^A, pravid bkkrmigdbiòg bkg a` B@X? 4. Agtrajdré a` äghkrd qua bkgtiagag `ks skeras p`kfks ag `d
‐Astdbiòg D‖ ma `d `ægad ma rabapbiòg. 5. Bktaodré ougtk bkg a` ^UAD qua `ks gÿfarks ma `ds dbtds
bkgtagimds ag `ks skeras p`kfks sa agbuagtrag rajistrdmks ag a` hkrfdtk HF>4-JKABKU/UFA k hkrfdtk HF>5-JKABKU/ UFA. 2. Uabieiré mks bkpids ma` hkrfdtk HF>4-JKABKU/UFA k hkrfdtk
HF>5-JKABKU/UFA. Qgd ma `ds bkpids agtrajdré d` B@X. Ag `d rabapbiòg ma `ks QRE ag `d KM^A, pravid bkkrmigdbiòg bkg a` B@X? (sò`k pdrd RAD) 4. Bk`kbdré `ks QRE ma trdgsfisiòg ma rasu`tdmks ag `d ek`sd
p`ästibd y rajistrdré `d bdgtimdm ag a` hkrfdtk HF>=-JKABKU/ UFA? Bdrjk ma agtrajd y rabapbiòg ma` QRE ag `d KM^A. 5. ]rds`dmdré masma a` bagtrk ma dbkpik cdstd `d sama ma `d KM^A
`d ek`sd qua bkgtiagag `ks QRE. 2. Agtrajdré `d ek`sd bkg `ks QRE y a` hkrfdtk bkrraspkgmiagta ag
`d `ægad ma rabapbiòg ma `d sama KM^A. =. Uabieiré mks bkpids rfdmds ma` hkrfdtk HF>=-JKABKU/UFA.
A@ABBIKGAR JAGAUD@AR 5>54
=2
A@ABBIKGAR JAGAUD@AR 5>54
Ag `d rabapbiòg y krjdgizdbiòg ma `ks fdtarid`as a`abtkrd`as, ag bkkrmigdbiòg bkg a` B@ B@X? X? Agtrajdré d `d `ægad ma rabapbiòg `k sijuiagta? 99 9
9 99 99
Äghkrds p`ajdmds Bdeigds ma vktdbiòg p`ajdmds Bdods ma rastks a`abtkrd`as Fdtarid` ma bkgtigjagbid
==
Fuy ifpkrtdgta A` trds`dmk ma `ks QRE `k rad`izdräs bkg a` rap`iajua igtajrd` ma mkbufagtks a`abtkrd`as.
BQDMAUGK MA ]UDEDOK MA@ BKKUMIGDMKU MA FARD ]5
BQDMAUGK MA ]UDEDOK MA@ BKKUMIGDMKU MA FARD ]5
HF>=-JKABKU/UFA
BDUJK MA AG]UAJD Y UABA^BIÒG MA@ QRE AG @D KM^A Dbtud`izdmk d` >9/45/5>5> >9/45/5> 5>
HKUFD]K
Bòmijk?
HF>=JKABKU/UFA
Xarsiòg?
>4
Habcd ma dprkedbiòg? BDUJK MA AG]UAJD Y UABA^BIKG MA@ QRE AG @D KM^A
KM^A?
^äjigd?
5:/45/5>48 4 ma 4
G¿ ma bagtrk ma dbkpik?
@kbd` ma Xktdbiòg?
Ra rabiea ugd ek`sd bkg? [[[[[[[[ Mispksitivk Mispksitivk QRE. QRE. Kesarvdbikgas?
=1
Hirfdg ag saôd` ma bkghkrfimdm?
Bkkrmigdmkr ma @kbd` ma Xktdbiòg / Uaspkgsde`a ma ]rds`dmk Gkferas y dpa``imks?
^arskgd` ma Uabapbiòg ag `d KM^A
MGI?
MGI?
Gkferas y dpa``imks?
(*) Agbdrjdmk ma Bòfputk Masbagtrd`izdmk Gkferas y dpa``imks?
Oaha ma `d KM^A
MGI?
MGI?
Gkferas y dpa``imks?
Gktds?
- 4 Ouajk Ouajk (= (= bk bkpid pids) s) - (*) Hirfd ag saôd` saôd` ma rabapbiòg rabapbiòg (pdrd `ks bdsks bdsks qua gk sa cd rad`izdmk `d trdgsfisiòg trdgsfisiòg ag a` `kbd` `kbd` ma vktdbiòg)
-
^drd `ks bdsks qua sa agbdrjua d `d KUB `d aoabubiòg ma` prkbask a`abtkrd`, maearäg bkgsijgdr `ks mdtks ma `d KUB ag `ks bdfpks qua bkrraspkgmag d `d KM^A, dsifisfk, ma raquarir`k `ks mdtks ma` raspkgsde`a.
A@ABBIKGAR JAGAUD@AR 5>54
A@ABBIKGAR JAGAUD@AR 5>54
A I A k / m y d ` m d i i v i r t =8
b d d `
a t d a f m a s i m s a a t g u æ R j a i ` p a U
BQDMAUGK MA ]UDEDOK MA@ BKKUMIGDMKU MA FARD ]5
a , m ` D A d i R r a E t R d Q f . a y d r m s b i d o g d d a d y j b j k a r , t p g s g i D a d t g g k i d ` e b g d a b , X s @ d B r k ` h d g ä
s d d k r d f . ` p i m a s , a @ k d ` ` ` a ` m d d r d A B j r k ^ y r a t d t b M d i ` y g a g k a a K d t p u s i ` d s ` k D j k a t a p i ` m p g r a k k t a r f s ` u d a a b b F ` g k a m a
. s ` U k d K f k B k m A ` p r a K s u J d r a r b ` d e d a a z i k m m ` s d a s f a d m j u U m k a g m r t ä d g r ` s a k d r r t k f ` p a a f
Amitdmk pkr? pkr? Kbigd Gdbikgd` ma ^rkbasks A`abtkrd`as Or. Zdscigjtkg 439=, @ifd - @ifd 4d. amibiòg - Haerark 5>54, CABCK A@ MA^ÒRI]K @AJD@ AG @D EIE@IK]ABD GDBIKGD@ MA@ ^AUß G.¾ xxxxxxxxx Ra tarfigò ma ifprifir ag haerark 5>54 ag? SSSSSSSSSSSSSS
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