Criterios Estandar Scrum Proyectos Barco 2014
September 24, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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@RHTJRHLP YORO EO HNYEJNJATO@HÐA DJE JPTÏADOR P@RZN @LNL NOR@L DJ TROBOCL YORO JE DJPORRLEEL DJ YRLXJ@TLP
HATJMROATJP3 @ORELP OADRÈP BOR@L YOLEO OADRJO MZSNÏA OEWORL CLPÈ WHWOP
DHRJ@TLR3 RLAOED RLCOP OEWORODL @LLRDHAODLR3 EZHP GJEHYJ MROAODO
ZAHWJRPHDOD POA BZJAOWJATZRO @OEH GO@ZETOD DJ HAMJAHJRHOP JPYJ@HOEHSO@HLA JA MJPTHLA HATJMROE HATJMROE DJ YRLXJ@TLP @OEH, 29?4
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@RHTJRHLP YORO EO HNYEJNJATO@HÐA DJE JPTÏADOR P@RZN @LNL NOR@L DJ TROBOCL YORO JE DJPORRLEEL DJ YRLXJ@TLP @RHTJRHO GLR HNYEJNJATHAM P@RZN OP PTOADORD GRONJ]LRK GLR DJWJELYNJAT YRLCJ@TP
HATJMROATJP3 @ORELP OADRÈP BOR@L YOLEO OADRJO MZSNÏA OEWORL CLPÈ WHWOP
Trobocl dj mrodl prjsjatodl `lnl ` lnl rjquhshtl poro lptor je tîtuel dj JPYJ@HOEHPTO JA MJPTHÐA HATJMROE DJ YRLXJ@TLP
ZAHWJRPHDOD POA BZJAOWJATZRO @OEH GO@ZETOD DJ HAMJAHJRHOP JPYJ@HOEHSO@HLA JA MJPTHLA HATJMROE DJ YRLXJ@TLP @OEH, 29?4 2
Alto dj o`jpto`hða Je trobocl dj mrodl thtueodl @RHTJRHLP YORO EO HNYEJNJATO@HÐA DJE JPTOADOR P@RZN @LNL NOR@L DJ TROBOCL YORO JE DJPORRLEEL DJ YRLXJ@TLP, prjsjatodl plr els jstudhoatjs @ORELP OADRÈP BOR@L, YOLEO MZSNÏA, OEWORL CLPÈ WHWOP, `unpej `la els rjquhsht rjquhshtls ls jxhmhdls plr eo ZAHWJRPHDOD DJ POA BZJAOWJATZRO PJ@@HLAOE @OEH poro lptor oe tîtuel dj JPYJ@HOEHPTO JA MJPTHÐA HATJMROE DJ YRLXJ@TLP.
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Poathoml dj @oeh, Omlstl dj 29?4 0
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EHPTODL DJ TOBEOP Yïm.
Tobeo ?. Oatj`jdjatjs ..................................................................................................................... ?2 Tobeo 2. Jvleu`hða dje @la`jptl Mjrja`ho dj Yrlyj`tls .......................................................... ?: Tobeo 0. Jvleu`hða Jstïador dj Yrlyj`tls .................................................................................. ?7 ............................................................................................ ?6 Tobeo 4. Jvleu`hða jstïador P@RZN............................................................................................
Tobeo :. Outlrjs vs Jtopos dj P@RZN (Worhobejs) ................................................................... 2? Tobeo 7. Outlrjs vs Jtopos dj P@RZN (@lvorhobejs) ............................................................... 22 ................. . 2: Tobeo =. Rjeo`hða jatrj `h`el dj vhdo dj ua prlyj`tl y `h`el dj vhdo dj P@RZN ..................
EHPTODL DJ GHMZROP
Ghmuro ?. Rlejs, ortjgo`tls y jvjatls prha`hpoejs dj P@RZN ................................................. ?8
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RJPZNJA Jstj trobocl sj rjoehzo `la je gha dj djtjrnhaor els `rhtjrhls poro eo hnpejnjato`hða dje jstïador P`run, `lnl uao fjrronhjato dj mjsthða y odnhahstro`hða dje djsorrleel dj prlyj`tls, plr njdhl dj uao njtldlelmîo ïmhe, uthehzoadl ua jaglquj `uoathtothvl, dj thpl djs`rhpthvl troasvjrsoe, bosodo ja je dhsjÿl dj tobeos, quj rj`lpheoa haglrno`hða dj els dhgjrjatjs outlrjs jspj`hoehzodls, eos `uoejs sla oaoehzodos y prl`jsodos; jstl pjrnhtj jvhdja`hor plstjrhlrnjatj, oe opeh`or jsto njtldlelmîo ja eos lrmoahzo`hlajs, rjdu`hrïa je plr`jatocj dj quj sus prlyj`tls goeehdls y jejvorï eo sothsgo``hða dje usuorhl ghaoe, jstl djbhdl o quj ja eumor dj dor hastru``hlajs o els jquhpls slbrj eo glrno `lnl djbja rjoehzor je trobocl, usoadl dl`unjato`hða jxtjaso `la eo djs`rhp`hða djtoeeodo dj eos torjos dje prlyj`tl, P`run prlplr`hlao ua onbhjatj dj trobocl quj pjrnhtj jxplajr `uoequhjr prlbejno quj sj prjsjatj, jxpelroadl glrnos dj sleu`hða prlato plr njdhl dj uao ajml`ho`hða gejxhbej, o trovès dj jtopos htjrothvos quj `lnprjadja o`thvhdodjs rjeo`hlaodos, ha`rjnjatoadl eo omhehdod, eo gejxhbhehdod y eo prldu`thvhdod. Jsto njtldlelmîo pjrnhtj rjoehzor jatrjmos `la rjmueorhdod, mjajroadl ovoa`js `lathauls y doadl vhshbhehdod o eo lrmoahzo`hða slbrj je prlmrjsl dje prlyj`tl duroatj tldo su jcj`u`hða.
Yoeobros `eovjs. @rhtjrhls poro eo Hnpejnjato`hða dje Jstïador P`run, sleu`hða prlato, ajml`ho`hða gejxhbej, jatrjmos `la rjmueorhdod, ovoa`js `lathauls. OBPTRO@T Tfhs wlrk hs dlaj ha lrdjr tl djtjrnhaj tfj `rhtjrho glr tfj hnpejnjatothla lg P`run stoadord os o tlle glr noaomjnjat oad odnhahstrothla lg prlcj`t djvjelpnjat, tfrlumf oa omhej njtfldlelmy, usham o quoathtothvj opprlo`f, `rlss-djs`rhpthvj, bosjd la djshma tobejs tfot `leej`t haglrnothla grln dhggjrjat spj`hoehzjd outflrs, wfh`f orj oaoeyzjd oad prl`jssjd; tfhs oeelws tfja sflw tfot by oppeyham tfhs njtfldlelmy ha lrmoahzothlas, rjdu`j tfj pjr`jatomj lg gohejd prlcj`ts oad rohsj tfj sothsgo`thla lg tfj jad usjr, tfhs bj`ousj hastjod lg mhvham hastru`thlas tl tfj tjons oblut flw wlrk sflued bj pjrglrnjd, usham jxtjashvj dl`unjatothla whtf o djtohejd djs`rhpthla lg prlcj`t tosks, P`run prlvhdjs o wlrk javhrlanjat tfot oeelws ylu tl jxplsj oay prlbejns tfot orhsj, jxpelrham woys tl jorey rjsleuthla tfrlumf o gejxhbej trodham tfrlumf htjrothvj stjps `lnprhsham rjeotjd o`thvhthjs, ha`rjosham tfj omhehty, gejxhbhehty oad prldu`thvhty. Tfhs njtfldlelmy oeelws glr rjmueor djehvjrhjs, mjajrotham `lathaulus prlmrjss oad mhvham vhshbhehty tl tfj lrmoahzothla la tfj prlmrjss lg tfj prlcj`t tfrlumflut hts hnpejnjatothla.
Kjy wlrds3 @rhtjrho glr Hnpejnjatothla lg Ptoadord P`run, jorey, gejxhbej trodham, rjmueor djehvjrhjs, `lathaulus prlmrjss.
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HATRLDZ@@HÐA Jstj trobocl dj mrodl fo`j portj dje prlyj`tl dj havjsthmo`hða @rhtjrhls poro eo Hnpejnjato`hða dje Jstïador P@RZN `lnl Nor`l dj Trobocl poro je Djsorrleel dj Yrlyj`tls dje Mrupl dj Havjsthmo`hða Aujvos Tj`alelmîos, trobocl y mjsthða dj eo Jspj`hoehzo`hða ja Mjsthða Hatjmroe dj Yrlyj`tls dje Yrlmrono Hamjahjrîo Hadustrhoe dj eo Zahvjrshdod dj Poa B Bujaovjaturo ujaovjaturo @oeh. Yoro oe`oazor els lbcjthvls dj jstj prlyj`tl sj rjoehzorla trjs o`thvhdodjs3 h) Rjvhshða gîsh`o dj eo ehtjroturo jspj`hoehzodo, prlpujstos plr dhgjrjatjs outlrjsdhmhtoe slbrjy je jstïador P@RZN, hh) Oaoehzor dj eo ehtjroturo sjej``hlaodo, els `rhtjrhls bïsh`ls, `lashdjroadl els prha`hphls y `la`jptls quj guadonjatja eo hnpejnjato`hða dje jstïador P@RZN y ghaoenjatj hhh) Rjdo`tor uao nlalmrogîo `la je oaïehshs dj eo haglrno`hða ja`latrodo, dladj sj jstobejz`oa els `rhtjrhls bïsh`ls poro eo hnpejnjato`hða dje jstïador, djsto`oadl eo hnplrtoa`ho dj uthehzor njtldlelmîos ïmhejs djatrl dje djsorrleel dj prlyj`tls. Pj elmro lbsjrvor eo jvleu`hða dj els `la`jptls dj mjrja`ho dj prlyj`tls, dj jstïador dj prlyj`tls y plstjrhlrnjatj sj mjajro eo aj`jshdod dj tjajr ua aujvl jstïador ja je `onpl dj prlyj`tls dj haglrnïth`o, poro elmror `la`jatror els jsgujrzls dj els jquhpls dj djsorrleel dj slgtworj ja el nïs hnplrtoatj, `lnl sla els jatrjmobejs sleh`htodls plr els hatjrjsodls, dhsnhauyjadl eo `ormo dje jquhpl oe al rjqujrhr dj jxtjaso dl`unjato`hða, omhehzoadl eo rjoehzo`hða, jatrjmo y pujsto ja nor`fo dje prlyj`tl. Ja eo Ghmuro ?, ubh`odo ja je Nor`l Tjðrh`l, pïmhao ?8, jtopos dj eo njtldlelmîo P@RZN, sj lbsjrvoa els rlejs, ortjgo`tls y jvjatls prha`hpoejs uthehzodls ja je prl`jsl dj hnpejnjato`hða dj eo njtldlelmîo P`run, jstos sla eos prha`hpoejs `oro`tjrîsth`os quj sj djbja rj`rjor poro eejvor o `obl uao bujao prï`th`o j hnpejnjato`hða dj jsto njtldlelmîo. Ja je Oaïehshs, aunjroe 7 dj jstj dl`unjatl sj lbsjrvo eo tobeo =, dladj sj prjsjato eo rjeo`hða jatrj els mrupls dj prl`jsls dje `h`el dj vhdo dj ua prlyj`tl y eos jtopos dje `h`el dj vhdo dj eo njtldlelmîo P@RZN.
MELPORHL Bo`kelm dj Hnpjdhnjatls3 Je bo`kelm dj hnpjdhnjatls js eo ehsto dj shtuo`hlajs quj jstïa hnphdhjadl quj je jquhpl prlmrjsj. Jstos sla shtuo`hlajs quj je P`run Nostjr djbj quhtor dje `onhal poro oyudor o quj je jquhpl trobocj njclr. (Fuadjrnork, Za njclr P`run, 29??) Bo`kelm Mrllnham3 Je jquhpl djbj rjuahrsj `la je Yrldu`t Lwajr (YL) o el sunl uao vjz plr sprhat poro peoahgh`or els sprhat guturls. Jatrj tldls els porth`hpoatjs dj eo rjuahða djbja js`rhbhr eos o`thvhdodjs poro je sprhat guturl. (P`fwobjr & Putfjreoad, 29?9) Buradlwa dj Rjejosj l dj Yrldu`tl3 Nhdj je rhtnl dj jatrjmo dj gua`hlaoehdodjs tjstjodos o el eorml dje thjnpl. Jstj rhtnl 2998)js `lal`hdl `lnl eo vjel`hdod dje jquhpl. (Fuadjrnork, Za njclr P@RZN, =
Buradlwa dje Pprhat3 Mrïgh`l dj Torjos quj oyudo oe jquhpl, ja eo nlahtlrhzo`hða dje prlmrjsl y js je hadh`odlr prha`hpoe quj haglrnorï slbrj eos plshbhehdodjs dj oe`oazor els `lnprlnhsls oe ghaoehzor ghaoehzor je sprhat. (Fuadjrnork, Za njclr P`run, 29??) Ha`rjnjatl dj Yrldu`tl3 Je ha`rjnjatl js eo portj dj prldu`tl prldu`hdl ja ua sprhat, y thjaj `lnl `oro`tjrîsth`os, quj jstï `lnpejtonjatj tjrnhaodo, lpjrothvo y ja `ladh`hlajs dj sjr jatrjmodo oe `ehjatj `ehjatj ghaoe. (Yoeo`hl & Ruoto, 29??)
Yrldu`t Bo`kelm (Yheo dj Yrldu`tl)3 Js uao ehsto prhlrhzodo dj tldl el quj pldrîo sjr aj`jsorhl ja je prldu`tl. Els rjquhshtls poro je prldu`tl jstïa ehstodls ja je Yrldu`t Bo`kelm. (P`fwobjr & Putfjreoad, 29?9) Yrldu`t Lwajr (YL)3 Js je rjsplasobej dj mjsthlaor ual dj els ortjgo`tls dj jsto njtldlelmîo `lal`hdl `lnl Yrldu`t Bo`kelm y dj noxhnhzor je voelr dje trobocl rjoehzodl plr je jquhpl. Pj ja`ormo dj noatjajr je Yrldu`t Bo`kelm y osjmuror quj sjo vhshbej poro tldls. (P`fwobjr & Putfjreoad, 29?9) Rjtrlspj`thvo3 Eo Rjtrlspj`thvo dj Pprhat js uao lplrtuahdod poro je jquhpl P@RZN dj haspj``hlaorsj o sî nhsnl y `rjor ua peoa dj njclros quj sjoa oblrdodos ja je shmuhjatj sprhat. Js eo óethno rjuahða dje sprhat. Phmuj hanjdhotonjatj djspuès dj eo Rjvhshða dje Pprhat y oatjs dj eo shmuhjatj Rjuahða dj Yeoahgh`o`hða dje Pprhat. (P`fwobjr & Putfjreoad, 29?9) Rjuahða dj Jsthno`hða3 Pj rjoehzo poro jsthnor je `lstl dj aujvls îtjns dje bo`kelm l rj`oe`ueor je tonoÿl dj îtjns dj mroa `lstl, quj djbjrïa sjr subdhvhdhdls ja ltrls nïs pjqujÿls, dj nldl quj sj djsorrleeja ja ltrl sprhat. (Fuadjrnork, Za njclr P`run, 29??) Rjuahða dj Yeoahgh`o`hða dj eo jatrjmo3 Jstobej`j je peoa y eos njtos quj els Jquhpls P`run y je rjstl dj eos lrmoahzo`hlajs pujdoa jatjadjr y `lnuah`or. Je peoa dj jatrjmo jstobej`j je lbcjthvl dj eo jatrjmo. (P`fwobjr & P Putfjreoad, utfjreoad, 29?9).
Rjuahða dj Yeoahgh`o`hða dje Pprhat3 Clraodo dj trobocl prjvho oe hah`hl dj `odo sprhat ja eo quj sj djtjrnhao `uïe vo o sjr je trobocl y els lbc lbcjthvls jthvls quj sj djbja `lasjmuhr ja eo htjro`hða. (P`fwobjr & Putfjreoad, 29?9)
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Rjvhshða dje Pprhat3 Js uao rjuahða `la duro`hða nïxhno dj `uotrl flros poro ua Pprhat dj ua njs. Yoro Pprhats dj njalr duro`hða, foy quj oshmaor prlplr`hlaoenjatj njals thjnpl dj eo elamhtud elamhtud tltoe poro jsto rjuahða. (P`fwobjr & Putfjreoad, 29?9) P`run Dhorhl3 @odo jquhpl sj rjóaj tldls els dîos ?: nhautls ja uao rjuahða dj haspj``hða y odopto`hða eeonodo P`run Dhorhl. Je P`run Dhorhl sj eejvo o `obl o eo nhsno flro y ja je nhsnl eumor o el eorml dj tldls els Pprhats. (P`fwobjr & Putfjreoad, 29?9) P`run Nostjr3 Je P`run Nostjr js rjsplasobej dj osjmuror quj je jquhpl P`run sj odfhjrj o els voelrjs, prï`th`os y alrnos P`run, y dj oyudor o quj je jquhpl y eo lrmoahzo`hða odlptja P`run. Js je rjsplasobej dj osjmuror quj je prl`jsl js `lnprjadhdl y sjmuhdl. (P`fwobjr & Putfjreoad, 2 29?9) 9?9) Pprhat3 Pla htjro`hlajs dj ? o 4 sjnoaos quj sj voa su`jdhjadl uao djtrïs dj ltro. Js dj duro`hða ghco, tjrnhao ja uao gj`fo jspj`îgh`o ouaquj al sj foyo ghaoehzodl je trobocl y aua`o sj oeormo. Pj ehnht ehnhto o ja thjnp thjnpl. l. (Yjtj Djjnjr, P`r P`run un Yrhnjr. Zao hatrldu``hða bïsh`o o eo tjlrîo y prï`th`o dj P`run. Wjrshða 2.9., 29?2) Pprhat Bo`kelm (Yheo dj sprhat)3 Js uao ehsto dj torjos poro `lavjrthr je Yrldu`t Bo`kelm o ua Pprhat, ja ua ha`rjnjatl dje prldu`tl pltja`hoenjatj jatrjmobej. Pj `lnplaj dj eos torjos quj je jquhpl rjoehzo poro `lavjrthr els jejnjatls dje Yrldu`t Bo`kelm ja ua ha`rjnjatl. (P`fwobjr & Putfjreoad, 29?9) Tjon3 Js je jquhpl dj trobocl quj jstï glrnodl plr djsorrleeodlrjs `la eos `opo`hdodjs aj`jsorhos poro troasglrnor els rjqujrhnhjatls dje YL, js dj`hr, `lavjrthr je Yrldu`t Bo`kelm ja ha`rjnjatls dj gua`hlaoehdod jatrjmobej ja `odo Pprhat. (P`fwobjr & Putfjreoad, 29?9) Tè`ah`o @YN (@onhal `rîth`l)3 Je `onhal `rîth`l ja ua prlyj`tl, js eo su`jshða dj o`thvhdodjs quj doa eumor oe nïxhnl thjnpl o`unueothvl. Djtjrnhao je thjnpl nïs `lrtl quj pldjnls tordor ja fo`jr je prlyj`tl, sh sj dhsplaj dj tldls els rj`ursls aj`jsorhls. Js aj`jsorhl `lal`jr eo duro`hða duro`hða dj eos o`thvhdodjs. (Rldrhmujz, 29??) Tè`ah`o YJRT3 @lacuatl dj nldjels obstro`tls poro eo prlmrono`hða y oaïehshs dj prlyj`tls dj hamjahjrîo. Jstos tè`ah`os als oyudoa o prlmronor ua prlyj`tl `la je `lstj nîahnl y eo duro`hða nïs odj`uodo. (Rldrhmujz, 29??)
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DJP@RHY@HÐA DJE YRLBEJNO
Djbhdl o els ovoa`js tj`aleðmh`ls, surmj ua ha`rjnjatl dj els djsorrleels ja opeh`o`hlajs slgtworj. Eos jnprjsos djdh`odos o jstl, djbja `rjor jstru`turos, quj dja lrmoahzo`hða y omhehdod o sus prlyj`tls, prl`jsls hnpejnjatodls, quj sjoa jgh`o`js y quj pujdoa nlstror o `lrtl peozl, eo jvleu`hða, elmrls y `onbhls rjqujrhdls ja ua prldu`tl o rjoehzor; quj al sj phjrdo thjnpl y dhajrl oe jcj`utor els djbhdl o uao peoahgh`o`hða y sjmuhnhjatl eos ocustjs mroadjspjrthajatjs, `oathdodjs jstl dj o`thvhdodjs y prl`jsls, djtj``hða dj goeeosdjtoeeodl o thjnpldjy rjspujsto rïphdo o `onbhls, doadl `lnl rjsuetodl ghaoe, je èxhtl dje prlyj`tl. (Nlfonjd, 29??). Ylr jsto rozða, sj prjsjato eo aj`jshdod dj hnpejnjator ua nor`l dj trobocl, dladj els hadhvhduls j hatjro``hlajs, jstèa slbrj els prl`jsls y eos fjrronhjatos, yo quj els dls prhnjrls, sla ghaoenjatj els quj sj ja`ormoa dj `unpehr jxhtlsonjatj els lbcjthvls trozodls ja je prlyj`tl; dladj je slgtworj gua`hlaoadl `la oeto `oehdod, prhnj slbrj eo dl`unjato`hða jxtjaso quj nu`fos vj`js sj vujevj haaj`jsorho; dladj eo `leoblro`hða `la je `ehjatj sjo nïs hnplrtoatj quj eos ajml`ho`hlajs `latro`tuoejs, dladj eo rjspujsto oe `onbhl, dj eo `uoe djpjadj je èxhtl dj els prlyj`tls, sj fomo dj noajro rïphdo y jgh`oz. (Nlfonjd, 29??). Eo prlpujsto, quj do sleu`hða o eos aj`jshdodjs nja`hlaodos, js uao njtldlelmîo ïmhe ha`rjnjatoe/htjrothvo eeonodo P@RZN, ja eo `uoe al jxhstja prlyj`tls jxtjasls, shal quj bosïadlsj ja thjnpls `lrtls jstls sj jcj`utoa ja nu`fos jtopos, pjrl `odo uao sj rjoehzo ja tldos sus gosjs, o sobjr3 tlno dj rjquhshtls, djsorrleel dj slgtworj, rjoehzo`hða dj prujbos dj gua`hlaonhjatl y jatrjmo oe `ehjatj. Pj `lathaóo `la eos shmuhjatjs jtopos dj eo nhsno noajro, fosto quj sj do plr gha ghaoehzodl oehzodl je prlyj`tl `la èxhtl. (Nlfonjd, 29??). Tjahjadl ja `ujato quj fly ja dîo els prlyj`tls sj nujvja bocl je `la`jptl dj prl`jsls ïmhejs, js aj`jsorhl jstobej`jr uals `rhtjrhls bïsh`ls quj pjrnhtoa dor uao sleu`hða lplrtuao j hatjmroe o eos dhgh`uetodjs quj sj prjsjatoa ja eo rjoehzo`hða dj els prlyj`tls. Js dj rjsoetor quj o`tuoenjatj jxhstja vorhjdod dj njtldlelmîos eos `uoejs sj uthehzoa djpjadhjadl dj eos aj`jshdodjs dje `ehjatj y els rjqujrhnhjatls quj quj èe jstobejz`o ja thjnpl, `lstl y `oehdod. (O`uÿo K. B., 2998). Dj tldl el oatjrhlr sj djrhvo eo shmuhjatj prjmuato dj havjsthmo`hða .
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YRJMZATO DJ HAWJPTHMO@HÐA
¼@uïejs sla els `rhtjrhls poro eo hnpejnjato`hða dje jstïador P@RZN `lnl nor`l dj trobocl poro je djsorrleel dj prlyj`tls<
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LBCJTHWLP
2.? LBCJTHWL MJAJROE Djtjrnhaor els `rhtjrhls poro eo hnpejnjato`hða dje jstïador P@RZN `lnl nor`l dj trobocl poro je djsorrleel dj prlyj`tls.
2.2 LBCJTHWLP JPYJ@ÎGH@LP O. Mjajror uao bosj dj dotls dhmhtoe y/l gîsh`o `la eo ehtjroturo jspj`hoehzodo ja je jstïador P@RZN. B. Oaoehzor dj eo ehtjroturo ehtjroturo sjej``hlaodo els `rht `rhtjrhls jrhls bïsh`ls poro eeo o hnpejnjato`hða dje jstïador P@RZN. @. Rjdo`tor uao nlalmrogîo `la je oaïehshs oaïehshs dj eo haglrno`hða sjej``hlaodo poro eo hnpejnjato`hða dje jstïador P@RZN.
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CZPTHGH@O@HÐA
Jstj prlyj`tl jatrjmorï uao bosj dj dotls dhmhtoe y/l gîsh`o `la eo ehtjroturo jspj`hoehzodo ja je jstïador P@RZN, eujml dj fobjr rjvhsodl y sjej``hlaodl els `rhtjrhls bïsh`ls poro eo hnpejnjato`hða dje jstïador, poro ghaoenjatj rjdo`tor uao nlalmrogîo `la je oaïehshs dj eo haglrno`hða ja`latrodo. Eo nlalmrogîo jstobej`jrï els `rhtjrhls bïsh`ls poro eo hnpejnjato`hða dje jstïador P@RZN, je `uoe djcorï ja `eorl eo hnplrtoa`ho dj uthehzor njtldlelmîos ïmhe ïmhejs js djatrl dje djsorrleel dj prlyj`tls, dj jsto noajro sj poso dj trobocor dj uao glrno trodh`hlaoe, ja dladj sj prjsjatoboa nïs dhgh`uetodjs, o ua nldjel dladj sj pujdj nhahnhzor je rhjsml jatrj `odo uao dj eos jtopos dje prlyj`tl, osjmuroadl eo lbtja`hða dj njclrjs rjsuetodls. Jsto njtldlelmîo pjrnhtj quj els nhjnbrls dj ua jquhpl trobocja bocl ua jstïador, ja dladj sj lbtjadrïa jatrjmobejs o `lrtl peozl y ja els `uoejs sj pldrïa rjoehzor eos nldhgh`o`hlajs rjqujrhdos plr je `ehjatj oatjs dj posor o eo shmuhjatj htjro`hða; jsto glrno dj trobocl oyudo o tjajr uao `lnuah`o`hða `lastoatj njdhoatj rjuahlajs dhorhos, eos `uoejs brhadorïa haglrno`hða slbrj `odo uao dj eos o`thvhdodjs quj rjoehzo `odo nhjnbrl dje jquhpl y eos dhgh`uetodjs l rjstrh``hlajs quj jstï prjsjatoadl djatrl dj eo rjoehzo`hða dje prlyj`tl. Eos rjuahlajs rjoehzodos oyudorïa o rj`lpheor haglrno`hða quj pjrnhto fo`jr eos nldhgh`o`hlajs rjspj`thvos jatrj `odo uao dj eos htjro`hlajs mjajrodos dj `odo sprhat, pjrnhthjadl osî rjoehzor `onbhls djatrl dje prlyj`tl dj noajro rïphdo y jgh`hjatj. (O`uÿo K. , 2998)
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NOR@L RJGJRJA@HOE
4.? OATJ@JDJATJP Je prhnjr posl ja P`run `lashstj ja quj je dujÿl dj prldu`tl orth`uej eo vhshða dje prldu`tl. Oe ghaoe jstl jvleu`hlaorï fo`ho uao ehsto prhlrhzodo dj gua`hlaoehdodjs eeonodo eo pheo dj prldu`tl. Jstodj pheotrobocl dj prldu`tl jxhstj (yJa jvleu`hlao) o eleoeorml eo vhdo dje prlyj`tl; js je peoa dje prldu`tl. jstj puatl, pheo dj dj prldu`tl js eo vhsto óah`o y djghahthvo dj ―tldl el quj pldrîo sjr fj`fl plr je jquhpl ja oemóa nlnjatl, ja lrdja dj prhlrhdod„. (Yjtj Djjnjr,(Tfj P`run Yrhnjr), 2998). Pj `lnhjazo `la eo vhshða mjajroe dje prldu`tl, jspj`hgh`oadl y doadl djtoeej o eos gua`hlaoehdodjs l portjs quj thjaja noylr prhlrhdod dj ajml`hl, y quj pujdja eejvorsj o `obl ja ua pjrhldl dj thjnpl brjvj. @odo ual dj jstls pjrhldls dj djsorrleel js uao htjro`hða (sprhat) quj ghaoehzo `la eo jatrjmo dj uao portj (ha`rjnjatl) lpjrothvo dje prldu`tl. ( Yoeo`hl & Ruoto, 29??). Tldls els dîos je jquhpl sj rjóaj brjvjnjatj poro haglrnor dje prlmrjsl y o`tuoehzoa uaos mrïgh`os sja`heeos quj ejs lrhjatoa slbrj je trobocl rjstoatj. Oe ghaoe dje Pprhat, je jquhpl rjvhso je Pprhat `la els hatjrjsodls ja je prlyj`tl, y ejs jasjÿo el quj foa `lastruhdl. Eo mjatj lbthjaj `lnjatorhls y lbsjrvo`hlajs quj sj pujdj ha`lrplror oe shmuhjatj Pprhat. (Yjtj Djjnjr, Haglrno`hla bosh` bosh`o o dj P`run, 2998). P`run plaj je èagoshs ja prldu`tls quj gua`hlaja oe ghaoe dje Pprhat, quj rjoenjatj jstèa ―fj`fls„, ―fj`fls„, ja je `osl dje slgtworj shmahgh`o quj je `ðdhml jstè hatjmrodl, `lnpejtonjatj prlbodl y pltja`hoenjatj poro jatrjmor. (Yjtj Djjnjr, Haglrno`hða Bïsh`o dj P@RZN (Tfj P`run Yrhnjr), 2998). O `lathauo`hða, sj s j prjsjatoa els ospj`tls nïs hnplrtoatjs dj noajro `rlaleðmh`o dj els jstudhls rjoehzodls ja eo njtldlelmîo P@RZN, jsto sj `laslehdð tjahjadl ja `ujato eos havjsthmo`hlajs rjoehzodos plr els dhgjrjatjs outlrjs y sus rjsuetodls lbtjahdls, els `uoejs sj rjsunja ja eo Tobeo ?.
Tobeo ?. Oatj`jdjatjs Outlr y oÿl Kja P`fwobjr, C. P. (29?9)
Lbcjthvl Nètldl Djghahr P`run, els Njtldlelmîo rlejs, jvjatls y P`run ortjgo`tls dj jsto njtldlelmîo
Rjsuetodl Za nor`l dj trobocl o trovès dje `uoe eos pjrslaos pujdj o`lnjtjr prlbejnos `lnpejcls odoptothvls, o eo vjz quj jatrjmor prldu`tls dje nïxhnl voelr plshbej prldu`thvo y `rjothvonjatj.
@la`eushða P`run js mrotuhtl. Els rlejs, ortjgo`tls, jvjatls y rjmeos dj P`run sla hanutobejs, ouaquj js plshbej hnpejnjator slel portjs dj P`run, je rjsuetodl al js P`run. P`run slel jxhstj `lnl ua tldl y gua`hlao bhja `lnl `latjajdlr poro ltros tè`ah`os, njtldlelmîos y prï`th`os ?2
Outlr y oÿl Yjtj Djjnjr, M. B. (2998)
@LEEOSLP, @. Y.-C.-@. (Cuehl dj 2? dj 2998)
Tlnosjeeh, M. Y., O`uÿo, @. C., Jstoyal, N., & Ejaklvh`f, @. (s.g.). ()
Lbcjthvl Yrlplr`hlaor shmuhjatj ahvje djtoeej `lal`hnhjatl bïsh`l P@RZN
Nètldl je Njtldlelmîo dj P`run oe dj
Rjsuetodl Pjmóa ja`ujstos rjoehzodos eo prldu`thvhdod dj els jquhpls quj hnpejnjatorla eo njtldlelmîo P@RZN njclrð uao njdho dje
@la`eushða P`run al sleu`hlao els prlbejnos dj djsorrleel; els fo`j dlelrlsonjatj vhshbejs, y prlplr`hlao ua nor`l dj trobocl poro quj eos pjrslaos
07%.
jxpelrja dj sleu`hlaor glrnos prlbejnos ja `h`els `lrtls y njdhoatj pjqujÿls jxpjrhnjatls dj njclro Yrlplr`hlao o eos NhYyNJs ua prl`jsl dj njclro dj prl`jsls dj slgtworj odoptodl o sus `oro`tjrîsth`os, eos `uoejs al dhsplaja dj els njdhls y rj`ursls sugh`hjatjs poro eo opeh`o`hða dj nldjels dj njclro dj prl`jsls
Yrjsjator o Omhej Njtldlelmîo PYH ‐ ‐ Yrl`jss `la Omhej PYH `lnl ua prl`jsl Yrl`jss. dj njclro dj prl`jsls bosodl prha`hpoenjatj ja njtldlelmîos y prha`hphls ïmhejs, rjqujrhnhjatls ehvhoals y
Tros eo hnpejnjato`hða ja vorhos jnprjsos @lelnbhoaos els rjsuetodls lbtjahdls rjgejcoa quj3 Pj moað `laghoazo slbrj je trobocl dj PYH y eo vhsuoehzo`hða `lathauo dj els
odopto`hlajs dj nldjels hatjrao`hlaoejs.
`onbhls dj trodh`hlaoejsplr je PJH l rïphdls y njclro ïmhejs prlpujstls pjrnhthð noatjajr je eo HPL. HPL. hatjrès dj els prlyj`tls dj njclro. Osî nhsnl, djbhdl o eo dhsnhau`hða dje jsgujrzl, eo rjtrloehnjato`hða `lathauo, eo o`tuoehdod y ocustj dj els nldjels, els `osls dj jstudhl foa pldhdl djsorrleeorsj jxhtlsonjatj.
Jstobej`jr eos Oaïehshs dhgjrja`hos y njdhoatj sjnjcoazos jatrj havjsthmo`hða eos dhgjrjatjs dj prlpujstos dj rj`lpheo`hða djsorrleel ïmhe, y bhbehlmrïgh`o. quj ja `lacuatl pjrnhtoa djghahr uao muîo uahglrnj ja nètldls, ortjgo`tls, o`thvhdodjs y rlejs quj `oro`tjrhzoa ua prl`jsl dj djsorrleel ïmhe.
Pj lbthjaja ua `lacuatl dj thps l bujaos prï`th`os3 Djghah`hða @eoro dj ―Fj`fl„. ―Fj`fl„. Zbh`o`hða Gîsh`o dj els Jquhpls. Djghah`hða dj Rjmeos. Mjsthða Whsuoe dj Torjos. Zthehzo`hða dj Nètrh`os
Pj oaoehzorla dhgjrjatjs prlpujstos dj djsorrleel ïmhe, `la je lbcjthvl dj jstobej`jr eos dhgjrja`hos y sjnjcoazos jatrj eos nhsnos, y quj ja `lacuatl pjrnhtoa djghahr uao muîo uahglrnj ja nètldls, ortjgo`tls, o`thvhdodjs y rlejs quj `oro`tjrhzoa ua prl`jsl dj djsorrleel ïmhe.
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Outlr y oÿl Yoeo`hl y Ruoto, (2998)
Lbcjthvl @oro`tjrîsth`os y bjajgh`hls oplrtodls plr P@RZN. y Njclror eo dhaïnh`o dje mrupl dj havjsthmo`hða dj trobocl.
Nètldl Opeh`o`hða dj njtldlelmîos omhejs.
Rjsuetodl Djsorrleel dj slgtworj.
@la`eushða Ajutroehdod y sja`heejz ja eo glrnueo`hða dje prlyj`tl.
Fh`ks Glstjr, (29?9)
Njtldlelmîo P@RZN.
Opeh`o`hða dj eo njtldlelmîo, njdhoatj eo rjoehzo`hða dj rjuahlajs dhorhos jatrj jstudhoatjs, tutlrjs y mrupls dj havjsthmo`hða dj dl`tlrodl. Lrhjato`hða o oe`oazor rjsuetodls jspjrodls. Omhehdod ja els prl`jsls lrmoahzo`hlaoejs.
Yjrnhtj ua ounjatl ja eo prldu`thvhdod, mro`hos o eo njclro `lathauo ja eo `lnuah`o`hða dj els mrupls.
Jeoblro`hða dj prldu`tls toamhbejs el `uoe brhadobo uao jxpjrhja`ho Rjejvoatj poro je guturl eoblroe dj els jstudhoatjs.
Njclronhjatl ja eo `lnuah`o`hða dj Jquhpls pjqujÿls y gejxhbejs. Ounjatl ja eo rjsplasobhehdod dj els jstudhoatjs
Putfjreoad y Mjsthða dj Fjmorty, lrmoahzo`hlajs (2998) sha ghajs dj eu`rl, `lnl ja je `osl dj mrupls dj hmejshos alrtjonjrh`oaos. @ursl slbrj P`fhed, ]oetjr y djsorrleel dj Nosu`f, vhdjlcujmls. (29?9)
Njtldlelmîo P@RZN
Odopto`hða dj njtldlelmîo P@RZN
Els prha`hphls ïmhejs pujdja gua`hlaor `lnl ua pldjrlsl omjatj dj `onbhl o ahvje lrmoahzo`hlaoe.
Gujatj3 outlrjs, o porthr dj eo ehtjroturo rjvhsodo.
4.2 NOR@L @LA@JYTZOE 4.2.? JWLEZ@HÐA DJE @L @LA@JYTL A@JYTL MJRJA@HO DJ YRLXJ@TLP Djsdj thjnpls rjnltls eos jnprjsos foa jatjadhdl eo hnplrtoa`ho dj rjoehzor sus trobocls njdhoatj je usl dj prlyj`tls jstl, ejs fo oyudodl o tjajr ua njclr `latrle slbrj `odo uao dj eos o`thvhdodjs rjoehz rjoehzodos. odos. Jstj nldjel dj trobocl ejs fo pjrnhthdl so`or vjatoco slbrj ltros lrmoahzo`hlajs njdhoatj eo uthehzo`hða dj njtldlelmîos quj vujevoa nïs jgh`o`js sus prl`jsls. Eo jvleu`hða dj eo mjrja`ho dj prlyj`tls sj rjnlato djsdj els prhnjrls trobocls rjoehzodls plr `ueturos oathmuos, eos `uoejs trobocoboa ja jquhpls hatjrdhs`hpehaorhls poro dhgjrjatjs torjos prlpujstos y osî oe`oazor els lbcjthvls quj sj fobîoa trozodl. O `lathauo`hða sj prjsjato dj noajro `rlaleðmh`o els `onbhls quj fo tjahdl je `la`jptl dj mjrja`ho dj prlyj`tls je `uoe sj fo vvjahdl jahdl nldhgh`oadl djsdj su prhnjro vjrshða dje YNBLK ja je oÿl fosto vjrshða Ja eo tobeo 2 sj pujdja lbsjrvor els `onbhls quj sj?887 foa dodl jaeo`odo uao o`tuoe. dj sus jdh`hlajs. ?4
Tobeo 2. Jvleu`hða dje @la`jptl Mjrja`ho dj Yrlyj`tls OZTLR X OßL DJP@RHY@HÐA DJ NJCLROP J HAALWO@HÐA YNBLK, Jdh`hða ?, ?86= Eo mjsthða dj prlyj`tls js eo opeh`o`hða dj `lal`hnhjatls, fobhehdodjs, fjrronhjatos y tè`ah`os poro prlyj`tor eos o`thvhdodjs `la je gha dj `unpehr l supjror eos aj`jshdodjs y jxpj`tothvos dj els hatjrjsodls dj ua prlyj`tl. Eo prhnjro jdh`hða dje YNBLK guj pubeh`odo ja ?86=, jro je rjsuetodl dj els toeejrjs hah`hodls o prha`hphls dj els 69s pjrl je YNH. Ja poroejel guj djsorrleeodl ua `ðdhml dj èth`o y poutos poro eo o`rjdhto`hða dj els `jatrls dj jatrjaonhjatl y `jrthgh`o`hða dj hadhvhduls. YNBLK, Jdh`hða 2, ?887 Zao sjmuado vjrshða dje YNBLK guj pubeh`odo jatrj ?887 y 2999, - 2999 bosodl ja els `lnjatorhls rj`hbhdls dj portj dj els nhjnbrls. Je YNBLK guj rj`lal`hdl `lnl jstïador plr je Onjrh`oa Aorthlaoe Ptoadort Hasthtutj (OAPH) ja ?886, y nïs odjeoatj plr je hasthtutl dj els hamjahjrls jej`trðah`ls y jeè`trh`ls (HJJJ). YNBLK, Jdh`hða 0, 2994 Eo tjr`jro vjrshða dj eo muîo dj YNBLK guj pubeh`odo ja 2994, `la njclros hnplrtoatjs ja eo jstru`turo dje dl`unjatl, odh`hlajs o els prl`jsls, tèrnhals y dlnhahls dje prlmrono y dj plrtoglehls. YNBLK, Jdh`hða 4, 2996 Eo `uorto jdh`hða quj guj pubeh`odo ja 2996, `la njclros mjajroejs ja tldo eo muîo. Jatrj eos prha`hpoejs dhgjrja`hos `la eo tjr`jro jdh`hða djs`rhtos plr Ornoadl Yjroeto (2996) jstïa3 Els alnbrjs dj prl`jsl ja glrnotl vjrbl-sustoathvl Jaglquj jstïador poro jxpeh`or els go`tlrjs onbhjatoejs dj eo jnprjso y els o`thvls dj els prl`jsls dj eo lrmoahzo`hða. Jaglquj jstïador poro jxpeh`or3 @onbhls sleh`htodls O``hlajs prjvjathvos O``hlajs `lrrj`thvos Rjporo`hða dj djgj`tl 99=0 Dhsnhau`hða dj prl`jsls dj 44 o 42 Pj jgj`tuð uao dhstha`hða jatrj je peoa p eoa poro eo dhrj``hða dje prl prlyj`tl yj`tl y els dl`unjatls dje prlyj`tl Pj jehnhaoa dhomronos dj geucl dj prl`jsls quj jstoboa oe hah`hl dj `odo ïrjo dj `lal`hnhjatl Pj `rjo ua geucl dj dotls poro `odo ual dj els 42 prl`jsls Pj ha`lrplro oajxl quj oblrdo eos fobhehdodjs hatjrpjrslaoejs YNBLK, Jdh`hða :, 29?2 Eo quhato vjrshða dje YNBLK guj pubeh`odo ja je oÿl 29?2 j ha`lrplrl els shmuhjatjs `onbhls `la rjspj`tl o eo `uorto vjrshða3 Aujvos tjadja`hos ja eo portj hatrldu`tlrho @onbhl ja je alnbrj dj ua prl`jsl y rjlrdjaonhjatl dj jatrodos, T&T y soehdos, nïs dhgjrja`ho ja jejnjatls (0,2,-2) @latjahdl nïs onpehl ja ua ?:%, ja slel 4% dj ha`rjnjatl dj jejnjatls @onbhls ja eo glrno dj vjr els dl`unjatls dj soehdo YNBLK ja `odo vjrshða. Gujatj3 Els outlrjs o porthr dje YNBLK ?:
4.2.2 JWLEZ@HÐA JPTOADOR DJ YRLXJ@TLP Els prlyj`tls foa jxhsthdl o el eorml dj eo fhstlrho, djsdj èpl`os nuy oathmuos je flnbrj fo bus`odl peoahgh`or eo rjoehzo`hða dj eos `lsos o trovès dj dhgjrjatjs njtldlelmîos quj ej pjrnhtoa sjr nïs jgh`hjatj ja els prl`jsls. Ja eo tobeo 0 sj nujstro `lnl fo shdl eo jvleu`hða jstïador dj els prlyj`tls fosto je dîo dj fly.
Tobeo 0. Jvleu`hða Jstïador dj Yrlyj`tls OZTLR X O L OZTLR ?8?=. Djsorrleel dje Dhomrono dj Moatt plr Fjary Moatt (?67??8?8) ?8?8)
@LA@ @LA@JYT JYTL L Fjary Moatt, js nuy bhja `lal`hdl plr `rjor uao mrïgh`o dj `oejadorhzo`hða quj eejvo su prlphl alnbrj, je Dhomrono dj Moatt. Jsto guj uao hdjo rodh`oe y uao haalvo`hða dj hnplrtoa`ho poro tldl je nuadl ja eo dè`odo dj ?829. Zal dj sus prhnjrls usls guj ja je prlyj`tl Fllvjr Don hah`hodl ja ?80?. ?8:7. Pj glrno eo Els prhnjrls prlgjshlaoejs dj eo odnhahstro`hða dj prlyj`tls y dj eos Onjrh`oa Ossl`hothla jspj`hoehdodjs osl`hodos dj peoahgh`o`hða y `oejadorhzo`hða; jsthno`hða lg @lst Jamhajrs dj `lstls, `lstls y `oejadorhzo`hða glrnorla eo OO@J OO@ J ja ?8:7. (oflro OO@J Hatjraothlaoe) Hatjraothlaoe) ?8:=. Je nètldl dj ruto `rîth`o l @rhth`oe Yotf Njtfld (@YN) havjatodl plr Duplat @lrplrothla @lrplrothla ?8:6. Eo Ornodo dj els Jstodls Zahdls havjato eo Tè`ah`o dj Rjvhshða y Jvoeuo`hða dj Yrlmronos (Yrlmron Jvoeuothla oad Rjvhjw Tj`fahquj l YJRT), uthehzodo poro je Yrlyj`tl. ?872.Je Djportonjatl dj Djgjaso dj els Jstodls Zahdls lrdjao opeh`or eo Jstru`turo dj Djsmelsj dj Trobocl (]lrk Brjokdlwa Ptru`turj, ]BP) ?87:. Pj guado eo Hatjraothlaoe Yrlcj`t Noaomjnjat Ossl`hothla (HYNO) ?878.- Ao`j ja els Jstodls Zahdls je Yrlcj`t Noaomjnjat Hasthtutj (YNH®) (YNH®)
Duplat `rjðuajeprlyj`tl @YN quj js uao `uïejs tè`ah`o sj`uja`hos uthehzodo poro prjdj`hr @lrplrothla eo duro`hða dj oe oaoehzor dj o`thvhdodjs thjaja eo njalr `oathdod dj gejxhbhehdod djatrl dje `oejadorhl. Duplat el dhsjÿð poro oblrdor els prl`jsls `lnpejcls dj `hjrrj dj peoatos quînh`os poro o`thvhdodjs dj noatjahnhjatl, y uao vjz quj èstj `la`euyjro rjhah`hor eos lpjro`hlajs. YJRT js ua nètldl quj pjrnhtj oaoehzor eos torjos havleu`rodos ja eo rjoehzo`hða dj ua prlyj`tl, jspj`hoenjatj je thjnpl aj`jsorhl poro `lnpejtor `odo torjo j hdjathgh`or je thjnpl nîahnl rjqujrhdl poro `la`euhr je prlyj`tl tltoe. tltoe.
Eo ]BP js uao jstru`turo jxfousthvo rjprjsjatodo plr ua ïrble cjrïrquh`l dj jatrjmobejs y torjos quj sj aj`jshtoa eejvor o `obl poro pldjr `lnpejtor je prlyj`tl. Nïs tordj odlptodo plr je sj`tlr prhvodl, eo ]BP sj noathjaj `lnl uao dj eos fjrronhjatos nïs `lnuajs y jgj`thvos djatrl dj eo odnhahstro`hða dj prlyj`tls.
HYNO guj eo prhnjro osl`ho`hða dj odnhahstro`hða dj prlyj`tls ja je nuadl. @lnjazð ja Whjao, Oustrho plr ua mrupl o noajro dj ua glrl dj prlcj`t noaomjrs poro mjajror rjdjs dj trobocl y `lnporthr haglrno`hða. haglrno`hða. @ha`l vleuatorhls guadorla je YNH® `lnl uao lrmoahzo`hða prlgjshlaoe sha ghajs dj eu`rl djdh`odo o `latrhbuhr `la je ovoa`j dj eo prï`th`o, `hja`ho y prlgjshða dj odnhahstro`hða dj prlyj`tls. Eo Noa`lnuahdod dj Yjashevoaho, J.J.Z.Z. pubeh`ð ortî`uels dj ha`lrplro`hða dje YNH® ja ?878, el `uoe shmahgh`ð su hah`hl lgh`hoe. ?7
OZTLR X O L OZTLR ?867. Pj alnbro o P@RZN `lnl ua aujvl jsthel dj odnhahstro`hða dj prlyj`tls
@LA@ @LA@JYT JYTL L P@RZN js ua nldjel dj djsorrleel ïmhe dj slgtworj guadonjatodl ja je trobocl dj nóethpejs jquhpls pjqujÿls dj uao glrno hatjashvo j hadjpjadhjatj. Ouaquj P@RZN guj prjtjadhdl poro eo dhrj``hða dj prlyj`tls dj slgtworj, tonbhèa pujdj uthehzorsj poro jcj`utor jquhpls dj noatjahnhjatl dj slgtworj l `lnl ua prlyj`tl mjajroe y ua jaglquj dj mjsthða dj prlmrono. ?86=. Pj pubeh`o plr Je YNBLK® surmj hah`hoenjatj `lnl ua rjplrtj l hatjatl plr prhnjro vjz eo Muîo dj els Guadonjatls poro eo Dhrj``hða dj Yrlyj`tls (YNBLK®) plr je YNH® ?868.- Pj djsorrleeo je Nètldl dj Djsorrleel YRHA@J o porthr dj YRLNYTHH ?886.- Je YNBLK® sj `lavhjrtj ja ua Jstïador OAPH 2996.- Je YNH® eoazo
dl`unjator flnlelmor eos j haglrno`hða dj odnhahstro`hða dj prlyj`tlsy o`jptodos. Pu prï`th`os prhnjro jdh`hða guj pubeh`odo ja ?887, sjmuhdo plr ltro ja je 2999, eo shmuhjatj ja je 2994 y eo `uorto jdh`hða ja je 2996. Jstj `ujrpl dj `lal`hnhjatls js rjgjrja`ho prhnlrdhoe poro tldls els vha`ueodls oe nuadl dj els prlyj`tls o`tuoenjatj y sj fo `lavjrthdl ja ua jstïador melboe poro eo hadustrho. Eo Omja`ho @jatroe dj Haglrnïth`o y Tjej`lnuah`o`hlajs dje Mlbhjral dje Rjhal Zahdl, pubeh`ð Yrlcj`ts HA @latrleejd Javhrlanjats (YRHA@J) troasglrnïadlel ja je jstïador poro tldls els prlyj`tls dj shstjnos dj haglrno`hða dje mlbhjral. mlbhjral. Je Hasthtutl Jstodluahdjasj dj Jstïadorjs Ao`hlaoejs (Onjrh`oa Aothlaoe Ptoadords Hasthtutj, OAPH) rj`lal`hð oe YNBLK® `lnl ua jstïador. Yl`l djspuès ja jsj nhsnl oÿl Je Hasthtutl dj Hamjahjrls Jej`trðah`ls y Jeè`trh`ls (HJJJ) fo`j el prlphl. Eo `uorto jdh`hða `lathaóo eo trodh`hða dj jx`jeja`ho dje YNH® ja
dj odnhahstro`hða prlyj`tls ua jstïador quj js nïs dje notjrho gï`he dj jatjadjr y plajr jadjprï`th`o, `la`la njclro ja su `lashstja`ho y noylr `eorhdod. Jsto jdh`hða nujstro dls aujvls prl`jsls quj al fobîoa oporj`hdl ja vjrshlajs oatjrhlrjs. 2998.- Rjvhshða o Bocl je alnbrj dj YRHA@J2® 29983 Rjgrjsf, ja je vjroal dj 2998 eo gladl dj YRHA@J2® Lgh`hao dj @lnjr`hl dje Mlbhjral fhzl je nètldl nïs shnpej y plr eo Lgh`hao dj gï`henjatj pjrslaoehzobej, otjadhjadl o uao pjth`hða `lnóa dj els @lnjr`hl dje usuorhls. Mlbhjral dj Rjhal Zahdl 29??.- Oporh`hða dj eo @la jstl je Yrlcj`t Noaomjnjat Hasthtutj djnlstrð quj al jstï aujvo `rjdja`hoe dje `jrrodl o eos njtldlelmîos ïmhejs, óah`onjatj o govlr dj els nor`ls YNH® Omhej @jrthghjd rîmhdls dladj ouaquj shjnprj prjsjatjs, els prl`jsls dj `onbhl al Yro`ththlajr sla djsjodls, plrquj pujdja hnpeh`or eo `lrrup`hða dje oe`oa`j dje prlyj`tl.
eo 4¹ jdh`hða YNBLK®
Gujatj3 Tlnodo dj Dua`oa Foumfjy, 29?2
4.2.0 JWLEZ@HÐA DJE JPTOADOR P@RZN O porthr dje `la`jptl dj jstoadorhzo`hða dj prlyj`tls y dje peoatjonhjatl dj eos njtldlelmîos ïmhejs, sj mjajro eo aj`jshdod dj ua jstïador jspj`hoehzodl poro els prlyj`tls dj haglrnïth`o, jspj`îgh`onjatj poro je djsorrleel dj slgtworj, Els outlrjs dj P@RZN MZHDJ Kja P`fwobjr y Cjgg Putfjreoad, sla ja rjoehdod els havjatlrjs dje prl`jsl ïmhe dj djsorrleel dj slgtworj y o porthr dj jsto prhnjro gujatj `lnhjazo eo jvleu`hða dje jstïador P`run, ja eo tobeo 4 sj pujdj jvhdja`hor jstj prl`jsl o trovès dj eo fhstlrho.
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Tobeo 4. Jvleu`hða Jstïador P@RZN OZTLR X OßL @LA@JYTL Kja P`fwobjr y Cjgg Eo prhnjro gujatj quj sj `lashdjro poro eejvor o `obl jstj jstudhl js Putfjreoad djsorrleeodo y noatjahdo plr els outlrjs Kja P`fwobjr y Cjgg Putfjreoad, quhjajs sla ja rjoehdod els havjatlrjs dje prl`jsl ïmhe dj djsorrleel dj slgtworj `lal`hdl `lnl P@RZN. Ja su lbro P@RZN MZHDJ, peosnoa els `la`jptls prha`hpoejs y guadonjatoejs dj eo njtldlelmîo ja `ujsthða, js dj`hr el quj al djbjrîo `onbhor sjmóa sj odoptj je nldjel o eos dhsthatos rjoehdodjs. Fuadjrnork, Y. (?? dj Ja gjbrjrl dj 299? dhj`hshjtj jxpjrtls ja njtldlelmîos ―ehvhoaos„ sj 2998). Za njclr ja`latrorla poro dhs`uthr y trotor dj eejmor o uao djghah`hða ja `lnóa P@RZN dj eos noajros dj trobocl quj jstoboa uthehzoadl. Jatrj jeels sj ja`latroboa Cjgg Putfjreoad y Kja P`fwobjr, guadodlrjs dj P`run, cuatl o Nhkj Bjjdej, quhja trobocð ja djsorrleeor els potrlajs hah`hoejs y ja eo rjdo``hða dje prhnjr ehbrl slbrj P`run. Jstj mrupl sj outldjalnhað ―Tfj Omhej Oeehoa`j„ (eo Oehoazo Ïmhe) y djghahð dj `lnóa o`ujrdl je Noahghjstl poro je Djsorrleel Ïmhe dj Plgtworj. O`uÿo, K. B. (2998). Pjmóa ltrl ortî`uel pubeh`odl plr Oheha Lrcujeo Duortj y Nourh`hl Pjej``hla dj Rlcos thtueodl ―Eos Njtldlelmîos dj Djsorrleel Ïmhe `lnl uao njtldlelmhos dj Lplrtuahdod poro eo Hamjahjrîo dj Plgtworj Jdu`othvl„ guj rjoehzodo djsorrleel poro ltro rjuahða ja norzl dj 299?, eo `uoe guj `lavl`odo plr Kjat Bj`k opeh`o`hlajs wjb ja eo dladj sj o`uÿð je tèrnhal ―Nètldls Ïmhejs„ poro djghahr o els go`uetod dj haglrnoth`o nètldls quj jstoboa surmhjadl `lnl oetjraothvo o eos njtldlelmîos dj eo Zahvjrshdod dj glrnoejs o eos quj sj `lashdjrobo ―pjsodo„ y rîmhdo plr su `orï`tjr alrnothvl y gujrtj djpjadja`ho dj peoahgh`o`hlajs djtoeeodos prjvhos @hjagujmls oe djsorrleel. Els hatjmroatjs dj jsto rjuahða rjsunhjrla els prha`hphls slbrj els quj sj bosoa els nètldls oetjraothvls ja `uotrl plstueodls, el quj fo qujdodl djalnhaodl `lnl Noahghjstl Ïmhe. Yeoatjo odjnïs jstj ortî`uel quj eos njtldlelmîos dj djsorrleel ïmhe sla nïs lrhjatodos o prl`jsls dj pl`os sjnoaos y `la bocls ahvjejs dj glrnoehzo`hða ja eo dl`unjato`hða rjqujrhdo, js dj`hr, prlyj`tls pjqujÿls. Noahghjstl mhe y sus dl`j prha`hphls foa pjrnoaj`hdl ha`ðeunjs Fuadjrnork, Y. (?? dj Je Noahghjstl 2998). Za njclr duroatj yo dhjz oÿls. @lathaóoa shjadl fly ja dîo eo njclr noajro P@RZN dj cuzmor sh ua nètldl dj trobocl js l al rjoenjatj ïmhe. Eo noylr `rîth`o quj fo rj`hbhdl sj djbj oe sjsml quj prjsjato fo`ho je djsorrleel slgtworj, dodl quj els nètldls ïmhejs pujdja opeh`orsj ja nu`flsdj nïs `onpls. @oaðs Clsè F., E. Y. Rjoehzoadl ua oaïehshs fhstðrh`l dje tjrnhal ―Njtldlelmîos Ïmhejs„ sj (29?9) Njtldlelmhos pujdj dj`hr quj jstls tèrnhals jnphjzoa o jnpejorsj poro ïmhejs ja je djsorrlel `oro`tjrhzor oqujeels nètldls dj trobocl eujml dj uao rjuahða dj slgtworj `jejbrodo ja Ztof-JJZZ ja gjbrjrl dj 299?, sj dh`j quj guj ja jso rjuahða dladj ua mrupl dj ?= jxpjrtls jsblzorla els voelrjs y prha`hphls quj djbjrîoa pjrnhthr o els jquhpls djsorrleeor slgtworj rïphdonjatj y rjspladhjadl o els `onbhls quj pujdoa surmhr o el eorml dj els prlyj`tls.
Gujatj3 Outlrjs, o porthr dj eo ehtjroturo rjvhsodo.
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4.0 NOR@L TJLRH@L Eo jstru`turo dje nor`l tjðrh`l dje prjsjatj trobocl, jstï `laglrnodo plr eos vorhobejs dj havjsthmo`hða djghahdos, poro dor rjspujsto oe lbcjthvl mjajroe y o eo vorhobej djpjadhjatj jstobej`hdo. Ja jst jstj j sjath sjathdl dl eos vorhobejs hhadjpjadhjatjs adjpjadhjatjs djghahdos sla3 h) Yrldu`t Bo`kelm, hh) Yeoahgh`o`hða dj PYRHAT, hhh) PYRHAT Bo`kelm, hv) dje Bo`kelm PYRHAT,djv)Hnpjdhnjatls, PYRHAT, vh) Ha`rjnjatl dj Yrldu`tl, Buradlwa dj Buradlwa Yrldu`tl, vhhh) hx) Rjtrlspj`thvo, y jstosvhh) o su vjz `la sus rjspj`thvos `lvorhobejs h) Djs`rhp`hða, hh) Jsthnodl, hhh) Jnjrmjatj, hv) Yrhlrhzodl, v) Hdjathgh`odlr dj Gua`hlaoehdod, vh) Lrdjao`hða, vh) Rjsunja, vhh) Yorth`hpoatjs, vhhh) Duro`hða, hx) Ehsto dj Torjos, x) Rjsplasobej/Wleuatorhl, xh) Jstodl dj eo torjo, xhh) Thjnpl jsthnodl.
4.0.? RLEJP DJ EO NJTLDLELMHO P@RZN Za ospj`tl hnplrtoatj ja eo njtldlelmîo P`run sla els rlejs ja je jquhpl, quj hatjrvhjaja ja su djsorrleel y sla els shmuhjatjs3 RLE Lwajrdj (YL) RLE ?3 23 Yrldu`t Tjon (Jquhpl Trobocl) RLE 03 P`run Nostjr
4.0.2 JTOYOP DJ EO NJTLDLELMÎO P@RZN Eo njtldlelmîo P@RZN gua`hlao bocl eo rjoehzo`hða dj aujvj jtopos, eos `uoejs lpjroa dj noajro shstjnïth`o `la eo lp`hða dj pldjr lbtjajr jatrjmobejs eujml dj eo ghaoehzo`hða dj `odo sprhat. Jsto njtldlelmîo ïmhe, pjrnhtj tjajr gejxhbhehdod ja eo rjoehzo`hða dj ua prlyj`tl, yo quj sj pujdja rjoehzor `onbhls dj njclro o`lrdodls ja eos rjuahlajs jstobej`hdos plr `odo ual dj els nhjnbrls dje jquhpl. Ja eo Ghmuro ?. Pj lbsjrvoa els rlejs, ortjgo`tls y jvjatls prha`hpoejs uthehzodls ja je prl`jsl dj hnpejnjato`hða dj eo njtldlelmîo P@RZN.
Ghmuro ?. Rlejs, ortjgo`tlsDjjnjr,2998) y jvjatls prha`hpoejs dj P@RZN (Yjtj ?8
O `lathauo`hða sj prjsja prjsjatoa toa `odo uao dj eos jtopos uthehzodos ja ua prlyj`tl quj odlpto eo njtldlelmîo P@RZN3 JTOYO ?3 Yrldu`t Bo`kelm (Yheo l Ehsto dj Yrldu`tl) JTOYO 23 Yeoahgh`o`hða dj PYRHAT JTOYO 03 PYRHAT Bo`kelm (Yheo l Ehsto dj PYRHAT) JTOYO 43 Buradlwa dje PYRHAT JTOYO :3 PYRHAT JTOYO 73 Ha`rjnjatl dj Yrldu`tl JTOYO =3 Buradlwa dj Rjejosj l Yrldu`tl JTOYO 63 Bo`kelm dj Hnpjdhnjatls JTOYO 83 Rjtrlspj`thvo Odh`hlaoe o jstl jxhstja tè`ah`os `lnl YJRT y @YN, poro eo peoahgh`o`hða dj els prlyj`tls, quj pjrnhtja rjoehzor uao jvoeuo`hða nïs jgh`hjatj, djtjrnhaor els jejnjatls `rîth`ls ja eos dhgjrjatjs jtopos y eo duro`hða dje prlyj`tl plr o`thvhdodjs. Ja eo ehtjroturo sj pujdja ja`latror dhgjrjatjs outlrjs els `uoejs foa rjoehzodl oplrtjs shmahgh`othvls poro jatjadjr je plrquè dj `odo jtopo y su usl djatrl dj ua prlyj`tl, ja oemuals `osls sj fo lbsjrvodl quj tldls al ej doa eo nhsno hnplrtoa`ho y usl o `odo uao uao dj eos jtopos, lnhthèadleos y fo`hjadl usl dj ltros. Ja eos tobeos : y 7 sj pujdj lbsjrvor eo rjeo`hða jatrj `odo ual dj els outlrjs y eo hnplrtoa`ho quj foa dodl o eos jtopos dj eeo o njtldlelmîo. Ja eo tobeo : sj ja`ujatroa jspj`hgh`odos eos jtopos prha`hpoejs y eo grj`uja`ho `la eo quj sla nja`hlaodos plr els dhgjrjatjs outlrjs dj eo bhbehlmrogîo jspj`hoehzodo. Ja eo tobeo 7 sj ehstoa els subprl`jsls dj `ha`l jtopos prha`hpoejs, `lnuajs jatrj els dhgjrjatjs outlrjs, dladj sj pujdj lbsjrvor dj noajro djtoeeodo eos o`thvhdodjs quj els `laglrnoa.
29
Tobeo :. Outlrjs vs Jtopos dj P@RZN (Worhobejs)
O ZTL ZTLR R /O L
J TO Y O ? Yrldu`t Bo`kelm (Yh eo l Ehs to dj Yrldu`tl
JTOYO 2 Yeoahgh`o`hða dj PY RHAT
JTOYO 0 P YR HAT HA T Bo`kelm (Yh eo l Ehs to dj PYRHAT)
Yjtj Djjnjr, P`run M. B. (29?2). Yrhnjr. Zao hatrldu``hða bïsh`o o eo tjlrîo y prï`th`o dj P`run Cuoa Yoeo`hl, @. R. (29??). P`run Noaomjr3 Mjsthða dj Yrlyj`tls.
V
V
V
V
V
Kja P`fwobjr, C. P. (29?9). Tfj P`run Muhdj.
V
V
Fuadjrnork, Y. (?? dj 2998). Za njclr P@RZN
V
V
JTOYO 4 Buradlwa dje Pprhat
JTOYO : P Y R HA HATT
JTOYO 7 Ha`rjnjatl dj Yrldu`tl
V
V
JTOYO = JTOYO 6 Buradlwa B o`ke o`kelm lm dj dj Rjejosj Hnpjdhnjatls l Yrldu`tl
JTOYO 8 Rjtrlspj`thvo
V
V
V
V
V
V
2?
Tobeo 7. Outlrjs vs Jtopos J topos dj P@RZN (@lvorhobejs) OZTL R/OßL
JTO YO ? Y rldu`t B o`kelm
DJP@RHY@HLA /DJTOE EODL
JPTHNODL
JNJRMJATJ
YRHLRHSODL
Yjtj Djjnjr, M. B. (29?2). P`run Yrhnjr. Zao hatrldu``hða bïsh`o o eo tjlrîo y prï`th`o dj P`run Cuoa Yoeo`hl, @. R. (29??). P`run Noaomjr3 Mjsthða dj Yrlyj`tls.
V
V
V
V
V
V
Kja P`fwobjr, C. P. (29?9). Tfj P`run
V
V
V
JTO YO 2 Yeoahgh`o`hða dj PYRHAT
HDJATHGH@ODLR DJ GZA@HLAOEHDOD
LRDJAO@HLA
V
V
JTOYO 0 PY RHA T Bo`k elm
RJPZNJA
YORTH@HYOATJP
DZRO@HLA
EHPTO DJ TORJOP
RJPYLAPOBEJ/ WLEZATORHL
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
JPTODL DJ EO TORJO
V
JTOYO 4 Buradlwa dje Pprhat / JTO YO : PY RHA T
THJNYL JPTHNODL
RJPZNJA
YORTH@HYOATJP
DZRO@HLA
V
V
V
V
V
V
JTOYO 7 Ha`rjnjatl dj Yrldu`tl
JTOYO = Buradlwa dj Rjejosj l Yrldu`tl
JT OYO 6 Bo`kelm dj Hnpjdhnjatls
JTOYO 8 Rjtrlspj`thvo
Muhdj. Fuadjrnork, Y. (?? dj 2998). Za njclr P@RZN
V
V
V
V
V
V
22
4.0.0 @JRTHGH@O@HLA JA P@RZN X JATHDODJP _ZJ EO LGRJ@JA3 O`tuoenjatj eo `jrthgh`o`hða ja P`run nïs `lal`hdo js eo dj P`run Nostjr (@PN). Je `jrthgh`odl lrhmhaoenjatj jroposð jnhthdl dhrj`tonjatj Kja yP`fwobjr duroatj 2992 y 2990, yo ja 2994, Kja o glrnor eo P`run plr Oeehoa`j `lathauð djsdj oeeî dh`toadl els `ursls dj `jrthgh`o`hða.
P`run Oeehoa`j3 Zal dj els lrmoahsnls nïs oathmuls, sjrhls y rjspjtodls, `la eo noylr rjputo`hða ja je njr`odl quj brhado eos shmuhjatjs `jrthgh`o`hlajs3 - P`run Nostjr @jrthgh`odl (@PN) - Yrlphjtorhl dj Yrldu`tl (@YL) - Djsorrleeodlr P`run (@PD) Oatjs dj 29?2, elsjequj oshstîoa dj o ua@PN, `urslja lgh`hoe dj eo `osls P`runsha Oeehoa`j rj`hbîoa outlnïth`onjatj `jrthgh`odl oemuals jvoeuo`hða l jxonja y ja ltrls `la trobocls prï`th`ls. Oatj nu`fos `rîth`os, eo Oehoazo P`run `onbhð je prl`jsl dj `jrthgh`o`hða ja eo prhnjro portj dj 29?2 y els `oadhdotls o`tuoenjatj jstïa lbehmodls o posor plr ua prl`jsl dj trjs jtopos poro lbtjajr je `jrthgh`odl dj @PN eos `uoejs ha`euyja, gonhehorhzorsj `la els `la`jptls bïsh`ls dj P`run, oshsthr o ua `ursl dj @PN y lbtjajr su `jrthgh`o`hða @PN djspuès dj `lnpejtor je `ursl y plr uethnl posor po sor uao jvoeuo`hða @PN. O su vjz, sj lgrj`ja dls `jrthgh`o`hlajs poro oqujeels quj rjquhjroa jspj`hoehzorsj3 - Yrlgjshlaoe @jrthgh`odl ja P`run (@PY) - @lo`f dj P`run (@P@) Yoro lbtjajr eo `jrthgh`o`hða dj P`run Nostjr, sj djbj rjoehzor ua `ursl `la ua prlgjslr `jrthgh`odl plr P`run Oeehoa`j (@jrthghjd P`run Trohajr) y eujml fo`jr ua jxonja quj sj pujdj rjoehzor djsdj eo `oso. Je jxonja dj prlgjshlaoe dj P`run (@PY), js bostoatj `lnpejcl y djbj rjadhrsj ja ua `jatrl `jrthgh`odl, el `uoe brhado noylr voelr o quhja el lbthjaj y js `lnporobej oe jxonja dj Yro`th`oatj Ïmhe dj YNY. Yoro noatjajr eo `jrthgh`o`hða, jsto djbj sjr rjalvodo `odo dls oÿls. (Jrh`fbufejr, 29?4)
Lrmoahzo`hða P`run (P`run.lrm)3 Ja je oÿl 2998, Kja dj P`fwobjr sj rjthrð dj eo Nïstjr, P`run Oeehoa`j y `rjðEo eo P`run.lrm lgrj`hjadl je `ursl Yrlgjsshlaoe P`run jatrj ltrls. lgrj`j els `jrthgh`odls dj3
20
- P`run Nostjr Yrlgjshlaoe ? y 2 (YPN H, YPN HH) - Yrlphjtorhl dj Yrldu`tl Yrlgjshlaoe ? y 2 (YPYL H, YPYL HH) - Djsorrleeodlr Yrlgjshlaoe ? (YPD H) (Ghmujrleo, 29?0) YNH-O@Y (pnh.lrm)3 Je Hasthtutl dj mjsthða dj prlyj`tls, lgrj`j eo `jrthgh`o`hða dj Yro`th`oatj Ïmhe eujml dj eejvor odjeoatj ua pjrîldl dj prujbo duroatj 29??. Jeels `ujatoa `la uao `lnuahdod dj prï`th`o dj Ïmhe y rj`lnhjadoa dj`jaos dj ehbrls poro eo prjporo`hða dje jxonja (nu`fls dj els `uoejs sla els nhsnls quj sumhjrj P`run Oeehoa`j) y tonbhèa foy jdh`hlajs jspj`îgh`os jspj `îgh`os quj sj `jatroa `jatro a ja eo prjporo`hða dje jxonja. Je ahvje y prjmuatos sla `lnporobejs oe dj Yrlgjshlaoe @jrthgh`odl dj P`run Oeehoa`j (@PY). (@PY). (Jrh`fbufejr, 29?4)
:
NJTLDLELMÎO
Eo havjsthmo`hða thjaj ua jaglquj `uoathtothvl dj thpl djs`rhpthvl troasvjrsoe. Eo njtldlelmîo uthehzodo poro oe`oazor els lbcjthvls jspj`îgh`ls, porthð dje dhsjÿl dj tobeos quj rj`lmja eo haglrno`hða dj eo ehtjroturo jspj`hoehzodo `lasuetodo djsdj je puatl dj vhsto dj outlr, njtldlelmîo, rjsuetodls y `la`eushlajs. Oajxl ?. Yoro mjajror eo bosj dj dotls `la eo ehtjroturo jspj`hoehzodo, sj rjoehzð uao rj`lej``hða dj haglrno`hða njdhoatj bósqujdo ja bosjs dj dotls jspj`hoehzodos, ortî`uels `hjatîgh`ls y `lagjrja`hos rjoehzodos, dj eo `uoe sj sjej``hlað eo nïs rjejvoatj. Zao vjz rj`lpheodo eo haglrno`hða, sj rjoehzð je oaïehshs dj jsto, `lashdjroadl y sjej``hlaoadl els dhgjrjatjs `rhtjrhls poro eo hnpejnjato`hða dje jstïador P@RZN ja je `onpl dj eo haglrnïth`o poro je djsorrleel dj prlyj`tls. Jstls `rhtjrhls sj sj sjej``hlaorla `la bosj je fhstlrhoeoutlrjs. ehtjrorhl, tjahjadl ja `ujato eos njtldlelmîos uthehzodos plr ja els dhgjrjatjs Ylstjrhlr o eo sjej``hða dj els `rhtjrhls, sj prl`jdhð o rjdo`tor eo nlalmrogîo `la je oaïehshs dj eo haglrno`hða rj`lpheodo.
7
OAÏEHPHP
Ja mjajroe els prlyj`tls dj mjsthða, shmuja ua `h`el dj vhdo `lnpujstl plr :
gosjs l jtopos `eïsh`os, djtjrnhaodls plr els mrupls dj prl`jsls quj sla, hah`hl, peoahgh`o`hða, jcj`u`hða, nlahtlrjl y `latrle, y `hjrrj, jstos jtopos, `lrrjspladja `la eos jtopos dje(Tobeo `h`el dj shmuhjatj noajro =)3 vhdo dj eo njtldlelmîo P@RZN y sj rjeo`hlaoa dj eo
24
Tobeo =. Rjeo`hða jatrj `h`el dj vhdo dj ua prlyj`tl y `h`el dj vhdo dj P@RZN JTOYOP @H@EL DJ
JTOYOP @H@EL DJ
WHDO YRLXJ@TL (YRL@JPLP)
WHDO P@RZN (YRL@JPLP)
DJP@RHY@HÐA
HAH@HL
Yrldu`t Bo`kelm (Yheo dj Yrldu`tl)
Js uao ehsto prhlrhzodo dj tldl el quj pldrîo sjr aj`jsorhl ja je prldu`tl. Els rjquhshtls poro je prldu`tl jstïa ehstodls ja je Yrldu`t Bo`kelm.
Yeoahgh`o`hða dje Pprhat
Clraodo dj trobocl prjvho oe hah`hl dj `odo sprhat ja eo quj sj djtjrnhao `uïe vo o sjr s jr je trobocl y els lbcjthvls quj sj djbja `lasjmuhr ja eo htjro`hða.
YEOAHGH@O@HÐA Pprhat Bo`kelm (Yheo dj Pprhat)
JCJ@Z@HÐA
Pprhat
Buradlwa dje Pprhat
NLAHTLRJL X
Buradlwa dj Rjejosj l dj Yrldu`tl
@LATRLE
Bo`kelm dj Hnpjdhnjatls
Ha`rjnjatl dj Yrldu`tl
Js uao ehsto dj torjos poro `lavjrthr je Yrldu`t Bo`kelm o ua Pprhat, ja ua ha`rjnjatl dje prldu`tl pltja`hoenjatj jatrjmobej. Pj `lnplaj dj eos torjos quj je jquhpl rjoehzo poro `lavjrthr els jejnjatls dje Yrldu`t Bo`kelm ja ua ha`rjnjatl. Pla htjro`hlajs dj ? o 4 sjnoaos s jnoaos quj sj voa su`jdhjadl uao djtrïs dj ltro. Js dj duro`hða ghco, tjrnhao ja uao gj`fo jspj`îgh`o ouaquj al sj foyo ghaoehzodl je trobocl y aua`o sj oeormo. Pj ehnhto ja thjnpl. Mrïgh`l dj torjos quj oyudo oe jquhpl ja eo nlahtlrhzo`hða dje prlmrjsl y js je hadh`odlr prha`hpoe, p rha`hpoe, quj haglrnorï slbrj eos plshbhehdodjs dj oe`oazor els `lnprlnhsls oe ghaoehzor je sprhat. Nhdj je rhtnl dj jatrjmo dj gua`hlaoehdodjs tjstjodos o el eorml dje thjnpl. Jstj rhtnl js `lal`hdl `lnl eo vjel`hdod dje jquhpl. Je bo`kelm dj hnpjdhnjatls js eo ehsto dj shtuo`hlajs quj jstïa hnphdhjadl quj je jquhpl prlmrjsj. Jstos sla shtuo`hlajs quj je P`run Nostjr djbj quhtor dje `onhal poro oyudor o quj je jquhpl trobocj njclr. Je ha`rjnjatl js eo portj dj prldu`tl prldu`hdo ja ua sprhat y thjaj `lnl `oro`tjrîsth`o quj jstï `lnpejtonjatj tjrnhaodo y lpjrothvo, ja `ladh`hlajs dj sjr jatrjmodo oe `ehjatj ghaoe.
@HJRRJ
Rjtrlspj`thvo
Eo rjtrlspj`thvo js eo óethno rjuahða dje sprhat. Phmuj hanjdhotonjatj djspuès dj eo rjvhshða y aua`o djbj sjr lnhthdo. Nhjatros quj eo rjvhshða jstï `jatrodo ja je prldu`tl, eo rjtrlspj`thvo sj ja`ujatro jagl`odo ja je prl`jsl je prl`jsl— —eo noajro ja eo quj je jquhpl P`run troboco dj noajro `lacuato, ha`euyjadl fobhehdodjs tè`ah`os, prï`th`os y fjrronhjatos dj djsorrleel.
Gujatj3 Outlrjs `la bosj ja YNBLK 2:
=
@LA@EZPHLAJP
Pj mjajrð uao bosj dj dotls dhmhtoe `la eo ehtjroturo jspj`hoehzodo, slbrj els `rhtjrhls poro hnpejnjator je jstïador P@RZN `lnl nor`l dj trobocl poro je djsorrleel dj prlyj`tls. Eo ehtjroturo guj rjvhsodo y sjej``hlaodo, dladj sj lbtuvl eo haglrno`hða nïs rjejvoatj poro eo hnpejnjato`hða dj prlyj`tls dj slgtworj plr njdhl dj uao njtldlelmîo ïmhe y jgj`thvo, yo quj pjrnhtj `unpehr `la els lbcjthvls dje prlyj`tl, sha quj sj vjo ogj`todo eo peoahgh`o`hða dje oe`oa`j, thjnpl y `lstl dj eo jatrjmo. Oe rjvhsor y oaoehzor eo ehtjroturo jspj`hoehzodo, sj `la`euyj quj uao lrmoahzo`hða quj dj`hdo hnpejnjator je jstïador P@RZN, rjdu`hrï je plr`jatocj dj sus prlyj`tls goeehdls y jejvorï eo sothsgo``hða dje usuorhl ghaoe. Yoro ha`lrplroreo, sj djbj jstor ja `lastoatj ajml`ho`hða `la je `ehjatj, je `uoe rj`hbhrï jatrjmos por`hoejs sjmóa sus rjqujrhnhjatls y osî pldrï jgj`tuor `onbhls slbrj jstls sh el djsjo. O porthr dj dj j jstj stj trobocl, dlad dladj j sj djtjrnhaoa els ``rhtjrhls rhtjrhls po poro ro eo hnpejnjato`hða dje jstïador P@RZN, eos lrmoahzo`hlajs pldrïa dor voelr oe prldu`tl quj lgrj`ja, yo quj je sjmuhnhjatl dj els prlyj`tls sj rjoehzo plr njdhl dj uao ajml`ho`hða jatrj tldls els hatjrjsodls (stokjfledjrs), els `uoejs pldrïa jxprjsor su sothsgo``hða l ha`laglrnhdod, y sj pldrïa rjoehzor `onbhls o thjnpl, sha ogj`tor je èxhtl dje prlyj`tl. Ltrl bjajgh`hl dj eouahnpejnjato`hða djpujdj eo njtldlelmîo P@RZN `lashstj ja eo plshbhehdod dj tjajr prldu`tl quj sj hatrldu`hr oe njr`odl oatjs quj eo `lnpjtja`ho, oe tjajr sus `oro`tjrîsth`os prha`hpoejs ja gua`hlaonhjatl sha jstor ?99% ghaoehzodl. Zao djsvjatoco dje usl dj jsto njtldlelmîo ïmhe, js quj prjsuplaj quj je `ehjatj al jxhmj ah aj`jshto tldo eo dl`unjato`hða quj noajcoa o`tuoenjatj eos jnprjsos y eo quj rjquhjrja eos dhgjrjatjs alrnothvos ao`hlaoejs l hatjrao`hlaoejs.
27
Oajxl ?. Tobeo ?. Tobeo dj O Oatj`jdjatjs atj`jdjatjs Outlr y oÿl
Lbcjthvl
Nètldl
Rjsuetodl
@la`eushða
Gujatj3 Outlrjs
Tobeo 2. Tobeo dj Jvleu`hða dje @la`jpt @la`jptl l Mjrja`ho dj Yrlyj`tls OZTLR OZ TLR X O L
@LA @LA@J @JYTL YTL
Gujatj3 Outlrjs
Tobeo 0. Tobeo dj Jvleu`hða Jstïador dj Yrlyj`tls OZTLR OZ TLR X O L
@L @LA@ A@JYT JYTL L
Gujatj3 Outlrjs
Tobeo 4. Tobeo dj jvleu`hða jstïador P@RZN OZTLR OZ TLR X O L
Gujatj3 Outlrjs
@L @LA@ A@JYT JYTL L
2=
Tobeo :. Tobeo dj O Outlrjs utlrjs vs Jtopos dj P@RZN (Worhobejs) O ZTLR /O ßL
J TO Y O ? Yrldu`t Bo`kelm (Yh eo l Ehsto dj Yrldu`tl
JTOYO 2 Yeoahgh`o`hða dj PYRHAT
JTOYO 0 P YR HA HATT Bo`kelm (Yh eo l Ehsto dj P YR HA T)
JTOYO 4 Buradlwa dje Pprhat
JTOYO : P YR HA HATT
JTOYO 7 Ha`rjnjatl dj Yrldu`tl
JTOYO 6 B o`kelm o`kelm dj Hnpjdhnjatls
JTOYO = Buradlwa dj Rjejosj l Yr ldu`t ldu`tl l
JTOYO 8 Rjtrlspj`thvo
Gujatj3 Outlrjs
Tobeo 7. Tobeo dj O Outlrjs utlrjs vs Jtopos dj P@RZN (@lvorhobejs) OZTL R/OßL
Jtopo ? Yrldu` t B o`kelm
djs`rh p`hða /djt /djtoee oee odl
jsth nod l
jnjr mjatj
prhlr h zodl
hdjathgh `odlr dj gua`hla oehdod
Jtopo 2 Yeoahgh`o`hða dj Pprhat
lrdja o`hða
rjsu nja
porth`h poatjs
duro `hða
Jtopo 0 Ppr hat B o`kelm
ehst o dj tor jo s
rjspla sobej/ vleuat orhl
jst odl dj eo tor jo
Jtopo 4 Buradlwa dje P prhat / Jtopo : Ppr hat
thjn pl jsth nod l
rjsu nja
porth`h poatjs
JTOY O 7 Ha`rj njatl dj Yrldu `tl
JTOY O = Bura dlwa dj Rjejo sj l Yrld u`tl
duro `hða
Gujatj3 Outlrjs
Tobeo =. Rjeo`hða jatrj `h`el dj vhdo dj ua prlyj`tl y `h`el dj vhdo dj P@RZN JTOYOP @H@EL DJ WHDO YRLXJ@TL (YRL@JPLP)
JTOYOP @H@EL DJ WHDO P@RZN (YRL@JPLP)
DJP@RHY@HÐA
JTOYO 6 Bo`kel m dj Hnpjdh njatls
JTOYO 8 Rjtrls pj`thvo
Gujatj3 Outlrjs
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BHBEHLMROGHO
O`uÿo, K. B. (2998). Pjej``hla dj njtldlelmhos dj djsorrleel poro opeh`o`hlajs wjb ja eo go`uetod dj haglrnoth`o dj eo uahvjrshdod dj `hjagujmls. Lbtjahdl dj
www.junjd/ehbrls/2998`/:64 Dua`oa Foumfjy, Y. (?0 dj Cuehl dj 29?2). Noauoe dj Odnhahstro`hla dj Yrlyj`tls. Lbtjahdl dj fttp3//www.ehdjrdjprlyj`tl.`ln/noa fttp3//www.ehdjrdj prlyj`tl.`ln/noauoe/brjvj\fhstlrho\ uoe/brjvj\fhstlrho\slbrj\eo\odnhah slbrj\eo\odnhahstro`hla\dj\pr stro`hla\dj\pr lyj`tls.ftne Jrh`fbufejr. (: dj 2 dj 29?4). = eumorjs dladj lbtjajr tu `jrthgh`o`hða Omhej/P`run. Lbtjahdl dj fttp3//omhehb.lrm/29?4/92/9:/=-eumorjs-dladj-lbtja fttp3//omhehb.lrm/29?4/92/ 9:/=-eumorjs-dladj-lbtjajr-tu-`jrthgh`o`hla-omh jr-tu-`jrthgh`o`hla-omhejs`run/ ejs`run/ Ghmujrleo, A. (29?0). @jrthgh`o`hla @jrthgh`o`hlajs js P`run Nostjr3 `uïe js eo njclr%2GSf XN:Z_&Phmaoturj>%2GSf:8PDM8MM%2G:cmHSF:jX :8PDM8MM%2G:cmHSF:jXevj evj NEl%0D&Jxphrjs>?080888?60
Yjtj Djjnjr, M. B. (29?2). P`run Yrhnjr. Zao hatrldu``hða bïsh`o o eo tjlrîo y prï`th`o dj PP`run. `run. Wjrshða 2.9. Lbtjahdl dj fttp3//www.s`runprhnjr.lrm/prhnjrs/js\s` fttp3//www.s`runprhnjr.lrm/prhnjrs/js\s`runprhnjr29.pdg runprhnjr29.pdg Rldrhmujz, R. (29??). Tj`ah`os Moatt, Yjrt y @YN. P`fwobjr, K., & Putfjreoad, C. (29?9). Tfj P`run Muhdj.
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