CSEC Revision Guide Social Studies

s e i d u t S l a i Soc Lucy Carman

Macmillan Education The Campus, 4 Crinan Street, London, N1 9XW A division of Macmillan Publishers Limited Companies and representatives throughout the world ISBN 978-1-380-00706-3 AER Text © Lucy Carman 2016 Design and illustration © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2016 The author has asserted her right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2016 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publishers. Original design by Macmillan Publishers Limited Page make-up by Sparks – www.sparkspublishing.com Illustrated by Oxford Designers & Illustrators Cover design and illustration by Clare Webber These materials may contain links for third party websites. We have no control over, and are not responsible for, the contents of such third party websites. Please use care when accessing them.

Contents Introduction How to Use This Book Revision and Exam Tips

4 5

Section A Individual, Family and Society Unit 1 The Family Unit 2 Social Groups and Institutions Unit 3 Government Test Questions for Section A

6 15 20 31

Section B Sustainable Development and Use of Resources Unit 1 Development and Use of Resources Unit 2 Regional Integration Test Questions for Section B

32 44 58

Section C Options Unit 1 Communication Test Questions for Section C1 Unit 2 Consumer Affairs Test Questions for Section C2 Unit 3 Tourism Test Questions for Section C3

59 72 73 85 86 101

Paper 1 Practice Questions

103

Paper 2 Practice Questions

104

Answers to Test Yourself Questions

105

Glossary 110

Introduction Written by experienced teachers and authors, Macmillan Education’s CSEC® Revision Guides provide a clear route to exam success. Inside this book you’ll find complete, concise revision notes on all key syllabus topics, in addition to practical advice on how to approach your revision and tackle the exams themselves, helping you to prepare effectively for your examinations. Having reviewed the key points of each topic, you can refresh your knowledge and build your confidence with in-text practice questions, before moving on to sample practice exam papers at the end of the book. Questions are written in CXC examination style so that you will become familiar with exam wording and know exactly how to achieve your best possible grades. Answers to questions are available online at www.macmillan-caribbean.com.

How to Use This Book Self Check Tick the box that shows how confident you feel

Yes

Maybe

Each section starts with a concept map showing key topics and, crucially, how they link together. Does X cause Y? Does X run in tandem with Y? Does X allow Y to happen?

No

Each section begins with a checklist so you can rate your confidence in each topic and prioritise your revision effectively.

At the end of each section you will have the opportunity to fill in your own blank concept map to check your understanding. It will also provide a useful summary for last‑minute self‑testing.

Reviewed

Test Yourself with these quick fire questions to monitor your progress.

Revised

Mastered

You’ll find these checkboxes for each topic so you can track your learning and be confident you’ve covered everything thoroughly. Review the topic and return to your Student’s Book if there’s anything you don’t understand, then come back and revise the topic in this revision guide – and tick ‘Mastered’ when all of your answers were correct!

Revision Tips provide you with interesting ways to make sure you retain all of this information.

Whenever you find a keyword highlighted like this, you can find out its meaning in the glossary at the back of the book.

Remember boxes

contain handy nuggets of key information. If you don’t understand these, go back to your Student’s Book and refresh the topic.

Revision and Exam Tips The content in this revision guide has been carefully written to make sure you have all of the key information needed for CSEC success at your fingertips. It has already been broken down for you into manageable chunks, based on the official CXC syllabus and exam structure. Here are some tips to help you get the best out of this material: ■■ ■■ ■■

■■ ■■ ■■

■■ ■■ ■■

Start preparing ahead of the exams so you can give yourself enough time to get through all your work. Set long-term and short-term goals to help break up the work into manageable chunks. Write out a revision plan to help you stay on track; make sure to include breaks as learning is much more effective when spaced out over stretches of time. Remove all distractions from your study area. Make sure you have all the resources you need – this guide, a pen and extra paper. Use practical memory aids where you can; make flash cards, and use tables and mind maps like the ones in this guide. Try explaining all of the keywords to another person without looking at the glossary. Test yourself and ask someone to test you. Recognise your revision milestones using the self-check boxes provided.

In the exam: ■■

■■ ■■ ■■

Spend the first 10 minutes reading through the paper carefully, and work out a rough schedule to make sure you complete all the questions. Read each question before trying to answer it. Check your work and presentation carefully. Make sure you understand what the questions mean, so you can apply your knowledge properly: ■■ Analyse: study something in detail and identify characteristics of each piece of information ■■ Assess: make a judgement based on the facts provided ■■ Calculate: work out the value ■■ Comment: give your opinion ■■ Compare: give similarities ■■ Contrast: give differences ■■ Define: give the meaning ■■ Describe: give the characteristics ■■ Discuss: give the key points ■■ Estimate: give a value based on rough working ■■ Explain: give reasons ■■ Identify: name/characterise ■■ Illustrate: give examples ■■ Justify: support your answer with evidence

Individual, Family and Society

Section A

Unit

1

The Family

Concept Map

Parenting

Changing roles

Roles, relationships and responsibilities

Laws protecting families

Social issues and situations affecting families

Types and unions

THE FAMILY

Self Check Tick the box that shows how confident you feel I can explain concepts and terms associated with the family. I can describe the major functions of the family. I can compare different family types and unions. I understand roles, relationships and responsibilities of family members. I can identify causes and effects of changes to the roles of family members. I can describe ways to prepare for parenthood and state characteristics of effective parenting. I can recognise and suggest strategies for dealing with social issues that affect family life. I can explain the importance of laws to protect family members in social situations.

6

Yes

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No

Section A

Individual, Family and Society

Major Functions of the Family

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Mastered

1. Procreation and Child-rearing Procreation (having children) enables society to grow and flourish. Many argue that a nuclear family provides the best environment to raise children. Within the family, children learn about their rights, roles and responsibilities and their values and attitudes. Good parents discipline their children and show them that there are consequences to their actions. This process is called the socialisation of the individual and requires cooperation from both parents.

2. The Family as an Economic Unit Children’s basic needs for food, shelter and clothing are provided for through the family unit. Families often contribute to the cost of their children’s education. If one or more parents work, their income is used to meet these needs. Confident, happy, educated children are more likely to contribute to the economic development of the country when they are adults.

3. The Family as a Social Unit Children develop identity and a sense of self-worth through being part of a kinship. The family is the primary point at which children’s basic emotional and psychological needs should be met.

Test Yourself: 1. Name THREE functions of the family.

2. Describe what is meant by ‘socialisation of the individual’.

3. Why do you think the family is so important in meeting emotional needs?

7

Individual, Family and Society

Section A

Different Family Types

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Families come in many different forms: ■■ Nuclear family: a mother, a father and their children live together. ■■ Extended family: extended family members such as grandparents, aunts, uncles and cousins live with the nuclear family. ■■ Sibling household: older children look after younger siblings, parents are absent. ■■ Single-parent family: children live with one parent following divorce or separation. Families dominated by the female parent are said to be matriarchal, those with a father as the central authority figure are patriarchal.

Test Yourself: Identify the different family types shown in the illustrations. 1

2

3

4

Different Unions There are also different types of unions within families. Within a legal Remember marriage the man and woman are married according to the law. In a Not all unions have equal rights in the Caribbean. Some people are visiting relationship, the man and woman have sexual relations but lobbying for this to change. do not live together. Within a common law or consensual union, the couple live together but are not married. Most marriages in the Caribbean are monogamous. However, polyandry and polygyny are practised by some, usually in accordance with religious beliefs.

Test Yourself: 1. Using the information above, fill in the gaps in the following statement: Different unions between adults in modern-day society include traditional legal as well as consensual or law unions. Not all couples live together, some have a relationship. Most unions in the Caribbean are between one woman and one man (this is called ).

2. Based on ‘matri’ meaning mother and ‘patri’ meaning father, what do you think the terms matrifocal and patrilineal mean?

8

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Individual, Family and Society

Section A

Family Roles, Relationships, Responsibilities

Reviewed

Revised

Mastered

Your identity develops through the role you play in your family. A father’s identity may be defined through his role as provider. A mother’s identity may be linked to the emotional support she provides. These traditional gender roles are starting to change. Changing roles within the family allow men and women more freedom over what roles they fulfil. However, parents will always have responsibilities towards their children – to provide for their physical and emotional needs and to protect and guide them. Grandparents and other extended family members also often help to care for children. Children also have responsibilities to respect and obey their parents and contribute to family life through completing chores. Children may also fill the role of sibling within a family. This role teaches children to share possessions and the attention of parents. Siblings often argue. This is a necessary stage of a child’s development and helps teach negotiation and conflict-resolution skills. Parents and children may argue over decisions that parents make, completion of chores or different opinions on an issue.

Test Yourself: 1. List your roles and responsibilities within your family. 2. List traditional male and female roles within the family and state whether you think these roles should remain divided or be open to either person. 3. In what ways might the absence of a father from a family affect a household? The roles and responsibilities of men and women in the Caribbean are changing. This is due to a number of factors. Available technology Status of women in society

Choice of employment

Many traditionally male or female roles are now open to both genders

It is now accepted for women to work and receive equal pay and employment rights to men

Technology means people can work from home, making it easier to juggle work and family life. Appliances and services have made housework easier and quicker, allowing more free time

CAUSES OF CHANGES TO TRADITIONAL ROLES

Educational opportunities Males and females enjoy equal education and schooling. The internet has made it easier to access education and develop careers

Leisure/recreation With more time and money, women and men have more opportunities for leisure activities

9

Individual, Family and Society

Section A

Effects of Changes in Family Roles

Reviewed

Revised

Mastered

Changes to traditional roles have brought many benefits: many women are more independent, confident and fulfilled as a result of earning an income as well as raising a family. Changing roles have also brought some challenges. Conflict can arise if women are expected to fulfil the majority of duties at home as well as going out to work. Some people, particularly men, may feel marginalised or threatened by changing male and female roles. This is known as an identity crisis.

Test Yourself: Read the passage below and then answer the questions: Andrew and Rose Smith-Clark Andrew and Rose have two children and both work. Rose has a more senior and better paid job than Andrew and so works full-time while Andrew works part-time in order to care for the children. Andrew does not cook the evening meals or do any housework. Rose enjoys her job and it has increased her self-esteem. However, she is often tired and struggles to juggle work and family responsibilities.

1. List some benefits and drawbacks for women who work and have a family. 2. Why do you think Andrew refuses to cook or complete housework? 3. What advice would you give to Rose and Andrew?

Preparing for Parenthood

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Mastered

Parenthood requires a good deal of money, emotional support, time and energy. Problems often result from an unplanned pregnancy when one or both parents feel unprepared to take on the responsibilities of a child. If a person is unable to care for their child properly, they may be adopted or cared for by the state. Potential parents must be prepared for many changes: ■■ Physical: a woman’s body must be mature enough to carry a baby through pregnancy and to give birth. ■■ Economic: a couple must provide financially for their child throughout its life. Food, clothing and educational needs all need to be paid for. Large expenses such as new accommodation and a car may also be necessary. ■■ Mental, emotional and psychological: new parents must accept the numerous demands of having a child. They will be required to make sacrifices and Remember changes to their lifestyle and to put their child’s needs before their own. You need to be able to give examples of how people can prepare mentally, physically and socially for parenthood.

Test Yourself: 1. List THREE demands that a child may place on a parent. 2. List some practical ways that a woman could look after her health while pregnant. 3. Describe ONE change that a person might make to their life in preparation for parenthood. 4. State whether you agree with the following statement: ‘All a child needs is love.’ Give reasons for your answer.

10

Section A

Characteristics of Effective Parenting

Individual, Family and Society

Reviewed

Revised

Mastered

Good parents should model good behaviour to their children. Certain skills, characteristics and attitudes will be helpful to all parents. Parents need to know about health, hygiene, safety, nutrition, education and societal demands.

Test Yourself: Using the words below, fill in the qualities of a good parent on the diagram. Each quality relates to a different part of the body.

problem-solving skills communication skills socialising skills disciplinary skills showing love knowledge of good nutrition money management

Revision Tip: Try to remember this illustration in your exam. Start from the head and work your way down the body to remind you of each of the qualities.

Test Yourself: 1. Choose ONE of the qualities from the diagram above and explain why it is important in a parent. 2. Based on what you know about the characteristics and tools needed for effective parenting, write a paragraph explaining the importance of family planning.

Parent Support There are many parent support groups available for all stages of parenting. Ante-natal groups teach what couples should expect during pregnancy, childbirth and the first weeks of having a new baby. Other groups offer support for parents of older children who feel they need extra help when their children enter puberty.

11

Section A

Individual, Family and Society

Social Issues Affecting Family Life

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Juvenile delinquency: includes any kind of antisocial behaviour by young people, e.g. getting drunk and disturbing others, vandalism, intimidation, fighting, shoplifting and missing school. A juvenile delinquent might be in trouble with the police and cause tension in their family. Reasons for delinquency include: poverty, lack of opportunity, dysfunctional family life, peer pressure and boredom. Teenage pregnancy: carries physical and mental health risks for the mother. Her education may be interrupted or ended, affecting her employment prospects. Unplanned teenage pregnancies can also put financial, emotional and mental strain on extended families. Causes of teenage pregnancy include lack of education, irresponsible behaviour and failure to use contraception. 18 per cent of all births in the Caribbean are during adolescence

Test Yourself: Find out the most recent figures for teenage pregnancy in your country. Is this a growing problem or are numbers decreasing?

births during adolescence

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs): STDs can be

hard to detect as they may not cause symptoms. This increases the risk of births after adolescence these diseases spreading. Untreated, some STDs such as gonorrhoea and chlamydia can cause infertility. HIV is an STD that can lead to AIDS, which is incurable. Causes of STDs include lack of condom use, people having multiple sexual partners and a lack of testing. Child abuse/incest/domestic violence: child abuse is any action (or neglect) that harms a child physically, sexually or emotionally. When sexual activity occurs within a family this is called incest. Domestic violence describes one family member physically attacking another. Such attacks cause emotional, psychological and physical damage. Sometimes the perpetrator has psychological issues. Abuse and violence against others is illegal. Desertion: usually, but not always, it is the father that leaves the family. Absent fathers must pay maintenance towards the care of their children. A family who are deserted face emotional difficulties as well as financial challenges. Causes of desertion may be an unhappy marriage, a lack of commitment or a person starting a new relationship. Suicide: someone taking their own life is also a form of desertion and carries the same effects. In addition to facing financial, emotional and psychological hardship, families may feel guilty that they were unable to help the relative who has died. Suicide is often linked to depression, stress, financial or relationship worries. Care of the aged and those with special needs: elderly people who do not have family to care for them may live in a care home or have carers look after them at home. They may need expensive medication. People with special needs also need dedicated care. Caring for a dependent relative requires time, effort and patience. Carers may have little time for work or other activities and may suffer financially as they are unable to work. Alternative lifestyles: there are many different ways to live. People can have multiple sexual partners, they may not marry, they may be in a same-sex relationship or they may withdraw from society and live a reclusive life. Some people are concerned that alternative lifestyles damage traditional values. Street children: homeless children may have escaped an abusive family, been evicted, been orphaned 12

Section A

Individual, Family and Society

or their relatives may be too poor to care for them. Street children face physical and financial hardship as well as emotional challenges. Some may have addictions to substances such as glue, drugs or alcohol. Substance abuse can lead to a dependency on crime to fund an addiction. Human trafficking: illegal trade in people is increasing. Occasionally, parents may be so poor that they sell their children to traffickers who promise a better life. Sometimes children are stolen. Poor women may be tricked into leaving their home with the promise of work. When they reach their destination, these women and children may be sexually exploited, treated as slaves and kept against their will.

Test Yourself: 1. Why might poverty, lack of opportunities and dysfunctional family life lead to juvenile delinquency? 2. What effects might human trafficking have on (a) an individual and (b) their family?

Revision Tip: Look out for examples of social issues and their effects in the newspaper. You can draw on these in your exam.

Dealing with Social Issues

Reviewed

Revised

Mastered

Creating and enforcing laws to protect individuals and society is one way of tackling social issues. Individuals, governments, social agencies and charities can also take action. Poverty Poverty destroys people’s choices and gives little hope for the future. This can lead to unsociable behaviour, crime, psychological damage and addiction. Children who live in poverty are less likely to do well in school and may feel hopeless about their future, resulting in reckless behaviour. Lack of money may mean that aged dependants or those with special needs are neglected. If poverty is tackled, other social problems will improve. Charities run projects to help people work their way out of poverty. Education Lack of education is linked to many social problems. Educating people about the risks of irresponsible sexual behaviour reduces the number of unwanted pregnancies and the transmission of STDs. Providing a good education and helping young people gain qualifications helps ensure employment and an escape from poverty, leading to fewer delinquents, homeless children and damaging behaviour. Adult education improves self-esteem and employment chances. Social Agencies Through cooperation, social agencies recognise and address social concerns. Where children have been mistreated or neglected, parents may need help and support in parenting skills. In extreme circumstances, children are taken away from their families by social services.

13

Section A

Individual, Family and Society

Justice and Reintegration When a person commits a crime they may be sent to prison or a detention centre or have to carry out community work. It is hoped that these sanctions will help to correct their behaviour. Following their punishment, ex-offenders should be reintegrated into society. Charities across the region help with this. Freedom of Choice Strategies for dealing with social issues will only work if people want to change. People are always free to choose. The support of families and friends is essential if a person decides to change their way of life.

Laws to Protect the Family

Remember You should know about some organisations in the region that deal with social issues.

Reviewed

Revised

Mastered

Inheritance When someone dies, their money or property must be shared out Section 3(1) (b) Status of Children Act Ch according to their will. This prevents family members from taking assets 46: 07, Laws of the Section 3(1)Republic (b) Status Children Act Ch 46: 07 ofof Trinidad not intended for them. Without a will, possessions are shared between and Tobago Laws of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. the family, prioritising the deceased person’s partner and children. Childcare All Caribbean countries have legislation to protect children, most of which derives from the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. The Family Law Act is based on these rights. Childcare legislation ensures that children under 18 are protected by their parents. Child-related laws also state that, following divorce, the parent caring for children receives maintenance money. Often joint custody will also be dealt with legally. Legal Separation Legal separation gives a couple rights during separation. Usually these relate to money, property and responsibilities for children. Divorce A divorce is the legal ending of a marriage following separation. During divorce settlements, decisions are made regarding the sharing of assets. One partner may pay money to help support the other (alimony). Annulment is the ending of a marriage due to it being declared invalid. Domestic Violence All Caribbean states that have accepted the United Nations Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) must uphold laws against domestic violence. There are also laws to protect children against violence. Some laws need to change to incorporate mental and emotional as well as physical abuse, as well Test Yourself: as to incorporate women in common-law or 1. Why are inheritance laws important? visiting relationships. 2. Explain, using an example, why laws need to adapt to modern-day family life. 14

Individual, Family and Society

Section A

Unit

2

Social Groups and Institutions

Concept Map

Cohesion and interaction within social groups

Cultural diversity of the Caribbean

Characteristics of institutions

SOCIAL GROUPS

INSTITUTIONS

Functions of institutions

Self Check Tick the box that shows how confident you feel

Yes

Maybe

No

I can correctly use terms and concepts related to social groups and institutions. I can account for cultural diversity in the Caribbean. I can outline characteristics of primary, secondary, formal and informal groups. I can describe requirements for cohesion in groups and institutions. I can describe types of interaction within groups. I can describe characteristics and functions of institutions.

15

Individual, Family and Society

Section A

Cultural Diversity in the Caribbean

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Mastered

Cultural diversity occurs when people from different cultural or ethnic groups live together in one place. Within the Caribbean, people of African, European, American, Afro-Indian, Asian and MiddleEastern ethnic groups live together. Mixing cultures brings a variety of festivals, food, art and tradition to the Caribbean. It can also cause tensions.

Cultures and Their Influence in the Caribbean ■■

■■

■■

■■

The earliest ethnic group to settle in the Caribbean were the Amerindians who came from Central and South America around 4000 BC. The Taino people from the Orinoco river area arrived around 500 BC. Amerindians still live in the Caribbean today, particularly in St Vincent. Africans were transported to the Caribbean in the 17th century as slaves. Most countries in the Caribbean have a majority Afro-Caribbean population. The influence of European culture is present in the Caribbean through Christianity and festivals such as Christmas and Easter. Europeans arrived in the Caribbean in 1492. Asian influence came with the arrival of indentured workers from China and India in the 19th century. With these ethnic groups came Hinduism and Islam, along with their many festivals.

Test Yourself: Write a timeline using the information above.

Remember You need to know the order that ethnic groups arrived in the Caribbean.

Today, these cultures fuse to create diversity in the Caribbean. Traditions are kept alive through festivals, crafts, food, literature and religion. Many cultures form their own groups to promote and protect their ancestral customs. Ethnic group

Contribution to Caribbean culture

Amerindians (Central and South America)

Cassava, pepperpot, traditional craft (basket weaving and pottery)

Afro-Caribbeans (Africa)

African traditional religion, drumming and dance, storytelling, plantain, breadfruit

Europeans

Architecture, Christianity, cricket, government and education systems

Asians (China, India)

Hinduism, Islam, festivals, roti, curry, rice

Commercialisation of Culture The Caribbean’s rich cultural mix is attractive to tourists, who like to try the different foods available and visit cultural and historical places. People also come to the Caribbean to experience carnival. Tourists can buy traditional art and crafts and pay to watch traditional dancing and music.

Test Yourself: 1. Name TWO European influences in modern Caribbean life. 2. Which ethnic group brought Islam and Hinduism to the Caribbean? 3. Identify ONE benefit and ONE drawback of cultural diversity.

16

Section A

Characteristics of Social Groups

Individual, Family and Society

Reviewed

Revised

Mastered

Society is made up of different social groups. These groups meet and interact regularly, share common goals and interests and meet expectations for accepted behaviour. ■■ A primary social group is small. Members interact frequently and directly, relationships are personal and each person belongs to the group based on who they are. Membership is normally involuntary, e.g. a family. ■■ Secondary social groups are larger and less personal. Interaction is less frequent or temporary and the group may be split into smaller work groups, e.g. a school committee. ■■ A formal social group is an organised group with an elected leader and written rules. Members might wear a uniform and there are usually formal requirements for joining and leaving. Cooperation is required by all members, e.g. a class in school, a football team. ■■ Informal social groups are more relaxed, with no clear structure or rules, and members may join or leave voluntarily at any time, e.g. peer groups, a school gardening club.

Test Yourself: 1. Using the descriptions above, identify ONE other primary, secondary, formal and informal group. 2. State THREE benefits of belonging to social groups. 3. What conflicts might arise within a social group?

Cohesion within Social Groups

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Mastered

Groups need to have cohesion. Formal groups that have a clear aim work best with a figure of authority to facilitate and guide the group, often delegating tasks. Leadership styles range from dictatorial to democratic. A successful group requires commitment and loyalty from members and acceptance of the group leader.

Test Yourself: Look at the picture

and identify these aspects of social interaction: competition conflict cooperation compromise

17

Individual, Family and Society

Section A

Characteristics of Institutions

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Mastered

An institution can be an accepted pattern or custom in society (a norm) or an established, formal group within society, such as the church or the Caribbean Examinations Council (CXC).

Social Institutions Over time, a social norm becomes accepted practice. Handshaking, conversing with others, dressing appropriately and celebrating birthdays are all social norms. Casual social norms such as these are sometimes called folkways. More important social norms arise from the accepted values of society. Norms closely connected with moral values are known as mores. They often form the backbone of society and influence laws in a country, e.g. the more to hand in lost property that you find to the police stems from the moral value not to steal. Some values change over time, affecting social norms. For society and organisations to develop, they must be flexible and adapt their norms and values in line with societal changes.

Organisational Institutions Organisational institutions (large, established and often influential groups within society) are secondary formal groups that share certain characteristics.

Characteristics of Organisational Institutions Characteristics of institutional organisations Hierarchical structure (needed to form an organisation)

Symbols and rituals (symbols and rituals consolidate identity)

ORGANISATION

Specific function (an organisation must have a reason to exist)

Written (accepted) rules and fixed sanctions (an organisation produces written rules enforced by sanctions)

Endures over time (although members may change)

Test Yourself: Choose an organisational institution in your country and write a summary of how it incorporates THREE of the characteristics listed above.

18

Individual, Family and Society

Section A

Functions of Institutions

Reviewed

Revised

Category of institution

Description

Economic

Includes banks, building societies, credit unions and trade organisations. Also industries that produce goods and raw materials that contribute to the economy of a country.

Educational

Schools, colleges, universities, adult education classes, libraries and any organisation that teaches skills and knowledge. These institutions, particularly for children, also have a role in the socialisation of individuals.

Recreational

Organisations providing recreational activities to a population – include cinemas, theatres, libraries, sports clubs, music venues, tourist resorts, gymnasiums, restaurants and leisure centres.

Religious

Places of worship, religious schools, convents and monasteries. Religious institutions are very important in Caribbean society, where most of the population practise a faith. Many religious institutions also take an active role in responding to social issues.

Political

The main political institution in a country is its government. Governments have many departments responsible for areas such as education, employment, defence, the arts and local government. Government represents and protects its people. It should ensure a good standard of living and help the country develop. Other political institutions include opposition parties and lobby groups as well as prisons, which exist because of political decisions made regarding crime and punishment.

Mastered

Test Yourself: Label the following institutions with the words given. Some may fit into more than one category.

economic educational recreational religious political

19

Individual, Family and Society

Section A

Unit

3

Government

Concept Map

Relationship between citizens and governments

Factors influencing the outcome of elections

Preparation for elections

Essentials of good governance

Structure of government

Factors influencing voter participation

ELECTORAL SYSTEMS IN THE CARIBBEAN

Functions of government

GOVERNMENT SYSTEMS IN THE CARIBBEAN

Self Check Tick the box that shows how confident you feel I can describe systems used to elect a government in the Caribbean. I can describe how political parties prepare for election. I can name factors that influence voter participation and outcomes of elections. I can differentiate between government systems in the Caribbean. I can describe the structure of government and explain the roles of different powers. I can evaluate the functions of government. I can describe how the constitution influences the relationship between government and citizens. I can list characteristics of good governance.

20

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Individual, Family and Society

Section A

Electoral Systems in the Caribbean

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Caribbean governments are elected in two ways: first-past-the-post or proportional representation (PR). When no party wins a clear majority of seats, a hung parliament occurs. In this instance two political parties may form a coalition government. Occasionally, all major political parties unite to form a government of national unity.

First-past-the-post (FPTP) ■■

■■ ■■ ■■

■■ ■■

A country is divided into geographical constituencies which are allocated a representative from each political party. Constituencies may also have independent candidates. Each constituency’s electorate vote for the candidate they wish to represent them in parliament. The person with the most votes wins a seat in parliament and represents their constituency. The political party with the majority of seats forms the government. Its leader becomes prime minister. The party with the second highest number of seats becomes the opposition party. Some people are concerned that this system of election promotes gerrymandering. First-past-the-post is the electoral system used in all Commonwealth countries except Guyana.

Proportional Representation (PR) ■■ ■■

■■

■■

■■

Seats in parliament reflect the number of votes a party receives in an election. The electorate vote for a political party to rule their country rather than a candidate to represent their constituency. Each political party prepares two lists of candidates (a national top-up list and a geographical constituencies list). The number of candidates that will occupy seats in parliament depends on how many votes a party wins. If a party wins 28% of votes, they will gain 28% of seats in parliament, split between their national and geographical lists. Lists are made in order of preference.

Adult suffrage describes eligibility to vote. All residents over 18 years old have the right to vote in elections. In these first-past-the-post election results, the United Independent Party will win the election. This means that 63.6% of the population will not have the party they voted for in power.

Others 13.6% of votes

Remember Guyana is the only Commonwealth Caribbean country to use proportional representation.

United Independent Party 36.4% of votes

The People’s Party 18.8% of votes

Democratic Union Party 31.2% of votes

21

Individual, Family and Society

Section A

Electoral Processes in the Caribbean

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Mastered

Test Yourself: Study the table. Results of the 2015 Guyana general election

Party

Votes

Percentage

No. of seats

APNU-AFC

207,201

50.30

33

People’s Progressive Party

202,656

49.19

32

The United Force

1,099

0.27

0

United Republican Party

418

0.10

0

Independent Party

342

0.08

0

National Independent Party

254

0.06

0

Total

415,970

100

65

Source: GECOM.

1. Draw a pie chart to reflect the split of seats between the APNU-AFC and the People’s Progressive Party in the 2015 Guyana elections. 2. Why did The United Force party not win any seats, despite 1,099 people voting for them? 3. What disadvantage to proportional representation does this show? 4. Match the advantages and disadvantages on the right to FPTP or PR.

Remember

It’s simple. The candidate with the highest number of votes gains the seat in parliament.

A constituency has a parliamentary candidate to represent its specific needs and concerns. Constituencies whose representatives aren’t in the ruling party may be side-lined.

Be able to state which electoral system you prefer and why.

It leads to too many parties being represented with no clear lead.

It’s fairer. The votes a party receives are reflected in the number of seats they have.

It provides for representation of minority political parties.

Eligible voters must register to vote and are provided with a voter’s list of candidates

Whichever electoral system is used, the electoral process is the same.

Eligible voters must register to vote and are provided with a voter’s list of candidates

Eligible voters must register to vote and are provided with a voter’s list of candidates

Eligible voters must register to vote and are provided with a voter’s list of candidates

Political parties campaign to win votes

Political parties campaign to win votes

Political parties campaign to win votes

22

Political parties campaign to win votes

The electorate cast their votes individually by completing ballot papers and posting them in a sealed box

The electorate cast their votes individually by completing ballot papers and posting them in a sealed box

The electorate cast their votes individually by completing ballot papers and posting them in a sealed box

Votes countedand and winners Votes arearecounted winnersannounced announced

Section A

Individual, Family and Society

Voter Participation in Elections

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To be eligible to vote you must be over 18, be a citizen of the country and have registered to vote. Some people that register won’t vote and others may not even register. This may be a result of not being educated on the importance of voting, cynicism towards government or voter apathy. 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

19 51 19 56 19 61 19 66 19 71 19 76 19 81 19 86 19 91 19 94 19 9 20 9 03 20 08 20 13

Candidates: a voter may like/dislike, agree/disagree with a particular candidate or feel loyal to them due to religious or cultural ties.

Voter turnout (%)

Campaign issues: to engage voters, political parties must convince the public that they will improve society. They do this by telling voters what actions they will take on various issues. This is called campaigning and intensifies the closer a country gets to a general election.

Voter participation trends in Barbados between 1951 and 2013

Year

Loyalty: people might vote for a particular party because that is who they have always voted for; in this sense they may feel a loyalty to a political party even if they are no longer happy with its values or practices. Family influence can also affect how a person votes. Personal circumstances: an older person may vote for the political party they are most familiar with or that has ruled the country well in the past. Younger people are more likely to want change and to vote for more recent or progressive political parties. Income and status can also influence votes.

Factors Influencing the Outcome of Elections

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Political parties do all they can to win votes. In particular, a party will try to influence floating voters and gain marginal seats. ■■

■■

■■

Media coverage: the media will report on parties’ campaigning and expose any improper behaviour. Negative media coverage may influence people’s support for a party. The media should provide unbiased reporting on all parties. Voter attitude: some people may decide not to vote, others may change their mind about who to vote for. Sometimes public opinion polls sway voters’ decisions; they may not vote for a party that is unlikely to win. Campaigning: it is vital for parties to have a campaign strategy. This ensures that all party members know its key messages and priorities, understand its policies, are aware of marginal constituencies and adopt the party’s tactics. To succeed, a party’s members must be unified and have a common strategy. The amount of money that a party spends on its campaign, along with the effectiveness of its advertising, also affects its success.

23

Section A

How Political Parties Prepare for Elections

Individual, Family and Society

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A slogan of the Saint Lucia Labour Party

A slogan of the Saint Lucia Labour Party In Commonwealth Caribbean countries, government can be in power for five years only before a general election is called. Political parties prepare for a general election by: ■■ Selecting candidates: any eligible person who is approved by their party can stand. ■■ Raising funds: these funds pay for candidates’ travel Political parties may mail flyers such as this to people’s homes to try to win votes and accommodation, advertising and staff. Funding may come through donations from individuals and businesses or fundraising. ■■ Prioritising issues: parties must decide which issues are most important. They then develop policies to address these and attract voters. Opinion polls highlight key areas of concern and indicate which constituencies a party should focus on. ■■ Publishing a manifesto: this document outlines a party’s values and its intended policies and legislation. It sets out an action plan for a party if it gains power. Parties may also come up with a campaign slogan to sum up their beliefs. ■■ Campaigning: politicians try to convince the electorate to vote for their party through face-to-face meetings (called canvassing), through advertising and media (including social media), through mailings and through debates. All campaigning must be done openly without intimidation, aggression or harassment. Every party must be allowed to campaign. ■■ Monitoring the opposition: parties monitor each other to assess which policies or actions have been successful. They then use this information to adapt their own approach. Parties often highlight weaknesses in each other but should be careful not to focus too much on the failings of another party. This is known as a smear campaign and may deter voters. ■■ Monitoring the electoral process: all parties must monitor the electoral process to ensure that candidates follow the rules. Parties should ensure that voters are protected from bribery and intimidation and that they conduct themselves appropriately.

Remember

Test Yourself: Write a brief campaign strategy for a political party (existing or fictional) including all the elements listed above.

24

To be eligible to stand as a political candidate a person should be over 21 years old, be a resident of their country and be proficient in the English language.

Section A

Individual, Family and Society

Government Systems in the Caribbean

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Crown Colonies Crown colonies, now known as British Overseas Territories, are countries with a governor (appointed by Britain to represent the British monarch). These countries have varying degrees of self-rule but ultimately come under British authority and protection, e.g. Montserrat, Cayman Islands and Turks and Caicos Islands.

Constitutional Monarchies

Hierarchy of a constitutional monarchy

These are countries that, following independence, retained ties with Britain whilst having political independence. Governors were replaced with governors-general appointed by the British monarch as their representative, e.g. Barbados, St Vincent and the Grenadines, St Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia and Grenada.

Monarch (no ruling authority, subject to law)

Governor‐general (no ruling authority, subject to law)

Republic In a republic, the monarch is replaced by a president as head of state. In a parliamentary republic, the president is elected by parliament but has limited power. Authority over how the country is governed belongs to the prime minister, e.g. Trinidad and Tobago, the Commonwealth of Dominica. In presidential republics the president is elected by public vote and is head of government as well as head of state. She or he has full authority over the running of the country, e.g. Guyana.

Structures of Government

Prime minister (has authority to run the country, subject to law)

Government (works with and for the prime minister to run the country)

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Whichever system of government is used in a country, the government will be structured into three separate branches, called a separation of powers. These branches are the legislature, the executive and the judiciary. These branches of government are independent from (yet accountable to) each other in order to avoid abuses of power. Additional security systems such as the prison and police service work closely with the government.

The Legislature This is the branch of government that forms parliament and manages the day-to-day running of the country, e.g. passing laws (legislation), debating issues and forming policies. Legislature can have one (unicameral) or two (bicameral) parts. Most Commonwealth Caribbean countries have bicameral legislatures but Guyana and Dominica are examples of unicameral legislatures. A bicameral legislature has an upper house (often called the Senate) and a lower house (often called the House of Representatives/the House of Assembly). The Senate is made up of senators nominated by the head of state (independent senators), the prime minister (government senators) and leaders of the opposition (opposition senators). Government and opposition senators represent a political party. Independent senators do not represent any party and are often nominated to represent a specific area of society. 25

Individual, Family and Society

Section A

The House of Representatives

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The House of Representatives is made up of MPs from the ruling party and opposition parties, including the prime minister and the leader of the opposition. They have been elected by their constituencies or, in the case of proportional representation, their party leader. The ruling party will fill the majority of seats in both Houses. Both senators and MPs vote on issues debated in parliament. Organogram showing structure of government branches Government

Executive

Cabinet

Civil servants

Ministers

Legislature

Bicameral

Senate

Senators

Judiciary

Unicameral

Privy Council

House of Representatives

Caribbean Court of Justice

MPs

Court of Appeal

High Court

Magistrates’ Court

How Laws Are Made

in ReviewedThe stages Revised involved Mastered creating a new law

To ensure that a proposed law is required, fair and appropriate it must be debated, modified if necessary and eventually agreed upon in the House of Representatives and the Senate.

Proposal

Preparation of outline

Test Yourself: Study the flow chart opposite, which shows the process involved in creating laws.

Copy the chart, providing a summary for each stage and inserting the missing stages below into the correct spaces. Draft  Committee stage   Assent stage

First reading

Second reading

Report stage

Third reading

Senate debate

26

Section A

Individual, Family and Society

Key Persons

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The Prime Minister: appoints ministers and decides their responsibilities; chairs cabinet meetings; appoints the governor-general (in a constitutional monarchy); decides when elections should occur; leads on formulating policy and legislation. The Opposition: challenges and questions government policies and conduct; exposes weakness or corruption in government; proposes its own bills. The Head of State: in countries where the head of state is executive president, they have all the same powers as the prime minister. Where the head of state is a governor-general, they have discretionary powers to appoint the prime minister, the leader of the opposition, independent senators and members of the Privy Council. The Governor-General, on the advice of the prime minister, will also: appoint/dismiss ministers; dissolve parliament; appoint judges. The Executive is the branch of government that oversees the daily running of the country. Composed of the cabinet (prime minister, cabinet ministers and junior cabinet ministers) and civil servants, the executive: creates policies and programmes for the country and ensures they are carried out; proposes legislation (laws); proposes taxation (the budget).

Structure of the executive

Prime minister = Cabinet Ministers

Civil servants ensure that government programmes are carried out. Senior civil servants advise cabinet. Junior ministers

Ministers are appointed by the prime minister (or, in Guyana, the president) into areas of responsibility in the cabinet. These areas of responsibility are known as a portfolio. The minister leads a government department (ministry) and must create, defend and promote its policies. When a government changes these roles, this is known as a cabinet reshuffle.

Civil servants

Test Yourself: Match the role to the corresponding responsibility. prime minister civil servant minister junior minister

assigned a portfolio implements government policies leads the cabinet assists the minister

27

Individual, Family and Society

Section A

The Judiciary

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This branch of government administers the law. It is vital that it remains independent and is not influenced by the executive or legislature. The judiciary investigates allegations of law-breaking and imposes sanctions on those who have acted illegally. Different courts fulfil different purposes: ■■ Magistrates’ court: conducts trials for minor criminal offences (e.g. shoplifting) as well as initial enquiries into serious crimes. The coroner’s court at this level investigates suspicious deaths. ■■ High court: deals with serious offences that have had a preliminary hearing at a magistrates’ court. Disputes relating to civil matters (e.g. divorce, land disputes) take place at civil divisions of a high court. ■■ Court of appeal: handles appeals against sentences. This court can alter the sentence or fine imposed by a lower court. ■■ Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ): if an individual still does not agree with the sentencing from the court of appeal, they can appeal to the Caribbean Court of Justice. The CCJ also investigates international cases relating to the CARICOM Treaty. ■■ Privy Council: the final court of appeal for most English-speaking Caribbean countries, situated in London, UK.

Revision Tip: The hierarchy of Caribbean criminal courts works anti-alphabetically: Magistrates’ court, High court, Court of appeal and Caribbean Court of Justice (but don’t forget to add Privy Council at the top!).

Security Systems

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The police and prison services work with the court system to administer and uphold the law. Police may arrest people breaking the law. Police will then work with social services to investigate the crime and, if necessary, take the case to court. It is also the role of police to protect citizens and keep the peace. This involves overseeing rallies, controlling traffic and attending accidents. The prison service is used to punish offenders and act as a deterrent. Keeping criminals in prison prevents them from committing further attacks, thus protecting society. It is important that prisons provide opportunities for criminals to change and that prisoners are supported to reintegrate into society. The process and judicial services involved in administering the law

Arrest by police

Preliminary hearing at magistrates’ court

Case heard at high court

Prison sentence imposed

Test Yourself: 1. Cover this page and list the different Caribbean courts in order of prominence. 2. Why is it important for a judiciary to be independent? 28

Section A

Individual, Family and Society

Functions of Government

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A good government manages the affairs of a country to enable the best possible standard of living for its citizens. This means placing restrictions and expectations on citizens as well as providing services to them. ■■ Taxation: all adults earning over a certain amount must pay income tax to pay for these services. Tax is also applied to goods and services that people buy (VAT, consumption tax, airport duty and stamp duty). ■■ Social services: are provided free by the government and paid for by taxes. Includes welfare (pensions, money for families on low incomes), education, healthcare and public utilities. ■■ Budget: a government must decide how it will raise and spend revenue (a budget). The flow of money into and out of a country and the management of inflation keep a country stable. A government must decide how much money to borrow while keeping debt manageable. ■■ Law and order: a government maintains law and order and promotes stability through passing legislation, maintaining courts and prisons and ensuring sufficient policing. ■■ Employment: government aims to provide employment for as many Remember citizens as possible, either directly through government services Fiscal policy deals with how or by promoting the growth of private business. The government government money is raised and spent; monetary policy monitors provides services to help people train for and find work. and stabilises the flow of ■■ International relations: developing and maintaining good relations with money within a country. other countries to benefit trade, finance and security. ■■ Defence: as well as a police force, most countries have Test Yourself: Define the term ‘revenue’. their own armed forces and a defence budget.

Good Governance

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Good governance depends on: ■■ Participation: listening to the public and involving and educating people on the decisions that affect them. This is done through public consultations, referendums and free and fair elections. ■■ Transparency: governments must be open and honest in the decisions they make. ■■ Accountability: governments must be held to account. Government is not above the law and if allegations of misconduct are made, MPs and political parties may be investigated. ■■ Responding to the needs of citizens: a good government spends time and money determining the important issues in society and representing, responding to and protecting its citizens. ■■ Providing access to information: allowing citizens to access information that concerns them, provided this does not threaten national security. ■■ Good use of resources/efficient civil service: governments are obliged to use taxes responsibly. They should work efficiently, try to reduce costs and make best sue of staff, time and money. Government employees should be accountable for their use of resources. ■■ Freedom of expression: allowing individuals the freedom to express opinions, even if they oppose the government. This is a vital part of democracy.

Test Yourself: 1. Which THREE characteristics of good governance do you feel are most important? 2. Choose ONE characteristic of good governance and give recommendations for how your government could improve in this area. 29

Individual, Family and Society

Section A

Citizens and the Government

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A peaceful, successful country must have cooperation and respect between its government and citizens. A constitution sets out the rules and principles, as well as the freedoms and rights, of a society. Citizens should adhere to the constitution and all laws that are passed should reflect the spirit of the constitution. The constitution of every Commonwealth Caribbean country includes a bill of rights that every citizen is entitled to, based on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. These rights protect all citizens equally, regardless of gender, race, religion or political beliefs. With rights and freedoms, however, come responsibilities. A list of rights and their corresponding responsibilities is given below. Rights/Freedoms

Responsibilities

Right to life and freedom of expression

To respect human life and beliefs of others

Right to vote and express political views

To be informed about political parties and engage in elections

Right to security

To abide by laws and report unlawful behaviour

Freedom of movement

To abide by international laws and rules of travel

Right to education

To attend school and work hard

Right to liberty

To exercise freedom and allow others theirs

Right to a fair trial

To be honest in court and attend jury service

Right to protection from the law

To obey the law

Right to privacy

To conduct yourself ethically and honestly

The Role of the Ombudsman An ombudsman is an official who investigates complaints regarding public services. These might relate to unfair treatment or inadequate service. The ombudsman is independent and will report findings to parliament. This ensures that public authorities provide a good service and are accountable.

Test Yourself: 1. Define the following terms: constitution  democracy  authoritarian

2. Give TWO reasons why it is important for a country to have a constitution.

3. List THREE other rights and their responsibilities.

30

Section A

Individual, Family and Society

Test Questions for Section A 1. What did the Amerindians introduce to the Caribbean? (a) cassava (b) cassava, pepperpot, crafts (c) molasses (d) cassava and plantain

6. Which of the following are NOT vital for a group to function effectively? (a) cohesion (b) a leader (c) respect (d) cooperation

2. Which of the following are THREE important qualities of a good parent? (a) social skills, nutritional knowledge, wealth (b) social skills, love, intelligence (c) social skills, nutritional knowledge, love (d) social skills, intelligence, wealth

7. Which of the following are social norms? (a) sneezing, handshaking and sleeping (b) sneezing, handshaking and saying please and thank you (c) sneezing, sleeping and saying please and thank you (d) handshaking and saying please and thank you

3. Which of the following does NOT relate to the effects of changing roles in Caribbean society? (a) identity crisis (b) socialisation of the individual (c) male marginalisation (d) independence of women

8. Which of the following are all examples of secondary social groups? (a) a school council, a family, a church refurbishment committee (b) a school council, a family, a friendship group (c) a school council, a church refurbishment committee, a party planning group (d) a school council, a party planning group, a Scout group

4. Which of the following social issues is punishable by law? (a) teenage pregnancy (b) child abuse (c) domestic violence (d) desertion 5. Which of the following does NOT relate to protection of the family? (a) UNHCR (b) The Family Law Act (c) CEDAW (d) WHO

9. A traditional craft shop is an example of: (a) modern culture (b) hanging culture (c) cultural divides (d) commercialisation of culture 10. Which of the following is NOT a type of government system? (a) crown colony (b) independent state (c) constitutional monarchy (d) republic

Structured Questions 1. Dianne lives with her father and sister. Their mother died two years ago. Dianne’s father has to work full-time to earn an income for the family, which means that Dianne and her sister often have to look after themselves, including preparing their own meals. (a) Using this information, identify Dianne’s family type. (b) What functions of the family are being met? (c) What functions may not be being met adequately? Give reasons for your answer. 2. Jacinta’s partner has recently died. He owned the house that Jacinta and their two children live in and Jacinta is worried that her partner’s family will take the house from her as they were never married but were in a civil partnership. Jacinta’s partner did not leave a will. State how family law can protect Jacinta and her children in this situation. 3. Describe TWO ways, giving examples, in which cultural diversity is reflected in the Caribbean. 4. (a) Name the THREE branches of government and give a brief description of each of their functions. (b) Explain the term ‘separation of powers’ and explain why this is important in relation to the three branches of government. 5. Imagine you are part of a political party preparing for an election. Outline THREE ways in which you would prepare, describing the importance of each. 31

Sustainable Development and Use of Resources

Section B

Unit

1

Development and Use of Resources

Concept Map

Developing human resources

Population distribution and change Migration Population statistics

POPULATION

Employment

RESOURCES

Choosing a job

Sustainable development

Self Check Tick the box that shows how confident you feel I can explain concepts associated with human and physical resources. I can describe major characteristics of a population. I can explain what factors influence population change and distribution. I can explain the source and importance of population statistics. I can identify causes/consequences of migration. I can outline factors in the development of human resources and explain why they are needed. I can explain what influences employment, unemployment and underemployment. I can identify considerations when choosing a job or being self-employed. I can describe locations and uses of natural resources and the importance of preserving them.

32

Yes

Maybe

No

Section B

Sustainable Development and Use of Resources

Population

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The population is the number of people in a particular place, e.g. a town, a city, a country or the world. Population is made up of different ages, genders, occupations, ethnicity, religion and dependency ratios. These factors show the structure and characteristics of a population and can be collected and analysed to inform governmental decisions. Characteristics of population are often shown in a population pyramid. This shows visually the relative numbers of different age groups and genders in a population. The study of populations is called demography.

Test Yourself: Use the population pyramid to answer the questions: 1. Which age range has the highest population in Jamaica?

Jamaica – 2015

Male

2. Are there more dependants (aged over 65 or under 19) or working people in Jamaica?

3. Are there more men or women over 65 years of age in Jamaica?

160 128

96 64 32 Population (in thousands)

100+ 95–99 90–94 85–89 80–84 75–79 70–74 65–69 60–64 55–59 50–54 45–49 40–44 35–39 30–34 25–29 20–24 15–19 10–14 5–9 0–4

0 0 Age group

Female

32

64 96 128 160 Population (in thousands)

Revision Tip: Practise presenting a population pyramid based on statistics provided by looking up statistics for age and gender in your country and presenting them in a population pyramid.

Population Distribution Population distribution shows the way that a population is spread out across an area. Population density is the number of people compared to space. This is worked out by calculating the number of people per square kilometre. Population densities are influenced by: ■■ Relief of the land: mountainous regions are Map showing relief of the land in the Dominican Republic. Notice that the capital city is located underpopulated as they are hard to access and on low ground difficult to farm. Flat land is easier to build on, navigate and farm, so communities often build up Atlantic Ocean in these areas. In areas prone to flooding, people DOMINICAN REPUBLIC CUBA live on higher ground. HAITI ■■ Climate: regions with extreme climates (e.g. deserts, the Arctic) have few inhabitants. Generally, people Santo are attracted to areas with a climate for comfortable Domingo living and fertile farming. However, due to climate Metres Caribbean Sea change, many people have to live in areas with 3050 1525 extreme weather conditions. Flood defences, 610 305 irrigation systems, alternative farming methods and 153 sea level secure buildings help communities to adapt. 33

Sustainable Development and Use of Resources

Section B

■■

■■

■■

Location of mineral resources: populations grow around areas that have mineral resources – they provide jobs and wealth. Oil and gas extraction provided 44% of government revenue for Trinidad and Tobago in 2011. Developed areas: such areas provide housing, infrastructure (roads, water and electricity supplies), amenities (schools, hospitals, shops), leisure facilities and employment. As more people choose to live in these areas, towns and cities grow. The most densely populated area of a country is its capital city. Globally, more people live in urban areas than in rural settings. Charity Environmental factors: certain types of vegetation make it VENEZUELA Georgetown difficult for humans to live in an area if they cannot build on or Bartica New Amsterdam GUYANA farm the land, e.g. forest areas of Belize and Guyana. Sometimes, Mahida Linden environmental factors (active volcanoes, earthquakes) make an area unsafe to live in (e.g. the southern side of Montserrat). SURINAME

of Guyana and identify: 1. The densely populated areas. Why do you think this is? 2. The unpopulated areas. Why do you think this is?

Remember You should know about the densely populated and underpopulated areas in your country.

BRAZIL

Essequibo

Test Yourself: Study the map

Lethem

Dense tropical forest Seasonally flooded tropical forest with scattered marsh and swamp Grassland or savanna Cultivated land Pakaraima Mountains

Population Change

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The global population has increased from 1.65 billion in 1900 to 7 billion today. The world’s population will always grow as long as its birth rate exceeds its death rate.

Birth and Death Rates and Natural Increases

Remember birth rate – death rate

= rate of natural increase A country’s birth rate is calculated by comparing the number of children born each year to every 1,000 people in the population. Birth rate is affected by many factors: the number of child-bearing women in the population, people’s choices concerning family size, the provision of maternal healthcare. The birth rate minus the death rate gives the rate of natural increase in a country’s population.

Test Yourself: Use the statistics in the table to fill in the missing birth and death rates and natural increases. Country

Birth rate

Death rate

Montserrat

11.26

6.30

Barbados

11.87

St Lucia

13.70

Trinidad and Tobago St Kitts and Nevis

34

Remember

3.43

You need to know how to calculate birth rate, death rate and natural increase using statistics.

7.42 8.56

13.50

Natural increase

7.09

4.90

Section B

Sustainable Development and Use of Resources

Factors Affecting Birth and Death Rates ■■

■■

■■

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Development: as healthcare improves, people live longer and maternal and infant mortality rates decrease. Family planning: fertility rate is affected by the availability of contraceptives and information on reproduction. This gives people more control over their family size and spacing. Fertility treatments help more couples to conceive. Education: improved access to education means that more people Remember know about the implications of overpopulation. People are more aware Conflict over family planning can of the family planning options available to them. Educated women are arise within groups that oppose less likely to have large families. Nutrition and lifestyle education means contraception. that people take better care of themselves and live longer.

Migration

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Migration occurs within a country as well as internationally. People moving into a country is called immigration. People leaving a country is emigration. The difference between these two factors determines the net migration for a country. Positive net migration occurs when more people move

into a country than move out. Negative net migration is when more people leave a country than migrate into it. The net migration rate is usually worked out per 1,000 of the population: N = 1,000 × (I − E)/P.

Revision Tip: Immigration is people moving in (im sounds like in). This must mean that emigration is people moving out.

Test Yourself: If the total population of a country is 370,000 and 19,000 people immigrated one year and 10,800 emigrated, what was the island’s net migration that year? Did the country have a positive or negative net migration?

Push and Pull Factors

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Reasons for people leaving a place are known as push factors. The circumstances that attract people to move to a particular country or area are known as pull factors. External migration occurs between Caribbean countries and between the Caribbean and

the rest of the world. Some people study abroad or move for employment. Other pull factors include relationships, family ties or just wanting to experience a different country. There is concern that external migration leads to depopulation and brain drain in the supply country. However, many people living abroad send money back to their family at home and, if the person returns home, they bring the skills they have acquired with them. There is concern in some host countries that migrants take jobs from local people and put an extra burden on the state. Some migrant workers experience prejudice or exploitation. In most cases, immigration benefits the host country through providing workers and skills as well as improving cultural diversity.

Remember The most common countries that people from the Caribbean emigrate to are Canada, Mexico, the United States and the United Kingdom.

35

Section B

Sustainable Development and Use of Resources

Rural–Urban Migration

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Many young people decide to leave rural areas for employment, education or a more exciting life in an urban area. Large numbers of people migrating to urban areas (urbanisation) causes problems as those areas become overcrowded and rural areas experience depopulation, underdevelopment and an increase in a dependent population.

Test Yourself: Finish this diagram by listing the reasons people leave rural areas (push factors) under the rural picture and the factors that attract people to urban areas (pull factors) under the city scene. modern infrastructure no jobs boredom more jobs persecution culture underdevelopment more opportunities more and better facilities better education lack of opportunity

Urban–Rural Migration

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Some people feel that rural areas with less crime, pollution and crowding give a better quality of life. Persons who work in agriculture may move to rural areas for employment.

Test Yourself: 1. Write out a list of push and a list of pull factors for urban–rural migration.

2. Using the above information, identify all the consequences of migration, both positive and negative, that are mentioned.

3. Categorise these under the headings Individual, Host country or Origin country depending on whom they affect.

36

Section B

Sustainable Development and Use of Resources

Population Statistics

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Population statistics give data relating to the size and structure of a country’s population and are compiled through collecting birth rates, death rates and migration figures. This is done in a variety of ways: ■■ National census: collection of data about a country’s population by the government. Usually a form is sent out to every adult in a country, who must provide theEvery information requested. Information birth in the Caribbean must be registered to inform population figures gathered is made available to the population. ■■ Registrar’s office: these are government offices that keep a legal record of births, marriages and deaths. It is a legal obligation to register these incidents. ■■ Office of Naturalisation: keeps a record of all the people who have immigrated to the country and been granted naturalisation. Figures of people living temporarily in the country are also recorded. ■■ Records of religious institutions: records of baptisms, marriages, funerals and coming of age ceremonies are also held by religious institutions.

Uses of Population Statistics

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Census information shows how many people live in the country and how features of the population have changed over time, informing policies on social issues. ■■ Housing: Different types of housing provide for different needs. Population statistics showing the quantity and type of family units within a country help governments plan appropriate housing types and numbers. ■■ Healthcare: the different ages in a population influence the type of healthcare required. Areas that contain a high dependent population require a higher level of healthcare. Aging populations require extra services such as community transport. ■■ Education: an area with a large population of families will require adequate school provision. Statistics showing areas of growth help predict where schools need to be built. ■■ Employment: population statistics show government the level of employment and selfemployment in their country. They can identify when employment levels change as well as giving an average unemployment figure for the country. This helps when budgeting for social welfare services, as well as identifying which areas need assistance to gain employment. ■■ Social welfare: services such as social workers, the police force and health workers need to be concentrated in areas of high population, high crime and high unemployment. ■■ Infrastructure: includes all the services, provisions and systems Remember that enable society to function comfortably and successfully, A parish with the highest population e.g. roads, electricity and water supply, garbage collection and shouldn’t always receive the biggest share of a country’s investment. Factors such sanitation. Good transport and communication links also help as population density, age distribution to grow business and investment to develop the economy. and employment rates should also be considered.

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Section B

Sustainable Development and Use of Resources

Developing Human Resources

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Human resources are essential to a country’s development. Without people, a country cannot provide services, manufacture goods, advance science and technology or develop culture. It is important for government to protect, nurture and assist individuals so that they can contribute to society and grow the country’s economy. Human resources can be developed in a number of ways. ■■ Nutrition and health: through investing in farming, encouraging healthy lifestyles and promoting good nutrition, a country contributes to the health of its people. Governments should provide primary healthcare, including immunisations, maternal healthcare, healthcare education and care of older people. It is important for a government to ensure that everyone has access to affordable secondary healthcare, which focuses on detection, treatment and cure of diseases (e.g. hospitals, clinics, medical research, treatments, therapies and rehabilitation). Mental healthcare also requires investment from government. If people are absent from work through illness, this negatively affects the productivity of a country. ■■ Education: education provides people with skills, knowledge and confidence to carry out a job, function well in society and fulfil their potential. In the Caribbean there are four stages of basic education: early childhood, primary, secondary and tertiary. Lack of education is linked to poverty, lack of opportunity and poor mental health. ■■ Educational institutions: educational institutions include schools, colleges and universities. Special educational schools provide for children with specific educational needs. In the Caribbean, primary education is compulsory and free. Many Caribbean countries provide free access to secondary education. Adult education helps adults obtain skills they did not acquire at school, due to nonattendance or underachievement. It also helps adults obtain specific occupational qualifications. Some private schools (and tertiary institutions) require students to pay to attend. However, some institutions offer scholarships. Sometimes, organisations provide scholarships to promising students. For example, a medical research company may sponsor a person to study medical science if this person works for the company afterwards.

Sports and Culture

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The promotion of sports and culture in a country develops individuals on a number of levels: ■■ Health and well-being: individuals learn about the importance of exercise to mental and physical health. Team sports, music and art can teach cooperation and teamwork. ■■ International recognition: many world-famous sportspeople, singers and writers are Caribbean. Well-known international figures encourage tourism and investment. Test Yourself: ■■ Economic development: sports and culture are 1. Identify FOUR provisions that can important contributors to tourism in the Caribbean. protect and develop human resources. Many visitors come to the Caribbean for festivals or 2. Which area do you feel is most sporting tournaments. Knowledge in these areas important for developing human can lead to employment in the tourism industry. resources? Give reasons for your choice. ■■ National and international unity: sporting events, 3. List the different types of education cultural festivals and groups and organisations such available in your country. Which are as Carifesta, CARIFTA and the West Indies cricket free and which are paid for? team promote regional unity. 38

Section B

Sustainable Development and Use of Resources

Employment, Unemployment and Underemployment

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Unemployment and underemployment are a problem in every country and are influenced by a number of factors. Capital is the amount of money that

Skills Demanded Versus Skills Available Many people train in a skill that they know is in demand in their country to improve their chance of gaining employment. If a country has more trained nurses than there are jobs for nurses, some of these people will be unemployed or underemployed. Skills demand in the Caribbean is changing: production is increasingly managed by machines while other areas, such as IT, are growing.

Test Yourself: Study the table and answer the questions. Employment by industry in Barbados, 2015.

Industry Agriculture, forestry and fishing Mining and quarrying

Number employed (thousand people) 3.8 11.6

Construction, manufacturing

9.5

Electricity, gas, steam, water and air conditioning supply

2.8

Wholesale and retail trade Transportation and storage Accommodation and food services

19.8 6.2 15.2

Finance and insurance

5.5

Professional, scientific and technical services

4.4

Administrative and support services

6.6

Public administration and defence

9.3

Education

7.0

Human health and social work

7.4

Source: http://www.barstats.gov.bb/files/documents/LFS_Bulletin_2Q2015.pdf

a company has to spend on developing and expanding its business. The more money a company has, the more people it can employ. The money a government has to spend on employment and training schemes will also influence the number of people in work.

1. If you lived in Barbados, what industry would you be most likely to be employed in? 2. How might this influence your choice of skills training? 3. Why do you think there are not many people employed in electricity, gas, steam, water and air conditioning supply?

Markets, Trading Patterns and Preferences Markets are the potential customers or investors in a product or service. A business must know that there is a good market for its product or it must create demand through advertising. Trading patterns and preferences are the patterns of investment in and purchasing of products, businesses, stocks and shares which affect the growth of businesses. The bigger a business is, the more employment it offers.

Technology Technology changes quickly and businesses must keep up. Children learn computer skills at school and many adult education classes teach IT skills. Businesses must keep up with modern technology.

Remember Changes in global stock markets affect business in the Caribbean.

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Section B

Sustainable Development and Use of Resources

Choosing a Job or Self-employment

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People earn money through employment or through being self-employed. When choosing whether to be employed or self-employed, the benefits and drawbacks of each and chance of success need to be considered. You should identify where your interests, skills and ambitions lie and recognise what skills are required in your country. Then research what opportunities are available. ■■ Collecting information on jobs available: newspapers, websites and recruitment agencies all advertise job vacancies. For hospitality jobs, it can be worthwhile to visit establishments to enquire about vacancies. Even self-employed people may need to work part-time while they establish their business. ■■ List and assess available options: You may decide that you need to gain further qualifications to pursue your chosen career or, if you can’t find the right job for you, decide to explore the possibilities of self-employment. ■■ Thinking through the consequences: before making any decision on whether to apply for a job, gain further qualifications or training or become self-employed, it is important that you think through the consequences: ■■ Financial security: will the job pay what I need? How will my ongoing education be funded? Could I gain skills and qualifications through doing the job? If I am self-employed, how will I support myself? Where will I obtain the money to set up my business? ■■ Job fulfilment: will I enjoy this job? Is it using my skills and abilities? Is it an area that I am interested in? Will there be opportunities to develop my career and skills base? ■■ Work–life balance: do the conditions and hours of the job fit with my lifestyle? How many hours a week will I work? What holiday allowance will I have? ■■ Obtaining resources: when considering a choice of career, you should conduct in-depth research, e.g. speak to people already doing the job, arrange voluntary work, speak to a careers advisor and attend careers fairs.

Rights and Responsibilities of Workers

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All workers have rights and responsibilities, which are listed on the employer’s charter. When starting a job, you should sign a contract outlining the agreement made between you and your employer regarding appraisal periods, working hours, pay, holiday entitlement, health and safety information and a notice period. You should also receive a job description detailing all the responsibilities of the job. Some casual work won’t provide a formal job description or contract, but the responsibilities of the job and agreement over pay, working conditions and holiday should still be agreed in advance. Trade unions exist to ensure workers receive their rights.

Test Yourself: 1. List some of the rights and responsibilities of an employee. You may need to look back at your textbook or do some research online.

2. Choose from the list of words to complete these sentences. (a) When choosing a job you should think about your , needs and ambitions (b) Job assessment should consider its financial rewards, work–life balance and . (c) The responsibilities of a job should be listed in a

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job description interests fulfilment

.

Section B

Sustainable Development and Use of Resources

Natural Resources in the Caribbean

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Natural resources can be renewable or non-renewable. Renewable resources (e.g. trees) are sustainable and can continue to exist and produce indefinitely. Non-renewable resources (e.g. gold) are replaceable and will, one day, run out.

Renewable Natural Resources Although renewable resources can be replaced, it is still important that they are used responsibly so that the natural environment is protected and the resource is continually available. When trees are cut down for timber, new trees should be planted. It is also important that some trees are left in an area to provide drainage and soil cohesion. Below are some examples of how renewable resources can be used sustainably. Agricultural land: land used for agriculture renews itself between the seasons of planting, growing and harvesting provided it is given time to rest. Water: water levels are naturally renewed through rainfall, but this may include periods of drought and flooding. It is important to conserve water in reservoirs and to use irrigation and rainwater harvesting equipment so that water is available for drinking and agriculture. Water sources (rivers and lakes) should be protected as they provide a natural source of water to plants and livestock. Forests: trees provide timber, fuel and paper, food, rubber and components used in medicine. Trees are vital for a healthy atmosphere as they filter the air, prevent soil degradation and landslides and provide a habitat for wildlife and destinations for tourists. Trees are renewable but are not being replanted as quickly as they are being cut down. The Forestry Commission aims to prevent further deforestation across the Caribbean. Trees provide us with many resources

Beaches and marine life: are a vital part of the tourist industry. Beaches provide a buffer zone between the sea and developed land, a natural habitat for marine animals and sand for construction. Oceans provide work and food as well as producing half the oxygen we breathe. Both need to be protected from pollution. Solar energy: provides a natural, renewable source of heat and energy using energy from the sun. Solar systems are expensive to set up and are dependent on sunlight. Solar water heaters are very common in the Caribbean for homes and businesses. Solar panels (PV systems) that produce electricity are less common, although they are increasing. Wind power: can be used to generate electricity through wind turbines. Increasingly, wind turbines are being used as a means of generating renewable, environmentally-friendly power. Wind farms are becoming more common in the Caribbean.

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Sustainable Development and Use of Resources

Section B

Non-renewable Natural Resources

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Non-renewable resources include mineral resources used for manufacturing and energy production. Petroleum: is produced using crude oil extracted from the ground and used as fuel for motor vehicles. Given the pollution caused by burning oil and its limited supply, people are developing alternative power sources. Petroleum is produced in Trinidad and Tobago, Barbados and Belize. Bauxite: is mined and processed to create aluminium, a metal used to make all sorts of items. Bauxite is mined in Guyana and Jamaica. Gold and diamonds: are mined and used for jewellery, artefacts and industrial tools. They are mined mainly in Guyana. Other minerals: e.g. asphalt, marble, limestone and iron are also mined and manufactured in the Caribbean. These minerals are used in roads and construction (e.g. cement, flooring) and in car manufacturing. Geothermal energy: this is energy produced through the natural heat contained in the earth. Geothermal reservoirs are accessed through a well and the hot water or steam extracted releases energy. Although it is expensive it has the advantage of not being dependent on weather conditions Geothermal energy is createdto byharness, pumping cold water through cracks in hot rocks. and not releasing damaging gases into the atmosphere. The Caribbean is a rich source of geothermal The hot water and steam this creates can energy developments be used as a and source of energy. are taking place in Guadeloupe and Dominica. Power station

Generating station

Cold water pumped down

Test Yourself: Label the products in the illustration that use or are made from non-renewable resources.

Steam and hot water

Cracks in hot rocks

Geothermal energy is created by pumping cold water through cracks in hot rocks. The hot water and steam this creates can be used as a source of energy.

Power station

Generating station

42 Cold water pumped down

CSEC Social Studies RG book.indb 42

Steam and hot water

27/09/2016 09:55

Section B

Sustainable Development and Use of Resources

Sustainable Development and Natural Resources

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Caring for our world and protecting its resources is called conservation.

Land Over-cropping and not giving soil a chance to regenerate leads to soil degeneration and increased risk of disease which can damage crop production leading to food shortages. Grazing land should be protected to rear livestock. Good farming practices, e.g. crop rotation, irrigation, protecting trees and avoiding use of heavy chemicals, promotes food security.

Atmosphere Burning oil and gas to produce energy releases harmful gases into the air. If these are managed properly, they will not cause lasting damage. However, since the industrial revolution, high levels of pollutants have been released into the atmosphere, causing pollution and global warming. This impacts on people’s health and the global climate, leading to droughts and floods.

Sun

Reflected back to space

Reradiated into space

Infrared radiation (heat) radiated back towards space absorbed by ‘greenhouse gases’ Incoming solar radiation (ultraviolet, visible and infrared)

Atmosphere

Atmosphere heated – raising Earth's temperature

Reflection from clouds

Earth

Pollution traps heat inside the earth causing global temperatures to rise

Water Agricultural and industrial waste deposited in rivers and seas pollutes the water supply and damages marine wildlife as well as livestock that drink the water. Polluted water supplies can also infiltrate crops, causing disease and death, and affecting food security and people’s livelihoods. Beaches and the ocean are an essential part of the fishing and tourist industries and should be conserved. Over-fishing or illegal fishing damages fish supply. Organisations such as the Caribbean Environment Programme and C-CAM protect and conserve the Caribbean coastline.

Test Yourself: 1. Explain the difference between renewable and non-renewable natural resources. 2. What do solar, wind and geothermal energy have in common? 3. Choose ONE non-renewable resource and state where in the Caribbean it is found and what it is used for.

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Sustainable Development and Use of Resources

Section B

Unit

2

Regional Integration

Concept Map

Factors that promote and hinder regional integration

Benefits of regional integration

Functions and objectives of groups promoting regional integration

INTEGRATION

Role of individuals, business and government in integration

Groups and organisations promoting integration

Role of regional agencies in integration

Challenges facing the Caribbean region

Self Check Tick the box that shows how confident you feel I can describe how regional integration addresses challenges facing the Caribbean. I can outline the major stages in integration. I can outline functions and objectives of organisations and some agreements that promote integration. I can outline factors that promote and hinder regional integration. I can examine the role of individuals, organisations, government and agencies in the integration process.

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Yes

Maybe

No

Section B

Sustainable Development and Use of Resources

Challenges Facing the Caribbean ■■

■■

■■

■■

■■

■■

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Size: the Caribbean is made up of many developing or underdeveloped countries. These countries are small in relation to land area, population and economy, making it difficult for individual countries to compete in world markets that have opened up due to trade liberalisation. The governments of small countries struggle to provide all the resources the country needs. Lack of diversification in skills and exports: some Caribbean islands are limited by their natural resources or industries, with the main source of income for some countries coming from trading only one or two major products, or tourism. This makes these countries vulnerable to changes in supply and demand. Many of the agricultural products that the Caribbean Problems in one area can create issues in others trades (e.g. bananas, sugar) have a low export value. There is also a lack of skilled workers and diversity of skills in the region, making it Bananas are a major export in the Dominican Republic hard for countries to increase productivity and develop their economy. High levels of debt and unemployment: since the Caribbean has Fungus affects bananas in the a high debt burden, it is difficult for countries to invest money in north-west of the country development, education or employment. As a result, there are high levels of unemployment and underemployment, leading to poverty Income from the banana trade falls, affecting the country’s economy and low levels of production which, in turn, keep countries poor. International trade: the Caribbean imports dairy products, technology Marcel, a banana farmer in Castañuelas, and vehicles at a high cost as the infrastructure does not exist to produce cannot afford to send his children to school these products locally. Since the Caribbean is largely made up of islands, the cost of transporting these products is high. At the same time, due to Marcel’s children are more likely to be challenges of size, location and development, it is difficult for Caribbean unemployed or underemployed countries to compete with larger, more developed countries in world A shortage of skilled workers and high markets. Trade liberalisation means that small Caribbean countries unemployment means income tax falls compete for trade against developed nations such as America and India. Inadequate technology: often, governments do not have the The Dominican Republic has less investment or facilities for development, so the technology used is money to invest in services often inferior to that used in more developed countries. This makes it hard for the region to produce goods and services to the same Quality of life deteriorates standard and timescale as other nations. Vulnerability to natural disasters: our region is vulnerable to extreme weather conditions (hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes, drought). As well as damaging property, public places and businesses (which are costly to repair), natural disasters may deter businesses from investing in the region.

Test Yourself: Categorise the challenges the Caribbean faces under these headings:

Social, Trade/Economic or Natural. Some challenges may appear in more than one column.

Revision Tip: Look at newspapers for specific examples of how these issues affect your country.

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Section B

Sustainable Development and Use of Resources

Benefits of Regional Integration

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Many challenges faced by the Caribbean can be improved by countries integrating to share their resources and skills and improve their trading power. Integration has a number of benefits.

Increased Market Size When countries unite, they have more power to demand better prices for their goods, can pool human and economic resources to invest in production, and increase the quantity and quality of their products.

Better Response to Globalisation and Trade Liberalisation Having stronger and more diverse market economies means that countries are less vulnerable to global changes in prices and demand for products. Globalisation and trade liberalisation open up trade across the world. Through integration, Caribbean countries have more power and influence on the world market, and can subsidise each other: when one export from the Caribbean is doing badly, it can be subsidised by another product that is doing well. Increased production allows countries to reduce running costs and charge more competitive prices.

Expansion of Trade Regional integration expands areas of trade: ■■ within the Caribbean: countries can trade across the whole region ■■ internationally: Caribbean countries can trade across the world.

Free Movement of Goods, Labour and Capital

Some benefits of regional integration

Integration makes it easier for citizens, goods and money to travel between member states, improving trade and skills distribution, and therefore employment.

Reduction in Employment and Underemployment As a result of improved trade, cheaper running costs and better investment, more people can be employed, reducing unemployment and underemployment.

46

Reduced unemployment Reduced inequality Less vulnerability

Better economies Increased cooperation Trade expansion and free movement

Sustainable Development and Use of Resources

Section B

Reduction in Inequality of Wealth Distribution As unemployment decreases, so does the gap between rich and poor. Better economies resulting from regional integration mean governments can spend more on providing services, such as healthcare and education, to help reduce inequality.

Increased Cooperation among Member States Regional integration leads to better cooperation and relations between member states as countries see the benefits of their combined efforts.

Test Yourself: Fill in the gaps in the flow chart on the right, using the words listed below.

underemployment

Increased market size – countries are economically stronger together

Better response to _________________ and trade liberalisation – stronger economy means countries can compete on the world market (internationally)

increased cooperation unemployment

Expansion of trade –

trading area

trading internationally, as well as internally, increases the Caribbean’s _______________ __________

economy globalisation goods, labour and money

Free movement –

reduction in inequality

opening up trade areas makes it easier for _________, ____________ and ______________ to travel between states

Revision Tip: Many of the benefits of regional

integration are linked. Copy out the flow chart, then try drawing it from memory. Eventually, each benefit should trigger the next in your mind.

Reduction in ________________________ and ____________________ – free movement between countries improves skills distribution and opportunity, increasing employment and improving a country’s _______________

_________________________ _______ ________________________ – as economies improve, so does quality of life, leading to more equal wealth

__________________ _______________ – as member countries see the benefits of their combined efforts, they cooperate more

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Section B

Sustainable Development and Use of Resources

The Integration Movement

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Regional integration across the Caribbean is constantly evolving as it adapts and responds to challenges and opportunities.

West Indies Federation (WIF) ■■ ■■ ■■

■■

■■

Established by the British Caribbean Federation Act in 1958. Aimed to achieve greater independence from Britain and improve economic and social conditions. Developed the University College of the West Indies (now UWI) and established the West Indies Shipping Service. Member countries: Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Dominica, Jamaica, Grenada, St Kitts-NevisAnguilla, Montserrat, St Lucia, St Vincent and the Grenadines and Trinidad and Tobago. Did not fulfil its potential due to lack of interaction and cooperation between member countries and collapsed in 1962.

Caribbean Free Trade Association (CARIFTA) and the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) ■■ ■■ ■■

■■

■■ ■■

CARIFTA was the predecessor to CARICOM. Formed in 1965 between Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Guyana and Trinidad and Tobago. This trade bloc established free trade agreements allowing member states to trade freely with each other and internationally. In 1968, Dominica, Grenada, St Kitts-Nevis-Anguilla, St Lucia, St Vincent and the Grenadines, Montserrat and Jamaica joined CARICOM, with Belize joining in 1971. CARIFTA became CARICOM in 1973. Treaty of Chaguaramas, July 4, 1973 in Chaguaramas, Trinidad and Tobago established formal agreements between member countries (multilateral agreements). The Treaty was revised in 2001 to incorporate the CARICOM Single Market and Economy (CSME).

The CARICOM Single Market and Economy (CSME) ■■ ■■

■■

Intended to strengthen trade and economy following trade liberalisation and globalisation. Aims to coordinate member countries’ monetary and fiscal policies, along with common laws. Remember Being implemented in two stages: You should be able to state some ■■ the Single Market (CSM) was established in 2006 of the objectives of each of these ■■ the Single Economy (CSE) still to follow. organisations. If you don’t know them, look them up.

The Regional Development Fund Some Caribbean countries may not benefit from a single market if production, trade and skills move out of their country to other CARICOM states. The Regional Development Fund was established to help countries whose economies suffer as a result of integration.

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Sustainable Development and Use of Resources

Section B

Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) ■■ ■■ ■■ ■■

Group of Least Developed Countries (LDC) in the commonwealth Caribbean. Cooperate to increase political influence and stability and improve their economies. Formed in 1981 following the signing of the Treaty of Basseterre. Members: Anguilla, British Virgin Islands, Montserrat, Dominica, St Vincent and the Grenadines, Antigua and Barbuda, Grenada, St Kitts and Nevis and St Lucia. Many of these countries are also members of other regional groupings.

Association of Caribbean States (ACS) ■■ ■■ ■■

■■

Different from other regional groupings as it also includes Latin American countries. Established in 1994 when a treaty was signed in Cartagena de Indias, Columbia. Caribbean member states include: Dominica, St Vincent and the Grenadines, Antigua and Barbuda, Grenada, St Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia, Belize, The Bahamas, Barbados, Jamaica, Suriname, Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago and Haiti. Associate members are Aruba, Curacao, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Sint Maarten, Turks and Caicos Islands, France and The Netherlands. Objectives of the association are to: ■■ promote economic integration between member countries ■■ improve cooperation and development across the region.

Test Yourself: 1. Which of the following countries were NOT part of the West Indies Federation? Barbados  Haiti  St Lucia St Vincent and Grenadines   Guyana

2. In what year was CARIFTA formed and in what year did it become CARICOM? 3. The signing of which treaty led to the OECS? 4. How is the ACS different from other Caribbean groupings? Map showing countries’ membership of different regional groups

The Bahamas Haiti

BELIZE

West Indies Federation CARICOM CSME

Jamaica

British Virgin Islands

Anguilla

Antigua and Barbuda St Kitts Dominica -Nevis -Anguilla Montserrat St Lucia Barbados St Vincent and the Grenadines Grenada Trinidad and Tobago

OECS Association of Caribbean States

GUYANA SURINAME

49

Sustainable Development and Use of Resources

Section B

Regional Secretariats and Conferences

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The OECS and CARICOM require the input of many personnel and departments to manage their different areas. The offices responsible for the administration and secretarial affairs of these organisations are called secretariats.

OECS Secretariat ■■ ■■

■■

■■

■■

Located in St Lucia and managed by the Director General. Organised into four divisions: 1. Division of the Office of the Director General 2. Social and Sustainable Development Division 3. Corporate Services Division 4. Economic Affairs Division. Works closely with the Eastern Caribbean Central Bank (ECCB), the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) Secretariat, and the Caribbean Development Bank (CDB). Supports and enables the OECS to achieve regional integration, cooperation and improved development. Oversees the work of specialised institutions, work units or projects in member countries.

CARICOM Secretariat ■■ ■■ ■■

Headquarters in Guyana. Headed by the Secretary General, who is also Chief Executive Officer of the CARICOM community. Executive management made up of four directorates and four executive offices. The structure of the CARICOM secretariat Secretary General (also the Chief Executive Officer of CARICOM)

Executive Management

The directorate of Foreign and Community Relations

Office of the Secretary General

50

Office of the Deputy Secretary General

The directorate of Human and Social Development

The directorate of Trade and Economic Integration

Office of the General Council

The directorate of the Caribbean Forum of African, Caribbean and Pacific States (CARIFORUM)

Office of Trade Negotiations

Section B

Sustainable Development and Use of Resources

The Conference of Heads of Government

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This conference occurs twice a year and brings together heads of government or their representatives from CARICOM member states. During these conferences, decisions are made and policies agreed which the CARICOM secretariat will action. Any decisions made at these conferences must reflect the agreements (treaties) signed by member states.

Remember

You should be able to state some

Specific functions of the conference are to: of the objectives of the CARICOM secretariat. If you don’t know ■■ reach agreement on treaties on behalf of the Caribbean Community and them, look them up. enter into relationships with international organisations and states ■■ make decisions regarding how the expenses of CARICOM activities and projects are met ■■ establish units, offices or posts necessary to achieve objectives ■■ issue policy directives to bodies within the community in order to achieve objectives ■■ consider and resolve disputes between member states ■■ appoint the Secretary General of the CARICOM secretariat.

Test Yourself: 1. Define these terms: secretariat

budget

treaties

2. In what countries are the OECS and CARICOM secretariats based?

3. Why do you think secretariats are formed into divisions?

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Section B

Sustainable Development and Use of Resources

Factors that Promote Regional Integration

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Common Cultural Heritage Although each Caribbean state has its own unique culture and diversity, much cultural history and heritage is shared across the region.

Common Economic and Social Issues Challenges to the economy as a result of size, underdevelopment and high unemployment are common across Caribbean countries. There are also many similarities in social issues faced, such as teenage pregnancy, high illiteracy and substance abuse. These challenges can be tackled most effectively by joining resources and finances together.

Effects of Globalisation, Trade Liberalisation and Trading Blocs As all Caribbean countries are affected by these trading issues and can’t tackle them alone, it makes sense to integrate their responses and form a stronger world presence as a result.

Vulnerability to Economic Shocks and Natural Disasters Countries are stronger when they support each other during times of hardship. An example of this is Grenada and St Vincent and the Grenadines working together to improve disaster preparedness in their countries following the devastation caused by Hurricane Ivan in 2004 and Hurricane Tomas in 2010. Organisations such as The Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency (CDEMA) and the Eastern Caribbean Donor Group are examples of how the region integrates its disaster response.

Test Yourself: 1. Give an example of how Caribbean states might work together to tackle a social issue. What conflicts might arise during this integrated response?

2. Define globalisation, trade liberalisation and trading blocs.

Revision Tip: If you get stuck, look up the terms in the glossary and then describe them in your own words.

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Sustainable Development and Use of Resources

Section B

Factors that Hinder Regional Integration

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Geography of Region Caribbean countries are islands, which poses logistical challenges. Boat or air travel to reach other member states can be costly, particularly when transporting goods between countries.

Absence of Common Model or Strategy for Development For regional integration to be successful, strategies and models for development need to be agreed and supported across all countries. Currently there is variation between how countries approach issues and to what extent different countries adopt policies and agree strategies.

Differences in Resources, Growth and Development Part of the reason why some countries adopt models and strategies more successfully than others is that they have increased and better developed resources. Unequal distribution of resources can lead to conflict, as less developed countries feel at a disadvantage and more developed countries may feel that they are subsidising weaker countries.

Test Yourself: Look at the table and answer the questions. Country

Naturally-occurring resources

Guyana

bauxite, gold, diamonds, timber, shrimp, fish

Dominican Republic

nickel, bauxite, gold, silver, arable land

Jamaica

bauxite, gypsum, limestone

The Bahamas

salt, aragonite, timber, arable land

St Kitts and Nevis

arable land

St Vincent and the Grenadines

hydropower, arable land

1. Which countries have the MOST and the LEAST natural resources? 2. Which have the MOST valuable natural resources? 3. How could this affect regional integration?

Competition for Location of Industries There can be conflict between countries over decisions about where shared projects or important industries should be located. Some countries’ governments offer incentives such as free trade to encourage foreign industries to invest.

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Section B

Sustainable Development and Use of Resources

Conflict Between Territorial and Regional Demands and Loyalties Governments have a duty to protect the interests of their country. Sometimes this means that governments prioritise their development ahead of the region’s development.

Absence of a Common Currency A common currency could bring many direct and indirect benefits to the Caribbean region. However, at present only eight Caribbean states use the Eastern Caribbean dollar.

Test Yourself: Sort the following benefits of a single common currency under the headings of

direct and indirect benefits to member countries: ■■ ■■ ■■ ■■ ■■ ■■ ■■ ■■ ■■ ■■

reduced transaction costs between member countries financial savings for citizens of member countries no need to exchange currency between countries a more stable exchange rate stronger economies more investment in the region as a result of stronger economies easier to compare costs of goods and services across member countries (greater transparency) improved trade across the region and internationally easier movement across different countries greater regional identity

Lack of Diversification in Production Shared physical resources and similarities in manufacturing, services and production may mean that Caribbean countries compete against each other rather than working together.

Influence of Multinational Corporations (MNCs) The dominance of powerful multinational corporations makes it hard for smaller, regional agencies to compete. Local economies do not benefit from MNCs as much as they should, as most of the profit stays in the company.

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Section B

Sustainable Development and Use of Resources

Reviewed Role of Citizens, Business and Government in Integration

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Citizens Citizens can promote regional integration and development by buying local goods and services, setting up local businesses (entrepreneurship), supporting and respecting fellow Caribbean citizens and investing in local and regional businesses.

Businesses Businesses need to ensure that their product or service is high-quality, reasonably priced and reliable. They also need to minimise their costs. Competitiveness creates strong businesses which are more likely to succeed on the global market. The more businesses there are in a country, the better the range and quality of goods and services available to the public. Businesses create opportunities for investment and employment in the region, which benefits development. The bigger a business becomes, the more people it will employ across the Caribbean.

Government Governments have a role to educate citizens about the objectives and benefits of regional integration. They can also issue enabling legislation (laws giving rights and power to groups such as cross regional organisations) which encourages integration. It is important for governments to agree on harmonised policies to ensure that businesses all work to the same standards. This reduces bureaucracy and strengthens trade. Governments contribute to integration by honouring protocols made with other countries, such as the COTED protocol, which led to the establishment of the Caribbean Development Fund (CDF).

Test Yourself: 1. Give THREE practical examples of how you can support regional integration.

2. How could governments educate their citizens about regional integration?

3. Can you think of ONE organisation that may be granted enabling legislation by government (think back to the organisations and groupings you have learned about)?

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Section B

Sustainable Development and Use of Resources

Role of Regional Agencies in Integration

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Organisations, groups and agreements such as CARICOM, OECS and CSME depend on various agencies to oversee and carry out the day-to-day working of regional integration. Such agencies cover every area of Caribbean life from media and arts to health and security.

Caribbean Agricultural Research and Development Institute The Caribbean Agricultural Research and Development Institute (CARDI) promotes and develops agriculture across the Caribbean community. It does this by carrying out scientific research and development and providing information and technical assistance to individuals and businesses. CARDI is based at the University of the West Indies in Trinidad and Tobago.

Sporting Partnerships The West Indies Cricket Board (WICB) and the Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football (CONCACAF) promote and develop sporting partnerships across the Caribbean and other parts of the world.

OECS Sports Desk The OECS Sports Desk promoted and developed sports across the OECS region through providing administrative, financial and promotional support to schools and training institutions, as well as to national and regional championships and initiatives in member states. The Sports Desk has been inactive for some years and the Association of National Olympic Committees of the OECS (ANOCES) is now taking over some of its work.

Caribbean Public Health Agency (CARPHA) The Caribbean Public Health Agency (CARPHA) was formed in July 2011 to incorporate the following Caribbean Regional Health Institutions (RHIs): ■■ Caribbean Environmental and Health Institute (CEHI) ■■ Caribbean Epidemiology Centre (CAREC) ■■ Caribbean Food and Nutrition Institute (CFNI) ■■ Caribbean Regional Drug Testing Laboratory (CRDTL) ■■ Caribbean Health Research Council (CHRC). CARPHA exists to improve the health of people and the environment across the Caribbean region by assisting countries to advance in scientific research, sustainable development and healthcare provision.

Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency (CDEMA) The CDEMA both responds to and mitigates disasters across the Caribbean. It began in 1991 as the Caribbean Disaster Emergency Response Agency and developed into CDEMA in 2009 to incorporate all the principles and practice of Comprehensive Disaster Management (CDM). 56

The six components of Comprehensive Disaster Management Disaster prevention

Mitigation (limiting effects)

Response

Preparedness

Recovery

Rehabilitation

Section B

Sustainable Development and Use of Resources

Caribbean Media Company The Caribbean Media Company (CMC) is dedicated to developing media and communication across the Caribbean, including radio, television, print, satellite and new media.

University of the West Indies The University of the West Indies (UWI) has campuses across various CARICOM countries offering education and training at tertiary level. It carries out research and development in many areas affecting Caribbean life. The Caribbean Examinations Council (CXC) is responsible for setting syllabuses and exams and for awarding certificates and diplomas across member countries. In addition, it regulates and develops teaching and conducts research into education across the region.

Caribbean Court of Justice The Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ) replaced the Privy Council as the final court of appeal for CARICOM member countries. The CCJ defends agreements made under the Treaty of Chaguaramas and settles disputes between CARICOM member countries.

Regional Security System The Regional Security System (RSS) is a security force made up of police and military from across member countries of the OECS. It aims to bring stability and security to the region through law enforcement and by responding to incidents across the region. The RSS also responds to natural disasters and works with the USA and Canada to prevent drug trading.

Test Yourself: 1. Read the situations and state the agency that would be best equipped to deal with them: an attempted coup and subsequent rioting in a CARICOM country an international football tournament that needed promotion ■■ an outbreak of Ebola on a small Caribbean island ■■ a dispute between two CARICOM countries regarding trade regulations. 2. Write one-sentence summaries describing the function of the following agencies: CARDI, WICB, CMC and CXC. ■■ ■■

Revision Tip: ■■

■■

By learning what the different acronyms of regional agencies stand for, you’ll also be learning what they do, as the names of the agencies describe their functions. Knowing one or two specific examples of when a regional agency has benefited integration may be useful in your exam. 57

Section B

Sustainable Development and Use of Resources

Test Questions for Section B 1. Which of the following terms do NOT relate to studies of human population? (a) death rate (b) dependency ratio (c) non-renewable (d) net migration

5. Which of the following are NOT examples of regional integration? (a) trade liberalisation (b) lack of diversification (c) common market (d) multilateral agreements

2. Push and pull factors describe the: (a) benefits and drawbacks of migration (b) circumstances that encourage people to migrate (c) contributors to economic development in a country (d) factors that influence employment in a country

6. CARICOM grew from which integration movement? (a) ACS (b) CSME (c) OECS (d) CARIFTA

3. Which of the following are NOT renewable resources? (a) solar energy (b) geothermal energy (c) wind power (d) water

7. Which of the following is NOT an objective of OECS and CARICOM? (a) to integrate the economies of member states (b) to harmonise foreign policy (c) to encourage cooperation between member countries (d) to coordinate member countries’ monetary and fiscal policies

4. Which of the following are NOT examples of conservation? (a) soil rotation (b) replanting trees (c) rainwater harvesting (d) over-cropping

8. A trading bloc is: (a) a trade restriction placed on a product or service (b) a group of two or more member states that trade together under agreed trading policies (c) a refusal by one country to trade with another (d) the term used to describe barriers to international trade

Structured Questions 1. Angela’s favourite subject at school was history, and she knew that tourism was the biggest employer in her country. Realising that she could combine interests with a job in this industry, Angela became a selfemployed tours guide. At first, she also worked as a waitress for extra income but as she became busier worked full time as a guide. She had to employ another tour operator to keep up with demand. (a) What considerations led to Angela’s choice of career? (b) What research might Angela have conducted before launching her tours? (c) What skills does Angela need in order to run her own business and conduct tours? (d) What risks is Angela taking by choosing to be self-employed? 2. Write a short letter to the government of your country outlining ways in which they might reduce rural–urban migration and why this would benefit both rural and urban areas. 3. The fishing industry on the island is growing as more tourists visit, in turn increasing employment. However, many people are using improper fishing practices, resulting in decreasing fish stocks. Beaches and seawater are also becoming polluted. (a) What are the short-term benefits of more persons earning money through fishing? (b) How might over-fishing and pollution affect the economy in the long term? (c) What policies could be put in place to protect the fishing and tourist industries? 4. Outline ONE way to contribute to regional integration as a citizen: 5. Do you think that regional integration and national identity can exist together? Why or why not?

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Section C

Unit

1

Communication

Concept Map Causes of breakdown in communication

Influences on communication

Regional media

FORMS OF COMMUNICATION IN THE CARIBBEAN

Ownership and control of mass media

How communications technology helps promote regional integration

How global media affects Caribbean culture and development

Global media

Regulation of the media

How regional media helps promote integration

Transmission of cultural heritage in the Caribbean

Protection of creative works

Self Check Tick the box that shows how confident you feel

Yes

Maybe

No

I can explain concepts and terms associated with communication. I can describe forms of communication and explain the factors that influence them. I can describe factors that lead to breakdown in communication. I can describe how media and communications technology promote regional integration. I can recognise how global media affects culture and development. I can analyse the effects of ownership and control of media. I can evaluate how cultural heritage is transmitted and transformed. I can explain why media regulation is needed and how it works. I can describe how creative works are protected. 59

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Section C

What Is Communication?

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The process of communication Communication describes a message, idea, emotion or feeling that is transmitted from one person or group of people to others. For Sender communication to work there must be a sender (transmitter), a receiver (recipient) and a message. The means of communicating is called the Message (verbal or Feedback medium, channel or mode of communication. The collective form for non-verbal) medium is media. Receiver

Verbal Communication Communication that involves the transmission of words is verbal communication. Words can be spoken, written down, acted out, sung, emailed or texted (SMS).

Non-verbal Communication Facial expressions, gestures and posture communicate a message about how someone is feeling or thinking. Other visual information is more deliberate, for example pictorial street signs, hand signals and creative communication such as paintings, pictograms and mime. Sudden outbursts of emotion such as screams and groans are also non-verbal communication.

Forms and Media of Communication As technology has improved and become more widespread, many people use email or telephones to communicate when previously they may have sent letters. Mass media (ways of communicating with lots of people in a short time) has also grown and become more accessible with the development of the internet. In recent years, social media has grown into a huge industry. Websites such as Facebook, Twitter and YouTube allow anyone in the world to communicate with anyone else.

Test Yourself: 1. Label the different mediums of communication in the picture. Two have been done for you. 2. Can you think of any other modes of communication NOT included in the picture? 3. Give THREE examples of verbal and non-verbal communication (try to ensure that at least one is different to those given above).

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Computer

Radio

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Section C

Factors Influencing Communication

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With somebody standing next to you, communication is easy and the mode of communication will almost always be speech, although facial expressions, tone of voice and body language will also be communicating a message. When a person is far away from you, communication may be dependent on technology or the service of others. The medium of communication that a person uses will depend on various factors. ■■

■■

■■

Geographical: natural factors (distance, climate, rivers, mountains, sea) impact on communication. Formerly, they would prevent people from communicating, but communication across long distances and natural obstacles is now possible through technology and satellites using cell phones and computers. Technological improvements mean the world is becoming more connected. However, not everyone has access to these services and even these have limitations. Some rural communities are isolated Test Yourself: Write short so signals cannot reach them. Other options for long distance definitions for telex, facsimile, communication are telex, fax, telephones or telegraph, although telephones and telegraph, these depend on both the sender and receiver having the right outlining the similarities and equipment. The postal service is mostly reliable and doesn’t differences between them. depend on expensive equipment but is slow. Couriers deliver messages, letters and parcels, although this can be expensive. Socio-cultural: language, culture, social status and religious beliefs influence the type of media a person uses. The predominant language used on television, radio and websites is English, though programmes and websites are available in other major languages and dialects. Certain genres of film and television, e.g. Bollywood, have grown out of demand from particular cultural groups but are popular worldwide. Businesspeople communicate globally using computers and smartphones. Young people tend to use smartphones and tablets for leisure, entertainment and communication more than older generations. Belief, customs and religion can affect the forms of media and communication that people use; some religious groups choose not to use modern technology. However, many use mass media to communicate their faith and with their followers. Technological: communications technology is constantly advancing, with newer, faster and more powerful versions of smartphones, tablets and computers. Televisions can transmit 3D images and computer games are increasingly realistic. Technological advances allow people to stay in touch via free video calls over the Internet or by email. They also mean that individuals, countries and governments can communicate information and access resources quickly and easily. Almost all forms of media are now digital. But new technology is expensive. Elderly people and people on low incomes may struggle to keep up. Large amounts of energy are used to power technology, increasing pollution.

Test Yourself: 1. What form of media might the following people use? Give reasons for your choice. A young person in an urban area completing a business studies course ■■ An elderly person living in a rural area who wants to use media for entertainment ■■ A mother working part-time from home, needing to communicate with colleagues. 2. List some benefits and drawbacks of technological advances. ■■

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Section C

Breakdowns in Communication

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Good communication depends on the sender communicating their message clearly and the receiver interpreting the information appropriately. The medium that is carrying the message must also be reliable. When any one of these areas fails, there is a breakdown in communication. These areas of communication can fail for a variety of reasons.

Test Yourself: Match the following breakdowns in communication to the causes below (they may have more than one).

1. A girl leaves her grandmother a note explaining why she will be late home that evening. However, her grandmother doesn’t understand the slang and patois used to convey the message.

2. A homeless man tries to tell a woman that she has dropped her wallet. The woman presumes the homeless man is asking for money and walks on without listening or responding.

3. An office worker emails an office administrator with a stationery order. However, due to an ongoing conflict between two administrators about who deals with stationery orders, the email is not actioned.

4. A mother leaves a voicemail on her daughter’s cell phone to ask her to come over as she doesn’t feel well. However, the mother often phones her daughter and exaggerates problems so that her daughter will visit. The daughter is busy with work and decides to ignore the message.

5. A boy texts his friend to ask him to meet him at 2pm at the coffee shop. However, his friend never arrives as he didn’t receive the text message.

age/gender differences prejudice status unresolved conflict mistrust

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strained relationship stress failure of equipment lack of clear communication

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Section C

How Mass Media Promotes Regional Integration

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Mass media describes newspapers, magazines, websites and television and radio programmes

that communicate simultaneously with large numbers of people. The mass media has a role to inform, educate and entertain. Due to its ability to reach many people at once, the mass media can also promote regional integration.

Radio and Television Television and radio stations keep people informed of news stories and weather warnings. They can also educate through broadcasting documentaries, information and entertainment programmes that can be watched by people across the region. Through jointly produced programmes, media companies can reduce their costs while still producing high-quality programming. Programmes that invite callers to phone or write in promote regional integration through allowing people from different Caribbean regions to communicate.

Printed Press Printed and online newspapers and magazines may be national (Caribbean360), regional (Antigua Observer) or international (Caribbean National Weekly). They contain news, stories and articles of interest to Caribbean communities. Online publications are accessible to people from different countries and allow readers to communicate with each other through sharing views and comments.

Regional News Agencies Some large media companies have journalists and correspondents across the country who report on breaking news in their area. Other, smaller media companies may rely on international news agencies such as Reuters and Associated Press for news stories. In the Caribbean, the Caribbean Media Corporation runs CANA, a Caribbean-wide news agency.

Information Departments Government information departments provide information about their country to citizens and visitors. In this way, information departments promote regional integration by communicating information across the Caribbean region.

Revision Tip: Familiarise yourself with two or three regional newspapers, websites, television or radio stations. Note how they promote regional integration.

Test Yourself: What kind of information might a government information department provide? If you’re not sure, look up your country’s government information service online.

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Section C

How Communications Technology Promotes Regional Integration

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Communications technology in the form of cell phones, the internet, email, telecommunications, pagers and electronic transfers has made it easier than ever for people to communicate and conduct business across geographical areas. Cell phones

•  Allow people to communicate with others wherever they are •  Can be used to access the internet and email as well as telephone •  Allow people to conduct business on the move •  Provide vital communication links in emergencies

  Internet and email

•  Provide instant information on almost any topic •  Allow people to learn and earn qualifications from home •  Allow people to access websites, companies and organisations from across the world •  Allow news and important information to be shared across the world •  Develop business and trade through enabling people to buy and sell online •  Enable communication through video calls •  Enable instant communication via email including the transfer of documents, images, audio and video files

Telecommunications networks

•  Allow information to be sent long distances electronically via transmitters and receivers •  Can use cable, optical fibre or electromagnetic fields (wireless) •  Enable the transmission of television, radio, Internet and telephone signals •  Connect remote, rural areas to the rest of a country or region •  Allow countries to share information and expertise to aid development

Electronic funds transfers (EFT)

•  Allow people to make purchases over the Internet using bank cards •  Make paying for goods and services easier and more secure •  Allow employers to pay wages directly into employees’ bank accounts •  Enable people to manage their finances online •  Mean that people can pay bills conveniently, quickly and easily

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Section C

How Global Media Affects Caribbean Culture

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The mass media opens up the world: bringing images, information and culture from different countries into the Caribbean as well as transmitting Caribbean culture, values and programming out. There are benefits and drawbacks to the ease and extent to which the mass media can connect the world.

Challenges Presented by Global Media Perceptions: views and lifestyles presented by the global media may be different to those held by some Caribbean people. Encountering different perceptions and ways of life can be confusing or unsettling and may negatively influence how people view their own life and society. Attitudes, values and behaviour: there has always been debate around how far media influences behaviour. Some people feel that displays of violence, promiscuity and irresponsible behaviour on global media may encourage similar behaviour in viewers. Identity: media programming from other countries can threaten the traditional values, culture and identity of Caribbean life as people model the behaviour they see in TV programmes. This is seen particularly in young people in the Caribbean who are attracted to American culture, dress, music and food. Nationalism and regionalism: some people feel that pride and development of the Caribbean region are threatened by global media, with programming from around the world drawing people to look towards other countries and cultures rather than being proud of and contributing to their own culture and region. Freedom of expression: while it is positive that anyone now can express themselves across the world using global media, this also carries a challenge. Problems of grooming (befriending someone to murder or sexually assault them) and radicalisation (persuading people to adopt radical, harmful views) are increasing through the use of the internet. Creativity: imported programming from rich countries that is more varied and developed than local programming can limit Caribbean media. Advertisers and sponsors may support popular mass media programming from overseas rather than home-grown programmes which have fewer viewers. This makes it harder for Caribbean-based media companies to fund programming and develop local talent.

Revision Tip: Use the acronym PAIN.FC (PAIN For the Caribbean) to remember the six challenges to Caribbean culture that the global media presents.

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Section C

Benefits of Global Media to Culture and Society

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Perceptions: it is good for people to hear and experience other people’s perceptions, provided that they are secure in their own perceptions and way of life. As a person matures they are able to listen to another person’s perspective without it damaging their own. Much can be learned from listening to another person’s point of view. Attitudes, values and behaviour: just as global media can influence a person’s attitudes, values and behaviour negatively, it also has the potential to influence these things positively. By viewing selectively and through responsible programme-making, the global media can broaden horizons, instil positive values and encourage global unity. Creativity: access to global media creates opportunities for creativity as people have a far wider range of materials to view than if they had access to Caribbean-based media only. Online tutorials and articles that can be accessed on the internet can develop people’s creativity and increase awareness of opportunities that people may not otherwise be aware of. Freedom of expression: the range and quantity of different methods of communication that global media offers make it easier for people to express their opinions and to share those opinions with the world. The rise of internet-based communication such as YouTube, Twitter and blog sites makes it easy for anybody with a computer and internet access to broadcast their thoughts and creative works.

Test Yourself: Complete the table, adding one-line summaries for each benefit and drawback. Benefits of global mass media Drawbacks of global mass media Perceptions

Attitudes, values and behaviour

Identity

Nationalism and regionalism

Freedom of expression

Creativity

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Section C

Cultural Heritage in the Caribbean

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Although some people worry that global mass media is diluting Caribbean culture, the reverse of this is also true: Caribbean culture can be preserved, transmitted and transformed through communication.

Cultural Groups The Caribbean is made up of many different cultural groups and their traditions are kept alive through oral tradition (story-telling), customs, traditional food, music, arts, craft and festivals. Many cultural practices, such as carnival, are now celebrated across the Caribbean and even draw in outside visitors. Traditional Caribbean culture is preserved through performances, workshops and museums as well as awareness-raising through the media.

Artists Artists pass on cultural heritage through the paintings, sculptures, craft, writing and music they produce. Some artwork, music or writing may be very traditional, other pieces may be modern translations of traditional culture and others may reflect the modern, diverse Caribbean culture that exists today.

Mass Media Through making programming involving local people, artists and traditions, Caribbean culture can be preserved and shared across the world. The mass media is responsible for transmitting reggae, dance hall and patois worldwide along with artists such as Rihanna, Bob Marley, VS Naipaul and Marlon James. Examples of Caribbean culture such as Bob Marley lyrics are internationally recognised as a result of transmission by mass media. Celebrations of Caribbean culture such as carnival have also been publicised through mass media, resulting in thousands of visitors to the islands each year.

Institutions Every Caribbean country has a government ministry responsible for arts and culture. These ministries develop and support cultural and artistic growth in their country and across the Caribbean. They may: ■■ fund arts programmes in schools and communities ■■ promote and produce cultural festivals Remember ■■ support libraries and museums You’ll need to know how an artist, cultural group or institution ■■ run competitions transmits and transforms cultural ■■ propose and develop policies to protect and promote Caribbean culture. heritage in the Caribbean. In addition, institutions such as CARIFESTA, art galleries and universities promote Caribbean art and culture regionally and worldwide. Cultural groups also exist outside the Caribbean to promote and preserve Caribbean tradition for the Caribbean diaspora (Caribbean people living in other countries).

Test Yourself: 1. List FOUR means by which cultural heritage in the Caribbean can be transmitted and transformed. 2. Identify some strengths and weaknesses of these different forms of transmission. 3. Do you think that Caribbean culture can be commercialised (promoted and sold to a mass market) at the same time as being conserved? Why or why not? 67

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Section C

Ownership and Control of Mass Media

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Media ownership influences the content and views shown. Most media channels or networks are owned by a person or group. Caribbean media companies need government licences in order to broadcast. To be granted a licence, the company must comply with certain regulations. The human right to freedom of speech means that Caribbean governments, along with those in other democratic countries, uphold freedom of the press. Nevertheless, the media is bound by international laws regarding fraud, libel, slander, copyright, plagiarism, privacy, inciting hatred and pornography.

Private Ownership Media owned privately may be national, regional or international. One Caribbean Media Limited is an example of a privately owned media company. Private media companies can offer a wide range of views, including criticism of the government. However, views expressed may reflect those of the company’s stakeholders rather than the public. Privately owned companies may produce their own programmes, buy programmes in, or both. Most privately owned media outlets are run for profit so include advertising.

Public Ownership Public or state ownership describes media companies that are owned, operated or funded by government. This allows governments to control what is broadcast. This ensures that high-quality programming is transmitted which benefits citizens and provides information. Programming is transmitted that promotes the country and its culture. However, publicly owned media can be biased in favour of the government (propaganda) and may censor material. A large amount of government resources may also be used to finance the company. The Caribbean Broadcasting Corporation is an example of a publicly owned media company.

Joint Ownership

Remember As no one person, company

Some media companies are jointly owned by the government and a private or government owns the internet, it is very hard to company. The Grenada Broadcasting Network is an example of this, with regulate or control. 60% of the company owned by the Caribbean Communications Network and the other 40% owned by the government. Benefits of joint ownership are that the government and the private company can regulate each other, different viewpoints and types of programming are aired and the government spends less on media.

Test Yourself: 1. List some characteristics of private, public and jointly owned media. 2. Fill in the missing words in the following statement: Unlike publicly owned media companies, privately owned media is not bound by regulations. However, such companies must still function within broadcasting . Jointly owned media allows government to have some over programming whilst avoiding bias or censorship through the influence of the joint owners. control  government  private  laws

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Section C

Regulatory Functions of Government and Media Associations

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Although democratic countries defend the right of freedom of speech for the media, regulations exist to ensure that broadcasts do not infringe privacy or decency laws and that they are not inciting violence or hatred. There are also laws to protect the creative works of artists from being copied or unfairly profited from.

Licensing Media companies must have a licence from a broadcasting authority. This assigns radio frequencies to radio and television stations to ensure that all broadcasters can be received by viewers and listeners. Other communications systems such as mobile (cell) phones also occupy radio frequencies. Companies must meet legal and broadcast requirements in order to be granted a licence.

Examples of how radio frequencies may be allocated.

Frequency

Allocation

2,501–2,502

Standard frequency and time signal

2,503–2,810

Fixed mobile

2,830–3,000

Aeronautical mobile

3,112–3,118

Broadcasting

3,119–3,123

Broadcasting

3,150–3,160

Amateur

Mediating in Disputes Usually complaints and disputes between media companies and the public can be dealt with by the broadcaster who may issue an apology or explanation for their actions, either privately to an individual or publicly via the media. Sometimes, the government or a regulator may have to mediate (negotiate) in a dispute. In severe cases, a broadcaster may lose their licence if it is proved that they have acted irresponsibly or unlawfully.

Censorship Boards Most countries in the Caribbean have a censorship board which certifies and enforces ratings systems on films. These ratings advise on appropriate ages of audience. Government can also censor or ban material they feel is inappropriate or damaging to society or to the country’s security. Some people disagree with censorship. They feel that it should be up to individuals to decide what they and their children view.

Code of Ethics A code of ethics is an agreed list of standards that all media should abide by in their reporting and broadcasting. It includes respecting people’s privacy, reporting accurately and fairly, avoiding stereotyping and discrimination, giving opportunity for a right of reply, protecting children and featuring violent and sexual content responsibly.

Remember In the exam, you may be required to give your view on media censorship.

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Section C

How Artistic and Creative Works Are Protected

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Although artists and creative people want to share their work, they don’t want others to steal their ideas, claim their work as their own or make money from it. Copyright preserves and protects creative and artistic work. Artistic, creative and technological works are known as intellectual property and belong to the person or company that created them. Intellectual property can be stolen through piracy (copying and selling the work) and plagiarism (pretending that someone else’s work is your own). Both of these acts take away income and recognition from the artist, company or country that developed the product. Copyright laws prevent people from copying someone else’s work and ensure that only the person or company that produced the work can benefit financially from it. Copyright is obtained by registering a piece of work with a copyright organisation. Copyrighting means that the owner must give permission for others to reproduce or sell their item in exchange for royalties (a percentage payment). Institutions such as the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) protect creative work throughout the world. Most Caribbean countries are members of WIPO. The Association of Caribbean Copyright Societies (ACCS) protects copyright across the Caribbean. It holds copyright for musical, literary and artistic works across its members and ensures that authors, composers and publishers receive royalties from anyone that uses their work. This benefits the economy.

Members of ACCS ■■ ■■ ■■ ■■ ■■ ■■ ■■

Copyright Music Organisation of Trinidad and Tobago (COTT) Copyright Association of Composers, Authors and Publishers (COSCAP) – Barbados Eastern Caribbean Copyright Collective Organisation for Music Rights (ECCO) Agencia Cubana de Derecho de Autor Musical (ACDAM) – Cuba Stichting Auteursrechten Suriname (SASUR) Belizean Society of Composers, Authors, Publishers (BSCAP) Jamaica Music Society (JAMMS) and Jamaican Copyright Licensing Agency (JAMCOPY)

Institutions that protect intellectual property have had to adapt as pirates have developed new ways of stealing intellectual property. The growth of the Internet has made it easier for people to steal and benefit from the artistic and creative work of others. The general public can fight piracy through reporting it to the police.

Test Yourself: 1. List some examples of piracy or plagiarism that you might see in everyday life. 2. Name THREE items that can be protected by copyright. 3. Add more information to the table below.

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Benefits of intellectual property laws

Benefits of sharing resources

Creator of piece of work is rewarded/recognised

Piece of work reaches a wider audience

Section C

Options

Multiple-choice Questions for Section C1 1. Which of the following are examples of verbal communication? (a) pictograms (b) print (c) paintings (d) gestures 2. Which of the following are NOT examples of mass media? (a) television (b) newspapers (c) oral tradition (d) websites 3. Which of the following do NOT describe benefits of communications technology? (a) electronic mail (b) voice mail (c) teleconferencing (d) libel 4. Which of the following promotes regional integration across the Caribbean? (a) The Antigua Observer (b) CANA (c) Reuters (d) The Associated Press 5. Which of the following is a benefit of electronic funds transfers? (a) people can communicate with others wherever they are (b) allows news and information to be shared between countries (c) connects remote, rural areas to the rest of a country or region (d) convenient and secure way of paying for goods and services

6. How might global mass media threaten traditional Caribbean culture? (a) by taking business out of the country (b) by influencing people’s identity, attitude and behaviour (c) by the building of new, modern buildings and transmission towers (d) by promoting youth culture 7. A government-owned radio station is an example of: (a) jointly owned media (b) privately owned media (c) nationally owned media (d) publicly owned media 8. Media regulation exists to: (a) ensure that all media agencies receive equal funding (b) integrate media agencies (c) control, oversee and legalise mass media (d) restrict freedom of speech 9. Plagiarism describes: (a) the deliberate copying of somebody else’s work (b) performing multiple plays (c) illegally downloading films (d) restricting access to artistic work 10. Copyright laws exist to: (a) allow the sharing of important information (b) promote freedom of expression (c) protect the work of artists, authors and performers (d) promote the work of artists, authors and performers

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Section C

Structured Questions for Section C1 1. Identify the most effective forms of communication in the following scenarios. Give reasons for your answers: • Somebody wanting to draw attention to the fact that they are being attacked • A teacher wanting to share data from a study with the class • The government wanting to give a hurricane warning to its citizens • A writer wanting to publish their stories 2. Diana lives in a remote, mountainous village. (a) Explain why this might affect her use of media and communications. (b) How could the government improve communications in Diana’s village? 3. Maxwell has never used the internet before. He is attending a workshop run by a young person to train older people in modern technology. Maxwell has been reading about increased crime rates among youth. (a) What potential obstacles are there that could lead to a breakdown of communication in this situation? (b) How could the young tutor overcome these obstacles? 4. Write appropriate endings to the following sentences: (a) Mass media describes (b) Communications technology refers to (c) Electronic funds transfers make transactions safer because (d) A benefit of a regional news agency is that 5. Read the following advert for an art exhibition, which appeared in a fictional Dominican newspaper, then answer the questions below.

EXCITING NEW ARTWORK FROM SOME OF THE CARIBBEAN’S MOST CELEBRATED TALENT!

(a) How is this exhibition transmitting Caribbean cultural heritage? (b) How is the mass media promoting regional integration through this advertisement? (c) How is the Dominican government promoting Caribbean culture through this event? (d) Use this advertisement as an argument against the view that mass media threatens Caribbean culture.

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Section C

Unit

2

Consumer Affairs

Concept Map

Consumers and sustainable development

Influences on consumer demand

Education and protection of consumers

Consumers and saving

Consumers and thrift

Consumers and technology

Regional and global influences on consumers

WHAT IS A CONSUMER?

Self Check Tick the box that shows how confident you feel

Yes

Maybe

No

I can explain concepts and terms associated with consumer affairs. I can differentiate among categories of consumers. I can assess factors that influence consumer demand. I can outline ways consumers use modern technology. I can explain and evaluate how consumers can be educated and protected. I can describe ways that consumers can practise thrift. I can list ways of saving and their benefits. I can explain how consumers can contribute to sustainable development. I can evaluate effects and suggest strategies to deal with global and regional influences on consumers.

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What Is a Consumer?

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A consumer is anyone who consumes (uses) goods or services. These goods or services need to be paid for, either by the consumer themselves or through the government (a public service). Consumers can be individuals, groups or institutions.

Test Yourself: 1. Can you identify FOUR goods and THREE services that the boy in the

picture is consuming? 2. Make a list of products and services that you consume on an average day. 3. Connect each good or service below to the group most likely to consume it: football team schools university small business tour guides financial advisor hospitals restaurant chain

lecturers fish supplier office kits medicines tourist attractions stationery textbooks

Consumers of Credit

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As well as goods and services, consumers can consume credit. Credit is a way of delaying payment on a good or service. ■■ Personal loans: normally used when persons want to buy something big that they cannot pay for immediately, e.g.. home improvements, a car. Remember You can apply to a bank or other financial institution for a loan and There are different types of credit must prove that you’re able to repay the money. You also agree how for different purposes. long you have to pay back the loan and what the interest rate will be. ■■ Credit cards: given to individuals by banks to allow them to purchase items which they will pay for later. This is done electronically. Money owed is recorded on the credit card and interest added. The cards have a spending limit imposed on them by the issuer. Usually the owner of the credit card will be required to pay back a certain amount of what they owe each month. ■■ Hire purchase is similar to a loan: persons can use their purchases while they are still paying for them. They have to pay an initial deposit followed by regular payments. When the payments reach the value of Test Yourself: the item, plus any interest, they own the item. 1. Describe a circumstance in which ■■ Mortgages: it is rare for someone to buy their house a person might use a credit card. outright: most persons need a mortgage. This is an 2. Give ONE benefit and ONE agreement whereby a bank (or other financial institution) drawback to hire purchase. pays for a person’s home on the condition that a certain 3. If a couple pay $800 each month amount of money is repaid each month. Homeowners for 25 years to pay off a $160,000 usually pay a monthly mortgage for 20–30 years and repay mortgage, how much interest will far more than the cost of their house. However, the value they have paid to the bank? of their house may increase over the mortgage period. 74

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Section C

Consumer Demand

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What and how we consume is influenced by all sorts of factors. Some of these are linked to our personal circumstances and others are controlled by society and retailers. All consumption is affected by supply and demand – the amount of goods or service available compared to the number of people wanting it. Fluctuations in supply will affect the pricing of a product as people are willing to pay more for a product with limited availability.

Personal Circumstances ■■

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Reviews of products often appear on consumer websites

Size of income/credit facilities and conditions: a Classic Men’s Trainers [11, Black/Purple] › Customer reviews person’s spending is limited by the income they have Classic Men’s Trainers available or the credit facilities that they have access to. Customer Reviews [11,Black/Purple] 85 Taste patterns: consumers are influenced by their 5 out of 5 stars Size 11 | Colour: Black/Purple personal desires, preferences and interests. If there is a Top positive review good or service they really want, they may be prepared See Write a review all positive reviews › to pay more for it. 12 people found this useful Great trainer Savings: a person may save money in order to make a Review on 14 February 2016 particular purchase. They may also go without certain These trainers are great value for money. Comfortable and hard-wearing over long distances, give good ankle support goods or services in order to save money. and wash well. Access to information: a person may choose not to buy a particular good or service until they have researched its suitability and worth. Expectations: consumers may be influenced by supply and demand, waiting for the price to drop before they purchase an item. Alternatively, if they believe that the good or service will improve their life, they may purchase it despite a high retail price. Rate this item

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Outside Influences ■■

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Advertising: adverts can be informative (provide information about a product or service) or persuasive (convince the consumer that a product will satisfy a need or desire). Persuasive advertising aims to make a product desirable by associating it with wealth, success and attractiveness. Quality: some people will pay higher prices for good-quality products while other consumers may prefer to pay less and get an inferior-quality product. There needs to be a range of quality options to meet different people’s requirements.

Test Yourself: Analyse the advertisement below. What product is being advertised? Is this an informative or persuasive advertisement? What associations are being used to sell the product?

Revision Tip: Try to notice

advertisements and identify whether they are informative or persuasive and what tactics they use. 75

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Section C

Consumers and Modern Technology

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Test Yourself: Match the definition below with the name of the transaction: 1. An automated teller machine allows a person to access their bank account, withdraw money and obtain cell phone credit using a bank card.

2. These cards allow people to make purchases without using cash. The payment may be taken from their bank account immediately or the buyer may pay for the product at a future time.

3. This term describes electronic purchasing of goods or services including online purchases and goods and services paid for using electronic transactions.

4. This system allows customers of financial institutions to access information and manage their accounts over the telephone using a passcode.

5. Customers are able to access information and manage their accounts securely online using a password. tele-banking ATM e-commerce internet banking debit and credit cards

There are many advantages of using modern technology to conduct transactions. It is more secure as credit and debit cards reduce the need to carry cash. Using ATMs, the telephone and the Internet to bank is also very convenient, as these facilities are accessible 24 hours a day. Finally, not having to make trips to the bank saves people time.

Remember You should also know some drawbacks of using modern technology in transactions.

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Protecting and Educating Consumers

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Remember Modern technology and access to credit make it easier for consumers Remind yourself about the black to spend but also easier for consumers to be exploited. In addition, market and dumping through looking practices such as the black market and dumping negatively up these terms in your study book or the glossary. affect consumers and businesses. For these reasons, government agencies, consumer groups and consumers themselves work to protect the consumer market. The government and other agencies protect consumers in various ways: ■■ the Prices Commission sets out a maximum and minimum amount that can be charged for a good or service. This keeps goods and services affordable and ensures that suppliers are paid fairly. ■■ The Bureau of Standards ensures that goods and services meet minimum standard requirements in safety, quality and labelling. ■■ Fair Trading Commissions protect consumers and businesses Under government legislation, through imposing rates and standards for service providers to follow. food packaging must give clear information on its contents They also ensure legal standards, promote fair competition and manage consumer complaints. ■■ Regulations are imposed by government on imports, exports and consumer goods. This protects consumers from poor-quality items. ■■ The Consumer Affairs Division of government works with other agencies to resolve consumer complaints, educate consumers, propose consumer legislation (laws) and promote fair trade practices. ■■ The Financial Services Commission regulates non-bank financial institutions such as insurance companies, pension funds and credit unions, ensuring their stability. Banks are regulated by central banks in accordance with government legislation. ■■ Supervision of credit facilities ensures that banks and other lending agencies act responsibly. They should carry out checks to ensure that they only lend to borrowers who are able to pay the money back and they must not exploit borrowers with very high interest rates. ■■ The Food and Drugs Division (Ministry of Health) regulates food, drugs and toiletries to ensure that they are safe and effective.

Test Yourself: 1. Why do you think it is important to maintain fair competition in business?

2. Why is it important for an independent agency to manage consumer complaints?

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How Consumer Groups Protect Consumers

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Consumer groups are made up of shoppers who have joined together to demand and protect their rights. With the increase in social media, it has become easier for consumers to communicate, advice and support each other. Businesses risk bad publicity and consequent decrease in sales if consumer groups complain about them on social and mass media. These groups also educate citizens about their consumer rights. Consumers often form pressure groups which exist specifically to campaign on issues relating to consumer protection. Often these pressure groups rise up in response to specific situations.

How Consumers Protect Themselves The best way for consumers to protect themselves is through being informed. Responsible consumers should be informed in the following ways: Rights and responsibilities 1. Goods and services meeting basic needs 2. Products and services being safe 3. Facts being given about a purchase and a person’s consumer rights 4. Having a choice between a range of goods at competitive prices

Use of technology 1. Know how to protect their security when using ecommerce and internet banking 2. Be aware of internet scams and viruses and protect their systems from them 3. Keep track of how much they are spending and not overspend on credit and debit cards.

5. Having a right to complain and have their views represented and acted upon.

Self-control

Exploitation

1. Understand tactics that advertisers use to sell their goods or services

1. Know realistic prices for goods and services and compare prices before making a purchase.

2. Recognise the difference between items they need and luxury items

2. Examine goods and agree levels of service before purchasing.

3. Know their restrictions and budget and consume within these constraints

3. Understand rights and read contracts and terms and conditions carefully.

4. Evaluate purchases rather than buy impulsively.

4. Keep receipts and check conditions on complaints, returns and exchange.

Revision Tip: The first letter of each section spells out RUSE – another word for trick! Remembering

this will help you recall these four areas.

Test Yourself: 1. What are the benefits of consumers joining together? 2. What methods could consumers use to ensure they receive their rights?

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Responsible Consumerism

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Most of us consume more than we need to. Most of us will also experience a time in our life when we will need an instant supply of cash. By practising thrift and saving, consumers can protect their finances and their future. Financially secure citizens benefit society by paying their bills, mortgage and rent on time, not relying on government support, and through spending and investing money within the country.

Ways of Practising Thrift By looking after our belongings, we Thrift describes the practice of spending as little as possible. This is can prolong their life and reduce particularly important for people who do not have much money. our spending But it makes sense for everyone not to spend more than they have to. There are various ways that people can practise thrift: ■■ Shopping wisely: consumers should compare prices and quality of the same product made by different manufacturers or the same services offered by different companies or individuals. Often, consumers can negotiate a lower price with a supplier. ■■ Use and care of possessions: the better care a person takes of their possessions, the less frequently they will need to be replaced and the less money they will spend. Parents can teach children from a young age to care for belongings. ■■ Conservation and recycling: people can reuse food leftovers, find new uses for old items, pass clothing on and recycle waste materials. Some people even make money out of repurposing old materials into new items. Clothes and possessions that have been well looked after can also be sold as second-hand goods to other thrifty consumers. ■■ Budgeting: knowing what their income and expenses will be each month enables people to manage their finances and identify what disposable income they have left to spend. Without a budget it is easy to overspend in one area and leave yourself short in another.

Test Yourself: 1. Study the budget for a family of four shown

here. Are there expenses that could be reduced? How might this be done? Which outgoings cannot change? 2. Do you think this is an effective budget? Why or why not? Is there any expenditure you would change? 3. Write out your own simple budget. It could reflect your current situation or reflect an imaginary income and expenditures each month.

Income = US$2,000 Items

Amount spent (US$)

Food and toiletries

660

Clothing

200

Rent

550

Bills (electricity, water, service provider)

160

Car payments

250

Fuel

 80

Savings

 50

Money left to spend

 50

Why Save? Saving a small amount of money each month allows people to plan for the future, pay for a special event or have money available for sudden or unexpected payments. People also save to provide education and housing for their children in the future. A financially healthy and secure population contributes to the success of a country as the government can spend more of its money on development, rather than supporting citizens. Savings deposited by individuals in banks and building societies can also be lent to government and businesses in order to grow the country’s economy. Economically healthy countries benefit the whole region as richer countries can lend to those that are less developed. Investment and spending across the region increase as the wealth of individuals and countries grows. 79

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Ways to Save ■■

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Privately: people can save money at home. Saving this way carries a risk of money being lost or stolen. It is also easier for people to be tempted to spend money allocated to savings if it is easily accessible. Banks and building societies: saving in a bank means that people’s money is protected. Money can also earn interest. Having a bank account gives people access to bank cards, overdrafts, loans and e-banking. Sou-sou: this traditional way of saving encourages individuals to save together. Members of the group take turns to receive a payout. This allows them to make a large purchase or payment which they could not otherwise have afforded. Sou-sous do not offer e-banking or credit or debit cards. Investment trusts, bonds and shares: this is a riskier but potentially very profitable way of saving. People invest their money in a company through bonds or shares and receive regular interest or dividends (payments) from the company. Once a bond term is up, the company will pay back what the individual spent on the bond. Shares can be sold at any time – they may be worth less or more than the investor originally spent on them. Dividend payments increase or decrease depending on how much profit a company makes. Life insurance and pensions: these schemes are often offered through people’s workplaces. People make regular small payments into a scheme and receive regular or one-off payments when they are no longer earning an income.

Credit Unions A credit union differs from a bank or building society in that it doesn’t exist to make a profit and is owned by its members. Credit unions promote good financial practices and invest in communities as well as enabling people to save and borrow responsibly. Just like banks, credit unions can also offer credit and debit cards and e-banking services. On the right are some of the reasons people give for saving with credit unions.

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Being part of a credit union helps me feel part of my community. I’m saving with the people around me and any profit we make is invested back into our community.

The bank wouldn’t give me a loan to start up a business but my local credit union did, and their interest rates are lower.

Remember You will need to be familiar with the different methods of saving and their benefits.

Test Yourself: 1. Which method of saving is most appealing to you? Why?

2. Write a response to someone who asks why they should save with a credit union rather than a bank.

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Each month I get a dividend payment on the money I have saved with the credit union, and it’s more than the interest I would get with the bank.

We’re all equal members in the credit union. Knowing that we’ll let each other down if we don’t save gives a sense of shared ownership.

The credit union gave me financial counselling when I lost my job.

I’ve always saved with the credit union and have recently begun counselling other members on managing finances. The credit union is rewarding my efforts with a patronage refund.

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Section C

Consumers and Sustainable Development

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Although it is important for consumers to be thrifty, buying the cheapest product is not always best for the country. Buying cheap imports benefits the foreign company that produced the product rather than developing business and economy in the host country. Spending on foreign exchange (buying from other countries) by both government and individuals needs to decrease for local economies to thrive. As well as purchasing products and services from within their own country or region, people can boost the economy by spending holidays in the region and studying at regional universities. Regional integration objectives are measures set out by Caribbean governments to improve integration and shared growth across the region – these objectives can be achieved only if people know and act on them. Consuming responsibly, reusing or recycling materials, buying locally produced food and products (to avoid pollution caused by transportation) and buying from sustainable suppliers all help to conserve the region’s resources. By limiting energy use by turning off lights and equipment when not in use and using alternative energy sources, consumers can reduce their energy bills while protecting the environment.

Remember Thriftiness and sustainable consumption often go hand in hand.

Test Yourself: Study the advert and identify THREE ways that this business is contributing to sustainable development.

Through finding creative ways of using local resources, people can earn an income and bring money into the region. Examples are using jamoon and bread fruit to make wine, producing cassava and plantain chips and creating drinks and beauty products from coconut oil. Savings allow people to invest in companies and businesses in their country, thus improving its economy.

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Global Finance and Consumers

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As well as consumers being influenced by personal factors, outside influences such as the price of goods and the range of products available will influence what and when people buy. Devaluation is the reduction in value of one currency compared with another. The comparison of one currency with another is called the exchange rate. Inflation describes the rising cost of goods and services over time. The rate of inflation is usually linked to economic growth in a country. Inflation Revision Tip: Match the De and In! can also be affected by the cost of production. ■  Devaluation = decrease in the value of money The exchange rate of a currency (how much it ■  Inflation = increase in costs of goods and services is worth) and inflation (how much it can buy) affect consumers in the following ways: ■■ Higher prices of goods and services – Inflation raises the price of goods and services and devaluation means that more money is needed to pay for products, services and raw materials. ■■ Reduced purchasing power nationally – When a country’s currency is worth less, the government has less money to spend on imported products and services. This keeps more money in a country but also means that the money people have is worth less. Devaluation also means that other countries pay less for goods that the country exports. This reduces the country’s international reserves. ■■ Retrenchment – When a country’s economy suffers, so do businesses and households. They may need to reduce their spending by living more simply, going without certain conveniences and reducing number of staff. This is known as retrenchment. When many businesses reduce their staff, this can lead to high unemployment. ■■ Lower standard of living – As a result of unemployment, high costs of goods and services and a devalued currency, people’s standards of living may reduce. Retrenchment may lead to people buying cheap, low-quality goods or going without certain luxuries or even basic essentials. People will also not save as much.

Strategies to Deal with Devaluation and Inflation People’s wages usually increase slightly each year to meet inflation. Central banks may also increase their interest rates if inflation becomes too high. This reduces people’s spending and slows down inflation. People can also help themselves to deal with the effects of devaluation and inflation: ■■ Self-employment – When there are limited jobs available, people may choose to become self-employed. It is important for people to be confident that Remember they can make money from their product or service. The cost of living describes how much it ■■ Home-gardening – Growing fruit and vegetables reduces people’s costs to live in a particular country or area. There are many websites that compare grocery bills. They may also have fruit and vegetables left over to sell. the cost of living in various cities and countries around the world.

Test Yourself: 1. Write definitions for the following terms, incorporating the listed words:

Devaluation – compared, currency, reduction Inflation – increase, cost, time 2. What other strategies can people take to deal with the effects of devaluation and inflation? ■■ ■■

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Globalisation and Trade Liberalisation

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Globalisation describes the connectedness of the world. Through improvements in technology, transport and communications, the whole world can share information and trade together. This is made easier still through trade liberalisation. There are advantages and disadvantages to globalisation and trade liberalisation.

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Remember Globalisation depends on widespread use of technology that allows information to be shared and transactions to take place between people and companies in different countries.

Advantages ■■

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Cheaper goods and services for consumers: consumers are able to buy cheap imported products rather than more expensive locally made items. More choice of goods and services: opening up trade across countries means that consumers and businesses have more choice over the products and services they buy. Also, international companies may be able to offer services at cheaper rates due to economies of scale. Competition between manufacturers: globalisation and trade liberalisation mean that businesses across the world compete to sell their goods and services on the international market. People can shop around for the best, most competitively priced products and services.

Disadvantages ■■

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Cheap goods are not always the best choice: poorly produced, low-quality items may not last long. They may even cause injury. It may be difficult to get refunds for items purchased over the internet. Products may be cheaper because workers are paid low wages and work in unsatisfactory conditions. Small countries struggle to compete on the global market: small Caribbean businesses compete against huge, multinational corporations to sell their goods. Since developing countries cannot sell their goods as cheaply as developed countries or market their goods as effectively, sales of their products may decrease. Even within the Caribbean, people may buy cheap, imported products rather than locally produced, more expensive products.

Trade liberalisation means that bananas grown on smallholdings are competing in international markets with Latin American bananas which are mass-produced on plantations owned by American companies. The Latin American bananas can be sold more cheaply than the Caribbean bananas, meaning that fewer Caribbean bananas are being bought or are sold so cheaply that Caribbean growers cannot make a profit.

CARIBBEAN BANANAS

LATIN AMERICAN BANANAS

76 cents/kg

76 cents/kg

Test Yourself: 1. List some imported products in the Caribbean. Are there Caribbean alternatives? Why do you think people prefer the imported products? 2. How might governments limit the negative effects of globalisation and trade liberalisation?

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Multiple-choice Questions for Section C2

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1. Which of the following is NOT a recognised category of consumer? (a) institutional consumer (b) consumer of services (c) natural consumer (d) consumer of credit

6. Which of the following are NOT government consumer protection bodies? (a) Fair Trading Commission (b) Programme Coordinating Unit (c) Food and Drugs Division (d) Consumer Affairs Division

2. A credit card allows a consumer to: (a) benefit from a product or service straight away but pay for it later (b) increase the amount of money in their bank account (c) prove how much money they have in their bank account (d) instantly debit their bank account

7. Patronage refund describes: (a) the right to be refunded if a product is faulty (b) refunding of expenses for patrons attending business meetings (c) long-term members of credit unions being financially rewarded (d) a credit union donating money to the community

3. Which of the following is NOT a method of transaction using modern technology? (a) ATM (b) cash payment (c) internet banking (d) debit card

8. Which of the following actions does NOT contribute to sustainable regional development? (a) saving with a bank, building society or credit union (b) buying imported goods from a locally owned supermarket (c) buying locally produced goods (d) making international purchases over the internet

4. Pick the most accurate ending to this sentence: Modern technology benefits consumers because: (a) it makes it easier to spend money (b) people can spend money they haven’t got (c) it gives consumers more rights (d) it is secure and convenient

9. A currency’s value decreasing compared with others is called: (a) devaluation (b) inflation (c) global economy (d) globalisation

5. The law of supply and demand describes: (a) the legal obligation for businesses to provide the goods people want (b) restrictions on the quantity of a product that a person can buy (c) the availability and demand of a good or service affecting its price (d) a seller’s responsibility to meet demand for his or her product

10. A direct effect of trade liberalisation is: (a) cheaper goods and services being available to consumers (b) retrenchment (c) national economic growth (d) reduced purchasing power

Section C

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Structured and Essay Questions for Section C2 1. Write short definitions for the following terms:

Consumers:



Mortgage:



Hire purchase:



Globalisation:

2. Read the extract below from a letter to a consumer advice column in a newspaper, then write a reply. Your reply should suggest at least one government or consumer group that could help and give learning points for the future. ‘…I thought I was getting a bargain when I bought my new kettle from a local market stall. The stall was well-stocked and lots of people were buying from it. The trader was very helpful and told me all about the features of the kettle. When I asked how the kettles were so cheap, he explained that he had been able to buy the kettles cheaply as he had bought in bulk and so was able to pass this saving on to his customers, hence the good price. When I asked for a receipt, the man said that he didn’t issue receipts but that his stall was always there and he would be happy to exchange or refund the kettle if there was a problem. The kettle worked well for a few days, then one day when I turned it on there was a popping sound and the water would not boil. When I tried to return the kettle, the stall had disappeared.’ 3. Write an essay outline in response to the statement: ‘The risks of e-commerce outweigh its benefits.’ Your response should state whether you AGREE or DISAGREE with the statement, backed up with REASONS WHY. Your essay outline should also refer to at least TWO ways that consumers can protect themselves when using e-commerce. Notes: 4. Write a short speech explaining the importance of saving. Your speech should IDENTIFY the personal benefits of saving as well as OUTLINE how saving can contribute to sustainable development in the region. Your speech should also outline THREE different ways of saving and COMPARE the benefits of each. Notes: 5. Write a short essay outlining the EFFECTS of globalisation and trade liberalisation on BOTH the consumer and the nation. Make sure you include the BENEFITS as well as the DRAWBACKS of these effects. OUTLINE TWO different strategies (one regional, one individual) for dealing with the negative effects of globalisation and trade liberalisation, while enjoying their benefits. Notes: 85

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Unit

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Tourism

Concept Map Influences on tourism

Tourism and regional integration

Tourism and the environment

Tourism and technology

Factors affecting tourism

Challenges to tourism

Tourism and employment

TYPES OF TOURISM

Tourism and the economy

Self Check Tick the box that shows how confident you feel I can differentiate between types of tourism. I can explain factors that influence tourism in host and supply countries. I can analyse how tourism contributes to the Caribbean economy. I can outline employment and career opportunities in tourism. I can assess the impact of tourism on physical and socio-cultural environments. I can evaluate how government policies affect tourism. I can assess how agencies contribute to tourism. I can outline challenges facing tourism. I can describe how tourism promotes regional integration. I can describe how communications technology impacts tourism. 86

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Types of Tourism

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The tourism sector describes the huge industry, worth billions of dollars, that provides food, accommodation, travel, experiences, entertainment and souvenirs to tourists. Tourism is a vital part of the Caribbean’s economy, contributing half or more of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in some countries. Travellers may be international, regional or domestic. They can stay in one geographical area or be excursionists (travelling to different places within a region by land or cruise ship). Some tourists want relaxing beach holidays, others want sporting holidays Remember (particularly, in the Caribbean, golf and water-based sports), others want to You need to be able to identify different types of tourism. experience the Caribbean’s culture, music and festivals. Increasingly, tourists want to experience the natural beauty of the Caribbean and take part in ecoactivities and conservation. The tourism sector in the Caribbean has had to adapt and utilise its natural resources in order to meet the demand for different types of holidays.

Test Yourself: 1. Pick from the words and phrases on this page to complete the following passage: in the Caribbean is adapting to the demands of today’s The tourism tourist. Many people want more than just a traditional holiday and offering sports and tourism are developing as a result.

2. List some Caribbean sporting events, carnivals or festivals that attract international, regional or domestic tourists.

Influences on Tourism

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Tourism depends on a host country to supply tourists and a supply country to accommodate tourists and meet their needs. Tourism is affected by push and pull factors in both of these countries. income accessibility

Supply Country Push Factors

promotion and marketing accessibility

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tourist services safety and security

Disposable income – Potential tourists must transportation infrastructure have money to pay for their holiday and to Supply country Host country spend while travelling. push factors pull factors Promotion and marketing – However good a resort or tourist destination is, it will be visited only if tourists know about it. This is done through promotion and marketing in supply countries. Accessibility – Access to information about the host country, easy travel to and from the destination and no need for visas, documents or vaccinations all influence whether or not people travel to an area. Transportation – Tourists must be able to travel easily, safely and affordably to their destination. Good transport links, including roads, trains, planes and boats, must be available. 87

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Accessibility: most tourists want direct flights into a central airport and good transport links. For cruises to stop in a country there must be an adequate seaport that can cater for an influx of tourists. Some destinations appeal to certain types of visitors (such as eco-tourists) because they are isolated, unspoilt and hard to reach. However, tourists still need to be transported to such places. Tourist services: for a country to become a popular tourist destination, it must offer high-quality and affordable services. Direct services in the tourism sector include hotels, shops, restaurants, clean beaches, leisure facilities, sports facilities and bars. Most countries also have a tourist board and tourist information centres. Safety and security: tourists want to know that they will be safe. Political stability, a strong and trusted police force and healthcare provision all contribute to this. Infrastructure: tourists want to be able to travel easily in their destination country. Good infrastructure is important to keep hotels, shops and bars well stocked. Services such as electricity, clean water and sanitation are also important. Increasingly, tourists want to access Wi-Fi from their hotels. Airports and seaports: these need to be clean, secure and well staffed and serviced. These portals can also provide host countries with an opportunity to sell goods and services to tourists.

Revision Tip: Reorder the first letters of the push and pull factors above to spell out: IT ADAPTS – what the tourism sector continually does (count accessibility only once!).

Test Yourself: 1. What different methods might be used to market a tourist resort?

2. List the tourist pull factors of a host country in the order you think reflects their importance.

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Tourism and the Economy

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Tourism is a vital source of income and employment to nearly all Caribbean countries. According to the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC), tourism brought US$54 billion into the Caribbean in 2015, accounting for almost 15% of GDP across the Caribbean and providing employment for around 13% of the population. Foreign exchange describes the stock that a country has of currencies other than its own. Every country must have foreign exchange to pay for goods and services internationally. Countries accumulate foreign exchange mainly from their exports and from tourism. Tourism creates employment. Persons might be employed directly in tourism, e.g. hotel or restaurant workers, or they may be employed indirectly, e.g. suppliers of food to restaurants.

Test Yourself: 1. What foreign exchange currencies do you think are most important to the Caribbean? 2. Can you think of other examples of indirect employment from tourism? Tourism creates employment. Persons might be employed directly in tourism, e.g. hotel or restaurant workers, or they may be employed indirectly, e.g. suppliers of food to restaurants.

Test Yourself: Match the government revenues to their descriptions/sources: 1. A payment visitors make to government when arriving in a country 2. A nightly fee paid to government which is added onto hotel payments 3. An annual fee paid to the government in exchange for running your restaurant 4. A fee paid by visitors leaving a Caribbean island departure tax  head tax  restaurant licence  hotel tax

However, government expenditure on developing tourist resorts can take money away from improving services for local people. Land acquired for resort or hotel development may also anger local people who feel that the land should be used for farming or to benefit the community. Some people feel that too many people are employed in tourism at the expense of the country’s agricultural industry. Arguably, tourism is vital to Caribbean economies and needs to be developed and protected. Through building resorts and improving infrastructure in resort areas, governments create jobs for local people. Local people also often Test Yourself: benefit from infrastructure put in place to attract tourists. 1. Write up a list of benefits and Government spending on tourism needs to be balanced against drawbacks of government other areas of need in a country. Income from tourism also needs spending on tourism. to take into account economic leakage – foreign exchange 2. Can you think of a provision earnings from tourism that leak back out of a country. This occurs in your country that benefits when tourists use imported rather than local goods and through both tourists and local people? tourist facilities owned by foreign companies. 89

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Tourism and Employment

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Tourism depends on a large number of staff to supply goods and services such as food and accommodation, sports coaching and souvenirs. People are employed in a range of occupations within the tourism sector. Type of occupation

Description

Managerial

Manages an office, group of people, place or area of work, e.g. shop manager

Clerical/administrative

Office-based or reception jobs assisting in the dayto-day running of a business, e.g. office assistant

Professional

Working in an area for which qualifications have been gained, such as accountancy

Technical

Working with machines or technology, e.g. plumber

Unskilled

Jobs that do not involve formal training or qualifications, usually practical, e.g. cleaner

Test Yourself: Think of

a job within the tourism industry for each of the types of occupation listed in the table.

Conditions of Employment Different jobs carry different conditions of employment. Many countries in the Caribbean have trade unions for people working within the tourism industry. These ensure that workers receive fair pay, safe working conditions and benefits such as holiday and sickness pay. Job security within the tourism sector is variable. There will always be work for bar and hotel staff as long as there is tourism in the Caribbean. However, the amount of work that a person has may vary depending on whether it is high or low season. The more experience and qualifications a person has, the more likely they are to secure and keep employment and to progress in their careers (promotion). Many people look for jobs that enable them to gain qualifications while they work. Through schemes such as apprenticeships, people learn the skills and knowledge needed for a particular area of work.

Training and Qualifications Universities, colleges and institutes provide training and formal qualifications in many aspects of tourism, including sustainable tourism, tourism management, international hospitality and marketing. Many regional organisations also offer short courses to people already working in the tourist industry who want to refresh or develop their skills and knowledge. Many jobs within tourism, particularly in managerial or professional positions, require qualifications. All jobs that involve dealing with tourists require good social and people-management skills.

Revision Tip: Find out about some tourism courses offered in your country. It may be useful to refer to these in the exam.

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Entrepreneurship

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Tourism offers many opportunities for people to set up their own businesses. Many tourists prefer to stay in small, community-based guest houses rather than in large hotels and to eat traditional, authentic cuisine. This opens up opportunities for people to run their own guest houses, restaurants and food stalls. Local people can also offer their services as tour guides or sports coaches or set up a taxi or boat trip business. Local artists and craftspeople can sell direct to tourists or provide tourist shops with souvenir items. Some tourist organisations offer scholarships to trainees

Test Yourself: List the qualifications, skills and experience that might be required for the following roles:

hotel manager 

receptionist 

chef 

cleaner 

gardener 

Resort Development

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Many people are attracted to the Caribbean because of its beautiful natural environment. At the same time, this environment is under threat from tourism and resort development. It is important that the impact of tourism on the natural environment is considered and minimised. When resorts are built, this not only takes up land which could be used for other purposes, it also affects the view (aesthetic value) of an environment as well as local ecology. Resorts should blend in with the natural environment as far as possible. Roads and paths should cause the least damage possible to the natural beauty of an area and buildings should not be built so high that they block the view of the coastline for others. When resorts are built considerately, they can actually help to preserve areas of natural beauty by making them accessible and protecting them from degeneration. 91

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Section C

Changes in Ecology, Reefs and Tidal Patterns

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Resorts change the landscape of an area, affecting its flora and fauna (plant and animal life). This is particularly damaging in wetland areas where land may be drained to be built on. As well as affecting ecology of the wetland, this can result in soil and debris that were previously absorbed by the wetland flowing into the sea. This can damage coral and marine life. Reefs are a huge attraction for tourists but are very sensitive to pollution. Sewage, soil washed into the sea and litter pollution can kill algae, a source of food for coral. Pollution from pesticides and fertilisers used on gardens and golf courses can also be washed into rivers and the sea where they damage coral and other wildlife. Coral is also removed to sell to tourists which damages coral reefs which have taken thousands of years to grow. Laws protect certain coral in some Caribbean countries. The flow of boats into and out of a marina may also affect tidal patterns and contribute to beach erosion.

Caribbean Sea Turtles Caribbean sea turtles, once numbering in the millions, are now a threatened species. Damage to coral reefs and seagrass along with pollution, development of coastal resorts, light pollution and tourists populating nesting beaches have all contributed to the decline in numbers and varieties. The Caribbean Environment Programme is working with local people to run conservation programmes to protect and conserve the Caribbean’s sea turtle population.

Test Yourself: Use the following words to complete the labels below showing how tourist developments can damage the natural environment. tidal decline trees space view

obstructed

built on green cut down

patterns affected

in marine life

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Section C

Tourism and Conservation

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The Caribbean depends on tourists who want to experience unspoilt natural habitats; therefore tourism must be developed with conservation in mind. Some of the ways that this can happen are: ■■ constructing buildings to blend in with, and not obstruct, natural views ■■ building marinas away from coral reefs ■■ limiting the use of pesticides and fertilisers and disposing of sewage responsibly ■■ maintaining green areas and replanting trees and flora to replace those that have been uprooted.

Test Yourself: Can you think of other ways that a tourist resort could limit the damage it causes to the natural environment?

Heritage Sites and Conservation One way that tourism can contribute to the preservation of the environment is through heritage tourism. As a result of tourists paying to visit historical sites such as Drax Hall sugar plantation in Barbados, St John’s Cathedral in Antigua and the St Vincent Botanic Gardens, Caribbean governments can spend money conserving these sites. There are many national and regional organisations that work with citizens, tour operators and government bodies to protect the Caribbean’s natural environment. National Trusts protect and preserve buildings and National Parks as well as educating citizens, running events and operating museums. Other organisations influence government policies and practices on conservation. The Caribbean Conservation Association (CCA) protects the region’s natural and cultural resources through contributing to policies, programmes and practices which preserve the environment.

Revision Tip: Know about at least one historic site or national park in the Caribbean and how it is protected.

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Tourism, Society and Culture

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Tourism can have both negative and positive effects on society and culture. ■■

■■

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Land and property: the increase in tourism on Caribbean islands has increased the cost of land and housing. Many nationals are unable to afford the kind of housing and location they would like. Hotels and holiday apartments occupy prime beachside spots. Sometimes land that was previously public space is bought by companies to develop a tourist site and becomes inaccessible to the public. Agricultural land may also be developed for tourism, leading to a shift in jobs and skill sets in a region. However, tourism has also helped to develop the infrastructure of areas by creating roads, airports, harbours and improved healthcare, security and telecommunications that everyone can benefit from. The Caribbean coastline is a huge attraction to both tourists and locals as well as being a source of employment for many. In most Caribbean countries all beaches are open to the public by law. However, in reality, some hotels make accessing beaches difficult. Visitors’ perception of Caribbean people and culture: through travelling out of their resort and visiting local restaurants, bars, cafes, shops, craft centres and visitor attractions, tourists can meet local people and experience local culture. Some tourists stay in local guest houses or even people’s homes to gain an authentic experience of Caribbean culture. Some tourists may also visit schools and farms to gain an insight into everyday life on the island. Some visitors come to Caribbean islands specifically to experience arts and cultural festivals. Relationships between citizens and visitors: the relationship between citizens, tourists and returning nationals can be very beneficial if all groups have a positive attitude to one another. Caribbean citizens who may not be able to travel to other countries can experience other cultures through visitors to their island. Mixing with other cultures can help to break down stereotypes and ignorance. At the same time, some people worry that Caribbean culture may be diluted by other nationalities as local people adopt the lifestyle, speech and dress of visiting cultures. There is also concern that tourists who are in the Caribbean to relax and have a good time may be a bad influence on local people. Most tourists are from developed countries that are richer and have more access to technology than many Caribbean people, which may feed dissatisfaction.

Test Yourself: Design a questionnaire to gain an insight into tourists’ thoughts and feelings about the Caribbean and its people.

Attitudes to Tourism ■■

■■

■■

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Indifference – Some Caribbean people, particularly those in rural areas, are unaffected by tourism. They do not often encounter tourists and so the contribution of tourists to society, both positive and negative, do not affect them. Alienation – Other people may be opposed to tourism due to the effects it has on Caribbean society. These people may alienate (remove) themselves from tourist areas and tourists as far as possible. Enthusiasm – Some Caribbean people are very positive about tourism. This is particularly true of people employed within the tourism industry or who benefit directly from improved infrastructure or amenities as a result of tourism. Many young people particularly enjoy experiencing other cultures and accessing the bars, restaurants and attractions that have been developed for tourists.

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How Tourism Affects Arts and Culture

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Arts and culture can be revitalised by the presence of tourists who want to view and buy local arts and crafts and experience local culture through attending music and performing arts events. However, there is some concern that local culture may be commercialised and diluted in order to make it more attractive to tourists. There are a number of ways that government policies can protect citizens from negative effects of tourism while promoting its benefits. Benefits

Drawbacks

Regulate number of people settling in the Caribbean and impose time limits on how long visitors can stay

Immigration regulations

Regulations may discourage some visitors

Some governments legislate for all beaches to be open to the public

Beach control

Hotels obstruct access to some beaches. Some hotels own private beaches

Hotel access to the public

Some hotels and bars restrict access to locals, causing resentment

Government aims to ensure hotels and tourist amenities available to local people

Local landowners can sell their land at a high price; governments regulate how much land can be bought by non-nationals

Land acquisition by non-nationals

Local people may be displaced or unable to buy land due to land being bought by foreign investors

Keeps wealth within the country and encourages national pride

Incentives to holiday at home

People don’t experience other cultures; people may feel a holiday at home is not a proper holiday

Test Yourself: 1. What stereotypes might Caribbean people have about tourists?

2. What incentive could government and local resorts offer to encourage nationals to holiday in their own country?

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Section C

Policies to Develop Tourism

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For tourism to be successful in a country, both public and private investment is needed. Private companies invest in tourism through building and promoting hotels, entertainment and leisure facilities. The public sector develops policies and practices that encourage sustainable tourism.

Meeting Infrastructure Requirements Modern air and seaports, good roads, availability of public transport, reliable sewage and refuse collection, provision of medical facilities and dependable sources of electricity, water and telecommunications are all vital to the tourism industry. Local people benefit from these provisions too.

Providing a Well-trained Workforce Without trained staff to deliver and maintain a service, even the most modern facilities would not be much use. New buildings must also be strong, safe and functional. The government must ensure that adequate training is provided to workers in the service, construction and health industries through ensuring appropriate training schemes, apprenticeships and qualifications are in place.

Addressing Environmental Concerns Government policies and regulations ensure that: ■■ air, land and water pollution is kept to a minimum ■■ endangered species/areas of natural beauty are protected ■■ waste and sewage are disposed of properly.

Test Yourself: 1. List the trained workers needed for the following provisions:

Hotel

Airport

Hospital

Restaurant

Running water

2. Suggest THREE practical ways that a government might regulate and limit the impact of tourism on the environment.

Addressing Social Problems Tourists must feel that a country is safe and comfortable. Governments address social issues in a number of ways: ■■ providing a well-trained, informed and moral police force in adequate numbers ■■ passing and upholding laws to protect citizens and visitors ■■ making sure public spaces are well lit ■■ providing well-equipped, well-staffed hospitals, pharmacies and emergency services ■■ taking action on social issues such as poverty, crime, drug use and disease. 96

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Creating a Favourable Investment Climate

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For local and international businesses to invest in a country, three things must happen: 1. There must be attractive opportunities to invest and make a profit. This is achieved through good infrastructure and security, natural resources such as unspoilt coastline and a strong tourist industry. 2. The process of setting up a business must be as easy as possible. 3. Businesses have to know about investment opportunities. Government can promote these conditions through ensuring that safety, security, infrastructure and social conditions are suited to investment. They can also provide incentives to local and international business investors through tax concessions, land provision, granting licences and ensuring that administration is simple and efficient. Governments should also promote international investment in their country through tourist boards, the Ministry of Tourism, international media and tourist associations.

Revision Tip: As well as knowing how government policies develop tourism, you’ll need to have an opinion on how effective these policies are.

How Agencies Contribute to Tourism

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Many agencies and organisations work with governments to promote and develop tourism. They do this through monitoring the tourist industry and setting guidelines for improvement, providing training for workers in the tourist industry, marketing the region to potential tourists and providing funding to tourist projects through grants and loans. Local, regional and international agencies that develop tourism include: ■■ hotel associations, tourist boards, Departments/Bureaus/Ministries of Tourism ■■ Caribbean Tourism Organisation ■■ Caribbean Hotel Association ■■ hospitality training institutions ■■ donor agencies: Caribbean Development Bank, European Union, Organization of American States (OAS) and Canadian International Development Agencies (CIDA)

Test Yourself: Match the five agencies, institutions or associations above with the summary you

think best defines them. 1. Loan money for projects to improve a country’s economic and social conditions and develop its tourist industry. 2. Informs policy, provides education and training to workers, promotes tourism to the public, supports sustainable development. 3. Monitor, promote and support tourism and tourism services, develop tourism policies, coordinate tourism across the country. 4. Markets the region’s hotels, sets environmental guidelines for hotels and trains staff in hospitality. 5. Universities, colleges and tourist facilities, such as large hotels, that offer training in hospitality and tourism. 97

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Challenges Facing the Caribbean Tourist Industry ■■

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Security of funding for investment: for tourism to develop and grow, investment is needed to maintain, improve and create new tourist facilities. Investment may come from companies, financial institutions, private individuals and government. When countries or banks face economic difficulties, investment in tourism decreases. Research and marketing: for a tourism product or service to be successful it needs to satisfy a need or desire. The needs and desires of tourists are discovered through market research and people are informed about a product or service through marketing (promotion). Research and marketing are expensive and many tourist boards have limited money for them. Training and labour force: a successful tourism industry depends on a reliable, well-trained workforce. However, a lack of training facilities or the expense of training may result in a lack of qualified personnel, particularly for professional roles. Water supply: governments must invest in water provision and treatment to meet the huge demand for water from tourists. This needs to be balanced with the water needs of residents and protection of the natural environment. Terrorism: as global terrorism increases, many people limit their international travel. Terrorism risks in the Caribbean are low but crime rates in some areas are high, which may deter people from visiting the region. Increased security checks at airports and long waits at immigration and passport control may also deter people. Direct air access: many smaller islands in the Caribbean do not receive direct flights from major host countries such as the UK, USA or Canada. Tourists from these countries may stay on larger Caribbean islands or travel to other holiday destinations rather than catch connecting flights. Competing destinations: the Caribbean competes with many other tourist destinations, both those offering similar environments and those offering very different kinds of holiday. Some people are attracted to emerging destinations such as Croatia, Cuba and the Cape Verde islands. Others may holiday in parts of the world that are nearer to them or that offer cheaper holidays. Cruise ship policies: cruise ships do not benefit the Caribbean economy as much as land-based tourism due to staff and products on the ship coming from outside the Caribbean. Cruise ships docking in Caribbean ports must Remember pay port taxes and fees, which contribute to port construction/ As well as outlining the challenges facing tourism in the Caribbean, upkeep and the country’s infrastructure. Many Caribbean you’ll need to be able to suggest possible solutions. governments also charge head tax per passenger. Agreeing standard charges and fees across all ports would create an equal market across all Caribbean destinations.

Test Yourself: 1. Identify some ways that tourist facilities could carry out research and marketing. 2. Compare the qualities of a beach holiday in the Caribbean to a city break in New York.

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Tourism and Regional Integration ■■

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Marketing the Caribbean as a single destination: tourists often the Caribbean as a region rather than separate countries. Governments can take advantage of this by combining time and money to market the Caribbean as a single destination. Economic links mean that tourists to any Caribbean country will benefit the whole region. Recognition of tourist packages in individual countries: whilst marketing the Caribbean as a single destination, promotion of events or resources in particular countries can also attract people to the Caribbean and encourage visitors to lesser-known islands. Events and attractions throughout the Caribbean include the Trinidad carnival, the Chaa Creek eco lodge in Belize and the Caribbean Sea Jazz Festival in Aruba. Aviation hubs: through providing link flights to other destinations in the Caribbean, large international airports such as the Grantley Adams Airport (Barbados) or the Norman Manley Airport (Jamaica) act as aviation hubs. Connecting flights mean tourists can visit more than one island or islands that don’t have an international airport. They also promote domestic and regional tourism. The length of time that visitors can stay on different islands without a visa differs. Common policies and linkages: the common single market and economy (CSME) allows people, services and investment to move freely between members. This benefits tourism as a skilled workforce can travel between countries and tourist facilities can be invested in across member states. Common economic policies such as room tax and port fees also benefit integration. Since all Caribbean islands share the core attractions of sun, sand and sea, marketing resources can also be integrated.

Test Yourself: 1. Give definitions for the following terms: marketing  emerging destinations  aviation hubs  visas 

2. List THREE ways that a tourist board could attract regional (Caribbean) visitors.

3. Do you think that visa requirements should be standardised across the Caribbean region? Why or why not?

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Tourism and Communications Technology

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These days, almost everyone uses the internet to research holidays and gather information. People also book flights, car rental and excursions and make hotel and restaurant reservations online. E-ticketing allows reservations to be made over the telephone or internet. Customers are issued with a reference number (and sometimes a bar code) and relevant details of their booking via email or SMS. This information is then used to access the booking stored on a computer. A good website should allow people to contact a company to provide feedback or ask questions. This is one way that companies can collect market research. Websites and media, such as television, radio and press, are also good ways to advertise holidays to large numbers of potential tourists. Websites such as caribbeantravel.com promote regional integration by marketing the whole of the Caribbean. With so much competition from different tour operators, it is important for companies facilities restaurant functions rates check availability to have an attractive, functional and up-to-date website. Information should be communicated using photos as well as text. See the sample website opposite.

Test Yourself: 1. Why might the internet be an attractive way for people to research their holiday destinations?

2. What are the benefits of communicating via the internet for the tourist industry? Are there any drawbacks?

My husband and I stayed here for our anniversary. The hotel was clean and the staff friendly. However, there were no refreshments in the room and our fridge was out of order. The rooftop breakfast was very pleasant. Great location within walking distance of all amenities and nightlife. I stayed here on business and made use of the meeting room. The hotel was clean and comfortable and the staff were very helpful. Good value for money and the restaurant served great food. The bed wasn’t the most comfortable I’ve slept in but for a couple of nights was adequate.

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Section C

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Multiple-choice Questions for Section C3 1. Domestic tourists are: (a) tourists that stay in other people’s homes (b) tourists that holiday in their own country (c) tourists that like to stay in built-up areas (d) families that travel together

2. Which of the following is NOT a sector of tourism? (a) eco tourism (b) health tourism (c) cultural tourism (d) geographical tourism

3. Which of the following is NOT a host country pull factor? (a) accessibility (b) disposable income (c) safety and security (d) infrastructure

4. Foreign exchange describes: (a) the stock that a country has of currencies other than its own (b) foreign visitors between countries (c) international exchange of goods and services (d) taxes placed on tourist services

5. Which of the following is NOT an indication of high season? (a) the number of tourists in a country peaks (b) employment in tourist services is high (c) resorts offer cheap rates (d) holidays are more expensive

6. Which of the following is NOT an effect of resort development? (a) endangered species (b) damaged infrastructure (c) spoilt aesthetics (view) (d) altered tidal patterns

7. Which of the following effects of tourism do NOT benefit local people? (a) better infrastructure (b) increased healthcare (c) private beaches (d) improved telecommunications

8. Which of the following is NOT an area of government tourism policy? (a) hotel access to the public (b) land acquisition by non-nationals (c) incentives to holiday at home (d) relations between tourists and citizens

9. Marketing describes: (a) selling on a market stall (b) the act of promoting a product or service to sell (c) finding out what customers want (d) integrating with other businesses selling similar products

10. An emerging destination describes: (a) a holiday destination that is becoming popular (b) a tourist resort in a developing country (c) a destination that offers cheap holidays (d) a holiday offering only basic provisions

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Section C

Structured Questions for Section C3 1. Provide a balanced argument (present both sides) for why tourism in the Caribbean needs to expand beyond just providing sun, sea and sand. 2. Write a response to the statement: ‘The government is spending too much money on developing facilities for tourists at the expense of quality of life for locals.’ State whether you agree with the statement and outline why or why not. 3. Write a letter to your government, stating how it can encourage the tourism industry to invest in your country. Begin your letter by explaining why investment in tourism is important. Follow this by explaining, giving examples, why each of the factors listed below is important in encouraging tourism. ■■ Good infrastructure ■■ Tackling social and environmental issues ■■ Providing tourism training ■■ Marketing and promotion 4. What do you think is the biggest challenge facing tourism in the Caribbean today? Outline reasons for your choice and suggest two possible solutions. 5. Look at the web pages below. One page is complete while the other is missing some important features. Through comparing the two, use the following prompts to copy and complete the unfinished page. ■■ How could the web page look better? What component is missing, other than text? ■■ Could you add any more text to promote the resort? What would make you want to visit this resort? ■■ What other links to further information could be added to the menu bar? ■■ What important details are missing from the bottom of the page? ■■ What is the most important action for visitors to take? How could the web page encourage this?

facilities

restaurant

functions

rates

check availability

My husband and I stayed here for our anniversary. The hotel was clean and the staff friendly. However, there were no refreshments in the room and our fridge was out of order. The rooftop breakfast was very pleasant. Great location within walking distance of all amenities and nightlife. I stayed here on business and made use of the meeting room. The hotel was clean and comfortable and the staff were very helpful. Good value for money and the restaurant served great food. The bed wasn’t the most comfortable I’ve slept in but for a couple of nights was adequate.

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Paper 1 Practice Questions

Paper 1 Practice Questions 1. Which of the following is NOT a major function of the family? (a) Procreation (b) Socialisation of the individual (c) Healthcare provision (d) Satisfying social and economic needs 2. Which of the following gives the best description of human trafficking? (a) Running a business which secures employment for migrants (b) Holding a person against their will and exploiting them for profit (c) Paying for a relative to join you in another country (d) Providing transportation for multiple people 3. A group of people with a common aim, a leader and established rules describes a: (a) Formal group (b) Secondary group (c) Institution (d) Primary group 4. How might an opposition party monitor a ruling party in parliament? (a) Campaign on social issues (b) Write a manifesto (c) Question government proposals (d) Monitor the electoral process 5. Which of the following is the odd one out? (a) Forests (b) Bauxite (c) Solar power (d) Water

6. Population change is influenced by: (a) Relief of the land (b) Ethnicity (c) Birth and death rate (d) Climate 7. Shared currency, removal of trade barriers and coordination of monetary policies are examples of: (a) Regional integration (b) Sustainability (c) Globalisation (d) Economic integration 8. Which of the following is NOT a form of media ownership? (a) Private (b) Public (c) Joint (d) Trade 9. Which of the following are NOT examples of government consumer protection? (a) Price control (b) Comparing prices for the same product (c) Food and drug inspection (d) Import regulations 10. Pick the best ending to this sentence: Tourism contributes to the Caribbean economy mainly through… (a) Direct and indirect employment (b) Sales of souvenirs (c) Development of infrastructure (d) Sale of land

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Paper 2 Practice Questions

Paper 2 Practice Questions Section A 1. (a) Give definitions for the following terms: matrifocal, alimony, inheritance. (b) Identify some of the changes to the roles of men and women within the family in recent times. (c) Choose THREE contemporary social issues and outline possible reasons for each. (d) Explain, giving examples, why addressing issues of poverty, inequality and education can improve many social problems. State TWO other ways that social issues can be improved. 2. (a) Describe the characteristics of a primary and a formal group. (b) In what ways does a secondary social group differ from a primary one? State THREE ways. (c) Give definitions for the terms social norms and organisations. (d) List the FIVE different functional categories of institutions and for EACH give an example of an institution in this category.

Section B 3. (a) Explain the difference between a human resource and a physical resource. (b) Explain the term ‘population distribution’ and list the different influences on this. Explain the term ‘population change’ and list the different influences on this. (c) Identify TWO possible reasons for migration to an urban area and outline why an urban area is better equipped to offer these things than a rural area. What negative aspects might there be to migrating to an urban area? (d) Describe what sustainable development is. Why is it so important? List some sustainable actions that individuals, groups and businesses can take. 4. (a) Outline FIVE major challenges facing the Caribbean region. (b) ‘All Caribbean countries should work to overcome the obstacles to regional integration. We are stronger together.’ Write a paragraph, giving reasons, supporting this view. (c) Write mission statements for BOTH CARICOM and the Regional Development Fund. Your statements should be no longer than a paragraph each and should refer to the aims and objectives of each organisation and state why these organisations are needed. (d) Write a short speech promoting regional integration to leaders of Caribbean nations and outlining ways that it can be achieved. Your speech should make recommendations for how citizens, businesses and government can promote regional integration as well as identify how ONE NAMED regional agency contributes to regional integration.

Section C 5. Write an essay to support the argument that the mass media is needed to promote regional integration. Give examples of how the mass media achieves this. 6. Write an article for a consumer magazine which: ■■ Recognises the reasons for and benefits of saving and practising thrift ■■ Gives FIVE top tips for how consumers can protect themselves ■■ Outlines the impact of devaluation on the consumer. 7. Imagine you are a tourist operator planning to build a tourist resort in an area of natural beauty in a Caribbean country of your choice. Write a proposal to the government stating the type of tourism that your resort will specialise in and why this is needed. Your proposal should outline the ways in which your resort will consider the local environment and practise sustainable tourism. Your proposal should also outline how your resort will benefit local people, infrastructure and the economy and identify the infrastructure that your resort will require.

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Answers to Test Yourself Questions

Answers to Test Yourself Questions Page 7: Procreation, discipline, provision, teaching, socialisation. 1. Developing citizens through teaching about values and attitudes, rights and responsibilities. 2. It’s the first group that a child is part of, it develops identity. Page 8: Extended, nuclear, sibling, single-parent. Page 8: 1. Marriage, common, visiting, monogamy. 2. Focused on the mother, based on the father’s line (descendants). Page 9: 1. Own answer. 2. Man: provider, DIY, taking out rubbish. Woman: housekeeper, cook, bringing up children. Give own opinion on whether you think roles should remain divided. 3. Lack of discipline, lack of a father figure, lack of finance. Page 10: 1. Money, time, meal preparation, help with homework, transportation, emotional support, entertainment, physical exercise. 2. Eat well, abstain from alcohol and drugs, light exercise, rest. 3. Save money, stay home more, healthy lifestyle. 4. Your own answer should consider a child’s physical, educational, emotional and economic needs. Page 11: 1. Own answer. 2. Own answer should identify patience, sacrifice, knowledge, discipline, meal-planning and preparation, finances and socialising skills. People need to consider whether they can provide these qualities before having a baby. Page 12: Own answer, based on research. Page 13: 1. Children may steal as a result of poverty. They may be frustrated, bored or angry through lack of opportunity or a difficult family life, leading them to behave badly. 2. An individual may be used as a slave or for sexual exploitation, causing misery and suffering. A person’s family would be worried and sad about a trafficked family member. Page 14: 1. To ensure that family members are provided for when a person dies. 2. Bigamy, a person being underage, a person being forced to marry. 3. Due to changing family unions, family laws should give equal protection to all types of unions/families. Domestic violence laws should protect against all forms of violence, including mental abuse and abuse against men. Page 16: Timeline should run from 4000 BC when Amerindians arrived, show Taino people arriving 500 BC, between 1600–1700 AD Africans arrive, Europeans in 1492 and Asian migration between 1800–1900 BC. Page 16: 1. Any two of the following: Christianity, architecture, cricket, government/education system. 2. Asian. 3. Any of the following benefits: mix of food, diversity, arts and crafts, tourism, festivals. Any of the following drawbacks:

conflict, tension, fighting, divides. Page 17: 1. Primary: housemates. Secondary: cast of a play. Formal: political party. Informal: youth group. 2. Social benefits, acceptance, sense of identity, like-minded people, helping each other. 3. Disagreements, arguments over how money is spent, lack of respect, intolerance, lack of cooperation. Page 17: Girls looking at magazine: compromise. Boys playing table tennis: competition. Boy and girl arguing over CD: conflict. Leader bringing cake and member of youth group carrying plates: cooperation. Page 18: Own answer should demonstrate how three of the following are displayed in the organisation: hierarchy, symbols/rituals, rules, function, endurance. Page 19: Religious school: religious/educational. Council offices: political. Museum: recreational/educational. Restaurant: recreational. Prison: political. Page 22:  1. Pie chart should show the APNU-AFC with a very slightly bigger share. 2. This wasn’t enough to earn a minimum percentage and therefore a seat. 3. Even though parties get votes, they may not get seats in parliament. 4. PR, PR, FPTP, PR, FPTP, PR. Page 24: Own answer based on stages involved in preparing for election, e.g. select candidates; raise funds – approach sympathetic businesses, run fundraising events; prioritise issues – unemployment, crime; write manifesto – based on priority issues, send out to all party members; campaign – local and national media, rallies, face-to-face work; appoint a team to monitor the opposition; appoint a team to monitor election process. Page 26: In between Preparation of outline and First reading, insert: Draft: the first draft of the bill is written and sent to the cabinet In between Second reading and Report stage, insert: Committee stage – If the bill is approved, a small working group will study it in detail and make any necessary changes At end of flow chart, insert: Assent stage – If the Senate agrees to the bill, it is sent to the head of state for approval. After this, it becomes law. Page 27: Prime minister: leads cabinet; civil servant: implements government policies; minister: is assigned portfolio; junior minister: assists minister. Page 28: 1. Magistrates’ court, High Court, Court of Appeal, Caribbean Court of Justice, Privy Council. 2. So that its decisions are not influenced by other branches of government. Sometimes it may need to judge government officials. 105

Answers to Test Yourself Questions

Page 29: The amount of income a government has for public spending. Page 29: Own answers. Page 30: 1. Constitution: A document that sets out the rules and principles, freedoms and rights of a society. Democracy: A society where people are allowed to speak freely and influence how their country is run. Authoritarian: A society where the ruler has ultimate control. 2. To protect people’s rights, to inform laws. 3. Right to a nationality: to contribute to the development of the country and society; Right to own property: to maintain your property; Right to work: to work to the best of your abilities. Page 33: 1. 20–24 year olds. 2. Working people. 3. Women. Page 34: The densely populated areas (towns, cities and capital city) are located on low, flat land where people can build and farm. Unpopulated areas are tropical forest, wetland and mountainous areas. Page 34: Montserrat: 4.96, Barbados: 8.44, Saint Lucia: 6.28, Trinidad and Tobago: 13.46, St Kitts and Nevis: 6.41. Page 35: 22.2. The island had a positive net migration. Page 36: Push factors: no jobs, boredom, lack of opportunity, persecution, underdevelopment, more opportunities, better education. Pull factors: modern infrastructure, culture, more and better facilities, more jobs, lack of opportunity. Page 36: Push factors: crowds, competition for jobs, homes and resources, crime rate, pollution. Pull factors: fresh air, space to build and farm, less competition for jobs, safer.

Positive effects

Negative effects

Individual

Origin country

Host country

Employment, near family and friends, education

More resources in country for people who are left, more space

More money and skills in the country, larger workforce

Away from Brain drain, Overcrowding, family and underpopulation, more demand friends, increased for resources overcrowding, dependent and jobs competing for population work, increased living costs

Page 38: 1. Education, nutrition and health, sports and culture, scholarships. 2. Own answer. Give reasons for your choice. 3. Own answer based on research. Generally, primary and secondary education is free. In some countries early years and tertiary education needs to be paid for. Adult education is normally paid for, unless an adult receives government support.

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Page 39: 1. Wholesale and retail trade. 2. You may decide to train and gain experience in the wholesale or retail trade as this is the biggest employer. Alternatively, as lots of people will compete for jobs in retail, you may decide to train in a specialised area where there are fewer jobs but also fewer people competing for them. 3. Because these jobs need very specific training which only a few people would have. Also, because there are only limited numbers of companies providing these services. Page 40: 1. Rights: sick leave, holiday leave, regular breaks, fair pay, comfortable working conditions. Responsibilities: be punctual and reliable, work hard, perform duties on job description, respect confidentiality, respect other staff. 2. a. interests; b. fulfilment; c. job description. Page 42: Road: asphalt. Car, tin cans, food packaging: aluminium. Car: petroleum. Grocers shop: cement, glass, limestone. Page 43: 1. Renewable resources occur naturally and can be replenished. Non-renewable resources also occur naturally but are limited and one day will run out. 2. All types of energy which do not damage the environment. 3. Petroleum (used as fuel made from crude oil, mined in Trinidad and Tobago, Barbados and Belize), bauxite (used for aluminium, mined in Guyana and Jamaica), gold and diamonds (used for jewellery, artefacts and industrial tools, mined in Guyana) or asphalt, marble and limestone (used in roads and construction, mined across the Caribbean). Page 45: Social: debt, unemployment, inadequate technology. Trade/economic: international trade, lack of skills and export diversification, debt, unemployment, inadequate technology. Natural: size, vulnerability to natural disasters. Page 47: Globalisation, trading area, goods, labour and money, unemployment, underemployment, economy, reduction in inequality, increased cooperation. Page 49: 1. Haiti and Guyana. 2. CARIFTA was formed in 1965 and became CARICOM in 1973. 3. The Treaty of Basseterre. 4. It also includes Latin American countries. Page 51: 1. Secretariat: offices responsible for the administration and secretarial affairs of organisations. Budget: a plan of financial income and outgoings of an organisation or individual. Treaties: international agreements signed by member countries. 2. The OECS secretariat is located in St Lucia. The CARICOM secretariat is based in Guyana. 3. To manage different areas of work.

Answers to Test Yourself Questions

Page 52: 1. Own answer which should identify a social issue and state how Caribbean states could tackle this issue together through discussion, shared resources, unified laws and joint actions. Conflicts may arise related to the cost of this response, how best to tackle the problem and the extent to which each country contributes. 2. Globalisation: connectedness of different countries through trade, technology, finance and communications. Trade liberalisation: relaxing of trade laws between countries. Trading blocs: regionally based groups of countries that remove trade barriers so they can trade freely. Page 53: 1. Guyana and the Dominican Republic have the most. St Kitts and Nevis has the least. 2. Guyana and the Dominican Republic. 3. Guyana and the Dominican Republic could help to support weaker economies. However, this may cause tension if these countries resent subsidising other countries. Page 54: Direct: reduced transaction costs between member countries; financial savings for citizens of member countries; no need to exchange currency between countries; a more stable exchange rate; easier to compare costs of goods and services across member countries (greater transparency); easier movement across different countries. Indirect: stronger economies; more investment in the region as a result of stronger economies; improved trade across the region and internationally; greater regional identity. Page 55: 1. Buy locally produced goods and services, respect fellow Caribbean citizens, set up and invest in local businesses. 2. Through literature, advertising, teaching about regional integration in schools. 3. OECS, CARICOM, ACS, CSME. Page 57: 1. RSS, CONCACAF, CARPHA, CCJ. 2. CARDI – promotes and develops agriculture across the Caribbean; WICB – promotes international partnership and development of cricket; CMC – develops media and communication across the Caribbean; CXC – oversees primary and secondary education across member countries. Page 60: 1. Letter, newspaper, cell phone, TV. 2. Face-toface communication, book, magazine, landline. 3. Verbal: speech, book, songs, letter, instructions. Non-verbal: scream, mime, picture, graph, map, shaking hands. Page 61: Telex: sending written messages down a telephone network. Facsimile: sending written communication long distances down a telephone line. Telephones: communicating verbally over a long distance using wire or radio. Telegraph: an old-fashioned way of sending and receiving messages by electrical or radio signal. For all of these methods, a special machine is needed. Page 61: 1. Laptop or iPad as these are light and transportable and a young person will know about modern technology and have good internet connection. Television and radio as they provide entertainment and are affordable

and familiar. Also do not require internet connection which may not be available. Computer or laptop and a phone (cell and landline) as these media allow teleconference calls, texts, phone calls, email and documents transfer. 2. Benefits: communication easier and more widespread, benefits business and enables information to be shared. Drawbacks: expensive, taking away face-to-face contact, enables dangerous or antisocial behaviour to be shared. Page 62: 1. Lack of clear communication, age difference. 2. Prejudice, status, mistrust. 3. Unresolved conflict, strained relationship. 4. Strained relationship, mistrust, stress. 5. Failure of equipment Page 63: News stories, events, travel reports, weather information, business news, useful contact information. Page 66:  Benefits of global mass media

Drawbacks of global mass media

Perceptions

Good to know other people’s views.

Can cause upset or confusion, challenge people’s own perceptions.

Attitudes, values and behaviour

Can influence these for good.

Can influence these negatively.

Identity

Can promote regional identity and way of life.

Imported programming can dilute regional identity through introducing other cultures and ways of life.

Nationalism and regionalism

Local programming can reinforce national and regional pride.

Imported programming can threaten national and regional pride.

Freedom of expression

Allows anyone to express themselves.

People can express wrong, immoral or criminal views.

Creativity

Increases access to creativity and information; local programming can promote local arts.

Global media may dominate viewing figures meaning that local programming and artists suffer.

Page 67: 1. Cultural groups, artists, mass media, organisations/institutions. 2. Cultural groups and artists have the expertise and passion to communicate culture through their work but can only communicate to a small audience, the mass media depends on artists and programmers to bring culture into programming but can reach a large audience, institutions have money to invest in culture but may be restricted by rules and regulations as well as finding appropriate groups to fund. 3. Yes, because selling Caribbean culture to a mass market helps create the money needed to conserve it. Also, the more people that know about and appreciate Caribbean culture, the more support there will be to conserve it. Page 68: 1. Own answer. 2. government, laws, control, private.

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Answers to Test Yourself Questions

Page 70: 1. Copied films, downloaded music, copied essays. 2. Films, textbooks, pop songs, poems, novels. 3. Benefits of intellectual property laws

Benefits of sharing resources

Creator of piece of work is rewarded/recognised

Piece of work reaches a wider audience

Only the creator and publisher of the work benefit financially

People can access a piece of work for free

Page 74: 1. Goods: clothes (uniform), can of cola, cell phone, backpack, textbooks. Services: public transport (bus), education (school), telecommunications (cell phone service provider). 2. Own answer. 3. Schools – textbooks, university – lecturers, football team – kits, small business – office, tour guides – tourist attractions, financial advisor – stationery, hospital – medicines, restaurant chain – fish supplier. Page 74: 1. If they need a good or service that they can’t pay for immediately, e.g. to pay a plumber to fix a leaking pipe in their house. 2. It’s more expensive than buying an item outright but allows people who couldn’t afford to pay for the item outright to still enjoy it. 3. $80,000. Page 75: A drink is being advertised. This is a persuasive advertisement. Associations with fun, relationship, leisure and attractiveness. Page 76: ATM; debit and credit cards; e-commerce; telebanking; internet banking. Page 77: 1. So all retailers have a fair chance of competing for business and customers have a choice of goods and services. 2. For impartiality purposes, so that there’s no bias or personal preference in decisions made. Page 78: 1. They can support and inform each other, they are more powerful. 2. Research a product or service, get a receipt for their purchase, complain, write reviews on social media, demand a refund or exchange. Page 79: 1. Food and toiletry payments could be reduced through buying cheaper products and reducing waste. Savings payments could be reduced. Rent, bills and perhaps fuel expenses cannot change. 2. This is an effective budget as all expenses are accounted for and some money is saved each week. There is also some disposable income left for special or unexpected purchases, although this amount may need to be increased. 3. Own answer. Page 80: 1. Own answer. 2. A credit union offers all the same benefits as a bank, including interest, bank cards and e-commerce, as well as promoting good financial practices and supporting communities. Page 81: 1. Investing in locally produced products. 2. Using products creatively. 3. Keeping people healthy.

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Page 83: 1. Devaluation is the reduction of one currency compared with another. Inflation is an increase in the cost of goods and services over time. 2. Recycling/reusing, sharing/ pooling resources, making own fun (rather than spending money on entertainment), making use of food leftovers. Page 83: 1. Own examples – people may prefer imported products due to price, quality, advertising or association. 2. Form trading partnerships so that they can compete in international trade, educate citizens about supporting local and regional producers and businesses. Page 87: 1. The tourism sector/industry in the Caribbean is adapting to the demands of today’s tourist. Many people want more than just a traditional beach holiday and resorts offering sports and health/eco tourism are developing as a result. 2. Own answers – might include Junkanoo, Trinidad Carnival, Crop Over, cricket matches, CONCACAF champions league. Page 88: 1. Television and radio advertising, travel brochures, magazine articles, word of mouth, billboards and any other means you can think of. 2. List should include accessibility, infrastructure, airports and seaports, safety and security, tourist services, in your own order of priority. Page 89: 1. US dollar, UK pound, euro, Chinese yuan. 2. Own answer – may include gardeners, beach patrol, bar workers, shopkeepers, taxi drivers. Page 89: head tax; hotel tax; restaurant licence; departure tax. Page 89: 1. Benefits: creates local jobs, improves infrastructure and services for local people, attracts more tourists which improves economy. Drawbacks: less money spent on other areas such as education, land used for tourist development, lack of workers in other areas. 2. Own answer – may be telecommunications, development of a beach for tourists and locals, improved health or security services. Page 90: Managerial; hotel manager. Clerical/ administrative: hotel receptionist. Professional: chef, market researcher. Technical: IT support worker, website manager. Unskilled: gardener, waiter. Page 91: Hotel manager: hospitality/management qualification, experience of working in a hotel. Receptionist: office/people skills, switchboard training. Chef: catering qualification, kitchen experience. Cleaner: no qualifications needed, may not need experience. Gardener: may complete apprenticeship. Page 92: Obstructed view, green space, trees cut down, tidal patterns affected, decline in marine life.

Answers to Test Yourself Questions

Page 93: Use recycled water and alternative energy sources, serve sustainable food, don’t build on wetland, provide rubbish bins, build open-air bars and restaurants (no air conditioning), buy local produce, walk and use public transport where possible, hire local guides. Discourage guests from buying or removing coral, dropping litter, picking plants, touching wild animals. Page 94: Your questionnaire should include questions about the tourist’s experience of local culture, impressions of local people, thoughts on local food, opinions of hotel and services. The questionnaire should also give the opportunity for feedback on how the holiday could have been improved. Page 95: 1. That they are lazy, rich, uncultured, unfriendly, uneducated about the Caribbean way of life. 2. Cheaper rates and special deals at hotels, restaurants and attractions. Page 96: 1. Hospitals – doctors, nurses, administration and management staff, paramedics (ambulance workers). Hotel – receptionists, managers, chefs. Airport – pilots, flight attendants, check-in staff, customs staff. Restaurant – chefs, waiting staff, manager. Running water – plumbers. 2. Any three of the following: Impose fines for people or companies dumping chemicals or litter; Control where and how many new developments can be built; Provide waste and sewage collection and treatment plants; Provide beach patrol; Create laws to protect coral reefs and marine life; Run schemes to plant trees and plants to replace those that have been removed. Page 97: 1. Donor agencies. 2. Hotel associations, tourist boards, Departments/Bureaus/Ministries of Tourism. 3. Caribbean Tourism Organisation. 4. Caribbean Hotel Association. 5. Hospitality training institutions.

Page 98: 1. Research: questionnaires given to hotel guests (electronic or printed), surveys on websites, focus/discussion groups. Marketing: advertising, registering with travel agencies, creating website, putting on/attending events. 2. Beach holiday: relaxation, sun, sand and sea, nightlife, beautiful surroundings. New York: famous sites, shopping, entertainment e.g. theatre and bars, cultural attractions e.g. museums. Page 99: 1. Marketing: promoting a product or service in order to sell it. Emerging destinations: places only recently becoming popular as holiday destinations. Aviation hubs: main airports receiving international, long-haul flights and providing connecting flights. Visas: authorisations to visit a country. 2. Ensure regular and affordable regional flights, regional marketing, promotions for regional tourists, hosting local events. 3. Own answer – reasons for standardising visa requirements across Caribbean might be ease of travel and regional integration. Reasons not to may be security, independence. Page 100: 1. Quick and easy, can research from home, all information in one place, no need for lots of phone calls or heavy holiday brochures, interactive – people can leave and read others’ comments/feedback. 2. Benefits: reduces expense of printed brochures, information can be updated easily, can access customers worldwide, reduces number of staff as customers can make own reservations. Drawbacks: depends on people having computers and internet access, people might not discover a company’s website, initial expense of setting up the website and e-booking facilities, people may leave bad reviews.

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Glossary

Glossary Black market  Illegal trade in goods or

Free trade agreements Agreements

services.

made between countries to remove trade barriers and legislation.

Cohesion  The state of being bound together. GDP  The combined monetary value of all goods Death rate  The rate at which people die per

thousand people in the population.

and services produced in a country within a given time, usually a year.

Democratic  Form of rule in which

Gerrymandering Manipulating

government is elected by public vote to represent the people’s views.

constituency boundaries to influence votes. Globalisation  The connectedness of

Dependency ratio  Number of dependants

(children and the elderly) compared to working population.

different countries through trade, technology, finance and communications. Interest  The money paid by banks and

Dictatorial  Form of government where the

ruler has unrestricted authority.

building societies to account holders in return for saving with them; money added to debt repayments in exchange for receiving a loan.

Dumping  Selling a large quantity of goods

below market price.

Kinship  A group of people with common

ancestry. Ecology  Branch of biology dealing with the

relations of organisms to one another and to their physical surroundings.

Marginal seats  Constituencies where the

current Member of Parliament has a small majority of votes.

Economy of scale  Reducing production

costs by manufacturing large quantities of goods.

Market economy  The economy in which

goods and services are produced and sold. Electronic transaction  Performing a

financial transaction using electronic means such as the internet or an ATM.

Market research  Discovering the views of

Employer’s charter  A document that lists

Monogamy  Marriage between one wife and

an employer’s entitlements.

one husband.

Export value  The price buyers will pay for an

MPs  Members of Parliament.

the public on particular issues, goods or services.

exported good. Multilateral agreements Agreements, Floating voters  People who have not yet

decided how they will vote in an election.

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usually political or financial, between three or more countries.

Glossary

Naturalisation  Citizenship of a country.

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)  Diseases spread through sexual activity.

Patronage refund  A financial reward

offered by a credit union to longstanding members and/or members who have contributed to the scheme.

Social issues  Longstanding problems

Polyandry  Having more than one husband.

Trade liberalisation  Relaxing of trade

within society that negatively affect large groups of people.

laws and restrictions between countries. Polygyny  Having more than one wife. Trading blocs  Regionally based groups of Scholarship  Financial sponsorship to attend

a school, university or training scheme which a student otherwise could not afford.

countries that remove trade barriers in order to trade freely with each other.

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112

San José

COSTA RICA

Nicaragua

N

George Town

Panama

Cayman Islands

Havana

USA

The Caribbean islands: a political map

Colombia

Turks and Caicos Islands

S e a

300 km

Venezuela

Caracas

Bridgetown

Port of Spain

Trinidad

St George’s Tobago

Grenada

Kingstown

Barbados

Castries

Fort-de-France

Roseau

St Lucia

Martinique

Dominica

Guadeloupe Basse-Terre

Plymouth

International boundary

Capital city

Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda St John’s St Kitts and Basseterre Nevis Montserrat

Key

St Vincent and the Grenadines

Puerto US Rico Virgin Islands

British Virgin Islands

A t l a n t i c O c e a n

San Juan

Curacao Bonaire

Santo Domingo

Haiti Dominican Republic Port- au-Prince

Bahamas

C a r i b b e a n

Kingston

Jamaica

Cuba

Nassau

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Scale 1 : 14 285 000

0