Criticas A La Teoria de Argumentación Juridica de Manuel Atienza

 

FS@Q@FDV D LD QNMS@D AN DSG^INJQDF@ÖJ O^S@A@FD AN IDJ^NL DQ@NJ_D 4. [rmc [rmcln lnid idss an Int Intma maml mlmg mgéd éd? Nl prmbnsmr Dtnjzd prmpmjn qun ujd nmréd an ld drguinjdf`öj ancn snr lm suf`njninjn dipl`d y prmbujad fmim pdrd a`spmjnr an uj iàmam qun rnprnsnjn, danfudadinjn, nl prmfnsm rndl an ld drguinjdf`öj, dl fmim nsd sn prnsnjd nj ld rndl`ada? nj lds snjnjf`ds y mrms amfuinjms ouréa`fms5 pnrm ancn a`spmjnr dic`àj an fr`nr`ms, dj prnf`sms fmim snd pms`cln, pdrd ouzgdr ld fmrrnff`öj, idymr m injmr fmrrnff`öj, an lms drguinjms nj rnldf`öj fmj su rnsuldam jdl? lds anf`s`mjns ouréa`fds. U F@QDQ@MJ Idj;6 \l 4;3>; Y Vu njbmqun d nsn rnspnfm, sn suca`v`an nj ams dspnfms, rnldf`mjdams fmj?

4.4 Ld Snprnsnjtdf Snprnsnjtdf`öj `öj an ld Drguinjt Drguinjtdf`öj df`öj?? Fr`tfd d ld nmréd nsäjadr nl hnfhm an jm hdcnr nldcmrdam uj prmfna`i`njm qun pnri`d rnprnsnjdr danfudadinjn föim lms our`sds bujadinjdj an hnfhm sus anf`s`mjns. Vnôdld qun nl usm qun hdfnj IfFmri`fe y Dlnxy an ld lög`fd bmridl anauftvd jm ns suf`njn pdrd dlfdjzdr nsn prmpös`m. [msuld qun djm nj ld drguinjdf`öj ouréa`fd, fmim nj ld drguinjdf`öj präftfd ns bujadinjdl fmjs`anrdr ld nx`snjf`d an drguinjms d bdvmr an y drguinjms nj fmjrd an, pdrd lms fudlns jm rnsuld danfudam nl usm an ld s`ipln `jbnrnjf`d lög`fd. Nj su lugdr, nllm sn punan lmgdr s` sn dfuan dl niplnm an a`dgrdids qun anj funjd an lms dspnfms s`jäftfm, sniäjtfm y prdgiätfm an ld drguinjdf`öj. [rmpmjn a`fhm dumr, nl usm an vnfmrns pdrd ns nsdc dclnf lnfnr nr lds rnldf` rnldf`mjn mjnss (s`jd (s`jdx`s x`s)) an lms drguin drguinjm jmss nj njrn rn sé5 nl dspnf dspnfm m sniäjtfm, sn rnprnsnjd ina`djn lnrds i`jÿsfulds y nl prdgiätfm, ina`djn ujd s`icmlmgéd fmipunsd pmr gurds gnmiàr`fds. Ld rnprnsnjdf`öj an mam lm djnr`mr fmjaufn d ujd gurd rntfuldr, nj ld qun sn `jngrdj lms a`stjms dspnfms djns `ja`fdams, y qun vdj iäs dllä an lds prni`sds niplndads nj ld lög`fd bmridl an lms s`lmg`sims.

4.3 Lms Fr`tnr` Fr`tnr`ms ms an Fmrrnff Fmrrnff`öj? `öj? Ansdfd, nl dumr, lms dpmrns nbnfudams pmr ld nmréd nj lm rnld rnldf` f`mj mjda dam m fmj fmj ld nldc nldcmr mrdf df`ö `öj j an fr` fr`nr nr`m `mss pd pdrd rd ld vd vdlm lmrd rdf` f`öj öj an ld fmrrnff`öj an lms drguinjms, ina`djn ld jmf`öj an rdf`mjdl`ada präftfd, lms fudlns jm bunrmj dgmdams pmr a`fhms dumrns. Nj su mp`j`öj lms fr`nr`ms an rdf`mjdl`ada präftfd fmjstuynj nlninjms iéj`ims qun sölm pnri`nj ansfdrdr lds drguinjdf`mjns `rrdf`mjdlns nv`anjns5 jm dsé lds qun drguinjdf`mjns qun surgnj nj lms fdsms a`f`lns, lds fudlns jmridlinjn gmzdj an ujd rdf`mjdl`ada iéj`id y d vnfns suf`njn qun hdfn iäs fmiplnod ld dampf`öj an ujd smluf`öj5 pmr lm qun, qun, dujqun dujqun jm lm nxprns nxprnsd d nl dumr, dumr, ancn dfua`rsn dfua`rsn d mrms mrms fr`nr fr`nr`ms `ms fmiplninjdr`ms, yd dx`mlög`fms y prdgiätfms, qun fmiplnnj lms pr`inrms, yd qun nl dfm an drguinjdf`öj, fmim dftv`ada jdl ancn prmngnr ujms vdlmrns y nsdr mr`njdam d ujd jdl`ada supnr`mr? oustf`d y nqu`ada5 smlm dsé, sn lmgrd zdjodr ld bdlnjf`d an ld smld rdf`mjdl`ada.U F@QDQ@MJ Cdr43 \l 4;3>; Y

3. Mcsn Mcsnrv rvdf df`m `mjn jnss fré fréfd fdss ^jd nmr ^jd nmréd éd fmim fmim ld an anll pr prmb mbns nsmr mr Dtnj Dtnjzd zd pu puna nan n sn snrr njn njnja ja`a `ad d fmim fmim s` u uv` v`nr nrd, d, fmjnipmräjndinjn, ams a`rnff`mjns an dousn mpunsds? pdldcrds d iujam y iujam d pdldcrds. pdldcr ds. Nj nbn nbnfm fm,, nll nlld d prnnj prnnjan an ansfr` ansfr`c`r c`r lms bnjöi bnjöinjm njmss ouréa` ouréa`fms fms rndlns rndlns an junsr junsrds ds tnmréd smf`nadan smf` nadanss (ns ujd ), pnr pnrm m dic`à dic`àj j qu`nrn qu`nrn nvd nvdlud ludrr y mr` mr`nj njdr dr nsms nsms bnjöin bnjöinjms jms,, lms

 

fudlns, daniäs, jm pmaréd ansfr`c`r s`j rndl`zdr, fmjnipmräjndinjn, vdlmrdf`mjns imrdlns (ns ujd nmréd jmridvd). Ld tnmréd an Dtnjz Dtnjzd d punan punan snr pmr mful mfuldr, dr, m, dl injms, injms, jm rnsdl rnsdldr dr su suf` f`nj njnin ninjn jn ld a`sfrn a`s frnf`m f`mjdl jdl`ad `ada a an lds lds,, nj snj snjtam tam dipl`m dipl`m,, dftv`a dftv`adan danss `jnrp `jnrprn rndtv dtvds ds an lms ounfns ounfns,, nspnf`dlinjn fudjam idjnodj pr`jf`p`ms. I`njrds qun ld nmréd jmridvd an Dtnjzd pmaréd snr fr`tfdad pmrqun bdvmrnfn nl dftv`sim `jnrprndtvm an lms ounfns, qun gnjnrd ujd idymr `jannri`jdf`öj anl anrnfhm, s`j qun sn vndj fldrdinjn lds vnjdods qun qu`zäs pmarédj fmipnjsdr sninodjn fmsm. Idnr`dl`zdrnims nsds frétfds nj nl fdsm nspnféfm anl dcusm anl anrnfhm, qun ns ujm an lms `léf`ms dp`fms djdl`zdams pmr Dtnjzd. Nl `jnràs pmr nsd gurd, qun tnjn ujd h`smr`d ldrgd y ujaévdgd, snd ansan nl pujm an v`sd s`jfröj`fm, snd ansan nl pujm an v`sd a`dfröj`fm, hd s`am rndv`vdam, dl injms nj @dl`d, pmr dlgujms bdllms rnf`njns an ld Fmrn an Fdsdf`öj. Nj dlgujms pdésns ld prmh`c`f`öj anl dcusm anl anrnfhm nsä prnv`sd nxpléf`dinjn pmr ld lny, fmim nj Nspdôd m nj Dlnidj`d, m fmim dic`àj nj ld Fdrd an lms anrnfhms bujadinjdlns an ld uj`öj nurmpnd (ld dsé lldidad "Fdrd an J`zd"), nj su dr. >1. Nj mrms pdésns, fmim nj @dl`d y Brdjf`d, nj fdic`m, ld gurd anl dcusm anl anrnfhm jm nsä prnv`sd lng`sldtvdinjn y ns ujd fr frnd ndf` f`öj öj an ld am amf fr` r`jd jd y an ld ou our` r`sp spru ruan anjf jf`d `d.. V`j V`j nicd nicdrg rgm, m, ad adad ad ld bm bmri riul uldf df`ö `öj j dcsmludinjn `jannri`jdad an a`fhds prnv`s`mjns nxpléf`ds smcrn nl dcusm anl anrnfhm, jm smrprnjan qun nl rml an nsd gurd jm hdyd s`am iuy a`bnrnjn nj lms pdésns qun jm hdj rnguldam an idjnrd nxpléf`d nj su lng`sldf`öj ld prmh`c`f`öj anl dcusm anl anrnfhm y nj dqunllms pdésns qun, nj fdic`m, ld hdj rnguldam.

6. Fré Fréfd fdss d ld tn tnmr mréd éd Dtnjzd prnsnjdj ujd rnanj`f`öj anl dcusm anl anrnfhm, qun rnsr`jgn uj pmfm ld anj`f`öj anl fmjfnpm qun nsä adad pmr lms usms nbnftvms an ld lmfuf`öj, qun, nj su mp`j`öj, "v`njn d snr ujd rnfmjsruff`öj y gnjnrdl`zdf`öj danfudads an ld idjnrd fmim ld i`sid mpnrd". "Ld dff`öj D rndl`zdad pmr uj suontm V nj lds f`rfujstdjf`ds X ns dcus`vd s` y smlm s`?

4. Nx`sn ujd rngld rnguldtvd qun pnri`n V rndl`zdr D nj lds f`rfujsdjf`ds X . Nsd rngld ns uj nlninjm anl hdz an pms`f`mjns jmridtvds nj qun sn njfunjrd V fmim tuldr uj f`nrm anrnfhm sucontvm. 3. an Fmim fmjsnfunjf`d an D, mrm u mrms suonms subrnj uj adôm, A, y jm nx`sn ujd rngld rnguldtvd qun prmhécn fdusdr A5 6.   A, s`j nicdrgm, dpdrnfn fmim uj adôm `joustfdam pmrqun sn ad dlgujd an lds s`gu`njns f`rfujsdjf`ds?

6.4 Tun, dl rndl`zdr D, V jm pnrsnguéd mrd jdl`ada a`sfnrj`cln iäs qun fdusdr A, m qun V rndl`zö D s`j j`jgÿj j snr`m y lngétim a`sfnrj`cln. 6.3  Tun A ns uj adôm nxfns`vm m djmridl.

Nl fdräfnr `joustfdam anl adôm annri`jd qun ld dff`öj D qunan bunrd anl dlfdjfn an lms pr`jf`p`ms qun oustfdj ld rngld pnri`s`vd d qun sn dluan nj 4 y qun surod ujd junvd rngld qun  X iäs dlgujd f`rfujsdjf`d qun supmjgd ujd bmrid an nsdclnfn qun nj lds f`rfujsdjf`ds  X ( X rndl`zdf`öj an 6.4 m an 6.3) ld dff`öj  D nsä prmh`c`ad".

 

Fmim dic`àj hd imsrdam, an bmrid andlldad y r`gurmsd, G`mrg`m [`jm nj vdr`ms rdcdoms, qun fmjstuynj nl inomr y iäs rnf`njn djäl`s`s ansdrrmlldam nj @dl`d smcrn nl nid, lms nlninjms prmclniätfms, nj àsd, dsé fmim nj mrds anj`f`mjns anl dcusm anl anrnfhm, smj iÿltplnsU F@QDQ@MJ G`m;2 \l 4;3>; Y?

4. Ld fmjgurdf`öj anl anrnfhm sucontvm. Ns a`f`l hdcldr an dcusm s` sn fmjf`cn nl anrnfhm sucontvm sngÿj ld w`ll thnmry , m d ld idjnrd an Enlsnj, yd qun nj nsn fdsm ld gurd sölm dcdrfdréd lms dfms niuldtvms. Ld `jtnrnst thnmry , nj fdic`m, s` pmr "`jnràs" sn njtnjan dic`àj uj `jnràs smf`dl, pdrnfn snr ld qun inomr sn dousd d ld nldcmrdf`öj an ld gurd anl dcusm anl anrnfhm.

3. Ld rngld pnri`s`vd? 3.4 Dtnjzd pdrnfn pdsdr pmr dlm nl prmclnid `jnrprndtvm an ld `ja`v`audl`zdf`öj an ld rngld d pdrtr an ujd m iäs a`spms`f`mjns. Nsm pdsd fds` s`niprn nj su nmréd y jm vmy d rnpntrlm nj fdad pdsm.

3.3 V` nl `jàrprnn drid qun nx`sn ld rngld, nsm qu`nrn anf`r qun yd sn hd mpdam pmr ld `jnx`snj `jnx`s njf`d f`d an ujd ldguj ldgujd, d, qun - s` ld huc`ns huc`nsn n hdc`am hdc`am - hdcréd hdcréd pma`am pma`am snr fmlidad fmlidad an a`bnrnjns idjnrds.

3.6 ½Föim y fuäjam ld rngld annri`jd lds imadl`adans an nonrf`f`m an ld dff`öj  D= nsm dic`àj anpnjan an ld fmjgurdf`öj an ld rngld pmr véd `jnrprndtvd. @ju`tvdinjn, njrn iäs lds imadl` imadl`ada adans ns jm ns nsäj äj annri annri`jd `jdads ads pmr ld rngld, rngld, djm iäs ns pms`cl pms`cln n qun nl `jàrprnn punad fmjgurdr uj nonrf`f`m dcus`vm anl anrnfhm, y v`fnvnrsd.

6. Ld jdl`ada an V dl rndl`zdr D nj lds f`rfujsdjf`ds X , s` ns fmjs`anrdad ansan uj pujm an v`sd sucontvm (ld `jnjf`öj an V), ns dlgm a`f`linjn annri`jdcln, y anod pmr lm djm grdj a`sfrnf`mjdl`ada dl ounz nj ld anf`s`öj. Lms dfms niuldtvms, daniäs, jm pdrnfnj njnr hmy nj aéd grdj rnlnvdjf`d präftfd. Q`njnj, nj fdic`m, grdj rnlnvdjf`d präftfd lms fdsms nj lms qun nl  ounz qu`nrn annri`jdr ld jdl`ada mcontvd an ld dff`öj  D nj lds f`rfujsdjf`ds X , nj fmjfrnm m nj dcsrdfm (ns anf`r ld jdl`ada an ld fldsn an dff`mjns an ld qun  D ns ujd `jsdjf`d). Qdl annri`jdf`öj s`niprn fmjllnvd uj dipl`m idrgnj an a`sfrnf`mjdl`ada? ½nj ld rndl`ada föim sn anf`an s` nl adôm ns nxfns`vm m djmridl= M c`nj, nj mrds pdldcrds, ½fuäl ns nl fr`nr`m vdlmrdtvm qun pnri`tréd dl ounz anf`a`r qun nl nonrf`f`m an uj anrnfhm ns dcus`vm= ½Vn rdd an uj fr`nr`m `jnrjm m nxnrjm dl s`snid ouréa`fm= fmim rnfunrad G`mrg`m [`jm, lms fr`nr`ms nbnftv nbn ftvdin dinjn jn niplnd niplndams ams,, dl injms injms nj @d @dl`d l`d,, smj iÿltpl iÿltplns? ns? fr`nr fr`nr`m `m su sucon contvm tvm ( dj`ius jmfnja` ))55 fr`nr`ms nfmjöi`fms (nf`njf`d)5 fr`nr`ms imrdlns (nj nl snjtam an ld imrdl frétfd, an ld smf`dl, m an ld dsé lldidad imrdl`ada `jnrjd dl anrnfhm)5 fr`nr`ms nlnmlög`fms ( rdm lng`s5 bujf`öj smf`dl5 pr`jf`p`ms cdldjfndams njrn sé).

1. Fldrdinjn, nl pujm iäx`im an a`sfrnf`mjdl`ada sn rndl`zd nj ld fmjgurdf`öj anl pr`jf`p`m qun fmjstu`réd ld rdzöj sucydfnjn d ld rngld qun pnri`n rndl`zdr  D nj lds f`rfujsdjf`ds X , m an mrms pr`jf`p`ms rnlnvdjns qun ancnj snr cdldjfndams njrn sé. Njrn mrms bdfmrns, an nsm anpnjan nl surg`i`njm, m jm, d pdrtr an dl pr`jf`p`m, an ld rngld qun prmhécn  D nj lds f`rfujsdjf`ds X' ? nl ou ounz nz fmjs fmjsr ruy uyn n uj ujd d ld ldgu gujd jd dx dx`m `mlö lög` g`fd fd rnld rnldtv tvd d d ld df dff` f`öj öj  D nj lds lds f`rfujsdjf`ds X' , ad adam am qu qun n dj djn nr` r`mr mrin inj jn n sn hd rns rnsr` r`jg jg`a `am, m, s` s`ni nipr prn n pm pmrr ina` ina`m m an ld `jnrprndf`öj, nl dlfdjfn an ld rngld pnri`s`vd5 smcrn ld cdsn anl pr`jf`p`m sn fmlid anspuàs ld ldgujd, anr`vdjam ld rngld sngÿj ld fudl nsä prmh`c`am  D nj lds f`rfujsdjf`ds X . Nspnrm qun rnsuln nv`anjn, d pdrtr an lm qun hn a`fhm djnr`mrinjn, cdsäjamin nj nl pnjnrdjn djäl`s`s an G`mrg`m [`jm, föim mad ld dftv`ada `jnrprndtvd (nj snjtam dipl`m)

 

llnvdad d fdcm pmr nl ounz - m pmr ld amgiätfd - pdrd annri`jdr s` ujd dff`öj hd s`am, m jm, uj nonrf`f`m dcus`vm an uj anrnfhm, nsä idrfdad pmr ujd iultua an anf`s`mjns a`sfrnf`mjdlns qun, nj cunjd ina`ad, smj mfuldads pmr ld nmréd an Dtnjzd y Su`z Idjnrm. P nsm anpnjan?

4. Nj pdrn an su dahns`öj d ld ns`s an ld snpdrdf`öj bunrn njrn pr`jf`p`ms y rnglds, qun prnsupmjn qun nsd a`stjf`öj prnsupmjn a`stjf`öj ns `janpnja`njn `janpnja`njn an ld dftv`ada dftv`ada `jnrprndtvd `jnrprndtvd.. U F@QDQ@MJ F@QDQ@MJ Fmi4; \l 4;3>; Y

3. Nj pdrn an su dahns`öj d ujd nmréd imanrdadinjn fmgj`tvd an ld `jnrprndf`öj, qun d su vnz anpnjan an ld ind-àtfd mcontv`sd an Dtnjzd y an su vnrs`öj jnmfmjstuf`mjdl`sd an ld ns`s an ld fmjnx`öj (`anjtfdtvd y oustfdtvd) jnfnsdr`d njrn imrdl frétfd y anrnfhm fmjstuf`mjdl`zdam.

1. Fr Fré éfd fd d ld ld tnmr tnmréd éd jmr jmrid idv vdd Ld nm nmréd réd an lms `lé `léf` f`ms ms dp`fm dp`fmss an Dtnjzd Dtnjzd iunsr iunsrd d (fmj (fmj lds rnsnrvds rnsnrvds yd nxprns nxprnsdad dads) s) lds präftfds `jnrprndtvds y drguinjdtvds an lms ounfns y an ld amgiätfd nj smf`nadans fmjnipmr fmj nipmräjnds äjnds fdrdfnr`zdads fdrdfnr`zdads pmr nl prmfnsm prmfnsm an fmjstuf`m fmjstuf`mjdl`z jdl`zdf`öj df`öj anl anrnfhm. anrnfhm. V`j nicdrgm, rnfmjsruyn nsds präftfds dl `jnr`mr an uj idrfm nör`fm-jmridtvm nj nl qun lds i`sids i`s ids präft präftfds fds smj nvdlud nvdludads ads pms`tv pms`tvdin dinjn jn.. Iäs dÿj? dÿj? ld nmréd nmréd jmridvd an Dtnjzd Dtnjzd `j `jn nj jd d mr mr`n `nj jdr dr dq dqun unll llds ds pr präf äftf tfds ds an bmri bmrid d d dll qu qun n sn da danf nfun unj, j, nj lm pm pms` s`cl cln, n, d lm lmss rnqunr rnq unr`i` `i`nj njms ms anl jnmfmj jnmfmjst stuf uf`mj `mjdl` dl`sim sim inmam inmamlög lög`fm `fm y anl jnmfmj jnmfmjst stuf uf`mj `mjdl` dl`sim sim `anmlög`fm. Nspnféfdinjn, lms ounfns y ld amgiätfd ancnrédj, ansan nl pujm an v`sd anl iàmam, dfnpdr ld ns`s an ld fmjnx`öj jnfnsdr`d (`anjtfdtvd y oustfdtvd) njrn anrnfhm y imrdl frétfd. I`njrds qun, ansan uj pujm an v`sd `anmlög`fm, lms ounfns y ld amgiätfd ancnrédj fmiprminnrsn nj ld anbnjsd an dqunllms anrnfhms, pr`jf`p`ms y vdlmrns imrdlns qun hdj s`am dfmg`ams nj junsrds fmjstuf`mjns l`cnrdl-aniöfrdds an ld sngujad pmsgunrrd. Ancnrédj, daniäs, bdvmrnfnr ld mcna`njf`d dl anrnfhm fmjbmrin d nsds fmjstuf`mjns y, pmr lm qun d lms ounfns sn rnnrn, dpl`fdrlm nj ld anf`s`öj an lms fdsms fmjfrnms. Nj ld ina` ina`ad ad nj qu qun n nl jn jnmf mfmj mjst stu uf` f`mj mjdl dl`s `sim im rnsu rnsul ld d nx` nx`ms msm m y sn a` a`bu buja jan, n, lm qu qun n nbnftvdinjn nsä pdsdjam nj iufhms pdésns an Nurmpd y Diàr`fd, sn prmpdgdj dic`àj präftf prä ftfds ds fmim fmim ld an fmjgu fmjgurdr rdr (`) (`)léf léf`m `mss dp`f dp`fms ms y, iäs nj gn gnjnr jnrdl, dl, an smluf` smluf`mjd mjdrr lds fmjrmvnrs`ds pmr ina`m anl usm an pr`jf`p`ms y anl rnsuldam an su pmjanrdf`öj da hmf, fdsm pmr fdsm y jm fdngmr`dl m anj`mr`d, ns anf`r, `ja`v`audjam uj fr`nr`m nsdcln pdrd smluf`mjdr mams lms fdsms pnrnjnf`njns d ujd fldsn. U F@QDQ@MJ G`m4; \l 4;3>; Y V` jm frnnims, fmim Dtnjzd, qun hdyd ujd imrdl mcontvd y qun snd fmgjmsf`cln y niplndad pmr lms ounfns5 s` jm frnnims qun hdyd ujd imrdl smf`dl fmipdrtad pmr lms ounfns y ld smf`nada, y qun lms ounfns ld niplnnj fmim cdsn an sus anf`s`mjns5 njmjfns, s`j lugdr d auads, nsds präftfds duinjdj ld `jannri`jdf`öj an lms s`snids ouréa`fms fmjnipmräjnms, a`si`juynjam nl j`vnl an sngur`ada ouréa`fd. ^jd sngur`ada qun, pmr f`nrm, yd nsä smfdvdad pmr ujd plurdl`ada an bdfmrns c`nj fmjmf`ams? ld dic`günada y vdgunada an lds a`spms`f`mjns jmridt jmr idtvds vds55 nl brnfun brnfunjn jn nipln niplnm m an ld à àfj` fj`fd fd anl rnnjvé rnnjvém, m, `ipléf `ipléf`m `m m nxpléf nxpléf`m `m,, d mrds mrds a` a`sp spms ms`f `f`m `mjn jns5 s5 ld ldss bd bdll llds ds nj ld ldss àfj àfj`f `fds ds an anll ardb`jg lng` lng`sl sldt dtvm vm55 ld iult iultpl pl`f `fdf df`ö `öj j y ld pulvnr`zdf`öj an lms fmjnj`ams an ld lng`sldf`öj, nf. D pnsdr an qun, gnjnrdlinjn, ld fnrnzd anl anrnfhm sölm ns fmjs`anrdad fmim ujm an lms vdlmrns ouréa`fms rnlnvdjns, y pmaréd, pmr lm djm, snr pdrf`dlinjn sdfr`fdad nj drds an rndl`zdr mrms y iäs `ipmrdjns vdlmrns (fmim ld oustf`d nj dcsrdfm, ld oustf`d nj fmjfrnm m nqu`ada, ld danfudf`öj anl anrnfhm d lms fdic`ms smf`dlns, nf.), jm vnm fuälns snréds lds

 

vnjdods qun pmarédj anr`vdr an ld dampf`öj, nj gnjnrdl, an ld nmréd jmridtvd an Dtnjzd, y nspnféfdinjn nspnféfdinj n an su nmréd an lms `léf`ms dp`fms. Nsm pmrqun?

D) Vn rdd an ujd nmréd jmridtvd qun `jnjd nipuodr d lms ounfns pdrd qun, an hnfhm, anf`adj fmj cdsn nj sus prmp`ds y pnrsmjdlns frnnjf`ds n `ju`f`mjns imrdlns5

C) Qdic`àj nstiuld d lms ounfns pdrd qun usnj a`sfrnf`mjdlinjn `jsruinjms an fmrrnff`öj y ima`fdf`öj prmbujad an lds `jnrprndf`mjns l`nrdlns (njnja`ads, nsds ÿltids, snd fmim `jnrprndf`mjns pr`id df`n, snd fmim `jnrprndf`mjns llnvdads d fdcm niplndjam nl Föa`gm sni`ötfm cr`jadam pmr ld lnjgud jdurdl nj ld qun nsäj bmriuldads lds lnyns)5

F) Lns pnri`n, m `jflusm lns mcl`gd ansan uj pujm an v`sd imrdl, d rnv`sdr pnridjnjninjn, y nvnjudlinjn ima`fdr, nl cdldjfnm an lds rdzmjns nbnfudam pmr nl lng`sldamr fudjam dprmcö ld lny. V` dsé nsäj nsäj lds fmsds, njmjfns ld nmré nmréd d an Dtnjzd ancnréd mbrnfnr drguinjms drguinjms pnrsuds`v pnrsuds`vms ms pdrd oustfdr präftfds qun nv`anjninjn sn dlnodj an dqunllds prmp`ds anl imanlm an nsdam animfrätfm an anrnfhm. P jm in pdrnfn qun nsàj nj fmja`f`öj an hdfnrlm, smcrn mam d fdusd an lms `jsupnrdclns prmclnids np`snimlög`fms qun donj su ind-àtfd mcontv`sd.

Fmjflus`öj? Lds `ands qun prmpmjn Idjunl Dtnjzd pdrd ujd nmréd dlnrjdtvd an ld drguinjdf`öj ouréa`fd d pnsdr an pmsnnr uj `jauadcln vdlmr nör`fm y nl rnfmjmf`i`njm anl nsbunrzm rndl`zdam nj su nxpms`f`öj, smj iuy gnjnrdlns, fmim nl i`sim dumr rnfmjmfn nj ld `jrmauff`öj an su mcrd Lds Sdzmjns anl Anrnfhm. Nsd gnjnrdl`ada hdfn qun jm sn dcmranj dspnfms an `jmfuldcln `j `jn nrà ràss pr präf äftf tfm, m, fmim fmim sm smj? j? ld pr prnf nf`s `s`ö `öj j an ld drgu drguin inj jdf df`ö `öj j nj sn snan an lng` lng`sl sldt dtvd vd,, ld drguinjdf`öj nj nl äic`m oua`f`dl `jstuf`mjdl5 nj ld rnsmluf`öj dlnrjd an lms fmj`fms y lm rnldf`mjdam fmj nl pujm inauldr an lms fr`nr`ms an fmrrnff`öj5 dspnfms pmfm rddams nj lds mcrds anl injf`mjdam dumr, y qun pmr su `ipmrdjf`d bujadinjdl, dinr`dj ujms ansdrrmllms iäss an iä anjs jsms ms y dfdc dfdcda dams ms qu qun n fmjs fmjs`a `anr nrn n ld ldss fmip fmipln lno` o`ad adan anss pr präf äftf tfds ds an anll nid nid an ld drguinjdf`öj, ansan ld pnrspnftvd an lms mpnrdamrns anl s`snid ouréa`fm? dcmgdams, sfdlns,  ounfns y idg`srdams. idg`srdams.

C`cl`mgrdbd  Dtnjzd, I. (3;;6). Lds Sdzmjns anl Anrnfhm . Iàx`fm? ^j`vnrs`ada Duöjmid an

Inx`fm. 

Cdrmlmià G`l Msujd, Fdrlms [mrtllm Drndgd, Omsà Grngmr`m R`lmr`d. (3;43). Njsdym Vmcrn lds Qnmr`ds an ld Drguinjtdf`öj Vngÿj Idjunl Dnjzd. Idrdfd`cm? ^j`vnrs`ada anl _ul`d.



Fmidjauff`. (3;4;). Hdf`d ujd tnmr`d djdléfd anl Anrnfhm.  Idar`a? Fnjrm an Nsua`ms [mlétfms y Fmjstuf`mjdlns.



[`jm, G. (3;;2). L±dcusm anl A`r`m trd Qnmr`d n A`gidfd .  @ldtd ? G`urà.



[`jm, G. (3;4;). @l Sdg`mjdinjtm Gu`r`a`fm jnllm Vtdrm Fmstuz`mjdln.  Cmlmgjd? @l Iul`jm.