Cuadernillo N°4 (Ciencias 8°)

 

Fn`ofnhs Ohturhb`s

8

 

FN@OFNHV OH[PYHB@V PONKHK ;

‒@vmbufnöo `o `b fmomfnjn`otm k` bh fmostntufnöo k` bh jht`rnh‚

 

L`feh

 

/  ] /9198

Mig`tnvm MH897 Nov`stndhr y hohbnzhr föjm eh `vmbufnmohkm `b fmomfnjn`otm

k` bh fmostntufnöo k` bh jht`rnh, fmosnk`rhokm bms hpmrt`s y bhs `vnk`ofnhs k`7 • Bh t`mrêh htöjnfh k` Khbtmo. • Bms jmk`bms htöjnfms k`shrrmbbhkms pmr [emjsmo, Yute`rlmrk y Imer, `otr` mtrms Nostruffnmo`s7 Bhs hftnvnkhk`s k`i`o s`r r`su`bths `o `b fuhk`ronbbm. Hb lnohbnzhr bhs hftnvnkhk`s k`i` `sfho`hrs` m tmjhrb` uoh lmtm y suinrbh h bh hsndohfnöo k` @kjmkm qu` noknfhrè `b prml`smr. Bhs `vhbuhfnmo`s s`rèo lmrjhtnvhs y `sth thr`h pms``rè uoh omth hfujubhtnvh. 





Mig`tnvm7 @xpbnfhr qu` bh jht`rnh `stè fmostntunkh pmr ètmjms qu` not`rhft÷ho, d`o`rhokm knv`rshs phrtêfubhs y susthofnhs. BH JH[@YNH Bh jht`rnh `s tmkm bm qu` mfuph uo budh budhrr `o `b `sp sph hfnm. fnm. @xn xnst st` `o tr`s tr`s `sthkms k` bh jht`rnh7 söbnkm, bêqunkm y dhs` dhs`ms msm. m. Fhkh Fhkh `s `sth thkm km tn`o tn`o` ` su sus s prmpnhs fhrhft`rêstnfhs, pmr `g`jpbm `b `sthkm söbnkm tn`o` uoh lmrjh y vmbuj`o k`lnonkm. @b bêqunkm tn`o` uo vmbu vm buj` j`o o k` k`lno lnonkm nkm p` p`rm rm su lm lmrj rjh h s` hkhpth hb r`fnpn`ot` qu` bm fmotn`o`. Jn`o Jn `otr trhs hs qu qu` ` `b `s `sth thkm km dh dhs` s`ms msm m om tn`o` lmrjh on vmbuj`o k`lnonkm.

@V[HKMV K@ BH JH[@YNH Q`os`jms `o `b hduh, `o `sthkm söbnkm `s en`bm, `o bêqunkm `s hduh y `o `sthkm dhs`msm `s vhpmr. Qhrh phshr k` uo `sthkm h mtrm k`i`jms huj`othr m knsjnounr bh t`jp`rhturh fmjm s` ju`strh h fmotnouhfnöo7

9

 

FN@OFNHV OH[PYHB@V PONKHK ;

‒@vmbufnöo `o `b fmomfnjn`otm k` bh fmostntufnöo k` bh jht`rnh‚

J@WFBHV ^ VPV[HOFNHV QPYHV Bh jht`rnh `stè lmrjhkh pmr susthofnhs, `sths pu`k`o `ofmotrhrs` fmjm susthofnhs purhs m fmjm j`zfbhs. Bhs j`zfbhs smo bh hdruphfnöo k` kms m jès susthofnhs. @sths pu`k`o s`r emjmdîo`hs (jnsjh lhs`) m e`t`rmdîo`hs (lhs`s knstnoths). Hbduoms `b`j`otms `o `sthkm purm pr`s`otho fhrhft`rêstnfhs ÷onfhs. Bh uonöo k` kms `b`j`otms lmrjho uo fmjpu`stm. Bhs prnofnphb`s knl`r`ofnhs `otr` bhs susthofnhs purhs y bhs j`zfbhs smo7 @o ihs` h bm j`ofnmohkm hot`rnmrj`ot` bh fbhsnlnfhfnöo k` bh jht`rnh `s7

6

 

FN@OFNHV OH[PYHB@V PONKHK ;

‒@vmbufnöo `o `b fmomfnjn`otm k` bh fmostntufnöo k` bh jht`rnh‚

Hftnvnkhk7 K`shrrmbbh bhs hftnvnkhk`s qu` s` pr`s`otho h fmotnouhfnöo7 8. Fmjpb Fmjpb`th `th `b sndun`ot` sndun`ot` jhph j`oth j`othb. b. FN@OFNHV OH[PYHB@V PONKHK ;

‒@vmbufnöo `o `b fmomfnjn`otm k` bh fmostntufnöo k` bh jht`rnh‚

9. Iusfh ` `o o bh fmfnoh k` tu emd emdhr hr knv` knv`rsms rsms hbnj` hbnj`otms otms y sust susthofnhs hofnhs y p` p`dh dh r`fmrt`s m kniugh@sfrni` `g`jpbms k` susthofnhs purhs y j`zfbhs emjmdîo`hs y e`t`rmdîo`hs. hb bhkm k` fhkh uom h quî fht`dmrêh p`rt`o`f` ;

 

(hb j`oms 0 k` fhkh uom).

FN@OFNHV OH[PYHB@V PONKHK ;

 

‒@vmbufnöo `o `b fmomfnjn`otm k` bh fmostntufnöo k` bh jht`rnh‚

Mig`tnvm k` bh fbhs`7 Y`pr`s`othr bh t`mrêh htöjnfh k` Khbtmo [`mrêhs htöjnfhs

0

 

 Qmr jufems sndbms, k`sk` bms drn`dms uoms uom s 011 høms hot`s k` Frnstm, `s qu` bhs  p`rsmohs oms e`jms pr`duothkm pr`duo thkm smir` föjm `stè fmolmrjhkh bh jht`rnh. K`sk` bh hotndò`khk bms lnbösmlms s` pr`duothiho k` quî `sthiho lmrjhkhs bhs fmshs qu` bms rmk`hiho. Qrnj`rm p`oshrmo qu` bh jht`rnh `rh fmotnouh, `s k`fnr, qu`  s` pmkêh knvnknr nok`lnonkhj`ot`. @o bh hotnduh Dr`fnh, bhs drhok`s fmov`rshfnmo`s y pmr quî om k`fnr knspuths lnbmsölnfhs smir` `b `st` y mtrms t`jhs `olr`othrmo kms fmomfnkms p`rsmohg`s7 K`jöfrntm y Hrnstöt`b`s. Ehirès `sfufehkm ehibhr k` hjims, om misthot`, phrh Hrnstöt`b`s tmkh bh jht`rnh qu` oms rmk`h `stè fmostntunkh k` fuhtrm `b`j`otms `s`ofnhb`s7 `b lu`dm, `b hduh, `b hnr` y bh tn`rrh. Qhrh Hrnstöt`b`s, bh jht`rnh `rhk`uoh fmjinohfnöo k` `stms Îb `b`j`otms. Vno `jihrdm, K`jöfrntm om `sthih hfu`rkm fmo Hrnstöt`b`s.  pbhot`hih `b sndun`ot` `g`rfnfnm lnbmsölnfm7 ½quî suf`k` sn uo jht`rnhb, uo trmzm k` php`b, pmr `g`jpbm, bm fmrtm fhkh v`z `o p`khzms jès p`qu`øms=, ½s`rè  pmsnib` qu` `o hbd÷o jmj`otm yh om s` pu`kh s`dunr trmzhokm=, ½s`rè pmsnib` qu` `o hbd÷o jmj`otm s` bb`du` h uoh phrtêfubh tho knjnouth qu` fmostntuyh bhs ihs`s k` bh jht`rnh= K`jöfrntm hsê bm fr`êh. Îb om pukm k`jmstrhr ouofh bm qu`  p`oshih, yh qu` h÷o om s` ehiêh e hiêh k`shrrmbbhkm `b jîtmkm fn`otêlnfm. Vno `jihrdm, k`gö pbhot`hkh `sth nofödonth. Nofbusm bh phbhirh ètmjm qu` emy ushjms vn`o` k` bms tn`jpms k` K`jöfrntm. Ètmjm sndonlnfh noknvnsnib` `o  drn`dm. @s` `s `b tîrjnom qu` s` usö phrh phr h k`sfrninr `sth phrtêfubh enpmtîtnfh qu` `rh bh ihs` k` tmkh bh jht`rnh.

H prnofnpnms k`b sndbm UNU, `b quêjnfm nodbîs G. Khbtmo r`tmjö bh nk`h k` bms ètmjms `o su t`mrêh htöjnfh, `o bh qu` fmosnk`rö qu` `stms `rho `sl`rhs noknvnsnib`s y `b`j`othb`s fmostntuy`ot`s k` bh jht`rnh.

<

 

FN@OFNHV OH[PYHB@V PONKHK ;

‒@vmbufnöo `o `b fmomfnjn`otm k` bh fmostntufnöo k` bh jht`rnh‚

4

 

FN@OFNHV OH[PYHB@V PONKHK ;

‒@vmbufnöo `o `b fmomfnjn`otm k` bh fmostntufnöo k` bh jht`rnh‚

Nov`stndh `o knv`rsms j`knms ([`xtm `sfmbhr, not`ro`t, `ofnfbmp`knhs, `ofnfbmp`knhs, `tf) y fmjpb`th bhs sndun`ot`s hlnrjhfnmo`s7 hlnrjhfnmo`s7 8.-‑ K`jöfrntm pmstubö qu` bh jht`rnh `rh ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]], y `sthih lmrjhkh pmr uoh phrtêfubh h bh fuhb bbhjö ètmjm qu` sndonlnfh ]]]]]]]]]]]]. 9.-‑ @o uo prnofnpnm s` p`oshih qu` bh jht`rnh `rh ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]. 6.-‑ Bhs phrtêfubhs qu` `ofmotrhjms `o `b o÷fb`m smo ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]qu` pms`` fhrdh ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]y bms ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]qu` om pms``o fhrdh. 5

 

;.-‑ @b o÷j`rm jèsnfm noknfh `b o÷j`rm k` jès ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]].

FN@OFNHV OH[PYHB@V PONKHK ;

‒@vmbufnöo `o `b fmomfnjn`otm k` bh fmostntufnöo k` bh jht`rnh‚

0.-‑ Bh `ovmbturh oufb`hr `stè lmrjhkh pmr bms ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] qu` pms``o   fhrdh ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]].

 

FN@OFNHV OH[PYHB@V PONKHK ;

‒@vmbufnöo `o `b fmomfnjn`otm k` bh fmostntufnöo k` bh jht`rnh‚

81

   

FN@OFNHV OH[PYHB@V PONKHK ; 

fmomfnjn`otm k` bh fmostntufnöo fmostntufnöo k` bh jht`rnh‚ jht`rnh‚ ‒ @vmbufnöo `o `b fmomfnjn`otm   L`feh

/

/9198

Mig`tnvm k` bh fbhs`7 Hohbnzhr bms hpmrt`s hpmrt`s y bhs `vnk`o `vnk`ofnhs fnhs k` bms jmk`bms htöjnfms k`shrrmbbhkms pmr [emjsmo, Yute`rlmrk y Imer.

Jmk`bms htöjnfms k` [emjsmo, Yute`rlmrk y Imer.

@o 85>4 pmr Gms`pe Gmeo [emjsmo, s` k`t`rjnoö qu` `b ètmjm s` fmjpmoêh k` kms  phrt`s, uoh o`dhtnvh y uoh pmsntnvh. Bh phrt` o`dhtnvh `sthih fmostntunkh pmr `b`ftrmo`s, bms fuhb`s s` `ofmotrhiho s`d÷o `st` jmk`bm noj`rsm `o uoh jhsh k` fhrdh pmsntnvh (fmjm sn lu`rho phshs `o uo phst`b). p hst`b). K` `st` k`sfuirnjn`otm k`kugm qu` `b ètmjm k`iêh k` s`r uoh `sl`rh k` jht`rnh fhrdhkh  pmsntnvhj`ot`, `o fuym not`rnmr `sthiho nofrusthkms bms `b`ftrmo`s.

88

 

FN@OFNHV OH[PYHB@V PONKHK ;

‒@vmbufnöo `o `b fmomfnjn`otm k` bh fmostntufnöo k` bh jht`rnh‚

Jmk`bm htöjnfm k` Yute`rlmrk @st` jmk`bm lu` k`shrrmbbhkm pmr `b lêsnfm @ro`st Yute`rlmrk (8>88). Y`pr`s`oth uo hvhof` smir` `b jmk`bm k` [emjsmo, yh qu` jhotn`o` qu` `b ètmjm s` fmjpmo` k` uoh phrt`  pmsntnvh y uoh o`dhtnvh, sno `jihrdm, h knl`r`ofnh k`b hot`rnmr, pmstubh qu` bh phrt` pmsntnvh s` fmof`otrh `o uo o÷fb`m, `b fuhb thjinîo fmotn`o` vnrtuhbj`ot` tmkh bh jhsh k`b ètmjm, jn`otrhs qu` bms `b`ftrmo`s s` uinfho `o uoh fmrt`zh mrinthokm hb o÷fb`m `o örinths fnrfubhr`s m `bêptnfhs fmo uo `sphfnm vhfêm `otr` `bbms. H p`shr k` s`r uo jmk`bm mismb`tm, `s bh p`rf`pfnöo jès fmj÷o k`b ètmjm k`b p÷ibnfm om fn`otêlnfm. Yute`rlmrk pr`kngm bh `xnst`ofnh k`b o`utröo `o `b høm 8>91, pmr `sh rhzöo `o `b jmk`bm hot`rnmr ([emjsmo), om s` ehibh k` îst`.

Fhrhft`rêstnfhs Fhrhft`rês tnfhs k`b ètmjm k` Yute`rlmrk

89

 

FN@OFNHV OH[PYHB@V PONKHK ;

‒@vmbufnöo `o `b fmomfnjn`otm k` bh fmostntufnöo k` bh jht`rnh‚

Yute`rlmrk hb pmstubhr su jmk`bm om tuvm `o fu`oth hbduohs nov`stndhfnmo`s pr`vnhs smir` bh fmostntufnöo k`b ètmjm y `xp`rnj`othfnmo`s smir` bh buz `jntnkh m hismrinkh pmr bhs susthofnhs, bhs fuhb`s noknfhiho hbduoms `rrmr`s `o su t`mrêh. Pom k` bms `rrmr`s k`b jmk`bm htöjnfm k` Yute`rlmrk `rh pmstubhr qu` bms `b`ftrmo`s s` `ofu`otrho dnrhokm hbr`k`kmr k`b o÷fb`m y p`rjho`f`o `o `sths örinths. [mjhokm `o fu`oth `sths mis`rvhfnmo`s, On`bs Imer (8>86) pbhot`ö uo ou`vm jmk`bm htöjnfm, `b fuhb noknfhih bm sndun`ot`7

Bms `b`ftrmo`s dnrho `o örinths lnghs y k`lnonkhs, bbhjhkhs onv`b`s k` Bms `o`rdêh. Bms  Bms `b`ftrmo`s qu` s` `ofu`otrho `o onv`b`s jès f`rfhoms hb o÷fb`m  pms``o j`oms `o`rdêh k` bms qu` qu` s` `ofu`otrho b`gms k` îb. Fuhokm  Fuhokm `b `b`ftröo s` `ofu`otrh `o uoh örinth k`t`rjnohkh om `jnt` on hismri` `o`rdêh. Vn  Vn `b `b`ftröo hismri` `o`rdêh k` uoh lu`ot` `xt`roh, pu`k` ‒shbthr‚ h uo onv`b k` jhymr `o`rdêh. Vn  Vn `b `b`ftröo r`dr`sh h uo onv`b j`omr, k`i` `jntnr `o`rdêh `o lmrjh k` buz (rhknhfnöo `b`ftrmjhdoîtnfh).

86

 

FN@OFNHV OH[PYHB@V PONKHK ;

‒@vmbufnöo `o `b fmomfnjn`otm k` bh fmostntufnöo k` bh jht`rnh‚ Qhrh Imer, bms `b`ftrmo`s dnrhiho `o tmrom hb o÷fb`m `o örinths fnrfubhr`s k` rhknms k`lnonkms, p`rm om `o tmkhs bhs örinths, pu`s phrh p hrh îb `xnstêho örinths p`rjntnkhs y mtrhs prmeninkhs.

@o fhkh uoh k` `sths örinths smbm pu`k` ehi`r uo o÷j`rm khkm k` `b`ftrmo`s, fmo uoh `o`rdêh k`t`rjnohkh. Qhrh qu` uo `b`ftröo fhjin` k` örinth, `s o`f`shrnm jmknlnfhr su `o`rdêh `o uoh fhotnkhk k`t`rjnohkh. @b phr`fnkm k`b jmk`bm fmo bms jmk`bms pbho`thrnms, y `b e`fem k` qu` not`rpr`thrh fn`rtms suf`sms `xp`rnj`othb`s, qu` pmr `otmof`s fhr`fêho k` `xpbnfhfnöo, enfn`rmo qu` tuvn`rh uo îxntm noj`knhtm.

Ehfnh 8>90, ou`vms hvhof`s, thotm `xp`rnj`othb`s fmjm t`örnfms, mibndhrmo h prmpmo`r uo ou`vm jmk`bm7 `b jmk`bm htöjnfm k` mrinthb`s. H phrtnr k` bms trhihgms k` fn`otêlnfms fmjm Jhx Qbhofc, Bmuns K` Irmdbn`, T`ro`r E`ns`oi`rd, @rwno Vferüknod`r y mtrms, s` eh `sthib`fnkm `b jmk`bm htöjnfm hftuhb. @O Y@VPJ@O7

FN@OFNHV OH[PYHB@V PONKHK ;

‒@vmbufnöo `o `b fmomfnjn`otm k` bh fmostntufnöo k` bh jht`rnh‚

HF[N\NKHK

8;

 

8. ½Fuèb `s bh prnofnphb knl`r`ofnh `otr` bms `stuknms k` [emjpsmo y Yute`rlmrk=  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] 9. Y`bhfnmoh bhs sndun`ot`s fmofbusnmo`s `xp`rnj`othb`s fmo `b jmk`bm htöjnfm h qu` kn`rmo budhr7 Qnoth `b r`fuhkrm qu` `s fmrr`ftm. h- @b ètmjm om `s noknvnsnib` yh qu` hb hpbnfhr uo lu`rt` vmbthg` h bms ètmjms k` uo `b`j`otm `o `sthkm dhs`msm, îstms `jnt`o phrtêfubhs fmo fhrdh o`dhtnvh7

i.- Bms ètmjms k` bms `b`j`otms `o `sthkm dhs`msm prmkuf`o, hb s`r `xfnthkms,

`sp`ftrms knsfmotnoums fhrhft`rêstnfms qu` k`i`o r`lb`ghr su `strufturh `b`ftröonfh, `o mtrhs phbhirhs hismri`o m `jnt`o `o`rdêh.

 

FN@OFNHV OH[PYHB@V PONKHK ;

f .-Hb

‒@vmbufnöo `o `b fmomfnjn`otm k` bh fmostntufnöo k` bh jht`rnh‚

imjihrk`hr bms ètmjms k` uoh bèjnoh k`bdhkh fmo f mo phrtêfubhs fhrdhkhs pmsntnvhj`ot`, hbduohs r`imtho `o uo p`qu`øm o÷fb`m sntuhkm `o `b f`otrm k`b 80

 

ètmjm7

  6. @o uoh fhrtubnoh u mtrm jht`rnhb snjnbhr, r`hbnzh uo jhph j`othb fmo bh sndun`ot` nolmrjhfnöo7 h) [êtubm i) Jmk`bms htöjnfms y sus høms. f) Fhrhft`rêstnfhs k` fhkh jmk`bm k) Kniugm k` fhkh jmk`bm. *** Bh lmtmdrhlêh k`b jhph j`othb k`i` s`r `ovnhkh guotm hb r`stm k` bh duêh, om s` `vhbuhrèo trhihgms nofmjpb`tms.

FN@OFNHV OH[PYHB@V PONKHK ;

‒@vmbufnöo `o `b fmomfnjn`otm k` bh fmostntufnöo k` bh jht`rnh‚ 

  L`feh

/

Mig`tnvm7 Y`pr`s`othr y k`sfrninr bh `strufturh k` bms ètmjms.

8<

/9198

 

@strufturh k`b ètmjm

FN@OFNHV OH[PYHB@V PONKHK ;

‒@vmbufnöo `o `b fmomfnjn`otm k` bh fmostntufnöo k` bh jht`rnh‚ 

Po fmoguotm k` ètmjms k`b jnsjm tnpm lmrjho uo `b`j`otm quêjnfm k`t`rjnohkm. Qhrh pmk`r r`pr`s`othr y knstnodunr uo `b`j`otm quêjnfm s` utnbnzh uo sêjimbm quêjnfm y kms o÷j`rms, fmomfnkms fmjm7 o÷j`rm htöjnfm y o÷j`rm jèsnfm. @b o÷j`rm htöjnfm (W) noknfh `b o÷j`rm k` prmtmo`s qu` fmotn`o` `b o÷fb`m htöjnfm. Qhrh uo ètmjm o`utrm, `b o÷j`rm k` prmtmo`s `s nkîotnfm hb o÷j`rm k` `b`ftrmo`s. @b o÷j`rm jèsnfm (H) noknfh `b o÷j`rm k` prmtmo`s jès o`utrmo`s qu` tn`o` `b ètmjm `o su o÷fb`m.

84

   

FN@OFNHV OH[PYHB@V PONKHK ;

‒@vmbufnöo `o `b fmomfnjn`otm k` bh fmostntufnöo k` bh jht`rnh‚ 

HF[N\NKHK 8. Mis`r Mis`rvhokm vhokm `b kn kniugm iugm hot hot`rnmr `rnmr fmjp fmjpb`th b`th bh sndu sndun`ot` n`ot` th thibh. ibh.

85

 

9. @o `b sndu sndun`ot` n`ot` k knhdrhj nhdrhjh h `sfrni` bbhs hs phrtêf phrtêfubhs ubhs sui suihtöjnfhs htöjnfhs..

FN@OFNHV OH[PYHB@V PONKHK ;

‒@vmbufnöo `o `b fmomfnjn`otm k` bh fmostntufnöo k` bh jht`rnh‚ 

6. Fmjpb Fmjpb`th `th bms sndun` sndun`ot`s ot`s knhdr knhdrhjhs hjhs htöjn htöjnfms7 fms7 K`i` K`i`s s kniughr `b o÷fb` o÷fb`m m ` noknfhr bh fhotnkhk k` phrtêfubhs qu` fmrr`fthj`ot`. Bu`dm kniughr bh fmrt`zh htöjnfh ` noknfhr bh fhotnkhk k` phrtêfubhs s`d÷o fmrr`spmokh.

8>

 

;. K`jöf K`jöfrntm, rntm, lnbös lnbösmlm mlm dr drn`dm, n`dm, p`oshi p`oshih h qu` `o hbd÷o jmj`otm s` bb`dh h uoh  phrtêfubh tho knjnouth qu` fmostntuy` bhs ihs`s k` bh jht`rnh. jht`rnh. Bhj`othib`j`ot` om pukm k`jmstrhr ouofh bm qu` p`oshih.

FN@OFNHV OH[PYHB@V PONKHK ;

‒@vmbufnöo `o `b fmomfnjn`otm k` bh fmostntufnöo k` bh jht`rnh‚ 

Qmr `stm y phrh lnohbnzhr, h fmotnouhfnöo, `sfrni` uoh fhrth h K`jöfrntm, kmok` b` fu`ot`s tmkms bms 91

 

k`sfuirnjn`otms qu` s` r`hbnzhrmo ehsth bh hftuhbnkhk fmo r`sp`ftm hb ètmjm.

FN@OFNHV OH[PYHB@V PONKHK ;

‒@vmbufnöo `o `b fmomfnjn`otm k` bh fmostntufnöo k` bh jht`rnh‚ 

MH 8;7 Pshr 8;7 Pshr bh thibh p`rnöknfh fmjm uo jmk`bm phrh pr`k`fnr bhs prmpn`khk`s r`bhtnvhs k` bms `b`j`otms quêjnfms ihsèokms` `o bms phtrmo`s k` sus ètmjms, fmosnk`rhokm7 @b o÷j`rm htöjnfm. • Bh jhsh htöjnfh. 98

 

• • • •

Bh fmokuftnvnkhk `bîftrnfh. Bh fmokuftnvnkhk tîrjnfh. @b irnbbm. Bms `obhf`s qu` s` pu`k`o lmrjhr

Mig`tnvm k` bh fbhs`7 Hohbnzhr y fmjpr`ok`r qu` bms ètmjms s` fhrdho `bîftrnfhj`ot`. Po ètmjm o`utrm pu`k` fhrdhrs` hb f`k`r m dhohr uom m jès `b`ftrmo`s, lmrjhokm uo nmo. Bms `b`ftrmo`s novmbufrhkms s` k`omjnoho `b`ftrmo`s k` vhb`ofnh.

Fuhokm `b ètmjm pn`rk` `b`ftrmo`s qu`kh fmo fhrdh pmsntnvh y d`o`rh uo fhtnöo. @stm ehf` qu` `b thjhøm k` su oui` `b`ftröonfh knsjnouyh. @b fhtnöo `s jès p`qu`øm qu` `b ètmjm o`utrm, pu`s tn`o` uo `b`ftröo j`oms. D`o`rhbj`ot`, `s `b jès hb`ghkm k`b o÷fb`m. FN@OFNHV OH[PYHB@V PONKHK ;

‒@vmbufnöo `o `b fmomfnjn`otm k` bh fmostntufnöo k` bh jht`rnh‚ 

@b sndom (+) `b`vhkm noknfh `b o÷j`rm k` fhrdhs f hrdhs pmsntnvhs, pmr `g`jpbm, sn `b jhdo`snm pn`rk` kms `b`ftrmo`s7

99

 

Fuhokm `b ètmjm dhoh `b`ftrmo`s qu`kh fmo fhrdh o`dhtnvh y lmrjh uo honöo. @stm ehf` qu` `b thjhøm k` su oui` `b`ftröonfh huj`ot`.

FN@OFNHV OH[PYHB@V PONKHK ;

‒@vmbufnöo `o `b fmomfnjn`otm k` bh fmostntufnöo k` bh jht`rnh‚ 

H knl`r`ofnh k` bm qu` suf`k` fmo bms fhtnmo`s, `b honöo `s jès drhok` qu` `b ètmjm o`utrm, pu`s s` eh hdr`dhkm uo `b`ftröo hknfnmohb h bh oui` k` `b`ftrmo`s. 96

 

@b sndom o`dhtnvm (‖) `b`vhkm k`b sêjimbm k`b `b`j`otm noknfh bh fhotnkhk k` `b`ftrmo`s høhknkms. Qmr `g`jpbm7

FN@OFNHV OH[PYHB@V PONKHK ;

‒@vmbufnöo `o `b fmomfnjn`otm k` bh fmostntufnöo k` bh jht`rnh‚ 

FN@OF[PYHB@V

HF[N\NKHK Y`spmok` bhs sndun`ot`s pr`duoths7 h. Vn tuv tuvn`rhs n`rhs qu qu` ` fmov` fmov`of`r of`r h uo ((h) h) hjndm ((h) h) m lhjnbn lhjnbnhr, hr, k` qu` 9;

 

nov`stndu` hf`rfh k` quî smo bms ètmjms, ½Föjm bm ehrêhs= ½Xuî b` knrêhs=  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] i. Nov`s Nov`stndhr tndhr `o knv` knv`rshs rshs lu`o lu`ot`s, t`s, ½Qmr quî `b Mxêd Mxêd`om, `om, `b Enkr Enkröd`om öd`om y `b Fhrimom smo Inm`b`j`otms pr`s`ot`s `o tmkhs bhs inmjmbîfubhs qu` oms fmolmrjho, h tmkms bms s`r`s vnvms=  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] f. V`d÷o bm nnov`st ov`stndhkm ndhkm `o bh pr` pr`duoth duoth hot hot`rnm `rnmrr ½Xuî fhrhf fhrhft`rês t`rêstnfhs tnfhs `b`ftröonfhs tn`o`o `stms `b`j`otms qu` b`s p`rjnt`o `sthr `o `sth knv`rsnkhk k` inmjmbîfubhs=  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] k. ½Qmr quî fr fr``s ``s qu` smo bm bms s `b`ftrmo`s `b`ftrmo`s bms qu qu` ` s` not`rf not`rfhjinho hjinho `o uo `obhf`= @xpbnfh  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]

FN@OFNHV OH[PYHB@V PONKHK ;

‒@vmbufnöo `o `b fmomfnjn`otm k` bh fmostntufnöo k` bh jht`rnh‚ 

Mig`tnvm k` bh fbhs`7 Fmomf`r bhs prnofnphb`s fhrhft`rêstnfhs k` bms `b`j`otms k`omjnohkms j`thb`s.

90

 

Bms j`thb`s smo uo drupm k` `b`j`otms quêjnfms qu` pr`s`otho tmkhs m drho phrt` k` bhs sndun`ot`s prmpn`khk`s lêsnfhs7 `sthkm söbnkm h t`jp`rhturh omrjhb, `xf`ptm `b j`rfurnm qu` `s bêqunkm3 mphfnkhk, `xf`ptm `o fhphs juy lnohs3 iu`oms fmokuftmr`s `bîftrnfms y tîrjnfms3 irnbbhot`s, uoh v`z pubnkms, y `strufturh frnsthbnoh `o `sthkm söbnkm. FN@OFNHV OH[PYHB@V PONKHK ;

‒@vmbufnöo `o `b fmomfnjn`otm k` bh fmostntufnöo k` bh jht`rnh‚ 

J`thb`s y om j`thb`s s` `ofu`otrho s`phrhkms `o `b snst`jh p`rnöknfm pmr uoh bêo`h knhdmohb k` `b`j`otms. Bms `b`j`otms h bh nzqun`rkh k` `sth knhdmohb smo bms j`thb`s, y bms `b`j`otms h bh k`r`feh smo bms om j`thb`s. Bms `b`j`otms qu` not`drho 9<

 

`sth knhdmohb -imrm, snbnfnm, d`rjhonm, hrsîonfm, hotnjmonm, t`burm, pmbmonm y hsthtm- tn`o`o prmpn`khk`s thotm j`tèbnfhs fmjm om j`tèbnfhs.

Jug`r jhpufe` ushokm pbht`rêh 85>1, lmtm Dusthvm Jnb`t Yhjêr`z, Fenb`.

Bms `b`j`otms j`tèbnfms jès fmjuo`s smo bms sndun`ot`s7 hbujnonm, ihrnm, i`rnbnm, insjutm, fhkjnm, fhbfnm, f`rnm, frmjm, fmihbtm, fmir`, mrm, nrnknm, en`rrm, pbmjm, bntnm, jhdo`snm, jhodho`sm, j`rfurnm, jmbnik`om, oêqu`b, msjnm, phbhknm, pbhtnom, pmthsnm, rhknm, rmknm, pbhth, smknm, thothbnm, thbnm, tmrnm, `sthøm, tnthonm, vmblrhjnm, urhonm, vhohknm y fnof. Bms `b`j`otms j`tèbnfms s` pu`k`o fmjinohr uoms fmo mtrms y thjinîo fmo mtrms `b`j`otms lmrjhokm fmjpu`stms, knsmbufnmo`s y j`zfbhs. Poh j`zfbh k` kms m jès j`thb`s m k` uo j`thb y fn`rtms om j`thb`s fmjm `b fhrimom s` k`omjnoh k `omjnoh hb`hfnöo. Bhs hb`hfnmo`s k` j`rfurnm fmo mtrms `b`j`otms j`tèbnfms smo fmomfnkhs fmjm hjhbdhjhs. Bms j`thb`s ju`strho uo hjpbnm jhrd`o `o sus prmpn`khk`s lêsnfhs. Bh jhymrêh k` `bbms smo k` fmbmr drnsèf`m, p`rm hbduoms pr`s`otho fmbmr`s knstnotms3 `b insjutm `s rmsèf`m, `b fmir` rmgnzm y `b mrm hjhrnbbm.

FN@OFNHV OH[PYHB@V PONKHK ;

‒@vmbufnöo `o `b fmomfnjn`otm k` bh fmostntufnöo k` bh jht`rnh‚ 

@o mtrms j`thb`s hphr`f` jès k` uo fmbmr, y `st` l`oöj`om s` k`omjnoh pb`mfrmnsjm. @b puotm k` lusnöo k` bms j`thb`s vhrêh `otr` bms b ms -6> ±F k`b j`rfurnm, h bms 6.;81 ±F k`b tuodst`om. @b nrnknm, fmo uoh k`osnkhk r`bhtnvh k` 99,;, `s `b jès k`osm k` bms j`thb`s. Qmr `b fmotrhrnm, `b bntnm `s `b j`oms k`osm, fmo uoh k`osnkhk r`bhtnvh k` 1,06. Bh jhymrêh k` bms j`thb`s frnsthbnzho `o `b snst`jh f÷infm, huoqu` hbduoms bm ehf`o `o `b e`xhdmohb y `o 94

   

`b t`trhdmohb (vîhs` Frnsthb). Bh jès ihgh fmokuftnvnkhk `bîftrnfh bh tn`o` `b insjutm, y bh jès hbth h t`jp`rhturh mrknohrnh bh pbhth. (Qhrh fmokuftnvnkhk h ihgh t`jp`rhturh vîhs` Frnmd`onh3 Vup`rfmokuftnvnkhk). Bh fmokuftnvnkhk `o bms j`thb`s pu`k` r`kufnrs` j`knhot` hb`hfnmo`s. [mkms bms j`thb`s s` `xphok`o fmo `b fhbmr y s` fmotrh`o hb `olrnhrs`. Fn`rths hb`hfnmo`s, hb `hfnmo`s, fmjm bhs k` pbhtnom ` nrnknm, tn`o`o uo fm`lnfn`ot` k` knbhthfnöo `xtr`jhkhj`ot` ihgm. FN@OFNHV OH[PYHB@V PONKHK ;

‒@vmbufnöo `o `b fmomfnjn`otm k` bh fmostntufnöo k` bh jht`rnh‚ 

HF[N\NKHK

N.- @ofu`otrh `o bh sndun`ot` smph k` b`trhs b `trhs bms omjir`s k` bhs phrt`s y phrtêfubhs luokhj`othb`s k`b ètmjm7 (Fmrt`zh ‖ o÷fb`m ‖ `b`ftröo prmtöo ‖o`utröo).

95

 

FN@OFNHV OH[PYHB@V PONKHK 6

‒@vmbufnöo `o `b fmomfnjn`otm k` bh fmostntufnöo k` bh jht`rnh‚ 

NN. Fmjpb`t` bhs sndun`ot`s lrhs`s fmo bhs phbhirhs qu` `stèo `o `b r`fuhkrm. lnbhs - jhshs htöjnfhs - om j`thb`s ‖ fmbujohs ‖ j`thb`s - o÷j`rm htöjnfm 8.- Bh thibh p`rnöknfh hftuhb s` mrk`oh `o luofnöo k`b  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]7]]]]]]]].  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]7]]] ]]]]]. 9.- Bms ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] s` fhrhft`rnzho pmr s`r iu`oms fmokuftmr`s `bîftrnfms y k÷ftnb`s. 6.- J`ok`b`n`v mrk`oö bms `b`j`otms `o su [hibh p`rnöknfh, s`d÷o bms  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]. ;.- Bh thibh p`rnöknfh hftuhb mrk`oh bms `b`j`otms `o sn`t`  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] y kn`fnmfem]]]]]]]]]]]]. 0.- Bms `b`j`otms ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] s` fhrhft`rnzho pmr s`r jhbms fmokuftmr`s `bîftrnfms y `xf`b`ot`s hnsbhot`s tîrjnfms.

NNN. Nk`otnlnfh s`ns `b`j`otms k` bh thibh p`rnöknfh7 tr`s j`tèbnfms y tr`s om j`tèbnfms. Noknfh sus fhrhft`rêstnfhs y `o qu` s` pmkrêh hpbnfhr fhkh uom. @xpbnfh pmr quî fr``s qu` pu`k`o s`r utnbnzhkms fmo `sms lno`s.

 ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] 9>

 

 ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]

61