Criterios Elaboracao de Orcamento e Medicoes SBC

 

O[EYÅ[EL_ SA[A HDAKL[AÍÏL IH L[ÍAJHFYL_ H JHIEÍÏL IH LK[A_

O[EYÅ[EL_ IH HDAKL[AÍÏL IH L[ÍAJHFYL_ H JHIEÍÏL IH LK[A_

L lríajhftl ih oaia lkra å l rhsudtail lkteil phda rhdaíïl ias quafteiaihs ih lkras h shrveíls a shrhj hxhoutails, utedezails para oaia ethj hj parteoudar ls prhíls ufetárels lkteils nuftl al jhroail. A rhdaíïl ih quafteiaihs ihvhrá lkrematlreajhfth shmuer a iesorejefaíïl ils Srlnhtls h Oaihrfl ih Hfoarmls ih oaia lkra. Oaia shrveíl ihvhrá shr oetail ih blrja odara h lknhteva, olfthjpdafil as oaraothrêsteoas ih oaia shrveíl, aoljpafgail ih shu prhíl Aufetárel. aprhshftaíïl il lríajhftl ihvhrá shmuer a lrihfaíïl il Ihorhtl 5;.133/72 quh iespøh slkrh a lríajhftaíïl ih lkras. Fl oasl ih Lkras Sþkdeoas a lríajhftaíïl ih lkras ihvhrá aefia athfihr als iesplsetevls ia JS 21; ih 39 ih akred ih ;31?, quh trata ia ihslfhraíïl ia Bldga ih Samajhftl fa Olfstruíïl Oeved. Fhsth asphotl a lríajhftaíïl ihvhrá shmuer as ierhtrezhs il _EFASE ia Oaexa Holfùjeoa Bhihrad. L arquevl ih oljplseíøhs ih oustls pukdeoail fl Efblrjatevl _KO vhj oljpdhjhftar as daoufas hfolftraias fas Kashs ih Iails Lbeoeaes, ih aolril olj as Ierhtrezhs il YOX ;2=8737 pukdeoaia hj ;319, fltaiajhfth fl Oapêtudl —Shsquesa ih Jhroail‚  h  h shmuefths.

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O[EYÅ[EL_ SA[A HDAKL[AÍÏL IH L[ÍAJHFYL_ H JHIEÍÏL IH LK[A_

O[EYÅ[EL_ IH HDAKL[AÍÏL IL L[ÍAJHFYL IH LK[A H JHIEÍØH_

Sara uja jhdglr oljprhhfsïl, passajls a hdhfoar ls Mrupls Olfstrutevls rhprhshftafil oaia htapa ia lkra, oljl sh shmuh>                                              

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33 S[LNHYL_ H S[LNHYL_ —A_ KXEDY‚   11_H[REÍL_ AIJEFE_Y[AYERL_ 1; EF_YADAÍØH_ S[LRE_ß[EA_ 1? JÁQXEFA_ H BH[[AJHFYA_ 19 OLF_XJL_ HJ MH[AD 18 HQXESAJHFYL_ IH _HMX[AFÍA 12 IH_SH_A_ DHMAE_ 1= Y[AF_SL[YH_ H OA[[HYL_ 17 JÁQXEFA_ H HQXESAJHFYL_ ;3 S[HSA[AÍÏL IL YH[[HFL ;1 OLFYHFÍØH_ ;; IHJLDEÍØH_ ;? [HBL[JA H [HOLF_Y[XÍÏL ;9 _H[REÍL_ IH JAFXYHFÍÏL ?3 BXFIAÍØH_ IE[HYA_ ?1 BXFIAÍØH_ EFIE[HYA_ ?; [HKAEWAJHFYL_ 93 _XSH[H_Y[XYX[A 83 EF_YADAÍØH_ GEI[ÁXDEOA_ ‟ AKA_YHOEJHFYL 81 EF_YADAÍØH_ GEI[ÁXDEOA_ ‟ H_MLYAJHFYL 8; EFYADAÍØH_ GEI[ÁXDEOA_ ‟ ÁMXA 8? EF_YADAÍØH_ GEI[AXDEOA_ ‟ H_MLYL 89 EF_YADAÍØH_ GEI[ÁXDEOA_ ‟ ÁMXA_ SDXREAE_ ‟ EFOÎFIEL 88 82 EF_YADAÍØH_ EF_YADAÍØH_ GEI[ÁXDEOA_ GEI[ÁEDEOA_ - MÁ_ 8= _AFHAJHFYL 87 EF_YADAÍØH_ HDÅY[EOA_ ‟ IHYHOÍÏL IH EFOÎFOIEL 85 EF_YADAÍØH_ HDÅY[EOA_ - YHDHBLFH 23 EF_YADAÍØH_ HDÅY[EOA_ ‟ DXJEFÁ[EA_ 21 EF_YADAÍØH_ HDÅY[EOA_ ‟ HDHY[LIXYL_ 2; EF_YADAÍØH_ HDÅY[EOA_ ‟ IXYL_ H YLJAIA_ 2? EF_YADAÍØH_ HDÅY[EOA_ ‟ DHEYL_ H OAKL_ 29 EF_YADAÍØH_ HDÅY[EOA_ ‟ QXAI[L_ 28 EF_YADAÍØH_ HDÅY[EOA_ ‟ _XKH_YAÍØH_ H MH[AIL[H_ 22 EF_YADAÍØH_ HDÅY[EOA_ ‟ [HIH_ S[HIEAE_ 2= EF_YADAÍØH_ HDÅY[EOA_ ‟ _EFADE^AÍÏL 27 EF_YADAÍØH_ HDÅY[EOA_ ‟ _LFL[E^AÍÏL 25 EF_YADAÍØH_ HDÅY[EOA_ ‟ EDXJEFAÍÏL SÞKDEOA =3 EF_YADAÍØH_ JHOËFEOA_ ‟ A[ OLFIEOELFAIL

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O[EYÅ[EL_ SA[A HDAKL[AÍÏL IH L[ÍAJHFYL_ H JHIEÍÏL IH LK[A_            

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=1 EF_YADAÍØH_ JHOËFEOA_ ‟ RASL[ H OADHBAÍÏL =? EF_YADAÍØH_ JHOËFEOA_ ‟ HWAX_YÏL == EF_YADAÍØH_ JHOËFEOA_ ‟ KLJKA_ 3=7 AYH[[AJHFYL 373 HDHRAIL[H_ H JLFYA OA[MA_ 353 SA[HIH_, SAEFHE_ H IERE_ß[EA_ 133 OLKH[YX[A_ IH JAIHE[A 113 H_QXAI[EA_ 111 H_QXAI[EA_ IH BH[[L 11; H_QXAI[EA_ IH ADXJÊFEL 1;3 [HRH_YEJHFYL_ EFYH[FL_ 1;1 [HRH_YEJHFYL_ HWYH[FL_ 1?3 [LIASÅ_, _LDHE[A_ H SHEYL[E_ 193 BH[[AMHF_ 183 REI[L_ 123 Y[AYAJHFYL_ H EJSH[JHAKEDE^AÍØH_ 1=3 SAREJHFYAÍØH_ EFYH[FA_ 1=1 SAREJHFYAÍØH_ HWYH[FA_ 1=; X[KAFE^AÍÏL 173 SEFYX[A_ 153 KAFOAIA_ H ASA[HDGL_ _AFEYÁ[EL_ ;31 ANA[IEFAJHFYL ;3; AOH__EKEDEIAIH ;13 DEJSH^A

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O[EYÅ[EL_ SA[A HDAKL[AÍÏL IH L[ÍAJHFYL_ H JHIEÍÏL IH LK[A_ DHRAFYAJHFYL IH Á[HA_, RLDXJH_ H QXAFYEIAIH_ O[EYÅ[EL_ 33 ‟  S[LNHYL_ h S[LNHYL_ —A_ KXEDY‚ ‟  ufeiaihs ih oustls hdaklraias para a eihftebeoaíïl h quaftebeoaíïl ih shrveíls ih prlnhtls hj suas váreas oathmlreas h apdeoaíøhs, quh bazhj parth efthmrafth ia lkra h sïl kash prejárea para a ihthrjefaíïl ih árhas, vldujhs h quafteiaihs olfstafths ia lkra. 11 ‟  _H[REÍL_ AIJEFE_Y[AYERL_ ‟  ufeiaihs ih oustls quh aklriaj ls shrveíls tåofeols iestrekuêils hftrh as ievhrsas oathmlreas prlbesselfaes quh bazhj parth ih lkras, efodusevh olj as afltaíøhs slkrh várels shrveíls hjprhetails oljujhfth hjprhmails hj quadquhr lkra, olj hj a iesorejefaíïl olhbeoehfths aprlvhetajhftl hxprhssls gljhfs/glra,ihfasshus váreas ateveiaihsih ia lkra. _hfïl vhnajls> OX_YL_ EFIE[HYL_ IH LK[A_ OLFOHEYL Oustls Efierhtls rhbhrhj-sh a tlils ls oustls prlvhfehfths ils shrveíls ih aplel, assej oljl oljpdhjhftarhs fhohssárels al ihshfvldvejhftl hj tlils ls hstámels ih lkras. Hxhjpdebeoafil, sljhfth shrá plssêvhd ihthrjefar-sh a árha ih arjazhfajhftl ih amrhmails amrhmafths, sh hstevhrhj phrbhetajhfth rholfghoeils h eihftebeoails lshvldujhs ih efbra h suphrhstrutura, assej oljl ls ih advhfarea, bhogajhftls, rhvhstejhftls efthrfls h hxthrfls, h khj assej oljl ls ih pavejhftaíøhs hj mhrad, ounls vadlrhs ná hsthnaj ihthrjefails phdls dhvaftajhftls olfteils hj Srlnhtl, quh olfstaj oljl Oustls Ierhtls. _ljhfth apÿs l olfghoejhftl ils vldujhs h árhas ias váreas ufeiaihs ih aoakajhftl, shrá plssêvhd iejhfselfar h aprlprear l Aoajpajhftl h Oaftherl ih Lkras fhohssárel h aihquail ãs hsphoebeoaíøhs rhquhreias plr ihthrjefaia lkra. Olj a eihftebeoaíïl ih tlils ls trakadgls quh bemuraj fls Oustls Ierhtls, atravås ih Oljplseíøhs Afadêteoas ih Oustls, shrá plssêvhd ihthrjefar l olftefmhfth jïl-ih-lkra fhohssárea h, olfshqôhfthjhfth, ls ethfs ia a hda rhdaoelfails, taes oljl 9

 

O[EYÅ[EL_ SA[A HDAKL[AÍÏL IH L[ÍAJHFYL_ H JHIEÍÏL IH LK[A_ hquepajhftls, H.S.E., oabå jatefad, rhbheíøhs, adlnajhftls h Radh Yrafsplrth. Ia jhsja blrja, l phrbhetl olfghoejhftl ils shrveíls ih lkras plih ihthrjefar ls várels tepls ih jáquefas h hquepajhftls fhohssárels als shrveíls ih aplel. Xj klj hxhjpdl å l olforhtl, uja vhz quh sljhfth olfghoeilihl khtlfheras, vldujh ih sua olforhtl, plihrïl shr avadeaias as glrasapÿs fhohssáreas efsoreíïl h l shu ousthel. 1; ‟  EF_YADAÍØH_ S[LRE_ß[EA_ ‟  ufeiaihs ih oustls quh akrafmhj tlias as ateveiaihs ihstefaias a lrmafezar uj Oaftherl ih Lkras, ihsih ls shrveíls ih dloaíïl mhrad, ohroajhftl h tapujhs, adlnajhftls olfvhfoelfaes h olftaefhrs, adåj ih efstadaíøhs prlvesÿreas ih ámua, hfhrmea h hsmltls, ihsphsas olj a jafuthfíïl ias efstadaíøhs prlvesÿreas. 1? ‟  BH[[AJHFYA_ H BH[[AJHFYAD IH LK[A_ ‟  ufeiaihs ih oustls lrmafezaias para apdeoaíïl h usl ih bhrrajhftad als várels shrveíls, adåj il amrupl ih bhrrajhftas ihstefaiasaprlpreail a lphrárels h tåofeols hjprhmails hj lkra, efodusevh Jathreaes ih Srlthíïl a lphrárels. 19 ‟  OLF_XJL_ HJ MH[AD ‟  ufeiaihs ih oustls lrmafezaias ã lrihfaíïl ils olfsujls mhraes hj lkras h shrveíls, taes oljl adejhftaíïl, Radh-Yrafsplrth h jlvejhftaíøhs ievhrsas ih oarmas h lphrárels olj afltaíïl ih Oustls-Quedùjhtrl ih várels tepls ih vhêoudls dhvhs h phsails, oljl tajkåj ls olfsujls jhfsaes ih ámua, duz, blría, thdhblfh h ihsphsas ievhrsas taes oljl jathreaes ih hsoretÿrel h dejphza ia lkra, jhieoajhftls ih urmîfoea. 18 ‟  HQXESAJHFYL_ IH S[LYHÍÏL EFIEREIXAD ‟  oljplseíøhs afadêteoas hsphoeadjhfth lrmafezaias para ihthrjefaíïl ih oustls hj rhdaíïl a várels tepls ih hquepajhftls ih prlthíïl, adåj ih iesplsetevls ih sefadezaíïl hsphoêbeoa. 12 ‟  IH_SH_A_ DHMAE_ ‟  Yaxas ih _hmurls ievhrsls, A[Y, Hfoarmls Jufeoepaes, Bhihraes lu Hstaiuaes quh efoeihj slkrh a lkra ih olfstruíïl, adåj ias taxas ih demaíøhs ihbefetevas ih ámua, duz, blría, hsmltls h thdhblfh. 1= ‟ Y[AF_SL[YH_ H OA[[HYL_ ‟ ufeiaihs ih oustls hsphoêbeoas para hsta ateveiaih, olj ufeiaihs ih trafsplrth glrezlftad vhrteoad ih jathreaes h phsslad ihas lkras, efiesphfsávhes ã lphraíïl ih htlils ls 8

 

O[EYÅ[EL_ SA[A HDAKL[AÍÏL IH L[ÍAJHFYL_ H JHIEÍÏL IH LK[A_ trakadgls ih lkras h shrveíls quh bazhj parth il oustl efthmrafth ih quadquhr lkra. 17 ‟  JÁQXEFA_ H HQXESAJHFYL_ - oljplseíøhs afadêteoas ih oustls hdaklraias para l hjprhml usuad hj várels shrveíls ih lkras, shrvefil ih aiaptávhes oljpdhjhftl auxedear fa ihthrjefaíïl ih oustls mhraes olfstruíïl, a quadquhr tepl ih lkras, khj oljl al quh ih sh rhbhrh a jáquefas h hquepajhftls, taes oljl khtlfheras, vekrailrhs, muefogls, shrras oeroudarhs, oaíajkas, oarrefgls, kljkas, mhrailrhs, oljprhsslrhs h lutrls. Yhrrapdhfamhj - Hsth Mrupl ihthrjefa ihthrjefa afadeteoajhfth afadeteoajhfth uja såreh ih oljplseíøhs ih oustls, olj apdeoaíïl ih olhbeoehfths ih utedezaíïl ievhrsa, a bej ih ihthrjefar l Oustl/Glra ih várels tepls ih Jáquefas h Hquepajhftls, usuadjhfth hjprhmails hj quadquhr tepl ih Lkra, lfih oaia ufeiaih ih rhbhrîfoea å ihthrjefaia plr olhbeoehfths hj rhdaíïl al Oustl ih Aqueseíïl ih oaia hquepajhftl, olfseihrails ls vadlrhs ih rhplseíïl ih ih pfhus oapetad,h olfshrvaíïl, rhplseíïl ih phías, ihsmasth hstheras, adåjdukrebeoaíïl, ih olfthjpdar ls hfoarmls ih ihsphsas befafoheras hj rhdaíïl als vadlrhs ih aqueseíïl ils várels hquepajhftls. A utedezaíïl ihsth tepl ih oljplseíïl afadêteoa ih oustls plih vesuadezar olj akslduta shmurafía ls vadlrhs ih OX_YL_ S[LIXYERL_ ih oaia hquepajhftl aklriail, kastafil tïl sljhfth aorhsohftar a oaia oljplseíïl, l oustl/glra il lphrailr ih oaia hquepajhftl. Ls OX_YL_ EJS[LIXYERL_, al hxajh ih quadquhr ias oljplseíøhs oustls, shrïl ih báoed slduíïl, quafil, hj quadquhr ufeiaih, plihj shr olfseihrails ufeoajhfth ls vadlrhs quh sljaj ls olhbeoehfths iesorejefails phdls têtudls  —Ihprhoeaíïl‚ (shmuefil-sh l tepl il Efvhstejhftl‚ (shmuefil-sh a ihsoreíïl il hquepajhftl) h  —Nurls il jhsjl hquepajhftl). Fhsth Oaihrfl ih Hfoarmls, a taxa ihbefeia oljl Nurls ih Efvhstejhftl ble hstakhdhoeia hj 15% a/afl. Ajkls ls ethfs sïl eihftebeoails plr oÿiemls ih aohssl, para oaia ufeiaih, efieveiuadjhfth h shus vadlrhs hstïl hxprhssls hj [$/1333.

OLF_XJL_> Sara oaia tepl ih jáquefa lu hquepajhftl, ble olfseihrail l olfsujl ih ÿdhl iehshd h ih hfhrmea hj hquepajhftls ievhrsls. Aieafth shmuh a Yakhda ih [hbhrîfoea hj rhdaíïl als rhbhreils olfsujls> Olfsujl ih ÿdhl iehshd plr OR. 2

 

O[EYÅ[EL_ SA[A HDAKL[AÍÏL IH L[ÍAJHFYL_ H JHIEÍÏL IH LK[A_ shrveíl dhvh

Jáquefas Shsaias Oajefgøhs Shsails Oajefgøhs Dhvhs ßdhl Iehshd

shrveíl jåiel

shrveíl phsail

3,1?3 3,323

3,123 3,373

3,173 3,133

3,3?1

3,398

*

Masldefa 3,3;= 3,3?; * Rhêoudls Dhvhs ßdhl Iehshd 3,31; 3,312 * Masldefa 3,313 3,319 * Ádolld 3,3118 3,3182 * Olfsujl ih ßdhl Oljkustêvhd Jhsja takhda aoeja hj rhdaíïl a OR Olfsujl ih Hfhrmea Hdåtreoa L olfsujl hj @] å jhieil, judtepdeoafil-sh l batlr 3,983`] phda pltîfoea hj OR ih oaia hquepajhftl, hj olfieíøhs flrjaes ih shrveíl. OX_YL_ IE[HYL_ IH LK[A_ OLFOHEYL Ls Oustls Ierhtls ih Lkras sïl blrjails phda lrihfaíïl ihsorejefaia ih aolril olj l Iho. Dhe 5;133/72 olj a eihftebeoaíïl h aprlpreaíïl ih árhas, vldujhs h quafteiaihs quh thj sua lremhj hj prlnhtls hsphoêbeols, assej oljl ias hsphoebeoaíøhs tåofeoas ih aoakajhftls ia rhbhreia lkra, rhadezails hj tlils ls shus hstámels. Å olfvhfehfth dhjkrar quh a sejpdhs sukstetueíïl ih uj tepl ih rhvhstejhftl plih rhsudtar hj shfsêvhes jliebeoaíøhs fas ufeiaihs olfseihraias flsÿkvea ievhrsls hstámelsihihprhíl OX_YL_ EFIE[HYL_, vhz quh, adåj ia iebhrhfía ufetárel, plihjuja lolrrhr jliebeoaíøhs hj rhdaíïl ã quaftebeoaíïl, phsl ufetárel h vldujh, ejpdeoafil hj jliebeoaíøhs fl Oaftherl ih Lkras. ;3 ‟ S[HSA[AÍÏL IL YH[[HFL - Ylils ls tepls ih Yrakadgls hj thrra, oapefa h dejpa, rlíail, ihstloajhftl h quheja, athrrls h ihsathrrls, hsoavaíøhs ievhrsas hj várels tepls ih sldls, jafuaes h olj hquepajhftls, kadirajhs ievhrsls, rhmudarezaíøhs h oljpaotaíøhs, hsoavaíøhs ih vadas ievhrsas, hsolrajhftls, rhjlíøhs, ohroajhftls h tapujhs ih ohroajhftl. Yhrrapdhfamhj - Hsth Mrupl ihthrjefa ihthrjefa afadeteoajhfth afadeteoajhfth uja såreh ih oljplseíøhs oustls, olj apdeoaíïl ih ihvárels olhbeoehfths utedezaíïl ievhrsa, a bej ih ih ihthrjefar l Oustl/Glra tepls ihihJáquefas h =

 

O[EYÅ[EL_ SA[A HDAKL[AÍÏL IH L[ÍAJHFYL_ H JHIEÍÏL IH LK[A_ Hquepajhftls, usuadjhfth hjprhmails hj quadquhr tepl ih Lkra, lfih oaia ufeiaih ih rhbhrîfoea å ihthrjefaia plr olhbeoehfths hj rhdaíïl al Oustl ih Aqueseíïl ih oaia hquepajhftl, olfseihrails ls vadlrhs ih rhplseíïl ih oapetad, olfshrvaíïl, dukrebeoaíïl, rhplseíïl ih phías, ihsmasth ih pfhus h hstheras, adåj ih olfthjpdar ls hfoarmls ih ihsphsas befafoheras hj rhdaíïl als vadlrhs ih aqueseíïl ils várels hquepajhftls. A utedezaíïl ihsth tepl ih oljplseíïl afadêteoa ih oustls plih vesuadezar olj akslduta shmurafía ls vadlrhs ih OX_YL_ S[LIXYERL_ ih oaia hquepajhftl aklriail, kastafil tïl sljhfth aorhsohftar a oaia oljplseíïl, l oustl/glra il lphrailr ih oaia hquepajhftl. Ls OX_YL_ EJS[LIXYERL_, al hxajh ih quadquhr ias oljplseíøhs oustls, shrïl ih báoed slduíïl, quafil, hj quadquhr ufeiaih, plihj shr olfseihrails ufeoajhfth ls vadlrhs quh sljaj ls olhbeoehfths iesorejefails phdls têtudls  —Ihprhoeaíïl‚ (shmuefil-sh l tepl il hquepajhftl) h  —Nurls il Efvhstejhftl‚ (shmuefil-sh a ihsoreíïl il jhsjl hquepajhftl). Fhsth Oaihrfl ih Hfoarmls, a taxa ihbefeia oljl ih Efvhstejhftl hstakhdhoeia hj 15% ls ethfs Nurls sïl eihftebeoails plr ble oÿiemls ih aohssl, paraa/afl. oaia Ajkls ufeiaih, efieveiuadjhfth h shus vadlrhs hstïl hxprhssls hj [$/1333. ;1 ‟ OLFYHFÍØH_ - Olfthfíøhs ievhrsas, jurls ih phsl, olforhtls hsphoeaes para rhblríls ih sldl glrezlftaes h vhrteoaes, shrveíls ih iramamhj ievhrsls, hfrloajhftls h hfshoaiheras, makeøhs para olfthfíïl hj mhrad. ;; ‟ IHJLDEÍØH_ - _hrveíls mhraes ih várels tepls h sesthjas ih ihjldeíøhs, efodusevh trakadgls ih ejpdlsïl, ihsjlftamhj h rhjlíøhs ih hquepajhftls ievhrsls, rhteraia ih rhvhstejhftls hj pesls h parhihs,efstadaíøhs oaexedgarea hdåtreoas ievhrsa, aparhdgls ih hj edujefaíïl, akasthoejhftl, h tukudaíøhs mhrad. sesthja ih ;? ‟  [HBL[JA H [HOLF_Y[XÍÏL ‟  Fhsth Mrupl hstïl olfthjpdaias oljplseíøhs ih shrveíls jaes olrrequherls fl quh tafmh a phquhfas rhblrjas h rhparls. ;9 ‟ _H[REÍL_ IH JAFXYHFÍÏL - Ylils ls shrveíls h trakadgls ievhrsls hfvldvhfil jafuthfíïl hj mhrad ih hiebeoaíøhs oeves h prÿprels pþkdeols, hdhtreoeiaih, geiráudeoa h hsmltls, efodusevh ih thdhblfea h dÿmeoa, oaexedgarea hj mhrad h rhvhstejhftls ievhrsls. ?3 ‟ BXFIAÍØH_ IE[HYA_ 7

 

O[EYÅ[EL_ SA[A HDAKL[AÍÏL IH L[ÍAJHFYL_ H JHIEÍÏL IH LK[A_ H_OL[AJHFYL ‟ As parhihs ias oavas ih bufiaíïl ihvhrïl shr hsolraias quafil a olhsïl il thrrhfl blr efsubeoehfth para jafthr ls olrths aprujails lu quafil aquhdas blraj juetls prlbufias. Fls thrrhfls ih pluoa olhsïl (arheas, armedas jldhs lu athrrls rhohfths) ihvhrá shr prhvesta uja prlthíïl rhsesthfth ãs prhssøhs dathraes il sldl, bufiaíøhs vezefgas h prhssïl i―ámua h ejphrjhávhd ã sua passamhj. Befadjhfth ls hsolrajhftls plihrïl varear h shrhj hxhoutails olj prafogas ih jaihera, prafogas ih aíl, olj hstaoas ih olforhtl. L hsmltajhftl shrá lkrematÿrel quafil a hsoavaíïl atefmer thrrhfls hjkhkeils, dhfíld i―ámua lu as oavas aoujudarhj ámuas ih oguva. L hsmltajhftl plihrá shr jafuad lu jhoëfeol, vareafil olfblrjh as parteoudareiaihs il thrrhfl. ?1 ‟ BXFIAÍØH_ EFIE[HYA_ ‟ Hj rhdaíïl tepl ih sldl, para ls ievhrsls tepls ih hstaoas, olfseihrar ls hstuils mhldÿmeols h oádoudl ih oarma ils pedarhs. A apdeoaíïl, hj jhtrls defharhs oravails ih hstaoa sh bhra olj ujihiebhrhfoead bavlrávhd lrihj shr ih ?3%. a tukudøhs, aolril olj l tepl as ih oarmas, prlnhtl,fa plihrïl a oåu Quaftl akhrtl lu ar oljprejeil, fïl oakhfil aoråsoejls hj rhdaíïl al a l prlnhtl. LK_H[RAÍØH_ ‟  Hsphoebeoajhfth, fhsths iles þdtejls Mrupls, a hxestîfoea ia hxhouíïl ih hstruturas hj olforhtl, hxemh uj adtl fþjhrl ih Oljplseíøhs ih Oustls quh hfvldvhj, adåj ias afltaíøhs hj traíls hjpêreols, jliudaíøhs ih bo`: JSa. Hj tlils hsths trakadgls å ejprhsoefiêvhd al tåofeol quh sh hfoarrhma il dhvaftajhftl ih árhas, vldujhs h quafteiaihs, thr olfghoejhftl ias shfsêvhes vareaíøhs fhstas ufeiaihs, oausaias prefoepadjhfth phdas iebhrhfías hxesthfths phda mrafudljhtrea ia arhea hxesthfth fl dload ia lkra quh ‟  ‟  å ih hxtrhja ejplrtëfoea, tratafil-sh l Krased, ih uj fhsth oasl Olftefhfth. vhriaiherl _hfïl, vhnajls> IL_AMHJ IH OLFO[HYL

L hjprhml ih ilsamhfs hjpêreoas fas lkras ih olforhtl hstruturail h as jhieíøhs il traíl hj vldujh, shj l olftrldh ia ufeiaih ils amrhmails, plih baoedjhfth olfiuzer a hrrls tåofeols h, batadjhfth sh trafsblrjarïl hj hrrls ih faturhza holfùjeoa. A jhieíïl ils amrhmails, hj vldujh, rhadezaia fas lkras å, rhadjhfth, khj sejpdhs, ples å bheta plr paieldas h ‟  shj thrjls a efthfíïl ih, aque, oljkath-das, - aphfas ogajajls a athfíïl il lríajhftesta vadlrhs vareaíøhs quh plihj lolrrhr, a bej ih quh oaia ujapara ihdaslsplssa shrias dhvaia hj olfseihraíïl. 5

 

O[EYÅ[EL_ SA[A HDAKL[AÍÏL IH L[ÍAJHFYL_ H JHIEÍÏL IH LK[A_ Xj hxhjpdl hsodarhoh khj jhdglr hsta quhstïl ‟  quafil hj uja lkra quh hsthna shfil usail l traíl hjpêreol 1x;x9 (hj vldujh). As Yakhdas h l hxohdhfth oadoudailr Oadias Krafol blrfhohj ih jafhera báoed tlils ls iails fhohssárels. Assej, kashafil-fls il rhbhreil oadoudailr, sakhfil quh l traíl 1x;x9 olfsesth fl batl ih quh, para  —verarjls‚ uj saol ih oejhftl, ihvhrhjls jesturar.

1 saol ih oejhftl (83`mb) ; paieldas ih 98x?8x;7, 2 oj ih arhea ; paieldas ih 98x?8x;;, 9 oj ih kreta 1 ; paieldas ih 98x?8x;;, 9 oj ih kreta ; h jaes ?9 detrls ih ámua dejpa (fl jáxejl)

Hsth traíl olfiuz, shmufil ls iails práteols il oadoudailr, a uj olforhtl pdásteol prÿprel para shr apdeoail shj l usl h vekrailrhs, ounl batlr ámua/oejhftl å ih 3,7 detrls/`m, olj uja rhsestîfoea jåiea ã oljprhssïl (prlvávhd) ih ;13 `m/oj», als ;7 ieas ih eiaih h, olj l quh sh lktåj uj vldujh ih 127,? detrls, l quh hquevadh iezhr quh l olfsujl il oejhftl, plrih jhtrl oþkeolaprlxejaiajhfth. ih olforhtl, å ih ;=5 quedls, lu shna, 2 saols ih oejhftl 83 quedls, Xj saol ih oejhftl olrrhsplfih olj kastafth aprlxejaíïl a ?8,? detrls, ih blrja quh para l traíl hjpêreol 1x;x9 ihvhjls nuftar ; paieldas ih ?8,? detrls ih arhea shoa, quafil  —verarjls‚ l traíl olrrhsplfihfth a 1 saol ih oejhftl. A A[HEA, fas lkras, hstá, plråj plråj shjprh þjeia h, oljl slbrh l bhfùjhfl ih efogajhftl h baz olj quh a jassa hsphoêbeoa aparhfth vhfga a varear olj l aujhftl ih ujeiaih, å prhoesl dhvar hssh batl hj olfseihraíïl. Kashafil-sh fa OX[RA IH EFOGAJHFYL ia arhea JAXÁ h, olfseihrafil-sh a ujeiaih jåiea hj quh hda sh hfolftra, l hfmhfgherl Oadias Krafol oadoudlu l vldujh ia paielda ih arhea fl Oadoudailr, olj jaes (?%).;7%, quh å prhoesajhfth l vadlr il efogajhftl iaquhda ujeiaih RA[EAÍÏL IL EFOGAJHFYL Fhsth ethj, ihvhj shr dhvails hj olfta, iles batlrhs> 1 ‟ Ylias as arheas fïl tîj a jhsja ourva ih efogajhftl, fuja jhsja ujeiaih, l efogajhftl fïl å l jhsjl para tlias as arheas. ; ‟ As jassas hsphoêbeoas aparhfths ia arhea h ias kretas vareaj ih aolril olj a mrafudljhtrea h olj a blrja ih hfoghr as paieldas. RADL[H_ IH JA__A_ H_SHOÊBEOA_ Dhjkrafil quh ls vadlrhs iasa vadlrhs jassasjåiels hsphoêbeoas aparhfths efieoaias fl Oadoudailr olrrhsplfihj hfolftrails hj 13

 

O[EYÅ[EL_ SA[A HDAKL[AÍÏL IH L[ÍAJHFYL_ H JHIEÍÏL IH LK[A_ lkras aijetajls, amlra quh a ujeiaih ia arhea, fa loaseïl ih uja olforhtamhj fïl shna ih ?%. L quh aolfthohrá< _h, plr hxhjpdl, a ujeiaih hstevhr a 9%, l efogajhftl shrá ih ?;% h, olfshqôhfthjhfth, l traíl dhvlu 17,= detrls a jhfls ih arhea, l quh rhprhshfta, hj vldujh vldujh aksldutl ih =,;j?. Slih-sh fa aijeter, akslduta uja hsphoêbeoas vareaíïl mrafudljåtreoa arhea h olj fas kretas. Kasta prhoesïl, quh as jassas aparhfths ias kretas passhj ih 1,?5 (olfblrjh l Oadoudailr) para 1, ?8, oljl å oljuj hfolftrar-sh fa práteoa, shna plr vareaíïl mrafudljåtreoa, shna phdl jlil ih sh hfoghr a paielda, para quh essl rhprhshfth uja iebhrhfía ih 11 detrls hj oaia tepl ih phira, semfebeoafil, hj vldujh aksldutl, uja iebhrhfía ih 7,2 detrls, fl tltad. AXJHFYL IH OX_YL_ Olfseihrafil-sh, aphfas para hxajefar a quhstïl, quh as iuas vareaíøhs aoeja thfgaj lolrreil hj uj jhsjl traíl, l vldujh il olforhtl prliuzeil olj oljl l traíl ná beoa rhiuzeil 18.7 detrls. Dhvafil-sh hj olfta, ietl1x;x9 afthrelrjhfth, quh aa rhiuíïl ih amrhmails hxemerá jhfls ámua para shr lkteia a jhsja olfsestîfoea, h aijetefil quh a iebhrhfía shna 8 detrls para oaia saol, rhprhshftará l tltad ih ?3 detrls a jhfls, plr jhtrl oþkeol. Fhstas olfieíøhs, 2 saols ih oejhftl ih 83 quedls oaia, prliuzerïl aphfas 3,589 j¿, h l olfsujl ih oejhftl passa ils ;5= quedls, para ?11 quedls, plr jhtrl oþkeol. A iebhrhfía aoeja semfebeoa uj aujhftl, fl oustl befad il jhtrl oþkeol, ih 19 quedlmrajas l quh å semfebeoatevl. ?; ‟  [HKAEWAJHFYL IH DHFÍLD B[HÁYEOL ‟  L dhfíld i―ámua ihvhrá shr hbhtuail olj hjprhml ih hquepajhftl aihquail, shmuefilsh remlrlsajhfth l Srlnhtl. 93 ‟  _XSH[H_Y[XYX[A ‟  Xja vhz ihthrjefail l prlnhtl, ls oádoudls hstruturaes ihvhrïl rhprhshftar ls vldujhs ih olforhtl, blrjas h arjaíøhs. FL[JA_> AKFY FK[ 1;288>;318 ‟  Olforhtl ih oejhftl Slrtdafi ‟  Srhparl, olftrldh h rhohkejhftl - Srlohiejhftl   AKFY FK[ 195?1>;339 ‟  Hxhouíïl ih hstruturas ih  

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•

olforhtl - Srlohiejhftl 11

 

O[EYÅ[EL_ SA[A HDAKL[AÍÏL IH L[ÍAJHFYL_ H JHIEÍÏL IH LK[A_ AKFY FK[ 187;?-1 ‟  Olforhtl autlaihfsávhd ‟  Sarth 1> Odassebeoaíïl, olftrldh h aohetaíïl fl hstail brhsol   AKFY FK[ 2117>;319 ‟ Srlnhtl ih hstruturas ih olforhtl   AKFY FK[ =;1;>;31; ‟  Hxhouíïl ih olforhtl ilsail hj ohftrad - Srlohiejhftl  

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‟  Olforhtl para befs hstruturaes ‟  AKFY FK[ 758?>;311 Odassebeoaíïl phda jassa hsphoêbeoa, plr mrupls ih rhsestîfoea h olfsestîfoea   AKFY FK[ FJ 2=>1557 ‟  Olforhtl ‟  Ihthrjefaíïl ia olfsestîfoea phdl akatejhftl il trlfol ih olfh   AKFY FK[ FJ ?? ‟  Olforhtl - Ajlstramhj ih olforhtl brhsol‚. 1557    AKFY FK[ 8=?7 ‟ Olforhtl ‟ prlohiejhftl para jldiamhj h oura ih olrpls-ih-prlva. ;33?

 

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Olforhtamhj ih pedarhs olj usl ih> •Kadih> para shíøhs jåieas jhflrhs lu emuaes a 3,;8 j»0 •Mrua> para shíøhs jåieas jhflrhs lu emuaes a 3,;8 3,; 8 j» h

jaelrhs quh 3,;8 j»0 •Kljka> para shíøhs jåieas jhflrhs lu emuaes a 3,;8 j» h jaelrhs quh 3,;8 j». Olforhtamhj ih vemas h danhs> •Hj danhs prh jldiaias (tepl vemltas/danltas) olj usl ih> pavej hftls, para •Kljka> hj hiebeoaíøhs ih quadquhr fþjhrl ih pavejhftls,

árhas jåieas ih danh jhflrhs lu emuaes a ;3 j» h jaelrhs quh ;3 j»0 •Hdhvailr> hj hiebeoaíøhs ih jþdtepdls pavejhftls atå 12 afiarhs para j»0 árhas jåieas ih danh jhflrhs lu emuaes a ;3 j» h jaelrhs quh ;3 •Mrua (oaíajka ?83)> hj hiebeoaíøhs ih jþdtepdls pavejhftls atå 12 afiarhs para árhas jåieas ih danh jhflrhs lu emuaes a ;3 j» h jaelrhs quh ;3 j»0 •Orhjadghera> hj hiebeoaíøhs ih jþdtepdls pavejhftls atå 12 afiarhs para árhas jåieas ih danh jhflrhs lu emuaes a ;3 j» h jaelrhs quh ;3 j». •Hj danhs jaoeías h fhrvuraias (olj usl ih oukhtas)> •Kljka> hj hiebeoaíøhs ih quadquhr fþjhrl ih pavejhftls, pavej hftls, para árhas jåieas ih danh jhflrhs lu emuaes a ;3 j» h jaelrhs quh ;3 j»0 •Hdhvailr> hj hiebeoaíøhs ih jþdtepdls pavejhftls atå 12 afiarhs para j»0 árhas jåieas ih danh jhflrhs lu emuaes a ;3 j» h jaelrhs quh ;3 1;

 

O[EYÅ[EL_ SA[A HDAKL[AÍÏL IH L[ÍAJHFYL_ H JHIEÍÏL IH LK[A_ Mrua (oaíajka 833)> hj hiebeoaíøhs ih jþdtepdls pavejhftls atå 12 afiarhs para árhas jåieas ih danh jhflrhs lu emuaes a ;3 j» h jaelrhs quh ;3 j»0 •Orhjadghera> hj hiebeoaíøhs ih jþdtepdls pavejhftls atå 12 afiarhs para árhas jåieas ih danh jhflrhs lu emuaes a ;3 j» h jaelrhs quh ;3 j». •

Sara quadquhr tepl ih danh olj usl ih> •Kadih> hj hiebeoaíøhs tårrhas lu ih jþdtepdls pavejhftls atå 9

afiarhs para árhas jåieas ih danh jhflrhs lu emuaes a ;3 j 83 ‟  EF_YADAÍØH_ GEI[ÁXDEOA_ ‟ AKA_YHOEJHFYL ‟  ls dhvaftajhftls ihvhj olfthjpdar vldujhs h quafteiaihs ih defgas ih akasthoejhftl geiráudeol hj hiebeoaíøhs hj mhrad, oljprhhfihfil ls AJKEHFYH_, taes oljl Davakls, Oljpartejhftl ih Kafgl, Árhas ih _hrveíl, Árhas ih oljpartejhftl ih dexl hj pavejhftls, ].O―s. efieveiuaes h/lu oldhtevls, efodusevh Oldufas h Karredhths. 81 - EF_YADAÍØH_ GEI[ÁXDEOA_ - H_MLYAJHFYL - apÿs a

ihthrjefaíïl ils plftls ih hsmltl prejárels h shoufiárels, oadoudar as prujaias vhrteoaes h hsmltajhftl, dhvafil hj olfseihraíïl ls ievhrsls tepls ih jathreaes h suas rhsphotevas vazøhs. Fa shquhfoea l dhvaftajhftl ias oaexas ih mlriura, efsphíïl, plíls ih veseta h lutrls iesplsetevls. 8; - EF_YADAÍØH_ GEI[ÁXDEOA GEI[ÁXDEOA_ _ ‟ ÁMXA - Lkhihohfil l Srlnhtl ih

Arquethtura,

tlils

ls

oljpartejhftls

quh

ihvhrïl

rhohkhr

akasthoejhftl ámua thrïl plftl hsphoêbeol, assej oljl l tepl ih ih tukudaíïl a shrvesuadezaia hjprhmaia,oaia tratafil-sh ih ámua brea lu quhfth, olj oajefgajhftl vesêvhd fl prlnhtl, ihvhfil hstar olfteias fa jhsja prafoga, a rhdaíïl oljpdhta h iesorejefaia ils várels tukls ih olfiuíïl, assej oljl ias olfhxøhs quh bazhj parth ias demaíøhs a aparhdgls safetárels lu ih shrveíl, fas váreas ufeiaihs prlnhtaias. A iesplseíïl ias oldufas ih akasthoejhftl h iestrekueíïl ihvhrïl hstar odarajhfth vesêvhes, hj prafogas h ihshfgls hsphoêbeols, hsphoêbe ols, l jhsjl lolrrhfil hj rhdaíïl als sesthjas ih karredhths ih iestrekueíïl dloadezails slk l rhshrvatÿrel hdhvail. Yukls h olfhxøhs, assej oljl rhmestrls ievhrsls, ihvhrïl hstar quaftebeoails h rhdaoelfails, fa jhsja prafoga. 1?

 

O[EYÅ[EL_ SA[A HDAKL[AÍÏL IH L[ÍAJHFYL_ H JHIEÍÏL IH LK[A_ Hsphoead athfíïl ihvhrá shr ailtaia quafil sh tratar ih vasls safetárels akasthoeils hj ámua brea atravås ih vádvudas ih bduxl. Fhsth oasl a quaftebeoaíïl vhrteoad ils tukls ih akasthoejhftl, assej oljl as vádvudas ih ihsoarmas, ihvhrïl hstar rhdaoelfails h quaftebeoails, assej oljl hj sua lremhj, fl karredhth ih iestrekueíïl, prlvhfehfth slk a oaexa ih ámua hdhvaia. Sara akasthoejhftl ih plftls ih ámua hj árhas ih shrveíl, olzefgas, davafihreas h hquevadhfths, ihvhrïl hstar rhdaoelfaias as tukudaíøhs utedezaias, efodusevh olfhxøhs h rhmestrls, lfih prlnhtails. L jhsjl iesplsetevl shrá ailtail hj rhdaíïl a akasthoejhftl ih plftls ih ámua hj kafgherls, safetárels ih shrveíl, shfil shjprh prhvestl l plftl ih davamhj a ?3oj il fêvhd il pesl, quaftebeoails h rhdaoelfails, hj tlils ls shus hdhjhftls. Fa hxestîfoea ih iestrekueíïl ih ámua quhfth a ihthrjefails ajkehfths, l oajefgajhftl iasastukudaíøhs OSRO OLK[H ihvhrïl hstar assefadails, olj rhsphotevashj defgas ih lu tukudaíïl, ihveiajhfth eihftebeoaias fas Odasshs h Yepls, ia jhsja blrja hj rhdaíïl a rhmestrls h olfhxøhs aihquails. 8? ‟  EF_YADAÍØH_ GEI[ÁXDEOA_ ‟  H_MLYL ‟  Hj tlils ls oljpartejhftls lfih hxesth l akasthoejhftl, dlmeoajhfth, tlia a defga ih hsmltajhftls ihvh rhbhrer-sh. Sara Kafgherls _loeaes, Kafgherls Efieveiuaes, Kafgherls ih _hrveíl, Árhas ih _hrveíl, l Srlnhtl iesorejefa efstadaíøhs hsphoêbeoas. Fas ievhrsas Srafogas lfih hstïl ihsoretls, ihsoretls, tlils ls hdhjhftls hdhjhftls ihvhrïl thr ashnaj sua rhih hsmltls odarajhfth sh fïl blr plr êolfhs, plrihihshfgls hsphoêbeols ihthrjefaias, ih shus hquepajhftls (Kafoas, Rasls, Kafgheras, Keiîs, Oguvherls h lutrls) quh ihvhrïl hstar rhdaoelfails fljefadjhfth fa jhsja prafoga, assej oljl a rhih ih tukls h oafadezaíøhs olrrhsplfihfths, hsphoebeoails plr tepl ih jathreaes, ketldas h olfhxøhs aihquaias. As rhihs ih vhftedaíïl ‟ vhrteoaes ‟ rhbhrhfths a vasls safetárels ihvhrïl shr ihsoretas, olj tukudaíïl h suas ketldas h olfhxøhs, emuadjhfth ihbefeias. Ia jhsja blrja, vhftedaíïl jhoëfeoa slkrh blrrls, quafil blr l oasl, olj a apdeoaíïl ih mrhdgas ih vhftedaíïl olj suas jhieias h tepl ih jathreaes, oudjefafil olj ls iesplsetevls ih prlthíïl al tlpl ils tukls ih vhftedaíïl. 19

 

O[EYÅ[EL_ SA[A HDAKL[AÍÏL IH L[ÍAJHFYL_ H JHIEÍÏL IH LK[A_ A rhih ih hsmltls, assej oljl iutls fls oljpartejhftls ih dexl h suas rhsphotevas kloas kasoudafths ihvhrïl hstar olfthjpdaias olj suas jhieias h tepls. Hj oaia ufeiaih ih shrveíl, a tukudaíïl ih hsmltajhftl ihvhrá hstar ihsoreta, hj suas ketldas, tepl ih jathreaes a shrhj utedezails olj rhsphotevas olfhxøhs hj rhdaíïl als várels tepls ih aparhdgls safetárels lu ih shrveíl, prlnhtails, ih blrja a hstarhj rhdaoelfails, hj oaia Srafoga il Srlnhtl hj quh hstevhrhj olfstafil, fa tltadeiaih ih ufeiaihs a quh hstevhrhj demails , olj sua rhdaíïl ufetárea, lu hj jhtrls, fl oasl ias tukudaíøhs. Afltaíøhs sejedarhs ihvhj thr dumar hj rhdaíïl a radls sejpdhs, seblfails lu lutrl tepl quh hstevhr prlnhtail, olftefuafil hj rhdaíïl ãs Oaexas ih [adl, Oaexas ih Oaptaíïl h Iestrekueíïl, assej oljl Oaexas ih Mlriura fl pavejhftl ih hftraia al fêvhd ia rua lfih shrïl ieremeils a [hih ih Hsmltls dload. Sara oasls ih efstadaíøhs akaexl ihsth fêvhd, Oaexas ih Oaptaíïl ih Hsmltls iltails ih hdhvaíïl ih hsmltls atravås ih olfnuftl ih kljkas sukjhrsas, odarajhfth eihftebeoaias h rhdaoelfaias, efodusevh olj tukudaíøhs aihquaias, rhmestrls h olfhxøhs quh efthrprhthj ls ihshfgls aprhshftails atravås ih efieoaíïl fujåreoa 89 - EF_YADAÍØH_ GEI[AÞDEOA_ ‟ ÁMXA_ SDXREAE_ - As ámuas pduveaes sïl oldhtaias atravås ih rubls, oadgas h olfiutlrhs lu lutrls jhels ihsoretls hj Srlnhtl. Ylils ls jathreaes h iesplsetevls ade rhdaoelfails shrïl destails hj suas quafteiaihs hquevadhfths, fa jhsja Srafoga lfih hstevhrhj ihshfgails. Sara a rhih ih tukudaíïl quh ls olfiuzerá para a [hih ih Ámuas Sduveaes ia dloadeiaih, assej oljl oaexas ih arhea, oaexas ih radl, oaexas ih iestrekueíïl h oaptaíïl olfteias fl Srlnhtl hstarïl ihsoretas hj rhdaíïl a shus várels tepls h jhieias, ia jhsja blrja quh ls radls kloa-ih-dlkl, sh fhohssárels. Fl oasl ih utedezaíïl ih Blssas _åpteoas, l Srlnhtl ihvhrá thr hja sua iesoreíïl, iejhfsïl, tepl ih jathread olfstrutevl, assej oljl oapaoeiaih aihquaias ã quafteiaih ia plpudaíïl hstejaia ia hiebeoaíïl prlplsta, para lfih shrïl olfiuzeils ls hbduhfths, emuadjhfth olfstafths fl rhdatÿrel ih quafteiaihs ih tlils ls jathreaes, Srafoga. hquepajhftls , tukudaíøhs h olfhxøhs prlnhtaias, fa jhsja 18

 

O[EYÅ[EL_ SA[A HDAKL[AÍÏL IH L[ÍAJHFYL_ H JHIEÍÏL IH LK[A_ A iesplseíïl ias oldufas ih akasthoejhftl h iestrekueíïl ihvhrïl hstar odarajhfth vesêvhes, hj prafogas h ihshfgls hsphoêbeols, l jhsjl lolrrhfil hj rhdaíïl als sesthjas ih karredhths ih iestrekueíïl dloadezails slk l rhshrvatÿrel hdhvail. Yukls h olfhxøhs, assej oljl rhmestrls ievhrsls, ihvhrïl hstar quaftebeoails h rhdaoelfails, fa jhsja prafoga. Hsphoead athfíïl ihvhrá shr ailtaia quafil sh tratar ih vasls safetárels akasthoeils hj ámua brea atravås ih vádvudas ih bduxl. Fhsth oasl a quaftebeoaíïl vhrteoad ils tukls ih akasthoejhftl, assej oljl as vádvudas ih ihsoarmas, ihvhrïl hstar rhdaoelfails h quaftebeoails, assej oljl hj sua lremhj, fl karredhth ih iestrekueíïl, prlvhfehfth slk a oaexa ih ámua hdhvaia. Sara akasthoejhftl ih plftls ih ámua hj árhas ih shrveíl, olzefgas, davafihreas h hquevadhfths, ihvhrïl hstar rhdaoelfaias as tukudaíøhs utedezaias, efodusevh olfhxøhs h rhmestrls, lfih prlnhtails. L jhsjl iesplsetevl shrá ailtail hj rhdaíïl a akasthoejhftl ih plftls ih ámua hj kafgherls, safetárels ih shrveíl, shfil shjprh prhvestl l plftl ih davamhj a ?3oj il fêvhd il pesl, quaftebeoails h rhdaoelfails, hj tlils ls shus hdhjhftls. Fa hxestîfoea ih iestrekueíïl ih ámua quhfth a ihthrjefails ajkehfths, l oajefgajhftl ias tukudaíøhs hj OSRO lu OLK[H ihvhrïl hstar assefadails, olj as rhsphotevas defgas ih tukudaíïl, ihveiajhfth eihftebeoaias fas Odasshs h Yepls, ia jhsja blrja hj rhdaíïl a rhmestrls h olfhxøhs aihquails. 88 ‟  EF_YADAÍØH_ GEI[ÁXDEOA_ ‟  EFOÎFIEL - As efstadaíøhs olftra Efoîfiel ihvhrïl thr a aprlvaíïl il Olrpl ih Kljkherls h ia Ihbhsa Oeved dload, lkhihohfil as Flrjas Krasedheras fl quh sh rhbhrh ãs tukudaíøhs quh, fl oasl ihvhrïl shr ih aíl madvafezail, partefil il karredhth slk a oaexa ih ámua suphrelr, ná olj fêvhes jêfejls aihquails a quafteiaihs ih j? fhohssárels a hsmltajhftl quh ihvh hstar olfbemurail plr olfnuftl ih kljkas ih efoîfiel aihquaias ãs fhohsseiaihs il Srlnhtl. Fl ihshfgl il karredhth ihvhrïl olfstar ls quaftetatevls ih tukudaíøhs, olj ihsoreíïl ih suas ketldas, efodusevh olfhxøhs ih rhmestrls, hj rhdaíïl a oaia prujaia, lfih fhohssárel. 12

 

O[EYÅ[EL_ SA[A HDAKL[AÍÏL IH L[ÍAJHFYL_ H JHIEÍÏL IH LK[A_ Ia jhsja rhih, ihsohj as tukudaíøhs para a adejhftaíïl, fls pavejhftls, ias rhsphotevas oaexas ih efoîfiel lfih sh dloadezaj as jafmuheras. Ihsoreíïl h rhdaíïl ih quafteiaihs, esldaiajhfth plr oaexa. Ihsta rhih ih adejhftaíïl, para l hjprhml ih spref`dhrs dloadezails fls pavejhftls, hj árhas ih oeroudaíïl lu lfih jaes hstevhr prlnhtail, shrïl ailtails êolfhs quh jlstrarïl suas dloadezaíøhs, assej oljl ils várels hxteftlrhs, ounas oapaoeiaihs h quafteiaihs emuadjhfth shrïl rhdaoelfaias Fl pavejhftl tårrhl hstará dloadezail l Geirafth para aohssl il Olrpl ih Kljkherls, ounls jathreaes, tepl ih tukudaíïl, ketlda h ihjaes olfhxøhs h rhmestrls ihvhrïl hstar rhdaoelfails. 82 ‟  EF_YADAÍØH_ GEI[ÁXDEOA_ ‟ MÁ_ - ls dhvaftajhftls ihvhj olfthjpdar vldujhs h quafteiaihs ih defgas ih akasthoejhftl geiráudeol hj hiebeoaíøhs hj mhrad, oljprhhfihfil tlils ls ajkehfths taes oljl, Davakls, Oljpartejhftl ih Kafgl, Árhas ih _hrveíl, Árhas ih oljpartejhftl ih dexl hj pavejhftls, ]O―s  efieveiuaes h/lu oldhtevls, efodusevh Oldufas h Karredhths. 8=  - EFYADAÍØH_ GEI[ÁXDEOA_ ‟  _AFHAJHFYL - Xja såreh ih oljplseíøhs afadêteoas ih oustls olj tratajhftls hsphoêbeols para sesthjas ih safhajhftl, olj ihsoreíïl ih tukudaíøhs, efodusevh olfhxøhs, para akasthoejhftl ih ámua pltávhd, assej oljl para ámuas pduveaes. [hihs mhraes ih akasthoejhftl. Yratajhftl ih árhas hsplrtevas ievhrsas, efodusevh irhfamhfs ievhrsas, shrveíls ih pavejhftaíøhs h dujefltåofeoa. 87 - EF_YADAÍØH_ HDÅY[EOA_ ‟  IHYHOÍÏL IH EFOÎFOIEL Xfeiaihs ih Oustl olkrefil efstadaíøhs prhieaes h oljhroeaes, sesthjas ih olftrldh h prhvhfíïl. 85 - EF_YADAÍØH_ IH YHDHBLFH ‟ Å fhohssárel l dhvaftajhftl ils oajefgajhftls glrezlftaes ih iestrekueíïl, adåj ils plftls ih utedezaíïl, assej oljl a olftamhj ias prujaias vhrteoaes h rhsphotevls hquepajhftls h oljpartejhftls ih iestrekueíïl h ihrevaíïl. 23 - EF_YADAÍØH_ HDÅY[EOA_ ‟  DXJEFÁ[EA_ - Hj tlils ls oasls, fa —lrhdga‚ ih oaia pdafta lu prlnhtl ihv ihveiajhfth eiajhfth eihftebeoaia h

fujhraia shquhfoeadjhfth quhêolfhs, sh rhbhrhj a oaia teplihihaoakajhftl, ateveiaih, l oadoudesta fljhea atravås ih ls várels tepls 1=

 

O[EYÅ[EL_ SA[A HDAKL[AÍÏL IH L[ÍAJHFYL_ H JHIEÍÏL IH LK[A_ ihsemfafil-ls hj rhdaíïl a sua apdeoaíïl, olj tlias as efblrjaíøhs quh ls oljpdhjhftaj, oljl sh hxhjpdebeoa, fls oasls ih dujefáreas, l êolfh quh rhprhshfta bdulrhsohfth, fþjhrl ih ufeiaihs h iesplseíïl, adåj ih fljefá-das olj sua ihsemfaíïl oljhroead, quafil blr l oasl, lkhihohfil a dloadezaíïl h eihftebeoaíïl ils várels plftls ih edujefaíïl h ls iebhrhfths ih dujefáreas h sua pltîfoea hj ]ats., oaexas ih iestrekueíïl h quairls ih olftrldh, efodusevh a rhdaíïl ih quaftetatevls olfteia fa pdafta hsphoêbeoa. 21 - EF_YADAÍØH_ HDÅY[EOA_ ‟ HDHY[LIXYL_ H HDHY[LOADGA_ - Hj oaia pdafta lu prlnhtl, prlnhtl, l ihshfgl mrábeol ih oaia tepl, olj olj suas afltaíøhs ih tepls tepls h quafteiaihs ih hdhtrliutls hdhtrliutls , afltaíïl vhrteoad rhbhrhfth ã quafteiaih ih bels h oakls quh ls olfthrïl, olj l shu oajefgajhftl glrezlftad ãs oaexas ih passamhj lu ohftrls ih edujefaíïl, ihsemfaíïl ias suas rhsphotevas ketldas, assej oljl a sefadezaíïl ils hdhtrliutls ih rajaes ih ihsoeia h/lu sukeia, lfih prhvestls, ufefil-sh hftrh ls oajefgajhftls glrezlftaes h vhrteoaes ih ihsoeia h/lu sukeia. Fl oajefgajhftl ih hdhtrliutls, lu olfiudhths, adåj ih shus tepls, as rhsphotevas ketldas h suas iesorejefaíøhs tåofeoas olj ls várels tepls ih jathreaes a shrhj hjprhmails. 2; - EF_YADAÍØH_ HDÅY[EOA_ ‟ IXYL_ H YLJAIA_ ‟ Ihftrl ih suas váreas befadeiaihs, hsphoebeoaíïl ils tepls prlnhtails. Sara as ievhrsas utedezaíøhs, taes oljl thdhblfh, YR h oljputailrhs, efthroljufeoaíïl, efthrruptlrhs sejpdhs, iupdls h ?w, shfslrhs ih prhshfía h lutrls, ihveiajhfth hsphoebeoails, plr rhprhshftaíïl mrábeoa ih êolfhs hsphoêbeols para oaia oasl, olj a rhdaíïl ih quafteiaihs plr prafoga. 2? ‟  EF_YADAÍØH_ HDÅY[EOA_ ‟  DHEYL_ H OAKL_ - Fl oajefgajhftl ils hdhtrliutls, quaftebeoaíïl (hj defgas vhrteoaes slkrh l traíl, ils bels h oakls h suas rhsphotevas ketldas, shjprh olfseihrafil-sh l bel Yhrra lu Fhutrl h suas rhsphotevas ketldas.) Sara a quaftebeoaíïl, olfseihra-sh slkrh l tltad ih bels h oakls, jaes ;3oj para oaia uj ihdhs, plr jhtrl, para oljphfsar as phrias fls thrjefaes ih dujefáreas h tljaias, assej oljl ih efthrruptlrhs, shfslrhs ih prhshfía h ihjaes aparhdgls, quh emuadjhfth ihvhrïl hstar rhdaoelfails h quaftebeoails, eihftebeoails plr shus rhsphotevls êolfhs.

17

 

O[EYÅ[EL_ SA[A HDAKL[AÍÏL IH L[ÍAJHFYL_ H JHIEÍÏL IH LK[A_ 29 ‟  EF_YADAÍØH_ HDÅY[EOA_ ‟  QXAI[L_ - Ihftrl ihsth olfnuftl, ihtadgh esldail ih oaia quairl ih iestrekueíïl, sua oakdamhj, assej oljl ls ievhrsls tepls ih dujefáreas h pltîfoeas hj ]ats, tljaias ih ievhrsls tepls h efthrruptlrhs. Fl jhsjl quairl, ihsemfaíïl ils ievhrsls tepls ih iesnuftlrhs h suas rhsphotevas pltîfoeas, assej oljl ls tepls h pltîfoea ils oakls olfhotlrhs. Quh, hj sua tltadeiaih ihvhrïl shr quaftebeoails hj destamhj fa prÿprea pdafta quh ls olftåj. 28 ‟  EF_YADAÍØH_ HDÅY[EOA_ ‟  _XKH_YAÍÏL H MH[AIL[H_ Fhsth tÿpeol, ih aolril olj a Oea. Olfohsselfárea dload, nuftajhfth olj hstuil ia sldeoetaíïl ih quaftebeoaíïl ia hfhrmea fhohssárea para l olfsujl ia hiebeoaíïl prlplsta, lrmafezar l rhohkejhftl il prlnhtl pairïl autlrezail phda jhsja Oea. Olfohsselfárea para a hiebeoaíïl ia sukhstaíïl. A olfohsselfárea ná l blrfhoh olj tlils ls quaftetatevls ih jathreaes fhohssárels ã jhsja, shna aårha lu sukthrrëfha, iloujhftl hssh quh ihvhrá hstar trafsoretl fa pdafta lu prlnhtl olrrhsplfihfth. olrrh splfihfth. 22 ‟ EF_YADAÍØH_ HDÅY[EOA_ ‟  [HIH_ S[HIEAE_ - Hsth hdhfol ih oljplseíøhs ble lrmafezail para athfihr prelretareajhfth l sesthja ih AJKEHFYH_ hj tlils ls oljpartejhftls ih gaketaíïl rhseihfoead, oljhroeaes, ih oljåroel h efiþstrea. Ylias as oljplseíøhs ih oustls tîj ls shus rhsphotevls efsujls ih jathreaes, shrveíls h jïl-ih-lkra, ihveiajhfth quaftebeoails hj rhdaíïl a dhvaftajhftls ih árhas, vldujhs h quafteiaihs ihsth tepl ih shrveíl, a hxhjpdl il sesthja ailtail para ls Mrupls 383 h 381. 2= ‟ EF_YADAÍØH_ HDÅY[EOA_ ‟ _EFADE^AÍÏL - Ylils ls hdhjhftls fhohssárels als shrveíls ih sefadezaíïl hstarïl ihsoretls fa pdafta lu prlnhtl, olj plr shus rhsphotevls êolfhs ih parth eihftebeoaíïl h rhsphotevls quaftetatevls pavejhftl. Slihrïl bazhr il jhsjl prlnhtl lu pdafta, ls ethfs rhdatevls als shrveíls ih Srlthíïl Oatÿieoa ‟  Sára-[aels ‟ emuadjhfth eihftebeoails atravås ih êolfhs, olj ihsoreíïl ih tlils ls shus ethfs h quaftetatevls, ih aolril olj oaia oasl hj oaia hiebeoaíïl prlplsta. As rhsphotevas thrjefaíøhs h dloadezaíøhs ils rhsphotevls plftls, emuadjhfth ihvhrïl shr rhprhshftaias plr êolfhs hsphoêbeols h, ia jhsja blrja l oajefgajhftl glrezlftad h vhrteoad ils hdhtrliutls olj a efieoaíïl ih suas rhsphotevas ketldas, assej oljl a oakdamhj hsphoêbeoa, quh shrá eihftebeoaia ihftrl ih suas váreas befadeiaihs, olj suas rhsphotevas rhsestîfoeas, hj ]ats. ih

27 ‟ EF_YADAÍØH_ HDÅY[EOA_ ‟para  _LFL[E^AÍÏL As oljplseíøhs oustls hstïl lrmafezaias plihrhj - shr athfieias 15

 

O[EYÅ[EL_ SA[A HDAKL[AÍÏL IH L[ÍAJHFYL_ H JHIEÍÏL IH LK[A_ sejudtafhajhfth, ufeiaihs ih adejhftaíïl h/lu iestrekueíïl h, ia jhsja blrja, ihstefaias a prhhfoghr ls quhsetls ietails phdas flvas tåofeoas fl rajl ia Dÿmeoa, para olftrldh, _efadezaíïl, Adarjh h Ihthoíïl. 25 ‟  EDXJEFAÍÏL SÞKDEOA - Oljplseíøhs hdaklraias para athfihr a plftls ih utedezaíïl, assej oljl ih iestrekueíïl h rhihs, ihftrl ia jaes vareaia maja ih adthrfatevas. L jhsjl oretårel ih lrihfaíïl lkhihoh ã iestrekueíïl ih tlias as ufeiaihs prhieaes, ihftrl ia jaes vareaia maja ih adthrfatevas, rhdatevas al hjprhml ih jathreaes, hquepajhftls h aohssÿrels, ihsih ls ievhrsls tepls ih plsths, als ievhrsls sesthjas ih oakdamhj h bexaíøhs. =3 ‟  EF_YADAÍØH_ JHOËFEOA_ - A[ OLFIEOELFAIL ‟  Ls dhvaftajhftls ihvhj shr hdaklrails a bej ih ihthrjefar ls oajefgajhftls vhrteoaes h glrezlftaes ih adejhftaíïl h iestrekueíïl ih iutls, adåj ih tlils ls efsujls atefhfths a efstadaíïl ils hquepajhftls, efodusevh aplels, suplrths h bexaíøhs. =1 ‟  EF_YADAÍØH_ JHOËFEOA_ - RASL[ H OADHBAÍÏL - Fhsth Mrupl uj hdhfol ih oljplseíøhs ih afadêteoas ih oustls hstá lrmafezail ih blrja a olfthjpdar defgas ih aquhohilrhs glrezlftaes lu vhrteoaes, kledhrs para ámua quhfth, sesthjas ievhrsls ih oadhbaíïl efthrfa h hxthrfa, oadiheras, esldajhftl h tukudaíøhs aihquaias, efodusevh vaplr h olfihfsail. =? ‟ EF_YADAÍØH_ JHOËFEOA_ - HWAX_YÏL - Oljpdhta defga ih iutls para ihsoarma h hxaustïl, olebas, iajphrs, mrhdgas ievhrsas, prhfsas oljpaotailras, efodusevh efoefhrailrhs para usl glspetadar, rhvhstejhftls ih prlthíïl hsphoeaes h vhftedailrhs oljhroeaes. Hsths ethfs, bazhfil parth ias pdaftas h prlnhtls, ih ihthrjefaia hiebeoaíïl, ls shus prliutls emuadjhfth ihvhrïl shr eihftebeoails plr êolfhs ouna ihfljefaíïl ihvhrá shr odarajhfth vesuadezaia, para as suas váreas apdeoaíøhs. assej oljl a oakdamhj hsphoêbeoa, quh shrá eihftebeoaia ihftrl ih suas váreas befadeiaihs, olj suas rhsphotevas rhsestîfoeas hj ]ats. == - EF_YADAÍØH_ JHOËFEOA_ ‟  KLJKA_ - Sara ufeiaihs ih gaketaíïl ufebajedear, judtebajedear, oljhroead lu efiustread, usuadjhfth å rhquhreia a utedezaíïl ih iuas kljkas, ihftrl ia oapaoeiaih ih akasthoejhftl rhquhreia. Ihvh shr shjprh rhadezail l shrveíl ih aprlpreaíïl ih ih ufeiaihs h vhrteoaes emuadjhfth, para l oajefgajhftl ias tukudaíøhs oarma h glrezlftaes ihsoarma lkhihoeias, ls pairøhs ;3

 

O[EYÅ[EL_ SA[A HDAKL[AÍÏL IH L[ÍAJHFYL_ H JHIEÍÏL IH LK[A_ h phrbes olfteils hj prlnhtls. As ogavhs ih shrveíl sïl aihquaias a oaia tepl ih kljka hsphoebeoail. =7 - AYH[[AJHFYL H _SIA - Athrrajhftls h demaíøhs afte hstáteoas para ohroas, kljkas, oaes ih hfogejhftl, adåj ih oljpdhta defga ih jathreaes h aohssÿrels para usl hj olfstruíïl oeved h efiustread, olriladgas, gasths ih athrrajhftl, para-raels hj váreas oapaoeiaihs, assej oljl oljpdhta defga ih thrjefaes ih oljprhssïl. 73 ‟ HDHRAIL[H_ H JLFYA OA[MA_ - Oadoudails plr paraia ih utedezaíïl, vhdloeiaih hj jhtrl plr jefutl, aoakajhftls, aohssls h oapaoeiaih ih oarma. 53 ‟  SA[HIH_, SAEFÅE_ H IERE_ß[EA_ - Ls shmuefths oretårels sïl oljujhfth utedezails para a aprlpreaíïl ih árhas, vldujhs h quafteiaihs olfteils hj Srlnhtls, a sakhr> ADRHFA[EA_ L phrêjhtrl ias parhihs å judtepdeoail phdl på ierhetl, shj ihsolftl ih vïls efbhrelrhs a ; j». Sara hsths shrveíls, usuadjhfth sïl olfseihrails tenldls burails prlvhfehfths ih ldareas lfih tlils ls jathreaes sïl prliuzeils plr madmas h rhquhejails hj blrfls aprlpreails, fas jhieias (15x15x?5oj h 15x15x;5oj). Kdlols ih olforhtl vekrail fas jhieias 3=x15x?5oj, 5x15x?5oj h 15x15x?5oj, assej oljl ls ih jhel-jhieia. Xsuadjhfth hsths kdlols ih olforhtl, assej oljl ls tenldls burails ihvhj shr shus asshftajhftls hxhoutail olj l hjprhml ih armajassa prhbakreoaia aihquaia a oaia oasl l quh prlplroelfa olfseihrávhd holfljea fl thjpl ia hxhouíïl ih jïl-ih-lkra. Fl Arquevl hstïl iesplfêvhes oljplseíøhs afadêteoas ih oustls olj armajassas ih asshftajhftl ih oejhftl/saekrl, oejhftl/arhea, lu oejhftl/oad/arhea quh, oljparaias as armajassas prå-bakreoaias, sljhfth oljprlvaj l hdhvail batlr ih holfljea ih shu usl. ADYH[FAYERA_ IH ASDEOAÍÏL Oljl hxhjpdl, a Yakhda quh ihjlfstra quh a adthrfateva ih apdeoaíïl ih kdlols ih olforhtl vekrail hj advhfareas, quh ihjlfstra shr khj jaes holfùjeoa quh as advhfareas olfvhfoelfaes, quafil sh oljparaj ls jhsjls prliutls hj parhihs ih jhea-vhz, lu shna, ih 13 ohftêjhtrls, oljl shmuhj> Fþjhrl ih phías p/j;

Kdlols ih Olforhtl

1;,8

Yenldls Ohrëjeols

;8,3

;1

 

O[EYÅ[EL_ SA[A HDAKL[AÍÏL IH L[ÍAJHFYL_ H JHIEÍÏL IH LK[A_ Shsl ufetárel hj `m 7,7 Shsl ia advhfarea ‟ `m/j; 113,3 Armajassa Asshftajhftl `m/j; 2,2 Ogapesol `m/j; ** Hjklíl `m/j; ** [hklol `m/j; 18,3 Yltad 1?1,3

;,7 =3,3 ;3,3 18,3 ?3,3 18,3 183,3

Flth-sh quh a advhfarea hj kdlols ih olforhtl, hjklra l phsl ufetárel ias phías shrhj khj suphrelr als ih tenldls ohrëjeols vazails, l phsl befad ia advhfarea apdeoaia å khj jhflr. Fl oasl ia Jïl-ih-lkra, ls fþjhrls sïl jaes olfvefohfths. Kdlols Olforhtl Yenldls Ohrëjeols 5x15x?5oj 7x17x15oj phirherl shrvhfth

phirherl

shrvhfth

Armajassa ih asshftajhftl

3,9;

3,93

1,3

1,1

Ogapesol Hjklíl [hklol Yltad glras

* * 3,?2 3,=7

* * 3,1? 3,8?

3,;9 3,8; 3,?2 ;,1; 1,?1

3,;; 3,89 3,1? 1,55 9,11

A prÿprea thofldlmea efieoa quh a sejpdhs iesphfsa ih apdeoaíïl ih armajassas ih ogapesol h ih hjklíl als kdlols ih olforhtl, quh å efiesphfsávhd fl oasl il usl ih tenldls ohrëjeols, dhvafil-sh hj olfta efodusevh, l olfseihrávhd aoråsoejl hj vldujh ias armajassas ih asshftajhftl, hftrh uj h lutrl jåtlil olfstrutevl, baz olj quh a ailíïl ia thofldlmea adthrfateva ils kdlols ih olforhtl rhiuza, hj prateoajhfth phda l shu jhtaih, l shu olfshqôhfthjhfth, oustl befad.

thjpl

ih

apdeoaíïl

h,

Olfvåj dhjkrar quh as advhfareas, hj uja hiebeoaíïl ih 1; pavejhftls, olj 2.31?j» olfsljhj jaes ih 11 jed jhtrls quairails. KLFHOA_ H ASH[YL_ L dhvaftajhftl ih quafteiaihs olrrhsplfih a 3,;3j x phrêjhtrl : j» (l phrêjhtrl : slja ih tlias as ievesÿreas, hj jhtrls defharhs). Xsuadjhfth para klfhoas h aphrtls sïl hjprhmaias advhfareas hj tenldls jaoeíls. As oljplseíøhs ih oustls ihstas ufeiaihs, olfseihraias plr j», hstïl olfteias fl Arquevl il Mrupl. ;;

 

O[EYÅ[EL_ SA[A HDAKL[AÍÏL IH L[ÍAJHFYL_ H JHIEÍÏL IH LK[A_ YAOL_ IH BEWAÍÏL Ihvhrïl shr olfseihrails, ufetareajhfth, ihftrl il shmuefth oretårel> 1 para oaia 73 ohftêjhtrls ih rliapå ih jaihera 7 para oaia nafhda ih jaihera 2 para oaia plrta ih jaihera 9 para oaia kasoudafth ih jaihera atå 83x83oj 2 para ihjaes kasoudafths ih jaihera aoeja ihsta jhieia Lks. Oaexedgls h hsquaireas jhtádeoas ná sïl blrfhoeias h hquepaias olj marras ih bexaíïl (tepl asa ih afilrefga) 133 ‟ OLKH[YX[A_ - As oljplseíøhs ih oustls olfstafths fhsth Mrupl, olfthjpdaj ls várels tepls ih hstruturas, hj jaihera lu jhtádeoas, olj rholkrejhftl ihsih thdgas lfiudaias ih 9jj atå slbesteoails sesthjas thdgajhftl jhtádeol, iesplfêvhes efodusevh hj sesthjas hspaoeaes h trhdeíails. L dhvaftajhftl h a aprlpreaíïl ih árhas para thdgajhftl, hj pdafta, fïl efodue ls phrohftuaes rhdatevls ãs efodefaíøhs faturaes ih olkhrturas h ihvh shr olfseihrail kaseoajhfth, ihftrl il shmuefth oretårel> Árha hbhteva ih [holkrejhftl Bekrloejhftl lfiudail Yhdgas Jarshdga Yhdgas Oldlfead Olkhrturas Jhtádeoas

: árha hj pdafta x 1,38% : árha hj pdafta x 1,;8% : árha hj pdafta x 1,?8% : árha hj pdafta x 1,13%

113 ‟  H_QXAI[EA_ IH JAIHE[A - Ls oaexedgls h Hsquaireas ih jaihera, ihftrl ih suas ievhrsas hsphoebeoaíøhs h apdeoaíøhs, slbrhj l dhvaftajhftl ih aprlpreaíïl lríajhftárea ih hdhjhftls olfstetutevls hj prlnhtls, ihftrl il shmuefth oretårel> A ‟ Árha, phda jhieia tltad ihshfvldveia ‟ hj j» K ‟ Quafil ihsemfail l jlihdl lu jhieia ‟ hj ufeiaihs O ‟ Oldloaíïl ‟ plr ufeiaihs As ufeiaihs ih oljplseíøhs ih oustls olftîj ls oaexedgls h hsquaireas ih jaihera, hfmdlkails hj suas rhsphotevas árhas, jhiefil-sh l vïl tltad ia akhrtura, phda adtura ihsemfaia hj oaia oasl. Hstïl olfseihrails ls jlftafths, jarols h aiuhdas, oljprhhfihfil ls shrveíls ih jïl-ih-lkra ls shrveíls ih oldloaíïl, ;?

 

O[EYÅ[EL_ SA[A HDAKL[AÍÏL IH L[ÍAJHFYL_ H JHIEÍÏL IH LK[A_ jlftamhj h aparhdgajhftl befad assej oljl as suas bexaíøhs fas advhfareas h ihjaes parajhftls olfteils hj pdafta. Fïl hstïl efoduêils ls oustls ih oldloaíïl ih bhrramhfs ievhrsas, bhogls, bhogaiuras h ilkraieías quh sïl lknhtl ih Mrupl ih Oljplseíøhs ih Oustls aieafth rhbhreias. Fl oasl ih oaexedgls h hsquaireas ih jaihera, ls oustls rhbhrhfths ã jïl-ih-lkra ih bexaíïl h efstadaíïl, hstïl rhprhshftails hj gljhfs/glra h barïl parth il Orlflmraja ih ih Lkras mhrad. L jhsjl lolrrh para ls ihjaes tepls ih oaexedgls jhtádeols lu hsphoeaes. 111 ‟ H_QXAI[EA_ IH BH[[L - L iejhfselfajhftl, para befs ih aprlpreaíïl, sh baz, ih aolril olj as iejhfsøhs olfteias hj prlnhtl, plr jhtrl quairail ihshfvldveil, efodusevh efodusevh jlftafths. jlftafths. Hsta oaexedgarea usuadjhfth ná vhj jlftaia olj afolramhfs para bexaíïl, il tepl asa ih afilrefga lu lutrl hquevadhfth. Fïl hstïl efodusls ls shrveíls ih oldloaíïl ih bhrramhfs ievhrsas, a fïl shr quafil hxprhssajhfth efieoaias fl thxtl ia prÿprea oljplseíïl ih oustls. 11; ‟ H_QXAI[EA_ IH ADXJÊFEL - As hsquaireas h oaexedgls ih adujêfel tîj a sua árha ihthrjefaia phdas suas jhieias hxthrfas h sïl blrfhoeils phdls bakreoafths olj sesthjas ih bexaíïl tepl asa ih afilrefga lu sesthja sejedar. As jhieias olrrhsplfihj a jhtrl quairail ihshfvldveil, shj ihsolftl ih vïls. Xsuadjhfth hsth tepl ih oaexedgarea ná vhj hquepail olj sesthja ih bhogajhftl h trava, taftl para nafhdas ih olrrhr lu kasoudafths, oljl emuadjhfth il tepl jaxejjar0 tajkåj hstïl olfthjpdaias as Hsquaireas Hsphoeaes quh hfmdlka oaexedgls h hsquaireas hsphoeaes, hj mhrad hj phrbes jhtádeols, taes oljl plrtas olrta-blml, hsoaias ih jarefgherl, adajkrails, ievesÿreas, klrkldhtas para olftrldh ih pþkdeol, sesthja ih shmurafía para aohssls, jafuaes lu hdhtrùfeols h ihjaes hquepajhftls. Hsth Mrupl emuadjhfth aoljpafga ls ethfs afthrelrhs fl quh sh rhbhrh ã oldloaíïl h blrfhoejhftl ih bhogls, bhogaiuras h sesthjas ih prlthíïl. 1;3 ‟ [HRH_YEJHFYL_ EFYH[FL_ - Fa lrmafezaíïl h hdaklraíïl ih lríajhftls para lkras h hiebeoaíøhs å shjprh efieoaia ã shparaíïl plr ethfs ih rhvhstejhftls efthrfls h hxthrfls. Sara l dhvaftajhftl ih quafteiaihs olfteias hj pdaftas, ihvh shr shmueil l shmuefth oretårel káseol> ;9

 

O[EYÅ[EL_ SA[A HDAKL[AÍÏL IH L[ÍAJHFYL_ H JHIEÍÏL IH LK[A_ A ‟ Ogapesol ih oejhftl/arhea hj thtls, olfseihrar a árha tltad ih thtls, olj aoråsoejl ih ;3% para vemas, pedarhs h oeftas. K ‟ Ogapesol ih advhfareas ‟ árha hbhteva ih rholkrejhftl O‟ Hjklíl h [hklol> Sara thtls h parhihs fïl shrïl ihsolftails vïls ouna árha shna efbhrelr a 1,83j», hj oaia baoh. I ‟  Azudhnls h sejedarhs ‟  ls rhvhstejhftls shrïl hxhoutails slkrh l hjklol ná hxesthfth, fïl shfil ihsolftails vïls efbhrelrhs a 1,;3j». H ‟  Sara plíls ih vhftedaíïl lu sgabts, a árha ih rholkrejhftl, ihvh shr para hjklíl ásphrl, para peftura a oad, sh fïl efieoail lutrl aoakajhftl. B ‟  Blrrls, fls shrveíls ih dhvaftajhftl ih árhas, vldujhs h quafteiaihs sïl olfvhfehfths h dhvaftajhftl, hj shparail, para hjphfas brlftaes, ih bufils, dathraes ierhetls h hsquhrils. 1;1 ‟  [HRH_YEJHFYL_ HWYH[FL_ - Sara ls rhvhstejhftls hxthrfls vadhj tlias as efieoaíøhs olfteias fl ethj afthrelr, plråj olj a rhssadva ih quh, as oljplseíøhs ih oustls ias armajassas ih rhvhstejhftl lu oldamhj ih ohrëjeoas, ná hstïl aihquaias a hsth tepl ih apdeoaíïl, olj shus rhsphotevls olhbeoehfths ihveiajhfth anustails a hssh tepl ih shrveíl. Fls shrveíls ih dhvaftajhftl ih árhas, vldujhs h quafteiaihs sïl olfvhfehfths h dhvaftajhftl, hj shparail, para hjphfas brlftaes, ih bufils, dathraes ierhetls h hsquhrils. 1?3 ‟ [LIASÅ_, _LDHE[A_ H SHEYL[Ê_ - Å olfvhfehfth a ailíïl ih l oretårel a shmuer para ls dhvaftajhftls ih quafteiaihs para hsth ethj> [liapås ‟ phrêjhtrl, ihsolftails tlils ls vïls. _ldheras h Shetlres ‟ Hj jhtrls defharhs, olj aieíïl ih 3,13j plr vïl. Nuftas ih iedataíïl ‟  Sara pesls ih jarjlreth (mrafetefa) lu ih adta rhsestîfoea, olftaias hj jhtrls defharhs, judtepdeoafil-sh a árha ih pesl x 9. Eiîfteol prlohiejhftl plihrá shr ailtail para pesls oejhftails hj paefåes. Ogapefs ‟ phrêjhtrl, shj ihsolftls ih vïls Yakheras ‟ phrêjhtrl, shj ihsolftls ih vïls 193 ‟ BH[[AMHF_ ;8

 

O[EYÅ[EL_ SA[A HDAKL[AÍÏL IH L[ÍAJHFYL_ H JHIEÍÏL IH LK[A_ A ‟ Hsquaireas h Oaexedgls ih Jaihera Aprlpreaíïl olrrhsplfihfth a uj olfnuftl oljpdhtl ih bhrramhfs lu bhogaiuras, para oaia ufeiaih apdeoaia. K ‟ Hsquaireas h Oaexedgls ih Bhrrl Xsuadjhfth, ih aolril olj as hsphoebeoaíøhs as bhrramhfs ná vîj oldloaias phdls bakreoafths. Fas oljplseíøhs ih oustls, hftrhtaftl  ná olfstaj ls efsujls ih jïl ih lkra olj shus olhbeoehfths ih gljhfs/glra anustails para hsth tepl ih shrveíl, para apdeoaíïl il Orlflmraja ih Lkras. O ‟ Hsquaireas h Oaexedgls ih Adujêfel Ailtaj-sh ls jhsjls oretårels il ethj afthrelr. I ‟ Oaexedgarea h Hsquaireas Hsphoeaes Eihj, al ihsoretl afthrelrjhfth. 183 ‟ REI[L_ - Xsuadjhfth, tlils ls veirls sïl blrfhoeils h oldloails hj hsquaireas, phdl prÿprel blrfhohilr. Fl dhvaftajhftl ih árhas para lríajhftl, å olfseihraia árha ihshfvldveia oljpdhta, shj ihsolftls ih vïls. Hj quadquhr oasl, as oljplseíøhs ih oustls jaftåj hj shus olhbeoehfths, ls vadlrhs hxprhssls hj gljhfs/glra para as rhbhreias oldloaíøhs, olj l bej ih oljpdhjhftar a hdaklraíïl il Orlflmraja ih Lkras. 123 ‟  Y[AYAJHFYL_ h EJSH[JHAKEDE^AÍØH_- Hj trakadgls rhdatevls a tratajhftls lu ejphrjhakedezaíøhs, ihvhj olfseihraias tlias as árhas ihshfvldveias, shj ls ihsolftls ih vïls. As akas dathraes, quafil hxesthfths, ihvhj shr olfseihraias olj 3,18j, judtepdeoaias phdl phrêjhtrl tltad, shj ihsolftls. Hj pavejhftls tårrhls å olfvhfehfth ailtar ejphrjhakedezaíïl efthrfa h hxthrfa ih parhihs atå 3,83j il fêvhd il pesl. Ejphrjhakedezaíøhs plr hdastljhrls ihvhrïl slbrhr aoråsoejl hj rhdaíïl ã árha hbhteva, ih, phdl jhfls 8%. Ls jaes vareails tepls h jåtlils ih apdeoaíïl ih ejphrjhakedezaíøhs, assej oljl prlohssls ievhrsls ih prlthíïl, hstïl ihsoretls h tltadezails fl arquevl ih oljplseíøhs ih oustls slk hsth ethj.

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O[EYÅ[EL_ SA[A HDAKL[AÍÏL IH L[ÍAJHFYL_ H JHIEÍÏL IH LK[A_ 1=3 ‟  SAREJHFYAÍØH_ EFYH[FA_ - As árhas ih pesl, para quadquhr tepl ih rhvhstejhftl, ihvhrïl shr iejhfselfaias hj sua árha rhad. Sara hsoaias, árhas hbhtevas ihshfvldveias, hfmdlkafil pesl h hsphdgl, shj ihsolftls ih vïls, para quadquhr tepl ih jathread. Ihvhrïl shr aprlpreaias, para oaia tepl ih pesl, oajaias ih rhmudarezaíïl (olftrapesls) fas hsphssuras rholjhfiaias thofeoajhfth lu hj ihtadghs ih prlnhtl, a bej ih shrhj rhsmuariaias as prlprehiaihs ih rhsestîfoea ils ievhrsls jathreaes ih rhvhstejhftl, efodusevh hj rhdaíïl a shu usl h olfshrvaíïl. L arquevl ih oljplseíøhs afadêteoas ih oustls, adbakhteoajhfth lrmafezail, jaftåj ls prefoepaes prliutls iesplfêvhes, destaias adbakhteoajhfth. 1=1 ‟ SAREJHFYAÍØH_ HWYH[FA_ Hj pavejhftaíøhs hxthrfas ihvh shr lkshrvail l jathread ih hsphoebeoaíøhs rholjhfiaias hj prlnhtl h jhfsuraia oueiailsajhfth a oljpaotaíïl h olfsldeiaíïl ias suphrbêoehs. Sara pesls, efihphfihfthjhfth il jathread hsphoebeoail, ailta-sh a árha hbhteva ih rholkrejhftl, shj ihsolftls ih vïls. Hj hsoaias, ailta-sh l dhvaftajhftl ih árha ihshfvldveia, hfmdlkafil oapa h hsphdgls, shj ihsolftl ih vïls. Fls rhvhstejhftls ih pesls ihstefail a trábhml rhmudar ih phihstrhs lu ih vhêoudls (dhvhs lu phsails) ihvh shr ihthrjefail l tepl ih tratajhftl ia suk-kash h il olftrapesl para oaia tepl hsphoebeoail, aihquails al rhohkejhftl ias pavejhftaíøhs prlplstas. 1=;‟ X[KAFE^AÍÏL - Hsths shrveíls ihvhj lkhihohr remlrlsajhfth als prlnhtls h hsphoebeoaíøhs káseoas rholjhfiaias h rhbhrhj-sh a lkras ih utedezaíïl pþkdeoa hj veas ih aohssl, olj tratajhftls hsphoeaes. As árhas, vldujhs h quafteiaihs ihvhj shr dhvaftaias ailtafilsh ls shus vadlrhs hbhtevls, shj aoråsoejls lu ihsolftls.

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O[EYÅ[EL_ SA[A HDAKL[AÍÏL IH L[ÍAJHFYL_ H JHIEÍÏL IH LK[A_ Ylias as rholjhfiaíøhs rhbhrhfths als shrveíls ih pavejhftaíïl ihvhrïl shr lkshrvaias hj rhdaíïl al prhparl ih dhetls h kashs ihstefaias a rhohkhr ls iebhrhfths tepls ih pavejhftaíïl prlnhtaia. Ylils ls trakadgls hj thrra ná ihvhrïl hstar dhvaftails h iejhfselfails hj rhdaíïl als várels tepls ih aoakajhftl prlnhtails, baoedetafil ls dhvaftajhftls ih pavejhftaíøhs hxthrfas ievhrsas, assej oljl ls iebhrhfths prlohssls ih irhfamhj fhohssárels a árhas hsplrtevas h oajpls ih hsplrth hj mhrad. Ihvhrïl shr dhvaftails h quaftebeoails tlils ls hdhjhftls ihstefails a tepls ih sefadezaíïl vhrteoad lu glrezlftad, assej oljl hj rhdaíïl ãs rhihs ih tukudaíïl ih akasthoejhftl ih ámua, ámuas pduveaes, hsmltls safetárels, h ihjaes hvhftls. 173 ‟  SEFYX[A_ - Sara l dhvaftajhftl h aprlpreaíïl ihsths shrveíls å olfvhfehfth shr lkshrvail l shmuefth oretårel> A - Sdásteol Davávhd lu Aorêdeol ‟ árha tltad shj ihsolftls ih vïls efbhrelrhs a 1,83j; K - Hsjadth ‟ árha hbhteva ih peftura. O - Rhfhzeafas ‟  para quadquhr tepl ih peftura, árha hbhteva, judtepdeoaia plr 9. I - Oaeaíïl ‟  árha hbhteva ih peftura olj ihsolftl ih árhas efbhrelrhs a ;,3j; H - Oaexedgls hj mhrad ‟ árha ih vïl judtepdeoaia plr ; B - Oaexedgls olj vhfhzeafas ‟ árha il vïl judtepdeoaia plr 8 M - Slrtas ih jaihera hj mhrad ‟ árha il vïl, judtepdeoaia plr ? G - Mraihs h Yhdas ih aíl ‟ árha hbhteva il vïl, judtepdeoaia plr ? E - _afoas h Bdlrøhs - árha il vïl judtepdeoaia plr 9 (para ÿdhl) L jhsjl oretårel ihvh shr ailtail para a ihthrjefaíïl ih vldujhs ihstefails als ievhrsls shrveíls ih prhparaíïl h kash para pefturas, hstafil iesplfêvhes, shparaiajhfth hj Oljplseíøhs ih Oustls, esldaiajhfth para tlils ls tepls ih shrveíl. 153 ‟  KAFOAIA_ H ASA[HDGL_ _AFEYÁ[EL_ - Ylils ls shus oljplfhfths ihvhrïl shr dhvaftails plr ufeiaihs ih utedezaíïl, shj quaesquhr ihsolftls lu aoråsoejls. A oldloaíïl ih bhrramhfs h aohssÿrels plihrá shr dhvaftaia esldaiajhfth lu hj olfnuftl, olfblrjh a olfvhfeîfoea ih oaia oasl, hstafil iesplfêvhes oljplseíøhs ih oustls para quaesquhr ils oasls hdhetls.

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O[EYÅ[EL_ SA[A HDAKL[AÍÏL IH L[ÍAJHFYL_ H JHIEÍÏL IH LK[A_ ;31 ‟  ANA[IEFAJHFYL - Mrupl ih oljplseíøhs ih oustls lrmafezail para a oljpdhjhftaíïl ils shrveíls ih lkras, hj aplel als trakadgls ih urkafezaíïl. Olfthfil mrafih fþjhrl ih oljplseíøhs ih oustls hj hdhjhftls arkustevls, oljl arkÿrhl-mrafih, jåiel h phquhfl plrth, assej oljl padjáohas, arklrhtas, assej oljl olkhrturas rastheras, olj mrafih fþjhrl ih mrajas para as jaes ievhrsas efieoaíøhs, jaftåj olfseihrávhd arquevl ih oljplseíøhs ih oustls iesplfêvhes para quaftebeoaíøhs hj sesthjas h rasthdajhftl ih árhas, rhteraia h rhpdaftel ih juias. ;3; ‟  AOH__EKEDEIAIH - Mrupl hsshfoeadjhfth ihsemfail para aprlpreaíïl ih ethfs olfstrutevls quh bazhj parth ils sesthjas prejárels ih aohssekedeiaih ih árhas oljufs, fa jaelr parth ils oasls, oljl tajkåj lfih olukhr, para l athfiejhftl ia FK[5383. F K[5383. Ls dhvaftajhftls ih quafteiaihs sïl hbhtuails plr árha rhad h/lu ufeiaihs shj aoråsoejls lu ihsolftls ih vïls. ;13 ‟  DEJSH^A - Ylias as árhas quh sh prhthfih bazhr gemehfezaíïl ihvhrïl shr dhvaftaias, hj sua árha rhad, shj aoråsoejls lu ihiuíøhs. As ihsjldiamhfs ih Efstadaíøhs Srlvesÿreas sh barïl hj rhdaíïl ãs ufeiaihs rhbhrhfths ãs suas jlftamhfs. [hvhstejhftls h azudhnls, ohrëjeoas h pastedgas ihvhj shr olfthjpdails, hj rhdaíïl as suas rhsphotevas árhas ih jlftamhj, hj árha rhad. Aparhdgls safetárels thrïl shu dhvaftajhftl hbhtuail hj rhdaíïl ãs suas rhsphotevas ufeiaihs oltaias. Reirls h hj mhrad, dhvaftajhftl bhetl hbhtuafil-sh a dejphza hj ; baohs. [hjlíøhs ih hftudgl> A bej ih shr ihthrjefail vldujhs para rhjlíøhs, lkras hxhoutaias lfih sh usa l rhvhstejhftl hj oejhftl/saekrl, suas advhfareas hj tenldls burails, judtepdeoar a árha olfstruêia phdl olhbeoehfth 3,13.

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O[EYÅ[EL_ SA[A HDAKL[AÍÏL IH L[ÍAJHFYL_ H JHIEÍÏL IH LK[A_ Hj lkras hxhoutaias olj armajassas prhbakreoaias h oldafths, advhfareas hj kdlols ih olforhtl, judtepdeoar a árha ih olfstruíïl phdl olhbeoehfth 3,3;.

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O[EYÅ[EL_ SA[A HDAKL[AÍÏL IH L[ÍAJHFYL_ H JHIEÍÏL IH LK[A_ [HBH[ÎFOEA_ KEKDELM[ABEOA_ Jemuhd _takedh  _takedh  ‟  [el ih Nafherl ‟OX_YL_ FA OLF_Y[XÍÏL OERED ‟  Hietlra Kldhtej ih Oustls - Hieíïl 1575 Jemuhd _takedh  _takedh  ‟ [el ih Nafherl - OX_YL_ FA OLF_Y[XÍÏL ‟ Hietlra Kldhtej ih Oustls - Hieíïl 1552 Jemuhd _takedh  _takedh  ‟  [el ih Nafherl - OLJSL_EÍØH_ AFADÊYEOA_ IH OX_YL_ ‟ Hietlra Kldhtej ih Oustls - Hieíïl ;332 HJLS   ‟  [el ih Nafherl - Oaihrfl ih Hfoarmls 1ª Hieíïl ‟  Hietlra HJLS Kldhtej ih Oustls - Hieíïl 15=7 YOSL 13  13 ‟ _ïl Saudl - Hietlra SEFE - Hieíïl 1552 Jedkhr Bhrfafihs Muhihs  Muhihs  ‟  _ïl Saudl - OAIH[FL IH HFOA[ML_ ‟  Hietlra SEFE - Hieíïl ;339 [uy Raradda  Raradda  - _ïl Saudl ‟ SDAFHNAJHFYL H OLFY[LDH IH LK[A_ ‟  Fljh ia [lsa - Hieíïl ;33? Saudl [lkhrtl Redhda Ieas  Ieas  ‟  Oureteka ‟  HFMHFGA[EA IH OX_YL_ ‟  Olpearh Iupdeoailra ‟ Hieíïl 1555 Shirefgl Mldijaf  Mldijaf  ‟  _ïl Saudl -EFY[LIXÍÏL AL SDAFHNAJHFYL H OLFY[LDH IH OX_YL_ FA OLF_Y[XÍÏL OERED ‟ Hietlra SEFE ‟ Hieíïl 1572 ^lrze, A. O. O. - Bùrja olj jldih hj jaihera para hstruturas ih olforhtl arjail ‟  [holjhfiaíøhs para jhdglrea ia quadeiaih h ia prliuteveiaih olj rhiuíïl ih oustls. Iesshrtaíïl ih jhstrail. _ïl Saudl, Efstetutl ih Shsquesas Yhofldÿmeoas il Hstail ih _ïl Saudl, ;33; Afireldl   - B.[. Olfstruíøhs Afireldl Olfstruíøhs ih olforhtl - jafuad ih práteoas para olftrldh h hxhouíïl. Hietlra Sefe, _ïl Saudl, 1579 Brherh Brherh  - Y. J. Srliuíïl ih hstruturas i ihh olforhtl arjail, jldiaias ef dlol, para hiebeoaíøhs> oaraothrezaíïl ias prefoepaes thofldlmeas h blrjas ih mhstïl ailtaias hj _ïl Saudl. Iesshrtaíïl ih jhstrail. _ïl Saudl, Hsolda Sldetåofeoa ia X_S, ;331. Esaea, M.O.  M.O.  - Olforhtl> Hfsefl, Shsquesa h [hadezaíøhs. _ïl _ïl Saudl> EK[AOLF ;338. Rldujh E ‟  Oapêtudl 17> Hxhouíïl, Olftrldh h Ihshjphfgl ias Hstruturas ih Olforhtl.

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