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THE CELTIC LIBRARY PRESENTED BY

CLARK SUTHERLAND NORTHUP CLASS OF 1893

RS '

UniVer8 " yLibrary

177.l7M72"

Mi?,«™,!?

no' bo,ar, y and ,he evolution of

3 1924 012 284 414

Cornell University Library

The

original of this

book

is in

the Cornell University Library.

There are no known copyright

restrictions in

the United States on the use of the

text.

http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924012284414

Unb-seAticus, TtlAiUe

SeAWCtinncAr 1

IRISH

at*

te

fAotAn tuCc

tei$ir,

.n-ei|iinn.

ETHNO-BOTANY AND THE

Evolution of Medicine in Ireland.

BY

MICHAEL B.A. (Hon.), R.U.I.

,

F.

MOLONEY,

M.B., Ch.B., N.U.I., L.A.H. (DUBLIN).

DUBLIN: M. H, GILL & SON, Upper O'Connell 1919,

H

Ltd.

Street.

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Ml\

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PREFACE.

AND THE EVOLUTION

IRISH ETHNO-BOTANY

OF MEDICINE IN IRELAND. This book aims to give in Ireland Irish

and

in outline the evolution of Medicine

to indicate the comprehensive character of

Ethno-Botany.

Our country's share in the development unknown, and, therefore, unrecognised. Graves, Stokes, and Corrigan are undoubtedly

of medical science

is

The names of impressed on the annals represent the Irish so

of Medicine.

much

The medical profession

Yet these men do not

as the Anglo-Celtic school.

in this country suffers like the rest

of the race from England's pedagogy.

the educational system because

it

Somebody has criticised

ignores the

life

history of

Not only does it ignore the The exotic educational tree which the Irish child must climb bears but one fruit worth having. That fruit grows on a graft so carefully the subject with which

life

history, but

placed that

it

it

it deals.

hides the race history.

hides the poisonous nature of the tree

Education without Nationality

is,

however, no

less

itself.

absurd

than Education without Religion. In this book I have endeavoured to indicate the wealth in the Gaelic nature creeds, and look forward with hope to the day when " Nature, the sombre and veiled

now lying hidden companion

of the children of unfaith," will

become " the

revealed and laughing nurse of the children of belief."

a2

The character

many and

sources.

work necessarily means obligation to Grateful acknowledgment is expressed to all, of this

especially to 'Liam

O'Meehan

for his valuable aid in

elucidating the Irish nomenclature.

mire, TTliceal.

1

n"06ifit5

ttlurhAn,

1919.

(Dungarvan, Co. Waterford.

O

m^otoorhnAij;.

IRISH ETHNO-BOTANY AND

THE EVOLUTION OF MEDICINE IN IRELAND.

Part

Irish

I.

Sections (I.)

(II.)

Part

II.

Ethno -Botany.

:

Introduction.

The Native Materia Medica of Vegetable (a) The Land Flora. (6) The Marine Flora.

The Evolution of Medicine

Sections (I.)

(II.)

Origin,

in Ireland.

:

Pre-Christian or Druidic Period.

Early Christian.

(III.)

The Hereditary Physicians

(IV.)

The Rise

of the Septs or Clans.

of a Medical Profession in Europe.

Introduction of Continental Methods. (V.)

Mediaeval Guilds, Corporations, and Chartered Bodies.

(VI.) Private Medical Schools.

(VII.) Obstetrics in Ireland.

(VIII.) "Trinity,"

"The

Colleges,"

and

Universities of the present day."

"The

IRISH ETHNO-BOTANY. INTRODUCTION. Out of the shades of history and from the babel of tradition we must collect the fragments that will serve to build the Ethno -Botany The religion

of the Celts. of early Ireland consisted largely of nature

worship.

The primitive Celt sought everywhere for An Ti Ta (He is). As a follower of the Druids, he worshipped groves, and held in veneration the oak and the mistletoe. The mountains, rivers and seas claimed his attention, and were objects

who

which called forth his greater Naturism. These again he peopled with Naiads, Dryads, Fauns and Fairies. His pantheon extended " to the seas around and to the skies above." These pagans were not barbarians, and Christianity crystalised rapidly out of the flux. The Druids taught them the immortality and transmigration of the soul, but animism mainly formed their naive, philosophy. The religion of the country, then, was an indefinite mysticism, and with natureworship as the dominant devotion, the transition to Chris-

was accomplished with ease. These pagan " listeners in the woods " had actually blazed the trail for their more dogmatic yet very similar followers. tianity

The

first

Irish Christians lived their lives

and loved

their

nX)Aome (Lord of Folk) at the feet of nature. St. Columban, like his predecessors, sensed the Sabbath of the woods and fields, and tells us that his profession was " to be always on the alert to find God in nature."

Coitfvoe i\&

The early of the times, in the

literature of the country, reflecting the is

naturism

Marbhan 's shieling and a charm greater for him than the

largely a nature hymnal.

wood had a

lure

In the swineherd's

palace of his princely brother Guaire.

reply to the prince's surprised demand " Oh, Marbhan, Oh, hermit, why dost thou sleep abroad, :

thy head upon a " quilted couch ?

we

floor of pine rather

get the true note of sylvan ascetism.

(This

than upon a

poem

is

said to

have been written in the tenth century and refers to seventh century practice).

The anchorite and monk, having penetrated the fastnesses and spiritual wealth. The

of nature, brought forth material

traditional knowledge of the hereditary physicians of the

and uses of our native have no less an authority We than Van Helmont for the wonderful results accomplished by these hereditary healers, who Were acquainted with and used the materia medica of their own country. The Irish herbalists of to-day are, in the vernacular, " knowledgable persona,' mostly women, who possess a smattering of our folk botany. The vicissitudes of the nation have retarded the transmission of this knowledge until it is well nigh lost in the wilderness whence it was gained. Oui nature heritage is rich. We are modern mystics despite our dogmatic religion. We believe that we are well within our rights when we protest against the attitude of some who would throw contempt on all learning that does not emanate directly from the laboratory. Science, they say, has shaken off the trammels of tradition, and it is the fashion to deride Empiricism. The triumphs of empiricism, however, cannot be gainsepts or clans concerning the actions

herbs is a portion of this wealth.

-

said. Our concern here is not to glorify the herbalist or the homoeopath, and certainly not to decry orthodox medicine.

But somehow

it

seems that the ethno -botany of the Red-

9

Indian and

Romany tribes

claims the attention of our thera-

and pharmacologists, while that of the Celt is neglected and unknown. Is it not possible that autocratic peutists

science has caused us to over-look an Irish Mendel, or relegated to oblivion

many

a herb with virtues just as magical as those

? At all events it is not too much hope that a study of the Ethno -Botany of the Celts allied with the Pharmacology of to-day may win back some of the fame of the Irish Physicians of the long ago, and help at the same time the common cause of humanity. Some would perhaps think that the English and Cymric folk botany provides all the material that is necessary in this

possessed

by the Lusmore

to

particular field of research.

And

it is

true that the flora of

on the whole a reduced British flora. Yet we have a number of species very rare or altogether unknown in Great Ireland

is

Britain.

so

we

Besides, just as

we

are a distinct national entity,

possess a specific herb lore, and one which will bear

comparison with that of any other country. There are many reasons why the study of these Celtic nature creeds should prove interesting. Ireland has acted missionary to many lands, and early medicine and religion

went hand in hand. From the economic view point alone Irish folk botany is worthy of attention. The knowledge of vegetable dyes is proved by the variety and richness of colour schemes exhibited in articles of apparel, and above all in the illumination of manuscripts.

Again,

if

considered from the educational standpoint, this

naturism

is

a spiritual inheritance which should not be denied.

A

study of this native

flora in

Ms own

student to inherit some of the

and

tongue will enable the

scientific, literary, aesthetic,

religious possessions of the race.

Recent world events the prominence which curriculum.

have it

given

deserves

to in

natural

science

any educational

10

The system adopted as the

basis of the following account

of Irish herbs is in accordance with

The herbs are arranged

name

being placed

first,

modern

scientific practice.

in their natural orders, the botanic

then follow the English and Irish

equivalents.

For the convenience with

scientific

of readers

who may not be conversant

terminology, in addition to the botanic index,

English and Irish indices are provided.

The work as it now stands is necessarily incomplete, and the author would feel grateful to any reader who would furnish him with the Irish names of herbs not now included in this book. It is therefore to be hoped that should a further edition be called for, the book will then represent, in full, the culture and wealth of our native herb-lore.

11

THE NATIVE MATERIA MEDIC A OF VEGETABLE ORIGIN. THE LAND FLORA. RANUNCULACEAE. Thalictrum Alpinum. Alpine "meadow rue. KuiO (KuBa) AitpeAc. Thalictrum collinum. Lesser meadow rue. HtnB tteAg. Thalictrum flavum. Meadow rue. TluiB LeAriA. Internally antispasmodic, and were given in " falling sickness."

Anemone Nemorosa. "OeAps

Wood Anemone,

ttif tia

gAoite C05AL ;

TleA-o CoiVle.

;

Recommended for a

" cold " in the chest

;

water passages,

and as a stimulating application to indolent sores. Ranunculus aquatilis vel circinnatus. Water Crowfoot. fU'b pteAnn thy ce; tlon tia liABAnn. tlif ce Ranunculus Flammula. Lesser Spearwort. Lat aij\ teAtiA. Ranunculus Lingua. Great spearwort. g^T^F t-feAtiA. Both of these, the lesser and the greater spearwort, are ;

occasionally the cause of poisoning in cattle the latter was formerly used as a cure for swine fever. Ranunculus Auricomus. Goldilocks. gjwAij; Tiluif\e 5 A 1*tur ;

;

tia THotia.

Ranunculus Acris. Meadow Crowfoot. CeAjibAn £eiofAf\. Nasturtium Sylvestre. Woodcress. tholAjv CoiUeA-6. Nasturtium Palustre. Marshcress. thotAf Cufifung. Nasturtium Amphibium. Water Radish. 1T1e.dc.An ^agium ;

tiifce.

Barbara vulgaris

"")

intermedia > Winter Cress. praecox ,, J Arabis petraea "1 „

„

„

hirsuta cihata

> Rock Cress.

gAf An

CjveAtiAc.

CaiIXij

(neA5Aiti. HedgcMustard. t,uf An OiruAj\ac. Is used with white and yolk of egg by bone setters and makes excellent splinting material when supported with leather. ;

GERANIACEAE. Geranium Sanguineum. Bloody Crane's

Bill.

^ I

Geranium Molle. [

Soft Crane's Bill.

J

CtveAccAc

tDe^s

;

Cpob PfveACAin

e^bAU ttiog (Stinking6 C

) .

•

19

Geranium Dissectum. Dove's Foot. Cf\oo CoUntn CpeA5i\Ac. Geranium Robertianum. Herb Robert, CfK>6 T)eAj\5 ftuiceAt ;

;

Uiog

XU&w Tlioj. Known to every farmer in Ireland as Cf\oo "OeA^s and said to be an infallible remedy for red-water in cattle. An intelligent diabetic was recommended to take an infusion made of Cpott "OeAps (a handful of the herb to one pint of water) in wineglassful doses night and morning, and tells me that it has put new life into him. He has tried many a doctor's bottle previous to this, and was always a rigid adherent to the recognised ;

dietary.

Oxalis Acetosella. CoitXe.A'b

;

Wood

Sorrel.

SeAttiog 'Pio'oa

S&m&t) CoilleA-o ;

;

SeAmnog

tDit-eog x\a x\&ax\.

ILICINEAE. Ilex Aquifolium.

Holly.

CtnteAnn.

CELASTRINEAE. Euonymus Europaeus.

A

Spindle Tree, feof Af ; Oi^-e. characteristic shrub of the limestone pavements in Ireland. Euonymin, the resinous principle of the berry, The bark is purgative, emetic, and a liver stimulant. also contains euonymin and has been used to destroy lice in children's hair.

RHAMNEAE. Rhamnus

Catharticus.

Purging Buckthorn.

ftAtii-bnAijeAti

;

tTlATOe t>f\eAn. Is rare in Ireland.

The berries are powerfully purgative. Alder Buckthorn. 'RArfvonAigeAn Ttlin. Frangula. Is still rarer in Ireland than Rh. Catharticus. The cascara of the shops is a preparation made from an American

Rhamnus

Buckthorn (Rhamnus Persiana). An efficient substitute can be made from our native Rhamnus Frangula bark, but this latter has the disadvantage of griping.

LEGUMNOSAE. Ulex Europaeus. Gorse, Whin. AiceAnn. The flowers were used to produce a yellow dye.

20 Gytisus Scoparius. Broom. JioIcac 5 °t- C(5 5The active principles Scoparin and Spartein are powerful diuretics and are contained in the " tops " or terminal twigs. The remedy is given in dropsy of all kinds, sometimes alone and sometimes combined with other herbs. The usual plan is to boil down a handful (one ounce) of the tops in a pint of water, until the quantity pint. Strain, and give a wineglassful is reduced to three times daily. In the old days the 510 Lcac held the place of the modern disinfectant, the process was a fumigation of the premises by burning the broom twigs in the centre of the affected area. pneACA Rest-harrow. S^eAtis t)ogA Ononis Repens. ptieurh (PfeAtfi) CA^iiAinste. (PpeACA) CAipngte Wild Liquorice. tioc6iunr CAfifiA TtleAlA Ca^a Ttlitif. The juice expressed from the leaves was employed as an emollient application for chapped and rough hands. The juice of the root is sweet and viscid'. Melilot. meAto-DAc Melilotus Officinalis. Cfifiibini Ctnc ; ;

1

•$•

;

;

;

;

;

SeAngAn. A homoeopathic remedy for epilepsy and nervous headache. Red Clover. SeAmAfv CapaiIX. Trifolium Pratense. An ingredient in mixtures to " clear " the blood. Trifolium Arvense. Hare's Foot Trefoil. Co-p riiAToeAc.. White or Dutch Clover. SeAtnAtx tiAn. Trifolium Repens. Shamrock, SeAtnfog. Trifolium Dubium. The vexed questions as to which of the Clover tribes is the Shamrock, and the claim of Oxalis Acetosella (Wood Sorrel) to the title, is by no means settled. There are just a dozen varieties of clover native to two of these dispute the title of national Ireland emblem. The claimants are Trifolium Repens and Trifolium Dubium vel Minus. Both share the honour of being worn on St. Patrick's Day, but as the leaves of T. Repens are marked with a white spot and the smaller forms are preferred, T. Dubium is undoubtedly pttiifvin

:

the Shamrock of to-day. Despite the statement, " there appears to be absolutely no evidence that this species was at any time used by the Irish as their national badge " (Cybele Hibernica,

21 ii.), some authorities still hold that the Wood Sorrel (Oxalis Acetosella) is the true Shamrock (see Geraniaceae). The three, Trifolium Repens, Dubium, and Oxalis Acetosella, are found in all countries from the Mediterranean to the Arctic Circle. Anthyllis Vulneraria. Lady's Finger, tneoi^ Tfluifve ; CofAn

Ed.

tlAin.

Ornithopus Perpusillus. Bird's-foot. CpubA €Hn. Lotus Corniculatus. Bird's Foot Trefoil. t)Afifi An rhift6m. Astragalus Hypoglottis. Purple Milk Vetch. tDUoccpifeAin. Said to increase the milk supply in goats. Vicia Hirsuta. Hairy Tare. peAf aij\ An AjvOAip. Vicia Cracca. Tufted Vetch. peAfAi^ nA tuc peA-pAip t«C riA CoitXe pif eAriAC Ci«j. Bush Vetch. peAfAi^ pA^Ain. Vicia Sepium. ;

,'

Lathyrus Pratensis. Meadow Vetchling. peAf ai|\ tiuvbe pif t>ur6e. Lathyrus Mstcrorrhizus. Heath Pea. pif SieitJe. The tubers of this are eaten, and in Scotland used to flavour whiskey.

ROSACEAE. Prunus Spinosa.

Blackthorn. X>t\AigeAn. Sloe. Aijvne. Sloes are considered unwholesome by all herbalists of the present day. They are powerfully astringent. Wild Cherry. Smir Seitin pA-bAin. Prunus Avium. Prunus Cerasus. Dwarf Cherry. Seain. Meadow Sweet. A^eAX) tuAcpA tuf Spiraea Ulmaria. CrieAf ; Cjuor ConcutAinn, (S: Oalicifolia.) Was used as a " sweetener " for scouring milk churns. The root was mixed with copperas (sulphate of iron) ;

;

for producing a black dye. Spiraea Elipendula. Dropwort. tuf bjiAonAC ; JneAttAti. Rubus Idaeus. Raspberry. Sugcp aoO. SmeAj\ T)tiB (Fruit). Blackberry. Rubus Fructicosus. Bramble, "Opireog "Ofir SceAC (Plant). The roots were used to furnish a black dye. Rubus Chamaemorus. Cloudberry. eit^eOg; t«f nAn-eicfveog. Rubus Caesius.- Dewberry. S ^" '"freAjic. Rubus saxatilis. Stone Bramble: SCig nA tnt)An ttlin. ;

,"

1

22

Dryas

Geum Urbanum.

Awns.

Mountain

Octopetala. LeAtin

Wood

Avens.

St6it>e

ITlACAt

;

TTIacaI CoiUeA-o.

Is given for " chills. ">

Strawberry. Suj-tAtrhAn ; ClACtfug. W*^d Strawberry. Sug-tAifi ; Oigfieog. Suj-trAlrhAn Potentilla Pragariastrum. Barren Strawberry.

Fragaria Vesca.

SeAfc. Potentilla Reptans. Creeping Cinquefoil. Ctiig ItleAjt Ttluipe. teAnAjtcAC ; 'bene'oin Potentilla Tormentilla. Tormentil. neAtfinAi-o ; ttif tia Co"oIaca ; tU^f t)fiAonAn tia gCon. This, in conjunction with Yellow Pimpernel, is used as a hypnotic for Insomnia. Potentilla Anserina. Silverweed. V>^ofcl.&n. Potentilla Palustris. Marsh Cinquefoil. Cuig t)iteAC Uipce ;

,

SeAmfuSg CC115 tdteAC. Alchemilla Vulgaris. Lady's Mantle. t)j\Ac65 ttluifie; fAUAinj; teAtAC Ttluijve Coca p-peAf aC "OeAfwiA ttltnpe ; tDwde. This herb, like Saxifrage and Knawell, is also called miotiAti itltn^e from its supposed curative properties in urinary calculus. It is also an astringent, owing to its tannin content. Alchemilla Alpina. Alpine Lady's Mantle. UfiufSAn, Agremonia Eupatpria. Agrimony, meiju'n tia ITIaj JeittfnleAC AifseATiAn. Was used in preparation of a lotion for wounds. Poterium Sanguisorba. Salad Burnet. t)iteAC torcAin t«f An thLLe. Pyrus Aucuparfa. Mountain Ash ; Rowan. Cao^ tAnn*; ;

;

;

;

;

fuHinfeOs

The

Coil-l.eA'o

;

Lui|\

contrary to popular belief, are edible. The leaves contain prussic acid and are, therefore, poisonous. An infusion of the leaves is, a popular remedy for rheumatism (an oz. to one pint) dose, one berries,

;

wineglassful. The leaves, when are said to be useful in asthma.

Pyrus Malus.

50^05.

Apple.

Crab,

1

fiAttAin

;

.AotACAti

;

,

Used with buttermilk *A famous •

tliuu,

burned and inhaled,

for relaxed throat tree in Irish legend,

and hoarseness.

23 Crataegus Oxycantha. Hawthorn. SceAt %eAt. The native roses are listed below (1) Rosa spinosissima. The Burnet Rose. Common. The Unexpanded Rose. Uncommon. (2) „ involuta. The Softleaved Rose. Rare. „ mollis. (3) Hibernica. The Irish Glabrous Rose. Very rare, „ (4) :

N.E. only.

(7)

„ „ „

(8)

„

(5) (6)

The Downy Leaved Rose. Frequent. The Sweet Briar Rose. N.E., frequent, micrantha. The Small-flowered Sweetbriar. Cork and Kerry. sepium. The Bush Rose. Canina. The Dog Rose. Common. tomentosa. rubiginosa.

„

(9)

glauca. Rare. arvensis. The Trailing Rose. Fairly frequent. sabina. Sabine Rose. (12) ,, Rose. The various Irish renderings are Tlof ; Con^of ; CocAn ; piuijmi, -jmU fifvOfUf (Wild Rose Tree). Corn Rose CAiLicin CAiUeac "Oe^s ; hl&t nA mDo'o.dc ; ItnUSneAC "OeA^j. Damask Rose Coci,ti tiAt ; tt6f teACDAn. Wild Rose ttof Pac-aw ; ttor ThAWf a ftuAitt. (10)

„

(11)

„•

—

:

—

;

— — Rock Rose—ptfif

tiA 5|\eine.

The Rosa Rubiginosa, or Sweet Rose of Jerusalem, Tlof "

—

Men saw

r\A

Briar, t>Am\uo%r\A

probably the which

is

1Tlui-pe of

the thorns on Jesus' brow,

But angels saw the

roses."

SAXIFRAGEAE. London Pride. ^doSi-fce (CAbAif ce) "OAome TTlAite 5 Ab ^r ce ITlA'opAi TIuato. Chrysosplenium Oppustifolium. Golden Saxifrage, gtoifif. Saxifraga Umbrosa.

;

Parnassia Palustris. Grass of .Parnassus, 'pioiiriAn t)An. Saxifraga Granulata. 1 Meadow Saxifrage ; and mGfVAn. Saxifraga Aizoides. > .IttibtiAti Ttltiife Yellow Mountain ;

j

Saxifrage. J Ribes Grossiilaria. Gooseberry.

Spiondg.

SpuititiAfi

;

SpionAn

;

SpofAro

'•

24

Eibes

Rubrum. tleAns

TUorAp T>eAf5

Red Currant.

;

SfiotiAti

"OeAfvcog "OeAfS-

;

Ribes Nigrum.

'

Black Currant.

"Oe^cOg *0 Y>. Ribes Album. White Currant.

ttAOf Afi "O^ 6

TUorAf

t)An

>

;

SfionAn StuoiUn

T)utt

;

t>Ati

"OeAftcos t)An.

CRASSULACEAE. Cotyledon TJmbilicus-Veneris. CojtnAri

C/Mfit

tuf

;

tiA

Pennywort. puisne.

teAc&in

CofinAri

Sedum Telephium. Orpine, tuf tia Ldog Sedum Acre. Wall Pepper or Biting Stone Crop. ;

5fApAn nA

5CL0C t-UfAijie r\A SeAtigAn. Produces vomiting. Sempervivum Tectorum. House Leek. Cp/ifpin UOiceAn Ojvp Sincin. 5tAn-eA5lA. Formerly grown on roofs as a charm against ;

;

t-of

;

ah

;

fires.

DROSERACEAE. Drosera Rotundifolia. Round-leaved Sundew. "OeAtxpuAiiD ; Ltif ha •peAftiAije. Drosera Anglica. Great Sundew. "Onuiccin ITIonA ; Kof An cSoluiy Gdilif Thuifve. This plant is characteristic of the peat bogs, where it is found in abundance. ;

HALORAGEAE. Hippuris Vulgaris.

Mare's Tail. Caici CottAgAri. Myriphyllum Verticillatum. Water Milfoil. 'ptio'O Sn^ite biiTOce ; 1_inneAiAAC.

tJif ce

;

LYTHRARIEAE. Lythrum ,

Salicaria.

L^atia

;

t)niAti

Purple Loosestrife. t)fieAj

{

tup

flA

CneAccAc SioctAtiA

;

;

toeAlAn

ConAi^e

;

©AfibAtt Cuicin. The title CjteAccAC (wound~plant) would suggest its use as a wound remedy. I have not met any herbalists who use it internally or externally at the present day.

25

ONAGRARIEAE. Epilobium

Angustifolium. Rose-bay Willow Herb, ftor SAiteog riA mthteog CfirhAns. Circaea Lutetiana. Enchanter's Nightshade. £uitifeA6 ;

puinnfeAjjAt.

UMBELLIFERAE. Marsh

Hydrocotyle Vulgaris.

tup

Pennywort.

pmgne

(Cut^Aig).

Eryngium Maritimum. Sea Holly. CuiteAnn C^AgA. Sanicula Europaea. Wood Sanicle. ttoTJAn Content). Is employed as a haemostatic internally and externally. Conium Maculaturn. Hemlock. mtnnrheAH ; Cot«iAn £Ait ; t) Avnn e-Cio c-6ah An excellent anodyne poultice is made by mixing the leaves with linseed meal. Is used also for the cure of "evil." It is given internally, never alone, but in combination with other herbs in a variety of diseases. Smyrnium Olusatrum. Alexanders, tup tiA rigr-An "Outs t-UfApAM 51^" "OufOne of the vegetables formerly cultivated, but now .

;

unknown

Apium dcuta

Wild Celery, Water Hemlock.

Graveolens. Virosa.

tur ha SmAiteog. Cn&AnUir feAltAtiog ;

;

X) At AX) A X)At\.

Thought

to be the poison that killed Socrates. Like the true Hemlock it is used as a curative poultice in glandular swellings which have suppurated. Petroselinum Sativum. Parsley, •peifvpt; £iontiAr 5-A Tv VA, oe Naturalized on old buildings. Used as a garnish. Carum Carui. Caraway. Cahaduao CeAptiur tur ttlic '

-

l

;

Cuitnin

;

;

Amir

Seems naturalised in parts of Ireland, but is Sium Latifolium. Water Parsnip. IDeACAn tlifce. Is used for scrofulous swellings in the with garlic and butter.

Aegopodium Podagraiia.

rare.

neck in combination

Goutweed. tur An Juca tur An eAfbtng. The leaves are boiled and made into a poultice, which is applied to the painful parts. Is used also for sciatica. ;

(

26 Pimpinella Saxifraga. Burnet Saxifrage. CL&OpurPimpinella Magna. Greater Burnet Saxifrage. CLAtijtuf mop. Both of these grow on chalky ground, and are said to increase the milk of cows. Conopodium Denndatam. Pig -nut, or Common Earth Nut. CoiceApAn CnutdpLan ; Cut&pl&n ; Cno CdtrhAti ;

TYluice

;

Pf\Aicini CtutAfACAtti.

The roots are roasted and eaten by boys, to are known as " Fairy Potatoes." Myrrhis odorata. Sweet Cicely, tuf AinteOige.

whom

they

A garden escape naturalized in a few parts. Chaerophyllum Temulum. Rough Chervil, tuf nA TIiocaC

;

CAtniti gAtt.

Scandix Pecten-Veneris.

Shepherd's Needle. CfeAgAc. Parsley. Cof Uifce. Fennel. pneAl. Itluice tuf ah

Cow

Anthriscus Sylvestris.

Foeniculum Officinale. cSaol Crithmum Maritimum. Samphire, tup tiA gCnAtfi CnAtfiUif. Oenanthe Fistulosa. Water Dropwort. CffeAnUif t)fiaotiac. Oenanthe Crocata. Hemlock Water Dropwort. Uf&Anluf ;

;

An CufVpAlg.

t)f» AOT1AC

Oenanthe Phellandrium. Horsebane. niTfiCApAtt;5fieAtiATimrn. Aethusa Cynapium. Fool's Parsley, peifpiL Am&fo. Iigusticum Scoticum. Scottish Lavage. SunAif ttif ati ;

t-«f An l.ti5Ai|\e. Sylvestris. Wild Angelica.

t.iA5Aipe

Angelica

;

Cuwneoj Ithge C. Itluipe. Psucedenum Sativum. Wild Parsnip.

^AUuAnAn pAt>Am

;

;

TTleACAn TI105 'piA'OAin.

Heracleum Sphondylium. Cdw Parsnip ; Hogweed. Cuijv TOin t>An Ot)Af\An peAtipAn J?uAnAn pieAfCAn "pteAtifAti. Daucus Carota. Wild Carrot. tDufgomAn mugoniAn ;

;

;

;

;

;

;

1T)io'6U!CAn.

ARALIACEAE. Hedera Helix.

eroneAn ^eroneAn enieAnn. Recommended in a bath as an astringent for " soft " Ivy.

;

;

or perspiring feet.

qORNACEAE. Cornus Sanguinea. Dogwood. CjtAnn

Cbij\n6it;

CpAnn muco^A.

27

CAPRIFOLIACEAE. Sambucus Nigra. Elder. Cfom tStiAtcfVAi* tluif,-e. The flowers were formerly official in the British Pharmacopoea. An ointment made from the leaves was a popular Dublin remedy for piles. Elderberry wine has been lately recommended for sciatica. Sambucus Ebulus. Dwarf Elder or Banewort. p&it peit $05 ;

;

;

moUnpc;

Fuo-b

X>a\xa ; t)AU^Mifc luf 11^11*0^11^. Said to grow where battles were fought against the Danes. Viburnum Opulus. Guelder Rose. An ftof tlotoiroAc. Originally introduced from Gnelduland in Holland. &r\

;

Lonicera Periclymenum. Woodbine ; Honeysuckle. peitteog ; tuf nA rtleAlA. f eiteAnn

C4it-

;

BUBIACEAE. Rubia Peregrina. Madder, VDa-oa^ The root contains a red dye, but does not seem to have been employed for this purpose. The plant is not common in Ireland, and is always found near the coast. Galium Verum. Lady's Bedstraw. ftu Thtnfve X)aIa*> Cnif. Galium Saxatile. Heath Bedstraw. tuf wa efeAj\ mt)eA5 tuio tia ftpedji ngoncd X(\axia^ 'PfW.oig. Galium Palustre. Marsh Bedstraw. Uv An CupjuMg. Gahum Aparine. Goosegrass, Robin-run-the-hedge. gAf&Luf .

;

;

;

;

There are several other varieties of Gahum native to Ireland, but they are rare and difficult to identify. The title " Herb of the little men " is given to both

Gahum

Saxatile (Heath Bedstraw) and Gahum Palustre (Marsh Bedstraw). Perhaps to other varieties also. The Gahum Aparine was used as an application to ulcers, and was especially used for cancerous growths that had ulcerated surfaces. It was cut up and apphed en masse to the affected surface. The juice was given internally at the same time. Asperula Odorata. Wood-Ruff, tur ttlotAC TTIoteAf ;

Used

in flavouring wine. Sherardia Arvensis. Field Madder. "Deafly p^itte.

Used as a dye.

>'

tMttd Cmp (SoncuLAinn

28

VALERIANEAE. Valeriana Officinalis. Wild Valerian, tur nA •oCpi mt)itte; Cdoptdtin Cunfldlg. t«f tiA "oCfi vnt)AllAn. The volatile oil contained in the rhizome and root is an excellent remedyfor " nervy " and hypersensitive folk. It is

used internally and externally.

DIPSACEAE. Dipsacus Sylvestris. Teasel. leA-oAn bofCA tur " A teat) An LeAOAn An ticAiye ;• 1_uf An £ucA-o6in. Devil's Bit. S^eim An "OiadaiI, OttAfVAC Scabiosa Succisa. ;

;

;

ITluUArg. Scabiosa Arvensis.

Field Scabious,

Idcoac goftn

;

Cloigne

gOfWIA.

COMPOSITAE. Eupatorium eannibinum.

Hemp

Agrimony.

CnAib Uifce

;

ITlAfto'bfAigeAn.

StAc Oifv "Itnti An Golden Rod. Solidago Virgo-aurea. Luio riAoirfi SeAn. 'pAtlfAo^A ;* l,uitt An Qax'A * The " herb of the palsy " is a well known remedy amongst herbalists for what doctors call neurasthenia. It is said to have worked wonders in cases of general apathy and depression. There is a certain ritual to be gone through, however, whilst taking the remedy. But as some who have benefited by the treatment say, " These things {i.e., the .ceremonies prescribed besides the actual ingestion of the medicine) are only pishogues.' Daisy. Tlomin. Bellis perennis. Aster tripolium. Sea Starwort. tuib t)t6itie t,uf JtocAin. Blue Fleabane. tup 5°t,rn nA n'Oe.an At Aiftti Erigeron acre. ;

;

;

fOf\eAncAiT>).

Common Cudweed. CAtttuio gnAtituf. Filago germanica. Gnaphalium sylvaticum. Upright Cudweed. "LiAttuf t)eAj; LoCAVl CaoI. Inula Helenium. Elecampane. AitleAn rtleACAn AUrnn. According to Praeger, an obvious relic of cultivation to be found in the neighbourhood of the ancient monastic establishments. ;

;

;

29 Inula

salicina.

Willow-leaved Inula.

tur

T)feimfve.Ac x\a

" Confined in the British Isles to the shores of Lough Derg. Praeger Inula Crithmoides. Golden Samphire. Jeipgin ; gfuoLoigiti. Puhcaria Dysenterica. Fleabane. Luf t>urde na nX)eAr\AtAi|\ci ; t.uf tiA gCofCAfvc "OneAticdit) "Oibe.dfvc.dc. Calendula Officinalis. Garden Marigold. t)lAi Tfluifve XAAtSn Ofi tfluifie. Is an escape from cultivation. Was used to impart a Externally it is used in the deep colour to butter. form of a lotion for wounds, sprains, and bruises. Internally it is recommended as a uterine tonic Yarrow, Milfoil. Achillaea Millefolium. Acaiji CdlrhAti tur r\A fo\.A. tuf r\A gCiuAf. Was powdered and used as a snuff in congestive headache, to draw blood from the nose. Was also recommended as a cure for toothache, the patient being advised to Boyle is said to have worn a chew the leaves. little muslin bag of it as a protective charm against ague. Sneezewort. "Roioe ; CfWA-ottir Achillaea Ptarmica. Anthemis Nobilis. Chamomile. piogA'o.dn other varietieties CAnidn TTIiotiLa; ptifeAl, THa-o^a. -\m1. The flowers on analysis show nine definite compounds. The synthetic chemistry of Nature is still able to point the finger of scorn at the products of the laboratories. Internally the flowers are used as anodyne stupes. Internally chamomile tea is excellent for the windy dyspepsia of old people. Corn Marigold. t>uAiAlAr\ Chrysanthemum Sergetum. t)iLe iDuitte Icoldt Ojvc-d. (t)«ApAriATi) toui'oe Is said to diminish sweating. Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum. Ox Eye Daisy ; Dog Daisy. Tloinin mofi eAfbosAti. Suit T).dirfi meA-0--otiAC Scentless Fever Few. Matricaria Inodora. '

'

—

;

;

;

:

;

;

;

;

;

1Tle.

>

1 -

mof. Said to be a waif of cultivation, evidently used coffee was the prevailing drink.

"Ouateog

Nipple Wort. Lapsana Communis. "OuiUeos TtlAie. t)fi5"oe

when

(tdleog)

;

Bristly

Picris Echioides.

Ox Tongue.

Hawk Hieracium

CeAtigA t)6

;

tlostur.

"1

Picris Hieracioides.

Weed.

f

Pilosella.

t-uf r\A SeA&AC ffluc.

m

;

SeAffoAn

Mouse Ear Hawk Weed.) Taraxacum Officinale. Dandelion. CAifeAjvoAn (CAifCfeAftUn); C Cor "OeApg. CaoI. T)eAvs C The root contains Taraxcin, Taraxacerin, Inulin, and |

—

Potash.

Sonchus

;

.

.

It is best collected in

Oleraceus.

5eitv^fiAt)

—

Sow-Thistle.

ttluice

;

teicif

Dtiocc feocA-OAti.

;

Tragopogon Pratensis. 5At>Af.ul,CA

autumn. t)Ainne

;

pin-Dig

Beard. TDmc.

Goat's r\A

FeAfog $AttAm

;

32

CAMPANULACEAE. Lobelia Dortmanna. Water Lobelia, ptuft An LocAin. Jasione Montana. Sheep's 'Scabious. Cab An "OeAfAm ; C&X> An ^AfAm. Campanula Rotundifolia. Hare-bell. t«f tiA gCoinnte gCA-pAt .

vneApAC&n gopm.

VACCINIEAE. Vaccinium Vitus-Idaea. Cowberry. tDoiieAfic t)fiAicle65. Vaccinium Myrtillus. Bilberry or Whortleberry. PfVAocAn ;

;

pirAoCog.

Vaccinium

Oxycoccus.

iThonoj;

;

Cranberry.

CofvnAn

;

Ttttnteoj;

Cf\uibin.

ERICACEAE. Arbutus Unedo.

Strawberry Tree. Cfuvnn Sug-CAtrhAw, Arctostaphylos Uva-Ursi. Bearberry. Luf x\a ScaIoj. Andromeda Polifolia. Marsh Andromeda. ppAoc Cu^pAig. Calluna Vulgaris. Ling. PfiAoc. Erica Tetralix. Crossleaved Heath. £j\aoc An tltnnnfe ; PfVAoc TlAOfCAige.

Erica Cinerea. Bell Heather. fpAo6 pijveAnn. Erica Mediterranea. Mediterranean Heath. £j\aoc CAmogAC. Dabeocia Polifolia. St. Dabeoc's Heath. £fiAoc ^ail-da "Pfvdoc nA n-Aom-Coire. ;

PLUMBAGINEAE. Looseflowered Sea Lavender,

Statice Rariflora.

l/up Li At riA

ITIa^a.

Armeria Maritima.

Sea Pink or Thrift. Conn An CtAT>Aig Cip UfUgA. Prob. cibc.

tlomin An CuvoAig

;

;

PRIMULACEAE. Primula Vulgaris Primrose.

t)ur6e y

Primula Officina

;

t)ui'6eACAn

\lnately styled t>Amne-t)6-t)leAcc"; 1 t)Ainne-t>6-t>uv6e ; j

J

t)Ainne-t)6 -t)Aine peACAn totM-be Cowslip.^ pteAfc 1 mbeAt bo. TTIuifeAn, -|mt. Is said to be narcotic. Cowslips were given in insomnia

lis.

33

Lysimachia Vulgaris.

Yellow Loosestrife,

Luf

SiotCAtiA

tiA

(t)uroe).

Lysimachia Nummularia. Moneywort ; Creeping Jenny. t«f An "Da pingm. Lysimachia Nemorum. Yellow Pimpernel, turColtnmciUe SeAtnA]ATtlui^e; turAipenArrUncoroe; t-urnAmAigoeAnA TT1«it\e.

Anagallis Arvensis.

Scarlet Pimpernel

;

Shepherd's Weather

pacAipe TpvA^ JTAlCAipe piA-bAin Lui£> tia TTIuc. Anagallis Tenella. Bog Pimpernel. TfAicA^e CuppAig. Samolus Valerandi. Brook Weed. ^AlCA^e An Uirce. Glass.

;

;

OLE ACE AE.

'

,

Fraximus Excelsior. Ash. puinnreog num. The bark is recommended in the form of a foot bath for ;

tender feet.

Ligustrum Vulgare.

Privet.

puimeA-o

;

Cop tuAtpAf.

GENTIANEAE. Erythraea Centaurium. ttluipe

;

Used as a tonic rheumatism. Gentiana Amarella.

Menyanthes

A

Centaury. CeA'o-'ouiUeAc

"O^imipe ;

;

also given internally for muscular

Felwort.

muilCeAtin.

Bog Bean. pcnAi^e Calami

Trifoliata.

"Opeimipe

tJuitte.

CupjiAig ; X)eA\mAn Lacaiti bitter tonic and cathartic.

;

Pa6a\\at\

;

;

pA g-d-pAnn ; Cf\Ann gApAinn. Occurs sparsely but throughout the country. It is of immense importance in modern medicine its leaves are a source of the powerful alkaloids Hyoscine and

Solanum Dulcamara. ri-Oi

Bitter Sweet.

,

;

;

Hyoscyamine. Atropa Belladonna.

Deadly Nightshade.

miocoj

t)uit)e

;

t-up TTlort CoiU.eA'6.

Has

established itself as a native on the shores of Coney Island, in the river Fergus, and on the shores of Lough Mask, near Ballinrobe, Co. Mayo. Was known, as is

evident from the Irish rendering, in ancient times.

SCROPHULARINEAE. Verbascum Thapsus.

Great Mullein.

Coinneal rhuitve

;

tur

trior*.

In the past this plant bore a great reputation for curing consumption an ounce of the dried leaves was boiled in a pint of milk, which was then strained and given to the patient at intervals during the day. Modem herbalists use the same decoction for the cure of diarrhoea. A poultice of the leaves was applied as a cure for " running sores." Digitalis Purpurea. Foxglove, tuf mop t)AitieATin ; me.drvAC.Ati ;

nA

mtMn

Sroe.

Sio-oAn Sl&tte.

t,u r r\A rnt).dn Si-oe.

hard to determine why the title "Great Herb" should be conferred on this plant except on the

It is

35

assumption that sonally

know

its virtues were recognised. I per* of only one instance in which the herb

was used by the unorthodox practitioner in recent times. The old men and women " with the charms " will always deny their use of it in internal medicine. They admit its use as an ingredient in ointments for scrofulous swellings. A modern clinician, referring to the use of Digitalis in cardiac disease, states " Digitalis deserves no reproach when it fails in many of these cases, for it always will and must fail until some drug is found which can develop new tissue for old ; and when such a drug is found, to use a Biblical expression, there will be no sorrow, neither will there be any more pain,' and possibly, I may add, neither will there be death." Toad Flax. tofCAn-iioti DuToe. Linaria Vulgaris. Was not used medicinally. Linum catharticum, q.v., also called Fairy Flax, is the herb used by the herbalists. Fluellin. Linaria Elatine. SeAtnAp. CpiAt) (C^e) tuf Cpe. '

;

(See Speedwell). The first form of the Irish rendering denotes the " male," the second the " female " herb. One cannot explain this system of sex morphology on any other than There are only two genders the grammatical basis. in Irish, masculine and feminine, there being no neuter. One can easily conjure up the reason -why a plant in fruit would be relegated to the female sex and earlier in its life history, before pollination occurs, to the

male

sex.

Water Figwort Water Betony. Scrophularia Aquatica. "Ountuf Uifce. Suj peAfnA. t>iA-ocAf> three. One of the many herbs used as a cleanser of Wounds by local application and internal medication. Knotted Figwort. Scrophularia Nodosa. t«f ha gCnApAti "Ountuf •pot^um ; t^Af-AC *Ouo While Digitalis is known as the queen of herbs, S. nodosa An ointment was made from is said to be the king. the knots or knobs powdered and mixed with lard. This ointment was applied to relieve piles and skin A similar preparation is used by lesions of all kinds. farmers in the treatment of farcy in horses. ;

;

36 1

Speedwell, tup x\a t)AiiAlcf(A (also SeAtnAfv C-pe and tuf Cpe.) As the name implies, was used by nursing mothers for

Veronica.

',

sore breasts. There are fourteen varieties of Veronica found native to Ireland. Veronica anagallis aquatica. Water Speedwell. puAtACCAijv Veronica Beecabunga. Brooklime. total ttlotAin tholAn .

;

1tlui|\e

;

LocAt.

All the varieties of Veronica besides V. officinalis were used in coughs proceeding from chest trouble of any kind. The V. serpyllifolia (Thyme-leaved Speedwell)

was and

is to-day the classic remedy for whoopingThis herb is known in Irish as tuf nA Cp eAtA. Euphrasia officinalis. Eyebright. Uon Ua^a^c ; Soittf e na Sul; t,uf r\A 1-eAc. Is an astringent. Was used in respiratory and eye trouble, and especially in measles where both occur. A special variety is peculiar to the West, viz., E. Salisburgensis. It flowers in July and August, with white medium sized blossoms and rich dark coppery brown

cough.

foliage.

Pedicularis

.

Palustris,

Christi-galli.

gioltA

;

t«f

Pedicularis

Rhinanthus ma-$A&Aifi tuf An Cioigni ; milfeAti motiA; Sylvatica,

Lousewort or Rattle. TliAtt.dc

;

tocoAti

;

ttlAOtlAn ttlonA.

OROBANCHEAE. Orobanche Rubra. Bed Broom Rape. \ Siof\ SionlAc Orobanche Hederae. Ivy Broome Rape, mucoj;. f Orobanche Major. Greater Broom Rape. SpAtmAn. Orobanche Major is rare the Red Broom Rape is found only in the West and North, and the Ivy Broom Rape ;

;

;

chiefly in the South. Lathraea Squamaria. Tooth Wort,

ttir iia eriACAi.

LENTIBULARIEAE. Utricularia Vulgaris. Bladderwort. tur ah t)ofmAi£ Pinguicula Vulgaris. Butterwort. tiAit; Uit-tn ce; meAfCAtir t)o DAti-meAfCAiti ; t^ogA ha curiiAig. ,

37 t_eit-uifce denotes the disease of Liver

and herb

is is

Fluke in Sheep, always contracted on moist lands where this also found. The leaves possess the property

of curdling milk.

VERBENACEAE. Verbena Officinalis. Vervain. C^ubA LeorhAin t>ur6eAC. It was worn round the neck for scrofula. Is found in the limestone districts in the South is rare in the North. ;

;

LABIATAE. Mentha Rotundifolia. Round-leaved Mint. meAnctif Wionc; ;

TnioncAf.

Mentha Mentha

piperita.

hirsuta.

Peppermint, tup ah piobAip. Watermint. pifimlti C&i^ceAi; inifimifi ;

;

TTIiptnin T)eAf\5.

Mentha arvensis. Cornmint. tnioncAf Af\t5Aif\. Mentha Pulegium. Pennyroyal. Aj\ ati gtA-p t>opoj;Ac. The mints are said to have been introduced, and are spreading, especially in the South. The above species and Mentha sativa are now classed as natives. Lycopus europaeus. Gipsywort. •peo-p.an CujvpAig. An ingredient in cough cures. Said to be used by gipsies ;

on the complexion. Marjoram. O^As&n mAi^ciri pA"6Airi< Has the botanic title originated from the Irish appel laThe oil extracted from the plant is used as an tion ? application for rheumatic joints. Thymus Serpyllum. Wild Thyme, tur rfiic tlig tlfveACAiti. is antiUsed in the treatment of whooping-cough spasmodic and carminative. CeAtin CinncoHle Clary or Wild Sage. Salvia Verbenaca. AtAif tiAt. SAifce Crmic SAi^ce f lAttAin CotwiAti Wood Sage. SAifce CoilleA-b. Teucrium scorodonia. These are the only native sages. Sage is recommended There is an old Irish saying— for intestinal colic. for colour effect

Origanum vulgare.

;

;

;

;

"

;

;

-\ An SAifce Ap ah jcnoc." 1f tnAi^s ooigeottA'o t)Af is on the mountain no one should die). Nepeta Glechoma. Ground Ivy. AtAif-t«r ; eittneAti tAVtti&n. It was given in the form of an infusion for bronchitis. It is also recommended as a tonic and diuretic.

(While the sage

38 CeAtitiAtWn Prunella Vulgaris. Self-heal, tur an Cfoi«e X)voAn CeArnicAfAC X)eAs ; T)ut)£mvr\ An cSeAncuif ;

;

;

Ufe i\a rigd-pivodncd.

used to make " Cailleach's Tea," recommended for a " weak " heart. Marrubium Vulgare. White Horehound. gt^t^ ^ati. A household remedy in the form of tea or candy for colds and coughs. It is not a true native. t)f6Antuf. Ballota Nigra. Black Horehound. gjvdpdn T)uX> The leaves are used in the form of a poultice for ulcera-

Was

;

tion of the skin. Betony. Is rare in Ireland.

Stachys Betonica.

tuf .t3e.dt.di5

;

tuf

Ttlic

t)eAtAig.

Stachys palustris. Marsh Woundwort, "Ouateog riA Sao\i. Stachys sylvatica. Hedge Woundwort. OpaaecUir. Both of the above were used as applications to fresh wounds. Galeopsis Tetrahit. Common Hemp Nettle, g.dt t)ui'oe. Lamium amplexicaule. Henbit. Tle^nncos thui^e. Lamium purpureum. Bed Dead Nettle, Tle-dnncoj "Oedjtj;

Caoc

Tledtincos

;

n

—

Lamium album.

White Dead

Ajuga reptans.

Common

;

TtlA^tt.

Nettle,

Bugle.

ffe.dTinco5 X)&n.

VfleACAn

'Duo

£iAt>.diri

;

Jt-dfAiii Coittedt).

Vulnerary and general healing application.

PLANTAGINEAE. Plantago

Waybread, Plaintain. Copoj p-d-opAis CfW pd'OtlA'g C-pu.dc p.d'OfV.dlj;. Connected with the life of St. Patrick, legendary and major.

;

;

traditional.

Plantago lanceolata. Bibwort. Stdntuf. The leaves of both P. major and P. lanceolata were applied to

wounds and

sores of all kinds.

ILLECEBRACEAE. annuus. Knawell. CdttAifi rhuijve rtliondti ttlui^e tuf.OftA. Is given in urin ary complaints Is a favourite herb with the herbalists of the present day. It is given by them in all diseases accompanied by a disordered urinary function.

Scleranthus

;

;

.

39

CHENOPODIACEAE. Chenopodium album. White Ooosefoot. tuf Coife 56 (b&n) PriAif eA6 f lAttAin. Chenopodium rubrum. Red Ooosefoot. tuf Coife ge (-oeArvg). Chenopodium murale. Nettle-leaved Ooosefoot. pjvAif eAC tia mt)AllA

;

p—

An

,

£.411.4.

Chenopodium Bonus Henricus.

Good,

All

Wild Spinach.

PflAlpeAC iDHAtAf.

Beta maritima.

Sea Beet.

t>iA-ocAf

;

tJein-e £ia-6aiti.

POLYGONACEAE. Polygonum Convolvulus. Black Bindweed. JtumeAC t)u£>. Polygonum Aviculare. Knot Grass. gtfiineAc. fteAg. Polygonum Hydropiper. Water Pepper. JiumeAC rhori jVumeAC teit. Polygonum Persicaria. Persicaria. glumeAc "OeAfyg. Polygonum Bistorta. Snakeweed. Copog Tlittie Scomfe. Rumex obtusifolius. Broad-leaved Dock. Copog StvAi'de ;

'•

t)it.e65 S-pAi"oe.

Rumex Hydro lapathum. Great Water Dock. Copoj; Ttl6f\tlifce. Rumex Conglomerate. Sharp Pointed Dock. Copog $e\Afi. Rumex acetosa. Sorrel Dock ; Sorrel. SAttiA* TliuteACAn ;

;

puinneog. Formerly used as a mordant in dyeing garments.

Rumex

acetosella. Sheep's Sorrel. SArfiA-o Caojvac. The leaves of All the above furnish chrysophanic acid. R. acetosella are said to have been used in former The danger attendant on the use of times with fish.

these herbs as a vegetable is evident when one bears in mind the extremely poisonous nature of their contents. Rumex acetosella is sometimes given for its diuretic effect.

EUPHORBIACEAE. Euphorbia Hiberna. Irish Spurge.

Euphorbia Helioscopia.

Sun Spurge. Euphorbia Peplus. Petty Spurge.

Euphorbia Exigua.

Dwarf Spurge.

..

t>Atnne Caoid ; luf An t-eAfArt ; Spuifif e ; buroe tia nlnJeAn ; TYIeACAn t>urbe An cSlfrioe "OeAtv5&4rmAti ; erbeAjuiA > t)Ainne nA ,5tAoic (Bog S.) ; ;

n^An.

40 Irish Spurge has been used in Kerry and other parts small creel filled with the bruised to stupefy fish. plants is placed in the river, and for several miles down stream its effects are noticeable. The juice is used as an application for warts.

The

A

Mercurialis Perennis. Bog's Mercury. Mercurialis Annua. French Mercury.

PfAife.dc t)t\AtAf. PfiAifeAC lAt\L&.

URTICACEAE. LeAi-h. Ulmus Montana. Wych Elm. teAtfiAn Humulus Lupulus. Hop. SAit-rjt\Aic tionntuiti SeAj* tuf ;

;

tup ah

Urtica Dioica. Great Nettle. Urtica Urens.

Small

;

LeAnriA.

neAtincog; fleAtincA

;

CAotfAil.

Nettle.

Parietaria Officinalis. WallPellitory. •peAttfAovo; lur- Atit)AllA; mioncAf (TTleAncuf) CAi-pt. All the members of this order are diuretics. Parietaria Officinalis is given for its laxative effect and as a safe diuretic.

MYRICACEAE. Myrica Gale. Bog Myrtle.

fUroteog

;

rUTDeog.

CUPULIFERAE. Betula verrucosa. Dwarf or Knotty Birch. Deit CAttpAiseAC. Betula Pubescens. Common Birch. t)eit.

Alnus glutinosa.

Alder. peAtmog -peAtm-A. Coryllus Avellana. Hazel. Colt. Quercus Robur. Oak. "Oai|\ (Tli rw CoiUe). The fruits of the oak, acorns (meAftiA "OAtxAiJe, "DeAticAn, etc.), are said to produce wasting in cattle. Irish literature contains frequent references to the swine fattened on acorns in the forests. The mistletoe (Viscum album) OT\uA'6Uir>, or Uite-lce, and the oak are intimately connected with Druidism. ;

>

41

SALICINEAE. Salix alba. White Willow. S^iteac Saileos. The leaves are recommended for the disease known as pip in chickens. Salix cinera. Common Sallow. Cp Atin SitfotntA C^Ann SniorhtA. Salix Viminalis. Osier. JaUf Allege mAot&n. Populus tremula. Aspen. eMAf) CfAnn CficeAc. Salicin, a crystalline glucoside, is obtained from the bark of the various species of Salix and Populus. ;

;

;

;

EMPETRACEAE. Empetrum nigrum.

Crowberry.

tuf

tia

ponnoige

;

Caop

pionnorge.

Juniperus communis.

CONIFERAE. Common Juniper.

Xie&xm&n tDfiswe

;

t)emne tho-pa l.e.dcf a, -|mt. Taxus Baccata. Yew. \ e °Taxus fastigiata. Irish Yew. j 1u5 The Irish or Florence Court yew is now commonly cultivated, and had its origin at Florence Court demesne County Fermanagh, whence its name. The seedling from which the tree (to be still seen at Florence Court) was produced was found " wild " by George Willis in 1«ttA|\

;

^

;

1767. is female, consequently all trees produced by The seeds- produced by cuttings are also female. crossing the Irish Yew with the common Yew almost invariably reproduce the typical form, and not the This fact provides an interesting Mendelian variety. study. The leaves and seeds are poisonous, the berries are not. The aril or berry induces birds to distribute the seed.

-he tree

HYDROCHARIDEAE. Elodea Canadensis.

Canadian Weed

;

Water Thyme.

Cim

Uifce.

Hydrocharis Morsus-Ranae. Frog-bit. tuf torcain biof-f of ;

42

ORCfflDEAE. Malaxis Paludosa.

Bog Orchid

(or

Orchis).

mAgAitain

An

Cu-p-pAig.

Neottia Nidus Avis. Bird's Nest Orchid. mAgAitain TIit) 6in. 'OA-'ouiUeos Heart-leaved Tway Blade. Listera Cordata. (ah cpovoe). Listera Ovata. Tway Blade. 'OA-'ouitleoj; (An tho). Fragrant Lady's Tresses. Spiranthes Autumnalis.

CuiLin

Tfluifve.

TTlAsA^tin Broad-leaved Helleborine. Epipactis Latifolia. Cj\uA'6-Luf leAtAn. tnAgAifain C-puAt)Epipactis Palustris. Marsh Helleborine.

tUf

Atl

Cuf»f\A1g.

nA Pyramidal Orchid. TTlAgAijain Pyramidalis. ScuAice. Orchis Morio. Green Winged Orchid. 1tlA;gAif\tin An SciAtAin

Orchis

Orchis Mascula. .EaW?/ Purple Orchid. lYlASAijvtin TTlerofieAc. reputed aphrodisiac and referred to as such in Brian Merriman's famous Irish poem, " Mediae Noctis Consilium " (Cuijvc An TfleA'oon Orocs). Orchis incarnata. Common Marsh Orchid. mASAijain tt16f» An Cuf>f>Alg. Orchis Latifolia. Broad-leaved Marsh Orchid. IDAgAifain

A

teACAn Orchis Maculata.

Spotted Orchid. Uf\AC t)AUAc ; CeAj\c t)^eAc. Ophrys Apifera. Bee Orchid. 1TlAj;Aifain nA t)eice. Fly Orchid. mASAiplm nA Cuiteoige. Ophrys Muscifera. Habenaria Conopsea. Fragrant Orchid, Luf CAgtA Luf ;

UAigce. Habenaria Intacta. Close-flowered Orchid. An rtlAjAinlin Cmj. Habenaria Albida. White Mountain Orchid. fflAjjAifiLin t)An An cSt6i£>e.

Habenaria

Frog Orchid.

Viridis.

mAgAitain An

tofCAin

;

CuTgeAt. An 'LofCAm.

Habenaria Bifoha.

Lesser Butterfly Orchid.

mAgAi^Un t)eAg

An £eitiocAin.

Habenaria Chloraleuca. ITIon An 'peitiocAin.

Greater Butterfly Orchid.

TnAgAifvtin

43

IRIDEAE. Iris

Pseud-acorus. Yellow Flag. peiteAfC|\om SoileAfCA^ CuficAif SeitifCfom. The roots were used in the production of a black dye. ;

;

;

LILIACEAE. Asparagus

Officinalis.

Asparagus,

Lur SugAc

;

tur pnAicitt

;

CfveArn tTluc "piA-OAm.

found in, Ireland on, the Waterford and Wexford coasts, but is more prickly than the cultivated variety. Asparagus was known as a table vegetable in the days of Swift, and is said to have been introduced from Holland by his patron, Sir Wm. Temple. It was known to the Greeks and Romans in pre-Christian times. The third Irish rendering (Wild Pig's Garlic) shows that in former times, as at present, it was not esteemed a delicacy. It is an excellent kidney stimulant, and is recommended for gout and rheumatism. Allium Ursinum. Ransoms or Wild Garlic. CpeAifi CneArh gAijaeog 'piA'OAin. 5^i-pLe65 Tflui^e Allium Sativum. g^i-pteog. Cultivated Garlic, Flower of Garlic. tu-pACAn. Is

;

;

Clove of Garlic.

Allium Schaenoprasum.

Chives.

I0115A jAijiteOige.

SiadaI

;

SiotiAf

;

SAitrtMn

;

•peu-fVAn.

of garlic were appreciated in former times. Occasionally medical men of the present day laud it It is undoubtedly of value in in particular cases. tuberculous lesions internally and externally, and deserves attention both in human and veterinary

The virtues

therapeutics. Scilla

t)utA Wild Hyacinth or Blue-bell. t)ugA £uac mtnce also called Connie CoppA. (See

Nutans. rtluc

;

;

;

Harebell).

The exudation from stem and roots was used as a gum or paste.

Colchicum Autumnale. Meadow Saffron. Cjwc teAnA. Is found near Carlow and Kilkenny. (The corms are used to

make the

official tincture of

Colchicum).

44 Crocus Sativa, the true saffron (Cpoc) was used for dyeing It is used by the country linen sheets and garments. people to-day " to bring out the rash " of measles. Sheep's dropping (Faeces) (Cfioc ha mtMncd) is also a common remedy for measles throughout the country.

JUNCACEAE. The rushes listed below are common all over the country. Many and varied were the uses to which these were put. Not many years ago we had rush candles, thatch for houses and corn stacks, matting for human dwellings, litter, hats, toys, and ropes. Juncus Bufonius (Toad Rush) J. Squarosus (Heath Rush) J. Glaucus (Hard J. Gerardi (Round fruited Rush) Rush); J. Effusus (Loose flowered Rush); J. ConglomeJ. rates (Common Rush) J. Supinus (Bog Rush) Obtusiflorus (Blunt flowered Rush) J. Lamprocarpus (Shining fruited Rush) J. Acutiflorus (Sharp fruited Luzula Rush) Luzula Maxima (Great Wood Rush) Campestris (Field Wood Rush) Luzula Erecta (Many ;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

Wood

headed

Rush). rendered in Irish by the following tucAifi tifi-buACAit\ tooj&tunne mi. t)foO The peeled Rush ready for candle making is

The Rush

is

;

;

;

;

:

-|

:

geACAifie

The Rush -dVoArm

;

;

p^S

light

(a).

:—

xVOAnn 1teAfvn.dc

;

CfiiU/peAn

;

pAroeog.

TYPHACEAE. Typha

Great Reedmace. "Out) ©AfVbAll, Cuic.

CuigeAl aa mt)An

Latifolia. t>0"OAt1

Srf>e,"

;

Sparganium Ramosum.

Branched

Bur-Reed.

ftij-feifc

(CpAottAc).

Sparganium Simplex. Unbranched Bur-Reed, mg-feifc (bom). Sparganium Affine. Floating Bur-Reed. •Rig-feifc (Afv f^rti)Sparganium Minimum. Small Bur-Reed. Ttig-feirc rhin.

AROIDEAE.

Arum Maculatum.

Cuckoo Pint or Wake Robin. 5 A01ci n CutAij geAtAjv.

CtuAf Caoiti The roots contain starch. ;

;

t>o-o geAfi

45

LEMNACEAE. Lemna

1

Lemna Minor. Common Duckweed.

J

Trisulca. Ivy-leaved Duckweed.

ALISMACEAE. Alisma Plantago-aquatica. 1 Great Water Plantain. Alisma Ranuncaloid.es. Lesser Water Plantain. J

I

tDio^f'L^n'Lu-r

;

Coficopog (mop).

NAIADACEAE. Triglochin Palustre. Marsh Arrow Grass. Triglochin Maritimum. Sea Arrow Grass.

"| .

Va W

I

f

An ™iU.cig.

J

Potamogeton. Pondweed. T)uiteAT cri,dn,AtUriri;'Ouilleo;;'F&ite. Sea Grasswrack. ma-f&utvAC. Zostera Marina ,

CYPERACEAE. The commoner members those listed below

of the order are the sedges

and

:

Flea Sedge. Lesser Prickly Sedge. Distant Spiked Sedge. C. Remota. Lesser Tuft Sedge. C. Vulgaris. Smooth Heath Sedge. C. Glauca. Pink Sedge. Se^fc ; CMb ; C. Panicea. ^ Seir Green Bibbed Sedge. Cib. C. Binervis. Vernal Sedge. C. Praecox. Yellow Sedge. C. Flava. Hairy Sedge. C. Hirta. Bottle Sedge. C. Ampullacea. Cladium Mariscus. Twig Rush. Cots^ofc ; CotsjvSc. Creeping Spike Rush. Xju&tMy. Since. Eleocharis Palustris. Scirpus Caespitosus. Scaly Spike Rush. Uiacaiji rheircneAc. Scirpus Lacustris. Bull Rush. tJos-ttumne ; C«|\cAif ; peiteACA

Carex Pulicaris. C. Echinata.

•piAt>Aine.

Eriophorum Angustifolium. t)Lat po^cAiJ.

Narrow-leaved

Cotton

Grass.

46

GRAMINEAE. The grasses listed below are those members which are used or have some bearing on medicine and economic botany. A complete list is out of the question when one is dealing with such a multitude of species as the grasses afford. Phalaris Arundinacea. Reed Grass. tdopfiAc LdCAti SiofgALdc. £euf» CurhjiA. grass is frequent It is this grass which in all parts. Hay Fever is rare. gives the odour to new mown hay. It is said to contain Coumarin and benzoic acid. Milium effusum. Millet Grass, muite^t) ; meAtitl>pfve.dj\dit\. Phleum Pratense. Timothy Grass. bcoAn '£etifi CapaiU.. Agrostis Vulgaris. Fine-leaved Bent. tHfmie.dc ; thigineAc; thnineAC. ;

Anthoxanthum Odoratum. Vernal Grass, The reputed cause of Hay Fever. The

;

Arrhenatherum Avenaceum. Oat Grass. Phragmites Communis. Reed. t>iofif\Ac. Sesleria Caerulea^

Moor-grass.

Coif\ce £i.eice.ari.

;

Cynosurus Cristatus. Dog-tail Grass. CjUicnin Comf 6uj\. Dactylis Glomerata. Cock's-foot Grass, 'peufv 5-dfitt. Briza Media. Quaking Grass. p£ufv go-pcac. Poa Annua. Meadow Grass (genus). gt^r t&AriA ffioinfeufi ;

;

CeAntiA "OuCa

;

X>\'

TtAitneAC TtlATDfA

TVIaic.

Scolopendrium Vulgare. Hart's Tongue. piAit> UeAngA pAro.

CpeArii tia ttluice

;

Ceterach Officinarum.

Scale Fern.

TlAitneAC TfleifCfveApob.

„

22

24

t>tieA5.

t>inorclAn.

24

CAOntArm. 22 „ CtmfiAis. CAP05 .1. C0P05. 25 CAflAbUAX).

48 38

31 31

26

SAtl.

CAOt* piontioij;e.

t>tiAitleo5. 32 t^Aco^ rhut)ie.

t)peAVL&n.

TJeAttg. X)eAti5.

micmtA. „ SeAfHiAis. „ Caoc nA jCeAjic. CaoI AC. 18 40 CAOl-fAll.

30

t)oii-pAifce 5ofim.

t>t11Atl

CATTIAtl

37

t>ojim6ncA.

Cof

Caici C0HA5AT1.

t)05-btimne. 44, 45 31 tlosltif. t)otcAii t>uvoe. 30 tJottogAc.

CaoI

„ „

44

t)o-o 5&A|i.

32

„ SAfAin. 28 CaiIic!ti. 12, 23

21 14

26

mop. 26 „ CIaocac t>ur6e. 14 28 Ctoistie 5011mA.

39

CluAin-Un.

Cl«Af „

17

44

Caoiti. 1.1AC.

17 17

tuc. tuc6i5e. ClubAti. 17 T)eAii5. „

„

„

CAbAip tfluijie. 38 CAbAifce .1. gAbAifte.

23

ClittA^iAn ^eAtiA.

17

34 31

47

75 CtlAOAtl.

31

CnAmltir. 26 CtiApAn "Dub. CtieAtii

Cno

.i.

CnAtin SAJ5-tAttiiAin CtteACCAC. 24

28

CriAib Uifce.

„ 31

C^eAgAC.

CnucAntAti.

26 26

„ „

Sonm.

15, 16

26

46

CoineAn-coilleAC. Col5itf>fC.

„

Ttluc -piA-OAW.

„

tiA Ttttnce fiAi-6.

17

45 45

ha

,,

Cjuiac „ CpuA-oluf. CjiubA 6in.

Cjtviibini

„ „ „

„ 38

nitiie.

32 CottnAn. f&il. „ CAtfil„

25 24 teACAin. 24

CApjiAise. 21 COfATI Uaui. Cop ttlAfoeAC. 20

„ U^ce. 26 Coca PfieAfAC. 22 C^ATJAtl .1. CnAOAII. 26 Chauti CoinnSil.. 41 CfticeAC. „ 34 SApAltltl. „ ,,

muco^A.

26

„

StiiotntA.

4J.

„

SflioiiiiA.

41

37

Ctnc. 20 SionnAig.

48

48 22

CtngeAl. ah tofOAin. 42 ha tntJAti Sroe. „ 22 C1115 rheAn rhuine.

CtnleAnn. 19 CflAgA. „ Cuiliti rhtii|te.

Cof Atnin

12

C1J15 t)iteAC tlifce.

39

39 ttlon Uifce. 39 39 „ SpAroe. „ ttlAICll. 31 45 Co|tcopo5.

„

21

32

CuAipi-ofn.

pA-ojiAij;.

SeAp.

38

29

te6mAW.

CortiAn .1. CAiriAti. CoriAine. 24

Copo5

38

teip'n.

„ „

23

12

Paohais.

Cjio

44

rnt>AncA.

Cnotnluf.

Cnuibin.

Con-fiof.

48

"DeAns19 „ P^6acAiti. 18 „ Cnoc. 44 „ tcAtlA, 43

40

Colt.

43 ,

CoinneAl rhvnpe. 34 Coinnle Co^ttA. 43 Cotjice pAX)Aiti. 46 50*111. _ 31 „ pneACAtn. 46 „ Col-5)i6c.

19

Cjiim-jiAitneAc. 47 c-piof ,6onci)tAmn. 21 Cfiob Coluim. 19

CoiceAjiAti tnvnce.

Coinp6uii.

26

43

CneAiii.

11

"OeAtt5.

38

CpeAstiAC.

Cocah. 23 tiAc. 23 „ Coc6il. 31 CctoIavoiti. 12 C05AI. 17

'18

'TJeAns.

CpeAcctttf.

CfteArii.

CA\.,iiiAn.

32

25

42

C«itine65 rhige.

„ 49

ttltiiiie.

26 26

Ctujii-oin t)Ati.

26

Ctujiitiin

12

t)Ati.

48 Ctiipeog Duroe.

44

C«i«ifriti.

CunAC

C-|tA5A.

30 50

50

CjtiOfCAin. „ 43, 45 CuficAif. CtipjiAn.

14

„

tJuroe.

„

CAfCA.

„

15 'DeAii5. tin. 17

,,

1

34

CtitAttlATV .l.i.CnUicApl.&ll.

26

eApbAll

o. 42

T>A-"0uiUe6j; (An £\\ome).

„ "Oahi.

(ah Uib).

42

40

eroeAnn enjneAn

12 T>u6. r, 48 "OeAtcl.«r. TDeAfiCAn. 40 T)eAiic65 tJAti.

"OeAjig.

„

CAlrriAn.

12

•pAitceAnn pionn. 47 pAlCAipe An Vh^ce. 33

16

34

ThreAti. 46 21 "OpAijeAn. "Dpeitnipe t)ui'6e.

„

rhmpe.

33 33 pviAp. 33 „ pAllAing tflmpe. 22

33 33

"OneATinCATO "OibeAfirAC. 21 "Optf .1. 'Ojtir'eos. "OftUATyLtif.

29

40

Tjpvnccin tnoiiA. 24 "OuAtAtnAn. 49 "OubAinfn ati cSeAncvMp.

38 •OubAn CeAnncAfAC. 38 'Oulicor'AC. 47 "OmlleAbAri Sputnnc. 30 "D«ille65 .t. t)ileo5. •OuiUebg t)Ai-6ce t)An. 12 t>ruj oe. 31 „ peice. 45 „ rflAir. 31 „ riA SAOri. 38 „ 49 "OtnleAfc. gApb. 50 min. 49 ha ViAbAnn. 45 „ "OmllrneAl. 34 35 TJunltif. 35 Uifce, „ ,

e.

eAbA-6.

CAtrriATi.

12

"OeACAC CAtrhAri. *OeoTi>A.

eroneAn. 26 37 21

.1.

22

"OeAjinA rhuijie. "Oeitibfiliipvm.

29

e6rmA. 47 efbeApnA. 39

24 24 •Out. 24 "OeAnglAOic. 39 •OeA|i5 -pAille. 27 „

44

48

eitpeog. eo. 41

24

OeAlcjuiAro.

„ eAfbogAn. eAfsttif.

25

"OAtAbA t)An.

Ctiic.

Cuicin. 24 niog. 18

„

41

eApbAU CApAlU.

48

„

C-uppAig.

„

pATJAin.

pAtiAigfe. 16 "Oub. 35 peAbriAn. 26

l-'AriAC

peAbpAoro. 40 peATjog. 48

peA5

.1. fiAS25 •peAtlAbos. "peAm .1. •peAmAin. 49 1?eAmAin t)ti ilgin eAC. 49 CAitineAc. 49 „

peAmnAC.

49

peA-n CAlriiAn. peApbAn. 11 peAjin. 40 40 TTeApnog.

•peAfog gAbAip.

30

31

peTOneAn .1. Si-oneAn. 26 peileAfcpom. 43 peiteACA £iAT>Aine. 45 27 V6itle65. 31 CuppAtj. 31 min. 31 peortAn CuppAij;. 37 peoriAf. 19 •peupAn. 43 petip Caopac. 46 „ CApAlU.. 46 peOCA-OATI.

„

77 46 gopcAC. 46 mili r 46 44 V'**SpneAl rtlA-opA. 28 mtnce. 26

fetip Curhju,.

„ „

.

„

ffltic.

plOgA-OATI. 29 piontiAti toAti.

JM-jrtpi-p.

•pleAft|iATi

31

23 25

•poipum.

44, JjAp-An-CAilUj. 13 JJac Ourae. 38 S^AptiAtj. 39

27 11,24

geAcAtpe. 44 5eACAp. 44

5iT>ipiAm.

29

CuppAij. 32 fipeATm. 32 SaU-oa. 32 ha ti-Aon Coipe.

„

riAopcAije. pilAlACCAip. 36

„

glAf

50

L6AT1A.

23 glumeAC. 16

32

32

39 39 •6ud. 39 Thop. 39 teit. 39

t>eA5.

OeAp 5 „

43

11 •p-uil. 25 •puinfeAC. 25 "puinnpeASAl..

5oipimin. 16 SUitie. „ 16, 31 SopniAti. SeAppAig. „ 5opm-"0eApc. 21

22

49

SpApAn

t>Ati.

T>ub.

„

ITlAite.

TDAXipAl RtlAlX).

gAbAputcA. 31 34 SApAtltl.

23

23

5peAt)Ati.

5peim

16

38 38

tiA jjCloc. „ 5pAin ApcAiti. 11 5pAti C0TH165. 45

„

16

22

Sopcos.

SAbAifre "OAOine

.

28

gtiAtjl-up.

pmrmpeos. 33 CoiUeA-6. „ •ptup.

46

14

gleopAti. gloipif.

26 puAtjjopm. 34 IDtiice. CAltriAti.

11

1/eATlA.

„ glApAti.

•pwApAfl.

puAC

12

510ICAC .1. 510IC05. 20 5lAn-eA5lA. 24 5lAfAip CoilleA'o. 38

.i. fpAoc65. 32 £pAOC ah Ttumnpe. 32 CATT165AC. 32 „

„

29

getpsm.

i?pAOCAtl

„ „

22

5eip-1bileAC.

£eOCAT>ATl.

32

£pAoc.

11

gAoiciti CtScAis-

35

irpAtiticl-up.

26 16

27 ha moriA. „ gAptJOgAC. 48

t)All.A.

.1.

30

gAprJlur.

14

poCATItlAtl

14

43 43

41

-f-AiteAC.

gApfJATI CpeA5AC.

46 23 26

Uipce.

^octA.

fiA'OAin.

„

17 ATI

„

rhmpe.

JMeAnn Uipce. 11 pleAfc 1 tnbeAl. t)6. 32 pUoi>.

CoiUeATb.

SAltllATlAn pA-OAITl.

•pionTiAf gAtvpATOe.

£iopiAn.

„

gAllAtl SpeATlTlCAip. 5AU-tJ10lAp. 13 „ -pAitneAC. 47

14

Ttltnpe.

pni-oig tia

43

SAipleos.

24

21 miti.

Ati

26

X)iAtjAil.

28

78 SpeinfeiceAC.

Uon

30

gfuiAra rflmne. CnAgA. »

^nunl-up

.1.

lAT>Uir.

34

loeAg „

RATJAtic.

11'

49

5t»onnttit*.

48 1tlin. 48 1nnitiin-m6in. 47 longA 5Ai^te6i5e. 43 IcbtAC OfVOA. 29 1t1%A{t. 41 t)emne. 41 „ CAltiiATi. 47 ,, $Aiift.

eom t)Aifce. 17 L&oibeAC. 1 nA b^TeAn ngoncA. muc.

tiA

nAofAn.

tia

LeA'OAn VlOfCA. 28 An tJCAine. 28 „ LeAicin. 22

teAm. 40 teAtiiAC tfluige.

18

40

teACAC t>ur6e. 22 V6itie ThiM^ie. 14

1/ujiACAn.

„

Cot)Al1..

,,

Coltrnn.

„

liACAn.

„ „ „ „

28

„ 50

18 50 LionAin UAitne. 18 Lfon t)eA5. 11 „ nA hABAnn. „ nA mt)An Sroe 18 Lion.

40 36

12 12

47 47 5lAr. 48, Cnonie. 38 T>A ftmsmn. 33 eAfpuig. 25 'fiJCA'ooiti. 28 SioUa. 36 $uca. 25 LeAnnA. 40 1-eAfAni). 39 tiAgAitte. 26 tti5Aine. 26 Gin. 14 14, 37 -piobAift. SpApAm. 14. 37 •Otio.

tiAit.

,,

„ „ „

„ „

„

33 24'

13,

„ CopnAm.

36 29 tiAtVu-p. 30

48

43

„ t)AllA.

36

t)eA5. 24 tinneAftAC. tin .1. Lion. LineAil UAicne. 20 Lioc6tmip.

28

Lur .1. Ltiib. Luf Amleoige. 26 Vup Aifie nA htlficoroe. nA SeAnsAn. „ t«f An t)Amne. 16

31

teirff seitinpiAX). t-6ic-tiifce.

14

SeAn.

„ ttotipAij.

22

27

22

Linf. l/ACA CeAtin^tiA'6. 12 11 tArAifi teAnA.

30

33

nA SeACc ngAiDA. LmnsneAc "OeAfts. 23

t.

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