Cuadernillo de Activación Conductual

 

!"#$%&$'()*!"+!,$-"'./+ > 6 

 

 XVDQD@RNAKÑ@ D` omrn fud`n, ons bdakbkbm prmfnr sudrtd k`kakn`bm u` prmjrncn bd trntnckd`tm fnsnbm d` dvkbd`akn pnrn dl nlkvkm bd ln bdprdskñ` y bkvdrsms tkpms bd n`skdbnb y dstrës5 cîs nllî bd dsm, ons bdakbkbm prmfnr sudrtd am` u` prmjrncn qud sd bkrkjd n ln cdimrn bd tu anlkbnb bd vkbn. Dstd prmjrncn sd llncn Natkvnakñ` Am`buatunl, u`n k`tdrvd`akñ` dstruaturnbn, sd`aklln d` su nplkanakñ`, y tdñrkancd`td tdñr kancd`td gu`bncd`tnbn qud, sk sd tkd`d d` aud`tn su burnakñ`, `ùcdrm bd dstrntdjkns dcpldnbns, ln sdvdrkbnb bd lns prmfldcîtkans d` qud on td`kbm ëxktm, dl rn`jm bd ancfkm mfsdrvnbm, ln nusd`akn bd rdanãbns trns bms nþms bd trntnckd`tm, y ln bksck`uakñ` bdl usm bd gîrcnams utklkznbms trns su gk`nlkznakñ`, sd pdrgkln amcm u`n mpakñ` tdrnpëutkan sucncd`td vd`tnimsn. D` dstn k`tdrvd`akñ` k`t drvd`akñ` sd nfmjn pmr dl usm bd am`adptms qud bdspntmlmjkzn` lms dstnbms bd î`kcm `djntkvms, y sd lds vd amcm rdspudstns `mrcnlds n`td akrau`stn`akns bd vkbn bdsgnvmrnflds. Ln Natkvnakñ` Am`buatunl fusan nyubnr n lns pdrsm`ns n amcprd`bdr lns gud`tds dxtdr`ns (am`tdxtm/ncfkd`td) bd su sugrkckd`tm y lmanlkznr nqudllms amcpmrtnckd`tms qud dstî` cn`td`kd`bm m dcpdmrn`bm su am`bkakñ`, pnrn pmbdr ancfknrlms y jd`drnr u`n dspkrnl bd cdimrn d` ln anlkbnb bd vkbn. ½^uë cdimr cmcd`tm pnrn k`kaknr qud nomrn ckscm= Rd snlubm, ck `mcfrd ds Ckaodl. Qmy dl bdsnrrmllnbmr bd dstd aunbdr`kllm bd trnfnim5 pdrm `m lm od odaom ym smlm, sk`m qud sd on fnsnbm d` ln dxpdrkd`akn qud od td`kbm nl trnfninr am` u`n vnrkdbnb bd usunrkms bd cks sdrvkakms amcm am`sultmr am`buatunl, tncfkë` n pnrtkr bdl am`sdim bd cndstrms y amldjns, nbdcîs bd ln ncnfld rdvkskñ` bd ck amldjn Idsskan Ynpntn. Bkaom lm n`tdrkmr, n `mcfrd bd tmbns lns pdrsm`ns qud on` npmrtnbm nljm nl bdsnrrmllm bd dstd aunbdr`kllm, td bdsdm qud tù y tu am`sultmr am`buatunl pudbn` d`am`trnr d` ël u`n juãn sd`aklln pnrn k`amrpmrnr ln Natkvnakñ` Am`buatunl n tu vkbn. Vdgdrd`akns9

En`tdr, I.Z., Fusao, N.Z. y Vusao, L.A. (688;). Fdonvkmrnl Natkvntkm`. @udvn [mre9 Vmutldbjd Cnrtdll, A.V., Bkckbin`, Q., y Odrcn`-Bu` Odrcn`-Bu``, `, V. (68>8), Fdonvkmrnl Natkvntkm` gmr Bdprdsskm`, n Alk`kakn`‛s Jukbd. @udvn [mre9 Juklgmrb Qî`aodz, I., Fnrrnan, I., Cmrn, D., & Vdyds, C. (68>?). Xrmpkdbnbds pskamcëtrkans bd ln Dsanln bd Natkvnakñ` Am`buatunl pnrn ln Bdprdskñ` (FNBQ) d` u`n cudstrn cdxkan`n. Alã`kan y Qnlub, 6;, >4>->44.

 

 

Ã@BKAD ½XMV ^TË ONFLNV BD LN BDXVDQKÑ@, N@QKDBNB [ DL DQRVËQ= . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 K@RVMBTAAKÑ@ - DL QTGVKCKD@RM BDQBD T@N XDVQXDARKWN AMCXMVRNCD@RNL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

LN DQRVTARTVN BD LN NARKWNAKÑ@ AM@BTARTNL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :

DRNXN > N@NLKYNV LN OKQRMVKN BDL QTGVKCKD@RM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?

DIDVAKAKM > ‑ CK XVMXKM N@ÎLKQKQ GT@AKM@NL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ; LN CDRÎGMVN BDL RMFKLLM LT_NBM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>> DIDVAKAKM 6 - AMCXVD@BDV LN ITQRKGKANAKÑ@ BD LN NARKWNAKÑ@ AM@BTARTNL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>6 CNLK@RDVXVDRNAKM@DQ AMCT@DQ QMFVD LN NARKWNAKÑ@ AM@BTARTNL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >2 DQANLN BD NARKWNAKÑ@ AM@BTARTNL XNVN LN BDXVDQKÑ@ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >7 DRNXN 6 - KBD@RKGKANV NARKWKBNBDQ N XVMJVNCNV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >:  

DIDVAKAKM 1 - FLN@AMQ BD LN DWNLTNAKÑ@ AM@BTARTNL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>? DRNXN 1 - XVMJVNCNAKÑ@ BD NARKWKBNBDQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6>

DIDVAKAKM 2 - XVMJVNCNAKÑ@ BD NARKWKBNBDQ QDCN@NLDQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 DRNXN 2 - LKBKN@BM AM@ LN DWKRNAKÑ@ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62

½AÑCM VDQXM@BDV NL D@AM@RVNV XVMFLDCNQ BTVN@RD @TDQRVM XLN@ BD NARKWNAKÑ@= . . . . . . . . 67 DIDVAKAKM 4 - DL CMBDLM RVNCXN (QNLKV BD LN QD@BN [ VDJVDQNV NL QD@BDVM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6: NLKNBMQ BD LN NARKWNAKÑ@ AM@BTARTNL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6? DRNXN 4

GK@NLKYNAKÑ@ GK@NLKYN AKÑ@ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

DIDVAKAKM 7 ‑ XLN@ BD CN@RD@KCKD@RM BD LN NARKWNAKÑ@ AM@BTARTNL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 DIDVAKAKM : ‑ VDQTCD@ BD CK D_XDVKD@AKN D@ DQRD XVMJVNCN BD NARKWNAKÑ@ AM@BTARTNL . . . . . 11  

!"#$%&$'()*!"+!,$-"'./+ > 2 

 

½XMV ^TË ONFLNV BD LN BDXVDQKÑ@, N@QKDBNB [ DL DQRVËQ= •

• •

•

•

Ln bdprdskñ`, ln n`skdbnb y dl dstrës (n lns qud `ms rdgdrkrdcms bd nquã d` nbdln`td smlm amcm “sugrkckd`tm– ) sm` am`bkakm`ds grdaud`tds d` lns qud cultktub bd pdrsm`ns pmbdcms vdr`ms k`cdrsns n lm lnrjm bd `udstrn vkbn. m Qd anlauln qud cîs bd 188 ckllm`ds bd pdrsm`ns d` dl cu`bm sd vd` ngdatnbns pmr ln bdprdskñ`. m Amcm didcplm pnrnbkjcîtkam bd sugrkckd`tm, ln bdprdskñ` ds ln prk`akpnl anusn cu`bknl bd bksanpnakbnb, y am`trkfuyd bd gmrcn cuy kcpmrtn`td n ln anrjn cu`bknl jd`drnl bd cmrfklkbnb. D` lms ansms cîs sdvdrms, dstns am`bkakm`ds sd nsmakn` am` dl sukakbkm. Rncfkë` dxkstd u`n rdlnakñ` kcpmrtn`td d`trd dl sugrkckd`tm y ln snlub gãskan5 nsã, pmr didcplm, lns d`gdrcdbnbds anrbkmvnsaulnrds pudbd` prmbuakr ngdaakm`ds dcmakm`nlds, y vkadvdrsn. Ln fud`n `mtkakn, ds qud dxkstd` k`tdrvd`akm`ds dgkanads pnrn dl trntnckd`tm bd dstns am`bkakm`ds bd bmlmr dcmakm`nl , ln atkv akñ` am`buatu l ds u`n bd dllns. Onfldcms cîs n gm`bm bd ln bdprdskñ`…

½^TË DQ T@ DXKQMBKM BDXVDQKWM= Ds u` dpksmbkm bd cã`kcm bd bms sdcn`ns, bm`bd dxkstd9 • • •

Xërbkbn bdl k`tdrës y bd ln anpnakbnb bd bksgrutnr. Vdbuaakñ` bd ln d`drjãn nsmaknbn n u`n bksck`uakñ` bd ln natkvkbnb. Cuaons pdrsm`ns tncfkë` pnbdad` n`skdbnb, nltdrnakm`ds bdl sudþm y bdl npdtktm, sd`tkckd`tms bd aulpn, fnin nutmdstkcn y bkgkaultnbds bd am`ad`trnakñ`.

Bdpd`bkd`bm bdl `ùcdrm y bd ln k`td`skbnb bd lms sã`tmcns, lms dpksmbkms bdprdskvms pudbd` alnskgkanrsd amcm ldvds, cmbdrnbms m jrnvds.

NLJT@NQ ANTQNQ BD LN BDXVDQKÑ@ • • • • • • • • •

Odrdbnfklkbnb 3 28-48% Onfdr skbm vãatkcn bd ln vkmld`akn m smfrdvkvkd`td bd nljù` tkpm bd trnucn Dxpdrkd`akns bd vkbn `djntkvns Bdsdcpldm Xrmfldcns ldjnlds K`bkjd`akn Dstrës (pmsktkvm y `djntkvm) Vdb bd npmym bdgkakd`td D`gdrcdbnb

!"#$%&$'()*!"+!,$-"'./+ > 4 

 

 

K@RVMBTAAKÑ@ DL QTGVKCKD@RM BDQBD T@N XDVQXDARKWN AMCXMVRNCD@RNL

!"#$%&$'()*!"+!,$-"'./+ > 7 

 

Dl cmbdlm am`tdxtunl bdl sugrkckd`tm, y qud sustd`tn ln Natkvnakñ` Am`buatunl, pnrtd bd u` n`îlksks gu`akm`nl bd lms amcpmrtnckd`tms nsmaknbms nl cn`td`kckd`tm bd dsn dxpdrkd`akn bd cnldstnr (Ln gkjurn > ds u`n rdprdsd`tnakñ` jrîgkan bd dstd cmbdlm). T` n`îlksks gu`akm`nl ds u` n`îlksks bd ln rdlnakñ` d`trd `udstrns akrau`stn`akns bd vkbn y ln prdsd`akn bd u` amcpmrtnckd`tm bd k`tdrës, d` dstd ansm, u` dstklm bd naakñ` qud pmbrãn pdrpdtunr u` dpksmbkm bdprdskvm, bd n`skdbnb, bd dstrës, m bd tmbm dstm nl ckscm tkdcpm. Dstm qukdrd bdakr qud, ln Natkvnakñ` Am`buatunl d`tkd`bd dl sugrkckd`tm amcm u` pntrñ` bd k`tdrnaakñ` d`trd ln pdrsm`n y su ncfkd`td, bm`bd9 >. D` prkcdr lujnr9 Ony u` dvd`tm (u`n sktunakñ` m am`iu`tm bd sktunakm`ds) qud tkd`d` amcm am`sdaud`akn u`n bksck`uakñ` bd natkvkbnbds njrnbnflds y dstkculn`tds. Dstm pudbd m `m namcpnþnrsd bd u` k`ardcd`tm bd dvd`tms/natkvkbnbds ncd`nzn`tds, dstrdsn`tds m grustrn`tds. Mtrn pmskfklkbnb, ds qud dxkstn u` k`ardcd`tm bd natkvkbnbds am` rdsultnbms nbvdrsms, sk` qud `dadsnrkncd`td dxkstn u`n bksck`uakñ` bd natkvkbnbds jrntkgkan`tds. 6. Amcm am`sdaud`a am`sdaud`akn kn bd dstns am`bkakm am`bkakm`ds, `ds, lns pdrsm`n pdrsm`nss dxpdrkcd`t dxpdrkcd`tn` n` u`n gnltn bd cmtkvna cmtkvnakñ` kñ` (`m dxpdrkcd` dxpdrkcd`tn` tn` u` kcpulsm n onadr amsns pmrqud `m ony k`ad`tkvms bkspm`kflds) y/m u` k`ardcd`tm bd cnldstnr (dxpdrkcd`tn` dl kcpulsm bd dvktnr pmrqud lns natkvkbnbds lldvn` n ln maurrd`akn bd am`sdaud`akns nbvdrsns). 1. Dl prmfldcn prmfldcn ds qud, ln rdnaakñ` `n `nturnl turnl d` dstms ansm ansmss ds nbmptnr u` dstklm bd naa naakñ` kñ` pnskvm pnskvm m dvnskvm, qud gu`akm`n gu`akm`n cuy fkd` n amrtm plnzm pnrn rdbuakr, dvktnr m pmspm`dr lns am`sdaud`akns nbvdrsns y dl cnldstnr nsmaknbm am` dllns. 2. Xdrm n ln lnrjn, ln pnskvkbnb pnskvkbnb y ln dvktna dvktnakñ` kñ` lldvn` n u`n cd cd`mr `mr dxpms dxpmskakñ` kakñ` n natkvkbnbds natkvkbnbds dstk dstkculn` culn`tds tds y, pmr lm tn`tm, cn`tkd`d` lns am`bkakm`ds nbvdrsns, rdsultn`bm d` u`n rkjkbdz y ncplknakñ` bd dstd pntrñ` bd k`tdrnaakñ` am` dl d`tmr`m (m bkaom, bd mtrn gmrcn, bd dstd bmlmrmsm dstklm bd vkbn). Gkjurn > Dl cmbdlm am`tdxtunl bdl sugrkckd`tm 

Vdnaakm`ds ngdatkvns

Xntrñ` bd dvktnakñ` am`buatunl

(`nturnlds, grdaud`tds d k`dvktnflds) rdspdatm n dstms dvd`tms 

(`nturnl y grdaud`tds).

Dxpdrkd`akns bd vkbn `djntkvns 

!"#$%&$'()*!"+!,$-"'./+ > : 

 

 

LN DQRVTARTVN BD LN NARKWNAKÑ@ AM@BTARTNL Xnrn amrrdjkr dl pntrñ` bd amcpmrtnckd`tm qud tkd`bd n cn`td`dr dstns akrau`stn`akns bd vkbn nbvdrsns y dl sugrkckd`tm ln Natkvnakñ` Am`buatunl sd bkvkbd d` sd 2 dtnpns, anbn u`nlnsam`tnrdns sus tnrdns cdtns n lmjrnr. D`rdsultn`td, lns sdaakm`ds pmstdrkmrds bd dstd aunbdr`kllm dspdakgkanrî` qud tù,dspdaãgkans dl usunrkmy bd lms sdrvkakms bd u` am`sultmr am`buatunl anpnaktnbm d` natkvnakñ` am`buatunl, td`brãn qud rdnlkznr pnrn vdrsd fd`dgkaknbm bd dstn k`tdrvd`akñ`. Gkjurn 6 Dl aursm bd ln ln Natkvnakñ` Am`buatunl

DRNXNQ > [ 6

DRNXNQ DRNXN Q 6  6 [  [ 1

DRNXNQ DRNXN Q 1  1 [  [ 2

DRNXNQ DRNXN Q 2  2 [ 4

N`nlkznr gu`akm`nlcd`td

Am`tk`unr cm`ktmrdn`bm dl

Dvnlunakñ` bdl jrnbm bd

Xrdpnrnrsd pnrn ln

dl dpksmbkmnatunl bd sugrkckd`tm

dgdatm lns natkvkbnbds dl bd dstnbm bd î`kcm d`

ëxktm bd ln rdnlkznakñ` bd lns natkvkbnbds prmjrncnbns

gk`nlkznakñ` bd ln tdrnpkn y prdvd`kr rdanãbns

Kbd`tkgkanr y prkmrkznr natkvkbnbds nltdr`ntkvns n prmjrncnr

Vdsmlvdr prmfldcns d`am`trnbms am` ln ²rdnlkznakñ` bd lns natkvkbnbds prmjrncnbns

Amcprd`bdr ln iustkgkanakñ` bd ln Natkvnakñ` Am`buatunl d` tu ansm d` pnrtkaulnr

Kbd`tkgkanr lns rnzm`ds qud sd tkd`d` pnrn k`kaknr u` prmjrncn bd Natkvnakñ`

Amcd`znr n rdnlkznr lns natkvkbnbds prmjrncnbns fnsî`bmsd d` ln idrnrquãn rdnlkznbn

Am`tk`unr ln natkvnakñ` skcpld m ancfknr n u` cmbdlm bd natkvnakñ` amcpldin

Am`buatunl Kbd`tkgkanr dl dgdatm bd `udstrns natkvkbnbds d` `udstrm dstnbm bd î`kcm

!"#$%&$'()*!"+!,$-"'./+ > ? 

 

 

DRNXN > N@NLKYNV LN OKQRMVKN BDL QTGVKCKD@RM

!"#$%&$'()*!"+!,$-"'./+ > ; 

 

DIDVAKAKM > ‑ CK XVMXKM N@ÎLKQKQ GT@AKM@NL Bknlmjn am` tu am`sultmr am`buatunl pnrn onadr u` n`îlksks gu`akm`nl bd tu dpksmbkm bd sugrkckd`tm natunl. Ru am`sultmr am`buatunl y tù am`gmrcn` nl “dqukpm bd Natkvnakñ` Am`buatunl–, y su prkcdr didrakakm sdrî sdjukr lms pnsms bdsarktms d` ln tnfln >. Ckd`trns skjud` dstms pnsms, rdlld`n lms aunbrms qud sd d`aud`trn` d` ln Gkjurn 1. RNFLN > KBD@RKGKANV DL XNRVÑ@ BD CN@RD@KCKD@R CN@RD@KCKD@RMM BDL QTGVKCKD@RM > 6 1 2 4

Kbd`tkgkan tus dxpdrkd`akns bd vkbn `djntkvns. N`ñtnlns d` dl aunbrm #> Kbd`tkgkanr lns rdnaakm`ds ngdatkvns qud tuvkstd rdspdatm n dstms dvd`tms. N`ñtnlns d` dl aunbrm #6 Kbd`tkgkanr ln gmrcn d` qud natùns grd`td n dsns rdnaakm`ds ngdatkvns (pntrm`ds bd dvktnakñ`). N`ñtnlns d` dl aunbrm #1 @mtn, y bksautd am` tu am`sultmr am`buatunl, ln gmrcn d` qud dstns rdnaakm`ds y naakm`ds rdsultnrãn` `nturnlds y grdaud`tds n`td dstms dvd`tms bd vkbn. Kbd`tkgkan ln gmrcn d` qud dstns rdnaakm`ds y naakm`ds gmrcn` u` fuald qud pdrpdtùn m njrnvn lns akrau`stn`akns bd vkbn `djntkvns y ln dxpdrkd`akn bd sugrkckd`tm. Mfsdrvn dl bknjrncn y tmcn `mtns nbkakm`nlds, bd sdr `dadsnrkm.

!"#$%&$'()*!"+!,$-"'./+ > 9 

   

Gkjurn 1 N`îlksks gu`akm`nl bd ck dpksmbkm dpksmbkm bd sugrkckd`tm natunl

Aunbrm #6

Vdnaakm`ds ngdatkvns

Xntrñ` bd

(`nturnlds, grdaud`tds d k`dvktnflds) rdspdatm n dstms dvd`tms 

dvktnakñ` am`buatunl

(`nturnl y grdaud`tds).

Dxpdrkd`akns bd vkbn `djntkvns 

Aunbrm #1

Aunbrm #>

!"#$%&$'()*!"+!,$-"'./+ > 68 

 

 

LN CDRÎGMVN BDL RMFKLLM LT_NBM Bksautd am` tu am`sultmr am`buatunl ln cdtîgmrn bdl tmfkllm luxnbm, ½d`aud`trns skcklktubds m bkgdrd`akns am` tu ansm pnrtkaulnr= T` dpksmbkm bd sugrkckd`tm dcmakm`nl ds cuy pnrdakbm n u` dpksmbkm bd cnldstnr gãskam. Xkd`sn d` tus dxpdrkd`akns bd vkbn `djntkvns amcm onfdrtd luxnbm u` tmfkllm, rdsultn cuy `nturnl dxpdrkcd`tnr cnldstnr d` u`n sktunakñ` nsã, tn`tm gãskan amcm dcmakm`nl, k`alusm pudbd qud `mtds ln npnrkakñ` bd u`n ansanbn bd pd`snckd`tms `djntkvms amcm am`sdaud`akn. Lm `mrcnl, y lm qud onrãncms ln cnymrãn bd lns pdrsm`ns, sdrãn dcpdznr n rdanrjnr dl pdsm bd `udstrm audrpm d` dl mtrm pkd, bd dsn cn`drn dvktnrãncms sd`tkr bmlmr. K`nbvdrtkbncd`td, dsm pmbrãn lldvnr`ms n lnstkcnr`ms dl mtrm tmfkllm, k`ardcd`tn`bm dl jrnbm bd bmlmr dxpdrkcd`tnbm, y nbdcîs, `ms lldvnrãn n cn`td`dr ln ldskñ` bdl prkcdr tmfkllm sk` sn`nr. Gkjurn 2 Cdtîgmrn bdl tmfkllm luxnbm

Amcpd`snr dl pdsm d` dl mtrm pkd, pnrn dvktnr dl bmlmr

Bmlmr dcmakm`nl y gãskam

(`nturnlds, grdaud`tds d k`dvktnfld). 

Aunbrm #6

(rdspudstn `nturnl y grdaud`td).  Luxnrsd dl tmfkllm

Dstmy an`snbn  pdrcn`d`tdcd`td y llmrm tmbm dl tkdcpm. Qkcpldcd`td mbkm ck vkbn y n cã ckscn.

Aunbrm #1

Cd qudbm d` ansn y vdm tdld. Cd d`adrrë pmr amcpldtm. [m smlãn sdr u`n pdrsm`n natkvn, y nomrn `m onjm `nbn. Aunbrm #>

Xdrbã ck trnfnim, ck `mvkm cd bdiñ, y tmbms `udstrms nckjms drn` suyms, nsã qud pdrbã cks nckjms. Dstmy rdprmfn`bm d` dl amldjkm y `m td`jm bk`drm.

!"#$%&$'()*!"+!,$-"'./+ > 6> 

 

 

DIDVAKAKM 6 - AMCXVD@BDV LN  ITQRKGKANAKÑ@ BD LN NARKWNAKÑ@ AM@BTARTNL Ln natkvnakñ` am`buatunl ds amcm onadr rdonfklktnakñ` gãskan y dcpdznr n cmvdr dl tmfkllm pnrn sn`nr ln ldskñ`. Bksautd am` tu am`sultmr am`buatunl, am`buatun l, ln gmrcn d` qud pmbrãns onadr natkvkbnbds bkgdrd`tds qud td lldvd` n rmcpdr ln dspkrnl bd sugrkckd`tm d` ln qud td d`aud`trns, y n sn`nr dsd tmfkllm bd u`n vdz pmr tmbns. Dsarkfd tus rdspudstns d` ln Gkjurn 4. Rnfln 6. AMCM XMBVÃN N[TBNV LN NARKWNAKÑ@ AM@BTARTNL >

6 1 2

@mtn qud dl mfidtkvm bd ln Natkvnakñ` Am`buatunl ds “natkvnrsd– amcm nltdr`ntkvn n lns rdspudstns am`buatunlds dvnskvns `mrcnlds nl sugrkckd`tm. N`mtn lns #> naakm`ds nltdr`ntkvns dl aunbrm bd ln gkjurn 2. qud pmbrãns rdnlkznr (sk` kcpmrtnr qud tn` gn`tîstkans td pnrdzan`) d` @mtn lms dgdatms bd vkbn nltdr`ntkvms qud dstns naakm`ds nltdr`ntkvns bd vkbn pmbrãn` td`dr. Xudbds dsarkfkrlms d` dl aunbrm #6 bd ln gkjurn 4. @mtn lms dgdatms qud dstns naakm`ds nltdr`ntkvns bd vkbn pmbrãn` td`dr d` tus rdspudstns ngdatkvns. Xudbds dsarkfkrlms d` dl aunbrm #1 bd ln gkjurn 2. Wdrkgkan, am` tu am`sultmr am`buatunl, ln amcprd`skñ` qud ons jd`drnbm smfrd ln gmrcn d` qud gu`akm`n ln natkvnakñ` am`buatunl.

!"#$%&$'()*!"+!,$-"'./+ > 66 

   

Gkjurn 4 Amcm pmbrãn nyubnr ln natkvnakñ` am`buatunl

Vdspudstns ngdatkvns nltdr`ntkvns qud pmbrãn` td`dr dstms dgdatms bd vkbn nltdr`ntkvms  

Aunbrm #1

“Natkvkbnbds– nltdr`ntkvns qud pmbrãn` k`tdrrucpkr dstd aãraulm vkakmsm

Dgdatms bd vkbn nltdr`ntkv  

Aunbrm #>

Aunbrm #6

!"#$%&$'()*!"+!,$-"'./+ > 61 

 

CNLK@RDVXVDRNAKM@DQ AMCT@DQ QMFVD LN NARKWNAKÑ@ AM@BTARTNL Ln aulturn d` qud vkvkcms pdrpdtùn u`n sdrkd bd cktms d` tmr`m nl mrkjd` bd `udstrns dcmakm`ds y bdl ancfkm pskamlñjkam qud pudbd` k`tdrgdrkr am` dl d`td`bkckd`tm bd ln Natkvnakñ` Am`buatunl. Nsã ckscm, dstns prîatkans aulturnlds pmbrãn` lldvnr`ms n supm`dr qud ln Natkvnakñ` Am`buatunl rdprdsd`tn u`n dstrntdjkn skcplkstn m k`sd`skfld pnrn lkbknr am` dl sugrkckd`tm oucn`m. Aunlqukdrn qud sdn dl mfstîaulm pnrn d`td`bdr y amcprmcdtdrsd am` ln Natkvnakñ` Am`buatunl, pudbds bksautkrlm am` tu am`sultmr am`buatunl pnrn nalnrnr dstns cnlk`tdrprdtnakm`ds amcu`ds y rdsmlvdr lns bubns qud pudbns sdjukr td`kd`bm smfrd dstn pmbdrmsn odrrnckd`tn bd jdstkñ` bdl amcpmrtnckd`tm. Rnfln 1 Cnlk`tdrprdtnakm`ds smfrd ln Natkvnakñ` Natkvnakñ` Am`buatunl

Dl cktm bdl CKRM9 Ln Natkvnakñ` Am`buatunl sd trntn bd “td`dr gudrzn bd vmlu`tnb–. “daonrld jn`ns– VDNLKBNB9 Ln natkvnakñ` ds cîs amcpldin bd lm qud ln jd`td pkd`sn. Ln natkvnakñ` am`buatunl ds u` trnfnim amlnfmrntkvm, bm`bd tu am`sultmr am`buatunl y tu bdsnrrmllnrî` pln`ds qud sd nbnptd` n tu rktcm y pmskfklkbnbds. Ru am`sultmr am`buatunl sdrî amcm u` d`trd`nbmr qud td d`sdþnrî n usnr dstrntdjkns pnrn nyubnr n k`kaknr y cn`td`dr ln natkvnakñ`. D` ln natkvnakñ` am`buatunl, `m sd nsucd qud ln “gudrzn bd vmlu`tnb– td lldvnrî n natkvnrtd y supdrnr dstd dpksmbkm bdprdskvm. Ln lñjkan CKRM9 Ln lñjkan bdl ancfkm bd “nbd`trm onakn ngudrn– (sd`tkrsd fkd` prkcdrm pnrn natkvnrsd bdl ancfkm bdspuës) ds grdaud`td y tkd`d sd`tkbm nsuckrln, yn qud tmbms ln odcms nprd`bkbm d` nljù` lnbm. k`tdrkmr VDNLKBNB9 Ln pmtd`akn bd ln natkvnakñ` am`buatunl sd d`aud`trn d` qud ds cîs rîpkbm natunr bkstk`tm prkcdrm pnrn sd`tkrsd bkstk`tm bdspuës. Nbdcîs bd qud dstm bdsnrrmlln cnymr am`gkn`zn d` u`m ckscm, y cnymr tmldrn`akn nl cnldstnr `nturnl qud vkd`d am` dstd dsgudrzm. Lñjkan CKRM9 Ln bdprdskñ`, ln n`skdbnb y dl dstrës sm` u` prmfldcn bd `udstrm adrdfrm y, pmr lm tn`tm, fkmlmjkakstn `dadsktncms tmcnr gîrcnams pnrn amrrdjkrlm. VDNLKBNB9 Ln k`vdstkjnakñ` on bdcmstrnbm qud ln Natkvnakñ` Am`buatunl ancfkn ln quãckan bd `udstrm audrpm, nsã amcm onadr didrakakm gãskam ancfkn `udstrms tdikbms cusaulnrds. VDNLKBNB9 Amcfk`nr ln natkvnakñ` am`buatunl am` ln gnrcnamtdrnpkn pudbd sdr bd jrn` nyubn d` ln cnymrãn bd lms ansms, iustm amcm lm ds dl lldvnr u`n bkdtn y supldcd`tnakñ` nlkcd`tkakn aun`bm `ms didraktncms. Didraktnrsd td`brî rdsultnbms, pdrm tmcnr supldcd`tms sk` didraktnrsd sdrî bd cã`kcn nyubn.

!"#$%&$'()*!"+!,$-"'./+ > 62 

 

Qk tkd`ds aurkmskbnb bd snfdr dl jrnbm d` dl qud vns nbmptn`bm ln   Natkvnakñ` Am`buatunl amcm gklmsmgãn y lms dgdatms qud dstn tkd`d bd cn`drn jlmfnl d` tu vkbn,   pudbds am`tdstnr ln Dsanln bd Natkvnakñ` Am`buatunld` pnrn ln Bdprdskñ`bd(FNBQ) dspmrîbkancd`td n`nlkznr,smfrd iu`tm am` tu am`sultmr am`buatunl lms   ancfkms lms rdsultnbms dstn dsanln. Qk bdsdns ynsdsmrãn ln gmrcn bd anlkgkanr ln dsanln, pudbds pdbkr nyubn n tu am`sultmr am`buatunl. Ln dsanln sd bkvkbd d` 2 sufdsanlns, sufds anlns, anbn u`n sd amcpm`d bd u` jrupm bd rdnatkvms. rdnatk vms.  >. 6. 1. 2.

Natkvnakñ Natkvn akñ`9 `9 1, 1, 2, 4, :, :, >>, >>, >6, >6, 61 Dvktnakñ` Dvktn akñ` / Vuckn9 Vuckn9 ?, ?, ;, >8, >8, >1, >1, >2, >2, >4, 62, 64 64 Ngdatnak Ngda tnakñ` ñ` bdl bdl Rrnfni Rrnfnimm / Dbuanak Dbuanakñ`9 ñ`9 >, >, 6, 7, 6>, 6>, 66 Ngdatnak Ngda tnakñ` ñ` bd ln Wkbn Wkbn Qmaknl Qmaknl99 >7, >:, >?, >;, >;, 68

Lns sufdsanlns 6. 1. y 2. Bdfd` pu`tunrsd bd gmrcn k`vdrsn, u`n vdz qud sd k`vkdrtd` lms vnlmrds bd dstms rdnatkvms, pudbd` sucnrsd tmbms lms rdnatkvms m k`tdrprdtnrsd pmr sufdsanlns.

!"#$%&$'()*!"+!,$-"'./+ > 64 

 

 

Dsanln bd Natkvnakñ` Am`buatunl pnrn ln Bdprdskñ`  Bdprdskñ`  (FNBQ5 En`tdr dt nl. 688:5 Qn`aodz N`julm, Fnrrnan, Cmrn C mrn y Vdyds-Mrtdjn, 68>?)

Xmr gnvmr, ldn am` ntd`akñ` anbn grnsd y rmbdd am` u` aãraulm dl `ùcdrm qud cdimr rdgldid su sktunakñ` burn`td ln pnsnbn sdcn`n, k`aluyd`bm dl bãn bd omy.

D` nfsmlutm

Amcpldtncd`td akdrtm

!"#$%&$'()*!"+!,$-"'./+ > 6? 

 

 

DRNXN 6 KBD@RKGKANV NARKWKBNBDQ N XVMJVNCNV

!"#$%&$'()*!"+!,$-"'./+ > 6; 

   

 

Dl mfidtkvm bd dstn dtnpn ds ln dvnlunakñ` bd natkvkbnbds qud pudbn` gmrcnr pnrtd bd u` pln` bd naakñ` qud k`tdrrucpn dl akalm bd cn`td`kckd`tm bdl sugrkckd`tm, y bdspuës pudbn prmvmanr u`n dspkrnl bd anlkbnb bd vkbn. Dl sdjukckd`tm bd dstd pln` bd naakñ`, ds dl amrnzñ` bd lm qud llncncms “natkvnrsd– . Ln alnvd pnrn td`dr ëxktm d` dstn sdju`bn dtnpn bd ln Natkvnakñ` Am`buatunl ds dxplmrnr cultktub bd gud`tds qud `ms nyubd` n jd`drnr u` pln` vnrknbm, am`ardtm y d`gmanbm d` ancfkms bd amcpmrtnckd`tm qud pudbn` dcpdznr n rdnlkznrsd bd k`cdbkntm. Vdnlkzn dstd didrakakm bd k`bnjnakñ` iu`tm am` tu am`sultmr am`buatunl, smlm `dadsktns dxplmrnr lns 7 îrdns bd k`bnjnakñ` y jd`drnr kbdns bd natkvkbnbds qud pubkdrns dcpdznr n rdnlkznr sdjù` lm dspdakgkanbm d` anbn îrdn. Bdspuës bd lddr anbn u`n, d`am`trnrîs prdju`tns qud pudbd` nyubnrtd n amcprd`bdr cdimr n lm qud sd rdgkdrd dl am`adptm, y qud pudbd` mrkd`tnr ln jd`drnakñ` bd kbdns bd natkvnakñ`. Ds kcpmrtn`td jd`drnr u`n an`tkbnb jd`drmsn bd natkvkbnbds, yn qud dstns gu`akm`nrî` amcm u` lujnr sdjurm nl qud pudbns rdjrdsnr skdcprd qud tù y tu am`sultmr am`buatunl `dadsktd` kbdns pnrn prmjrncnr `udvns natkvkbnbds. @m td nprdsurds, ds kcpmrtn`td qud td tmcds tu tkdcpm pnrn jd`drnr dstns nltdr`ntkvns. Xudbd qud sdn kcpmrtn`td tmcnrtd tmbn u`n sdskñ` pnrn onadrlm, on adrlm, y am`tk`unr dstd trnfnim pmr tu aud`tn u`n vdz qud ln sdskñ` am` tu am`sultmr am`buatunl onyn tdrck`nbm.

DIDVAKAKM 1 - FLN@AMQ BD LN DWNLTNAKÑ@ AM@BTARTNL >. Kbd`tkgkan natkvkbnbds qud gmrcnfn` gmrcnfn` pnrtd bd tu rutk`n rutk`n bd aukbnbm pdrsm`nl pdrsm`nl y qud sd on` bdsaukbnbm. Xudbds juknrtd am` lns skjukd`tds prdju`tns9 ½Auîlds bd dstns rutk`ns sd on` k`tdrrucpkbm, m on` ancfknbm, bdsbd qud dxpdrkcd`tns dstd bmlmr dcmakm`nl= Vutk`ns bd sudþm, Oîfktms nlkcd`tkakms,

Didrakakm, Okjkd`d bknrkn, Omrnrkms bd trnfnim. ½^uë natkvkbnbds pmbrãn` dcpdznr n rdnlkznr pnrn rdtmcnr dstms oîfktms=

!"#$%&$'()*!"+!,$-"'./+ > 6? 

    

6. Kbd`tkgkan natkvkbnbds qud smlãns smlãns bksgrutnr bksgrutnr onadr, onadr, pdrm ons ons bdinbm bdinbm bd onadr9 Xudbds juknrtd am` lns skjukd`tds prdju`tns9 ½^uë natkvkbnbds bksgrutnfns onadr n`tds n `tds bd dxpdrkcd`tnr dstd bmlmr dcmakm`nl= ½Cd pmbrãns nyubnr n d`td`bdr lns natkvkbnbds qud am`stktuãn` tu vkbn n`tds bd bdprkckrtd m andr prdsm bd ln n`skdbnb/dstrës= ½Dxkstd` natkvkbnbds qud onyns bdinbm bd onadr bdsbd qud td luxnstd dstd tmfkllm dcmakm`nl=

1. Kbd` Kbd`tkgk tkgkan an `udvns `udvns natkvkb natkvkbnbds nbds qud qud qukdrds qukdrds dcpdzn dcpdznrr n onadr9 onadr9 Xudbds juknrtd am` lns skjukd`tds prdju`tns9 Nomrn qud dstîs n`td ln pmskfklkbnb bd u` `udvm amckd`zm, ½quë tkpm bd amsns td justnrãn dcpdznr n onadr bd `udvm= ½^uë dstnrãns onakd`bm am` tu vkbn sk `m tdckdrns npmynr dsd tmfkllm=

2. Kbd`tkgkan natkvkbnbds qud ons dstnbm dvktn`bm dvktn`bm rdnlkznr rdnlkznr am` am` ln k`td`akñ` k`td`akñ` bd bd dvnbkr tu cnldstnr cnldstnr dcmakm`nl9 Xudbds juknrtd am` lns skjukd`tds prdju`tns9 ½Rd ons `mtnbm dvktn`bm onadr amsns= Aun`bm td rk`bds, ½bd quë gmrcn lm onads= ½Am` quë grdaud`akn td `mtns dvktn`bm m pmspm`kd`bm natkvkbnbds= ½Ony amsns qud td justnrãn dstnr onakd`bm, pdrm sd skd`td` bdcnsknbm bkgãaklds m bdcnsknbm nfrucnbmrns= ½añcm amcpd`sns aun`bm td budld dl tmfkllm=  

!"#$%&$'()*!"+!,$-"'./+ >

>; 

    

4. Kbd`tkgkan natkvkbnbds qud td td lldvnrãn` lldvnrãn` n lmjrnr lmjrnr cdtns n lnrjm lnrjm plnzm plnzm vnlmrds, nspkrnakm`ds nspkrnakm`ds,, mfidtkvms). Xudbds juknrtd am` lns skjukd`tds prdju`tns9 ½^uë cdtns n lnrjm plnzm sm` kcpmrtn`tds pnrn tk= ½^uë td ds kcpmrtn`td onadr d` tu vkbn= ½^uë tkpm bd natkvkbnbds ld bn` sd`tkbm n tu vkbn= ½^uë td onaãn sd`tkr qud td`ãns u` prmpñsktm d` dlln= ½^uë ds lm qud cîs td kcpmrtn= ½^uë dstî d` iudjm d` tu vkbn d` dstd cmcd`tm= Qdpnrdcms dstm d` tnrdns n amrtm plnzm qud pudbns onadr sdcn`n n sdcn`n.

T`n vdz qud onyns jd`drnbm u`n an`tkbnb sugkakd`td bd natkvkbnbds n rdnlkznr pmr anbn îrdn, prkmrkzn iu`tm am` tu am`sultmr am`buatunl lns îrdns pmr bm`bd sdrãn kcpmrtn`td dcpdznr n natkvnrtd. Tsunlcd`td ds fud`n kbdn k`kaknr pmr natkvkbnbds qud gmrcnfn` pnrtd bd tu aukbnbm pdrsm`nl (rdnatkvm 7). Xrkmrkbnb >9 ]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]] Xrkmrkbnb 69 ]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]] Xrkmrkbnb 19 ]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]] Xrkmrkbnb 29 ]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]] Xrkmrkbnb 49 ]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]] Xrkmrkbnb 79 ]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]

!"#$%&$'()*!"+!,$-"'./+ > 18 

 

 

DRNXN 1 XVMJVNCNAKÑ@ BD NARKWKBNBDQ

!"#$%&$'()*!"+!,$-"'./+ > 11 

 

¡On lldjnbm dl cmcd`tm bd prmfnr ln dgkanakn bd dstns natkvkbnbds! Rãpkancd`td, bdfdrãns d`gmanrtd d` 1-4 tnrdns am`ardtns bd natkvnakñ` anbn sdcn`n. Ttklkzn tus rdspudstns nl Didrakakm 1 amcm gud`td bd k`spkrnakñ`. Rmcn d` aud`tn lns skjukd`tds am`skbdrnakm`ds (bksaùtdlns am` tu am`sultmr am`buatunl pnrn bdspdinr aunlqukdr bubn qud pudbn surjkr nl rdspdatm)9 •

•

•

•

•

Rrnfnin amlnfmrntkvncd`td am` tu am`sultmr am`buatunl pnrn kbd`tkgkanr natkvkbnbds quë prmjrncnr. m Onz u`n fud`n idrnrqukznakñ` am` dl gk` bd bdsnrrmllnr u`n fud`n lkstn bd natkvkbnbds pnrn prmjrncnr. m @m smlm prmjrncds dvd`tms njrnbnflds, k`aluyd natkvkbnbds mrkd`tnbns n ln rdsmluakñ` bd tus prmfldcns y lmjrm bd cdtns. Xrmjrncn natkvkbnbds dspdaãgkans y am`ardtns. m Dspdakgkan lm qud onrîs, bm`bd lm onrîs, aun`bm lm onrîs, am` qukë` lm onrîs. Am`skbdrn ln bkgkaultnb bd lns tnrdns. m Qk ds pmam rdnlkstn lmjrnr tus natkvkbnbds, bkvãbdlns d` u`kbnbds dspdaãgkans cîs pdqudþns pdqudþ ns y lmjrnflds. m Bksautd n bdtnlld am` tu am`sultmr am`buatunl > m 6 tnrdns qud pubkdrn` td`dr cnymr bkgkaultnb bd ëxktm. Iu`tms pmbrî` jd`drnr smluakm`ds qud pdrcktn` qud dstns tnrdns sd rdnlkad` am` dl cnymr ëxktm pmskfld. m Xrmjrncn natkvkbnbds qud am`td`jn` d` sã ckscns ln rdsmluakñ` bd lms mfstîaulms pnrn rdnlkznrlns. Nbmptn u` d`gmqud dxpdrkcd`tnl, `m ony jnrn`tãns bd qud dstns natkvkbnbds td`brî` u` dgdatm pmsktkvm d` tu bmlmr dcmakm`nl, `dadsktnrîs lldvnrlns n anfm pnrn snfdrlm. m Cm`ktmrdnr lms rdsultnbms bdsarkfkd`bm rdlnakm`ds d`trd amcpmrtnckd`tm, dstnbm bd î`kcm y/m rdsmluakñ` rdsmluakñ` dxktmsn bd prmfldcns. m Nl rdnlkznr tus natkvkbnbds, rdaudrbn qud ds cdimr k`kaknr u`n natkvkbnb y bdinrln n ln cktnb qud dvktnr onadrln pmr tdcmr n amcpldtnrln pdrgdatncd`td. Jd`drn `udvns rutk`ns. m Aun`bm `mtds qud u`n natkvkbnb tkd`d u` dgdatm pmsktkvm smfrd tu anlkbnb bd vkbn, ¡vuëlvdln pnrtd bd tu rutk`n!

Dl Didrakakm 2 rdprdsd`tn dl amrnzñ` bd dstn dtnpn bd ln Natkvnakñ` Am`buatunl. Xnrn onadr u`n prmjrncnakñ` bd natkvkbnbds dspdaãgkan y pmtd`aknlcd`td dxktmsn5 dsarkfd d` ln prkcdrn amluc`n dl bãn bd ln sdcn`n qud pln`dns rdnlkznr tu natkvkbnb5 d` ln sdju`bn amluc`n bdsarkfd ln natkvkbnb n rdnlkznr (tn` dspdaãgkancd`td amcm sdn pmskfld)5 d` ln tdradrn amluc`n dsarkfd dl jrnbm bd rdnlkznakñ` am` dl qud dstkcns qud rdnlkznstd ln natkvkbnb (8 3 `k skqukdrn ln dcpdaë y >88 3 ln rdnlkaë tnl aunl ln onfãn pln`dnbm bd prk`akpkm n gk`)5 d` ln aunrtn amluc`n dsarkfd dl jrnbm bd ntd`akñ`, am`sakd`akn m amcprmcksm, am` dl qud pnrtkakpnstd bd ln natkvkbnb5 d` ln quk`tn amluc`n, dsarkfd dl dgdatm qud dstn natkvkbnb tuvm d` tu sugrkckd`tm y fkd`dstnr dcmakm`nl. !"#$%&$'()*!"+!,$-"'./+ > 16 

 

 

DIDVAKAKM 2 - XVMJVNCNAKÑ@ BD NARKWKBNBDQ QDCN@NLDQ  QDCN@NLDQ  !"#$%$ '" $()*+$(*, $()*+$(*,% %-

."(/$8 >6" (1#24"%'"% 7$ 8"#$%$:

?;$ '" 7$ 8"#$%$ !"#$%&'

.+*#/8$(>/ '/ */(6%1(#%28 !47:44?2

"#$%&%'(' )*+,*(-('( !"#$% '()'$% *() +#,-)%  .(/ *#8)>( >,$6.(% $>*12

.+*#/8$(>/ '/ ($/8#%28 !47:44?2

47/#$+ +:?/*&('+ /8 $; ?;7*%-%/8$+ 9 /8 $; :%/8/?$(* /-+#%+8(6

91%(768*1%"8 5"%"4$7"8 '" 7$ 8"#$%$:

!"#$%&$'()*!"+!,$-"'./+ > 11 

 

 

DRNXN 2 LKBKN@BM AM@ LN DWKRNAKÑ@

!"#$%&$'()*!"+!,$-"'./+ > 17 

 

T`n sdskñ` tãpkan bd nsdsmrãn am`buatunl tkd`d u`n burnakñ` bd 18 n 24 ck`utms. Nl k`kakm bd dstn sdskñ`, tu am`sultmr am`buatunl k`bnjnrî pmr tu dstnbm ngdatkvm natunl y td nuxklknrî sk dstd bkgkaultn tu am`ad`trnakñ` burn`td ln sdskñ`. Qk dl dqukpm bd Natkvnakñ` Am`buatunl dstî lkstm, prmadbdrî` n dstnfldadr u`n njd`bn bd trnfnim pnrn ln sdskñ`. Rãpkancd`td, ln njd`bn k`kakn am` ln rdvkskñ` bd lms prmjrdsms rdnlkznbms d` tu pln` bd Natkvnakñ` Am`buatunl y ln bdgk`kakñ` bd mfstîaulms qud onyn` surjkbm pnrn rdnlkznr lns natkvkbnbds prmjrncnbns (mlvkbnr rdjkstrm mpnrn trndrdstm dl rdvksnrî` rdjkstrm bddl natkvkbnbds n sdskñ` tncfkë` sd am`skbdrn u` mfstîaulm burn`td tu ln sdcn`n, rdjkstrm bd prmjrncnakñ` bd natkvkbnbds rdnlkznbm ln sdskñ`n rdsmlvdr) n`tdrkmr (vdr Didrakakm 2). Bdspuës bd adldfrnr ln kcpmrtn`akn bd onfdr rdnlkznbm dl pln` bd natkvnakñ` y bknlmjnr u`n gmrcn bd am`vdrtkr lns natkvkbnbds qud onyn` td`kbm u` dgdatm pmsktkvm d` tu fkd`dstnr pskamlñjkam d` pnrtd bd tu rutk`n bknrkn, sd rdnlkznrî dl Didrakakm 4 pnrn natkvnr  smluakm`ds   smluakm`ds qud pdrcktn` lmjrnr ln didauakñ` bd lns natkvkbnbds prmjrncnbns ln sdskñ` n`tdrkmr burn`td ln sdcn`n amrrkd`td. N am`tk`unakñ`, sd prmjrncnrî` d`trd 1 y 4 `udvns natkvkbnbds bd ln gmrcn bdsarktn d` ln sdaakñ` n`tdrkmr bd dstd aunbdr`kllm (Dtnpn 1). Ln Gkjurn 7 cudstrn u` rdsucd` bd dstms pnsms.  Gkjurn 7 DQRVTARTVN RÃXKAN BD T@N QDQKÑ@ AM@ RT AM@QTLRMV AM@BTARTNL

Vdvksnr dl dstnbm ngdatkvm y dstnfldadr ln njd`bn bd trnfnim bdl bãn. Vdvksnr dl ëxktm bdl pln` bd natkvnakñ` y bdgk`kr lms mfstîaulms d`am`trnbms burn`td ln sdcn`n. Cn`td`dr u` d`gmqud amlnfmrntkvm, dxpdrkcd`tnl y am`ardtm nl smluakm`nr prmfldcns d`am`trnbms burn`td dl pln` bd natkvnakñ`. Cn`td`dr u` d`gmqud amlnfmrntkvm, dxpdrkcd`tnl y am`ardtm nl sdldaakm`nr natkvkbnbds n cn`td`dr y sdldaakm`nr `udvns natkvkbnbds n prmjrncnr. Xrmjrncnr natkvkbnbds pnrn dstn sdcn`n.

!"#$%&$'()*!"+!,$-"'./+ > 14 

 

 

½AÑCM VDQXM@BDV NL D@AM@RVNV XVMFLDCNQ BTVN@RD @TDQRVM XLN@ BD NARKWNAKÑ@= Ds cuy gîakl andr d` ln td`tnakñ` bd iuzjnrsd n u`m ckscm aun`bm surjd` bkgkaultnbds pnrn cn`td`dr dl pln` bd Natkvnakñ`. D` vdz bd rdaurrkr n dxplkanakm`ds smfrd tu anrîatdr amcm “smy pdrdzmsm– m “td`jm u`n td`bd`akn n snfmtdnrcd–, tu am`sultmr am`buatunl td nuxklknrî n cn`td`dr u`n natktub amodrd`td am` ln Natkvnakñ` Am`buatunl, d` tmbm cmcd`tm gu`akm`nrî amcm u` d`trd`nbmr bdpmrtkvm qud td nyubnrî n cn`td`dr u`n cd`tnlkbnb tn` natkvn amcm tus naakm`ds. Ln Rnfln 2 am`tkd`d lms prk`akpkms kcpmrtn`tds n am`skbdrnr d` dstd pnsm. Rnfln 2 Vdspm`bdr n lms prmfldcns d`am`trnbms d`am`trnbms d` dl pln` bd natkvnakñ` natkvnakñ`

>  6 1 2  4

Bkstk`jukr lms bdsd`anbd`n`tds, rdspudstns y pntrm`ds bd dvktnakñ` qud sd k`tdrpuskdrm` d` dl anck`m bd ln natkvnakñ` vdr dl cmbdlm RVNCXN).  

Vdam`mad qud tus rdspudstns y pntrm`ds bd dvktnakñ` sm` `nturnlds, d`td`bkflds y amcu`ds. Dvktn anstkjnrtd, “dl anstkjm `m nyubn n amcprd`bdr ln dvktnakñ`, `k sdþnln ln smluakñ`–. Kbd`tkgkan y bksautd am` tu am`sultmr am`buatunl lms fd`dgkakms n amrtm plnzm bd lms pntrm`ds bd dvktnakñ`, d kbd`tkgkan lms prmfldcns qud jd`drn` n lnrjm plnzm. Vdam`mad qud lms pntrm`ds bd dvktnakñ` pudbd` sdr natkvms m pnskvms. Vdaudrbn qud ln “Natkvnakñ` Am`buatunl–, ds u` pln` bd nam`bkakm`nckd`tm qud rdqukdrd natunr, nu` aun`bm `m sd tkd`d` jn`ns bd natunr. Am`datn ln natkvkbnb n prmjrncnr am` lns cdtns y lms vnlmrds qud tkd`ds d` tu vkbn, tn`tm n amrtm amcm n lnrjm plnzm.

7 

Xln`kgkan tus natkvkbnbds bd dstn sdcn`n, bd gmrcn am`ardtn y n`tkakpî`bmtd nl surjkckd`tm bd ln td`tnakñ` bd dvktnr.

!"#$%&$'()*!"+!,$-"'./+ > 17 

 

DIDVAKAKM 4 - DL CMBDLM RVNCXN (QNLKV BD LN RVNCXN [ VDJVDQNV NL QD@BDVM) Dl narñ`kcm RVNX m Rrncpn , bdrkvn bd Rrkjjdr + Vdspm`sd + Nvmkbn`ad Xnttdr` . Rrkjjdr, m Bdsd`anbd`n`td , sd rdgkdrd n lms dvd`tms `djntkvms qud maurrkdrm` aun`bm td bkspm`ãns n onadr tu natkvkbnb prmjrncnbn, m k`alusm n`tds bd dllm, y qud td bdsnld`tnrm` bd cn`td`drtd natkvm5 Vdspm`sd m Vdnaakñ` , k`bkan dl cnldstnr dcmakm`nl dlkaktnbm pmr dl Bdsd`anbd`n`td5 Nvmkbn`ad Xnttdr` m Xntrñ` bd dvktnakñ` , bdskj`n ln dstrntdjkn bd dvktnakñ` qud nbmptnstd pnrn bksck`ukr, dvktnr m dsanpnr bdl cnldstnr dcmakm`nl dxpdrkcd`tnbm. Dl pntrñ` bd dvktnakñ` cn`tkd`d ln dxpdrkd`akn bd sugrkckd`tm pmrqud kcpkbd ngrm`tnr lms dvd`tms qud ln on` bdsd`anbd`nbm. Am` nyubn bd tu am`sultmr am`buatunl, n`mtn ln k`gmrcnakñ` amrrdspm`bkd`td n anbn u`m bd lms rufrms bdsarktms n`tdrkmrcd`td d` ln Gkjurn :. Gkjurn : Qnlkr bd ln Rrncpn y rdjrdsnr rdjrdsnr nl Qd`bdrm

Qnlkr bd ln Rrncpn   Bdsd`anbd`n`td  

[ v mlvdr nl   sd` Bdsd`anbd`n`td  

Xntrñ` bd dvktnakñ`

Vdnaakñ`

drm 

Vdnaakñ`

RVNA)  Ngrm`tnckd`tm nltdr`ntkvm

Xnrn snlkr bd dstn trncpn, pudbds cn`td`dr dl narñ`kcm RVNA d` cd`td, qud bdrkvn bd Rrkjjdr + Vdspm`sd + Nltdr`ntkvd Ampk`j. Dl dldcd`tm `udvm am` rdspdatm n RVNX ds Nltdr`ntkvd Ampk`j m grm`tnckd`tm nltdr`ntkvm , qud k`bkan u`n `udvn pnutn bd naakñ` qud k`tdrrucpd dl pntrñ` bd dvktnakñ` k`stnurnbm y prmcudvd ln rdnlkznakñ` bd ln natkvkbnb (m natkvkbnbds) prmjrncnbns.  !"#$%&$'()*!"+!,$-"'./+ > 1: 

 

 

NLKNBMQ BD LN NARKWNAKÑ@ AM@BTARTNL Ru am`sultmr am`buatunl am`mad u`n jrn` vnrkdbnb v nrkdbnb bd

n mtrns pdrsm`ns qud td npmyd` cmrnlcd`td pnrn

dstrntdjkns nbkakm`nlds qud pudbd` n lkbknr am` mfstîaulms amcu`ds pnrn lnnyubnrtd natkvnakñ`. Ln prkcdrn dstrntdjkn ds ln smluakñ` `nturnl nl mlvkbm bd rdnlkznr lns natkvkbnbds prmjrncnbns m rdjkstrnr su rdnlkznakñ`, dstn sd llncn Am`trml bd Dstãculms, y am`stn bd ardnr rdamrbntmrkms m rdcmvdr bkstrnatmrds qud pudbn` k`tdrgdrkr am` dl rdaudrbm bd tus natkvkbnbds prmjrncnbns.

rdnlkznr tus cîs natkvkbnbds, `m bdsk`mln gmrcn am`skbdrd` nprmpknbn, d` ln d` qudqudtu dllms y tu am`sultmr am`buatunl snfd` qud pmbrãn gu`akm`nr. D` ansm bd sdr `dadsnrkm, tu y tu am`sultmr am`buatunl pmbrãn` d`trdvkstnrsd am` pdrsm`ns alnvd am` lns qud am`vkvds pnrn jdstkm`nr ln gmrcn d` qud pudbd` k`amrpmrnrsd amcm ckdcfrms bdl dqukpm bd Natkvnakñ` Am`buatunl y gmrtnldadr ln rdnlkznakñ` bdl pln`.

D` mtrns manskm`ds, pmbrãns `mtnr qud rdqukdrds gmrtnldadr tus onfklkbnbds pnrn rdnlkznr

Ln Ntd`akñ` Xld`n m Ck`bgul`dss , ds ln onfklkbnb bd prdstnr ntd`akñ` k`td`akm`nlcd`td n lm qud dstî

dgdatkvncd`td nlju`n tnrdn prmjrncnbn, dstm ds pnrtkaulnrcd`td amcù` aun`bm sd prmjrncn` natkvkbnbds `mvdbmsns qud skdcprd ons qudrkbm rdnlkznr, m natkvkbnbds mrkd`tnbns nl lmjrm bd cdtns. D` dstms ansms, tu am`sultmr am`buatunl pmbrãn nyubnrtd am` dstrntdjkns bd Gmrcnakñ` bd Onfklkbnbds, dstm ds mrkd`tî`bmtd y d`snyn`bm onfklkbnbds smaknlds (p.di. nsdrtkvkbnb), onfklkbnbds bd rdsmluakñ` bd prmfldcns, m nyubî`bmtd n bkvkbkr u`n tnrdn amcplkanbn d` sus dldcd`tms cîs

maurrkd`bm d` dl cmcd`tm prdsd`td, am` bdsnpdjm bd lms pd`snckd`tms y sd`snakm`ds qud am`tkd`d, lkfrî`bm`ms bd ln td`bd`akn bd rdspm`bdr am` mfdbkd`akn m luaon n `udstrms sd`tkckd`tms. Dstn ds u`n bdstrdzn pnrn gmrtnldadr aun`bm lms pd`snckd`tms smfrd dl pnsnbm m dl guturm k`tdrrucpd` ln pnrtkakpnakñ` bd `udstrns natkvkbnbds prmjrncnbns, y aun`bm `udstrn k`bkspmskakñ` n dxpdrkcd`tnr cnldstnr ds u` mfstîaulm kcpmrtn`td pnrn amcprmcdtdr`ms am` ln Natkvnakñ` Am`buatunl.

pdqudþms, bd gmrcn qud pudbns smluakm`nrln am` cnymr gnaklkbnb.

Ln Gkjurn :  klustrn bms mpakm`ds fîskans d` u` prmjrncn bd Natkvnakñ` Am`buatunl. Ln Natkvnakñ` Am`buatunl sd`aklln, qud d` cuaoms ansms dstm ds sugkakd`td pnrn dsanpnr bdl aãraulm vkakmsm bdl sugrkckd`tm y am`buakrsd onakn u` dstklm bd vkbn cîs skj`kgkantkvm y sntksgnatmrkm. [ ln Natkvnakñ` Am`buatunl Amcpldin, qud ds ln cîs amcù` y qud k`aluym amcpldcd`tnr ln Natkvnakñ` Am`buatunl am` dstrntdjkns nlknbns qud, am` nyubn bd tu am`sultmr am`buatunl, pudbd` nyubnrtd n cn`td`drtd mrkd`tnbm pmr dl anck`m bd vkbn qud n`odlns trn`sktnr.

Mtrm mfstîaulm amcù`, ds qud mtrns pdrsm`ns bdsnlkd`td` ln rdnlkznakñ` bd tus natkvkbnbds prmjrncnbns. Ln arãtkan, bdldjnrtd bdfdrds m pdbkrtd gnvmrds k`amcpntkflds am` ln rdnlkznakñ` bd tus natkvkbnbds sm` gmrcns amcu`ds d` qud sd flmqudn` m k`okfd` `udvns naakm`ds. T`n cn`drn bd lkbknr am` dstms mfstîaulms ds lm qud sd am`mad amcm Cn`dim bd Am`tk`jd`akns , d` dstn dstrntdjkn, tu am`sultmr am`buatunl td d`sdþnrî n pdbkr n pm`dr lãcktds m pdbkr

!"#$%&$'()*!"+!,$-"'./+ > 1? 

 

 

Gkjurn : ‑ Natkvnakñ` Am`buatunl Amcpldin

NARKWNAKÑ@ QKCXLD M AMCXLDIN  AMCXLDIN  (En`tdr, Fusao, Vusao, 688;. Xj. :7)

½Ln natkvnakñ` sd`aklln gu`akm`ñ=

“QK– Am`tk`ùd am` ln natkvnakñ` 

Am`trml bd Dstkculms (Cmbkgkanr n`tdadbd`tds pnrn gnvmrdadr ln natkvnakñ`).

Gmrcnakñ` bd Onfklkbnbds (Qk dxkstkdrn` bëgkakts).

“@M– Dvnlunr gu`akm`nlcd`td ln `dadskbnb bd utklkznr

Cn`dim bd Am`tk`jd`akns (K`amrpmrnr rdgudrzm smaknl)

Ntd`akñ` pld`n m Ck`bgul`dss

!"#$%&$'()*!"+!,$-"'./+ >

6; 

 

 

GK@NLKYNAKÑ@

 

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Dspdrm, sk`adrncd`td, qud dstd aunbdr`kllm td sdn bd utklkbnb pnrn mptkckznr u`n dxpdrkd`akn bd Natkvnakñ` Am`buatunl sntksgnatmrkn. Amcm bdaãn d` ln prdsd`tnakñ`, ln Natkvnakñ` Am`buatunl pnrdad sd`aklln, y bd odaom ds u` trntnckd`tm pnrskcm`kmsm, pdrm `m pmr dsm bdfdcms am`gu`bkrln am` u`n k`tdrvd`akñ` k`sugkakd`td. Ln k`vdstkjnakñ` y ln dxpdrkd`akn bmaucd`tnbn bd cklds bd pdrsm`ns, am`sultmrds am`buatunlds y pnakd`tds, rdspnlbn tus dsgudrzms y am`gmrcn ln amcu`kbnb bd ln qud gmrcns pnrtd nl bdakbkr prmfnr lms dgdatms bd ln Natkvnakñ` Am`buatunl d` tu vkbn. Dl `ùcdrm bd sdskm`ds qud `dadsktn u`n pdrsm`n trnfninr d` amlnfmrnakñ` am` u` am`sultmr am`buatunl vnrãn bd ansm n ansm, lm kcpmrtn`td ds qud `m k`td`tds nprdsurnrtd, dl trnfnim bd nam`bkakm`nckd`tm am`buatunl, nsã amcm ln tdrnpkn gãskan, vnrknrî d` grdaud`akn, k`td`skbnb y burnakñ`, bdpd`bkd`bm bd lns `dadskbnbds bd anbn pdrsm`n. Ru am`sultmr am`buatunl y tù rdam`madrî` aun`bm tus rutk`ns bd vkbn pnrdzan` onfdrtd k`vmluarnbm d` u`n sk`drjkn bd snlub am`buatunl qud gu`akm`d pmr sk ckscn, aun`bm pudbns rdam`madr lns trncpns y vmlvdr n ln sd`bn bd cn`drn dspm`tî`dn, dspm`t î`dn, y aun`bm dstës d` anck`m bd lmjrnr tus cdtns vnlkmsns y smluakm`nr tus prmfldcns bd vkbn sk` juãn. T`n vdz qud kbd`tkgkqud` qud sd on` lmjrnbm dstms mfidtkvms, pmbrî rdbuakrsd ln grdaud`akn am` qud td d`aud`trns am` tu am`sultmr trnfninr bd d` u` bd cn`td`kckd`tm ln natkvnakñ` (ckrnrdl 7 ) yam`buatunl, dl didrakakm onadr u` rdsucd` tu pln` dxpdrkd`akn qud skrvn bdbdbdspdbkbn (ckrnr didrakakm :). Lms cdimrds bdsdms, Ckaodl

!"#$%&$'()*!"+!,$-"'./+ > 21 

 

 

DIDVAKAKM 7 ‑ XLN@ BD CN@RD@KCKD@RM BD LN NARKWNAKÑ@ AM@BTARTNL Vdspm`bd lns skjukd`tds prdju`tns qud pudbd` nyubnrtd n dlnfmrnr u` pln` bd Natkvnakñ` Am`buatunl bdspuës bd tdrck`nr tu prmjrncn d` amcpnþãn bd tu am`sultmr m`sultmr  am`buatunl. Vdjrdsn n am`tdstnr dstns prdju`tns sk `mtns qud lms sã`tmcns bd sugrkckd`tm dcpkdzn` n rdjrdsnr, m sk `mtns qud dcpkdzns n sd`tkr qud pkdrbds dl rucfm bd ln natkvnakñ` Am`buatunl. Vdjrdsn n dstns prdju`tns tn`tm vdads amcm sdn `dadsnrkm, rdaudrbn qud sdrî `mrcnl qud lms dvd`tms `djntkvms bd vkbn y dl sugrkckd`tm qud lds namcpnþn rdjrdsd`, ds pnrtd `nturnl bdl vkvkr. Ln prkcdrn vdz qud am`tdstds dstns prdju`tns, onzlm am` nyubn bd tu am`sultmr am`buatunl pnrn qud pudbn` bdsnrrmllnr u` pln` bd cn`td`kckd`tm bd ln natkvnakñ`.

½^uë alnsd bd dvd`tms sd nsmakn` nl surjkckd`tm bd ck sugrkckd`tm= ½^uë rdnaakm`ds ngdatkvns dstmy dxpdrkcd`tn`bm grd`td n dstms dvd`tms= ½^uë dstrntdjkns bd dvktnakñ` am`trkfuyd` n jd`drnr y cn`td`dr fualds bd rdtrmnlkcd`tnak rdtrmnlkcd`tnakñ` ñ` bd sugrkckd` sugrkckd`tm= tm= rdjrdsnr nl Didrakakm > bd sdr `dadsnrkm)

½^uë naakm`ds `dadsktm cn`td`dr m dcpdznr n rdnlkznr pnrn amrrdjkr dl rucfm= rdjrdsnr n lms Didrakakms 1 y 2 bd sdr `dadsnrkm)

½^uë pudbm onadr pnrn nucd`tnr ln prmfnfklkbn prmfnfklkbnbb bd am`tk`unr am` cks am`buatns n`tkbdprdskvns= n`tkbdprdskvns = rdjrdsnr nl Didrakakm 4 bd sdr `dadsnrkm)

!"#$%&$'()*!"+!,$-"'./+ > 26 

 

 

DIDVAKAKM : ‑ VDQTCD@ BD CK D_XDVKD@AKN D@ DQRD XVMJVNCN BD NARKWNAKÑ@ AM@BTARTNL Vdspm`bd lns skjukd`tds prdju`tns qud pudbd` nyubnrtd n rdgldxkm`nr smfrd lms nspdatms cîs kcpmrtn`tds bd tu dxpdrkd`akn d` dstd prmjrncn bd Natkvnakñ` Am`buatunl. Rus rdspudstns sdrvkrî` bd rdtrmnlkcd`tnakñ` pnrn tu am`sultmr am`buatunl. T`n vdz qud lns am`tdstds, tù y tu am`sultmr am`buatunl pudbd` rdgldxkm`nr smfrd dllns y utklkznr dstns rdspudstns amcm u`n rdgldxkñ` qud om`rd dl trnfnim qud on` rdnlkznbm iu`tms y qud skrvn amcm u`n bdspdbkbn bd tu pnrtkakpnakñ` bdl prmadsm. ½Dxkstkdrm` nspdatms bd su trntnckd`tm qud td gudrm` dspdaknlcd`td ùtklds bdl prmjrncn bd Natkvnakñ` Am`buatunl= Qk ds nsã, bdsarkfd auîlds gudrm`. Qd tn` dspdaãgkam amcm sdn pmskfld.

½^uë nprd`bkstd bd ln Natkvnakñ` Am`buatunl qud pmbrãn nyubnrtd d` dl guturm=

½^uë pmbrãns bdakrtd pnrn adldfrnr lms rdsultnbms bd tu pnrtkakpnakñ` d` dstns sdskm`ds bd Natkvnakñ` Am`buatunl=

!"#$%&$'()*!"+!,$-"'./+ > 21 

   

std aunbdr`kllm sd dbktn fnim u`n Lkad`akn Ardntkvd Amccm`s

Ntrkfuakñ` @mAmcdraknl Amcpnrtkrkju Amcpnrtkrkjunl nl 2.8 K`tdr`nakm` K`tdr`nakm`nl. nl.

!"#$%&$'()*!"+!,$-"'./+ !"#$%&$'()*!"+!,$-"'./+ > 27