Css
Short Description
hj...
Description
Cascading Style Sheets ( CSS) is a style sheet language used for describing the presentation semantics (the look and formatting) of a document written in a markup language. Its most common application is to style web pages written in HTML and XHTML . CSS is designed primarily to enable the separation of document content (written in HTML or a similar markup language) from document presentation, including elements such as the layout, colors, and fonts. This separation can improve content accessibility, provide more flexibility and control in the specification of presentation characteristics, enable multiple pages to share formatting, and reduce complexity and repetition in the structural content (such as by allowing for tableless web design). CSS can also allow the same markup page to be presented in different styles for different rendering methods, such as on-screen, in print, by voice (when read out by a speech-based browser or screen reader) and on Braille-based, tactile devices. It can also be used to allow the web page to display differently depending on the screen size or device on which it is being viewed. While the author of a document typically links that document to a CSS style sheet, readers can use a different style sheet, perhaps one on their own computer, to override the one the author has specified. CSS specifies a priority scheme to determine which style rules apply if more than one rule matches against a particular element. In this so-called cascade, priorities or weights are calculated and assigned to rules, so that the results are predictable. A style sheet consists of a list of rules. Each rule or rule-set consists of one or more
selectors, and a declaration block . A declaration-block consists of a list of declarations in braces. Each declaration itself consists of a property, a colon (:), and a value. If there are multiple declarations in a block, a semi-colon (;) must be inserted to separate each declaration. In CSS, selectors are used to declare which part of the markup a style applies to, a kind of match expression. Selectors may apply to all elements of a specific type, to elements specified by attribute, or to elements depending on how they are placed relative to, or nested within, others in the document tree.
P
Selector
{ Font-family : Font-family : arial; Properties
Font-size : medium;
Values
Colorr : blue; Colo } CSS information can be provided from various sources. CSS style information can be in a separate document or it can be embedded into an HTML document. Multiple style sheets can be imported.
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Inline styles, inside the HTML document, style information on a single element, specified using the style attribute Embedded or internal style , blocks of CSS information inside the element of HTML itself External style sheets , i.e., a separate CSS file referenced from the document
Example : The following example demonstrates the inline style -family:arial;color:blue;font-size:medium”> This is a paragraph formatted with inline inline css style. style.
Example : The following example demonstrates the internal style P { Font-family:arial; Font-size:medium; Color:blue; Text-align:justify; } This is a paragraph formatted with internal css style.
Example : The following example demonstrates the external style Create a new document in notepad, define the following css styles within it and save it with the name MyStyle.css
P { Font-family:arial; Font-size:medium; 2
Inline styles, inside the HTML document, style information on a single element, specified using the style attribute Embedded or internal style , blocks of CSS information inside the element of HTML itself External style sheets , i.e., a separate CSS file referenced from the document
Example : The following example demonstrates the inline style -family:arial;color:blue;font-size:medium”> This is a paragraph formatted with inline inline css style. style.
Example : The following example demonstrates the internal style P { Font-family:arial; Font-size:medium; Color:blue; Text-align:justify; } This is a paragraph formatted with internal css style.
Example : The following example demonstrates the external style Create a new document in notepad, define the following css styles within it and save it with the name MyStyle.css
P { Font-family:arial; Font-size:medium; 2
Color:blue; Text-align:justify; } H1 { Font-family:arial black; Background-color:blue; Color:white; }
Create another new document in notepad and create a html file with the following html markup. To link an external css file, use element of html within the element.
href=”MyStyle.css”/> Heading This is a paragraph formatted with internal css style.
Selector syntax A simple selector is is either a type selector or universal selector followed immediately by zero or more attribute selectors, ID selectors, or pseudo-classes, in any order. The simple selector matches if all of its components match. A selector is is a chain of one or more simple selectors separated by combinators. Combinators are: white space, ">", and "+". White space may appear between a combinator and the simple selectors around it. The elements of the document tree that match a selector are called subjects of the selector. A selector consisting of a single simple selector matches any element satisfying its requirements. Prepending a simple selector and combinator to a chain imposes additional matching constraints, so the subjects of a selector are always a subset of the elements matching the last simple selector. One pseudo-element may be appended to the last simple selector in a chain, in which case the style information applies to a subpart of each subject.
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Grouping When several selectors share the same declarations, they may be grouped into a commaseparated list. In this example, we condense three rules with identical declarations into one. Thus,
h1 { font-family: sans-serif } h2 { font-family: sans-serif } h3 { font-family: sans-serif } is equivalent to:
h1, h2, h3 { font-family: sans-serif }
Universal selector The universal selector, written "*", matches the name of any element type. It matches any single element in the document tree. If the universal selector is not the only component of a simple selector, the "*" may be omitted. For example:
*[lang=fr] and [lang=fr] are equivalent. *.warning and .warning are equivalent. *#myid and #myid are equivalent.
Type selectors A type selector matches the name of a document language element type. A type selector matches every instance of the element type in the document tree. The following rule matches all H1 elements in the document tree:
h1 { font-family: sans-serif }
Descendant selectors At times, authors may want selectors to match an element that is the descendant of another element in the document tree (e.g., "Match those EM elements that are contained 4
by an H1 element"). Descendant selectors express such a relationship in a pattern. A descendant selector is made up of two or more selectors separated by white space. A descendant selector of the form "A B" matches when an element B is an arbitrary descendant of some ancestor element A. For example, consider the following rules:
h1 { color: red } em { color: red } Although the intention of these rules is to add emphasis to text by changing its color, the effect will be lost in a case such as:
This headline is very important We address this case by supplementing the previous rules with a rule that sets the text color to blue whenever an EM occurs anywhere within an H1:
h1 { color: red } em { color: red } h1 em { color: blue } The third rule will match the EM in the following fragment:
This headline is very important The following selector:
div * p matches a P element that is a grandchild or later descendant of a DIV element. Note the white space on either side of the "*" is not part of the universal selector; the white space is a combinator indicating that the DIV must be the ancestor of some element, and that that element must be an ancestor of the P. The selector in the following rule, which combines descendant and attribute selectors, matches any element that has the "href" attribute set and is inside a P that is itself inside a DIV:
div p *[href]
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Child selectors A child selector matches when an element is the child of some element. A child selector is made up of two or more selectors separated by ">". The following rule sets the style of all P elements that are children of BODY:
body > P { line-height: 1.3 } The following example combines descendant selectors and child selectors:
div ol>li p It matches a P element that is a descendant of an LI; the LI element must be the child of an OL element; the OL element must be a descendant of a DIV. Notice that the optional white space around the ">" combinator has been left out.
Adjacent sibling selectors Adjacent sibling selectors have the following syntax: E1 + E2, where E2 is the subject of the selector. The selector matches if E1 and E2 share the same parent in the document tree and E1 immediately precedes E2, ignoring non-element nodes (such as text nodes and comments). Thus, the following rule states that when a P element immediately follows a MATH element, it should not be indented:
math + p { text-indent: 0 } The next example reduces the vertical space separating an H1 and an H2 that immediately follows it:
h1 + h2 { margin-top: -5mm } The following rule is similar to the one in the previous example, except that it adds a class selector. Thus, special formatting only occurs when H1 has class="opener":
h1.opener + h2 { margin-top: -5mm }
Attribute selectors CSS 2.1 allows authors to specify rules that match elements which have certain attributes defined in the source document.
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Matching attributes and attribute values Attribute selectors may match in four ways:
[att] Match when the element sets the "att" attribute, whatever the value of the attribute.
[att=val ] Match when the element's "att" attribute value is exactly "val".
[att~=val] Represents an element with the att attribute whose value is a white space-separated list of words, one of which is exactly "val". If "val" contains white space, it will never represent anything (since the words are separated by spaces). If "val" is the empty string, it will never represent anything either.
[att|=val] Represents an element with the att attribute, its value either being exactly "val" or beginning with "val" immediately followed by "-". This is primarily intended to allow language subcode matches (e.g., the hreflang attribute on the a element in HTML) as described in BCP 47 or its successor. Attribute values must be identifiers or strings. The case-sensitivity of attribute names and values in selectors depends on the document language. For example, the following attribute selector matches all H1 e lements that specify the "title" attribute, whatever its value:
h1[title] { color: blue; } In the following example, the selector matches all SPAN elements whose "class" attribute has exactly the value "example":
span[class=example] { color: blue; } Multiple attribute selectors can be used to refer to several attributes of an element, or even several times to the same attribute. Here, the selector matches all SPAN elements whose "hello" attribute has exactly the value "Cleveland" and whose "goodbye" attribute has exactly the value "Columbus":
span[hello="Cleveland"][goodbye="Columbus"] { color: blue; }
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The following selectors illustrate the differences between "=" and "~=". The first selector will match, for example, the value "copyright copyleft copyeditor" for the "rel" attribute. The second
selector
will
only
match
when
the
"href"
attribute
has
the
value
"http://www.nareshit.com/".
a[rel~="copyright"] a[href="http://www.nareshit.com/"] The following rule hides all elements for which the value of the "lang" attribute is "fr" (i.e., the language is French).
*[lang=fr] { display : none } The following rule will match for values of the "lang" attribute that begin with "en", including "en", "en-US", and "en-cockney":
*[lang|="en"] { color : red } Similarly, the following aural style sheet rules allow a script to be read aloud in different voices for each role:
DIALOGUE[character=romeo] { voice-family: "Laurence Olivier", charles, male } DIALOGUE[character=juliet] { voice-family: "Vivien Leigh", victoria, female }
Class selectors Working with HTML, authors may use the period (.) notation as an alternative to the ~= notation when representing the class attribute. Thus, for HTML, div.value and div[class~=value] have the same meaning. The attribute value must immediately follow the "period" (.). For example, we can assign style information to all elements with class~="pastoral" as follows:
*.pastoral { color: green } /* all elements with class~=pastoral */ or just
.pastoral { color: green } /* all elements with class~=pastoral */ The following assigns style only to H1 elements with class~="pastoral":
H1.pastoral { color: green } /* H1 elements with class~=pastoral */
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Given these rules, the first H1 instance below would not have green text, while the second would:
Not green Very green To match a subset of "class" values, each value must be pre ceded by a ".". For example, the following rule matches any P element whose "class" attribute has been assigned a list of space-separated values that includes "pastoral" and "marine":
p.marine.pastoral { color: green } This rule matches when class="pastoral blue aqua marine" but does not match for class="pastoral blue".
ID selectors Document languages may contain attributes that are declared to be of type ID. What makes attributes of type ID special is that no two such attributes can have the same value; whatever the document language, an ID attribute can be used to uniquely identify its element. In HTML all ID attributes are named "id"; XML applications may name ID attributes differently, but the same restriction applies. The ID attribute of a document language allows authors to assign an identifier to one element instance in the document tree. CSS ID selectors match an element instance based on its identifier. A CSS ID selector contains a "#" immediately followed by the ID value, which must be an identifier. The following ID selector matches the H1 element whose ID attribute has the value "chapter1":
h1#chapter1 { text-align: center } In the following example, the style rule matches the element that has the ID value "z98y". The rule will thus match for the P element:
match p *#z98y { letter-spacing: 0.3em }
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wide text In the next example, however, the style rule will only match an H1 element that has an ID value of "z98y". The rule will not match the P element in this example:
match h1 only h1#z98y { letter-spacing: 0.5em } wide text ID selectors have a higher specificity than attribute selectors. For example, in HTML, the selector #p123 is more specific than [id=p123] in terms of the cascade. If an element has multiple ID attributes, all of them must be treated as IDs for that element for the purposes of the ID selector.
Pseudo-elements and pseudo-classes In CSS 2.1, style is normally attached to an element based on its position in the document tree. This simple model is sufficient for many cases, but some common publishing scenarios may not be possible due to the structure of the document tree. For instance, in HTML 4, no element refers to the first line of a paragraph, and therefore no simple CSS selector may refer to it. CSS introduces the concepts of pseudo-elements and pseudo-classes to permit formatting based on information that lies outside the document tree. 10
Pseudo-elements create abstractions about the document tree beyond those specified by the document language. For instance, document languages do not offer mechanisms to access the first letter or first line of an element's content. CSS pseudo-elements allow style sheet designers to refer to this otherwise inaccessible information. Pseudo-elements may also provide style sheet designers a way to assign style to content that does not exist in the source document (e.g., the :before and :after pseudo-elements give access to generated content). Pseudo-classes classify elements on characteristics other than their name, attributes or content; in principle characteristics that cannot be deduced from the document tree. Pseudo-classes may be dynamic, in the sense that an element may acquire or lose a pseudoclass while a user interacts with the document. The exceptions are ':first-child', which can be deduced from the document tree, and ':lang()', which can be deduced from the document tree in some cases. Neither pseudo-elements nor pseudo-classes appear in the document source or document tree. Pseudo-classes are allowed anywhere in selectors while pseudo-elements may only be appended after the last simple selector of the selector. Pseudo-element and pseudo-class names are case-insensitive. Some pseudo-classes are mutually exclusive, while others can be applied simultaneously to the same element. In case of conflicting rules, the normal cascading order determines the outcome.
Pseudo-classes :first-child pseudo-class The :first-child pseudo-class matches an element that is the first child element of some other element. In the following example, the selector matches any P element that is the first child of a DIV element. The rule suppresses indentation for the first paragraph of a DIV:
div > p:first-child { text-indent: 0 } This selector would match the P inside the DIV of the following fragment:
the last p before the note.
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the first p inside the note. but would not match the second P in the following fragment:
the last p before the note. note the first p inside the note. The following rule sets the font weight to 'bold' for any EM element that is some descendant of a P element that is a first child:
p:first-child em { font-weight : bold } The following two selectors are equivalent:
* > a:first-child /* A is first child of any element */ a:first-child
/* Same */
The link pseudo-classes: :link and :visited User agents commonly display unvisited links differently from previously visited ones. CSS provides the pseudo-classes ':link' and ':visited' to distinguish them: The :link pseudo-class applies for links that have not yet been visited. The :visited pseudo-class applies once the link has been visited by the user. The two states are mutually exclusive. The document language determines which elements are hyperlink source anchors. For example, in HTML4, the link pseudo-classes apply to A elements with an "href" attribute. Thus, the following two CSS 2.1 declarations have similar effect:
a:link { color: red } :link { color: red } If the following link:
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external link has been visited, this rule:
a.external:visited { color: blue } will cause it to be blue.
The dynamic pseudo-classes: :hover, :active, and :focus Interactive user agents sometimes change the rendering in response to user actions. CSS provides three pseudo-classes for common cases: The :hover pseudo-class applies while the user designates an element (with some pointing device), but does not activate it. For example, a visual user agent could apply this pseudoclass when the cursor (mouse pointer) hovers over a box generated by the element. User agents not supporting interactive media do not have to support this pseudo-class. Some conforming user agents supporting interactive media may not be able to support this pseudo-class (e.g., a pen device). The :active pseudo-class applies while an element is being activated by the user. For example, between the times the user presses the mouse button and releases it. The :focus pseudo-class applies while an element has the focus (accepts keyboard events or other forms of text input). An element may match several pseudo-classes at the same time. CSS does not define which elements may be in the above states, or how the states are entered and left. Scripting may change whether elements react to user events or not, and different devices and UAs may have different ways of pointing to, or activating elements. CSS 2.1 does not define if the parent of an element that is ':active' or ':hover' is also in that state. User agents are not required to reflow a currently displayed document due to pseudo-class transitions. For instance, a style sheet may specify that the 'font-size' of an :active link should be larger than that of an inactive link, but since this may cause letters to change position when the reader selects the link, a UA may ignore the corresponding style rule.
a:link { color: red } /* unvisited links */ a:visited { color: blue } /* visited links */ a:hover { color: yellow } /* user hovers
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a:active { color: lime } /* active links */ Note that the A:hover must be placed after the A:link and A:visited rules, since otherwise the cascading rules will hide the 'color' property of the A:hover rule. Similarly, because A:active is placed after A:hover, the active color (lime) will apply when the user both activates and hovers over the A element. An example of combining dynamic pseudo-classes:
a:focus { background: yellow } a:focus:hover { background: white } The last selector matches A elements that are in pseudo-class :focus and in pseudo-class :hover.
The language pseudo-class: :lang If the document language specifies how the human language of an element is determined, it is possible to write selectors in CSS that match an element based on its language. For example, in HTML, the language is determined by a combination of the "lang" attribute, the META element, and possibly by information from the protocol (such as HTTP headers). The pseudo-class ':lang(C)' matches if the element is in language C. Whether there is a match is based solely on the identifier C being either equal to, or a hyphen-separated substring of, the element's language value, in the same way as if performed by the '|=' operator. The matching of C against the element's language value is performed caseinsensitively for characters within the ASCII range. The identifier C does not have to be a valid language name. C must not be empty. The following rules set the quotation marks for an HTML document that is either in Canadian French or German:
html:lang(fr-ca) { quotes: '« ' ' »' } html:lang(de) { quotes: '»' '«' '\2039' '\203A' } :lang(fr) > Q { quotes: '« ' ' »' } :lang(de) > Q { quotes: '»' '«' '\2039' '\203A' } The second pair of rules actually set the 'quotes' property on Q elements according to the language of its parent. This is done because the choice of quote marks is typically based on 14
the language of the element around the quote, not the quote itself: like this piece of French “à l'improviste” in the middle of an English text uses the English quotation marks.
Pseudo-elements Pseudo-elements behave just like real elements in CSS with the exceptions described below and elsewhere.
The :first-line pseudo-element The :first-line pseudo-element applies special styles to the contents of the first formatted line of a paragraph. For instance:
p:first-line { text-transform: uppercase } The above rule means "change the letters of the first line of every paragraph to uppercase". However, the selector "P:first-line" does not match any real HTML element. It does match a pseudo-element that conforming user agents will insert at the beginning of every paragraph. Note that the length of the first line depends on a number of factors, including the width of the page, the font size, etc. Thus, an ordinary HTML paragraph such as:
This is a somewhat long HTML paragraph that will be broken into several lines. The first line will be identified by a fictional tag sequence. The other lines will be treated as ordinary lines in the paragraph. the lines of which happen to be broken as follows:
THIS IS A SOMEWHAT LONG HTML PARAGRAPH THAT will be broken into several lines. The first line will be identified by a fictional tag sequence. The other lines will be treated as ordinary lines in the paragraph.
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might be "rewritten" by user agents to include the fictional tag sequence for :first-line. This fictional tag sequence helps to show how properties are inherited.
This is a somewhat long HTML paragraph that will be broken into several lines. The first line will be identified by a fictional tag sequence. The other lines will be treated as ordinary lines in the paragraph. If a pseudo-element breaks up a real element, the desired effect can often be described by a fictional tag sequence that closes and then re-opens the element. Thus, if we mark up the previous paragraph with a SPAN element:
This is a somewhat long HTML paragraph that will be broken into several lines. The first line will be identified by a fictional tag sequence. The other lines will be treated as ordinary lines in the paragraph. the user agent could simulate start and end tags for SPAN when inserting the fictional tag sequence for :first-line.
This is a somewhat long HTML paragraph that will be broken into several lines. The first line will b e identified by a fictional tag sequence. The other lines will be treated as ordinary lines in the paragraph.
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The :first-line pseudo-element can only be attached to a block container element. The "first formatted line" of an element may occur inside a block-level descendant in the same flow (i.e., a block-level descendant that is not positioned and not a float). E.g., the first line of the DIV in This line... is the first line of the P (assuming that both P and DIV are block-level). The first line of a table-cell or inline-block cannot be the first formatted line of an ancestor element.
Thus,
in
HelloGoodbye
etcetera the first formatted line of the DIV is not the line "Hello". Note that the first line of the P in this fragment: First... does not contain any letters (assuming the default style for BR in HTML 4). The word "First" is not on the first formatted line. The :first-line pseudo-element is similar to an inline-level element, but with certain restrictions. The following properties apply to a :first-line pseudo-element: font properties, color property, background properties, 'word-spacing', 'letter-spacing', 'text-decoration', 'text-transform', and 'line-height'.
The :first-letter pseudo-element The :first-letter pseudo-element must select the first letter of the first line of a block, if it is not preceded by any other content (such as images or inline tables) on its line. The :firstletter pseudo-element may be used for "initial caps" and "drop caps", which are common typographical effects. This type of initial letter is similar to an inline -level element if its 'float' property is 'none', otherwise it is similar to a floated element. These are the properties that apply to :first-letter pseudo-elements: font properties, 'textdecoration', 'text-transform', 'letter-spacing', 'word-spacing' (when appropriate), 'lineheight', 'float', 'vertical-align' (only if 'float' is 'none'), margin properties, padding properties, border properties, color property, background properties. This example shows a possible rendering of an initial cap. Note that the 'line-height' that is inherited by the first-letter pseudo-element is 1 .1, but the UA in this example has computed the height of the first letter differently, so that it does not cause any unnecessary space between the first two lines. Also note that the fictional start tag of the first letter is inside the SPAN, and thus the font weight of the first letter is normal, not bold as the SPAN:
p { line-height: 1.1 } p:first-letter { font-size: 3em; font-weight: normal } span { font-weight: bold } ... 17
Het hemelsche gerecht heeft zich ten lange lesten Erbarremt over my en mijn benaeuwde vesten En arme burgery, en op mijn volcx gebed En dagelix geschrey de bange stad ontzet.
The following CSS 2.1 will make a drop cap initial letter span about two lines:
drop cap initial letter p
{ font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.2 }
p:first-letter { font-size: 200%; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; float: left } span
{ text-transform: uppercase }
the first few words of an article in the economist. This example might be formatted as follows:
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The fictional tag sequence is:
t he first few words of an article in the economist. Note that the :first-letter pseudo-element tags abut the content (i.e., the initial character), while the :first-line pseudo-element start tag is inserted right after the start tag of the block element. In order to achieve traditional drop caps formatting, user agents may approximate font sizes, for example to align baselines. Also, the glyph outline may be taken into account when formatting. Punctuation (i.e, characters defined in Unicode in the "open" (Ps), "close" (Pe), "initial" (Pi). "final" (Pf) and "other" (Po) punctuation classes), that precedes or follows the first letter should be included, as in:
The ':first-letter' also applies if the first letter is in fact a digit, e.g., the "6" in "67 million dollars is a lot of money." The :first-letter pseudo-element applies to block container elements. The :first-letter pseudo-element can be used with all such elements that contain text, or that have a descendant in the same flow that contains text. A UA should act as if the fictional start tag of the first-letter pseudo-element is just before the first text of the element, even if that first text is in a descendant. 19
Here is an example. The fictional tag sequence for this HTML fragment:
The first text. is: The first text. The first letter of a table-cell or inline-block cannot be the first letter of an ancestor element.
Thus,
in
HelloGoodbye
etcetera the first letter of the DIV is not the letter "H". In fact, the DIV does not have a first letter. The first letter must occur on the first formatted line. For example, in this fragment: First... the first line does not contain any letters and ':first-letter' does not match anything (assuming the default style for BR in HTML 4). In particular, it does not match the "F" of "First." If an element is a list item ('display: list-item'), the ':first-letter' applies to the first letter in the principal box after the marker. UAs may ignore ':first-letter' on list items with 'list-styleposition: inside'. If an element has ':before' or ':after' content, the ':first-letter applies to the first letter of the element including that content. E.g., after the rule 'p:before {content: "Note: "}', the selector 'p:first-letter' matches the "N" of "Note". Some languages may have specific rules about how to treat certain letter combinations. In Dutch, for example, if the letter combination "ij" appears at the beginning of a word, both letters should be considered within the :first-letter pseudo-element. If the letters that would form the first-letter are not in the same element, such as "'T" in 'T..., the UA may create a first-letter pseudo-element from one of the elements, both elements, or simply not create a pseudo-element. Similarly, if the first letter(s) of the block are not at the start of the line (for example due to bidirectional reordering), then the UA need not create the pseudo-element(s). The following example illustrates how overlapping pseudo-elements may interact. The first letter of each P element will be green with a font size of '24pt'. The rest of the first formatted line will be 'blue' while the rest of the paragraph will be 'red'.
p { color: red; font-size: 12pt }
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p:first-letter { color: green; font-size: 200% } p:first-line { color: blue } Some text that ends up on two lines Assuming that a line break will occur before the word "ends", the fictional tag sequence for this fragment might be:
S ome text that ends up on two lines Note that the :first-letter element is inside the :first-line element. Properties set on :firstline are inherited by :first-letter, but are overridden if the same property is set on :firstletter.
The :before and :after pseudo-elements The ':before' and ':after' pseudo-elements can be used to insert generated content before or after an element's content. They are explained in the section on generated text.
h1:before {content: counter(chapno, upper-roman) ". "} When the :first-letter and :first-line pseudo-elements are applied to an element having content generated using :before and :after, they apply to the first letter or line of the element including the generated content.
p.special:before {content: "Special! "} p.special:first-letter {color: #ffd800} This will render the "S" of "Special!" in gold.
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Animation Properties Property
Description
CSS Version
@keyframes
Specifies the animation
3
animation
A shorthand property for all the animation
3
properties below, except the animation-play-state property
animation-name
Specifies a name for the @keyframes animation
3
animation-duration
Specifies how many seconds or milliseconds an
3
animation takes to complete one cycle
animation-timing-function
Specifies the speed curve of the animation
3
animation-delay
Specifies when the animation will start
3
animation-iteration-count
Specifies the number of times an animation
3
should be played
animation-direction
Specifies whether or not the animation should
3
play in reverse on alternate cycles
animation-play-state
Specifies whether the animation is running or
3
paused
Background Properties Property
Description
CSS Version
background
Sets all the background properties in one
1
declaration
22
background-attachment
Sets whether a background image is fixed or
1
scrolls with the rest of the page
background-color
Sets the background color of an element
1
background-image
Sets the background image for an element
1
background-position
Sets the starting position of a background image
1
background-repeat
Sets how a background image will be repeated
1
background-clip
Specifies the painting area of the background
3
background-origin
Specifies the positioning area of the background
3
images
background-size
Specifies the size of the background images
3
Border and Outline Properties Property
Description
CSS Version
border
Sets all the border properties in one declaration
1
border-bottom
Sets all the bottom border properties in one
1
declaration
border-bottom-color
Sets the color of the bottom border
1
border-bottom-style
Sets the style of the bottom border
1
border-bottom-width
Sets the width of the bottom border
1
border-color
Sets the color of the four borders
1
23
border-left
Sets all the left border properties in one declaration
1
border-left-color
Sets the color of the left border
1
border-left-style
Sets the style of the left border
1
border-left-width
Sets the width of the left border
1
border-right
Sets all the right border properties in one declaration
1
border-right-color
Sets the color of the right border
1
border-right-style
Sets the style of the right border
1
border-right-width
Sets the width of the right border
1
border-style
Sets the style of the four borders
1
border-top
Sets all the top border properties in one declaration
1
border-top-color
Sets the color of the top border
1
border-top-style
Sets the style of the top border
1
border-top-width
Sets the width of the top border
1
border-width
Sets the width of the four borders
1
outline
Sets all the outline properties in one declaration
2
outline-color
Sets the color of an outline
2
outline-style
Sets the style of an outline
2
outline-width
Sets the width of an outline
2
24
border-bottom-left-
Defines the shape of the border of the bottom-left
radius
corner
border-bottom-right-
Defines the shape of the border of the bottom-right
radius
corner
border-image
A shorthand property for setting all the border-image- 3
3
3
* properties
border-image-outset
Specifies the amount by which the border image area
3
extends beyond the border box
border-image-repeat
Specifies whether the image-border should be
3
repeated, rounded or stretched
border-image-slice
Specifies the inward offsets of the image-border
3
border-image-source
Specifies an image to be used as a border
3
border-image-width
Specifies the widths of the image-border
3
border-radius
A shorthand property for setting all the four border-*- 3 radius properties
border-top-left-radius
Defines the shape of the border of the top-left corner
border-top-right-radius Defines the shape of the border of the top-right
3
3
corner
box-decoration-break box-shadow
3
Attaches one or more drop-shadows to the box
25
3
Box Properties Property
Description
CSS Version
overflow-x
Specifies whether or not to clip the left/right edges of
3
the content, if it overflows the element's content area
overflow-y
Specifies whether or not to clip the top/bottom edges
3
of the content, if it overflows the element's content area
overflow-style
Specifies the preferred scrolling method for elements
3
that overflow
rotation
Rotates an element around a given point defined by
3
the rotation-point property
rotation-point
Defines a point as an offset from the top left border
3
edge
Color Properties Property
Description
CSS Version
color-profile
Permits the specification of a source color profile
3
other than the default
opacity
Sets the opacity level for an element
3
rendering-intent
Permits the specification of a color profile rendering
3
intent other than the default
26
Content for Paged Media Properties Property
Description
CSS Version
bookmark-label
Specifies the label of the bookmark
3
bookmark-level
Specifies the level of the bookmark
3
bookmark-target
Specifies the target of the bookmark link
3
float-offset
Pushes floated elements in the opposite direction of
3
the where they have been floated with float
hyphenate-after
Specifies the minimum number of characters in a
3
hyphenated word after the hyphenation character
hyphenate-before
Specifies the minimum number of characters in a
3
hyphenated word before the hyphenation character
hyphenate-character
Specifies a string that is shown when a hyphenate-
3
break occurs
hyphenate-lines
Indicates the maximum number of successive
3
hyphenated lines in an element
hyphenate-resource
Specifies a comma-separated list of external
3
resources that can help the browser determine hyphenation points
hyphens
Sets how to split words to improve the layout of
3
paragraphs
image-resolution
Specifies the correct resolution of images
3
marks
Adds crop and/or cross marks to the document
3
string-set
3
27
Dimension Properties Property
Description
CSS Version
height
Sets the height of an element
1
max-height
Sets the maximum height of an element
2
max-width
Sets the maximum width of an element
2
min-height
Sets the minimum height of an element
2
min-width
Sets the minimum width of an element
2
width
Sets the width of an element
1
Flexible Box Properties Property
Description
CSS Version
box-align
Specifies how to align the child elements of a box
3
box-direction
Specifies in which direction the children of a box are
3
displayed
box-flex
Specifies whether the children of a box is flexible or
3
inflexible in size
box-flex-group
Assigns flexible elements to flex groups
3
box-lines
Specifies whether columns will go onto a new line
3
whenever it runs out of space in the parent box
28
box-ordinal-group
Specifies the display order of the child elements of a
3
box
box-orient
Specifies whether the children of a box should be laid
3
out horizontally or vertically
box-pack
Specifies the horizontal position in horizontal boxes
3
and the vertical position in vertical boxes
Font Properties Property
Description
CSS Version
font
Sets all the font properties in one declaration
1
font-family
Specifies the font family for text
1
font-size
Specifies the font size of text
1
font-style
Specifies the font style for text
1
font-variant
Specifies whether or not a text should be displayed in
1
a small-caps font
font-weight
Specifies the weight of a font
@font-face
A rule that allows websites to download and use fonts 3
1
other than the "web-safe" fonts
font-size-adjust
Preserves the readability of text when font fallback
3
occurs
font-stretch
Selects a normal, condensed, or expanded face from a 3 font family
29
Generated Content Properties Property
Description
CSS Version
content
Used with the :before and :after pseudo-elements, to
2
insert generated content
counter-increment
Increments one or more counters
2
counter-reset
Creates or resets one or more counters
2
quotes
Sets the type of quotation marks for embedded
2
quotations
crop
Allows a replaced element to be just a rectangular
3
area of an object, instead of the whole object
move-to
Causes an element to be removed from the flow and
3
reinserted at a later point in the document
page-policy
Determines which page-based occurance of a given
3
element is applied to a counter or string value
Grid Properties Property
Description
CSS Version
grid-columns
Specifies the width of each column in a grid
3
grid-rows
Specifies the height of each column in a grid
3
30
Hyperlink Properties Property
Description
CSS Version
target
A shorthand property for setting the target-name,
3
target-new, and target-position properties
target-name
Specifies where to open links (target destination)
3
target-new
Specifies whether new destination links should open
3
in a new window or in a new tab of an existing window
target-position
Specifies where new destination links should be
3
placed
Linebox Properties Property
Description
CSS Version
alignment-adjust
Allows more precise alignment of elements
3
alignment-baseline
Specifies how an inline-level element is aligned with
3
respect to its parent
baseline-shift
Allows repositioning of the dominant-baseline relative 3 to the dominant-baseline
dominant-baseline
Specifies a scaled-baseline-table
drop-initial-after-adjust Sets the alignment point of the drop initial for the
3
3
primary connection point
drop-initial-after-align
Sets which alignment line within the initial line box is used at the primary connection point with the initial letter box
31
3
drop-initial-before-
Sets the alignment point of the drop initial for the
adjust
secondary connection point
drop-initial-before-
Sets which alignment line within the initial line box is
align
used at the secondary connection point with the
3
3
initial letter box
drop-initial-size
Controls the partial sinking of the initial letter
3
drop-initial-value
Activates a drop-initial effect
3
inline-box-align
Sets which line of a multi-line inline block align with
3
the previous and next inline elements within a line
line-stacking
A shorthand property for setting the line-stacking-
3
strategy, line-stacking-ruby, and line-stacking-shift properties
line-stacking-ruby
Sets the line stacking method for block elements
3
containing ruby annotation elements
line-stacking-shift
Sets the line stacking method for block elements
3
containing elements with base-shift
line-stacking-strategy
Sets the line stacking strategy for stacked line boxes
3
within a containing block element
text-height
Sets the block-progression dimension of the text
3
content area of an inline box
List Properties Property
Description
CSS Version
list-style
Sets all the properties for a list in one declaration
1
32
list-style-image
Specifies an image as the list-item marker
1
list-style-position
Specifies if the list-item markers should appear inside
1
or outside the content flow
list-style-type
Specifies the type of list-item marker
1
Property
Description
CSS Version
margin
Sets all the margin properties in one declaration
1
margin-bottom
Sets the bottom margin of an element
1
margin-left
Sets the left margin of an element
1
margin-right
Sets the right margin of an element
1
margin-top
Sets the top margin of an element
1
Property
Description
CSS Version
marquee-direction
Sets the direction of the moving content
3
marquee-play-count
Sets how many times the content move
3
marquee-speed
Sets how fast the content scrolls
3
marquee-style
Sets the style of the moving content
3
Margin Properties
Marquee Properties
33
Multi-column Properties Property
Description
CSS Version
column-count
Specifies the number of columns an element should
3
be divided into
column-fill
Specifies how to fill columns
3
column-gap
Specifies the gap between the columns
3
column-rule
A shorthand property for setting all the column-rule-* 3 properties
column-rule-color
Specifies the color of the rule between columns
3
column-rule-style
Specifies the style of the rule between columns
3
column-rule-width
Specifies the width of the rule between columns
3
column-span
Specifies how many columns an element should span
3
across
column-width
Specifies the width of the columns
3
columns
A shorthand property for setting column-width and
3
column-count
Padding Properties Property
Description
CSS Version
padding
Sets all the padding properties in one declaration
1
padding-bottom
Sets the bottom padding of an element
1
34
padding-left
Sets the left padding of an element
1
padding-right
Sets the right padding of an element
1
padding-top
Sets the top padding of an element
1
Paged Media Properties Property
Description
CSS Version
fit
Gives a hint for how to scale a replaced element if
3
neither its width nor its height property is auto
fit-position
Determines the alignment of the object inside the box 3
image-orientation
Specifies a rotation in the right or clockwise direction
3
that a user agent applies to an image
page
Specifies a particular type of page where an element
3
SHOULD be displayed
size
Specifies the size and orientation of the containing
3
box for page content
Positioning Properties Property
Description
CSS Version
bottom
Specifies the bottom position of a positioned element 2
clear
Specifies which sides of an element where other floating elements are not allowed
35
1
clip
Clips an absolutely positioned element
2
cursor
Specifies the type of cursor to be displayed
2
display
Specifies how a certain HTML element should be
1
displayed
float
Specifies whether or not a box should float
1
left
Specifies the left position of a positioned element
2
overflow
Specifies what happens if content overflows an
2
element's box
position
Specifies the type of positioning method used for an
2
element (static, relative, absolute or fixed)
right
Specifies the right position of a positioned element
2
top
Specifies the top position of a positioned element
2
visibility
Specifies whether or not an element is visible
2
z-index
Sets the stack order of a positioned element
2
Property
Description
CSS Version
orphans
Sets the minimum number of lines that must be left at 2
Print Properties
the bottom of a page when a page break occurs inside an element
page-break-after
Sets the page-breaking behavior after an element
36
2
page-break-before
Sets the page-breaking behavior before an element
2
page-break-inside
Sets the page-breaking behavior inside an element
2
widows
Sets the minimum number of lines that must be left at 2 the top of a page when a page break occurs inside an element
Ruby Properties Property
Description
CSS Version
ruby-align
Controls the text alignment of the ruby text and ruby
3
base contents relative to each other
ruby-overhang
Determines whether, and on which side, ruby text is
3
allowed to partially overhang any adjacent text in addition to its own base, when the ruby text is wider than the ruby base
ruby-position
Controls the position of the ruby text with respect to
3
its base
ruby-span
Controls the spanning behavior of annotation
3
elements
Speech Properties Property
Description
CSS Version
mark
A shorthand property for setting the mark-before and
3
mark-after properties
mark-after
Allows named markers to be attached to the audio
37
3
stream
mark-before
Allows named markers to be attached to the audio
3
stream
phonemes
Specifies a phonetic pronunciation for the text
3
contained by the corresponding element
rest
A shorthand property for setting the rest-before and
3
rest-after properties
rest-after
Specifies a rest or prosodic boundary to be observed
3
after speaking an element's content
rest-before
Specifies a rest or prosodic boundary to be ob served
3
before speaking an element's content
voice-balance
Specifies the balance between left and right channels
3
voice-duration
Specifies how long it should take to render the
3
selected element's content
voice-pitch
Specifies the average pitch (a frequency) of the
3
speaking voice
voice-pitch-range
Specifies variation in average pitch
3
voice-rate
Controls the speaking rate
3
voice-stress
Indicates the strength of emphasis to be applied
3
voice-volume
Refers to the amplitude of the waveform output by
3
the speech synthesises
38
Table Properties Property
Description
CSS Version
border-collapse
Specifies whether or not table borders should be
2
collapsed
border-spacing
Specifies the distance between the borders of
2
adjacent cells
caption-side
Specifies the placement of a table caption
2
empty-cells
Specifies whether or not to display borders and
2
background on empty cells in a table
table-layout
Sets the layout algorithm to be used for a table
2
Property
Description
CSS Version
color
Sets the color of text
1
direction
Specifies the text direction/writing direction
2
letter-spacing
Increases or decreases the space between characters
1
Text Properties
in a text
line-height
Sets the line height
1
text-align
Specifies the horizontal alignment of text
1
text-decoration
Specifies the decoration added to text
1
text-indent
Specifies the indentation of the first line in a text-
1
39
block
text-transform
Controls the capitalization of text
unicode-bidi
1
2
vertical-align
Sets the vertical alignment of an element
1
white-space
Specifies how white-space inside an element is
1
handled
word-spacing
Increases or decreases the space between words in a
1
text
hanging-punctuation
Specifies whether a punctuation character may be
3
placed outside the line box
punctuation-trim
Specifies whether a punctuation character should be
3
trimmed
text-align-last
Describes how the last line of a block or a line right
3
before a forced line break is aligned when text-align is "justify"
text-justify
Specifies the justification method used when text-
3
align is "justify"
text-outline
Specifies a text outline
3
text-overflow
Specifies what should happen when text overflows
3
the containing element
text-shadow
Adds shadow to text
3
text-wrap
Specifies line breaking rules for text
3
40
word-break
Specifies line breaking rules for non-CJK scripts
3
word-wrap
Allows long, unbreakable words to be broken and
3
wrap to the next line
2D/3D Transform Properties Property
Description
CSS Version
transform
Applies a 2D or 3D transformation to an element
3
transform-origin
Allows you to change the position on transformed
3
elements
transform-style
Specifies how nested elements are rendered in 3D
3
space
perspective
Specifies the perspective on how 3D elements are
3
viewed
perspective-origin
Specifies the bottom position of 3D elements
3
backface-visibility
Defines whether or not an element should be visible
3
when not facing the screen
Transition Properties Property
Description
CSS Version
transition
A shorthand property for setting the four transition
3
properties
transition-property
Specifies the name of the CSS property the transition effect is for
41
3
transition-duration
Specifies how many seconds or milliseconds a
3
transition effect takes to complete
transition-timing-
Specifies the speed curve of the transition effect
3
Specifies when the transition effect will start
3
function transition-delay
User-interface Properties Property
Description
CSS Version
appearance
Allows you to make an element look like a standard
3
user interface element
box-sizing
Allows you to define certain elements to fit an area in
3
a certain way
icon
Provides the author the ability to style an element
3
with an iconic equivalent
nav-down
Specifies where to navigate when using the arrow-
3
down navigation key
nav-index
Specifies the tabbing order for an element
nav-left
Specifies where to navigate when using the arrow-left 3
3
navigation key
nav-right
Specifies where to navigate when using the arrow-
3
right navigation key
nav-up
Specifies where to navigate when using the arrow-up navigation key
42
3
outline-offset
Offsets an outline, and draws it beyond the border
3
edge
resize
Specifies whether or not an element is resizable by
3
the user
Examples 1. The following example demonstrates how to use background image paroperties of css body { background-image:url(e:/images/garden.jpg); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-size:200px 200px; background-position:center center; background-attachment:fixed; } Provide Text in the body to make the page scrollable
43
2. The following example animates a div element and moves it right and left with animation properties of css 3 div { width:100px; height:100px; background:red; position:relative; animation:mymove 5s 2; -webkit-animation:mymove 5s infinite; /*Safari and Chrome*/ } @keyframes mymove { from {left:0px;} to {left:200px;} } @-webkit-keyframes mymove /*Safari and Chrome*/ { from {left:0px;} to {left:200px;} }
44
3. The following example animates a div element and moves it right then down then left and finally top with animation properties of css 3 div { width:100px; height:100px; background:red; position:relative; animation-name:myfirst; animation-duration:5s; animation-timing-function:linear; animation-delay:2s; animation-iteration-count:infinite; animation-direction:alternate; animation-play-state:running; /* Firefox: */ -moz-animation-name:myfirst;
45
-moz-animation-duration:5s; -moz-animation-timing-function:linear; -moz-animation-delay:2s; -moz-animation-iteration-count:infinite; -moz-animation-direction:alternate; -moz-animation-play-state:running; /* Safari and Chrome: */ -webkit-animation-name:myfirst; -webkit-animation-duration:5s; -webkit-animation-timing-function:linear; -webkit-animation-delay:2s; -webkit-animation-iteration-count:infinite; -webkit-animation-direction:alternate; -webkit-animation-play-state:running; /* Opera: */ -o-animation-name:myfirst; -o-animation-duration:5s; -o-animation-timing-function:linear; -o-animation-delay:2s; -o-animation-iteration-count:infinite; -o-animation-direction:alternate; -o-animation-play-state:running; } @keyframes myfirst { 0% {background:red; left:0px; top:0px;} 46
25% {background:yellow; left:200px; top:0px;} 50% {background:blue; left:200px; top:200px;} 75% {background:green; left:0px; top:200px;} 100% {background:red; left:0px; top:0px;} } @-moz-keyframes myfirst /* Firefox */ { 0% {background:red; left:0px; top:0px;} 25% {background:yellow; left:200px; top:0px;} 50% {background:blue; left:200px; top:200px;} 75% {background:green; left:0px; top:200px;} 100% {background:red; left:0px; top:0px;} } @-webkit-keyframes myfirst /* Safari and Chrome */ { 0% {background:red; left:0px; top:0px;} 25% {background:yellow; left:200px; top:0px;} 50% {background:blue; left:200px; top:200px;} 75% {background:green; left:0px; top:200px;} 100% {background:red; left:0px; top:0px;} } @-o-keyframes myfirst /* Opera */ { 0% {background:red; left:0px; top:0px;} 25% {background:yellow; left:200px; top:0px;} 50% {background:blue; left:200px; top:200px;} 47
75% {background:green; left:0px; top:200px;} 100% {background:red; left:0px; top:0px;} } 4. The following example rotates an image when mouse is over the image with animation properties of css 3 @-webkit-keyframes spin { from { -webkit-transform: rotate(0deg);} to { -webkit-transform: rotate(360deg);} } @-moz-keyframes spin { from { -moz-transform: rotate(0deg);} to { -moz-transform: rotate(360deg);} } @-o-keyframes spin { from { -o-transform: rotate(0deg);}
48
to { -o-transform: rotate(360deg);} } @-ms-keyframes spin { from { -ms-transform: rotate(0deg);} to { -ms-transform: rotate(360deg);} } img { width:250px; height:250px; align:center; } img:hover { -webkit-animation: spin 5s infinite linear; -moz-animation: spin 5s infinite linear; -o-animation: spin 5s infinite linear; -ms-animation: spin 5s infinite linear; }
49
5. The following example changes background of the page from red to yellow using animation properties of css 3 body { width:100px; height:100px; background:red; position:relative; animation:mycolor 5s infinite; -webkit-animation:mymove 5s infinite; /*Safari and Chrome*/ } @keyframes mycolor { from {background: red;} to {background: yellow;} } @-moz-keyframes mycolor /* Firefox */ { from {background: red;} to {background: yellow;} } @-webkit-keyframes mycolor /* Safari and Chrome */ { from {background: red;} to {background: yellow;} }
50
6. The following example demonstrates how to design a page as follows using css
Create an external css file with name global.css as follows /* BASIC */ body { font: 62.7% Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; } h1, h2, h3, h4, p, ul, ol { margin: 0px; padding: 0px; } a img { border: none; } /* LAYOUT */
51
#banner { background: url(images/banner.png) no-repeat right top; height: 90px; }
/* NAVIGATION */ #mainNav li { list-style: none; display: inline; } #mainNav a { text-decoration: none; color: #000000; font-size: 1.1em; text-transform: uppercase; border-bottom: 1px dashed #999999; display: block; padding: 7px 5px 7px 30px; background: #E7E7E7 url(images/link.png) no-repeat left center; } a#homeLink { background-image: url(images/home.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: left center; } #logo { display: none; } #mainNav ul { border-top: 1px dashed #999999; margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 20px; } #mainNav a:hover { background: #B2F511 url(images/go.png) no-repeat left center; padding-right: 15px; padding-left: 30px; font-weight: bold; 52
} #home #mainNav a#homelink, #feature #mainNav a#featureLink { background: #FFFFFF url(images/bg_here.png) no-repeat 95% 50%; padding-right: 15px; padding-left: 30px; font-weight: bold; } #home #mainNav a#homelink:hover, #feature #mainNav a#featureLink:hover { color: #B2F511; } #nav p { color: #ED6733; padding-right: 5px; padding-left: 5px; }
#nav a { text-decoration: none; color: #666666; } /* BANNER STYLES */ #banner img { float: left; } #banner ul { margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; } #banner li { display: inline; float: right; margin-right: 5px; padding-bottom: .5em; /* to display bottom border on links in IE */ 53
} #sitetools li a { font-size: 1em; text-decoration: none; color: #FFFFFF; line-height: 2em; background: #1B3A89; padding: 5px; height: 2em; border: 1px solid #4D69B0; font-weight: bold; } #sitetools li a:hover { color: #10214E; background: #DCE5FF; } /* MAIN */ #main a { text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 1px dashed #B2F511; color: #152D6A; } #main h1 { color: #152D6A; margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 5px; border-bottom: 2px solid #B2F511; font: normal 2.7em Impact, "Arial Narrow", sans-serif; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 1px; word-spacing: 5px; background: url(images/feature_bug.png) no-repeat top right; } #main h2 { font: normal 2em Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; margin-top: 15px; 54
margin-bottom: 3px; color: #152D6A; } #main p { font-size: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 5px; } /* headlines with warnings */ .warning { background: url(images/warning.png) no-repeat left center; padding-top: 2px; padding-left: 30px; border-bottom: 1px dotted #CCCCCC; } /* NEWS */ #news .story { background: url(images/bg_story.png) repeat-y; color: #FFFFFF; padding: 5px 5px; border-bottom: 1px dashed #AAEB11; display: block; text-decoration: none; line-height: 110%; } #news span.title { font-size: 1.1em; font-weight: bold; display: block; line-height: 120%; color: #FFCC00; } #news a.story:hover { color: #4A761D; background: url(images/bg_story_high.png); } * html #news a { height: 1px; } 55
#news h2 { background: #B2F511 url(images/bg_newshead.png) no-repeat; color: #333333; font-size: 2em; text-transform: uppercase; padding-top: 25px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; } #news h2 span { background: url(images/down.png) no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 10px; height: 48px; width: 48px; top: 4px; z-index: 10; } /* ADVERTISING */ div.natEx { text-align: center; margin-top: 25px; font-weight: bold; } .natEx p { margin-bottom: 5px; } #news a.story:hover span.title { color: #000000; } Create the html file as follows to design the page
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body { margin: 0; padding: 0; background: #E6E6E6 url(images/page_bg.png) repeat-y center top; } #wrapper { width: 760px; margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto; border-right: 2px solid #000000; border-left: 2px solid #000000; background: #FFFFFF url(images/column_bg.png) repeat-y right top; } #main { display: inline; /*for IE */ float: left; width: 419px; margin-left: 160px; padding-left: 10px; border-left: 1px dashed #999999; } 57
#news { float: right; width: 160px; } #nav { float: left; width: 160px; margin-left: -590px; } #legal { clear: both; margin-right: 160px; padding: 5px 5px 160px 20px; border-top: 1px dashed #999999; font-weight: bold; color: #666666; } 58
Contact Us Subscribe Bathtub Hydroponics Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exerci tation ullamcorper suscipit lobortis nisl ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis autem vel eum iriure. You'll find more information here . Watch the Water Level Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exerci tation ullamcorper suscipit lobortis nisl ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis autem vel eum iriure. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exerci tation ullamcorper suscipit lobortis nisl ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis autem vel eum iriure. Rubber Duckies Needn’t Apply
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Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exerci tation ullamcorper suscipit lobortis nisl ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis autem vel eum iriure. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exerci tation ullamcorper suscipit lobortis nisl ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis autem vel eum iriure. Cast-Iron No-Nos Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exerci tation ullamcorper suscipit lobortis nisl ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis autem vel eum iriure. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exerci tation ullamcorper suscipit lobortis nisl ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis autem vel eum iriure. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exerci tation ullamcorper suscipit lobortis nisl ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis autem vel eum iriure. Clean the Overflow Valve Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exerci tation ullamcorper suscipit lobortis nisl ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis autem vel eum iriure. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exerci tation ullamcorper
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suscipit lobortis nisl ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis autem vel eum iriure. News Virgo: It's Your Month The stars are aligned in your favor. Next month? Not so much. Your FeedbackCosmoFarmer wants to hear from you. We want your honest opinion on this TOTALLY AWESOME web site. Indoor Lawns: Sod or Seed? Should you grow grass from scratch or have an expert install a beautiful, already grown, lucious bed of green in your living room? Lorem Ipsum Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet Lorem Ipsum Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet Lorem Ipsum Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet Lorem Ipsum Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet Lorem Ipsum Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet Lorem Ipsum Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet
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Home Features Experts Quiz Projects Horoscopes CosmoFarmer.com believes that your privacy is important. All monitoring that takes place as you visit our site is protected. Infortmation collected is limited to our network of 9,872 partner affiliates. Your information will only be shared among them, and as part of our network's anti-spam policy you will be limited to one e-mail per partner affiliate per day, not to exceed a total of 9,872 e-mails a day. If you wish to opt out of this program please call us between the hours of 9:01-9:03am GMT. Subscribe to the National Exasperator Today! Copyright 2006, CosmoFarmer.com 62
7. The following example demonstrates how to design a page with a form as follows using css
Create an external css file with the name global.css as follows /* BASIC */ body { font-family: "Century Gothic", "Gill Sans", Arial, sans-serif; margin: 0; background-color: #FFFFFF; } p,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h5,ol,ul { margin: 0px; 63
padding: 0px; } br.clear { height:1px; clear:both; line-height: 1px; background-color: #00CC33; } /* LAYOUT */ #wrapper { width: 760px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: #999999; } #main { border-right: 1px solid #999999; border-left: 1px solid #999999; padding: 3px 3px 0 6px; float: left; width: 424px; } #subNav 64
{ width: 150px; float: left; background-color: #FBEF99; } #banner { background-image: url(images/bg/banner_bg.jpg); url(images/bg/banner_bg.jpg); background-repeat: repeat-x; background-position: left top; width: 759px; border-bottom: 1px solid #999999; } #announce { float: left; width: 166px; border-top: 10px solid #294E56; margin-top: 3px; background: url(images/bg/announce_bg.jpg) repeat-x left top; margin-left: 3px; line-height: 95%; margin-right: 3px; } #copyright 65
{ clear: both; margin-left: 150px; border: 1px solid #999999; border-right:none; font-size: 12px; padding-left: 6px; } /* BANNER STYLES STYLES */ #background { background-image: url(images/bg/banner_flower.jpg); url(images/bg/banner_flower.jpg); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: right top; } /* image replacement replacement technique */ */ #banner p.logo { background: url(images/logo.gif) no-repeat left top; height: 70px; text-indent: -5000px; } #nav { margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 0px; 66
} #nav li { list-style-type: none; padding: 0px; margin: 0; float: left; } #nav a { display: block; font-size: 11px; color: #D6ECAE; text-decoration: none; background-color: #294E56; padding: 2px 2px 2px 3px; width: 8em; margin-left: 2px; border-right: 1px solid #73AFB7; border-bottom: 1px solid #73AFB7; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 2px; } #nav a:hover { background: #73AFB7; 67
border-right: 1px solid #14556B; border-bottom: 1px solid #14556B; color: #FBEF99; } /*highlight "you are here" buttons*/ #home #nav a#homeLink, #feature #nav a#featureLink { background: #73AFB7; border-right: 1px solid #14556B; border-bottom: 1px solid #14556B; color: #FBEF99; } /* MAIN SECTION STYLES */ #main h1 { color: #5F9794; font: bold 24px "Century Gothic", "Gill Sans", Arial, sans-serif; } /* ANNOUNCEMENT STYLES */ #announce h2 { font-size: 14px; } #announce a { font-size: 12px; 68
display: block; text-decoration: none; color: #102536; padding: 3px 5px; border-bottom: 1px solid #14556B; } #announce .title { font-weight: bold; display: block; } #announce a:hover { background-color: #5F9794; color: #FBEF99 } #announce ul { list-style:none; } #announce li { display: inline; } /* PAGE SPECIFIC STYLES */ /* HOME */ 69
/* no left sidebar--stretch main entire distance */ #home #main { margin-left: 0; width: 577px; } /* copyright fits page */ #home #copyright { margin-left: 0; padding: 3px 0 3px 30px; font-style: italic; } #subNav li a { font-size: 12px; text-decoration: none; display: block; width: 138px; background: url(images/bg/side_nav_bg3.jpg) repeat-x; padding: 2px 6px; color: #14556B; border-bottom: 1px solid #d6ecae; } #subNav li a:hover { 70
background: url(images/bg/side_nav_bg.jpg); color: #102536; } .col2 #announce { float: left; margin-bottom: 10px; } .col2 #main { float: right; border-right: none; width: 573px; } .col2 #copyright { margin-left: 0px; } #main h2 { font-size: 1.2em; margin-top: 15px; color: #666666; } #main #subForm p { 71
margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; } #main p.privacy { color: #73AFB7; margin-top: 25px; margin-bottom: 50px; font-size: 0.85em; } Create a html page as follows for designing the page with a form
#subForm { font-size: .8em; } #subForm .label { 72
float: left; width: 230px; margin-right: 10px; text-align: right; font-weight: bold; clear: left; } #subscribe {
margin-left: 240px; background-color: #CBD893; font-family: "Century Gothic", "Gill Sans", Arial, sans-serif; } #refer { font-family: "Century Gothic", "Gill Sans", Arial, sans-serif; } #name, #email, #comments { background-color: #FBEF99; font-family:"Lucida Console", Monaco, monospace; font-size: .9em; width: 300px; margin-top: -2px; } 73
#name:focus, #email:focus, #comments:focus, #refer:focus { background-color: #FDD041; } CosmoFarmer 2.0 Home Features Experts Quiz Projects Horoscopes
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Sign Up: Reader Subscription Form What is your name? What is your email address? Rate your apartment farming skills Novice Intermediate Advanced Where did you hear about us? Select One Friend Herban Jungle Compost Today Vanity Fair 75
Any additional comments? CosmoFarmer.com believes that your privacy is important. Information collected at this site is limited to our network of 9,872 partner affiliates. Your information will only be shared among them, and as part of our network's anti-spam policy you will be limited to one e-mail per partner affiliate per day, not to exceed a total of 9,872 e-mails a day. If you wish to opt out of this program please call us between the hours of 9:01-9:03am GMT. Virgo: It's Your MonthLorem ipsum dolor site amet. Your Feedback Lorem ipsum dolor site amet. This Month's Survey Lorem ipsum dolor site amet. Indoor lawns: sod or seed? Lorem ipsum dolor site amet.
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Lorem Ipsum Lorem ipsum dolor site amet. Dolor site amet Lorem ipsum dolor site amet. Adipiscing elit Lorem ipsum dolor site amet. Euismod tincidunt Lorem ipsum dolor site amet. Copyright 2006, CosmoFarmer.com 8. The following example demonstrates how to create multi column layout
.threecolumn { -moz-column-count:3; /* Firefox */ -webkit-column-count:3; /* Safari and Chrome */ column-count:3;
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-moz-column-gap:40px; /* Firefox */ -webkit-column-gap:40px; /* Safari and Chrome */ column-gap:40px;
-moz-column-rule:3px outset blue; /* Firefox */ -webkit-column-rule:3px outset blue; /* Safari and Chrome */ column-rule:3px outset blue;
-moz-column-width:200px; /* Firefox */ -webkit-column-width:200px; /* Safari and Chrome */ -ms-column-width:200px; } h2 { -webkit-column-span:1; /* Chrome */ column-span:1; -ms-column-span:1; } This Heading Spans On All Columns In The page This Heading Spans On All Columns In The page This is a three column layout created for the page with css 3. This is a three column layout created for the page with css 3. This is a three column layout created for the 78
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