Criminal Procedure: By: Atty. Edwin C. Dumalogdog

 

Arhbhln` _rgadiurd My5 Nty. Diwhl A. Iubn`gkigk

 

^. [cnt hs arhbhln` prgadiurd7 N.Arhbhln` prgadiurd hs cd bdcgi prdsarhmdi my `nw fgr cd npprdcdlshgl nli prgsdaugl gf pdrsgls naausdi gf nly arhbhln` gdlsd nli fgr cdhr pulhscbdl, hl ansd gf aglvhagl. ^. [cnt hs arhbhln` prgadiurd agladrldi whtc7   N. prgadiurn` Arhbhln` sdps prgadiurd agladrldi whc ansd cd crgukchswchac cd arhbhln` pnssds, agbbdlahlk whc cd hlhn` hlvdskngl gf n arhbd nli agla`uihlk whc cd ulaglihgln` rd`dnsd gf cdcd gdlidr. gdlidr. H  H hs gf n kdldrha drb ru`ds usdi g idsarhmd ldwgrj `nws nli wchac kgvdrl cd prgadiurn` nibhlhsrngl gf arhbhln` eusad.

 

Arhbhln` Eurhsihagl  ‑ pgwdr gf cd Qnd g ry nli pulhsc n pdrsgl fgr n vhg`ngl gf hs pdln` `nws. ]D^THQHYDQ FG] N VN@HI DSD]AHQD GF A]HBHLN@ ET]HQIHAYHGL5 >. Ycd Ycd gd gdls lsd, d, my vhr vhrud ud gf cd cd hbp hbpgsn gsnm` m`d d pdl pdln` n`y y G] hs lnurd, hs gld wchac cd agur hs my `nw nucgrhzdi g njd agklhznlad gf, ( eurhsihagl gvdr tcd QTMEDAY BNYYD]). =. Ycd Ycd gdl gdlsd sd bus bus cnvd cnvd mddl mddl agbb agbbht htdi di whc whchl hl hs hs tcd drrhgrhn` eurhsihagl, (  eurhsihagl eurhsihagl gvdr •

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YD]]HYG]X). 1. Ycd Ycd pdrs pdrsgl gl acn acnrk rkdi di whc whc cd cd gdl gdlsd sd bus bus cnvd cnvd mddl mrgukc g hs prdsdlad fgr rhn`, fgrahm`y my wnrrnl gf nrrds gr upgl chs vg`ulnry sumbhsshgl g cd agur, (  eurhsihagl eurhsihagl gvdr tcd _D]QGL GF YCD NAATQDI).

 

ET]HQIHAYHGL GVD] YCD QTMEDAY BNYYD]

ET]HQIHAYHGL GVD] YCD _D]QGL GF YCD NAATQDI

Idrhvdi frgb cd `nw. H anl Bny md naquhrdi my aglsdl gf ldvdr md naquhrdi sg`d`y my cd naausdi gr my wnhvdr gf aglsdl gf cd naausdi. gmedagls Gmedagl cn cd agur cns lg Hf cd fnh`s g bnjd chs gmedagl  eurhsihagl gf cd sumeda hl bd, cd wh`` md iddbdi g bntdr bny md bnid n nly cnvd wnhvdi h. snkd gf cd prgaddihlk, nli cd rhkc g bnjd suac gmedagl hs ldvdr wnhvdi.

 

IDYD]BHLNYHGL GF A]HBHLN@ ET]HQIHAYHGL >. Iddrbhldi my cd n``dkngls hl tcd agbp`nhlt gr hlfgrbngl lg my cd rdsu`s gf prggf gr my cd rhn` agur‘s npprdahngl gf cd dvhidlad prdsdldi. =. Iddrbhldi my cd `nw hl fgrad nt tcd bd gf tcd hlstugl gf tcd arhbhln` nagl. GLAD VDQYDI, HY ANLLGY MD [HYCI]N[L MX5 >. sums sumsdq dqud udl l vn vn`h `hi i nbd nbdli libd bdl l gf cd hl hlfg fgrb rbn ngl gl:: gr =. n sums sumsdq dqud udl l sn snu ugr gry y nbdl nbdlib ibdl dl gf c cd d ru`d ru`dss gf  eurhsihagl,, TL@DQQ cd nbdlingry `nw prgvhids  eurhsihagl gcdrwhsd.

 

^. Ihslkuhsc mdtwddl arhbhln` `nw nli arhbhln` prgadiurd. N. Arhbhln` `nw hs sumsnlvd: ht idlds arhbds, trdnts gf tcdhr lnturd, nli prgvhids fgr tcdhr pulhscbdlt. Arhbhln` prgadiurd, gl cd gcdr cnli, hs rdbdihn` gr prgadiurn`: ht prgvhids fgr tcd bdtcgi my wchac n pdrsgl naausdi gf n arhbd hs nrrdstdi, trhdi nli pulhscdi. Arhbhln` `nw ida`nrds wcn nas nrd pulhscnm`d, wch`d arhbhln` prgadiurd prgvhids cgw cd na hs g md pulhscdi. ^. Cgw ru`ds nrd tcd arhbhln` prgadiurd N. Ycd gfru`ds arhbhln` arhbgf hln` prgadiurd scn`` scn`` aglstrudi7 md `hmdrn``y `hmdrn` `y aglstrudi hl fnvgr gf tcd naausdi nli strhat`y nknhlst tcd stntd tg dvdl tcd giis hl fnvgr gf tcd naausdi nknhlst wcgb tcd dlrd bnachldry gf tcd stntd hs bgmh`hzdi.

 

^. [cnt hs eurhsihagl7 N. Eurhsihagl (hl kdldrn`) hs tcd pgwdr pgwdr gr nutc nutcgrhty grhty khvdl my tcd `nw tg n agurt gr trhmuln` tg cdnr nli idtdrbhld adrtnhl agltrgvdrshds. agltrgvdrs hds. Ht hs tcd pgwdr gf agurts tg cdnr nli idtdrbhld n agltrgvdrsy agltrgvdrsy hlvg`vhlk rhkcts wchac nrd idbnlinm`d nli dlfgradnm`d. ^. Ihslkuhsc eurhsihagl frgb vdlud. N. Vdlud hs idldi ns tcd pnrau`nr agultry gr kdgkrnpchan` nrdn hl wchac n agurt whtc eurhsihagl bny cdnr nli idtdrbhld n ansd. Ht bdnls tcd p`nad gf trhn`. trhn` . Gl tcd gtcdr cnli, eurhsihagl cnli,  eurhsihagl hs tcd pgwdr gf tcd agurt tg idahid tcd ansd gl tcd bdrhts. bdrhts. Vdlud hs tcus prgadiurn`, wch`d eurhsihagl hs sumstnlvd. Hl ahvh` ansds, vdlud bny md wnhvdi gr spu`ntdi my tcd pnrds. Gl tcd gtcdr cnli, eurhsihagl hs krnltdi my `nw gr tcd Aglstugl nli anllgt md wnhvdi gr spu`ntdi.

 

Eurhsihagl gf Agurts

Jntnrulknlk Mnrnlkny

Ansds lg sumeda g Nbhanm`d Qdt`dbdl5 [cdrd gld gf cd pnry hs cd kgvdrlbdl gr sumihvhshgl gr hlsrubdln`hy cdrdgf: >.

[cdrd [cdrd gld gld pn pnr ry y hs n pum` pum`ha ha gad gadrr gr gr dbp dbp`g `gyd ydd, d, n nli li cd cd ihsp ihspu ud d rd`nds g cd pdrfgrbnlad gf chs gahn` fulagl: f ulagl:

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Gdls Gdlsds ds pul pulhs hscn cnm` m`d d my hhbp bprh rhsg sglb lbdl dl dxad dxaddi dihl hlk k gld gld yd ydnr nr g gff n l ld d dxaddihlk _4???:

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Gdl Gdlsd sdss wcd wcdrd rd cdr cdrd d hs lg prh prhvn vnd d gd gdli lidi di pnr pnry y::

9.

Ycgsd Ycgsd hlvg hlvg`v `vhl hlk k pnrd pnrdss wcg wcg rdsh rdshid id hl hl Mnrn Mnrnlkn lkny y gf ihd ihdrd rdl l ahd ahdss gr bulhahpn`hds ul`dss cdhr mnrnlkny nrd nieghlhlk:

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Ycgsd Ycgsd hlvg hlvg`v `vhl hlk k rdn` rdn` prg prgpd pdr rds ds `ga `gan ndi di hhl l ihd ihdrd rdl l ah ahds ds g grr bulhahpn`hds:

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Ycd na naaus ausdi hs hs ul ulidr id iddlgl: gl:

 

Bulhahpn` Yrhn` Agurt N. Qubbnry ru`ds5 >.

Yrna Vhg`ngls

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Vhg`ngls gf gf ] ]d dln` @nws

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Vh Vhg` g`n ngl glss gf gf A Ah hy y nli nli Bulh Bulhah ahpn pn`` gri grihl hlnl nlad ad

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N`` N`` gcd gcdrr vhg` vhg`n ngl glss wcdr wcdrd d cd cd pdln pdln` `y y igds igds lg lg dxa dxadd ddi i 6 bgl bglcs cs hbprhsglbdl nli/gr n >,??? ld. hbprhsglbdl

M. Dxa`ushvd Grhkhln` eurhsihagl5 >. N`` vhg`n vhg`ngls gls gf cd ahy ahy nli nli bulhah bulhahpn` pn` grihl grihlnla nlads ds agbb agbbhtd htdi i whc whchl hl cdhr rdspdavd eurhsihagls. eurhsihagls. =.

N`` gdls gdlsds ds pulhsc pulhscnm` nm`d d w whc hc hbprhs hbprhsglb glbdl dl lg dxaddi dxaddihlk hlk 6 ydnr ydnrss rdknri`dss gf cd nbgul gf cd ld gr ahvh` `hnmh`hy gr cd inbnkd g prgpdry crgukc arhbhln` ldk`hkdlad:

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N`` gdlsd gdlsdss p pulh ulhscn scnm`d m`d my lg bgrd bgrd cnl cnl 6 ydnr ydnrss hbp hbprhs rhsglb glbdl dl wchac wchac nrd agbbhtdi my kgvdrlbdl gahn`s nli dbp`gydds hl rd`ngl g cdhr gad. Ycd sn`nry krnid gf cd naausdi scgu`i md md`gw ‐=;‒.

 

]dkhgln` Yrhn` Agurt N. Dxa`ushvd Grhkhln` Eurhsihagl gvdr5 >. N`` arhbhln` ansds cn nrd lg whchl cd dxa`ushvd eurhsihagl eurhsihagl gf nly agur, rhmuln` gr mgiy, hlvg`vhlk gdlsds pulhscnm`d my hbprhsglbdl dxaddihlk 6 ydnrs.

M. Dxa`ushvd Nppd``nd Eurhsihagl  ‑

>. N`` ansds idahidi my BYA‘s hl ]YAs‘ rdspdavd  eurhsihagl.

Qnlihknlmnynl N. Dxa`ushvd grhkhln` eurhsihagl >. N`` gdlsds agbbhtdi my kgvdrlbdl gadrs nli dbp`gydds hl rd`ngl g cdhr gad, wcdrd gld gr bgrd ‐=;‒ grnaausdi chkcdr. gaaupy pgshgl wcgsd sn`nry krnid hs M. Dxa`ushvd Nppd``nd eurhsihagl >. Fhln` euikdbdls, rdsg`ugl gr gridr gf ]YAs hl ansds hlvg`vhlk nli dbp`gydds hl rd`ngl g cdhr kgvdrlbdl gad, wcdrdgadrs n`` gf cd naausdi gaaupy pgshgls wcgsd sn`nry krnid hs `gwdr cnl krnid ‐=;‒

 

Agurt gf Nppdn`s >. Grih Grihln lnry ry nppd nppdn` n`ss frg frgb b ]YA ]YAs, s, dxad dxadp p hl an ansd sdss dxa`ushvd`y nppdn`nm`d g cd Quprdbd Agur =. _d _dgl gl fgr fgr rdv rdvhd hdw w ffrg rgb b ]YA ]YAss hl hl ans ansds ds nppd nppdn` n`di di cdrdg frgb `gwdr agur. =. Arhbhln` ansds hl wchac cd pdln`y hbpgsdi hs idnc, rda`ushgl pdrpdun nli `hfd hbprhsglbdl gl qudsgls gf `nw nli fnas.

Quprdbd Agurt >. _dgl fgr rdvhdw gl adrgrnrh frgb cd Agur gf Nppdn`s, Qnlihknlmnynl nli ]YAs gl purd qudsgls gf `nw gl`y: gl`y:

 

^. [chac `nw idtdrbhlds tcd eurhsihagl gf tcd agurt ‑ tcd `nw hl fgrad nt tcd bd gf tcd agbbhsshgl gfwcdl tcd gdlsd gr tcd gld hl fgrad ns gf tcd bd tcd nagl hs `di7 N.

Eurhsihagl hs idtdrbhldi my tcd `nw ns gf tcd bd wcdl tcd nagl hs `di, lgt wcdl tcd gdlsd wns agbbhdi. Ycd agbbhdi. Ycd dxadpgl tg tchs ru`d hs wcdrd eurhsihagl hs idpdlidlt gl tcdbd lnturd gf tcd pgshgl gf naausdi nt tcd gf tcd agbbhsshgl gf tcd tcd gdlsd. Hl tchs ansd, eurhsihagl hs idtdrbhldi my tcd `nw hl fgrad nt tcd bd gf tcd agbbhsshgl gf tcd gdlsd.

 

^. [cnt hs tcd bdnlhlk gf tcd tdrb ‐rdku`nr agurts‒7  N. ]dku`nr agurts rdfdr tg ahvh` agurts ns gppgsdi tg bh`htnry agurts gr agurts bnrn`. Bh`htnry agurts cnvd lg eurhsihagl gvdr ahvh`hnls. ^ . [chac agurt cns eurhsihagl gvdr n agbp`dx arhbd7  N.

Eurhsihagl gvdr tcd wcg`d agbp`dx arhbd hs `gikdi whtc tcd trhn` agurt cnvhlk  eurhsihagl tg hbpgsd tcd bnxhbub nli bgrd sdrhgus pdln`ty gl nl gdlsd fgrbhlk pnrt gf tcd agbp`dx arhbd.

 

^. [cnt hs tdrrhtgrhn` eurhsihagl7 N.Ycd rdquhrdbdlt gf tdrrhtgrhn` eurhsihagl bdnls tcnt n arhbhln` nagl scgu`i md `di hl tcd p`nad wcdrd tcd arhbd wns agbbhdi, agbbhdi, dxadpt hl tcgsd ansds prgvhidi my Nra`d = gf tcd ]dvhsdi _dln` Agid. ^. Cgw hs eurhsihagl gvdr tcd pdrsgl gf tcd naausdi naquhrdi7 N. Eurhsihagl gvdr tcd pdrsgl gf tcd naausdi hs naquhrdi upgl chs nrrdst gr upgl chs vg`ultnry nppdnrnlad gr sumbhsshgl tg tcd agurt.

 

^. Anl eurhsihagl gvdr tcd pdrsgl gf tcd naausdi md wnhvdi7  N.Xds, ul`hjd eurhsihagl gvdr tcd gdlsd wchac hs aglfdrrdi my `nw gr tcd Aglstugl, eurhsihagl gvdr pdrsglnly gf tcd naausdi bnymd wnhvdi. Fgrtcd dxnbp`d, gmedagl tg tcd prgadiurd `dnihlk tg tcd nrrdst bust md gppgrtuld`y rnhsdi mdfgrd tcd naausdi dltdrs chs p`dn, gr ht hs iddbdi wnhvdi.

 

]T@D >>? _]GQDATYHGL _]GQDATYHG L GF GFFDLQDQ •

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Qdagl >. Hlstugl gf arhbhln` nagls nagls.. Fgr gdlsds wcdrd n prd`hbhlnry hlvdskngl hs rdquhrdi - my `hlk cd agbp`nhl whc cd prgpdr gadr fgr cd purpgsd gf agliualk cd rdquhshd prd`hbhlnry hlvdskngl. _rd`hbhlnry hlvdskngl hs ]D^TH]DI fgr gdlsds wcdrd cd pdln`y prdsarhmdi my `nw hs n `dns 9 ydnrs, = bglcs nli >iny whcgu rdknri g ld (]u`d >>=, Qda. > _nr.=). Fgr n`` gtcdr gdlsds - my `hlk cd agbp`nhl gr hlfgrbngl ihrda`y whc cd Bulhahpn` Yrhn` Agurs nli Bulhahpn` Ahrauh Yrhn` Agurs, gr cd

agbp`nhl whc cd gad gf cd prgsdaugr  

- IGDQ LGY N__@X tg gdlsds wchac nrd sumedat tg subbnry prgadiurd. Ddat gf hlstugl gf tcd arhbhln` nagl5 - H hldrrups cd rullhlk gf cd pdrhgi gf prdsarhpgl gf cd gdlsd acnrkdi ul`dss gcdrwhsd prgvhidi my spdahn` `nws. ]dbdihds gf tcd gdlidi pnrty hf tcd prgsdautgr rdfusds tg `d nl hlfgrbngl5 bnlinbus,, hl ansd gf krnvd nmusd gf >. `d `d n nl l nag nagl l fgr fgr bnlinbus ihsardgl: =. `gikd n ldw agbp`nhl agbp`nhl mdfgrd mdfgrd cd cd agur cnvhlk eurhsihagl eurhsihagl gvdr cd gdlsd: cd bntdr bntdr whc cd Qdard Qdardnry nry gf Eusad Eusad hl 1. njd up cd naagrinlad whc cd ]dv. Nibhlhsrnvd Agid: 9. hls hlsud ud nl nibhlh nibhlhsrn srnvd vd acnrkds acnrkds nknhls cd drrhlk prgsdaugr: nli 4. `d arhbhln` arhbhln` nagl nagl nknhls nknhls cd prgsd prgsdaug augrr whc cd

agrrdspglihlk agrrdspgli hlk ahvh` nagl fgr inbnkds.  

Bny Hleulagl Hssud tg ]dstrnhl Arhbhln` _rgsdaugl7 KDLD]N@ ]T@D5 Arhbhln` prgsdaugls bny LGY md rdstrnhldi gr stnydi my hleulagl, prd`hbhlnry gr ln` . Ycd rdnsgl mdhlk, pum`ha hldrds rdquhrds cn arhbhln` nas md hbbdihnd`y hlvdskndi nli prgsdaudi fgr cd prgdagl gf cd sgahdy (Igbhlkg vs. Qnlihknlmnynl, 1== QA]N 644). DSAD_YHGLQ5 >. Yg n ngr gri in nid idqu qun nd d prgdagl g cd aglsugln` rhkcs gf cd naausdi: =. [cdl ldadssnry fgr cd gridr`y nibhlhsrngl gf eusad gr g nvghi gpprdsshgl gr bu`p`hahy gf nagls: 1. [cdl cdl c cdrd drd hs hs n prdeuihahn` qudsgl wchac hs sumeuihad sumeuihad:: 9. [cdl [cdl cd cd na nass gf c cd d ga gadr dr nrd whcgu gr hl dxadss gf nucgrhy: 4. [cdl [cdl cd cd prg prgsd sdau aug gl l hs hs ulidr nl hlvn`hi `nw, grihlnlad gr rdku`ngl rdku`ngl:: 6. [cdl igum`d edgpnriy hs a`dnr`y nppnrdl: nppnrdl: ;. [cdl c cd agur cni lg eurhsihagl gvdr cd gdlsd: gdlsd: 3. [cdl [cdl h hs n ansd ansd gf pdrsdaugl rncdr cnl prgsdaugl: prgsdaugl: 8. [cdl c cd acnrkds nrd bnlhfds`y fn`sd nli bgvndi my `us fgr vdlkdnlad:: nli vdlkdnlad •

>?.[cdl cdrd hs a`dnr`y lg prhbn fnahd ansd nknhls cd naausdi nli n bggl g qunsc gl cn krguli cns mddl idlhdi.

 

^. [cnt hs tcd ddat gf tcd hlstugl gf tcd arhbhln` nagl gl tcd pdrhgi gf prdsarhpgl p rdsarhpgl gf tcd gdlsd7 N. Ycd hlstugl hlstugl gf tcd arhb arhbhln` hln` nagl scn`` hltdr hltdrrupt rupt tcd rullhlk gf tcd pdrhgi gf prdsarhpgl gf tcd gdlsd ul`dss gtcdrwhsd prgvhidi hl spdahn` `nws.  `nws. Ycd ru`d igds lgt npp`y tg vhg`ngls gf bulhahpn` grihlnlads nli spdahn` `nws. Ycd prdsarhpvd pdrhgis fgr vhg`ngls gf spdahn` `nws nrd hltdrruptdi gl`y my tcd hlstugl gf euihahn` prgaddihlks fgr tcdhr hlvdskngl nli pulhscbdlt, wch`d vhg`ngls gf bulhahpn` grihlnlads prdsarhmd ndr twg bgltcs. ^. Ihslkuhsc ‐hlstugl‒ frgb ‐agbbdladbdlt‒ gf nl nagl.  N. Fgr gdlsds gdlsds wchac wchac rdquhrd rdquhrd n prd`hbhlnr prd`hbhlnry y hlvdskngl hlvdskngl,, tcd arhbhln` nagl hs hlstutdi  hlstutdi my `hlk tcd agbp`nhlt fgr prd`hbhlnry hlvdskngl. Ycd arhbhln` nagl hs agbbdladi agbbdladi wcdl  wcdl tcd agbp`nhlt gr hlfgrbngl hs `di hl agurt.

 

^. Anl tcd gdlidi pnrty kg ihrdat`y tg agurt tg `d n arhbhln` nagl7  N. Lg. Mdf Mdfgrd grd n agbp` agbp`nhl nhltt hs ` `di di hl agurt agurt,, tcdrd tcdrd scgu`i scgu`i cnvd mddl n aglfrgltngl mdtwddl tcd pnrds mdfgrd tcd @upgl acnhrbnl. Ycd @upgl sdardtnry bust adrfy tcnt lg aglah`hngl gr sd`dbdlt wns rdnacdi, ndstdi tg my tcd @upgl acnhrbnl. Ycd agbp`nhlt bny n`sg md `di hf tcd sd`dbdlt hs rdpuihntdi my tcd pnrds. ^. Nrd tcdrd dxadpgls wcdl tcd pnrds bny kg ihrdat`y tg agurt7 N. >.[cdrd tcd naausdi hs ulidr idtdlgl. idtdlgl. =.[cdrd n pdrsgl cns gtcdrwhsd mddl idprhvdi gf pdrsgln` `hmdrty an``hlk `hmdrty an``hlk fgr cnmdns agrpus prgaddihlks. 1.[cdrd nagls nrd agup`di whtc prgvhshgln` rdbdihds rdbdihds..

9.[cdrd tcd nagl bny md mnrrdi my tcd stntutd gf `hbhtngls.. `hbhtngls

 

Qdagl =. Fgrb gf tcd agbp`nhlt gr hlfgrbngl. hlfgrbngl . FG]B5 >. Hl w wrh rhlk: lk: =. Hl cd lnbd gf c cd d _dgp`d gf cd _ch`hpphlds: _ch`hpphlds: nli 1. Nknhls n`` pdrsgl pdrsglss wcg nppdnr g md md rdspglshm`d rdspglshm`d fgr cd gdlsd hlvg`vdi. Qdagl 1. Agbp`nhlt idldi. N Agbp`nhlt hs5 >. n swgrl wr wrhtdl htdl sn sndbd dbdl: l: =. acnrkhlk n pdrsgl whc nl gdlsd: 1. sumsarhmdi my cd gdlid gdlidi i pnry, nly pdnad pdnad gadr gr gcdr pum`ha gadr acnrkdi whc cd dlfgradbdl gf cd `nw vhg`ndi

 

^.

[cnt hs tcd fgrb rdquhrdi fgr tcd agbp`nhlt gr hlfgrbngl7

N.

Ycd agbp`nhlt gr hlfgrbngl scn`` md hl wrhlk, hl tcd lnbd gf tcd _dgp`d gf tcd _ch`hpphlds nli nknhlst n`` pdrsgls wcg nppdnr tg md rdspglshm`d fgr tcd gdlsd hlvg`vdi. ^. [cy scgu`i n agbp`nhlt gr hlfgrbngl md hl tcd lnbd gf tcd _dgp`d gf tcd _ch`hpphlds7   N. Arhbhln` nagls bust md agbbdladi hl tcd lnbd gf tcd _dgp`d mdanusd eust ns n arhbd hs nl gutrnkd nknhlst tcd pdnad nli sdaurhty gf tcd pdgp`d nt `nrkd, sg bust hts vhlihangl md hl tcd lnbd gf tcd _dgp`d.. Cgwdvdr, ht tcd nagl hs hlstutdi hl tcd _dgp`d lnbd gdlidi pnrtynli gr gf n pnrau`nr tcd idfdatgfhstcd bdrd`y gf fgrb bny md aurdiahty, nt nly

stntd gf tcd trhn`.  

[CG ANL FH@D N AGB_@NHLY >. Gdl Gdlid idi i pnr pnry y =. Nly Nly pdn pdnad ad g gad adrr 1. Gcdr pum`ha pum`ha ga gadr dr acnrkdi acnrkdi whc cd dlf dlfgradbdl gradbdl gf cd `nw vhg`ndi dx. Hldrln` ]dvdlud Gadr fgr vhg`ngl gf cd LH]A, ausgb nkdls whc rdspda g vhg`ngls gf cd Ynrh nli Ausgbs Agid

Qdagl 9. Hlfgrbngl idldi.  Nl Hlfgrbngl hs5 >. nl naau naausn sngl gl hl wrhl wrhlk: k: =. acnrkhlk acnrkhlk n pdr pdrsgl sgl w whc hc nl gdlsd gdlsd:: 1. sumsarhm sumsarhmdi di my cd prgsda prgsdaugr ugr nli nli `di whc cd cd agu agur. r. ]D^THQHYDQ GF NL HLFG]BNYHGL ]D^THQHYDQ >. h bus bus md hl wrh wrhl lk: k: =. h bus bus acnrkd acnrkd n pdrsg pdrsgl l whc nl gdlsd: gdlsd: 1. h bus bus md sumsarhm sumsarhmdi di my cd san`: san`: nli 9. h bus bus md `di `di hl agu agur. r.

9. h bus bus md `di `di hl agu agur. r.  

Agbp`nhlt

Hlfgrbngl

Qumsarhmdi my cd Qumsarhmdi my cd san` gdlidi pnry, nly pdnad (hlihspdlsnm`d gadr gr gcdr gadr rdquhrdbdl) acnrkdi whc cd dlfgradbdl gf cd `nw vhg`ndi

h bny md `di dhcdr hl h hs `di whc cd agur agur gr hl cd prgsdaugr‘s gad bus md bnid ulidr gnc

lddi lg md ulidr gnc

 

_rgsdaugl hl cd ]YA nrd n`wnys agbbdladi my hlfgrbngl, DSAD_Y5  >. hl adrnhl arhbds nknhls acnsy (aglaumhlnkd, niu`dry, sdiuagl, nmiuagl, nas gf `nsahvhgusldss): nli =. idfnb idfnbn ngl glss hbpu hbpulk lk nly nly gf cd cd nfgrdsnhi gdlsds wcdrdhl gdlsds wcdrdhl n swgrl wrhtdl agbp`nhl hs rdquhrdi hl naagrinlad whc sdagl 4 gf chs

]u`d.  

Qdagl 4. [cg bust prgsdautd arhbhln` nagls. FT@@ IHQA]DYHGL NLI AGLY]G@ GF YCD _]GQDATYG] N`` arhbhln` nagls agbbdladi my n agbp`nhl gr hlfgrbngl scn`` •

md prgsdaudi ulidr cd ihrdagl nli aglrg` gf cd prgsdaugr.   N _]HVNYD _]GQDATYG]  bny md nucgrhzdi g prgsdaud n arhbhln` nagl sumeda g cd fg``gwhlk aglihgls5 >. cd pu pum`h m`haa pr prgsd gsdau augr gr c cns ns n CDNVX [G]J QACDIT@D, gr cdrd hs lg pum`ha prgsdaugr nsshkldi hl cd prgvhlad gr ahy: =. cd p prhv rhvnd nd pr prgsd gsdau augr gr hs nu nucgr cgrhzd hzdi i HL []HYHLK my cd ]dkhgln` Qnd _rgsdaugr (]Q_), _rgvhlahn` gr Ahy _rgsdaugr: 1. cd n nucg ucgrhy rhy gf cd prhvn prhvnd d pr prgsdau gsdaugr gr b bus us m md d N__]GVDI MX YCD AGT]Y: 9. c cd d pr prhv hvn nd d prg prgsd sdau aug grr scn`` agllud tg prgsdautd tcd ansd ul` tcd dli gf tcd trhn` ul`dss tcd nutcgrhty hs whtcirnwl gr gtcdrwhsd rdvgjdi my tcd ]Q_, _rgvhlahn` gr Ahty _rgsdautgr: nli 4. Hl ansd gf tcd whtcirnwn` gr rdvgangl gf tcd nutcgrhty gf tcd prhvntd prgsdautgr, tcd snbd bust md npprgvdi my agurt. 6. 4, (Bdb (Bdbg Ahra. Lg Lg.. =4, Nprh Nprh`` =6, =??= =??=,, ]dknr ]dknrihlk ihlk Nb Nbdli dlibdl bdl g Qd Qda. a. ]u`dg>>?)

 

•

Hl nppdn`s mdfgrd tcd AN nli tcd QA, ht hs gl`y tcd QG@HAHYG] KDLD]N@ tcnt hs nutcgrhzdi tg mrhlk nli idfdli nagls hl mdcn`f gf tcd _dgp`d gf tcd _ch`hpphlds (_dgp`d vs. Lnlg, =?4 QA]N >44).

  •

Hl n`` ansds d`dvndi g cd Qnlihknlmnynl nli frgb cd Qnlihknlmnynl g cd QA, tcd Gad gf

tcd Gbmuisbnl, tcrgukc hts Qpdahn` _rgsdautgr scn`` rdprdsdlt tcd _dgp`d gf tcd _ch`hpphlds , DSAD_Y hl ansds `di pursunl g D.G. Lgs. >, =, >9 nli >9-N, hssudi hl >836 (Qda. 9, ]N 3=98).

 

_]GQDATYHGL GF A]HBDQ NKNHLQY ACNQYHYX  [CG BNX _]GQDATYD >. Agl Aglaum aumhln hlnkd kd nli niu niu`td `tdry  ry   ‑ gl`y my cd gdlidi spgusd wcg scgu`i cnvd gf cd snus, anpnahy, nli `dkn` rdprdsdlngl n cd bd gf `hlk cd agbp`nhl, rdknri`dss gf nkd: =. Qdiua Qdiuagl, gl, Nmiua Nmiuagl gl nli Nats Nats gf @nsahv @nsahvhgusl hgusldss dss    ‑ prgsdaudi dxa`ushvd`y nli suaadsshvd`y my tcd fg``gwhlk pdrsgls hl tchs gridr5 n)

my cd gdlidi wgbnl

m)

my cd pnrdl pnrgridr dls, s, krnlip krnlipnrd nrdls ls gr `dk `dkn`/ n`/eui euihah hahn` n` kun kunrih rihnls nls hl cn cn suaadsshvd my cd cd Q Qn nd d hl cd cd d dxd xdra rahs hsd d gf gf cd cd rh rhkc kc gf gf  pnrdls pntrhnd, wcdl cd gdlidi pnry ihds gr mdagbds hlanpnahndi mdfgrd scd agu`i `d cd agbp`nhl nli scd cns lg jlgwl pnrdls, krnlipnrdls gr kunrihnl.

a)

1. N idfnbngl hbpulk tg n pdrsgl nly gf tcd fgrdkghlk  arhbds gf aglaumhlnkd, niu`dry, sdiuagl, nmiuagl, rnpd gr nas gf `nsahvhgusldss anl md prgsdautdi gl`y my tcd pnrty gr pnrds idfnbdi (Nra`d 16?, `ns pnr., ]dvhsdi _dln` Agid). * Hf cd gdlidi pnry hs gf `dkn` nkd NLI igds lg sudr frgb pcyshan` ihsnmh`hy, scd n`gld anl `d cd agbp`nhl g cd dxa`ushglgrgfbdln` n`` gcdrs.

 

[CG ANL KHVD _N]IGL >. Aglaumhlnkd nli niu`tdry   - gl`y cd gdlidi spgusd, lg gcdrwhsd hlanpnahndi hlanpnahndi, , anl vn`hi`y dxdli cd pnrigl gr aglsdl agldbp`ndi cdrdhl. =. Qdiuagl, nmiuagl, nli nats gf `nsahvhgusldss `nsahvhguslds s ‑ n) tc tcd d gd gdli lidi di bh bhlg lgr, r, hf wh whtc tc su suah ahdl dltt ihs ihsard ardg gl l, anl vn`hi`y pnrigl cd naausdi my cdrsd`f hf scd cns lg pnrdls gr wcdrd cd naausdi hs cdr gwl fncdr nli cdr bgcdr hs idni: m) tc tcd d pnrd pnrdlt lts, s, krnl krnlip ipnr nrdl dlts ts gr kun kunri rihn hnl l gf tcd tcd gd gdli lidi di bhlgr, hl tcnt gridr, ANLLGY dxdli n vn`hi pnrigl hl snhi arhbds [HYCGTY cd aglfgrbhy gf cd gdlidi pnry, dvdl hf cd `ntdr hs n bhlgr: tcd d gd gdli lidi di wg wgbnl bnl hs gf nkd nl nli i lgt lgt gt gtcd cdrw rwhs hsd d a) hf tc hlanpnahtntdi, gl`y scd anl dxtdli n vn`hi pnrigl.

 

^. [cg hs tcd ‐gdlidi pnrty‒7  N. Ycd gdlidi pnrty hs tcd pdrsgl natun``y hleurdi gr wcgsd fdd`hlk hs gdlidi. Cd gdlidi. Cd hs tcd gld tg wcgb tcd gdlidr hs n`sg ahvh``y `hnm`d ulidr Nra`d >?? gf tcd ]_A. Ycd gdlidi pnrty wcg hltdrvdlds hl n arhbhln` nagl hs tcd pdrsgl wcg hs dlt`di tg ahvh` hlidblhty hl n ahvh` nagl nrhshlk gut gf tcd arhbhln` nat fgr wchac tcd naausdi hs acnrkdi. ^. Hf tcd gdlidi pnrty pnrty ihds mdfgrd cd hs nm`d tg `d n agbp`nhlt, anl chs cdhrs `d ht hl chs mdcn`f7 N. Lg. Ycd rhkct tg `d n arhbhln` nagl hs pdrsgln` nli nmntds upgl tcd idntc gf tcd gdlidi pnrty. pnrty. Ht hs lgt trnlsbhsshm`d tg tcd cdhrs.  cdhrs.   ^. Anl tcd fntcdr `d n agbp`nhlt gl mdcn`f gf chs inukctdr fgr aglaumhlnkd7 N. Lg. Ycd ru`d n``gwhlk cd pnrdls, krnlipnrdls, nli kunrihnls g `d n agbp`nhl gl mdcn`f gf cd bhlgr npp`hds gl`y g cd gdlsds gf sdiuagl, nmiuagl, nli nas gf `nsahvhgusldss. N agbp`nhl fgr niu`dry gr aglaumhlnkd bny md `di gl`y my cd gdlidi spgusd.

 

^. Hf tcd gdlidi pnrty hl nmiuagl, sdiuagl, nli nats gf `nsahvhgusldss hs gf nkd, anl cdr pnrdlts `d tcd agbp`nhlt fgr cdr7   N. Lg. Hf cd gd gdlidi lidi p pnry nry hs n`r n`rdniy dniy gf nkd, scd cns cd dxa`ushvd rhkc g `d cd agbp`nhl ul`dss scd mdagbds hlanpnahndi. Ycd pnrdls, krnlipnrdls, nli kunrihnl gl`y cnvd dxa`ushvd, suaadsshvd nucgrhy g `d cd ansd hf cd gdlidi pnry hs s`` n bhlgr. ^. Hf tcd gdlidi pnrty ihds iurhlk tcd pdlidlay pdlidlay gf tcd ansd, hs tcd arhbhln` `hnmh`hty gf tcd

naausdi dxlkuhscdi7

N.Lg.  

^. S `di n swgrl agbp`nhlt fgr nats gf `nsahvhgusldss mdfgrd tcd prgsdautgr. Mdfgrd tcd prgsdautgr agu`i `d tcd ansd hl agurt, S ihdi. Anl tcd prgsdautgr s`` `d tcd hlfgrbngl hl agurt7  N. Xds. Ycd idshrd idshrd gf S tg `d tcd ansd hhss dvhidlt dvhidlt my cdr `hlk `hlk gf cdr swgrl agbp`nhlt whtc tcd prgsdautgr. ^. Nl hlfgrbngl fgr rgmmdry whtc rnpd wns `di nknhlst S. S bgvdi tg ihsbhss tcd hlfgrbngl gl tcd krguli tcnt tcdrd wns lg agbp`nhlt `di my tcd gdlidi pnrty. Qcgu`i tcd ansd md ihsbhssdi7 N. Lg. Hl rgmmdry whtc rnpd, tcd agbp`nhlt gf tcd gdlidi pnrty hs lgt ldadssnry shlad tcd gdlsd gf rgmmdry hs lgt n prhvntd gdlsd. Ycd prgsdaugl anl md agbbdladi whtcgut tcd agbp`nhlt gf tcd gdlidi pnrty.

 

Ycd pnrigl rdfdrs g pnrigl MDFG]D `hlk gf cd arhbhln` agbp`nhl hl agur. _nrigl ddadi ndr cd `hlk gf cd agbp`nhl hl agur igds LGY prgchmh cd agllunlad gf cd prgsdaugl gf cd gdlsd DSAD_Y hl ansd gf bnrrhnkd mdwddl cd gdlidr nli cd gdlidi pnry. _N]IGL vs. AGLQDLY AGLQDLY rdfdrs tg futurd nats, wch`d _N]IGL rdfdrs tg pnst nats gf niu`tdry. Ycd hbpgrnlad gf chs ihslagl hs cn aglsdl, hl gridr g nmsg`vd cd naausdi frgb `hnmh`hy, hs suahdl dvdl hf krnldi gl`y g cd gdlihlk spgusd, wcdrdns pnrigl bus md dxdlidi g mgc gdlidrs Ycd QTMQD^TDLY BN]]HNKD mdwddl cd gdlidi pnry nli cd naausdi dxlkuhscds cd arhbhln` `hnmh`hy gf cd `ntdr, gkdcdr whc cn gf cd ag-prhlahpn`s, naagbp`hads naagbp`hads nli naadssgrhds. naadssgrhds . DSAD_Y5

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n) m) a)

wc wcdr drd d cd cd bnrr bnrrhn hnkd kd wns wns hlv hlvn` n`hi hi gr gr agl aglrn rna adi di hl hl mn mni i fn fnh hc c hl gri gridr dr g dsanpd arhbhln` `hnmh`hy, hl ‐prhvnd `hmd`‒ hl bu` bu`p p`d `d rnp rnpd, d, hls hlsgf gfnr nr ns tcd tcd gtc gtcdr dr na naau ausd sdi i hl tc tcd d gtcd gtcdrr nats nats gf gf rnpd rdspdavd`y agbbhdi my tcdb nrd agladrldi.

 

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IDNYC  gf gld gf cd     Ycd NA^THYYN@ G] IDNYC  naausdi hl cd arhbd gf niu`dry igds lg mnr cd prgsdaugl gf cd gcdr naausdi (_dgp`d vs. Ygphþg, dt n`., 14 _ch`. 8?> ). CG[DVD], cd idnc gf cd gdlidi spgusd mdfgrd cd `hlk gf cd agbp`nhl fgr niu`dry mnrs furcdr prgsdaugl,, MTY prgsdaugl MTY   hf cd gdlidi spgusd ihdi ndr  cd `hlk gf cd agrrdspglihlk agbp`nhl, chs idnc wh`` LGY prdvdl cd

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prgaddihlk frgb aglluhlk g hs u`bnd agla`ushgl.. agla`ushgl IDQHQYNLAD   gf agbp`nhlnl igds lg mnr     IDQHQYNLAD arhbhln` prgsdaugl mu h gpdrnds ns wnhvdr gf cd rhkc g pursud ahvh` hlidblhy.

gf cd rhkc g pursud ahvh` hlidblhy.  

Qdagl 6. Quahdlay gf agbp`nhlt gr hlfgrbngl.  AGLYDLYQ GF N VN@HI AGB_@NHLY G] HLFG]BNYHGL >. Lnbd gf c cd d naausdi, naausdi, hl hla`ui a`uihlk hlk nl nly y nppd nppd``ng ``ngl l gr lhaj lhajlnbd lnbd *Nl drrgr hl cd lnbd gf cd naausdi hs lg rdvdrshm`d ns `glk ns chs hidly hs suahdl`y dsnm`hscdi nli chs idfda hs aurnm`d n nly snkd gf cd prgaddihlks ns cd hlsdrgl gf cd rdn` lnbd gf cd naausdi hs bdrd`y n bntdr gf fgrb. =. 1. 9. 4. 6.

Ycd id idshk shkln lngl gl g gff c cd dg gdl dlsd sd Ycd na nass gr gbhs gbhsshgl shglss agbp` agbp`nhld nhldi i gf ns ag aglsu lsulk lk c cd d gdl gdlsd sd Ycd lnb lnbd dg gff c cd d g gdl dlid idi i pnry pnry Ycd np npprgx prgxhbnd hbnd bd gf cd ag agbbhss bbhsshgl hgl g gff cd gdl gdlsd sd Ycd p p`nad `nad wcdr wcdrdhl dhl cd gdl gdlsd sd w wns ns agb agbbhtd bhtdi i

_T]_GQD GF YCD ]T@D •

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>. Yg hlfgrb cd naausdi gf cd lnurd nli anusd gf naausngl nknhls chb. =. Yg lgfy cd idfdlinl gf cd arhbhln` nas hbpudi g chb sg

cn cd anl iu`y prdpnrd chs idfdlsd idfdlsd..  

Qumsnln` idfda hl cd hlfgrbngl anllg md aurdi my dvhidlad cn wgu`i edgpnrihzd cd naausdi‘s rhkc g md hlfgrbdi gf cd rud lnurd gf cd gdlsd cd hs mdhlk acnrkdi whc Qdagl ;. Lnbd gf tcd naausdi. naausdi. _T]_GQD5 Ycd bnlhfds hldl gf cd prgvhshgl hs g BNJD N Q_DAHFHA •

HIDLYHFHANYHGL GF YCD _D]QGL g wcgb cd agbbhsshgl gf nl gdlsd hs mdhlk hbpudi. Qdagl 3. Idshklngl gf tcd gdlsd.  Ycd hlfgrbngl gr agbp`nhl bus snd gr idshklnd cd fg``gwhlk wcdldvdr pgsshm`d5 >. Ycd idshkln idshklngl gl gf cd cd gdlsd gdlsd khvdl my cd cd snud. snud. =. Ycd sndbdl gf cd nas gr gbhsshgls aglsulk cd gdlsd, hl grihlnry, aglahsd nli pnrau`nr wgris. wgris. 1. Ycd Q_DAHFHA ^TN@HFXHLK NLI NKK]NVNYHLK ahraubsnlads bus md sndi hl grihlnry nli aglahsd `nlkunkd. `nlkun kd.

 

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Hl wcnt ansd anl nl naausdi LGY md aglvhatdi gf n arhbd ihdrdlt frgb tcnt idshklntdi hl tcd agbp`nhlt gr hlfgrbngl dvdl dv dl hf tcd rdahtn`s n``dkd tcd agbbhsshgl gf tcd arhbd7

N. Hf ht hlvg hlvg`v `vds ds55 >. n acnlkd acnlkd gf tcd tcd tcdgry tcdgry gf tcd trhn` trhn` =. rdquhrds rdquhrds gf tcd tcd idfdlinlt idfdlinlt n ihdrdlt ihdrdlt idfdls idfdlsd d 1. surprhsds surprhsds tcd tcd naausdi naausdi hl nly nly wny S wns gf h``dkn` pgssdsshgl gf rdnrbs, mut tg tcd pgssdss hlfgrbngl ^. ihi lgt naausdi n``dkd tcnt S ihi lgt cnvd nly `hadlsd tcd rdnrb. Hs tcd hlfgrbngl vn`hi7   N. Lg. Ycd nmsdlad gf tcd `hadlsd hs nl dssdln` d`dbdlt gf tcd gdlsd. Ycdrdfgrd, ht scgu`i md n``dkdi hl tcd agbp`nhlt gr hlfgrbngl. S wns acnrkdi whtc h``dkn` pgssdsshgl gf gphub. S agltdlis tcnt tcd hlfgrbngl wns hlvn`hi fgr fnh`urd tg n``dkd tcnt cd ihi lgt cnvd n prdsarhpgl frgb n pcyshahnl. Hs S agrrdat7  N. Lg. Ycd nmsdlad nmsdlad gf tcd prdsarhpgl prdsarhpgl hs lgt nl dssdln` dssdln` d`dbdlt d`dbdlt gf ^.

tcd gdlsd nli hs gl`y n bndr gf idfdlsd. Ht lddi lgt md n``dkdi hl tcd hlfgrbngl.

 

Ycd ^TN@HFXHLK NLI NKK]NVNYHLK AH]ATBQYNLADQ anllg md npprdahndi dvdl hf prgvdi TL@DQQ  n``dkdi hl cd hlfgrbngl. Hl ansd gf n``dkngl gf nkkrnvnlk ahraubstnlad gf CNMHYTN@ ID@HL^TDLAX, h scgu`i lg md kdldrn``y nvdrrdi. Ycd hlfgrbngl bus spdahfy cd rdquhshd inn rdknrihlk5 •

>. cd agbbhs agbbhsshgl shgl gf cd cd arhbds: arhbds: =. cd `ns `ns aglvha aglvhagl gl gr rd`dns rd`dnsd: d: 1. cd gcdr gcdr prdvhgus prdvhgus aglvhag aglvhagl l gr rd`dnsd rd`dnsd gf cd naausdi. •

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N@@DKNYHGLQ _]DVNH@ GVD] IDQHKLNYHGL GF YCD GFFDLQD HL YCD HLFG]BNY HLFG]BNYHGL HGL H hs lg cd idshklngl gf cd gdlsd hl cd agbp`nhl gr hlfgrbngl cn hs aglrg``hlk ( _dgp`d vs. Qnbh``nlg, 46 QA]N 4;1cd ): cdlnurd fnas n``dkdi cdrdhl nli( _dgp`d lg hs `d iddrbhld gf cd arhbd vs.

Bnkigwn, ;1 _ch`. 4>=).  

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Ycd naausdi bny md aglvhadi gf n arhbd bgrd sdrhgus cnl cn lnbdi hl cd `d gr prd`hbhlnry pnr hf suac arhbd hs agvdrdi my cd fnas n``dkdi hl cd mgiy gf cd hlfgrbngl nli hs agbbhsshgl hs dsnm`hscdi my dvhidlad (Mucnt vs. Agurt gf Nppdn`s, =64 QA]N ;?> ). @hbhngl gl cd ru`d cn nl naausdi bny md

aglvhadi arhbdsgwchac sdrhgus cnl cn lnbdi hl gf cdn `d `glk hsnsbgrd tcd fnats n``dkdi tcd bgrd sdrhgus gdlsd5 Nl naausdi agu`i lgt md aglvhadi ulidr gld na wcdl cd hs acnrkdi whc vhg`ngl gf nlgcdr hf cd acnlkd frgb gld snud gncd gcdr hlvg`vds5 >. n acnlkd acnlkd hl cd cdgry gf cd rhn`: rhn`: =. rdquhrds rdquhrds gf cd idfdlinl idfdlinl n ihdrdl ihdrdl idfdlsd: idfdlsd: gr 1. surprhsds surprhsds cd cd naausdi naausdi hl hl nly wny wny (T.Q. vs. _nl`h`hg, =3

_ch`. 6?1)  

Qdagl 8. Anusd gf tcd naausngl. _T]_GQD5 >. g dlnm`d cd agur g prglgulad prgpdr euikbdl: euikbdl: =. g furlhsc cd naausdi whc suac n idsarhpgl gf cd acnrkd ns g dlnm`d chb g bnjd n idfdlsd idfdlsd:: 1. ns n prgdagl nknhls furcdr prgsdaugl fgr cd snbd anusd.

]T@D GL LDKNYHVD NVD]BDLYQ KDLD]N@ ]T@D5  [cdrd cd snud pdln`hzds kdldrn``y cd nas cdrdhl idldi nli hs hldlidi g npp`y g n`` pdrsgls hlihsarhbhlnd`y, hlihsarhbhlnd `y, cd hlfgrbngl hs suahdl dvdl hf igds lg n``dkd cn cd naausdi fn``s whchl cd dxadpdi shungl, fgr cdl cd agbp`dd idlhgl gf cd gdlsd hs dlrd`y sdpnrnm`d frgb cd •

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dxadpgls nli anl md whcgu rdfdrdlad cd `ntdr. Hl ansd, cd dxadpgl hs nbnid bntdr gf idfdlsd wchacg cd naausdi cnschs g prgvd. DSAD_YHGL5  [cdrd cd snud n``dkdi g cnvd mddl vhg`ndi npp`hds gl`y g n spdaha a`nss gf pdrsgls nli g spdahn` aglihgls, cd hlfgrbngl bus n``dkd fnas dsnm`hschlk cn cd naausdi fn``s whchl cd spdaha a`nss ndadi nli lg cgsd ndadi frgb cd

agvdrnkd gf `nw. [cdrd ldknvd nvdrbdl hs nl dssdln` d`dbdl gf cd arhbd, h bus md prgvdi.  

Qdagl >?. _`nad gf agbbhsshgl gf tcd gdlsd   _T]_GQD5 Yg scgw drrhgrhn` eurhsihagl. Qdagl >>. Intd gf agbbhsshgl gf tcd gdlsd   KDLD]N@ ]T@D ]T@D5   5rdquhrdi cn cd agbp`nhl gr H hs LGY hlfgrbngl snd whc pnrau`nrhy cd _@NAD wcdrd cd arhbd wns agbbhtdi nli cd INYD  gf

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cd agbbhsshgl gf cd arhbd. DSAD_YHGL5 Hf cd _@NAD/INYD gf cd agbbhsshgl gf cd gdlsd aglsuds nl dssdln` d`dbdl gf cd gdlsd. •

 

^. [cnt nrd tcd gdlsds hl wchac tcd pnrau`nr p`nad wcdrd tcd gdlsd wns agbbhdi hs dssdln`7 N. >.Vhg`ngl gf igbhah`d =._dln`ty gl tcd jddpdr, wntacbnl, vhshtgr gf gphub idl 1.Yrdspnss tg iwd``hlk 9.Vhg`ngl gf d`dagl `nw (prgchmhlk tcd anrryhlk gf n idni`y wdnpgl wdnpgl whtchl whtchl n 1?-bdtdr rnihus gf  

pg``hlk p`nads)   4. Hltdrrupgl gf rd`hkhgus wgrschp 6. ]gmmdry hl nl hlcnmhtdi p`nad ;. Gtcdr fgrb gf trdspnss ^. agbbhsshgl [cnt nrd gftcd wchac tcd bd gf tcd tcd gdlsds gdlsd hs hl dssdln`7 >.Hlfnlahid =.Vhg`ngl gf Quliny Qtntutds (D`dagl @nw) 1.Nmgrgl 9. _cyshan` hleurhds (Nrt. =61, =69, =64 nli =66 gf tcd ]_A)

 

^.[cdrd ^. [cdrd scgu`i n arhbhln` nagl md hlstutdi7  N. Hl tcd agurt gf tcd bulhahpn`hty bulhahpn`hty gr tdrrhtgry wcdrd wcdrd tcd gdlsd wns agbbhdi gr wcdrd nly gf hts dssdln`

8hc

Qnlihknlmnynl hlkrdihdlts gaaurrdi(Dxadpgl5 gaaurrdi(Dxadpgl5 ansds). M. Hf agbbhdi agbbhdi hl n trnhl, nhrarn nhrarn,, gr gtcdr pum`ha gr prhvntd vdcha`d5 hl tcd agurt gf nly bulhahpn`hty bulhahpn`hty gr tdrrhtgry wcdrd tcd vdcha`d pnssdi iurhlk hts trhp, hla`uihlk tcd p`nad gf idpnrturd gr nrrhvn`. A. Hf agbbhdi agbbhdi gl mgnri n vdssd` hl tcd agursd gf hts hts vgynkd5 hl tcd agurt gf tcd rst pgrt gf dltry gr gf nly bulhahpn`hty gr tdrrhtgry wcdrd tcd vdssd` pnssdi iurhlk tcd vgynkd, sumedat tg tcd kdldrn``y naadptdi prhlahp`ds gf hltdrlngln` `nw. I.Arhbds agbbhdi gutshid tcd _ch` mut pulhscnm`d ulidr Nra`d = gf tcd ]_A5 nly agurt wcdrd tcd nagl

hs rst `di.  

Qdagl >=. Lnbd gf tcd gdlidi pnrty KDLD]N@ ]T@D5  Ycd gdlidi pnry bus md idshklndi my lnbd, lhajlnbd, nly gcdr nppd``ngl gr my agus lnbd. •

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  Hl A]HBDQ idsarhpgl gf cd DSAD_YHGL5 NKNHLQY prgpdry bus supp`dbdl cd_]G_D]YX, n``dkngl cd cn cd gwldr hs uljlgwl. Qdagl >1. Iup`hahty gf gdlsd.  Ycdrd hs iup`hahy wcdl cd agbp`nhl gr hlfgrbngl acnrkds = gr •

bgrd IHQYHLAY gr IHFFD]D IHFFD]DLY LY gdlsds. KDLD]N@ ]T@D5 N agbp`nhl gr hlfgrbngl bus acnrkd gl`y gld gdlsd. DSAD_YHGLQ5 • Agbp`dx arhbds • Qpdahn` Agbp`dx arhbds • Agllugus arhbds gr id`hag agllunig • Arhbds gf wchac nlgcdr gdlsd hs nl hlkrdihdl. *Qcgu`i cdrd md iup`hahy gf gdlsd hl cd hlfgrbngl, tcd naausdi bust bgvd fgr tcd qunscn` gf tcd snbd MDFG]D nrrnhklbdlt, gcdrwhsd, cd hs iddbdi g cnvd wnhvdi cd

gmedagl nli bnymd fguli kuh`y gf ns bnly gdlsds ns cgsd acnrkdi nli prgvdi iurhlk cd rhn`.  

^. Hl wcnt ansd hs tcd lnbd gf tcd gdlidi pnrty ihspdlsnm`d7    N.tcd Hl gdlsdspnrty nknhlst tcd lnbd gf gdlidi bnyprgpdrty, md ihspdlsdi whtc ns `glk ns tcd gmedat tnjdl gr idstrgydi hs pnrau`nr`y idsarhmdi tg prgpdrty hidlfy tcd

^.gdlsd [cnt hs n acnlkd gf vdlud7 [cdl ht hs n``gwdi7 N.Ycd Quprdbd Agurt cns tcd pgwdr tg gridr tcd acnlkd gf vdlud gr p`nad gf trhn` tg nvghi bhsanrrhnkd gf eusad. Ycd trnlsfdr tg p`nad wcdrd tcd prgsdaugl whtldssds' anl fd`` frdd tg rdvdn` wcnt tcdy jlgw nrd eusdi. Lgtwhtcstnlihlk, n acnlkd gf p`nad gf trhn` hl arhbhln` scgu`i md lgt md krnltdi fgr wchbshan`ansds gr hbsy rdnsgl.

 

^ [cnt hs tcd tcd ddat ddat gf tcd fnh`urd fnh`urd gf tcd naausdi naausdi tg   gmedat tg n iup`hahtgus hlfgrbngl7 nrrnhklbdlt, N. Hf tcd naausdi fnh`s tg gmedat mdfgrd nrrnhklbdlt, tcd rhkct hs iddbdi wnhvdi wnhvdi,, nli cd bny md aglvhatdi gf ns bnly gdlsds ns tcdrd nrd acnrkdi. ^. S r rdi ch chs ku kul glad, mu mut tcd mu``dt jh jh``di twg pdrsgls. Cd wns acnrkdi whtc twg agults gf cgbhahid hl gld hlfgrbngl. Anl cd md aglvhatdi ulidr tcnt hlfgrbngl7  N. Xds. Ht fn``s ulidr tcd dxadpgl tg tcd ru`d. Ychs hs n agbpguli arhbd hl wchac gld nat rdsu`ts hl twg gr bgrd krnvd gr `dss krnvd fd`glhds. Ycd `nw prgvhids gl`y gld pdln`ty fgr tcd twg gdlsds.

 

rgmmdry nli dstnfn ^. S wns acnrkdi whtc mgtc rgmmdry gld hlfgrbngl. Anl cd md aglvhatdi gf mgtc gdlsds7 

hl

N. Ht i idp dpdl dlis is.. Hf cd cdanllgt gmedatsmdtgaglvhatdi tcd iup`hahtgus hlfgrbngl mdfgrd nrrnhklbdlt, ulidr tcd hlfgrbngl hlfgrbngl. . Mut hf cd fnh`s tg gmedat mdfgrd nrrnhklbdlt, cd anl md aglvhatdi gf ns bnly gdlsds ns tcdrd nrd hl tcd hlfgrbngl. hlfgrbngl.   ^. [cnt hs tcd _]HLAH_@D _]HLAH_@D GF NMQG]_YHGL7 NMQG]_YHGL7  N. Hl ansds gf rdmd``hgl, gtcdr arhbds agbbhdi hl tcd agursd gf tcd arhbd nrd iddbdi nmsgrmdi hl tcd arhbd gf rdmd``hgl dhtcdr ns n bdnls ldadssnry fgr hts agbbhsshgl gr ns nl ulhltdlidi ddat gf rdmd``hgl. rdmd``hgl. Ycdy anllgt md acnrkdi ns sdpnrntd gdlsds hl tcdbsd`vds. Ycd dxadpgl hs wcdl tcd agbbgl arhbds nrd agbbhdi whtcgut nly pg`han` bgvngl. Hl suac n ansd, tcdy wh`` lgt md nmsgrmdi my rdmd``hgl.

 

cgbhahid gr buridr buridr hs agbbhdi whtc whtc tcd usd gf nl ul`hadls ul`hadlsdi di ^. Hf cgbhahid rdnrb, cgw bnly gdlsds nrd tcdrd7  N. Ycdrd hs gl`y gld gdlsd ‑ buridr gr cgbhahid nkkrnvntdi my tcd usd gf ul`hadlsdi rdnrb. rdnrb . Ychs hs my spdahn` prgvhshgl gf ]N 3=89. (Ihssdllk gphlhgl gf E. Qnmhg ‑ Cgw anl ygu agbp`dx wcdl gld hs nl ]_A gdlsd/bn`ub hl sd nli tcd gtcdr hs n vhg`ngl gf nspdahn` `nw/bn`ub prgchmhtub7) 

spddihlk gl n chkcwny wcdl wcdl chs anr ag``hidi ag``hidi whtc nlgtcdr nlgtcdr ^. S wns spddihlk anr. Ycd gtcdr anr wns tgtn``y wrdajdi nli tcd irhvdr gf tcd gtcdr anr sudrdi sdrhgus pcyshan` hleurhds. Cgw bnly hlfgrbngls gr agbp`nhlts scgu`i md `di nknhlst S7   N. Gl`y gld hlfgrbngl scgu`i md `di fgr sdrhgus pcyshan` hleurhds nli inbnkd tg prgpdrty tcrgukc rdaj`dss hbpruidlad. Ycd hlfgrbngl nknhlst S anllgt md sp`ht hltg twg mdanusd tcdrd wns gl`y gld ldk`hkdlt nat rdsu`lk hl sdrhgus pcyshan` hleurhds nli inbnkd tg prgpdrty.

 ^.Qnbd ansd, mut tcd hleurhds sudrdi my tcd irhvdr wdrd gl`y s`hkct pcyshan` hleurhds. Cgw bnly hlfgrbngl's scgu`i md `di7

 N. Ywg Hlfgrbngls ‑ gld fgr tcd s`hkct pcyshan` hleurhds nli tcd gtcdr fgr inbnkd tg prgpdrty. @hkct fd`glhds anllgt md agbp`dxdi.  

Qdagl. >9. Nbdlibdlt gr sumstugl sumstugl.. JHLIQ GF NBDLIBDLY  ‑ agvdrs mgc sumsnln` nli >. MDFG MDFG]D ]D YCD _@DN _@DN   ‑ fgrbn` nbdlibdl nbdlibdl, , [HYCGTY `dnvd gf agur. NFYD] D] YCD YCD _@DN _@DN  ‑ agvdrs gl`y fgrbn` =. NFY nbdlibdl prgvhidi5 N. `dnvd gf agurt hs gmtnhldi M. suac nbdlibdlt hs lgt prdeuihahn` tg tcd rhkcts gf tcd naausdi. wcdl n gf wchac FNAY QT_D]VDLDQ DSAD_Y acnlkds  cd lnurd cd arhbd acnrkdi hl cd hlfgrbngl gr upkrnids h g n chkcdr arhbd, hl wchac ansd, cdrd hs n lddi fgr nlgcdr nrrnhklbdl hlfgrbngl. gf cd naausdi ulidr cd nbdlidi

 

Ycd fg``gwhlk nrd fgrbn` nbdlibdlts5 n) Ldw n``dkngl n``dkngl tcnt rd`ntds rd`ntds tg tcd rnlkd gf tcd pdln`ty tcnt tcd agurt bhkct hbpgsd hl tcd dvdlt gf aglvhagl: nbdlibdlt wchac igds lgt acnlkd nlgtcdr m) Nl nbdlibdlt gdlsd ihdrdlt gr ihslat frgb tcd acnrkds hl tcd grhkhln`: a) Niihg Niihgln` ln` n``dkn n``dkngls gls wchac wchac ig lgt n`tdr tcd prgsdaugl‘s tcdgry gf tcd ansd sg ns tg anusd surprhsd tg tcd naausdi nli ddat tcd fgrb gf idfdlsd cd cns gr wh`` nssubd. i) Nbdlibdl Nbdlibdlts ts wchac igds lgt nivdrsd`y ndats nly sumstnln` rhkcts gf tcd naausdi. ^.Anl ^. Anl tcd agurt gridr tcd ihsbhssn` gf tcd grhkhln` agbp`nhlt mdfgrd n ldw gld hs `di hl sumstugl7  N. Lg. Ycd agurt wh`` lgt gridr tcd ihsbhssn` ul` tcd

ldw hlfgrbngl hs `di.  

Nl nbdlibdl hs gl`y hl fgrb wcdrd h ldhcdr ndas lgr n`drs cd lnurd gf cd gdlsd acnrkdi G] wcdrd cd acnrkd igds lg idprhvd cd naausdi gf n fnhr gppgrulhy g prdsdl chsmnsha idfdlsd wcdrd h igds lg hlvg`vd n acnlkd hl cd cdgryG] gf cd prgsdaugl.

Qumstugl  ‑ ‑ Hf h nppdnrs n nlybd mdfgrd euikbdl cn n bhsnjd cns mddl bnid hl acnrkhlk cd prgpdr gdlsd, YCD AGT]Y QCN@@ IHQBHQQ YCD G]HKHLN@ AGB_@NHLY G] HLFG]BNYHGL T_GL YCD FH@HLK GF N LD[ GLD ACN]KHLK YCD _]G_D] GFFDLQD, prgvhidi cd naausdi scn`` lg md p`nadi hl igum`d edgpnriy. @hbhngl g cd ru`d gl sumsugl5 >. Lg euikb euikbdl dl cns cns yd mddl rdli rdlidrdi drdi.. =. Ycd Ycd na naau ausd sdi i anllg md aglvhadi gf cd gdlsd acnrkdi gr gf nly gcdr gdlsd ldadssnrh`y hla`uidi cdrdhl. cdrdhl. 1. Ycd naausd naausdi i wgu`i lg lg md p`nadi p`nadi hl igum`d igum`d edgpnriy edgpnriy..

 

 

Nbdlibdlt

Qumstugl

Nbdlibdl

Bny hlvg`vd dhcdr fgrbn` gr sumsnln` Hlvg`vds sumsnln` acnlkd frgb cd grhkhln` acnrkd acnlkds Nbdlibdl mdfgrd cd p`dn cns mddl Qumsugl gf hlfgrbngl bus md whc dldrdi anl md ddadi whcgu `dnvd gf `dnvd gf agur ns cd grhkhln` hlfgrbngl agur. cns g md ihsbhssdi Nbdlibdl hs gl`y ns g fgrb, cdrd hs lg Nlgcdr prd`hbhlnry hlvdskngl hs lddi fgr nlgcdr prd`hbhlnry dlnh`di nli cd naausdi cns g p`dni hlvdskngl nli cd rdnjhlk gf cd p`dn nldw g cd ldw hlfgrbngl gf cd naausdi.  Nl nbdlidi hlfgrbngl rdfdrs g cd ]dquhrds gr prdsuppgsds cn cd ldw snbd gdlsd acnrkdi hl cd grhkhln` hlfgrbngl hlvg`vds n ihdrdl gdlsd hlfgrbngl gr g nl gdlsd wchac wchac igds lg hla`uid gr hs lg ldadssnrh`y hla`uids gr hs ldadssnrh`y ldadssnrh`y hla`uidi hl cd grhkhln` hla`uidi hl cd grhkhln` acnrkd, acnrkd , cdlad acnrkd, cdlad cd naausdi anllg a`nhb sumsnln` nbdlibdls g cd igum`d edgpnriy. hlfgrbngl ndr cd p`dn cns mddl njdl anllg md bnid gvdr cd gmedagl gf cd naausdi, fgr hf cd grhkhln` hlfgrbngl wgu`i md whcirnwl, cd naausdi agu`i

hlvgjd igum`d edgpnriy.

 

VN]HNLAD MDY[DDL HLIHAYBDLY NLI _]GGF (Qhtungls Agltdbp`ntdi) Agltdbp`ntdi) >. [cdl cd cd gdlsd pr prgvdi gvdi hs `dss `dss sdrhgu sdrhguss cnl, nli nli hs ldadssnrh`y hla`uidi hl, cd gdlsd acnrkdi, hl wchac ansd cd idfdlinl scn`` md aglvhadi gf cd gdlsd prgvdi. =. [cdl cd cd gdlsd prgvdi prgvdi hs bgrd bgrd sdrhgus sdrhgus cnl nli hla`uids cd gdlsd acnrkdi, hl wchac ansd cd idfdlinl scn`` md aglvhadi gf cd gdlsd acnrkdi. acnrkdi . 1. [cdl cd gdlsd gdlsd prgvdi prgvdi hs ldhcd ldhcdrr hla`uidi hla`uidi hl, lgr igds h hla`uid, cd gdlsd acnrkdi nli hs ihdrdl

•

ihsbhss cd cdrdfrgb, wchaccd ansd`hlk cd agur nagl nli hlgridr gf n scgu`i ldw hlfgrbngl acnrkhlk cd prgpdr gdlsd. Ycd chri shungl sd fgrc nmgvd hs sumsugl gf hlfgrbngl ulidr Qdagl >9, ]u`d >>?.

 

Qdagl >4. _`nad wcdrd nagl hs tg md hlstutdi.  hlstutdi.   _T]_GQD5 Ycd purpgsd mdhlk lg g agbpd` cd idfdlinl g bgvd g, nli nppdnr hl n ihdrdl agur frgb cn gf cd drrhgry wcdrd cd arhbd wns agbbhtdi, ns h wgu`i anusd chb krdn hlaglvdlhdlad hl `ggjhlk fgr chs whldssds nli gcdr dvhidlad hl nlgcdr p`nad (Md`rnl p`nad (Md`rnl vs. ]nbgs, 86 _ch`. >98). •

VDLTD HQ ET]HQIHAYHGLN@ Vdlud hs eurhsihagln` ns tcd agurt cns lg eurhsihagl tg try nl gdlsd agbbhdi gutshid hts tdrrhtgrhn`  eurhsihagl. H anllg md wnhvdi, gr acnlkdi my nkrddbdl gf cd pnrds, gr my cd aglsdl gf cd idfdlinl. KDLD]N@ ]T@D5  Qumeda g dxhslk `nws, hl n`` arhbhln` prgsdaugls, tcd nagl bust md hlstutdi nli trhdi hl tcd agurts gf tcd bulhahpn`hty gr tdrrhtgry wcdrd tcd gdlsd wns agbbhdi gr nly gf hts dssdln` hlkrdihdlts gaaurrdi. •

•

 

^.[cnt [cnt hs n aglluhlk gr trnlshtgry gdlsd7 ^. Yrnlshtgry gdlsds nrd arhbds wcdrd sgbd nats bntdrhn` nli dssdln` tg tcd arhbds nli rdquhshtd tg tcdhr agbbhsshgl gaaur hl gld bulhahpn`hty gr tdrrhtgry nli sgbd hl nlgtcdr. nlgtcdr. Aglluhlk gdlsds nrd aglsubbntdi hl gld p`nad, ydt my tcd lnturd gf tcd gdlsd,Dxnbp`ds tcd vhg`ngl tcd `nwNMITAYHGL, hs iddbdi aglluhlk. nrd gf DQYNFN, BN@VD]QNYHGL, @HMD@, JHILN__HLK, VHG@NYHGL GF M_==. ^. Cgw ig ygu idtdrbhld eurhsihagl gvdr n aglluhlk arhbd7  N. Ycd agurts gf tcd tdrrhtgrhds wcdrd tcd dssdln` hlkrdihdlts gf tcd arhbd tggj p`nad cnvd AGLAT]]DLY ET]HQIHAYHGL. ET]HQIHAYHGL. Mut tcd agurt wchac rst naquhrds eurhsihagl dxa`uids tcd gtcdr agurts. agurts.

   

DSAD_YHGLQ YG YCD ]T@D GF VDLTD5 >. Fd`glhds ulidr Nrt. = gf tcd ]dvhsdi _dln` Agid-Qcn`` md agklhznm`d my tcd prgpdr agurt wcdrd tcd arhbhln` nagl wns rst `di. =. Agbp`dx Arhbds- [cdrd cd arhbd acnrkdi hs n agbp`dx arhbd, cd ]YA gf nly prgvhlad hl wchac nly gld gf cd dssdln` d`dbdls gf suac agbp`dx arhbd cni mddl agbbhtdi cns eurhsihagl g njd agklhznlad gf cd gdlsd. 1. Aglluhlk Gdlsd  - hs gld wcdrd cd d`dbdls gf wchac gaaur hl sdvdrn` p`nads,   (ul`hjd n @GAN@ GFFDLQD - gld wchac hs fu``y aglsubbndi hl gld p`nads, p`nad) Ycd vdlud hs hl cd p`nad wcdrd gld gf hs dssdln` d`dbdls wns aglsubbndi. 9. _hrnay ‑ Ycd vdlud gf phrnay, ul`hjd n`` gtcdr arhbds, cns LG tdrrhtgrhn` `hbhts . 4. @hmd`  ‑ Ycd nagl bny md hlsudi n cd d`dagl gf cd gdlidi gr suhlk pnry hl cd prgvhlad gr ahy5 N. wcdrd cd `hmd`gus nra`d hs prhldi nli rs pum`hscdi pum`hscdi:: M. hf gld gf naun``y cd gdlidi hs n gf wcdrd snhi prhvnd prhvntd hlihvhiun`,gf hlihvhiun` rdshidspnrds n cd bd cd agbbhsshgl cd gdlsd gdlsd: : A. hf cd gdlidi pnry hs n pum`ha gahn`, wcdrd cd `ntdr cg`is gad n cd bd gf cd agbbhsshgl agbbhsshgl gf cd gdlsd. gdlsd. 6. Hl dxadpgln` ahraub ahraubsnlads snlads ‑ g dlsurd dlsurd n fnhr rhn` nl nli i hbpnrn` hlqu hlquhry. hry. Ycd QA scn`` cnvd tcd pgwdr tg gridr n acnlkd gf vdlud gr p`nad gf trhn` tg nvghi

bhsanrrhnkd gf eusad (Qdagl 4Z9R, Nra`d VHHH, >83; Aglsugl).

 

Qdagl >6. Hltdrvdlgl gf tcd gdlidi pnrty hl arhbhln` nagl.   Gdlidi pnry cns cd rhkc g KDLD]N@ ]T@D5 hldrvdld my agulsd` hl cd prgsdaugl gf cd arhbhln` nagl, wcdrd cd ahvh` nagl fgr rdagvdry gf ahvh` `hnmh`hy hs hlsudi hl cd arhbhln` nagl pursunl g ]u`d >>>.   DSAD_YHGLQ5 >. [cdrd fr frgb gb cd lnurd gf cd arhbd nli cd `nw idlhlk nli pulhschlk h, LG ahvh` `hnmh`hty nrhsds

hl fnvgr gf tcd gdlidi pnrty: nli =. [c [cdr drd d c cd d gdlidi pnry cns wnhvdi chs rhkct tg ahvh` hlidblhty G] cns dxprdss`y rdsdrvdi chs rhkct tg hlstutd n ahvh` nagl G] cns n`rdniy hlstutdi snhi nagl.

 

gdlidi pnrty pnrty hltdrvdld hltdrvdld hl tcd prgsdau prgsdaugl gl gf tcd arhbhln` arhbhln` ^. Anl tcd gdlidi nagl7  N. Xds, dxadpt hf cd cns wnhvdi, cns rdsdrvdi chs rhkct, gr cns n`rdniy hlstutdi tcd arhbhln` nagl.  nagl.  Ycd rdnsgl fgr tchs ru`d hs mdanusd gf Nra`d >?? gf tcd ]_A wchac prgvhids tcnt dvdry pdrsgl arhbhln``y `hnm`d scn`` n`sg md ahvh``y `hnm`d nli n`sg mdanusd tcdrd nrd adrtnhl gdlsds wchac anllgt md prgsdautdi dxadpt upgl agbp`nhlt gf tcd gdlidi pnrty. *Hl n arhbhln` ansd hl wchac cd gdlidi pnry hs cd Qnd, cd hldrds gf cd prhvnd agbp`nhlnl gr gdlidi pnry hs `hbhdi g cd ahvh` `hnmh`hy nrhshlk cdrdfrgb. Ycd gdlidi pnry bny LGY  hldrvdld hl cd prgsdaugl gf cd gdlsd hl cd fg``gwhlk ansds5 >. [cdrd cd cd cn cns [NHVDI tcd ahvh` nagl fgr rdagvdry gf ahvh` `hnmh`hty nrhshlk frgb tcd arhbhln` nat. =. frgb [cdrtcd d cd cdarhbhln` cn cns ]DQD]VDI nagl: chs rhkct tg hlstutd tcd ahvh` nagl sdpnrntd`y nagl: 1. [cdrd cd cd cn cns N@]DNIX HLQYHYTYDI YCD AHVH@ NAYHGL _]HG] tg tcd arhbhln` nagl: 9. [cdrd [cdrd frgb tcd tcd lnturd lnturd gf tcd tcd gdlsd, gdlsd, gr wcdrd tcd `nw `nw idlhlk idlhlk tcd tcd gdlsd ACN]KDQ IGDQ LGY _]GVHID FG] NL HLIDBLHYX: HLIDBLHYX : 4. [cdr [cdrd d tcd tcd gdl gdlsd sd igds igds LGY HLVG@VD N _]HVNYD _N]YX, ht mdhlk tcd

sg`d agladrl gf tcd Qtntd.

 

^. Ig tcd gdlidi pnrds cnvd tcd rhkct tg bgvd fgr tcd ihsbhssn` gf n ansd7 N.LG.  Ycd rhkct md`glks gl`y tg tcd kgvdrlbdlt N.LG.  prgsdautgr wcg hs tcd rdprdsdltnvd gf tcd p`nhl.   ^. Anl tc tcd g gdlidi pn pnrty ` `d n AH AHVH@ NAYHGL FG] AD]YHG]N]H hl chs gwl lnbd hf tcd ]YA ihsbhssds nl hlfgrbngl7 N. Xds. Hl ansd gf krnvd nmusd gf ihsardgl nbgullk tg `naj gf eurhsihagl, tcd pdgl bny md `di my tcd gdlidi pnrty mdanusd tcd gdlidi pnrty cns nl hltdrdst hl tcd ahvh` nspdat

gf tcd ansd.  

]T@D >>> _]GQDATYHGL GF AHVH@ NAYHGLQ Qdagl >. Hlstugl gf arhbhln` nli ahvh` nagls. KDLD]N@ ]T@D5 [cdl n arhbhln` nagl hs hlsudi, cd ahvh` nagl fgr cd rdagvdry gf ahvh` `hnmh`hy nrhshlk frgb cd gdlsd scn`` md iddbdi hlsudi whc cd arhbhln` nagl. DSAD_YHGLQ5 >. wcdl wcdl cd gdl gdlidi idi pnr pnry y [NHVDQ tcd ahvh` nagl =. wcdl wcdl cd gdli gdlidi di pnry pnry ]DQD]VDQ chs rhkct tg hlstutd n sdpnrntd ahvh` nagl 1. wcdl wcdl gdli gdlidi di pnr pnry y HLQYHYTYDQ N AHVH@ NAYHGL _]HG] tg tcd arhbhln` nagl.

 

^. [CDL ]DQD]VNYHGL QCN@@ MD BNID7 >. MD MDF FG] G]D D cd prgsdaugl snrs g prdsdl hs dvhidlad nli =. ulidr ulidr ahraub ahraubsn snlad ladss ngrihlk cd gdlidi pnry g n rdnsglnm`d gppgrulhy g bnjd suac rdsdrvngl. rdsdrvngl . ^. [cnt hs tcd rdnsgl fgr tcd ru`d rdquhrhlk rdsdrvngl7  N. Ycd rdnsgl hs tg _]DVDLY IGTM@D ]DAGVD]X F]GB YCD QNBD NAY G] GBHQQHGL.     GL@X cd ahvh` `hnmh`hy nrhshlk frgb cd arhbd acnrkdi ns n fd`gly hs lgw iddbdi hlsudi. Ahvh` `hnmh`hy nrhshlk frgb gcdr sgurads gf gm`hkngls nrd lg `glkdr iddbdi hlsudi `hjd cgsd ulidr Nra`d 1=, 11, 19 nli =>;6 gf cd Ahvh` Agid wchac anl md prgsdaudi dvdl whcgu rdsdrvngl. •

•

    Hl M_ == ansds, lg rdsdrvngl tg `d tcd ahvh`

nagl sdpnrntd`y scn`` md n``gwdi.  

^. [cnt hs tcd iun` iun` agladpt agladpt gf ahvh` `hnmh` `hnmh`hty7 hty7 N. Ychs bdnls tcnt ahvh` `hnmh`hty bny nrhsd frgb arhbds gr frgb qunshid`hats. Ycus, n ldk`hkdlt nat anushlk inbnkd bny prgiuad twg jhlis gf ahvh`Ycd `hnmh`hty ‑ gld nrhshlk frgb nli pnrty nlgtcdr bnyfrgb lgt qunsh-id`hat. gl`y `hbhtngl hs tcnt tcdarhbd gdlidi rdagvdr twhad frgb tcd snbd nat. nat. ^. [cnt nrd tcd ihdrdlads mdtwddl n arhbd nli n qunsh-id`hat7 N. >.Arhbds ndat pum`ha hltdrdst, wch`d qunsh-id`hats nrd gl`y gf prhvntd agladrl =.Ycd ]_A pulhscds gr agrrdats tcd arhbhln` nat, wch`d tcd Ahvh` Agid bdrd`y rdpnhrs tcd inbnkd my bdnls gf hlidblhangl 1.Arhbds nrd pulhscdi gl`y hf tcdrd hs n `nw prgvhihlk fgr tcdhr pulhscbdlt, wch`d qunsh-id`hats hla`uid n`` nats wcdrd fnu`t gr ldk`hkdlad hldrvdlds. Ycdrdfgrd, qunsh-id`ha hs mrgnidr hl sagpd. ^. [cn [cntt aglstutds aglstutds ahvh` ahvh` `hnmh` `hnmh`hty7 hty7  N. Naag Naagrih rihlk lk tg Nra` Nra`d d >?9 gf tcd ]_A, ht agls aglstutd tutdss rdstugl, rdpnrngl, nli hlidblhangl fgr aglsdqudln` inbnkds. inbnkds.  ^. [cnt hs tcd mnshs mnshs fgr tcd mrgnidr mrgnidr agladpt agladpt gf ahvh` `hnmh`hty7 `hnmh`hty7  N. Ycd mrgnidr agladpt gf ahvh` `hnmh`hty bdnls tcnt pdrsgl arhbhln``y `hnm`d hs n`sg ahvh``y `hnm`d (Nrt.>?? ]_A). Ychsdvdry hs mdanusd hl

n arhbhln` gdlsd, tcdrd nrd twg gdlidi pnrds ‑ tcd stntd nli tcd prhvntd gdlidi pnrty.  

^. Hf tcd agbp agbp`nhl `nhltt igds lgt agltnhl agltnhl nl n``dk n``dkngl ngl gf inbnkds, inbnkds, hs tcd gdlidr s`` `hnm`d fgr tcdb7 N. Xds mdanusd dvdry pdrsgl arhbhln``y `hnm`d `hnm`d hs n`sg ahvh``y `hnm`d. Ychs hs sumedat tg tcd dxadpgl wcdl tcd gdlidi pnrty cns wnhvdi gr cns rdsdrvdi tcd rhkct tg hlstutd tcd ahvh` nagl sdpnrntd`y. ]T@DQ GL FH@HLK FDDQ GF AHVH@ NAYHGL IDDBDI HLQYHYTYDI [HYC YCD A]HBHLN@ NAYHGL >. LG `hlk `hlk fdds fdds nrd rdq rdquhr uhrdi di fgr fgr nbgul nbgulss gf NAYTN@ INBNKDQ, DSAD_Y whtc rdspdat tg arhbhln` nagls fgr vhg`ngl gf M_ ==, ==, hl wchac ansd, tcd gdlidi pny hl fu`` tcd : `hlk fdds mnsdi gl tcd fnad vn`ud gf tcd acdaj pnrty ns tcdscn`` natun` inbnkds =. Inbn Inbnkd kdss gc gcdr dr cnl cnl NAYTN@  (bgrn`, dxdbp`nry nli gcdr inbnkds) HF Q_DAHFHDI Hl cd agbp`nhl gr hlfgrbngl, tcd agrrdspglihlk `hlk fdds scn`` md pnhi, gtcdrwhsd tcd agurt wh`` lgt naquhrd eurhsihagl gvdr suac inbnkds: 1. [cdrd bgrn` bgrn`,, dxdbp`nry dxdbp`nry nli gtcdr gtcdr inbnkd inbnkdss nrd LGY LGY spdahdi spdahdi hl tcd tcd agbp`nhlt gr hlfgrbngl, cd krnl nli nbgul cdrdgf nrd `d g cd sguli ihsardgl gf cd rhn` agur, cd agrrdspglihlk `hlk fdds lddi lg md pnhi nli scn`` shbp`y aglsud n rst `hdl gl tcd euikbdlt.     AGTLYD]A@NHBQ, A]GQQ-A@NHBQ, YCH]I _N]YX AGB_@NHLYQ nrd lg `glkdr n``gwdi hl n arhbhln` prgaddihlk. Nly a`nhb wchac agu`i cnvd •

mddl cd sumeda cdrdgf bny md `hkndi hl n sdpnrnd ahvh` nagl.

 

^.Hl n M_ == ansd, anl tcd gdlidi pnrty bnjd n rdsdrvngl gf tcd ahvh` nagl7 N. Lg.  Lg.  Ycd arhbhln` nagl scn`` md iddbdi tg hla`uid tcd ahvh` nagl, nli tcd gdlidi pnrty hs lgt n``gwdi tg bnjd tcd rdsdrvngl. Ycd natun` inbnkds nli tcd `hlk fdds scn`` md dquhvn`dlt tg tcd vn`ud gf tcd acdaj. ^.Nrd tcd hlidpdlidlt ahvh` nagls n`sg iddbdi suspdlidi whtc tcd `hlk gf tcd arhbhln` nagl7  N. Lg. Gl`y tcd ahvh` nagl nrhshlk frgb tcd arhbd arhbd ulidr Nra`d >?? hs suspdlidi. Ycd hlidpdlidlt ahvh` nagls nrd lgt suspdlidi nli bny agllud dvdl hf tcd arhbhln` nagl cns mddl hlstutdi. hlstutdi. Cgwdvdr, tcd gdlidi pnrty BNX LGY ]DAGVD] Y[HAD frgb

tcd snbd nat. Cd scgu`i gl`y kdt tcd MHKKD] N[N]I.  

^. [cnt hs tcd `dkn` prhlahp`d tcnt n pdrsgl wcg hs arhbhln``y `hnm`d hs ahvh``y `hnm`d. N. >. Ns nl GFFDLQD NKNHLQY YCD QYNYD mdanusd QYNYD mdanusd gf tcd ihsturmnlad gf tcd sgahn` gridr: nli =. =.   Ns nl GFFDLQD NKNHLQY YCD _]HVNYD _D]QGL hleurdi my tcd arhbd ul`dss ht hlvg`vds tcd arhbd gf trdnsgl, rdmd``hgl, dsphglnkd, nli gfgtcdr wcdrdhl lg ahvh` `hnmh`hty nrhsdsagltdbpt gl tcd pnrt tcd gdlidr dhtcdr mdanusd tcdrd nrd lg inbnkds tg md agbpdlsntdi gr tcdrd hs lg prhvntd pdrsgl hleurdi hl tcd arhbd. ^. [cnt nrd tcd twg hleury anusd my tcd gdlsd7 N. >. Ycd QGAHN@ HLET]X prgiuadi my tcd arhbhln` nat wchac hs sgukct tg md rdpnhrdi tcrgukc tcd hbpgshgl gf tcd agrrdspglihlk pdln`ty.  

=. Ycd _D]QGLN@ HLET]X anusdi my tcd vhab gf tcd

arhbd, wchac hleury hs sgukct tg md agbpdlsntdi tcrgukc hlidblhty, wchac hs ahvh` hl lnturd.  

Qdagl =. [cdl sdpnrntd ahvh` nagl hs suspdlidi.  K]5 _]HBNAX GF A]HBHLN@ NAYHGL GVD] AHVH@ NAYHGL >. Ndr cd `hlk gf cd arhbhln` nagl, cd ahvh` nagl wchac cns mddl rdsdrvdi ANLLGY md hlstutdi TLYH@ FHLN@ ETIKBDLY CNQ MDDL ]DLID]DI HL YCD A]HBHLN@ NAYHGL. =. Hf cd cd aahvh hvh`` na nagl gl hs hhls lsu udi di MDFG]D  cd `hlk gf cd arhbhln` nagl nli cd arhbhln` nagl hs sumsdqudl`y agbbdladi, cd pdlihlk ahvh` nagl scn``rdlidrdi. md suspdlidi ul` ln` euikbdl hl cd arhbhln` nagl cns mddl

DSAD_YHGLQ5 >. Hl aan nsds g gff hlidpdlidl hlidpdlidltt AHVH@ NAYHGLQ MNQDI T_GL N]YQ. 1=, 11, 19 NLI =>;6 GF YCD AHVH@ AGID: =. Hl an ansd sdss w wcd cdrd rd c cd d ahvh` nagl prdsdlts n _]DETIHAHN@ ^TDQYHGL : 1. Hl an ansd sdss w wcd cdrd rd c cd d AHVH@ NAYHGL HQ AGLQG@HINYDI [HYC YCD A]HBHLN@ NAYHGL: nli 9. [cdrd cd AHVH@ NAYHGL HQ LGY GLD HLYDLIDI YG DLFG]AD YCD AHVH@ @HNMH@HYX N]HQHLK F]GB YCD GFFDLQD.

 

NA^THYYN@ HL N A]HBHLN@ ANQD IGDQ LGY MN] YCD FH@HLK GF YCD AHVH@ ANQD [CD]D5 >. cd cd ahvh` NA^THYYN@ MNQDI GL ]DNQGLNM@D IGTMY , hf ansd cnsHQ mddl rdsdrvdi =. cd IDAHQHGL AGLYNHLQ N IDA@N]NYHGL YCNY YCD @HNMH@HYX GF YCD NAATQDI HQ LGY A]HBHLN@ MTY GL@X AHVH@ HL LNturd nli ID]HVDI F]GB G] MNQDI MNQDI 1. YCD AHVH@ @HNMH@HYX HQ LGY ID]HVDI GL YCD A]HBHLN@ NAY GF [CHAC YCD NAATQDI HQ NA^THYYDI (Qnphdrn vs. Agurt gf Nppdn`s, 1>9 QA]N 1;?). •

    Dxlagl gf tcd pdln` nagl igds lgt anrry whtc

ht tcd dxlagl gf tcd ahvh` nagl , TL@DQQ  cd dxlagl prgaddis frgb n ida`nrngl hl n ln`

 euikbdl cddxhs. fna frgb wchac cd ahvh` `hnmh`hy bhkc nrhsdcn ihi lg

 

 ^. Anl ygu agbpd` n eu eui ikd my bnlinbus tg nwnri ahvh` inbnkds7 N. XDQ, mdanusd dvdry pdrsgl arhbhln``y `hnm`d hs n`sg ahvh``y `hnm`d nli n`sg mdanusd dvdl hf tcd naausdi hs naquhdi, tcdrd nrd ansds wcdl cd hs s`` ahvh``y `hnm`d. ^.[cnt hs tcd rdnsgl fgr n``gwhlk tcd ahvh` `hnmh`hty tg sumshst hl sphtd gf tcd naquhn` gf tcd naausdi7  N. Ychs hs mdanusd tcd pnrds hl tcd arhbhln` nli ahvh` nagl nrd ihdrdlt ‑ hl tcd arhbhln` nagl, tcd pnrty hs tcd stntd, stntd, wch`d hl tcd ahvh` nagl, tcd pnrty hs tcd prhvntd gdlidi pnrty. pnrty. N`sg, tcd twg nagls rdquhrdi ihdrdlt qunltub gf dvhidlad. Ycd arhbhln` nagl rdquhrds prggf gf kuh`t mdygli rdnsglnm`d igumt,, wch`d tcd ahvh` nagl rdquhrds bdrd igumt

prdpglidrnlad gf dvhidlad. dvhidlad.

 

Qdagl 1. [cdl ahvh` nagl bny prgaddi hlidpdlidlt`y. •

 

Ycd hlsugl gf nl hlidpdlidl ahvh` nagl nknhls cd  gdlidr ulidr Nra`ds 1=, 11, 19 nli =>;6 gf cd Ahvh` Agid bny prgaddi hlidpdlidl`y gf cd arhbhln` ansd nli n cd snbd bd whcgu suspdlshgl gf dhcdr prgaddihlk. •

    ]dagvdry gf ahvh` `hnmh`hy ulidr Nra`ds 1=, 11, 19 nli

=>;6 gf cd Ahvh` Agid nrhshlk frgb cd snbd na gr gbhsshgl bny md prgsdaudi sdpnrnd`y dvdl whcgu n rdsdrvngl. Ycd rdsdrvngl nli wnhvdr cdrdhl rdfdrs gl`y tg tcd ahvh` nagl fgr tcd rdagvdry gf ahvh` `hnmh`hty nrhshlk frgb tcd gdlsd acnrkdi (IB_H Dbp`gydds Ardiht Aggp vs. Vd`dz, K.]. Lg. >=8=3=, Lgv. =8, =??>). _T]_GQD Yg prdvdlt tcd gdlidi pnrty frgb rdagvdrhlk inbnkds

•

twhad fgr tcd snbd nat gr gbhsshgl.

 

[cdl tc tcd id idfdlinlt hs hs nm nmsg`vdi gf gf ah ahvh` ^. `hnmh`hty hl n ahvh` nagl, anl n arhbhln` nagl s``   md `di nknhlst chb7 N.Xds. [ch`d dvdry pdrsgl arhbhln``y `hnm`d hs n`sg ahvh``y `hnm`d, tcd aglvdrsd hs lgt trud. Ycdrdfgrd, dvdl hf tcd idfdlinlt hs nmsg`vdi gf ahvh` `hnmh`hty

hl n nknhlst ahvh` nagl, n arhbhln` anl s`` md `di chb. Mdshids, chb. Mdshids, tcdnagl stntd hs n pnrty hl n arhbhln` nagl, wch`d gl`y tcd prhvntd gdlidi pnrty hs n pnrty hl tcd ahvh` nagl. nagl . Bgrdgvdr, qunltub gf dvhidlad gf hl tcd ahvh` nagl tcd hs gl`y prdpglidrnlad dvhidlad, wch`d tcnt rdquhrdi hl tcd arhbhln` nagl hs prggf mdygli rdnsglnm`d igumt.

 

9. Ddat gf idntc gl ahvh` nagls. >. NFYD] nrrnhklbdlt nrrnhklbdlt nli iurhlk tcd pdlidlay pdlidlay gf tcd arhbhln` nagl - dxlkuhscds cd ahvh` `hnmh`hy nrhshlk frgb cd id`ha. =. MDFG]D MDFG]D nrrnhk nrrnhklb lbdlt dlt - cd ansd scn`` md IHQBHQQDI whtcgut prdeuihad tg nly ahvh` nagl tcd gdlidi pnrty bny `d NKNHLQY YCD DQYNYD gf tcd idadnsdi.     Cgwdvdr, cd hlidpdlidl ahvh` nagl hlsudi ulidr Qdagl 1 gf chs ]u`d gr wchac cdrdndr hs hlsudi g dlfgrad `hnmh`hy nrhshlk frgb gcdr sgurads gf gm`hkngl bny md aglludi nknhls cd dsnd gr `dkn` rdprdsdlnvd gf cd naausdi ndr prgpdr sumsugl gr nknhls snhi dsnd, ns cd ansd bny md. •

 

Qdagl ;. D`dbdlts gf prdeuihahn` qudsgl. _rdeuihahn` ^udsgl - cn wchac nrhsds hl n ansd, cd rdsg`ugl gf wchac hs cd `gkhan` nldadidl gf cd hssud hlvg`vdi cdrdhl, nli •

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cd agklhznladgfgf wchac pdrnhls gagur nlgcdr rhmuln`. H bus md iddrbhlnvd cd ansd mdfgrd cd mu cd eurhsihagl g ry nli rdsg`vd cd qudsgl bus md `gikdi hl nlgcdr agur gr rhmuln`. ]ngln`d5 g nvghi wg aglhalk idahshgls.

D@DBDLYQ GF N _]DETIHAHN@ ^TDQYHGL >. Yc Ycd d ah ahvh vh`` na nag gl lb bus us md hlstutdi prhgr tg tcd arhbhln` nagl. =. Ycd ahv ahvh` h` nagl nagl hl hlvg` vg`vds vds nl hssud shbh`nr gr hlbntd`y rd`ntdi tg tcd hssud rnhsdi hl tcd arhbhln` nagl. 1. Ycd rds rdsg`u g`ugl gl gf ssuac uac hss hssud ud idtdrbhlds wcdtcdr gr lgt tcd arhbhln` nagl bny prgaddi.  [CD]D YG FH@D _DYHYHGL FG] QTQ_DLQHGL MX ]DNQGL GF _]DETIHAHN@ ^TDQYHGL >. G Gad ad gf gf cd cd prg prgsd sdau aug grr: gr =. agur agli agliual ualk k cd cd prd`hb prd`hbhlnry hlnry hlvd hlvdskn skngl gl:: gr 1. agur wcdrd wcdrd cd cd arhbhln arhbhln`` nagl cns cns mddl mddl `di fgr fgr rhn` rhn` n nly bd bd

1. agur wcdrd wcdrd cd cd arhbhln arhbhln`` nagl cns cns mddl mddl `di fgr fgr rhn` rhn` n nly bd bd mdfgrd cd prgsdaugl rdss.

 

^.[cdl hs nl nagl fgr nllu`bdlt gf bnrrhnkd prdeuihahn` tg n mhknby ansd7  N.Nl nagl fgr nllu`bdlt gf bnrrhnkd hs prdeuihahn` tg n mhknby ansd gl`y hf tcd naausdi hl tcd mhknby acnrkd hs n`sg tcd gld nsjhlk fgr nllu`bdlt gf tcd sdagli (mhknbgus) bnrrhnkd mnsdi gl vhngl gf aglsdlt.. Ychs hs mdanusd hl suac n ansd, hf tcd agurt aglsdlt ida`nrds tcnt tcd pnrty‘s aglsdlt wns hliddi vhntdi nli nllu`s tcd bnrrhnkd, tcdl ht wgu`i n`sg bdnl tcnt tcd pnrty ihi lgt wh``hlk`y agbbht tcd arhbd gf mhknby. Ht wgu`i tcus md idtdrbhlnvd gf tcd kuh`t gr hllgadlad gf tcd naausdi.

 

]T@D >>= Qdagl >. _rd`hbhlnry Hlvdskngl idldi: wcdl rdquhrdi. _]D@HBHLN]X HLVDQYHKNYHGL _rd`hbhlnry Hlvdskngl  - hs nl hlquhry gr prgaddihlk g iddrbhld wcdcdr cdrd dxhss suahdl krguli g dlkdlidr n wd``-fgulidi md`hdf cn n arhbd cns mddl •

agbbhtdi nli cn cd rdspglidl hs prgmnm`y kuh`y cdrdgf, nli scgu`i md cd`i fgr rhn`. (Qda. >, ]u`d >>=)   •

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_rd`hbhlnry Hlvdskngl hs rdquhrdi g md agliuadi MDFG]D  cd `hlk gf n agbp`nhl gr hlfgrbngl fgr nl gdlsd wcdrd cd pdln`y prdsarhmdi my `nw hs n `dns 9 ydnrs, = bglcs nli > iny whcgu rdknri g cd ld. Ycdrd hs LG rhkct gf prd`hbhlnry hlvdskngl ulidr Qdagl ;, ]u`d >>= wcdl n pdrsgl hs @N[FT@@X nrrdstdi

ul`dss tcdrd_dln` hs n wnhvdr tcd ]dvhsdi Agid. gf tcd prgvhshgls gf Nra`d >=4 gf

 

CG[DVD],  cd naausdi anl nsj Hlvdskngl hl cd fg``gwhlk ansds5

fgr

_rd`hbhlnry

>. hf n pdrsgl pdrsgl hs nrrdsdi, nrrds di, cd cd anl n nsj sj fgr prd`hbhl prgf d`hbhlnry nry hlvdskngl MDFG]D `hlk cd agbp`nhl/hlfgrbngl MTY cd bust shkl n wnhvdr hl naagrinlad whtc Nra`d >=4, ]_A. =. NFYD] cd cd `hlk gf cd cd hlfgr hlfgrbngl/a bngl/agbp`nh gbp`nhl, l, tcd naausdi bny, whtchl 4 inys frgb tcd bd cd `dnrls gf hts `hlk nsj fgr prd`hbhlnry hlvdskngl. _T]_GQDQ5 >. g iddrbhld wcdcdr n arhbd cns mddl agbbhtdi nli wcdcdr cdrd hs prgmnm`d anusd g md`hdvd cn cd naausdi hs kuh`y cdrdgf: =. g prdsdrvd dvhidlad nli jddp cd whldssds whchl cd aglrg` gf cd Qnd:

1. g iddrbhld cd nbgul gf mnh`, hf cd gdlsd hs mnh`nm`d . mnh`nm`d  .  

tcd purpgsd purpgsd gf n prd`hbhln prd`hbhlnry ry hlvdskn hlvdskngl7 gl7  ^. [cnt hs tcd >. Yg idt idtdr drbh bhld ld hf hf tcd tcdrd rd hs hs suahdlt krguli tg dlkdlidr dlkdlidr n wd``-fgulidi wd``-fgulidi md`hdf tcnt n arhbd cns mddl agbbhdi nli tcd rdspglidlt hs prgmnm`y kuh`ty tcdrdgf, nli scgu`i md cd`i fgr trhn`. =. Yg prgtdat prgtdat tcd naaus naausdi di frgb frgb tcd hlaglv hlaglvdlhdl dlhdlad, ad, dxpdlsd, dxpdlsd, nli nli muridl muridl gf idfdlihlk chbsd`f hl n fgrbn` trhn` ul`dss tcd rdnsglnm`d prgmnmh`hty gf chs kuh`t scn`` cnvd mddl rst nsadrtnhldi hl n fnhr`y subbnry prgaddihlk my n agbpdtdlt gadr. 1. Yg sdaurd tcd hllgadlt nknhlst cnsty, bn`hahgus nli gpprdsshvd prgsdaugl, nli tg prgtdat chb frgb nl gpdl nli pum`ha naausngl gf n arhbd, frgb tcd trgum`d, dxpdlsds nli nlxhdty gf n pum`ha trhn`. trhn`. 9. Yg prgtdat tcd stntd frgb cnvhlk tg agliuat usd`dss nli dxpdlshvd trhn`s. ^. [cnt hs hs tcd sagpd sagpd gf prd`hbh prd`hbhlnry lnry hlvds hlvdskng kngl7 l7  N. _rd`hbhlnry hlvdskngl hs bdrd`y HL^THQHYG]HN@ HL^THQHYG]HN@   nli ht hs gdl tcd gl`y bdnls gf ihsagvdrhlk wcdtcdr tcd gdlsd cns mddl agbbhdi nli tcd pdrsgls rdspglshm`d fgr ht tg dlnm`d tcd san` tg prdpnrd chs agbp`nhlt gr hlfgrbngl. hlfgrbngl. Ht hs LGY N Y]HN@ GL YCD BD]HYQ nli cns lg

purpgsd mut tg idtdrbhld wcdtcdr tcdrd hs prgmnm`d anusdhstgprgmnm`y md`hdvd tcnt nl gdlsd cns mddl agbbhdi nli tcnt tcd naausdi kuh`ty gf ht. HY IGDQ LGY _@NAD _@ NAD YCD NAATQDI HL EDG_N]IX.  

_]D@HBHLN]X HLVDQYHKNYHGL5 _D]QGLN@ QYNYTYG]X ]HKCY Ycd rhkc g prd`hbhlnry hlvdskngl hs n pdrsgln` rhkc

•

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agvdrdi my snud nli bny md wnhvdi dxprdss`y gr my hbp`hangl. Nmsdlad gf prd`hbhlnry hlvdskngl igds lg nda cd eurhsihagl gf cd agur gr hlvn`hind cd hlfgrbngl hf lg gmedagl wns rnhsdi my cd naausdi. naausdi.

]DBDIHDQ GF YCD NAATQDI HF YCD]D [NQ LG _]D@HBHLN]X _]D@HBHLN] X HLVDQYHKNYHGL ]dfusd ]df usd g dldr n p`dn dldr p`dn upgl nrrnhklbdl nli gmeda g >. furcdr prgaddihlks upgl suac krguli =. Hlshs Hlshs gl n prd`h prd`hbhlnry bhlnry hlvds hlvdskngl kngl 1. Fh Fh`d `d n adr adrgr grnr nrhh, hf rdfusdi

9. ]nhsd `naj gf prd`hb prd`hbhlnry hlnry hlvds hlvdskngl kngl ns drrgr gl nppdn``naj 4. Fh` Fh`d d fgr fgr prgc prgchmh hmhgl gl  

rhkct tg n prd`hbhlnry hlvdskngl n fulinbdltn` fulinbdltn` rhkct7 ^. Hs tcd rhkct N. Lg Lg,, ht hs n stntutgry rhkct nli bny md wnhvdi dxprdss`y gr my sh`dlad. sh`dlad . Ht hs n`sg lgt nl d`dbdlt gf iud prgadss, ul`dss ht hs dxprdss`y krnltdi my `nw. naausdi idbnli tcd tcd rhkct tg aglfrglt aglfrglt nli argss-dxnbhld argss-dxnbhld chs whtldssds whtldssds ^. Anl nl naausdi iurhlk tcd prd`hbhlnry hlvdskngl7  N. Lg Lg.. Ycd prd`hbhlnry hlvdskngl hs lgt pnrt gf tcd trhn`. Ht hs subbnry nli hlquhshtgrhn` hl lnturd, nli hts fulagl hs LGY tg idtdrbhld tcd kuh`t gf tcd naausdi mut bdrd`y tg idtdrbhld tcd dxhstdlad gf prgmnm`d anusd. anusd. ^. Hs tcd `naj gf gf n prd`hbhlnry prd`hbhlnry hlvdskngl hlvdskngl n krguli fgr ihsbhsshlk ihsbhsshlk n agbp`nhlt7 agbp`nhlt7   N. Lg. Ycd nmsdlad gf gf n prd`hbhlnr prd`hbhlnry y hlvdskng hlvdskngl l igds lgt ndat tcd eur eurhsihagl hsihagl gf tcd agurt mut bdrd`y tcd rdku`nrhty gf tcd prgaddihlks. Ycd agurt anllgt ihsbhss tcd agbp`nhlt gl tchs krguli, nli HY QCGT@I HLQYDNI AGLITAY YCD HLVDQYHKNYHGL G] G]ID] YCD FHQAN@ G] @G[D] AGT]Y YG IG HY. ^. [cnt hs tcd ddat gf tcd nmsdlad gf n adrangl tcnt n prd`hbhlnr prd`hbhlnry y hlvdskngl wns agliuatdi7 N. HY HQ HQ GF LG AGL AGLQD^ QD^TDL TDLAD. AD. [cnt hs hbpgrtnlt hs tcnt tcdrd wns natun``y nl hlvdskngl, tcnt tcd naausdi wns hlfgrbdi tcdrdgf nli wns n``gwdi tg prdsdlt agltrgvdrlk dvhidlad.

 

 

prd`hbhlnry hlvdskngl md hlvgjdi7 ^. [cdl scgu`i tcd rhkct tg prd`hbhlnry N. Ycd naausdi scgu`i hlvgjd ht MDFG]D _@DN, gr d`sd, ht hs iddbdi [NHVDI. ^. [cnt hf tcd agurt idlhds tcd hlvgangl hlvgangl gf tcd rhkct tg n prd`hbhlnry hlvdskngl, wcnt hs tcd rdbdiy gf tcd naausdi7 naausd i7 N. Cd bus bustt hbb hbbdih dihntd ntd`y `y N__DN@ HY YG YCD N__D@@NYD AGT]Y AGT]Y.. Cd anllgt `ntdr rnhsd tcd hssud fgr tcd rst bd gl nppdn`.  ^. Hf tcd agbp`nhlt gr hlfgrbngl hs nbdlidi, scgu`i n ldw prd`hbhlnry hlvdskngl md agliuatdi7  N.Lg.  N. Lg. ^. Hf tcd agbp`nhlt gr hlfgrbngl hs sumstutdi, scgu`i n ldw prd`hbhlnry hlvdskngl md agliuatdi7  N. Xds.

 

^.

[cg bny agliuat n prd`hbhlnry hlvdskngl7 >)

_r _rgv gvhl hlah ahn` n` gr ahty ahty pr prgs gsda daut utgr grss nl nli i ttcdh cdhrr nsshs nsshstn tnlt ltss

=) 1)

Ln Lng gln ln`` n nli li ]dkh ]dkhgl gln` n` Qt Qtnt ntd d _rd _rdsd sdau autg tgrs rs Ag Agbd bd`d `daa w wht htc c rrds dspd pdat at tg d` d`da dag gl lg gd dls lsds ds

9)

Gb Gbmu muisb isbnl nl wh whtc tc rdspd rdspdat at tg Qnli Qnlihk hknl nlmn mnyn ynl l nli gtcdr gdlsds agbbhdi my pum`ha gadrs

4)

_A _AKK KK w wht htc c rd rdsp spda datt ttg g hh`` ``-k -kg gdl dl w wdn dn`t `tc c ansd ansdss

g gdl dlsds sds

^. An Anl l ]YA ]YA euikd euikdss agliu agliuat at n prd` prd`hb hbhl hlnr nry y hlvds hlvdsk kn ngl gl7 7  N. Lg. N`t N`tcgu cgukc kc tchs tchs scg scgu`i u`i lgt md aglf aglfusd usdi i whtc whtc tcd tcd nutc nutcgrh grhty ty gf gf tcd ]YA tg agliuat nl dxnbhlngl fgr tcd purpgsd gf idtdrbhlhlk prgmnm`d anusd wcdl hssuhlk n wnrrnlt gf nrrdst . ^. Anl BdYA‘s, BYAA‘s, BYAs nli BAYAs agliuat _rd`hbhlnry Hlvdskngl7 N. Ycdy LG `glkdr nutcgrhzdi tg agliuat _rd`hbhlnry Hlvdskngl.

 

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Ns prd`hbhlnry hlvdskngl hs LGY n pnrt gf tcd trhn`, tcd ihsbhssn` gf tcd ansd my tcd hlvdskntgr wh`` lgt aglstutd igum`d edgpnriy  nli wh`` lg mnr cd `hlk gf nlgcdr agbp`nhl fgr cd snbd gdlsd, mu hf rd-`di, cd naausdi hs dl`di g nlgcdr prd`hbhlnry hlvdskngl (T.Q. vs. Bnrfgrh, 14 _ch`. 666).

Qdagl =. Gadrs nutcgrhzdi tg agliuat prd`hbhlnry hlvdskngl. _D]QGLQ NTYCG]HUDI YG AGLITAY N _]D@HBHLN]X HLVDQYHKNYHGL5 >. _rgvhlahn _rgvhlahn`` gr ah ahy y san` nli nli cdhr cdhr nsshsnl nsshsnls s =. Lngln` Lngln` nli rdkhgln` rdkhgln` snd snd prgsda prgsdaugr ugrss 1. Quac gcdr gcdr ga gadrs drs ns bny m md d nucgrhzd nucgrhzdi i my `nw suac suac ns5 cd AGBD@DA, Gbmuisbnl nli _AKK

 

Qdagl 1. _rgadiurd Fh`hlk gf cd agbp`nhl naagbpnlhdi my cd ninvhs nli suppgrlk igaubdls

[hchl >? inys ndr cd `hlk, cd hlvdsknlk hlvdsknlk gadr scn`` dhcdr ihsbhssdi ihsbhssdi gr hssud n sumpgdln

Hf sumpgdln hs hssudi, rdspglidl rdspglidls s scn`` sumbh aguldr-ninvhs aguldr-ninvhs nli suppgrlk igaubdls whchl >? inys frgb rdadhp cdrdgf 

Cdnrhlk (gpgln`) h scn`` md cd`i whchl >? inys frgb rdadhp gf cd aguldr‑ninvh gr frgb cd dxphrngl gf cd pdrhgi gf cdhr sumbhsshgl

]dsg`ugl gf cd hlvdsknlk prgsdaugr

 

Hf rdspglidl anllg md sumpgdlndi, gr hf sumpgdlndi mu igds lg sumbh chs aguldr-ninvh whchl >? inys, hlvdsknlk gadr scn`` rdsg`vd cd agbp`nhl mnsdi gl cd dvhidlad prdsdldi my cd agbp`nhlnl.

]HKCYQ GF ]DQ_GLIDLY HL N _]D@HBHLN]X HLVDQYHKNYHGL >. g sumbh aguldr-ninvhs =. g dxnbhld dvhidlad sumbhtdi my cd agbp`nhlnl 1. g md md prdsd prdsdl l hl hl cd cd a`nrhangry cdnrhlk. cdnrhlk. Ycd ]u`ds hl ig cd lg_rd`hbhlnry rdquhrd cd prdsdlad, wcn gf cd rdspglidl Hlvdskngl Hlvdskngl, hs rdquhrdi hs cn cd md khvdl cd gppgrulhy g aglrgvdr cd dvhidlad gf cd agbp`nhlnl my sumbhlk aguldr-ninvhs. aguldr-ninvhs.

 

prd`hbhlnry hlvdskng hlvdskngl l n euihahn` euihahn` prgaddihlk prgaddihlk7 7 ^. Hs n prd`hbhlnry N. Xds mdanusd mdanusd tcdrd hs nl gppgrtulht gppgrtulhty y tg md cdnri cdnri nli tcd p prgiu rgiuagl agl nli wdhkchlk gf dvhidlad upgl wchac n idahshgl hs rdlidrdi. Qhlad ht hs n euihahn` prgaddihlk, tcd rdquhrdbdlt gf iud prgadss hl euihahn` prgaddihlks hs n`sg rdquhrdi hl prd`hbhlnry hlvdskngls. ^. [cnt hs tcd ihdrd ihdrdlad lad mdtwd mdtwddl dl arhbhl arhbhln` n` hlvdsk hlvdskngl ngl nli prd`hbhlnry hlvdskngl7  N. Arhbhln` hlvdskngl hs n fnat-lihlk hlvdskngl anrrhdi gut my `nw-dlfgradbdlt purpgsd gf idtdrbhlhlk wcdtcdr tcdy scgu`i gadrs `d fgrn tcd agbp`nhlt fgr prd`hbhlnry hlvdskngl.. _rd`hbhlnry hlvdskngl hs agliuatdi fgr tcd purpgsd hlvdskngl gf idtdrbhlhlk hf tcdrd hs prgmnm`d anusd tg cg`i n pdrsgl fgr trhn`. ^. [cn [cntt hs prgm prgmnm` nm`d d anusd7 anusd7  N. _rgmnm`d _rgmnm`d anusd anusd hs tcd dxhstdlad dxhstdlad gf suac suac fnats fnats nli ahraubstnl ahraubstnlads ads ns wgu`i dxahtd tcd md`hdf hl n rdnsglnm`d bhli, nalk gl tcd fnats whtchl tcd jlgw`dikd gf tcd prgsdautgr, tcnt tcd pdrsgl acnrkdi wns kuh`ty gf tcd arhbd fgr wchac cd wns prgsdautdi.   ^. Hs tcd prdsdlad prdsdlad gf agulsd` agulsd` hl tcd prd`hbhlnr prd`hbhlnry y hlvdskngl hlvdskngl bnlintgry7 

N. Lg. _rd`hbhlnry hlvdskngl hs n subbnry prgaddihlk nli hs bdrd`y hlquhshtgrhn` hl lnturd. Ycd naausdi anllgt ydt hlvgjd tcd fu`` dxdrahsd gf chs rhkcts.  

hlvdsknlk knlk prgsdautgr prgsdautgr rdsg`vd tcd lihlk lihlkss ndr prd`hbhlnry prd`hbhlnry ^. Cgw igds tcd hlvds hlvdskngl7 hlvdskngl 7  >.Hf cd lis prgmnm`d anusd tg cg`i tcd rdspglidlt fgr trhn`, cd scn`` prdpnrd tcd rdsg`ugl nli adrfy ulidr gntc hl tcd hlfgrbngl tcnt5 n. cd gr nl nutcgrhzdi gadr cns pdrsgln``y dxnbhldi tcd agbp`nhlnlt nli chs whtldssds: m. tcnt tcdrd hs rdnsglnm`d krguli tg md`hdvd tcnt n arhbd cns mddl agbbhdi nli tcnt tcd naausdi hs prgmnm`y kuh`ty tcdrdgf: a. tcnt tcd naausdi wns hlfgrbdi gf tcd agbp`nhlt nli gf tcd dvhidlad nknhlst chb: i. tcnt cd wns khvdl nl gppgrtulhty tg sumbht agltrgvdrlk dvhidlad. =. Hf cd lis LG prgmnm`d LG prgmnm`d anusd, cd scn`` ]DAGBBDLI YCD IHQBHQQN@ GF YCD AGB_@NHLY. 1. [htchl 4 inys frgb chs rdsg`ugl rdsg`ugl,, cd scn`` fgrwnri tcd rdagri gf tcd ansd tg tcd prgvhlahn` gr ahty prgsdautgr gf achdf stntd prgsdautgr gf tcd Gbmuisbnl. Ycdy scn`` nat gl tcd rdsg`ugl whtchl >? inys frgb rdadhpt nli scn`` hbbdihntd`y hlfgrb tcd pnrds gf suac nagl. n agl.  

 

9. Lg agbp`nhlt gf hlfgrbngl bny md `di gr ihsbhssdi my nl hlvdsknlk prgsdautgr whtcgut tcd prhgr wrhdl nutcgrhty gr npprgvn` gf tcd prgvhlahn` gr ahty prgsdautgr gr achdf stntd prgsdautgr gr tcd Gbmuisbnl. 4.Hf tcd hlvdsknlk prgsdautgr rdagbbdlis tcd ihsbhssn` gf tcd agbp`nhlt, mut chs rdagbbdlingl hs ihsnpprgvdi my tcd prgvhlahn` gr ahty prgsdautgr gr achdf stntd prgsdautgr gr Gbmuisbnl gl tcd krguli tcnt prgmnm`d anusd dxhsts, tcd `ndr bny dhtcdr5 n. my chbsd`f, `d tcd hlfgrbngl: gr m. ihrdat nlgtcdr nsshstnlt prgsdautgr tg `d tcd hlfgrbngl whtcgut lddi fgr n ldw prd`hbhlnry hlvdskngl.   6.Ycd Qdardtnry gf Eusad bny, T_GL _DYHYHGL MX N _]G_D] _N]YX G] MX HYQD@F, ]DVD]QD G] BGIHFX YCD ]DQG@TYHGL GF YCD _]GVHLAHN@ G] AHYX _]GQDATYG], YCD ACHDF QYNYD _]GQDATYG], G] YCD GBMTIQBNL.. Hl suac n ansd, cd scn`` ihrdat tcd prgsdautgr agladrldi GBMTIQBNL tg dhtcdr `d tcd hlfgrbngl whtcgut lddi fgr n ldw prd`hbhlnry hlvdskngl gr tg ihsbhss gr bgvd fgr hts ihsbhssn` hf n`rdniy `di hl agurt.  

 

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[cnt scgu`i tcd Qdardtnry gf Eusad ig hf nl hlfgrbngl tcnt cns n`rdniy mddl `di hl agurt hs nppdn`di tg chb7  N. Cd scgu scgu`i, `i, ns fnr ns prnaanm prnaanm`d, `d, ]DF]NHL F]GB DLYD]YNHLHLK YCD N__DN@. Ycd bntdr scgu`i md `d g cd iddrbhlngl gf cd Agur. ^. Hf tcd Qdardtnry gf Eusad khvds iud agursd tg tcd nppdn`, wcnt scgu`i tcd trhn` euikd ig7  N. Cd scgu scgu`i `i QTQ_DLI  prgaddihlks nli idfdr nrrnhklbdl pdlihlk cd rdsg`ugl gf cd nppdn`. ^. Hs tcd idtdrbhlngl gf prgmnm`d anusd n euihahn` euihahn` gr dxdauvd fulagl7  N. Ht idpdlis. Hf idpdlis. Hf ht hs bnid hl n prd`hbhlnry hlvdskngl fgr tcd purpgsd gf idtdrbhlhlk wcdtcdr tcdrd hs rdnsglnm`d krguli tg md`hdvd tcnt tcd naausdi cns agbbhdi tcd gdlsd nli scgu`i md cd`i fgr trhn`, ht hs nl dxdauvd fulagl. Hf ht hs bnid fgr tcd hssunlad gf n wnrrnlt gf

nrrdst my n euikd, ht hs n euihahn` fulagl.

 

^. [cnt nrd tcd rdbdihds rdbdihds gf n pnrty nknhlst wcgb wcgb n wnrrnlt gf nrrdst cns mddl hssudi7 N. >.pgst mnh` •

=.nsj fgr rdhlvdskngl 1.pdgl fgr rdvhdw 9.bggl tg qunsc tcd hlfgrbngl 4.hf idlhdi, nppdn` tcd euikbdlt ndr trhn`(lg adrgrnrh) ^. [cnt hs tcd ihdrdlad mdtwddl prd`hbhlnry prd`hbhlnry hlvdskngl agliuatdi my tcd prgsdautgr nli gld agliuatdi my tcd euikd7 N. Ycd prgsdautgr prgsdautgr hs LGY LGY mguli my my tcd idshklngl idshklngl gf gf tcd gdlsd hl tcd agbp`nhlt. Ndr prd`hbhlnry hlvdskngl, cd •

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bny `d nly ansd ns wnrrnltdi my tcd mut fnats fnats. . Ycdbnjd euikd anllgt acnlkd tcd acnrkd hl tcd agbp`nhlt bust n lihlk gl wcdtcdr gr lgt tcd arhbd acnrkdi cns mddl agbbhdi. ^. [cnt hs n wnrrnlt wnrrnlt gf nrrdst7 nrrdst7 

N. nutcgrhty, N wnrrnlt ihrdalk gf nrrdst tcd hs n nrrdst `dkn` prgadss hssudi agbpdtdl agbpdtdlt gf n pdrsgl gr my pdrsgls upglt krgulis stntdi tcdrdhl.  

Qdagl 6. [cdl wnrrnlt gf nrrdst bny hssud _rgmnm`d Anusd - prdsuppgsds n rdnsglnm`d krguli fgr md`hdf hl cd dxhsdlad gf fnas wnrrnllk cd prgaddihlks agbp`nhldi gf:

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-nl nppnrdl snd gf fnas fguli g dxhs upgl rdnsglnm`d hlquhry wchac wgu`i hliuad n rdnsglnm`y hld``hkdl nli pruidl bnl g md`hdvd cn cd naausdi pdrsgl cni agbbhtdi cd arhbd acnrkdi. Hf tcd euikd lis prgmnm`d anusd, cd scn`` hssud n wnrrnlt gf

nrrdst, grnli n agbbhtbdlt hf cd tcd euikd naausdi cni n`rdniy mddl nrrdstdi cg`i chb fgrgridr trhn` . Hf hs snsdi cn cdrd hs lg ldadsshy fgr p`nahlk cd naausdi ulidr ausgiy, cd bny hssud subbgls hlsdni gf wnrrnl gf nrrds. Ycd ]YA euikd lddi LGY pdrsgln``y dxnbhld tcd agbp`nhlt nli whtldssds hl tcd idtdrbhlngl gf prgmnm`d anusd fgr tcd hssunlad gf tcd wnrrnlt gf nrrdst. Cd hs gl`y rdquhrdi g5 _drsgln``y dvn`untd tcd rdpgrt nli tcd suppgrlk igaubdlts sumbhdi iurhlk tcd prd`hbhlnry hlvdskngl my tcd san` : nli gl cd mnshs cdrdgf cd bny5

n) m) a)

Ihsbhss: Hssud wnrrnlt: gr ]dquhrd furtcdr ninvhts.

 

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]DBDIX5  Ycd prgvhlahn` san`, hf cd md`hdvds cn cd naausdi scgu`i md hbbdihnd`y p`nadi hl ausgiy, bny `d cd agrrdspglihlk hlfgrbngl sg cn cd ]YA bny hssud cd ldadssnry wnrrnl gf nrrds (Qnbu`id vs. Qn`vnlh, Er., K.]. Lg. ;36?6, Qdp. =6, >833).

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[ch`d tcd euikd bny rd`y gl tcd san`‘s adrangl tcdrdgf, tcd snbd hs LGY agla`ushvd gl chb ns tcd hssunlad gf snhi wnrrnlt an``s fgr tcd dxdrahsd gf  euihahn` ihsardgl nli, fgr tcnt purpgsd, tcd euikd

bny5 >. rdquhrd tcd sumbhsshgl gf ninvhts ninvhts gf whtldssds tg nhi chb hl nrrhvhlk nt tcd prgpdr agla`ushgl, G] =. cd bny rdquhrd rdquhrd tcd tcd san` san` tg agliuat agliuat furtcdr furtcdr

prd`hbhlnry hlvdskngl gr rdhlvdskngl.

 

^. [cdl bny n wnrrnlt gf nrrdst md hssudi7  N. My tcd ]YA ]YA55 >. [htchl >? inys frgb tcd `hlk gf tcd agbp`nhlt gr hlfgrbngl, tcd  euikd scn`` pdrsgln``y dvn`untd tcd rdsg`ugl gf tcd prgsdautgr nli hts suppgrlk dvhidlad. =. Cd bn bny y hhbb bbdi dihn hntd td`y `y ihsbhss tcd ansd hf tcd dvhidlad fnh`s tg dstnm`hsc prgmnm`d anusd. anusd. 1. Hf cd lis prgmnm`d anusd, cd scn`` hssud n wnrrnlt gf nrrdst gr n agbbhtbdlt gridr hf tcd naausdi cns n`rdniy mddl nrrdstdi my vhrtud gf n wnrrnlt hssudi my tcd BYA euikd wcg agliuatdi tcd prd`hbhlnry hlvdskngl gr hlvdskngl gr hf cd wns nrrdstdi my vhrtud gf n `nwfu` nrrdst whtcgut wnrrnlt. 9. Hl ansd gf igumt gl tcd dxhstdlad gf prgmnm`d anusd, tcd euikd bny prgsdautgr tg hssud prdsdlt niihgln` dvhidlad whtchl1? 4 inys gridr frgb tcd lgad nli tcd bust md rdsg`vdi whtchl inys frgb tcd `hlk gf tcd agbp`nhlt gr hlfgrbngl. M. My tcd BYA5 >. Hf tcd prd`hbhlnr prd`hbhlnry y hlvds hlvdskng kngl l wns agliu agliuatdi atdi my n prgsd prgsdautg autgr, r, snbd prgadiurd ns nmgvd

 

HLQYNLADQ [CDL [N]]NLY GF N]]DQY LGY LDADQQN]X >. hf cd cd naau naausd sdi i hs n`rdniy ulidr idtdlgl: =. hf cd agbp`nhlt gr hlfgrbngl wns `di ndr tcd naausdi wns `nwfu``y nrrdstdi whtcgut wnrrnlt: 1. hf c cd dg gd dls lsd d hs pulhscnm`d my ld gl`y.  Qdagl ;. [cdl naausdi `nwfu``y nrrdstdi whtcgut wnrrnlt. Y[G QHYTNYHGLQ AGLYDB_@NYDI TLID] YCHQ ]T@D5 >. nl [cdl n pdrsgl pdrsgl hs `nwfu``y `nwfnu``y nrr nrrdsdi dsdi whcg wh cgu u n wnrrnl wnrrnl  fgr gdlsd rdquhrhlk prd`hbhlnry hlvdskngl (sda. >, ]u`d >>=) nli lg agbp`nhl gr hlfgrbngl cns yd mddl `di, cd bny nsj fgr n prd`hbhlnry hlvdskngl my shklhlk n wnhvdr gf tcd prgvhshgls gf Nrt. >=4 gf tcd ]_A hl tcd

prdsdlad gf chs agulsd`. =. [cdl cd cd agbp agbp`nhl `nhl gr hlfgrb hlfgrbngl ngl wns `di `di whc whcgu gu prd`hbhlnry hlvdskngl, cd naausdi bny, whtchl 4 inys frgb tcd bd cd `dnrls gf tcd `hlk gf tcd hlfgrbngl, nsj fgr n prd`hbhlnry hlvdskngl whtc tcd snbd rhkct tg

niiuad dvhidlad hl chs fnvgr hl tcd bnlldr prdsarhmdi hl tchs ]u`d.

 

Ycd 4-iny pdrhgi hs BNLINYG]X, fnh`urd tg `d tcd bggl whtchl tcd snhi pdrhgi nbgults tg wnhvdr gf tcd rhkct tg nsj fgr prd`hbhlnry hlvdskngl. [cdrd cd hlfgrbngl wns nbdlidi whcgu n ldw prd`hbhlnry hlvdskngl cnvhlk mddl agliuadi, cd 4iny pdrhgi hs agbputdi frgb tcd bd tcd naausdi `dnrls gf tcd `hlk gf snhi nbdlidi hlfgrbngl.

 zxzb91

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[cdrd cd rhn` agur cns krnldi n BGYHGL FG] ]DHLVDQYHKNYHGL, h bus cg`i hl nmdynlad cd nrrnhklbdl nli rhn` gf cd naausdi ul` cd prgsdaugr scn`` cnvd agliuadi nli bnid n rdpgr gl cd rdsu` gf suac rdhlvdskngl. Ycd rhkc g mnh` pdlihlk _rd`hbhlnry Hlvdskngl ulidr Qdagl ;, ]u`d >>=, n pdrsgl `nwfu``y nrrdsdi bny pgs mnh` mdfgrd cd `hlk gf cd hlfgrbngl gr dvdl ndr hs `hlk whcgu wnhvhlk chs rhkc g prd`hbhlnry hlvdskngl, prgvhidi cn cd nsjs fgr n prd`hbhlnry hlvdskngl hlvdskngl my cd

prgpdr gadr whchl cd pdrhgi xdi hl cd snhi ru`d (_dgp`d vs. Agurt gf Nppdn`s, Bny =8, >884).  

‐Egcl l Igd‒ Igd‒ wnrrn wnrrnlts lts vn`h vn`hi7 i7  ^. Nrd ‐Egc N. Kdldrn Kdldrn``y ``y,, Egc Egcl l Igd wnrrnl wnrrnlts ts nrd vghi mdanusd tcdy vhg`ntd tcd aglstugln` prgvhshgl tcnt rdquhrds tcnt wnrrnlts gf nrrdst scgu`i pnrau`nr`y idsarhmd tcd pdrsgl gr pdrsgls tg md nrrdstdi . Mut hf tcdrd hs suahdlt idsarhpgl tg hidlfy tcd pdrsgl tg md nrrdstdi, tcdl tcd wnrrnlt hs vn`hi.  ^. [cnt nrd tcd tcd prhlahp`ds prhlahp`ds kgvdrlhlk kgvdrlhlk tcd tcd lihlk lihlk gf prgmnm`d prgmnm`d anusd anusd fgr tcd hssunlad gf n wnrrnlt gf nrrdst7 N. >. Ycdrd hs n ihslagl mdtwddl tcd gmedavd gf idtdrbhlhlk prgmnm`d anusd my tcd prgsdautgr nli my tcd euikd. Ycd prgsdautgr idtdrbhlds ht fgr tcd purpgsd gf `hlk n agbp`nhlt gr hlfgrbngl, hlfgrbngl , wch`d tcd euikd idtdrbhlds ht fgr tcd purpgsd gf hssuhlk n wnrrnlt gf nrrdst ‑ wcdtcdr tcdrd hs n ldadsshty gf p`nahlk chb ulidr hbbdihntd austgiy hl gridr lgt tg frustrntd tcd dlis gf eusad. =. Qhlad tcdhr gmedavds nrd ihdrdlt, tcd euikd scgu`i lgt rd`y sg`d`y gl tcd rdpgrt gf tcd prgsdautgr hl lihlk prgmnm`d anusd tg eusfy tcd hssunlad gf n wnrrnlt gf nrrdst.  nrrdst. Ycd euikd bust idahid hlidpdlidlt`y nli bust cnvd suppgrlk dvhidlad gtcdr tcnl tcd prgsdautgr‘s mnrd rdpgrt. 1.Ht hs lgt rdquhrdi tcnt tcd agbp`dtd gr dlrd rdagris gf tcd ansd iurhlk tcd

prd`hbhlnry hlvdskngl md sumbhdi tg nli dxnbhldi my tcd euikd. Cd bust cnvd suahdlt suppgrlk igaubdlts upgl wchac tg bnjd chs hlidpdlidlt euikbdlt.  

`di wcdl tcd ^. Cgw scgu`i tcd agbp`nhlt gr hlfgrbngl md `di naausdi hs `nwfu``y nrrdstdi whtcgut wnrrnlt7  N. Ycd agbp`n agbp`nhlt hlt gr hlfgr hlfgrbngl bngl bny md `di my n prgsdautgr whtcgut lddi fgr n prd`hbhlnry prd`hbhlnry hl hlvdskngl vdskngl prgvhidi nl hlqudst prgaddihlk cns mddl agliuatdi hl naagrinlad whtc dxhslk ru`ds. HL YCD NMQDLAD GF NL HL^TDQY _]GQDATYG] _]GQDATYG], , tcd GFFDLIDI grgl NLX GFFHAD] bny `d tcd agbp`nhlt ihrdat`y _N]YX hl agurt tcd_DNAD mnshs gf tcd ninvht gf tcd gdlidi pnrty gr pdnad gadr. gadr . ^. [cnt hs nl hlqu hlqudst dst7 7  N. Nl hlq hlqudst udst hs nl hhlfgrbn` lfgrbn` nli nli subbnry subbnry hlvds hlvdskngl kngl agliuatdi my n pum`ha prgsdautgr hl n arhbhln` ansd hlvg`vhlk pdrsgls nrrdstdi nli idtnhldi whtcgut tcd mdldt gf n wnrrnlt gf nrrdst hssudi my tcd agurt fgr tcd purpgsd gf

idtdrbhlhlk wcdtcdr snhi pdrsgls scgu`i rdbnhl ulidr austgiy nli agrrdspglihlk`y acnrkdi hl agurt.  

 

nrd tcd kuhid`hlds kuhid`hlds tg snfdkun snfdkunri ri tcd rhkcts rhkcts gf nl naausdi naausdi wcg cns cns ^. [cnt nrd mddl nrrdstdi whtcgut n wnrrnlt7  >.Ycd nrrdslk gadr bust mrhlk tcd nrrdstdd mdfgrd tcd hlqudst san` tg idtdrbhld wcdtcdr tcd pdrsgl scgu`i rdbnhl hl austgiy nli acnrkdi hl agurt gr hf cd scgu`i md rd`dnsdi fgr `naj gf dvhidlad gr fgr furtcdr hlvdskngl. =.Ycd austgihn` hlvdskngl rdpgrt scn`` md rdiuadi tg wrhlk, nli ht scgu`i md rdni nli nidquntd`y dxp`nhldi tg tcd nrrdstdd my chs agulsd` hl tcd `nlkunkd gr ihn`dat jlgwl tg chb. ^. igds Hlqudst Agltdbp`ntds/_]D-rdqu Agltdbp`ntds/_]D-rdquhshtds7 hshtds7 N. [cnt >. `nw `nwfu` fu` wnrrnl wnr rnlt`d t`dss ss nrrds nrrdst: t: =. gdlsd hs pulhscdi my nt `dnst 9 yrs nli. = bgltcs nli > iny whtcgut rdknris tg ld nli hs agklhznm`d my tcd BdYA, BAYA, BYAA nli BYA: 1. gdlsd pulhscnm`d my bgrd tcnl 6 ydnrs, whtcgut rdknri tg ld nli agklhznm`d my tcd ]YA: 9. N prgaddihlk whtcgut _rd`hbhlnry Hlvdskngl: 4. pdrsgl nrrdstdi hs hl idtnhldi gr tnjdl ulidr austgiy ^. Anl n pdrsgl nli ulidrkgds Hlqudst Hlqudst _rgaddihlks pdrsgl nrrdstdi [/g wnrrnlt nli s`` nsjdi fgr n _rd`hbhlnry Hlvdskngl7 N. Xds, cd bny ig sg whtchl 4 inys frgb tcd intd gf `hlk tcd Hlfgrbngl,

anl nsj fgr _rd`hbhlnry Hlvdskngl, _]GVHIDI, cd shkls n wnhvdr gf Nrt. >=4 gf tcd ]_A hl tcd _]DQDLAD GF CHQ AGTLQD@. AGTLQD@ . Cgwdvdr, NFYD] tcd 4 inys pdrhgi cd anl lg `glkdr hlvgjd tcnt rhkct.  

Qdagl 3. ]dagris ]dagris gf cd prd`hbhlnry hlvdskngl scn`` LGY nugbnan``y fgrb pnr gf cd rdagris gf cd ansd. Agurs nrd lg agbpd``di g •

njd euihahn` lgad cdrdgf. H bus md hlrgiuadi ns nl dvhidlad. Qdagl 8. Ansds lgt rdquhrhlk n prd`hbhlnry hlvdskngl lgr agvdrdi my tcd ]u`d gl Qubbnry _rgadiurd. _]GADIT]D YG MD FG@@G[DI HL ANQDQ [CHAC IG LGY ]D^TH]DI _]D@HBHLN]X HLVDQYHKNYHGL >. Dvn Dvn`un `und d c cd d dvh dvhid idlad lad prds prdsdl dldi di =. Agl Agliua iua sdnra sdnrachl chlk k qud qudsg sgls ls gr nls nlswdr wdrss 1. ]dqu ]dquhrd hrd cd ssumbh umbhsshgl sshgl gf ni niihg ihgln` ln` d dvhidl vhidlad ad     Fgr ansds ulidr tcd ]dvhsdi ]u`ds gl Qubbnry _rgadiurd, lg wnrrnlt scn`` md hssudi dxadpt wcdrd tcd naausdi fnh`s tg nppdnr ndr mdhlk subbgldi. Hf cd agbp`nhl hs `di whc cd prgsdaugr hlvg`vhlk nl gdlsd pulhscnm`d my hbprhsglbdl gf `dss cnl 9 ydnrs, = bglcs nli > iny, cd prgadiurd hl ]u`d >>=, Qdagl 1 (n) scn`` md gmsdrvdi. Hf cd agbp`nhl hs `di whc cd BYA, cd snbd prgadiurd ulidr •

•

•

]u`d >>=, Qdagl 1 (n) scn`` s cn`` md gmsdrvdi.

 

prgadiurd hl hl ansds lgt rdquhrhlk rdquhrhlk n prd`hbhlnry hlvdskngl7 ^. [cnt hs tcd prgadiurd N.

>.Hf `di whtc tcd prgsdautgr prgsdautgr,, tcd prgsdautgr scn`` nat gl tcd agbp`nhlt mnsdi gl tcd ninvhts nli gtcdr suppgrlk igaubdlts sumbhdi my tcd agbp`nhlnlt whtchl >? inys frgb hts `hlk. =.Hf `di whtc tcd BYA5

n) Hf whtchl whtchl >? inys frgb tcd `hlk `hlk gf tcd agbp`nhlt agbp`nhlt gr hlfgrbng hlfgrbngl, l, tcd  euikd lis lg prgmnm`d anusd ndr pdrsgln``y dxnbhlhlk tcd dvhidlad hl wrhlk nli ulidr gntc gf tcd agbp`nhlnlt nli chs whtldssds hl tcd fgrb gf sdnrachlk qudsgls nli nlswdrs, cd scn`` ihsbhss tcd agbp`nhlt gr hlfgrbngl. m) Cd bny rrdquhr dquhrd d tcd sum sumbhssh bhsshgl gl gr nii niihgl hgln` n` dvhid dvhidlad, lad, whtchl whtchl >? inys inys frgb frgb lgad. a) Hf cd li liss prgmnm`d prgmnm`d anusd, anusd, cd cd scn`` scn`` hssud n wnrrnlt wnrrnlt gf nrrdst nrrdst gr gr n agbbhtb agbbhtbdlt dlt gridr nli cg`i chb fgr trhn`. Hf cd tchljs tcnt tcdrd hs lg ldadsshty fgr p`nahlk tcd naausdi ulidr austgiy, cd bny hssud subbgls hlstdni. ^. [cnt hs tcd adrangl rdquhrdi hl tcd Hlvdsknlk Hl vdsknlk _rgsdautgr7 _rgsdautgr7 N. Hf tcd hlvdsknlk prgsdautgr lis suahdlt krgulis tg cg`i rdspglidlt fgr trhn` (gr prhbn fnahd ansd gr prgmnm`d anusd tg `hlk gf hlfgrbngl hl agurt), agurt ),

cd scn`` prdpnrd tcd angl rdsg`ugl agrrdspglihlk hlfgrbngl whtc chsn adrangl. Ycd adrangl adr my tcdnli san` khvds rhsd tg tcd prdsubpgl tcnt _.H wns iu`y pdrfgrbdi.

 

^ . [cnt hs n a`nrhantgry qudsglhlk7 N.Hs n cdnrhlk agliuatdi my tcd hf tcdrd nrd fnats nli hssudi tcntHlvdsknlk lddis tg md a`nrhdi7 agadr, `nrhdi7 ^. Hs a`nrhantgry cdnrhlk bnlintgry7 N.Lg, tcd qudsglhlk hs IHQA]DYHGLN]X IHQA]DYHGLN]X   gl tcd pnrt gf tcd hlvdsknlk gadr. ^. Anl tcd pnrds argss-dxnbhlngls tg dnac gtcdr7 N. Lg Lg,, mgtc pnrds cnvd tcd rhkct tg md prdsdlt mut whtcgut tcd rhkct tg argss-dxnbhld dnac gtcdr. Ycd pnrds bny, cgwdvdr sumbht qudsgls tg tcd hlvdsknlk gadr wchac tcd `ndr bny prgpguli

tg tcd pnrds gr whtldssds agladrldi. agladrldi.

 

]T@D >>1 N]]DQY Qdagl >. Idlhgl gf nrrdst.  Nrrdst ‑  cd njhlk gf n pdrsgl hlg ausgiy hl gridr cn cd bny md mguli g nlswdr fgr cd agbbhsshgl gf nl gdlsd (Qda. > ]u`d >>1).  Bgids gf Nrrdst >. nrrds my vhrtud gf n wnrrnlt =. nrr nrrdst dst wh whtcg tcgut ut n wnrr wnrrnlt nlt ulidr dxadpgln` ahraubsnlads ns bny md prgvhidi my snud (Qda. 4, ]u`d >>1). DQQDLYHN@ ]D^THQHYDQ GF N VN@HI [N]]NLY GF N]]DQY >. H bus md hssudi upgl prgmnm`d anusd wchac bus md iddrbhldi pdrsgln``y my n euikd ndr dxnbhlngl ulidr gnc gr nrbngl gf cd agbp`nhlnl nli cd whldssds cd bny prgiuad =. Yc Ycd dw wnr nrrn rnl l bu bus s pnrau`nr`y idsarhmd cd pdrsgl g md sdhzdi

1. N w wnr nrrn rnl gf n nrr rrds dswnrrnl c cns ns LG DS_H]X INYD. H rdbnhls vn`hi ul` nrrds hs l ddadi gr hs `hdi.

 

^. [cnt hs nrrdst7  N. Nrrdst hs tcd tnjhlk gf n pdrsgl hltg austgiy hl gridr tcnt bny md gf nlcd gdlsd.   mguli tg nlswdr fgr tcd agbbhsshgl ^.Cgw Cgw hs nl nrrdst bnid7  ^. N. Nrrdst hs bnid my nl natun` rdstrnhlt gf tcd pdrsgl tg sumbhsshgl tg tcd austgiy gf tcd md nrrdstdi gr my   pdrsgl bnjhlk tcdchs nrrdst. ^.[cnt igds ht bdnl wcdl eurhspruidlad snys tcnt tcd gadr, hl bnjhlk tcd nrrdst, bust ‐stnli chs krguli‒7  N. Ht bdnls bdnls tcnt tcd gadr gadr bny usd suac fgrad ns hs rdnsglnm`y ldadssnry tg ddat tcd nrrdst. ^.[cnt hs tcd iuty gf tcd nrrdslk gadr wcg nrrdsts n pdrsgl7 

N.Cd bust id`hvdr tcd pdrsgl hbbdihntd`y tg tcd ldnrdst enh` gr pg`had stngl.  

^. Hs austgiy gf tcd `nw nli Eurhsihagl gvdr tcd pdrsgl gf tcd tcd snbd7 N. naausdi Lg, Lg,   Austgiy gf tcd `nw hs naagbp`hscdi dhtcdr my nrrdst gr vg`ultnry surrdlidr: wch`d eurhsihagl gvdr tcd pdrsgl gf tcd naausdi hs naquhrdi upgl chs nrrdst gr vg`ultnry nppdnrnlad. Gld anl md ulidr tcd austgiy gf tcd `nw mut lgt ydt sumedat tg tcd  eurhsihagl gf tcd agurt gvdr chs pdrsgl, suac ns wcdl n pdrsgl nrrdstdi my vhrtud gf n wnrrnlt `d n bggl tg qunsc tcd wnrrnlt. Gl tcd gtcdr cnli gld anl md sumedat tg tcd eurhsihagl gf tcd agurt gvdr chs pdrsgl nli ydt lgt hl tcd austgiy gf tcd `nw suac ns wcdl nl naausdi dsanpds austgiy ndr chs rhn` agbbdlad. ^. [htchl wcnt pdrhgi bust n wnrrnlt gf gf nrrdst md sdrvdi7  N. Ycdrd hs lg bd pdrhgi pdrhgi.. N wnrrnlt gf nrrdst hs vn`hi ul` tcd nrrdst hs ddatdi gr ul` ht hs `hdi. `hdi . Ycd cdni gf tcd gad tg wcgb tcd wnrrnlt wns id`hvdrdi bust anusd ht tg md dxdautdi whtchl >? inys frgb hts rdadhpt, nli tcd gadr tg wcgb ht hs nsshkldi fgr dxdaugl bust bnjd n rdpgrt tg tcd euikd wcg hssudi ht whtchl >? inys frgb tcd dxphrngl gf tcd pdrhgi. Hf cd fnh`s tg dxdautd ht, cd

scgu`i stntd tcd rdnsgls tcdrdfgr.

 

]DBDIX FG] [N]]NLYQ HB_]G_D]@X HQQTDI wnrrnlt nlt gf nrrdst nrrdst wns wns hbprgpdr hbprgpdr`y `y hssudi, hssudi, tcd prgpd prgpdrr rdbdiy rdbdiy hs >. [cdrd n wnrr n pdgl tg qunsc ht, LGY n pdgl fgr cnmdns agrpus, shlad cd agur hl cd `ntdr ansd bnyprd`hbhlnry gl`y gridrdxnbhlngl chs rd`dnsd gfmu dleghl( N`hbpggs cd furcdr prgsdaugl gr cd cdlg naausdi vs. Agurt gf Nppdn`s, >?6 QA]N >48). _gslk k gf mnh` mnh` igds igds lgt mnr mnr gld frgb qudsg qudsglhlk lhlk h``dkn h``dkn`` nrrdst nrrdst (Qdagl =. _gsl =6, ]u`d >>9, ]u`ds gf Agur). Qdagl =. Nrrdst: cgw bnid.

BGIDQ GF DFFDAYHLK N]]DQY >. My nl NAYTN@ ]DQY]NHLY gf cd pdrsgl g md nrrdsdi. =. My CHQ QTMBHQQHGL YG YCD ATQYGIX GF YCD _D]QGL BNJHLK YCD N]rds. Tpgl nrrdst, tcd fg``gwhlk bny md aglsantdi frgb tcd pdrsgl nrrdstdi5 >. Gmedas sumeda sumeda gf cd gdlsd gdlsd gr usdi gr hldlidi hldlidi g md usdi usdi hl cd cd agbbhsshgl gf cd arhbd: arhbd: =. Gmed Gmeda ass wcha wchac c nrd nrd cd fruhs gf cd arhbd: 1. Ycgs Ycgsd d wcha chac bhkc md usdi my cd nrrdsdi pdrsgl g agbbh vhg`dlad gr

dsanpd: 9. g Inlkdrgus Inlkdr gus wdnpgls wdnpgls nli nli cgsd cgsd wchac wchac bny md usdi usdi ns dvhidlad dvhidlad hl cd ansd.

 

Qdagl 4. Nrrdst whtcgut wnrrnlt: wcdl `nwfu`  @N[FT@ [N]]NLY@DQQ N]]DQY >. [cdl, HL CHQ _]DQDLAD, cd pdrsgl g md nrrdsdi cns agbbhtdi, hs naun``y agbbhlk, gr hs ntdbplk g agbbh nl gdlsd (hl nkrnld id`hag nrrdss): =. [cdl nl nl gdlsd gdlsd cns hl hl fna eus eus mddl mddl agbbhtdi, agbbhtdi, nli cd cns pr prgmnm`d gmnm`d anusd g md`hdvd mnsdi gl _D]QGLN@ JLG[@DIKD gf fna nli ahraubsnlad cn cd pdrsgl g md nrrdsdi cns agbbhtdi h: (Igarhld gf Cg _ursuh) 1. [cdl [cdl cd cd pdr pdrsg sgl l g md nrr nrrds dsd di i hs n prhsgldr wcg cns dsanpdi frgb n pdln` dstnm`hscbdlt gr p`nad wcdrd cd hs sdrvhlk ln` euikbdlt gr tdbpgrnrh`y aglldi wch`d chs ansd hs pdlihlk, gr cns dsanpdi wch`d mdhlk trnlsfdrrdi frgb gld aglldbdlt tg nlgtcdr. 9. (Qda. [cdr [cdrd d n ]u`d pdrs pdrsgl gl wcg wcg cns cns mddl mddl `nwfu``y nrrdstdi dsanpds gr hs rdsaudi >1, >>1): 4. My cd mglisbnl fgr tcd purpgsd gf surrdlidrhlk tcd naausdi (Qda. =1, ]u`d >>9): nli 6. [cdr [cdrd d cd cd naau naausd sdi i ndbpts tg `dnvd tcd agultry whtcgut pdrbhsshgl gf tcd agurt (Qda. =1, ]u`d >>9).

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Hf cd nrrds wns ddadi whcgu wnrrnl, cd nrrdslk gadr bus agbp`y whc cd prgvhshgls gf Nr. >=4 gf cd ]_A, gcdrwhsd, cd bny md cd`i arhbhln``y `hnm`d fgr nrmhrnry iddlgl ulidr Nra`d >=9 gf cd ]_A. ] _A.

^. Hs tcd wgri hl ‐ hl chs prdsdlad‒ bdnls tcnt tcd gadr lddi tg natun``y snw tcd hlahidlt7 N. Lg, Ychs bdnls bdnls tcnt tcd gadr sdds sdds tcd gdlsd n`tcgukc n`tcgukc nt ihstnlad nt gr glad cdnrstgtcd ardntdi tcdrdmy nlin prgaddis tcdihsturmnlad sadld tcdrdgf  . Dx. [ch`d gl pntrg`, gadr cdnri murst gf kulrd nli prgaddi tg hlvdskntd tcd bndr. ^. [cnt hs tcd dxtdlt gf n `dkhbntd wnrrnlt`dss nrrdst7 N. Ycd nrrdslk gadr hl n `dkhbntd wnrrnlt`dss nrrdst nrrdst a`gnjs chb tcd nutcgrhty tg vn`hi`y sdnrac nli sdhzd frgb tcd gdlidr5 >. inlkdrgus wdnpgls: nli =. tcnt bnymd usdi ns prggf hl tcd agbbhsshgl gf nl tcgsd gdlsd. ^. [cnt ig ygu bdnl my tcd ‐ pdrsgln` jlgw`dikd gf fnats‒ hl nrrdst whtcgut n wnrrnlt7 N. _drsgln` jlgw`dikd gf fnats hl nrrdst whtcgut n wnrrnlt

bust md mnsdi upgl prgmnm`d anusd, wchac bdnls natun` md`hdf gr rdnsglnm`d krguli gf susphahgl. Dx. Hl n muy must gpdrngl.  

^. Hs rnw hltd``hkdlad hlfgrbngl gr rd`hnm`d hlfgrbngl suahdlt krguli gf wnrrnlt`dss nrrdst7 N. Ht cns mddl cd`i tcnt ‐rd`hnm`d hlfgrbngl‒ n`gld, nmsdlt gf nly gvdrt nat hlihanvd gf n fd`glhgus dltdrprhsd hl tcd prdsdlad nli whtchl tcd purvhdw gf tcd nrrdslk gadr hs LGY LGY   suahdlt tg aglstutd prgmnm`d anusd tcnt wgu`i eusfy ns hl nkrnltd id`hatg nrrdst. ^. [cg bny bnjd/ddat/dxdautd nrrdst7 N. >. _g`had gadr (hl mgtc wnrrnlt`dss nli nrrdst whtc n wnrrnlt) =. _rhvntd Ahzdl (gl`y wnrrnl wnrrnlt`dss t`dss nrrdst gr ahzdl‘s nrrdst) 1. Bdb Bdbmdr mdrss gf hlv hlvdsk dskngl ngl sstn tn gf tc tcd d LMH (ul (ulidr idr ]N >4 >4;, ;, ns nbdlidi)

9. Qcdrh g grr idpu idputy ty scdrh scdrh  (bny nrrdst n whtldss wcg fnh fnh`di `di tg ndli nli gmdy n sumpgdln idsphtd prggf gf sdrvhad tcdrdgf: (Qda.>>, ]u`d =1) 4. _rgvhl _rgvhlahn` ahn` n nli li Ah Ahty ty _rgm _rgmngl ngl Gadr ((bny bny n nrrdst rrdst prgmng prgmngldr ldr ulidr chs anrd: Qda. =9. _I 836, ns nbdlidi)

6. Agbbh Agbbhsshgl sshgltg gf @nl @nli i Yrnl Yrnlspgrtng i idpuds dpuds (nrd nutcgrhzdi bnjd nrrdst fgrspgrtngl vhg`ngll gfnli @nli chs Yrnlspgrtngl nli Yrna Agid hlsgfnr ns bgtgr vdcha`ds hs agladrldi: ]N 9>16, ns nbdlidi)  

^. [cg anl hssud n wnrrnlt gf nrrdst7 N. Gl`y euikd euikdss bny bny hssud hssud wnrrnl wnrrnltt gf nrrd nrrdst st.. Ycd dxadpgls hs hl ansd gf idpgrtngl gf h``dkn` nli ulidshrnm`d n`hdl, wcgb tcd _rdshidlt gr tcd Agbbhsshgl gf Hbbhkrngl bny gridr nrrdstdi fg``gwhlk n ln` gridr gf idpgrtngl fgr tcd purpgsd gf idpgrtngl idpgrtngl.. ^. [cg nrd pdrsgls dxdbpt frgb nrrdst7 N. >. Qdlntgrs Qdlntgrs nli Aglkrd Aglkrdssbnl ssbnl hl n`` n`` gdls gdlsds ds pulhscnm`d pulhscnm`d my lgt lgt bgrd tcnl 6 ydnrs hbprhsglbdlt scn`` md prhvd`dkd frgb nrrdst wch`d Aglkrdss hs l sdsshgl. =. Cdnis gf Qtntd, Fgrdhkl Qgvdrdhkl, Nbmnssnigrs, pum`ha bhlhstdrs. gadr wns wns acnshlk acnshlk n pdrsgl wcg wcg cni eust eust agbbhdi agbbhdi nl ^. N pg`had gadr gdlsd. Ycd pdrsgl wdlt hlshid n cgusd, sg tcd pg`had gadr fg``gwdi. Hlshid tcd cgusd, tcd pg`had gadr snw iruks `yhlk nrguli. Anl cd aglsantd tcd iruks7 Anl cd usd tcdb ns dvhidlad7 N. Xds. Ycd p`nhl vhdw igatrhld hs npp`hanm`d hl tchs ansd mdanusd tcdrd wns n prhgr vn`hi hltrushgl, tcd pg`had gadr hlnivdrtdlt`y ihsagvdrdi tcd dvhidlad, cd cni n rhkct tg md tcdrd, nli tcd dvhidlad wns hbbdihntd`y nppnrdlt. ^. [cnt hf tcd gadr gadr bdrd`y bdrd`y pddjs tcrguk tcrgukc c tcd whligw whligw gf tcd cgusd nli nli sdds tcd iruks ‑ anl cd aglsantd tcdb7 Anl cd usd tcdb ns dvhidlad7

N. Cd anl aglsantd tcdb, chs `hnmh`hty vhg`ngl gf igbhah`d. igbhah`d . Cd anllgt usdwhtcgut tcdb nsprdeuihad dvhidladtgmdanusd tcd fgr sdhzurd anllgt md eusdi ulidr tcd p`nhl vhdw igatrhld, YCD]D MDHLK LG _]DVHGTQ VN@HI HLY]TQHGL.  

]T@DQ GL H@@DKN@HYX GF N]]DQY >. Nl naaus naausdi di wcg wcg dldrs dldrs chs chs p`dn p`dn gf LGY kuh`ty nli pnrahpnds cd H@@DKN@HYX rhn` wnhvds BTQY cd h``dkn`hy gf cdMDFG]D nrrds. MD ]NHQDI Gmedagl ghlcd N]]NHKLBDLY, gcdrwhsd h hs iddbdi wnhvdi, ns cd naausdi, hl chs ansd, cns vg`ulnrh`y sumbhtdi chbsd`f g cd eurhsihagl gf cd agur. =. H``dkn`hy H``dkn`hy gf wnrr wnrrnl`d nl`dss ss nrrds nrr ds b bnymd nymd MX FH@HLK GF NL HLFG]BNYHGL HL AGT]Y NLIAT]DI YCD QTMQD^TDLY HQQTNLAD MX YCD ETIKD GF N [N]]NLY GF N]]DQY. 1. Glad n pdrsgl pdrsgl cn cnss mddl iu`y iu`y acnr acnrkdi kdi hl agur, agur, cd b bny ny lg `glkdr qudsgl chs iddlgl my pdgl fgr cnmdns agrpus, CHQ ]DBDIX HQ YG ^TNQC YCD HLFG]BNYHGL NLI/G] YCD [N]]NLY GF N]]DQY. Qdagl 6. Yhbd gf bnjhlk nrrdst. Tl`hjd n sdnrac wnrrnl wchac bus md sdrvdi gl`y hl •

inybd, nliny nrrdst bny md bnid nly iny nt nly bd gf tcd gr lhkct, dvdl gl ngl Quliny . Ychsnli hs eusdi my cd ldadsshy gf prdsdrvhlk cd pum`ha pdnad.  

^. [cnt hs tcd iuty gf tcd nrrdslk gadr nt tcd bd gf tcd nrrdst7 N. Yg hlfgrb hlfgrb chb gf tcd rdnsg rdnsgl l gf chs nrrdst, nrrdst, hf hf nly. Cd scn`` scn`` md hlfgrbdi gf chs aglstugln` rhkcts tg rdbnhl sh`dlt nli tg agulsd`, nli tcnt nly stntdbdlt cd bhkct bnjd agu`i md usdi nknhlst chb. Cd n`sg cnvd tcd rhkct tg agbbulhantd whtc chs `nwydr, n rd`nvd gr nlygld cd acggsd my tcd bgst dxpdihdlt bdnls (my td`dpcgld ns my `ddr gr my bdssdlkdr). Ht scn`` md tcd iuty gf tcd nrrdslk gadr tg sdd tg ht tcnt tchs hs naagbp`hscdi. Lg austgihn` hlvdskngl scn`` scn`` md agliuatdi agliuatdi ul`dss ul`dss ht md hl tcd prdsdlad gf agulsd` dlknkd my tcd pdrsgl nrrdstdi, my nly pdrsgl gl chs mdcn`f, gr nppghltdi my tcd agurt. Nly wnhvdr gf tchs rhkct scn`` lgt md vn`hi ul`dss bnid whtc tcd nsshstnlad gf agulsd`. Nly dvhidlad gmtnhldi hl vhg`ngl gf tcd prgadiurd `nhi igwl, wcdtcdr dxau`pntgry gr hlau`pntgry, hl wcg`d gr hl pnrt, scn`` md hlnibhsshm`d hl dvhidlad. ^ . Hs tcdrd nly arhbhln` `hnmh`hty fgr vhg`ngl gf tcd rhkcts gf naausdi iurhlk austgihn` hlvdskngl7 N. Xd Xds, s, ul ulid idrr ].N. ;913 wchac tggj ddat gl Eu`y ;, >88=. Fgr fnh`urd tg hlfgrb tcd naausdi gf chs Bhrnlin rhkcts nli prgvhid fgr

agbpdtdlt nli hlidpdlidlt agulsd` hs Fhld gf 6??? nli hbprhsglbdlt gf 3 tg >? ydnrs tcd gr pdln`ty mgtc . Fgr mgtc. gmstruagl, prdvdlgl nli prgchmhgl gf tcd rhkcts gf vhshtngl nli prhvntd aglfdrdlad n ld gf _9??? nli hbprhsglbdlt gf 9 yrs tg 6 yrs.  

Qdagl ;. Bdtcgi gf nrrdst gf gadr my vhrtud gf wnrrnlt. •

Tlidr chs ru`d, nl nrrds bny md bnid dvdl hf cd pg`had gadr hs lg hl pgssdsshgl gf cd wnrrnl gf nrrds (Bn``nrh vs. Agur gf Nppdn`s, =64 QA]N 946). Dxchmhgl gf cd wnrrnl prhgr g cd nrrds ldadssnry. Cgwdvdr, hf ndr tcd tcd nrrdst, tcdhs lg pdrsgl nrrdstdi sg rdquhrds, wnrrnlt scn`` md scgwl tg chb ns sggl ns prnaanm`d.

Qdagl 3. Bdtcgi gf nrrdst my gadr whtcgut wnrrnlt. Qdagl 8. Bdtcgi gf nrrdst my prhvntd pdrsgl   Ahzdl‘s nrrdst - nrrds ddadi my n prhvnd pdrsgl.

 

^. [cnt hs tcd Austgihn` Hlvdskngl7 N.

Austgihn` Hlvdskngl bdnls tcd qudsglhlk hlhntdi my `nw dlfgradbdlt gadrs ndr tcd pdrsgl cns mddl tnjdl hltg austgiy gr gtcdrwhsd idprhvdi gf chs frddigb gf nagl hl nly shklhanlt wny. Ychs hla`uids prnaad gf hssuhlk HLVHYNYHGL HLVHYNYHGL   tg n pdrsgl wcg hs hlvdskntdi hl aglldagl gf nl gdlsd cd hs suspdatdi tg cnvd agbbhdi.

 

Qda.;

Qda. 3

Bdtcgi gf nrrdst

Dxadpgl tg tcd ru`d gl khvhlk hlfgrbngl

Ycd gadr scn`` hlfgrb cd pdrsgl g md

>. wcdl

nrrdsdi cd anusd gf cd nrrds nli cd fna cn cd wnrrnl cns mddl hssudi fgr chs nrrds.   Lgtd5   Ycd gadr lddi lg cnvd cd Lgtd5 wnrrnl hl chs pgssdsshgl n cd bd gf cd nrrds MTY bus scgw cd snbd ndr cd nrrds, hf cd pdrsgl nrrdsdi sg rdquhrds.

dds: =. wcdl cd fgrahm`y rdshss mdfgrd cd gadr cns nl gppgrulhy g hlfgrb chb: nli   1. wcdl cd khvhlk gf suac hlfgrbngl wh`` hbpdrh` cd nrrds.

Ycd gadr scn`` hlfgrb cd pdrsgl g md nrrdsdi gf chs nucgrhy nli cd anusd gf cd nrrds w/gu n wnrrnl

wcdl cd pdrsgl g md nrrdsdi hs dlknkdi hl cd agbbhsshgl gf nl gdlsd gr hs pursudi hbbdihnd`y hs agbbhsshgl: wcdl cd cns dsanpdi, dds, gr fgrahm`y rdshss mdfgrd cd gadr cns nl gppgrulhy g sg hlfgrb chb: nli

cd pdrsgl g md nrrdsdi

wcdl hbpdrh`cd cdkhvhlk nrrds.gf suac hlfgrbngl wh``

Qda. 8

Ycd prhvnd pdrsgl scn`` hlfgrb cd pdrsgl g md nrrdsdi gf cd hldlgl g nrrds chb nli cd anusd gf cd nrrds.   Lgd5 _rhvnd pdrsgl bus id`hvdr cd nrrdsdi pdrsgl g cd ldnrds pg`had

>. wcdl cd pdrsgl g md nrrdsdi hs dlknkdi hl cd agbbhsshgl gf nl gdlsd gr hs pursudi hbbdihnd`y hs agbbhsshgl: =. wcdl cd cns dsanpdi, dds, gr fgrahm`y rdshss mdfgrd cd gadr cns nl

sngl gr enh`, gcdrwhsd, cd bny md cd`i arhbhln``y `hnm`d fgr h``dkn` iddlgl.

 

gppgrulhy g sg hlfgrb chb: nli 1. wcdl cd khvhlk gf suac hlfgrbngl wh`` hbpdrh` cd nrrds.

Bdtcgi gf nrrdst whtc n wnrrnlt gf nrrdst5

>. anusd gf chs nrrdst: =. fn fnat at tc tcnt nt n wnrr wnrrnl nltt cns cns md mddl dl hss hssud udi i fgr fgr c chs hs nr nrrd rdst st.. 1. sc scn` n``` scg scgw w tcd tcd wnr wnrrn rnlt lt gf nrrd nrrdst st wc wcdl dl tc tcd d pdrs pdrsgl gl nrrdstdi sg rdquhrds: 9. bn bny y subb subbgl gl nss nsshs hstnl tnlad ad gf g gtc tcdr dr pdr pdrsg sgl l bnjd bnjd n nrr rrds dst: t: 4. bny mrdnj mrdnj hlt hltg gn nly ly muh`ih muh`ihlk lk gr dla dla`gs `gsurd urd tg ddat ddat nrr nrrdst dst:: 6. bny mrdnj gu gut ttc cdrdfrgb: ;. sc scn` n``` id`h id`hvd vdrr tc tcd d pdrs pdrsgl gl nrrd nrrdst stdi di tg tg tcd l ldn dnrd rdst st p pg` g`ha had d stngl gr enh`: 3. sc scn` n``` hlfg hlfgrb rb ttcd cd pdrs pdrsgl gl nrrd nrrdst stdi di gf gf ch chss ag agls lst tu ugl gln` n` rhkcts.

 

Bdtcgi gf nrrdst whtcgut n wnrrnlt5 >. =. 1. 9. 4. 6. ;.

Qc Qcn` n``` hlf hlfgr grb b tcd tcd pd pdrs rsgl gl tg md nrrds nrrdstd tdi ig gff tcd tcd nutcg cgrrhty gf gf ch chs nr nrrdst: anusd gf chs nrrdst. bn bny y subb subbgl gl n nss sshs hstnl tnlad ad gf gtc gtcdr dr pdr pdrsg sgl l bnjd bnjd nr nrrd rdst st:: bny mrdnj mrdnj hlt hltg gn nly ly muh`ih muh`ihlk lk gr dla dla`gs `gsurd urd tg ddat ddat nrr nrrdst dst:: bny mrdnj gu gut ttc cdrdfrgb: sc scn` n``` id`h id`hvd vdrr tc tcd d pdrs pdrsgl gl nrrd nrrdst stdi di tg tg tcd l ldn dnrd rdst st p pg` g`ha had d stngl gr enh`: 3. sc scn` n``` hlfg hlfgrb rb ttcd cd pdrs pdrsgl gl nrrd nrrdst stdi di gf gf ch chss ag agls lst tu ugl gln` n` rhkcts.

 

Bdtcgi gf wnrrnlt`dss nrrdst my n prhvntd pdrsgl5

>. Qc Qcn` n``` hlfg hlfgrb rb tcd tcd p pdr drsg sgl l nr nrrd rdst stdi di gf gf chs5 chs5 n. Hltdlgl tg nrrdst chb: nli m. Anusd gf nrrdst =. Anllgt subbgl nsshstnlad gf gtcdr pdrsgl tg bnjd nrrdst: Anllgt mrdnj hltg nly muh`ihlk gr dla`gsurd tg 1. Anllgt mrdnj ddat nrrdst: nli 9. Qcn`` id`hvdr tcd pd pdrsgl rsgl nr nrrdstdi rdstdi tg tcd l ldnrdst dnrdst

pg`had stngl gr enh`.

 

Qdagl >?. Gadr bny subbgl nsshstnlad.  Gl`y nl gadr bnjhlk cd nrrds hs kgvdrldi my cd •

ru`d. nrrds.H igds lg agvdr n prhvnd hlihvhiun` bnjhlk nl Qdagl >>. ]hkct gf gadr tg mrdnj hltg muh`ihlk gr dla`gsurd. ]dquhshds mdfgrd nl nl gadr anl mrdnj hlg n muh`ihlk gr dla`gsurd g bnjd nrrds5 >. Ycn cd cd pdrsgl g md nrrdsd nrrdsdi i hs gr hs rdnsglnm`y rdnsglnm`y md`hdvdi g md hl snhi muh`ihlk: =. dldrhlk Ycn cd cns nllgula nllguladi di chs nucgrhy nucgrhy nli nli purpgsd purpgsd fgr cdrdhl: 1. Ycn cd cd cns rdqudsdi rdqudsdi nl nli i mddl idlhdi idlhdi nibh nibhtnlad tnlad.. Kdldrn``y, n `nwfu` nrrds bny md bnid nlywcdrd, •

dvdl gl prhvnd prgpdry hl n hscgusd. ru`d hs npp`hanm`d mgtc wcdrd tcdgr nrrdst ulidrYchs n wnrrnlt, nli wcdrd tcdrd hs vn`hi wnrrnlt`dss nrrdst.  

Qdagl >=. ]hkct tg mrdnj gut gf tcd muh`ihlk gr dla`gsurd tg ddat rd`dnsd. •

N prhvnd pdrsgl gr bnjhlk nl nrrds ANLLGY mrdnj hlnrd gr gu gf n muh`ihlk dla`gsurd mdanusd gl`y gadrs n``gwdi my `nw g ig sg.  Qdagl >1. Nrrdst ndr dsanpd gr rdsaud.  •

[cdrd pdrsgl nrrdsdi pursud dsanpds gr hs rdsaudi,nnly pdrsgl `nwfu``y bny hbbdihnd`y gr rdnjd chb whcgu n wnrrnl n nly bd nli hl nly p`nad whchl cd agulry. Ycd pursuh bus md hbbdihnd. Qdagl >9. ]hkct gf Ngrldy gr rd`nvd tg vhsht pdrsgl nrrdstdi. ]N ;913 idldi adrnhl rhkcs gf pdrsgls nrrdsdi, idnhldi, gr ulidr ausgihn` hlvdskngl, whc cd pdln`ds fgr vhg`ngls cdrdgf. •

]T@D >>9

 

MNH@   gf n pdrsgl hl ausgiy gf cd `nw, Mnh` -- cd sdaurhy khvdl fgr cd rd`dnsd Mnh` idldi.

furlhscdi my chb gr n mglisbnl, aglihgldi upgl chs nppdnrnlad mdfgrd nly agur ns rdquhrdi ulidr cd aglihgls spdahdi my cd ru`d •

•

(Qda. >, ]u`d >>9).    N pdrsgl hs hl cd ausgiy gf `nw wcdl cd cns mddl dhcdr nrrdsdi gr gcdrwhsd idprhvdi gf chs frddigb gr wcdl cd cns vg`ulnrh`y sumbhtdi chbsd`f g cd eurhsihagl gf cd agur my surrdlidrhlk g cd prgpdr nucgrhds.

N@@ _D]QGLQ, dxadpt tcgsd acnrkdi whtc gdlsds pulhscnm`d my rda`ushgl pdrpdtun wcdl dvhidlad gf kuh`t hs strglk , scn``, mdfgrd aglvhagl, md mnh`nm`d my suahdl surdds, gr md rd`dnsdi gl rdagklhznlad ns bny md prgvhidi my `nw (Qdagl >1, Nra`d HHH, >83; Aglsugl).

 

Fgrbs gf mnh`5 >. agrpgrntd surdty

=. prgpdrty mgli

1.

9. ]dagklhznlad

ansc idpgsht

[cnt hs rdagklhznlad7 ^. N. ]dagklhznlad hhss n nl lg gm m`hkngl g gff rdagri, d dl ltdrdi hl hltg mdfgrd n agurt gr bnkhstrntd iu`y nutcgrhzdi tg tnjd ht, whtc tcd aglihgl tg ig sgbd pnrau`nr nat, tcd bgst usun` aglihgl hl arhbhln` ansds mdhlk tcd nppdnrnlad gf tcd naausdi fgr trhn`.

  nh`mgli M

]dagklhznlad

Nl gm`hkngl ulidr sdn` khvdl my cd naausdi whc gld gr bgrd surdds, nli bnid pnynm`d g cd prgpdr gadr whc cd aglihgl g md vghi upgl pdrfgrbnlad my cd

nl gm`hkngl gf rdagri, dldrdi hlg mdfgrd sgbd agur gr bnkhsrnd iu`y nucgrhzdi g njd h, whc cd aglihgl g ig sgbd pnrau`nr na:

naausdi gf suac nas ns cd bny `dkn``y md rdquhrdi g pdrfgrb.  

_rgsdaugl whtldssds bny n`sg md rdquhrdi tg pgst mnh` tg dlsurd tcdhr nppdnrnlad nt tcd trhn` gf tcd ansd wcdrd5 >. cdr cdrd d hs n sum sumsu sugl gl gf hl hlfgrbn fgrbngl gl (Q (Qda. da. 9, ] ]u`d> u`d>>?), >?), n nli li =. wcdr wcdrd d cd ag agur ur md md`hdv `hdvds ds cn n bn bndrhn drhn`` whl whldss dss bny lg lg nppd nppdnr nr n cd rhn` (Qda. >9, ]u`d >>8). Qdagl =. Aglihgls gf tcd mnh`: rdquhrdbdlts. AGLIHYHGLQ GF MNH@5 >. Ycd ul ulid idrn rnjhl jhlk krdbnhl sscn` cn``` m md d ddavd upgl npprgvn`, anlad``di, scn`` hl fgrad nt n`` stnkds gf tcd nli, ansd ul`dss TLYH@ _]GBT@KNYHGL GF YCD ETIKBDLY GF YCD ]YA , hrrdspdavd gf wcdcdr cd ansd wns grhkhln``y `di hl gr nppdn`di g h: =. Yc Ycd d n naa aau usd sdi i scn`` nppdnr mdfgrd tcd prgpdr agurts wcdldvdr sg rdquhrdi my tcd agurt gr tcdsd ]u`ds: 1. Ycd FNH@T]D GF YCD NAATQDI YG N__DN] NY YCD Y]HN@ [HYCGTY ETQYHFHANYHGL IDQ_HYD ITD LGYHAD QCN@@ MD IDDBDI N [NHVD] GF CHQ ]HKCY YG MD _]DQDLY YCD]DNY . Hl suac ansd, cd rhn` bny prgaddi hl nmsdln: 9. Ycd mglisbnl scn`` surrdlidr tcd naausdi tg agurt fgr dxdaugl

gf tcd ln` euikbdlt. *niihgln` aglihgls anl md hbpgsdi.

 

N idtdlgl prhsgldr wcg dsanpdi wnhvds chs rhkct tg argss-dxnbhlngl ( Ehbdldz  Ehbdldz v. Lnznrdlg Lnznrdlg). My `hlk n fnjd mnh` mgli, nl nppd``nl hs iddbdi g cnvd dsanpdi frgb •

aglldbdl iurhlk scgu`i cd pdlidlay gf chs nppdn` nli hl cd lgrbn` agursd gf chlks, chs nppdn` md ihsbhssdi. LG ]D@DNQD G] Y]NLQFD] DSAD_Y GL AGT]Y G]ID] G] MNH@. Lg pdrsgl ulidr iddlgl my `dkn` prgadss scn`` md rd`dnsdi gr rnlsfdrrdi dxadp upgl gridr gf cd agur gr wcdl cd hs nibhtdi g mnh` (Qda. 1). Qdagl 9. Mnh`, n bndr gf rhkct: dxadpgl. [cdl n bntdr gf rhkc5 >. mdfgr mdfgrd d gr ndr aglv aglvhag hagl l hl tcd `gwdr `gwdr agur agurts: ts: NLI NLI =. md mdfg fgrd rd agl aglvh vha agl gl my my tcd tcd ]YA ]YA, DSAD_Y  wcdl cd hbpgsnm`d pdln`y hs idnc, rda`ushgl pdrpdun gr `hfd hbprhsglbdl nli dvhidlad gf kuh` hs

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srglk. Hl hlstnlads wcdrd mnh` hs n bndr gf rhkct nli tcd mnh` tg md krnltdi hs mnsdi gl tcd rdagbbdlingl gf tcd prgsdaugl ns stntdi hl tcd hlfgrbngl gr agbp`nhlt, n CDN]HLK HQ LGY LDADQQN]X. Mu wcdrd, cgwdvdr, tcdrd hs n rdiuagl gf mnh` ns rdagbbdlidi gr

ndr aglvhagl my tcd ]YA gf nl gdlsd LGY pulhscnm`d my idntc, rda`ushgl pdrpdtun, gr `hfd hbprhsglbdlt wcdrdhl tcd krnlt gf mnh` hs ihsardglnry, tcdrd bust md n cdnrhlk mdfgrd n mnh` hs krnltdi hl gridr tg ngri tcd prgsdaugl tcd acnlad tg gppgsd ht (Mnlknynl vs. Mutnanl, 194 QA]N 1?>).  

bndrr gf rhkct nli wcdl hs ht n bndr gf ^. [cdl hs mnh` n bnd ihsardgl7  N. Hl tcd BYA, ht hs n bnd bndrr gf rhkct mdfgrd gr ndr aglvhagl, aglvhagl, rdknri`dss gf tcd gdlsd. Hl tcd ]YA, ht hs n bndr gf rhkct mdfgrd aglvhagl,, DSAD_Y aglvhagl DSAD_Y   fgr gdlsds pulhscnm`d my idntc, rda`ushgl pdrpdtun, gr `hfd sdltdlad nli tcd dvhidlad gf kuh`t hs strglk, hl wchac ansd ht hs ihsardglnry. M. Ndr aglvha aglvhagl gl hl tcd ]YA, mnh` hs n bnd bndrr gf ihsar ihsardg dgl l rdknri`dss tcd gdlsd gdlsd. . Ycd ns npp`hangl fgrgrhkhln` mnh` bnyrdagri md `di natdi upglgfmy tcd trhn` agurt `glk ns tcd gf nli tcd ansd cns lgt mddl trnlsbhdi tg tcd nppd``ntd agurt. Cgwdvdr, hf tcd idahshgl gf tcd trhn` agurt acnlkdi tcd lnturd gf tcd gdlsd frgb lgl-mnh`nm`d tg mnh`nm`d, tcd npp`hangl scgu`i md niirdssdi nli rdsg`vdi my tcd nppd``ntd agurt. ^. [cnt nrd lgl-mnh`nm`d gdlsds7 N. >. anpht anphtn` n` gdls gdlsd d gr gdlsd pu pulhscn lhscnm`d m`d my idnt idntc c pdln`t pdln`ty, y, wcdl dvhidlad gf kuh`t hs strglk. =. gdlsd pulhscnm`d my rda`ushgl pdrpdtun gr `hfd hbprhsglbdlt,

wcdl dvhidlad gf kuh`t hs strglk.

 

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Ycd prgsdaugl anllgt niiuad dvhidlad fgr tcd idlhn` gf mnh` wcdrd ht hs n bndr gf rhkct. Cgwdvdr, wcdrd tcd krnlt gf mnh` hs ihsardglnry, tcd prgsdaugl bny scgw prggf tg idly tcd mnh`.  . Ycd Nl dxtrnihtddprgvhshgl hs lgt gl dlt`di tg mnh` Aglsugln` Mnh` ns wd`` ns Qda. 9 gf ]u`d >>9 npp`hds gl`y wcdl n pdrsgl cns mddl nrrdsdi nli idnhldi fgr vhg`ngl gf _ch`hpphld Arhbhln` `nws. H igds lg npp`y g dxrnihgl prgaddihlks mdanusd dxrnihgl agurs ig lg rdlidr euikbdls gf aglvhagl gr naquhtn`

(Kgvt. gf TQ vs. Euikd _urknlnl, Qdpt. =9, =??= ).

 

4. Mnh`, wcdl ihsardglnry. ‑ Qdagl 4. ]T@DQ GL NVNH@NMH@HYX GF MNH@ >. ]dknri`dss gf snkd gf cd arhbhln` prgsdaugl, lg mnh` scn`` md n``gwdi hf cd naausdi hs acnrkdi whc n anphn` gdlsd gr nl gdlsd pulhscnm`d my rda`ushgl pdrpdun NLI cd dvhidlad gf kuh` hs srglk (Qda. ;): =. Mdfgrd nli ndr aglvhagl my cd BYA, Bulhahpn` Yrhn` Agur gr BAYA, mnh` hs n bntdr gf rhkc (Qda.9). 1. Mdfgrd aglvhagl my cd ]YA wcdcdr hl cd dxdrahsd gf hs grhkhln` gr nppd``nd  eurhsihagl, mnh` mnh` hs n bntdr gf rhkc. (Qd (Qda.9) a.9) 9. Tpgl aglvhagl my cd ]YA gfnibhsshgl nl gdlsd lghs pulhscnm`d my idnc, pdrpdun gr `hfd hbprhsglbdl, g mnh` ihsardglnr ihsardglnry y (Qda. 4): rda`ushgl 4. Ndr aglvhagl my cd ]YA wcdrdhl n pdln`y gf hbprhsglbdl dxaddihlk 6 mu lg bgrd cnl =? ydnrs hs hbpgsdi, nli lg gld gf cd ahraubsnlads md`gw hs prdsdl nli prgvdi, mnh` hs n bntdr gf ihsardgl (Qda.4)   N. ]dahihvhsb ]dahihvhsb,, qunsh-rdahihvhsb qunsh-rdahih vhsb gr cnmhun` id`hlqudlay gr agbbhsshgl gf arhbd nkkrnvndi my cd ahraubsnla ahraubsnlads ds gf rdhdrngl.   M. _rdvhgus d dsanpd sanpd frgb `dkn` aglldbdl, d dvnshgl vnshgl gf sdldlad gr vhg`ngl gf cd aglihgls gf mnh` whcgu vn`hi eusangl.   A. Agbbhsshgl gf cd gdlsd wch`d gl prgmngl, pnrg`d gr ulidr aglihgln` pnrigl   I. Ahraubsnlad gf cd naausdi gr chs ansd hlihands cd prgmnmh`hy gf hkc hf

 

rd`dnsdi gl mnh` D. Tliud rhsj gf agbbhsshgl gf nlgcdr arhbd my cd naausdi iurhlk pdlidlay gf nppdn`.

 

6. Ndr aglvhagl my cd ]YA hbpgshlk n pdln`y gf hbprhsglbdl dxaddihlk 6 ydnrs mu lg bgrd cnl =? ydnrs nli nly gf cd ahraubsnlad dlubdrndi nli gcdr (Qda.4): shbh`nr ahraubsnlad hs prdsdl nli prgvdi, lg mnh`nmgvd scn`` md krnldi ;. Ndr euikbdl cns mdagbd ln` ul`dss naausdi npp`hdi fgr prgmngl mdfgrd agbbdlahlk g sdrvd sdldlad gf pdln`y nli gdlsd whchl purvhdw gf prgmngl `nw (Qda. =9). Qdagl 6. Anphtn` Gdlsd, idldi. Anphtn` Gdlsd  ‑ hs nl gdlsd wchac, ulidr cd `nw dxhslk n cd bd gf hs agbbhsshgl NLI n cd bd gf cd npp`hangl g md nibhtdi g mnh`, bny md pulhscdi whc idnc. Hf cd `nw n cd bd gf agbbhsshgl igds lg hbpgsd cd idnc pdln`y, cd sumsdqudl nbdlibdl gf cd `nw hlardnshlk cd pdln`y anllg npp`y g cd ansd, gcdrwhsd h wgu`i md dx pgs fnag, nli pdln`ds nrd iddrbhldi my cd `nw n cd bd gf cd agbbhsshgl gf cd gdlsd. Hf cd `nw n cd bd gf cd npp`hangl fgr mnh` cns nbdlidi cd prhgr `nw wchac hbpgsdi cd idnc pdln`y my rdiuahlk suac

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pdln`y, suac fnvgrnm`d `nw kdldrn``y cns n rdrgnavd dda.

 

bgvd fgr tcd anlad``ngl anlad``ngl gr ^. [cdl anl tcd prgsdaugl bgvd idlhn` gf mnh` gf tcd naausdi7 N. Hf tcd pdln`ty my tcd agurt hs hbprhsglbdlt krdntdr tcnl hbpgsdi 6 ydnrs, tcd trhn` prgsdaugl bny bgvd fgr idlhn` gr anlad``ngl gf tcd mnh` gf tcd naausdi, whtc lgad tg tcd naausdi, upgl scgwhlk gf tcd fg``gwhlk ahraubstnlads5

>. id`hlqudlt, Ycnt cd hs ngr rdah rdahihvh ihvhst, st, qunsh-rdah qunsh-rdahihvhs t, cnmhtun` cnmhtu n` agbbhdi tcdihvhst, gdlsd whtc tcd nkkrnvnlk ahraubstnlad gf rdhtdrnahgl. =. Ycd cd cns prdvhgu prdvhgus`y s`y dsanpdi dsanpdi frgb frgb `dkn` aglldb aglldbdlt, dlt, dvnidi sdltdlad, gr vhg`ntdi tcd aglihgls gf chs mnh` whtcgut vn`hi eusangl. 1. Ycnt cd agbbh agbbhdi di tcd gdlsd gdlsd wch wch`d `d gl prgmngl, prgmngl, pnrg`d pnrg`d gr aglihgln` pnrigl 9. Ycnt tcd ahraubs ahraubstnlads tnlads gf gf chs ansd hlihant hlihantd d tcd prgmnmh`hty prgmnmh`hty

gf hkct hf rd`dnsdi gl mnh`: gr 4. Ycnt tcdrd hs uliud rhsj tcnt cd bny agbb agbbht ht nlgtcdr nlgtcdr arhbd iurhlk tcd pdlidlay gf tcd nppdn`.  

Qdagl ;. Anphtn` Gdlsd lgt mnh`nm`d.  Anphn` gdlsd gr cgsd pulhscnm`d my rda`ushgl pdrpdun, `hfd hbprhsglbdl gr idnc nrd LGY MNH@NM@D wcdl dvhidlad gf kuh` hs srglk. DSAD_YHGL5 DSAD_YHGL5 Hf cd naausdi acnrkdi whc n anphn` gdlsd hs n bhlgr. Qdagl 3. Muridl gf prggf hl mnh` npp`hangl npp`hangl.. •

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Ycd cdnrhlk scgu`i md QTBBN]X gr gtcdrwhsd hl tcd ihsardgl gf tcd agurt mut tcd rhkct gf tcd prgsdaugl tg agltrg` tcd qunltub gf dvhidlad nli tcd gridr gf prdsdltngl gf whtldssds bust md dquntdi whtc tcd purpgsd gf tcd cdnrhlk ‑ tg idtdrbhld tcd mnh`nmh`hty gf tcd naausdi. Ycd muridl gf prgvhlk tcnt tcd dvhidlad gf kuh`t hs strglk `hds whtchl tcd fdlad gf tcd prgsdaugl . (Agbhn vs. Nltgln, 11; QA]N 646) Dvhidlad gf kuh` hs srglk wcdl prggf hs dvhidl gr cd

prdsubpgl gf kuh` hs srglk. Ycd ds hs LGY wcdcdr cd dvhidlad dsnm`hscds kuh` mdygli rdnsglnm`d igum mu rncdr wcdcdr h scgws scgws dvhidl kuh kuh` ` gr n krdn prdsubp prdsubpgl gl gf kuh`.

 

^. Hf tcdrd hs n `hjd`hcggi tcnt tcd naausdi wgu`i eubp mnh`, wcnt

scgu`i tcd agurt ig7  N. mnh`  >.Hlardnsd tcd nbgult gf mnh`  agurt   =.]dquhrd pdrhgiha rdpgrts gf tcd naausdi tg agurt nmsdln 1.[nrl chb tcnt tcd trhn` bny prgaddi hl nmsdln ^. [cnt hs n anpht anphtn` n` gdlsd gdlsd7 7  N. N anphtn` gdlsd hs nl gdlsd wchac, ulidr ulidr tcd `nw dxhslk lk nt tcd tcd bd gf hts agbbhsshgl nli gf tcd npp`hangl fgrdxhs nibhsshgl tg mnh`, bny md pulhscdi whtc idntc. ^. [cnt nrd tcd iuds gf tcd trhn` euikd hl ansd ansd nl npp`hangl fgr mnh` hs `di7 N. >.Lgfy tcd prgsdautgr gf tcd cdnrhlk gr rdquhrd chb tg sumbht chs rdagbbdlingl. =. Agliuat n cdnrhlk. 1. Idahid wcdtcdr tcd dvhidlad gf kuh`t hs strglk mnsdi gl tcd subbnry gf dvhidlad gf tcd prgsdaugl.

9. Hftcd tcdnpprgvn` kuh`t gf tcd hs lgt strglk, ihsacnrkd tcd hs naausdi gf naausdi tcd mnh`mgli. Hf dvhidlad gf kuh`t strglk,upgl tcd pdgl scgu`i md idlhdi.

 

Qdagl 8. Nbgult gf mnh`: kuhid`hlds. FNAYG]Q YG MD AGLQHID]DI HL FHSHLK YCD ]DNQGLNM@D NBGTLY GF MNH@ (LGY DSA@TQHVD) >. =. 1. 9. 4.

Fhlnla Fhlnlahn` hn` nmh` nmh`hy hy gf gf cd naaus naausdi di g khvd khvd mnh`: mnh`: Lnurd Lnurd nli ahra ahraubs ubsnl nlads ads gf cd cd gdls gdlsd: d: _dln _dln` `y y fgr cd cd gd gdls lsd d acnr acnrkd kdi: i: Acnrna Acnrnadr dr nli rdpun rdpungl gl gf gf cd naausd naausdi: i: Nkd Nkd nl nli i cdn` cdn`c c gf gf cd cd n naau aausd sdi: i:

6. [dhkc [dhkc gf gf dvhid dvhidlad lad nknhls nknhls cd naausd naausdi: i: ;. _rgmnm _rgmnmh`h h`hy y gf cd naaus naausdi di nppdnr nppdnrhlk hlk n cd cd rhn`: rhn`: 3. Fgrf Fgrfdh dhu urd rd gf gcd gcdrr mnh mnh`: `: 8. Ycd fna fna cn cd naausdi naausdi wns n fukhv fukhvd d frgb eusad wcdl nrrds nrrdsdi: di: nli nli >?._dlidlay gf gcdr ansds wcdl cd naausdi hs gl mnh` Mnh` bus lg md hl n prgchmhgry nbgul. Dxadsshvd mnh` hs lg g md rdquhrdi fgr cd purpgsd gf prdvdllk cd naausdi frgb mdhlk nibhtdi g mnh`. Qdagl >>. _rgpdrty, cgw pgstdi.  _rgpdrty Mgli  ‑ hs nl ulidrnjhlk aglsudi ns n @HDL  gl cd rdn` prgpdry khvdl ns sdaurhy fgr cd nbgul gf cd mnh` (sda>>): •

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H hs rdquhrdi cnns cdmnh`, nllgtngl gf n `hdl gl tcd `nli rdagris gf tcd prgpdrty pgstdi gtcdrwhsd tcd prgpdrty mnh` mgli scn`` md anlad``di.

 

[cdrd d scgu`i scgu`i mnh` mnh` md `di `di7 7  ^. [cdr N. Ht bny md `di wh whtc tc tcd agu agurt rt wcdr wcdrd d tcd ansd hs _D _DLIHL LIHLK. K. Hl tcd nmsdlad gf tcd euikd tcdrdgf, mnh` bny md `di whtc nly ]YA gr BYA euikd hl tcd prgvhlad, ahty, gr bulhahpn`hty. Hf tcd naausdi hs nrrdstdi hl n prgvhlad, ahty, gr bulhahpn`hty gtcdr tcnl wcdrd tcd ansd hs pdlihlk, mnh` bny n`sg md `di whtc nli ]YA gf snhi p`nad, gr hf lg euikd hs nvnh`nm`d, whtc nly BYA euikd tcdrdhl. tcdrdhl . Mut wcdrd mnh` hs n bndr gf ihsardgl gr wcdrd tcd naausdi sddjs tg md rd`dnsdi gl YCD rdagklhznlad, MNH@ BNX MDhlFH@DI HL wcg YCD AGT]Y [CD]D ANQD HQ _DLIHLK. _DLIHLK . NlyGL@X pdrsgl austgiy hs lgt ydt acnrkdi bny npp`y fgr mnh` whtc nly agurt hl tcd prgvhlad, ahty gr bulhahpn`hty wcdrd cd hs cd`i. ^. [cnt hs tcd rdbdiy gf tcd tcd naausdi hf cd hs idlhdi mnh`7 mnh`7  N. Cd scgu`i `d n spdahn` ahvh` nag nagl l hl tcd AN, l lgt gt tcd QA whtchl whtchl 6? inys. ^. Igds nl npp`hangl npp`hangl fgr mnh` mnh` mnr tcd naausdi frgb qudsglhlk tcd tcd vn`hihty gr chs nrrdst, tcd vn`hihty gf tcd wnrrnlt, gr tcd bnlldr gf agliualk tcd prd`hbhlnry hlvdskngl7 

N. Lg, prgvhidi tcnt cd rnhsds tcdsd qudsgls MDFG]D _@DN. _@DN .  

 

Qdagl >=. ^un`hangls gf surdds hl prgpdrty mgli. _ch`hpphld rdshidlay hs rdquhrdi gf n prgpdry mglisbnl. Ycd rdnsgl fgr chs hs cn mglisbdl hl arhbhln` ansds, rdshihlk gushid gf cd _ch`hpphlds, nrd lg whchl cd rdnac gf cd prgadssds gf hs agurs (Vh``nsdþgr vs. Nmnlg, => QA]N 1>= ).  Qdagl >1. Eusangl gf surdds. Ycd purpgsd gf cd ru`d rdquhrhlk cd ninvh gf qun`hangl my cd surdy mdfgrd cd euikd, hs g dlnm`d cd `ntdr g iddrbhld wcdcdr gr lg cd surdy pgssdssds cd qun`hangl g na ns suac, dspdahn``y chs lnlahn` wgrc. Ycd eusangl mdhlk ulidr gnc, nly fn`shy hlrgiuadi cdrdg my cd surdy upgl n bntdr gf shklhanlad wgu`i rdlidr chb `hnm`d fgr pdreury. •

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Qdagl >9. Idpgsht gf ansc ns mnh`  DFFDAY GF ID_GQHYHLK ANQC NQ MNH@5 Naausdi scn`` md ihsacnrkdi frgb ausgiy ns h hs aglshidrdi ns mnh`. Qdagl >4. ]dagklhznlad

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]dagklhznlad - nl gm`hkngl gf rdagri, dldrdi hlg mdfgrd sgbd agur gr gadr nucgrhzdi g njd h whc n aglihgl g ig sgbd pnrau`nr na nli cd naausdi hs gdl n``gwdi g gm`hknd chbsd`f g nlswdr cd acnrkd.

 

Qdagl >6. Mnh` wcdl lgt rdquhrdi: rdiuadi •

mnh` gl rdagklhznlad. Hlsnlads wcdrdhl cd naausdi bny md rd`dnsdi gl rdagklhznlad, whcgu pulk mnh` gr gl rdiuadi mnh`5

 

ANL MD ]D@DNQDI [HYCGTY MNH@

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1.

GL ]DITADI MNH@ G] GL CHQ G[L ]DAGKLHUNLAD

TLID] YCD ]DVHQDI ]T@DQ GL QTBBN]X _]GADIT]D

Gdlsd acnr Gdlsd acnrkd kdi i hs vhg` vhg`ng ngl l gf nl grihl grihlnlad nlad,, `hkct `hkct fd` fd`gly gly gr n arhbhln` gdlsd, tcd hbpgsnm`d pdln`ty wcdrdfgrd igds lgt dxaddi 6 bgltcs gf hbprhsglbdlt nli/gr ld gf _ =,??? ulidr ].N.6?16 [cdrd [cd rd tcd naausdi naausdi cns np npp`h p`hdi di fgr pr prgmn gmngl gl nl nli i mdfgrd tcd snbd cns mddl rdsg`vdi mut lg mnh` wns `di gr tcd naausdi hs hlanpnm`d gf `hlk gld, hl wchac ansd cd bny md rd`dnsdi gl rdagklhznlad Hl an ansd sd gf n yg ygutc utcfu fu`` g gdli dlidr dr cd cd`i `i fgr pcy pcysha shan` n` gr bdltn` dxnbhlngl, trhn` gr nppdn`, hf ulnm`d tg furlhsc mnh` nli ulidr tcd ahraubstnlads ulidr _I 6?1, ns nbdlidi

N pdrsgl hl ausgiy fgr n pdrhgi dqun` g gr bgrd cnl cd bhlhbub gf cd prhlahpn` pdln`y prdsarhmdi fgr cd gdlsd acnrkdi, whcgu npp`hangl gf cd hliddrbhlnd sdldlad `nw gr nly bgihfyhlk ahraubsnlad scn`` md rd`dnsdi gl rdiuadi mnh` gr gl chs gwl rdagklhznlad Kdldrn` ]u`d5 lg mnh` Dxadpgl5 >. [cdl n wnrrnl gf nrrds hs hssudi fgr fnh`urd g nppdnr wcdl rdquhrdi my cd agur =. [cdl cd naausdi - hs n rdahihvhs: - hs n fukhvd frgb eusad: - hs acnrkdi whc pcyshan` hleurhds

- igds lg rdshid hl cd p`nad wcdrd cd vhg`ngl gf cd `nw gr grihlnlad hs agbbhtdi: gr -cns lg rdshid hl cd p`nad wcdrd cd vhg`ngl gf cd `nw gr grihlnlad hs agbbhtdi: gr cns lg jlgwl rdshidlad

 

`di.. Qdagl >;. Mnh`, wcdrd `di >. Bny md ` `di di wh whc c cd agur agur wc wcdrd drd cd cd ansd hhss pdlihlk, pdlihlk, gr hl cd nmsdla nmsdlad d gr ulnvnh`nmh`hy gfahy. cd euikd cdrdgf, whc nlgcdr mrnlac gf cd snbd agur whchl cd prgvhlad gr =. [cdl [cdldvdr dvdr cd cd krn krnl l gf mnh` mnh` hs n bntd bntdrr gf ihs ihsard ardgl, gl, gr cd naausd naausdi i sddjs sddjs g md rd`dnsdi gl rdagklhznl rdagklhznlad, ad, 1. cd npp npp`han `hangl gl cd cdrdfg rdfgrd rd bny md  `di `di gl gl`y `y hl cd p pnrau nrau`nr `nr agur agur wcdrd wcdrd cd ansd ansd hs pdlihlk, wcdcdr fgr prd`hbhlnry hlvdskngl, rhn` gr nppdn`. 9. Nly pdrsgl au ausgi sgiy yahy wcg lg lg yd acn acnrkdi rkdi hlcd aagur gur  bny npp`y npp`y fgr mnh mnh`` whc nly nly agurpdr hl sgl cd hl prgvhlad, grhsbulhahpn`hy wcdrd hs cd`i. Qdagl >3. Lgad gf npp`hangl tg prgsdautgr. Quac lgad hs ldadssnry mdanusd cd muridl gf prgvhlk cn cd dvhidlad gf kuh` hs srglk hs gl cd prgsdaugl nli cn cd ihsardgl gf cd agur hl nibhlk cd •

naausdi mnh` anl gl`yhlmd ndr cd san` cns mddl rdknrihlk cd lnurd gfgcd dvhidlad chsdxdrahsdi pgssdsshgl. ( _dgp`d vs. ]nmn, >1? cdnri _ch`. 139 ) Qdagl >8. ]d`dnsd gl mnh`. Glad cd naausdi cns mddl nibhtdi g mnh`, chs dl`di g hbbdihnd rd`dnsd frgb ausgiy. Nl gadr wcg fnh`s gr rdfusds g rd`dnsd chb frgb iddlgl •

lgwhcsnlihlk cd npprgvn` my cd prgpdr agur gf chs mnh`mgli, bny md cd`i `hnm`d ulidr Nra`d >=6 gf cd ]dvhsdi _dln` Agid fgr id`nyhlk rd`dnsd.

 

Qdagl =?. Hlardnsd gr rdiuagl gf mnh`.   Ycd kuhid`hlds prgvhidi fgr hl Qdagl 8, ]u`d >>9, hl xhlk cd nbgul gf mnh` nrd n`sg npp`hanm`d hl rdiuahlk gr hlardnshlk cd mnh` prdvhgus`y xdi. •

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[cdrd cd gdlsd hs mnh`nm`d ns n bntdr gf rhkc, cd bdrd prgmnmh`hy cn cd naausdi wh`` dsanpd, gr dvdl hf cd cni prdvhgus`y dsanpdi wch`d ulidr iddlgl, igds lg idprhvd chb gf chs rhkc g mnh`. Ycd rdbdiy hs tg hlardnsd tcd nbgult gf tcd mnh`, prgvhidi suac nbgult wgu`i lgt md dxadsshvd. (Qy Kunl vs. Nbpnrg, ;8 _ch`. 6;?)

Qdagl =>. Fgrfdhturd Fgrfdhturd gf mnh`. [hchl 1? inys frgb cd fnh`urd gf cd naausdi g nppdnr hl pdrsgl ns rdquhrdi, cd mglisbdl bus5 >. _]GITAD _]GITAD cd mgiy gf cdhr prhlahpn` prhlahpn` gr khvd cd rd rdnsgl nsgl fg fgrr chs lglprgiuagl: NLI =. DS_@NHL DS_@NHL wcy cd cd naausdi naausdi ihi ihi lg nppdnr mdfgrd cd agur agur wc wcdl dl rs rs rdquhrdi g ig sg. Ycd 1?-iny pdrhgi krnldi g cd mglisbdl g agbp`y whc cd wg rdquhshds fgr cd `hhlk gf cd gridr gf fgrfdhurd anllg md scgrdldi my cd agur mu bny md dxdlidi fgr kggi anusd scgwl. •

 

G]ID] GF FG]FDHYT]D VQ. G]ID] GF AGLFHQANYHGL nl G]ID] GF FG]FDHYT]D hs aglihgln` nli hldr`gaugry, cdrd mdhlk sgbdchlk bgrd g md igld suac ns cd prgiuagl gf cd naausdi whchl •

1? inys ns prgvhidi my cd ru`ds nl gridr gf fgrfdhturd hs lgt nppdn`nm`d nl G]ID] GF AGLFHQANYHGL hs lg hlidpdlidl gf cd gridr gf cd gridr gf fgrfdhurd. Ht hs n euikbdlt u`bntd`y idtdrbhlhlk tcd `hnmh`hty gf tcd surdty tcdrdulidr, nli tcdrdfgrd ln` nli dxdaugl bny hssud nt glad. Qdagl ==. Anlad``ngl gf mnh`mgli.  HLQYNLADQ [CDL MNH@ MGLI ANL MD ANLAD@@DI >. upgl npp`h npp`hang angl l my cd mglisb mglisbnl nl whc whc lgad lgad g cd san` san` nli upgl surrdlidr gf cd naausdi: nli =. upgl upgl p prg rggf gf cn cn cd cd naausdi ihdi. Ycd mnh` mgli hs nugbnan``y anlad``di upgl tcd naquhn` gf tcd naausdi gr ihsbhssn` gf tcd ansd gr dxdaugl gf tcd ln` gridr gf aglvhagl , •

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whcgu prdeuihad g nly `hnmh`hy gl cd mgli hlaurrdi prhgr g cdhr ihsacnrkd. BDYCGIQ MX [CHAC QT]DYHDQ BNX ]D@HDVD YCDBQD@VDQ F]GB ]DQ_GLQHMH@HYHDQ >. Nrrds Nrrds cd prhlahp prhlahpn` n` nli id`hvd id`hvdrr chb g cd cd prgpdr prgpdr nucgr nucgrhds hds::

=. Ycdy bny bny anusd anusd chs nrrds nrrds g md md bnid my my nly pg`had pg`had gadr gadr gr gcdr gcdr pdrsgl pdrsgl gf suhnm`d nkd gr ihsardgl: gr 1. My dligrsh dligrshlk lk cd nucg nucgrhy rhy g g nrrds nrrds upgl upgl n adrdi adrdi agpy agpy gf cd cd ulidrnjhlk nli id`hvdrhlk h g suac gadr gr pdrsgl  

Qdagl =1. Nrrdst gf naausdi gut gl mnh`.  Nl naausdi rd`dnsdi gl mnh` bny md rd-nrrdsdi whcgu n wnrrnl hf cd ntdbps g idpnr frgb cd _ch`hpphlds whcgu prhgr pdrbhsshgl gf cd •

agur wcdrd cd ansd hs pdlihlk.  Qdagl =9. Lg mnh` ndr ln` euikbdlt: dxadpgl. KDLD]N@ ]T@D5 Ycd ln`hy gf cd euikbdl drbhlnds cd arhbhln` prgaddihlk. Mnh` mdagbds gf lg nvnh`. Ycd euikbdl agldbp`ndi hs n

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 euikbdl aglvhagl. Ycd euikbdlt hs ln` hf tcd naausdi igds lgt nppdn` tcdgf aglvhagl. Lg mnh` scn`` md krnldi ndr euikbdl, hf cd ansd cns mdagbd ln` dvdl hf aglludi aglldbdl gf cd naausdi wgu`i md idrhbdln` gr inlkdrgus g chs cdn`c. Ycd rdbdiy wgu`i md g sumbh chb g bdihan` rdnbdl gr cgsphn`hzngl.

DSAD_YHGL5 tcd naausdi npp`hds fgrmnh` _]GMNYHGL md `di, n``gwdi tdbpgrnryHf`hmdrty ulidr chs dxhslk mgli, gr hfcd lg bny mnh` wns gr hs hlanpnm`d gf `hlk gld, cd bny md rd`dnsdi gl rdagklhznlad tg tcd austgiy gf n rdspglshm`d bdbmdr gf tcd agbbulhty Ycd npp`hangl fgr _]GMNYHGL BTQY MD FH@DI [HYCHL YCD _D]HGI GF •

_D]FDAYHLK NL N__DN@. Quac `hlk gpdrnds ns n wnhvdr gf cd rhkc g nppdn`. Ycd naausdi cd bdnlbd, hs dl`di g md rd`dnsdi gl mnh` gr rdagklhznlad. (Qda. 9,hl_I 863, ns nbdlidi)

 

Qdagl =4. Agurt supdrvhshgl gf idtnhldds. Ycd dbp`gybdl gf pcyshan`, psyacg`gkhan` gr idkrnihlk pulhscbdl nknhls nly prhsgldr gr idnhldd gr cd usd gf sumsnlinri gr hlnidqund pdln` fnah`hds ulidr sumcubnl aglihgls scn`` md idn` whc my `nw (Qdagl >8(=), Nra`d HHH, >83; Aglsugl). •

Qdagl =6. Mnh` lgt n mnr tg gmedagl gl h``dkn` nrrdst, `naj gf gr hrrdku`nr prd`hbhlnry hlvdskngl.  NL N__@HANYHGL FG] G] NIBHQQHGL YG MNH@ QCN@@ LGY MN] YCD NAATQDI >. frgb aacn``d cn``dlkhl lkhlk k cd vn`hi vn`hihy hy g gff chs nrrds G] =. `dkn` `dkn`hy hy g gff cd wnrrn wnrrnl l hhssudi ssudi cdr cdrdfgrd dfgrd,, G G] ] 1. frgb nss nssnh`hl nh`hlk k cd rd rdku`n ku`nrhy rhy g grr quds qudsglh glhlk lk cd nmsdl nmsdlad ad gf prd`hbhlnry hlvdskngl gf cd acnrkd nknhls chb, _]GVHIDI, cd rnhsds cdb mdfgrd dldrhlk chs p`dn.

 

]T@D >>4 ]HKCYQ GF YCD NAATQDI

Ychs ru`d dlubdrnds cd rhkcs gf n pdrsgl naausdi gf nl gdlsd, wchac nrd mgc aglsugln` ns wd`` ns snugry, snvd cd rhkc g nppdn`, wchac hs purd`y snugry hl acnrnadr. QDAYHGL >. ]HKCYQ GF YCD NAATQDI NY YCD Y]HN@. 

N. YG MD _]DQTBDI HLLGADLY Hl n`` arhbhln` prgsdaugls, cd naausdi hs prdsubdi hllgadl ul` cd aglrnry hs prgvdi mdygli rdnsglnm`d igum. ]dnsglnm`d Igumt hs tcnt igumt dlkdlidrdi my nl hlvdskngl gf tcd wcg`d prggf nli nl hlnmh`hty, ndr suac hlvdskngl, tg `dt tcd bhli rdst dnsy upgl tcd adrtnhlty gf kuh`t . Nmsg`utd adrtnhlty gf kuh`t hs lgt idbnlidi my tcd `nw tg aglvhat gf nly arhbhln` acnrkd mut bgrn` adrtnhlty hs rdquhrdi, nli tchs adrtnhlty hs rdquhrdi ns g dvdry prgpgshgl gf prggf rdquhshd g aglsud cd gdlsd. •

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  D^TH_GHQD  ‑ wcdrd cdcd dvhidlad gf cd prdsubpgl pnrds hl n arhbhln` ansd nrd]T@D dvdl`y mn`nladi, aglsugln` gf hllgadlad scgu`i ` hl fnvgr gf cd naausdi nli bus md naquhtdi.  

^. [cnt nrd tcd twg nspdats gf tcd rhkct tg iud prgadss7 N. >.Qumstnlvd iud prgadss prgadss ‑  ‑ tchs rdfdrs tg tcd hltrhlsha vn`hihty gf tcd `nw =._rgadiurn` iud prgadss ‑ gld tcnt cdnrs mdfgrd ht aglidbls, prgaddis upgl hlquhry, nli rdlidrs euikbdlt gl`y ndr trhn` nli mnsdi gl tcd dvhidlad prdsdltdi tcdrdhl. ldadssnry tg cnvd trhn`-typd trhn`-typd prgaddihlks prgaddihlks hl gridr gridr tg snsfy tcd ^. Hs ht ldadssnry rdquhrdbdlt gf iud prgadss7  N. Lg. Ycdrd hs lg lddi fgr trhn`-typd prgaddihlks hl gridr tg snsfy iud prgadss prgadss.. [cnt hs hbpgrtnlt hs tcnt tcdrd wns nl gppgrtulhty tg md cdnri. Lgad nli cdnrhlk nrd tcd bhlhbub rdquhrdbdlts gf iud prgadss. rdquhrdbdlts gf prgadiurn` prgadiurn` iud prgadss7  ^. Hl kdldrn`, wcnt nrd tcd rdquhrdbdlts N. >.Y >.Ycdr cdrd d b bust ust md nl hbpnrn` nli agbpdtdlt agurt whtc euihahn` pgwdr tg cdnr nli idtdrbhld tcd bndr mdfgrd ht: ht: =.Eurhsihagl bust md `nwfu``y naquhrdi gvdr tcd pdrsgl gf tcd idfdlinlt gr gvdr tcd prgpdrty sumedat gf tcd prgaddihlk: prgaddihlk: •

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cdnri:: 1.Ycd idfdlinlt bust md khvdl nl gppgrtulhty tg md cdnri cdnrhlk.. 9.Euikbdlt bust md rdlidrdi md rdlidrdi upgl `nwfu` cdnrhlk

arhbhln` ansds, ansds, wcnt nrd tcd rdquhrdbdlts rdquhrdbdlts gf prgadiurn` prgadiurn` iud prgadss7 prgadss7 ^. Hl arhbhln` N. Ycd rdquhrdbdl rdquhrdbdlts ts hl arhbhln` arhbhln` ansds ansds nrd bgrd bgrd strhlkdlt. strhlkdlt. Ycdy nrd5 >.Ycd naausdi bust cnvd mddl cdnri my n agurt gf agbpdtdlt eurhsihagl eurhsihagl:: prgadssds gadssds gf tcd `nw: `nw : =.Cd bust cnvd mddl prgaddidi nknhlst ulidr gridr`y pr 1.Cd bny md pulhscdi gl`y ndr hlquhry nli hlvdskngl: hlvdskngl: 9.Ycdrd bust md lgad tg tcd naausdi naausdi:: 4.Ycd naausdi bust md khvdl nl gppgrtulhty tg md cdnri cdnri:: `nw.  6.Euikbdlt bust md rdlidrdi whtchl tcd nutcgrhty gf n aglstugln` `nw. ^. [cnt hs tcd bdnlhlk bdnlhlk gf tcd rhkct gf prdsubpgl gf hllgadlad7   N. Ycd rhkct bdnls tcnt tcd prdsubpgl bust md gvdragbd my dvhidlad gf kuh`t mdygli rdnsglnm`d igumt. igumt . Kuh`t mdygli rdnsglnm`d igumt bdnls tcnt tcdrd hs bgrn` adrtnhlty ns tg tcd kuh`t gf tcd naausdi. Aglvhagl scgu`i md mnsdi gl tcd strdlktc gf tcd prgsdaugl nli lgt gl tcd wdnjldss gf tcd idfdlsd. idfdlsd. Ycd shklhanlad gf tchs hs tcnt naausngl hs lgt sylglybgus whtc kuh`t.

 

tcd dxadpgls dxadpgls tg tcd aglstu aglstugln` gln` prdsubpg prdsubpgl l gf hllgadlad7 hllgadlad7 ^. [cnt nrd tcd N. >._rdsubpg >._rdsubpgls ls ‑ Hf tcdrd hs n rdnsglnm`d rdnsglnm`d aglldagl aglldagl mdtwd mdtwddl dl tcd fnat prdsubdi nli tcd fnat u`bntd`y prgvdl frgb suac fnat Dxnbp`ds5 n. [cdl nl naagultnm`d pum`ha gadr fnh`s tg naagult fgr fulis gr prgpdrty tcnt scgu`i md hl chs austgiy, cd hs prdsubdi tg md kuh`ty gf bn`vdrsngl: m. _drsgls hl pgssdsshgl gf rdadlt`y stg`dl kggis nrd prdsubdi kuh`ty gf tcd gdlsd hl aglldagl whtc tcd kggis. =.Qd`f-Idfdlsd ‑ Gld wcg hlvgjds sd`f-idfdlsd hs prdsubdi kuh`ty. Ycd muridl gf prgvhlk tcd d`dbdlts gf sd`f-idfdlsd(ul`nwfu` nkkrdsshgl, rdnsglnm`d ldadsshty gf tcd bdnls usdi tg prdvdlt gr rdpd` ht: `naj gf suahdlt prgvgangl gl tcd pnrt gf tcd gld idfdlihlk chbsd`f) MD@GLKQ YG YCD NAATQDI. NAATQDI.

[cnt hs n ‐rd ‐rdvdr vdrsd sd trhn trhn`‒7 `‒7  ^. [cnt N. Tsun``y, Tsun``y, tcd prgsdaug prgsdaugl l prdsdlts prdsdlts hts dvhidlad dvhidlad tg dstnm`hsc dstnm`hsc tcd kuh`t kuh`t gf tcd naausdi rst. Mut n rdvdrsd trhn` cnppdls hf tcd naausdi nibhts tcd jh``hlk mut a`nhbs sd`f-idfdlsd. Cd bust rst dstnm`hsc tcd d`dbdlts gf

sd`f-idfdlsd hl gridr tg gvdrturl tcd prdsubpgl tcnt cd wns kuh`ty gf tcd gdlsd. gdlsd.

 

M. YG MD HLFG]BDI GF YCD LNYT]D NLI YCD ANTQD GF YCD NAATQNYHGL NKNHLQY CHB. Nl naausdi anllgt md aglvhatdi gf nl gdlsd ul`dss ht hs a`dnr`y acnrkdi hl tcd agbp`nhlt gr hlfgrbngl. Yg aglvha chb gf nl gdlsd gcdr cnl cn acnrkdi hl cd agbp`nhl gr hlfgrbngl wgu`i md n vhg`ngl gf chs aglsugln` rhkc ( _dgp`d vs. Grtdkn, =;6 QA]N >66). [cdl n pdrsgl hs acnrkdi hl n agbp`nhl whc n arhbd nli cd •

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dvhidlad igds lg scgw cn cd hs kuh`y cdrdgf, mut igds scgw tcnt cd hs kuh`ty gf sgbd gtcdr arhbd gr n `dssdr gdlsd , cd agur bny sdldlad chb fgr cd `dssdr gdlsd, _]GVHIDI  cd `dssdr gdlsd hs n agklnd gdlsd nli hs hla`uidi hl cd agbp`nhl whc cd agur.

A. MD _]DQDLY NLI IDFDLI HL _D]QGL NLI MX AGTLQD@ NY DVD]X QYNKD GF YCD _]GADDIHLK YCD _]DQDLAD GF YCD NAATQDI HQ ]D^TH]DI GL@X •

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Iurhlk nr nrrnhklbdlt (Qda. >m, ru`d >>6)

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Iurhlk nr nrrnhklbdlt

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cd aglvhagl hs fgr n _ rgbgdlsd, u`knglhlgfwchac eui eu ikb dltt hDSAD_Y dl `hkc ansd, bny mdwcdl prglguladi hl cd prdsdlad gf chs agulsd` gr n rdprdsdlnvd [cdl gridrdi my tcd agurt fgr purpgsds gf hidlangl

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Lg npp`hanm`d hl QA nli AN - Ycd `nw sdaurhlk g nl naausdi pdrsgl cd rhkc g md prdsdl n dvdry snkd gf cd prgaddihlks cns lg npp`hangl g cd prgaddihlks mdfgrd cd Agur gf Nppdn`s nli cd Quprdbd Agur lgr

g dlryhlnli prgbu`kngl gf cdhr gf euikbdls Ycd(Qda. idfdlinl lddi lg md cd prdsdl agur iurhlk cd cdnrhlk cd nppdn`. 8 ]u`d >=9) Naausdi bny wnhvd chs rhkc g md prdsdl iurhlk cd rhn`. CG[DVD], chs prdsdlad bny md agbpd``di wcdl cd hs g md hidldi. ( Nquhlg, Er. vs. Bh`htnry Agbbhsshgl, 61 QA]N 496 ) DFFDAYQ GF [NHVD] GF YCD ]HKCY YG N__DN] MX YCD NAATQDI >. wnhvd wnhvdrr gf cd cd rhkc rhkc g prds prdsdl dl dvhi dvhidlad dlad:: =. prgsdaugl prgsdaugl anl prdsdl prdsdl dvhidlad dvhidlad hf naausdi naausdi fnh`s fnh`s g nppdnr: nppdnr: 1. cd agur agur anl anl idahid idahid whcgu whcgu naausdi naausdi‘s ‘s dvhidl dvhidlad. ad. Y]HN@ HL NMQDLYHN H hs hbpgrnl g snd cn cd prgvhshgl gf cd Aglsugl nucgrhzhlk cd rhn` hl nmsdln gf cd naausdi hl ansd gf chs lgl-nppdnrnlad NFYD] N]]NHKLBDLY idsphd iud lgad shbp`y bdnls cn cd cdrdmy wnhvds chs rhkc g bdd cd whldssds fnad g fnad nbglk gcdrs. Quac wnhvdr gf n rhkc gf cd naausdi igds lg bdnl n rd`dnsd gf cd naausdi frgb chs gm`hkngl ulidr cd mgli g nppdnr hl agur wcdldvdr •

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sg rdquhrdi. Ycd naausdi bny wnhvd chs rhkc mu lg chs iuy gr gm`hkngl g cd agur. 

 

]D^TH]DBDLYQ FG] Y]HN@ HL NMQDLYHN >. naausd naausdi i cns cns mddl mddl nrrn nrrnhkl hkldi di =. cd cns cns mddl mddl iu`y iu`y lgd lgdi i gf cd cd rhn` rhn` 1. chs fnh` fnh`urd urd g g nppdnr nppdnr hs hs uleus uleusdi di •

Nl dsanpdd wcg cns mddl iu`y rhdi hl nmsdln wnhvds chs rhkc g prdsdl dvhidlad gl chs gwl mdcn`f nli g aglfrgl nli argss-dxnbhld whldssds wcg dsdi nknhls chb. ( Khbdldz vs. Lnznrdlg, >6? QA]N >)

^. Anl tcd rhkct rhkct tg md prdsdlt nt tcd trhn` trhn` md wnhvdi7 wnhvdi7   N. Xds, dxadpt dxadpt hl tcd fg``gwhlk fg``gwhlk shtungls, shtungls, wcdrd wcdrd tcd prdsdlad prdsdlad gf tcd naausdi nt tcd trhn` hs rdquhrdi5 >.Nrrnhklbdlt: =.Iurhlk prgbu`kngl gf euikbdlt, dxadpt hf ht hs fgr n `hkct gdlsd: 1.[cdl tcd prdsdlad gf tcd naausdi nt tcd trhn` hs ldadssnry

fgr purpgsds gf hidlangl, TL@DQQ cd nibhts mdfgrdcnli tcnt tcd hs tcd snbd pdrsgl acnrkdi.

 

I. ]HKCY YG AGTLQD@ •

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Ycd rhkct agvdrs tcd pdrhgi mdkhllhlk frgb austgihn`

hlvdskngl, hltg tcd rdlihgl gf tcd euikbdlt dvdl gl nppdnwd`` `. (_dgp`d vs. Qdrzg, Er., =;9 QA]N 441). nli Hf iurhlk tcd hlvdskngl tcd nsshslk `nwydr `d, gr agbd nli kg, tcd stntdbdlt shkldi my tcd naausdi hs s`` hlnibhsshm`d  mdanusd cd `nwydr scgu`i nsshs chs a`hdl frgb cd bd cd aglfdssnl nlswdrs cd rs qudsgl nsjdi my cd hlvdsknlk gadr ul` cd shklhlk gf cd dxrneuihahn` aglfdsshgl. (_dgp`d vs. Bgrhn`, 161 QA]N 86 )     Ycd rhkc g agulsd` nli cd rhkc g rdbnhl sh`dl ig lg adnsd dvdl ndr n arhbhln` agbp`nhl/hlfgrbngl cns n`rdniy mddl `di nknhls cd naausdi, NQ @GLK NQ cd hs s`` hl ausgiy. Ycd iuty gf tcd agurt tg nppghlt n agulsd` id gahg wcdl tcd naausdi cns lg `dkn` agulsd` gf acghad nli idshrds tg

dbp`gy tcd sdrvhads gf gld hs BNLINYG]X GL@X NY YCD YHBD GF N]]NHKLBDLY. (Qda. 6 ]u`d >>6)

 

D. YG YDQYHFX NQ [HYLDQQ HL CHQ G[L MDCN@F •

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N idlhn` gf tcd idfdlinlt‘s rhkct tg tdsfy hl chs mdcn`f wgu`i aglstutd nl uleusnm`d vhg`ngl gf chs aglstugln` rhkct. (_dgp`d vs. Qnlnkg, 96 _ch`. ;19). Hf tcd naausdi tdsds, cd bny md argss-dxnbhldi mut GL@X gl bndrs agvdrdi my chs ihrdat dxnbhlngl, ul`hjd nl grihlnry whldss wcg anl md argss-dxnbhldi ns g nly bntdr sndi hl cd ihrda dxnbhlngl gr aglldadi cdrdwhc (Qdagl 6, ]u`d >1=). Chs fnh`urd tg tdsfy hs lgt tnjdl nknhlst chb

mut fnh`urd tg prgiuad dvhidlad hl chs mdcn`f hs aglshidrdi nknhlst chb (T.Q. vs. Mny, 8; _ch`. 984).

 

^. Hs tcdrd n ihdrdlad mdtwddl tcd rhkct tg agulsd` iurhlk austgihn` hlvdskngl nli tcd rhkct tg agulsd` iurhlk tcd   trhn`7 Xds. Hl austgihn` hlvdskngl, tcd rhkct tg agulsd` anl gl`y md wnhvdi hl wrhlk NLI whtc tcd nsshstnlad gf agulsd`. Ycd agulsd` rdquhrdi hl austgihn` hlvdskngl hs agbpdtdlt nli hlidpdlidlt agulsd`, prdfdrnm`y gf chs

gwl (tcd suspdat‘s) acghad. trhn` tcd trhn`, , tcd rhkct Ycd tg agulsd` bdnls tcd rhkct Iurhlk tg ddavd agulsd`. rdquhrdbdlt hs strhatdr iurhlk austgihn` hlvdskngl mdanusd n trhn` hs igld hl pum`ha, wch`d austgihn` hlvdskngl hs lgt. YCD INLKD] YCNY AGLFDQQHGLQ [H@@ MD DSY]NAYDI NKNHLQY HLVDQYHKNYHGL YCD [H@@ GF IGDQ YCD IDFDLINLY IT]HLK ATQYGIHN@ LGY ]DN@@X DSHQY IT]HLK Y]HN@. Iurhlk trhn` tcd purpgsd gf agulsd` hs lgt sg buac tg prgtdat chb frgb mdhlk

fgradi tg aglfdss mut tg idfdli tcd naausdi. ^. [cy hs tcd rhkct tg agulsd` agulsd` ngridi iurhlk trhn`7  N. Ycd rhkc rhkctt tg agulsd` hs hs dbmrn dbmrnadi adi hl tcd rhkct rhkct tg md cdnri.

 

^.[cdl scgu`i tcd rhkct tg agulsd` md hlvgjdi7  N.Ycd N. Ycd rhkct tg agulsd` bny md hlvgjdi nt nly stnkd gf tcd prgaddihlks, dvdl gl nppdn`. Cgwdvdr, ht anl n`sg md wnhvdi.. Ycd naausdi hs iddbdi tg cnvd wnhvdi chs rhkct tg wnhvdi agulsd` wcdl cd vg`ultnrh`y sumbhts chbsd`f tg tcd  eurhsihagl gf tcd Agurt nli prgaddis whtc chs idfdlsd. Mut hl TQ v. Dsan`nltd nli _dgp`d v. Lnlk Jny (p. 41= gf Cdrrdrn Ydxtmggj), tcd Agurt cd`i tcnt tcd idfdlinlt anllgt rnhsd tcd qudsgl gf chs rhkct tg cnvd nl ngrldy fgr tcd rst bd gl nppdn`. nppdn`. Hf tcd qudsgl hs lgt rnhsdi hl tcd trhn` agurt, tcd prgsdaugl bny kg tg trhn`. Ycd qudsgl wh`` lgt md aglshidrdi hl tcd nppd``ntd agurt fgr tcd rst bd wcdl tcd naausdi fnh`s tg rnhsd ht hl tcd `gwdr agurt.

 

 

^. Hs tcd iuty gf gf tcd agurt tg tg nppghlt agulsd`-id-gahg agulsd`-id-gahg bnlintgry bnlintgry nt n`` bds7 bds7  N. Lg. Ycd iuty tg nppghlt agulsd`-ig-gahg hs bnlintgry gl`y up tg nrrnhklbdlt.. nrrnhklbdlt ^. Igds tcd tcd bhstnjd bhstnjd gf agulsd` agulsd` mhli tcd tcd a`hdlt7 a`hdlt7 N. Ns n ru`d, tcd bhstnjd gf agulsd` agulsd` mhlis tcd a`hdlt. Ycdrdfgrd, tcd tcd a`hdlt anllgt qudsgl n idahshgl gl tcd krguli tcnt agulsd` wns nl hihgt. hihgt. Cgwdvdr, nl dxadpgl tg tchs hs hf agulsd` bhsrdprdsdlts chbsd`f ns n `nwydr, nli cd turls gut tg md n fnjd `nwydr. Hl tchs ansd, tcd naausdi hs dlt`di tg n ldw trhn` mdanusd chs rhkct tg md rdprdsdltdi my n bdbmdr gf tcd mnr wns vhg`ntdi. Cd wns tcus idlhdi gf chs rhkct tg agulsd` nli tg iud prgadss. ^.Hs Hs tcd rhkct tg agulsd` nmsg`utd7  ^. N. Lg. Ycd rhkct gf acgha acghad d bust md rdnsg rdnsglnm`y lnm`y dxdrahsdi. i. YCD NAATQDI ANLLGY HLQHQY GL AGTLQD@ YCNY dxdrahsd CD ANLLGY NFFG]I, gld wcg hs lgt n bdbmdr gf tcd mnr, gr gld wcg ida`hlds fgr n vn`hi rdnsgl, suac ns aglhat gf hltdrdst. hltdrdst . N`sg, tcd rhkct gf tcd naausdi tg acggsd agulsd` hs sumedat tg tcd rhkct gf tcd stntd tg

iud prgadss nli tg spddiy nli nidquntd eusad.  

 

^. [cdl anl tcd naausdi idfdli chbsd`f hl pdrsgl7 N.Ycd naausdi anl idfdli chbsd`f hl pdrsgl gl`y hf tcd agurt hs aglvhladi tcnt cd anl prgpdr`y prgtdat chs rhkcts dvdl whtcgut tcd nsshstnlad gf agulsd`. ^. [cnt hs tcd wdhkct gf tcd tdsbgly gf nl naausdi wcg tdsds gl chs gwl mdcn`f mut rdfusds tg md argss-dxnbhldi7 N.LGY Ycd tdsbgly wh`` lgt md VN@TD khvdl wdhkct. HY [H@@ CNVD _]GMNYHVD mdanusd tcd prgsdaugl wns lgt khvdl n acnlad tg tdst tcd ardihmh`hty gf tcd tdsbgly tcrgukc argss-

dxnbhlngl.

 

F. ]HKCY NKNHLQY QD@F-HLA]HBHLNYHGL •

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Ycd naausdi hs prgdadi ulidr chs ru`d frgb qudsgls wchac dli g hlarhbhlnd chb, cn hs, wchac bny sumeda chb g pdln` `hnmh`hy.

Ycd rhkct bny md wnhvdi my tcd fnh`urd gf tcd naausdi tg hlvgjd tcd prhvh`dkd nt tcd prgpdr bd, tcnt hs, NFYD] tcd hlarhbhlnlk qudsgl hs nsjdi nli mdfgrd chs nlswdr: Ycd prhvh`dkd gf cd naausdi g md dxdbp frgb dsfyhlk ns n whldss hlvg`vds n _]GCHMHYHGL AGB_T@QHGL GL@X NLI YCD _]GITAYHGLNKNHLQY MX YCDYDQYHBGLHN@ NAATQDI GF HLA]HBHLNYHLK IGATBDLYQ, NLI N]YHA@DQ IDBNLIDI F]GB CHB.   (T.Q. vs. Ynl Ydlk, =1 _ch`. >94)

DSAD_YHGLQ5 hbbulhy snuds suac ns5 >. =.

]N >1;8 >1;8 ‑ Fgr Fgrfd fdh hur urd d gf gf H`` H``dk dkn` n``y `y gmn gmnhl hldi di wdn` wdn`c c ]N ;9 ;98 ‑ Mrh Mrhmdry nl nli Kr Krn an ansds

]HKCY GF YCD NAATQDI NKNHLQY QD@F-HLA]HBHLNYHGL VQ. ]HKCY GF

YCNY GF NL G]IHLN]X [HYLDQQ •

Ycd grihlnry whtldss bny md agbpd``di tg tnjd tcd whtldss stnli nli a`nhb tcd prhvh`dkd ns dnac qudsgl rdquhrhlk nl hlarhbhlnlk nlswdr hs scgt nt chb, nl NAATQDI BNX N@YGKDYCD] ]DFTQD YG YNJD YCD [HYLDQQ QYNLI NLI ]DFTQD YG NLQ[D] N LQ[D] NLX NLI N@@ ^TDQYHGLQ.

 

K . ]HKCY YG AGLF]GLY NLI A]GQQ- DSNBHLD YCD [HYLDQQDQ NKNHLQY CHB NY Y]HN@  •

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AGLF]GLYNYHGL  hs cd na gf sdlk n whldss fnad-g-fnad AGLF]GLYNYHGL  whc cd naausdi sg cn cd `ntdr bny bnjd nly gmedagl cd cns g cd whldss, nli cd whldss bny hidlfy cd naausdi, nli chs bus njd p`nad hl cd prdsdlad gf cd agur cnvhlk eurhsihagl g pdrbh cd prhvh`dkd gf argssdxnbhlngl. Ycd bnhl purpgsd gf tcd rhkct tg aglfrgltngl hs tg sdaurd tcd gppgrtulhty gf argss-dxnbhlngl nli tcd sdaglinry purpgsd hs tg dlnm`d tcd euikd tg gmsdrvd tcd idbdnlgr gf whtldssds. Hl nly arhbhln` prgaddihlk, cd idfdlinl dlegys cd rhkc g

cnvd agbpu`sgry prgadss g sdaurd cd ntdlinlad gf whldssds nli cd prgiuagl gf dvhidlad hl chs mdcn`f.

 

rhkct nknhlst sd`f-hlarhbhlngl7 sd`f-hlarhbhlngl7 ^. [cnt hs tcd sagpd gf tcd rhkct N. Ycd rhkct nknhlst sd`f-h sd`f-hlarhbhlngl larhbhlngl agvdrs tds tdsbglhn` bglhn` agbpu`shgl gl`y nli pnpdrs, tcd agbpu`shgl tgHt igds prgiuad hlarhbhlnlk igaubdlts, nli acnd`s. lgt agvdr tcd agbpu`shgl tg prgiuad rdn` gr pcyshan` dvhidlad ushlk tcd mgiy gf tcd naausdi.  ^. Hs tcdrd nl dxadpgl tg tcd rhkct nknhlst sd`fhlarhbhlngl7  N. Ycd rhkct anllgt md hlvgjdi wcdl tcd Qtntd cns tcd rhkct tg hlspdat igaubdlts ulidr hts pg`had pgwdr, suac ns IGATBDLYQ GF AG]_G]NYHGLQ. ^. [cnt hs tcd rngln`d fgr prgtdalk tcd rhkct nknhlst sd`fhlarhbhlngl7   N. Ycdrd nrd twg rdnsg rdnsgls5 ls5 >.Fgr cubnlhtnrhnl rdnsgls5 rdnsgls5 Yg prdvdlt tcd Qtntd, whtc n`` hts

agdrahvd pgwdrs, frgb dxtrnalk tdsbgly tcnt bny aglvhat tcd naausdi. rdnsgls55 Ycd naausdi hs `hjd`y tg agbbht =.Fgr prnaan` rdnsgls _D]ET]X hf cd wdrd agbpd``di tg tdsfy nknhlst chbsd`f   

hlvgjd tcd rhkct nknhlst nknhlst sd`f-hlarhbhlngl sd`f-hlarhbhlngl,, nli wcdl wcdl anl tcdy tcdy ^. [cg bny hlvgjd hlvgjd tcd rhkct7  N. >.Nl G]IHLN]X [HYLDQQ bny hlvgjd tcd rhkct, mut cd bny gl`y ig sg ns dnac hlarhbhlnlk qudsgl hs nsjdi. =.Ycd NAATQDI CHBQD@F bny hlvgjd tcd rhkct, nli ul`hjd tcd grihlnry whtldss, cd bny n`tgkdtcdr rdfusd tg tnjd tcd whtldss stnli nli rdfusd tg nlswdr nly nli n`` qudsgls. Mut, glad tcd naausdi wnhvds chs rhkct nli acggsds tg tdsfy hl chs gwl mdcn`f, cd bny md argss-dxnbhldi gl bndrs agvdrdi hl chs ihrdat dxnbhlngl. Cd Cd   anllgt rdfusd tg nlswdr qudsgls iurhlk argss-dxnbhlngl my a`nhbhlk tcnt tcd nlswdr tcnt cd wh`` khvd agu`i hlarhbhlntd chb fgr tcd arhbd whtc wchac cd wns acnrkdi.  acnrkdi.   Cgwdvdr, hf tcd qudsgl iurhlk argss-dxnbhlngl rd`ntds tg n arhbd ihdrdlt frgb tcnt whtc wchac cd wns acnrkdi, cd anl s`` hlvgjd tcd rhkct nli rdfusd tg nlswdr. ^. Anl tcd naausdi gr whtldss whtldss hlvgjd tcd tcd rhkct nknhlst sd`f-hlarhbhlngl sd`f-hlarhbhlngl hf cd hs nsjdi nmgut pnst arhbhln`hty7  N. Ht id idpd pdli lis. s.   Hf cd anl s`` md prgsdautdi fgr ht, qudsgls nmgut pnst arhbhln` `hnmh`hty nrd s`` agvdrdi my tcd prgtdagl gf tcd rhkct nknhlst sd`f-

hlarhbhlngl. Mut hf cd anllgt md prgsdautdi fgr ht nlybgrd, cd anllgt hlvgjd tcd rhkct.

 

^. [cnt hs tcd ddat gf tcd tcd rdfusn` gf tcd naausdi naausdi tg rdfusd tg tdsfy hl chs mdcn`f7  N. Ns n kdldrn` ru`d, tcd sh`dlad gf tcd naausdi scgu`i lgt prdeuihad chb. Cgwdvdr, hl tcd fg``gwhlk ansds, nl ulfnvgrnm`d ulfnvgrnm `d hlfdrdlad hs irnwl frgb tcd fnh`urd gf tcd naausdi tg tdsfy5 >.Hf tcd prgsdaugl cns n`rdniy dstnm`hscdi n prhbn fnahd ansd, tcd naausdi bust prdsdlt prggf tg gvdrturl tcd dvhidlad gf tcd prgsdaugl. =.Hf tcd idfdlsd gf tcd naausdi hs n`hmh nli cd igds lgt tdsfy, tcd hlfdrdlad hs tcnt tcd n`hmh hs lgt md`hdvnm`d. ^. [cnt hs tcd bdnlhlk gf tcd rhkct gf aglfrgltngl7 N. Ht bdnls tcnt tcd naau naausdi sdi anl gl`y md md trhdi ushlk tcgsd w whtldssds htldssds tcnt bddt chb fnad tg fnad nt tcd trhn` wcg khvd tdsbgly hl chs

prdsdlad, whtc tcd gppgrtulhty tg argss-dxnbhld tcdb.

 

tcd rdnsgls rdnsgls fgr tcd rhkct7 rhkct7  ^. [cnt nrd tcd N. >.Yg >.Yg n n`` ``gw gw tcd tcd agu agurt rt tg gmsdrvd tcd idbdnlgr gf tcd whtldss wch`d

^. N.

^. N.

tdsfyhlk. tdsfyhlk =.Yg khvd . tcd naausdi tcd gppgrtulhty tg argss-dxnbhld tcd whtldss hl gridr tg tdst tcdhr rdag``dagl nli ardihmh`hty. Anl tcd tcd rhkct rhkct gf aglfrg aglfrgltng ltngl l md wnhvdi7 wnhvdi7 Xds, ht anl md wnhvdi dhtcdr dxprdss`y gr hbp`hdi`y. hbp`hdi`y. Ht hs wnhvdi hbp`hdi`y wcdl nl naausdi wnhvds chs rhkct tg md prdsdlt nt tcd trhn`. Ycd rhkct gf aglfrgltngl bny n`sg md wnhvdi my agliuat nbgullk tg n rdlulahngl gf tcd rhkct tg argss-dxnbhld. [cdl tcd pnrty wns khvdl nl gppgrtulhty tg aglfrglt nli argss-dxnbhld nl gppgshlk whtldss mut fnh`di tg tnjd nivnltnkd gf ht fgr rdnsgls nrhmutnm`d tg chbsd`f n`gld, cd hs iddbdi tg cnvd wnhvdi tcd rhkct. [cnt cnppdls cnppdls tg tcd tcd tdsbgly tdsbgly gf n whtldss whtldss wcg ihds ihds gr mdagbds mdagbds ulnvnh`nm`d7  Ht id idp pdl dli is. Hf tcd gtcdr pnrty cni tcd gppgrtulhty tg argss-dxnbhld tcd whtldss mdfgrd cd ihdi gr mdanbd ulnvnh`nm`d, tcd tdsbgly bny md usdi ns dvhidlad. Cgwdvdr, hf tcd gtcdr pnrty ihi lgt dvdl cnvd tcd

gppgrtulhty tg argss dxnbhld mdfgrd tcd sumsdqudlt idntc gr ulnvnh`nmh`hty gf tcd whtldss, tcd tdsbgly wh`` cnvd lg prgmnvd vn`ud.. ( Nl vn`ud ( Nl gppgrtulhty tg argss-dxnbhld hs n`` tcnt hs ldadssnry hl gridr tg n``gw tcd usd gf tcd tdsbgly gf tcd whtldss. Ycdrd lddi lgt md nl natun` argss-dxnbhlngl, ns `glk ns tcdrd wns nl gppgrtulhty tg ig sg.)

 

H. ]HKCY YG Q_DDIX, HB_N]YHN@ NLI _TM@HA Y]HN@ •

Ycd rhkc g n spddiy rhn` hs hltdlidi tg nvghi gpprdsshgl nli g prdvdl id`ny my hbpgshlk gl cd agurs nli gl cd prgsdaugl nl gm`hkngl g prgaddi whc rdnsglnm`d ihspnac.

•

•

Ycd agurs, hl iddrbhlhlk wcdcdr cd rhkc gf cd naausdi g n spddiy rhn` cns mddl idlhdi, scgu`i aglshidr suac fnas ns cd `dlkc gf cd id`ny, cd naausdi‘s nssdrgl gr lgl-nssdrgl gf chs rhkc, nli cd prdeuihad g cd naausdi rdsu`lk frgb cd id`ny. Ycdrd hs LG vhg`ngl gf tcd rhkct wcdrd tcd id`ny hs hbputnm`d tg tcd naausdi. (Qg`hs vs. Nk`grg, 69 QA]N 1;?).

]DBDIHDQ NVNH@NM@D YG YCD NAATQDI [CDL CHQ ]HKCY YG N Q_DDIX Y]HN@ HQ VHG@NYDI >. Cd scgu`i nsj fgr tcd trhn` gf tcd ansd lgt fgr tcd ihsbhssn`: =.

Tlrd Tlrdnsg nsgln lnm` m`d d id` id`ny ny gf gf cd cd rhn rhn`` gf gf n arh arhbh bhln ln`` ans ansd d ns ns g g bnjd tcd

idtdlgl gf idfdlinlt h``dkn` khvds krguli fgr cnmdns agrpus ns n rdbdiy fgr gmtnhlhlk rdnsglnm`d pdrhgi gf bdrd`dnsd  sg ns g nvghi iddlgl fgr n 1.

Naausdi sdi wgu`i md dl`di g rd`hdf hl n bnlinbus prgaddihlk tg agbpd` tcd ihsbhssn` gf tcd hlfgrbngl.

 

^. N. ^. N.

Cgw scgu Cgw scgu`i `i tcd tcd tr trhn hn`` md ag agli liua uatd tdi7 i7 Ycd Ycd trhn trhn`` scgu scgu`i `i md md spdd spddiy iy,, pum` pum`ha ha,, nli nli HB_N]YHN@ HB_N]YHN@.. [cntt hs tcd [cn tcd bdnl bdnlhlk hlk gf tcd tcd rhkct rhkct tg spdd spddiy iy trhn trhn`7 `7  Ycd rhkct rhkct bdn bdnls ls tcnt tcnt tcd trhn` trhn` scgu scgu`i `i md md agliu agliuatd atdi i naagrihlk tg tcd `nw gf arhbhln` prgadiurd nli tcd ru`ds nli rdku`ngls, frdd frgb vdxngls,

anprhahgus, nli gpprdsshvd id`nys. id`nys .  [cdl l scgu`i scgu`i tcd tcd nrrnh nrrnhklb klbdlt dlt nli nli prd-t prd-trhn rhn`` md cd`i7 cd`i7  ^. [cd N. Naagri Naagrihlk hlk tg tcd tcd Qpdd Qpddiy iy Yrhn Yrhn`` Nat Nat nli nli Ahrau Ahrau`nr `nr 1313-83, 83, nrrnhklbdlt nli prd-trhn` hf tcd naausdi p`dnis lgt scgu`i md cd`i whtchl 1?gfinys frgb tcd intdkuh`ty tcd agurt naquhrds eurhsihagl tcd pdrsgl gf tcd naausdi. ^. [ht [htchl chl cgw bnl bnly y inys inys scg scgu`i u`i tcd trh trhn` n` md

agbp`dtdi7  N. Hl lg lg an ansd sc scn`` tcd DLYH]D _D]HGI DSADDI >3? INXQ F]GB YCD FH]QY INX GF Y]HN@, dxadpt ns gtcdrwhsd nutcgrhzdi my tcd Agurt Nibhlhstrntgr.  

^.[cnt hs tcd rdbdiy gf nl naausdi wcgsd rhkct tg spddiy trhn` hs vhg`ntdi7  N. Ycd naausdi cns tcd tcd fg``gwhlk rdbdihds5 rdbdihds5 >.Fh`d n bggl tg ihsbhss gl tcd krguli gf vhg`ngl gf chs rhkct tg spddiy trhn`. trhn`. (Fgr purpgsds gf igum`d  edgpnriy, tchs cns tcd snbd ddat ns nl naquhn`.)Ychs naquhn`.) Ychs bust md igld prhgr tg trhn`, gr d`sd, ht hs iddbdi n wnhvdr gf tcd rhkct tg ihsbhss. =.Fh`d fgr bnlinbus bnlinbus   tg agbpd` n ihsbhssn` gf tcd hlfgrbngl. 1.Hf cd hs rdstrnhldi gf chs `hmdrty, `d fgr cnmdns agrpus agrpus.. 9.Nsj fgr tcd trhn` gf tcd ansd. ^.[cnt hs tcd `hbhtngl gl tcd rhkct gf nl naausdi tg n spddiy trhn`7 

N. Ycd `hbhtngl `hbhtngl hs tcnt tcd Qtntd scgu`i lgt lgt md idprhvdi gf hts iny hl agurt. Ycd rhkct gf tcd Qtntd/tcd prgsdaugl tg iud prgadss scgu`i md rdspdatdi.

 

agbp`nhlnltt fnh` tg ndli tcd rst ^. Ycd prgsdaugl nli tcd agbp`nhlnl cdnrhlk. Ycd agurt pgstpglds tcd cdnrhlk tg nlgtcdr intd. Hs tcdrd n vhg`ngl gf tcd rhkct tg spddiy trhn`7  N. Lg. Ycd rhkct tg spddiy trhn` hs vhg`ntdi wcdl tcdrd nrd Y]HN@,, nli n `glk TLETQYHFHDI _GQY_GLDBDLYQ GF YCD Y]HN@ pdrhgi gf bd hs n``gwdi tg d`npsd whtcgut tcd ansd mdhlk trhdi fgr lg eusnm`d rdnsgl. ^. [cnt hs tcd bdnlhlk bdnlhlk gf tcd rhkct tg n pum`ha pum`ha trhn`7  N. Ht bd bdnls nls tcn tcntt NLXGLD HLYD]DQYDI HL GMQD]VHLK YCD BNLLD] YCNY N ETIKD AGLITAYQ YCD _]GADDIHLKQ HL CHQ AGT]Y]GGB BNX IG QG ^. [cy scgu`i n trhn` md agliuatdi hl pum`ha7 pum`ha7 N. Ycd trhn` trhn` scgu scgu`i `i md pum pum`ha `ha hl g gridr ridr YG _]DVDLY NMTQDQ YCNY BNX MD AGBBHYYDI MX YCD AGT]Y YG YCD _]DETIHAD GF YCD

IDFDLINLY. Bgrdgvdr, tcd naausdi hs dlt`di tg tcd bgrn` IDFDLINLY. suppgrt gf chs frhdlis nli rd`nvds

 

^. ^.Hs Hs tcdrd nl dxadpgl tg tcd rdquhrdbdlt gf pum`hahty7  N. suac Xds. Ycd agurt tcd bnydvhidlad mnr tcdtg pum`ha hl adrtnhlbny ansds, ns wcdl md prdsdltdi md gdlshvd tg idadlay gr pum`ha bgrn`s bgrn`s,, gr hl rnpd ansds, wcdrd tcd purpgsd gf sgbd pdrsgls hl ndlihlk hs bdrd`y tg gk`d nt tcd pnrds. ^.Hs ht gjny tg cg`i tcd trhn` hl tcd acnbmdrs gf tcd  euikd7  N. Xds. Ycdrd hs lg vhg`ngl gf tcd rhkct tg n pum`ha trh trhn`, n`, shlad tcd pum`ha hs lgt dxa`uidi frgb ndlihlk tcd trhn`. ^.Hl sg-an``di trhn`s my pum`hahty, wcdl anl tcd pum`hahty md aglshidrdi prdeuihahn` tg tcd naausdi7 

N. Yg wnrrnlt n lihlk lihlk gf prdeuihahn` prdeuihahn` pum`hahty, pum`hahty, tcdrd bust md n``dkngls nli prggf tcnt tcd euikds cnvd mddl uliu`y hludladi, hludladi, lgt shbp`y tcnt tcdy bhkct md, my tcd mnrrnkd gf pum`hahty.  

^.Hs Hs tcd rhkct tg nppdn` n fulinbdltn` rhkct7 rhkct7 ^. N. Lg. Ycd rhkct tg nppdn` hs n stntutgry rhkct, dxadpt hl tcd ansd gf tcd bhlhbub nppd``ntd eurhsihagl gf tcd Quprdbd Agurt krnltdi my tcd Aglstugl. Nlygld wcg sddjs tg dxdrahsd tcd rhkct tg nppdn` bust agbp`y whtc tcd rdquhrdbdlts gf tcd ru`ds. ^. ^.Anl Anl tcd rhkct tg nppdn` md wnhvdi7 N. Xds, ht anl md wnhvdi wnhvdi dxprdss`y dxprdss`y gr hbp`hdi`y. hbp`hdi`y.   ^. [cnt hs tcd ddat gf tcd hkct gf tcd naausdi gl chs rhkct tg nppdn`7 N. [cdl tcd naausdi dds ndr tcd ansd cns mddl sumbhdi tg tcd agurt fgr idahshgl, cd wh`` md

iddbdi tg cnvd wnhvdi chs rhkct tg nppdn` frgb tcd  euikbdlt rdlidrdi rdlidrdi nknhlst nknhlst chb.

 

YCD Q_DDIX Y]HN@ NAY GF >883 (]N 3981)  3981)  ITYX GF YCD AGT]Y NFYD] N]]NHKLBDLY GF NL NAATQDI Agur QCN@@ gridr n prd-rhn` aglfdrdlad g aglshidr cd fg``gwhlk5 >. p`dn `dn mnr mnrkn knhl hlhl hlk: k: =. s spu pu`n `ng gl l gf fna fnas: s: 1. bnr bnrjh jhlk lk fg fgrr hid hidl lan angl gl gf d dvhi vhidl dlad ad gf p pnr nrds: ds: 9. wnhvd wnhvdrr gf gmedagl gmedaglss g nibhsshmh nibhsshmh`hy `hy gf d dvhid vhidlad: lad: nli 4. suac g gcdr cdr bntdr bntdr ns wh wh`` `` pr prgbg gbgd d n fnhr fnhr nli dxpdi dxpdihgu hguss rhn`: rhn`: YHBD @HBHY FG] YCD Y]HN@ GF A]HBHLN@ ANQDQ5 ANQDQ 5 QCN@@ LGY DSADDI >3? inys frgb tcd rst iny gf trhn`, trhn`, CG[DVD], chs ru`d hs LGY NMQG@TYD, fgr cd `nw prgvhids fgr cd fg``gwhlk DSAD_YHGLQ5 >. =. 1.

c cgs gsd d kgv kgvdr drld ldi im my y cd cd ]u`d ]u`dss gl gl Qub Qubb bnr nry y _rg _rgad adiu iurd rd:: gr gr wcdrd wcdrd cd cd pdln` pdln`y y prds prdsarh arhmd mdi i my `nw IGDQ IGDQ LGY LGY DSADD DSADDI I 6 bgl bglcs cs hbp hbprhs rhsglb glbdl dl gr n ld gf _>,??? gr mgc: c cgs gsd d nu nucg cgrh rhzd zdi i my my cd cd Achd Achdff Eus Eusa ad d gf gf cd cd QA:

_D]HGI FG] N]]NHKLBDLY GF YCD NAATQDI [hchl 1? inys frgb cd `hlk gf cd hlfgrbngl, gr frgb cd ind cd naausdi •

nppdn`di mdfgrd cd eusad/euikd/agur hl wchac cd acnrkd hs pdlihlk, wchacdvdr ind `ns gaaurs.  gaaurs.  [CDL QCN@@ Y]HN@ AGBBDLAD NFYD] N]]NHKLBDLY >. =. 1. 9.

 

[hc [hchl hl 1? 1? inys inys frg frgb b nrrn nrrnhk hklb lbdl dl, , CG[ CG[DV DVD] D],, h bny bny md md dxd dxdli lidi di MTY MTY gl` gl`y5 y5 fgr >3? inys inys fgr fgr cd cd rs rs >= >= an`dl an`dlinr inr bglc bglc pdrhgi pdrhgi frgb frgb cd cd dda ddavh vhy y gf gf cd cd `nw: `nw: >=? >=? iny inyss fgr fgr c cd d sda sdagl gli i >= bgl bglc c pdr pdrhg hgi: i: nli nli 3? inys inys fg fgrr c cd d chri chri >= bglc glc pdr drhg hgi i.

]T@D >>6 N]]NHKLBDLY NLI _@DN

Qdagl >. Nrrnhklbdlt nli p`dn: cgw bnid. Nrrnhklbdlt ‑ cd fgrbn` bgid gf hbp`dbdllk cd aglsugln` rhkc gf cd naausdi g md hlfgrbdi gf cd lnurd gf cd naausngl nknhls chb. [CD]D NLI CG[ BNID5 Mdfgrd cd agur agur wcdrd wcdrd cd agbp`n agbp`nhl hl gr hlfgrb hlfgrbngl ngl cns mddl `di `di gr >. Mdfgrd nsshkldi fgr rhn`: =. hl gpdl agur, my cd euikd gr a`drj my furlhschlk cd naausdi n agpy gf cd agbp`nhl gr hlfgrbngl whc cd `hs gf cd whldssds, rdnihlk h hl n `nlkunkd gr ihn`da jlgwl g chb nli nsjhlk chb gf chs p`dn:

]T@DQ5 >. Yrhn Yrhn`` hl hl nms nmsdl dln n hs n``gwdi gl`y NFYD] nrrnhklbdlt: =. Euikb Euikbdl dl hs hs kdl kdldr drn` n``y `y vghi hf tcd naausdi cns lgt mddl nrrnhkldi: 1. Ycdrd anl md lg nrrnhklbdlt hl nmsdln (naausdi bus pdrsgln``y dldr

chs p`dn): 9. hf tcd naausdi naausdi wdlt wdlt tg trhn` trhn` whtcg whtcgut ut nrrnhkl nrrnhklbdlt bdlt,, mut chs agulsd` agulsd` cni cni tcd gppgrtulhty tg argss-dxnbhld tcd whtldss gf tcd prgsdaugl nli ndr tcd prgsdaugl cd wns nrrnhkldi tcd idfdat wns aurdi:

 

Hf nl hlfgrbngl hs nbdlidi BNYD]HN@@X, nrrnhklbdl gl cd nbdlidi hlfgrbngl hs BNLINYG]X, dxadp hf cd nbdlibdl hs gl`y ns g fgrb: _`dn ‑ cd bntdr wchac cd naausdi, gl chs nrrnhklbdl, n``dkds hl nlswdr g cd acnrkd nknhls chb. _D]HGI YG _@DN [cdl cd naausdi hs ulidr prdvdlvd idtdlgl5 chs ansd scn`` md rndi nli hs rdagris rnlsbhtdi g cd euikd g wcgb cd ansd wns rndi whchl 1 inys frgb cd `hlk gf cd hlfgrbngl gr agbp`nhl nli cd naausdi nrrnhkldi whtchl >? inys frgb tcd intd gf tcd rnd. Ycd prd-rhn` aglfdrdlad gf chs ansd scn`` md cd`i whchl >? inys ndr nrrnhklbdl. [cdl cd naausdi hs LGY ulidr prdvdlvd idtdlgl 5 ul`dss n •

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scgrdr pdrhgi hs prgvhidi my spdahn` `nw gr Quprdbd Agur ahrau`nr, cd nrrnhklbdlt scn`` md cd`i whtchl 1? inys frgb tcd intd tcd agurt naquhrds eurhsihagl gvdr tcd pdrsgl gf tcd naausdi. Ycd bd gf cd pdlidlay gf n bggl g qunsc, gr fgr mh`` gf pnrau`nrs,

gr gcdr anusds eusfyhlk suspdlshgl gf cd nrrnhklbdl, scn`` md dxa`uidi hl agbpulk cd pdrhgi.

 

[CDL QCGT@I N _@DN GF LGY KTH@YX MD DLYD]DI >. wcdl c cd naausdi sg p`dnidi =. wcdl cd rdfusds tg p`dni 1. wcdrd hhl l nibhlk tcd nat acnrkdi, cd sdts up bndrs gf idfdlsd gr whtc `nwfu` eusangl 9. wcdl cd dltdrs n aglihgln` p`dn gf kuh`t 4. wcd wcdrd, rd, nd ndrr n p p`dn `dn gf k kuh` uh`, , cd hltrgiuads dvhidlad gf sd`f-idfdlsd sd`f-idfdlsd

gr gtcdr dxau`pntgry ahraubstnlads 6. wcdl tcd p`dn hs hlidlhtd gr nbmhkugus Nl ulaglihgln` p`dn gf kuh` nibhs gf cd arhbd nli n`` cd ntdlinl ahraubsnlads n``dkdi hl cd hlfgrbngl hla`uihlk cd n``dkngls gf aglsphrnay nli wnrrnls gf euikbdl gf aglvhagl [HYCGTY LDDI GF FT]YCD] DVHIDLAD DSAD_Y5 (ANH IL) >. [cdr cdrd cd p`dn gf ku kuhh`y wns

AGB_D@@DI MX VHG@DLAD G]

=.

HLYHBHINYHGL. [cdl cd naausdi ihi lgt fu``y ulidrstnli tcd bdnlhlk nli

1. 9. 4.  

aglsdqudlads gf chs p`dn. [cdrd cd hlfgrbngl hs hlsuahdlt tg sustnhl aglvhagl gf tcd gdlsd acnrkdi. [cdrd cd hlfgrbngl igds lgt acnrkd nl gdlsd, nly aglvhagl tcdrdulidr mdhlk vghi. [cdrd cd agurt cns lg eurhsihagl.

scgu`i i tcd naausd naausdi i md nrrnh nrrnhkldi7 kldi7  ^. [cdrd scgu` N. Ycd naausdi naausdi bust bust md md nrrnhk nrrnhkldi ldi mdfgrd tcd agurt wcdrd tcd agbp`nhlt wns `di gr nsshkldi fgr trhn`.   ^. Cgw hs nrrnh nrrnhklb klbdlt dlt bni bnid7 d7  N. Nrrn Nrrnhk hklb lbdl dltt hs bni bnid5 d5 >.hl gpdl agurt =.my tcd euikd gr a`drj 1.my furlhschlk tcd naausdi whtc n agpy gf tcd agbp`nhlt gr hlfgrbngl. 9.rdnihlk ht hl tcd `nlkunkd gr ihn`dat jlgwl tg chb, nli 4.nsjhlk chb wcdtcdr cd p`dnis kuh`ty gr lgt kuh`ty. tcdrd md nl nrrnhklbdlt nrrnhklbdlt whtcgut whtcgut tcd tcd prdsdlad prdsdlad gf tcd naausdi7 naausdi7   ^. Anl tcdrd N. Lg. Ycd NAATQDI BTQY MD _]DQDLY NY YCD N]]NHKLBDLY NLI BTQY _D]QGLN@@X DLYD] CHQ _@DN. ^. [cnt hs tcd tcd ddat gf tcd tcd rdfusn` rdfusn` gf tcd naausdi naausdi tg dltdr dltdr n p`dn7 p`dn7 N. Hf tcd naausdi naausdi rdfusd rdfusdss tg p`dni gr bnjds n aglihgl aglihgln` n` p`dn, N _@DN _@DN GF LGY

KTH@YX QCN@@ MD DLYD]DI FG] CHB.  ^. S hs acnrkdi whtc cgbhahid. cgbhahid. Cd p`dnis kuh`ty mut prdsdlts prdsdlts dvhidlad dvhidlad tg dstnm`hsc sd`f-idfdlsd. [cnt scgu`i tcd agurt ig7   N. Ycd agurt agurt scgu`i scgu`i whtcirnw whtcirnw tcd tcd p`dn nli dltdr dltdr n p`dn p`dn gf lgt kuh`ty. kuh`ty.    

naausdi dltdr n p`dn fgr chb7  ^. Anl tcd `nwydr gf tcd naausdi N. Lg. Lg. Ycd  Ycd naausdi bust pdrsgln``y dltdr chs p`dn.  ^. [cnt hs tcd hbpgrtnlad gf nrrnhklbdlt7 N. Nrrnhklbdlt hs tcd bdnls fgr mrhlkhlk tcd naausdi hltg agurt nli hlfgrbhlk chb gf tcd lnturd nli anusd gf tcd naausngl nknhlst chb. chb. Iurhlk nrrnhklbdlt, nrrnhklbdlt, cd hs bnid fu``y nwnrd n wnrd gf g f pgsshm`d `gss gf frddigb gr `hfd. Cd hs hlfgrbdi wcy tcd prgsdaulk nrb gf tcd Qtntd hs bgmh`hzdi nknhlst chb. chb. Ht hs ldadssnry hl gridr tg x tcd hidlty gf tcd naausdi, tg hlfgrb chb gf tcd acnrkd, nli tg khvd chb nl gppgrtulhty tg p`dni.  ^. Iurhlk tcd nrrnhklbdlt, hs tcd euikd iuty-mguli tg pghlt gut tcnt nl hlfgrbngl hs iup`hahtgus7  N. Lg. Ycd euikd cns lg gm`h gm`hkngl kngl tg pghlt gut tcd

iup`hahtgusldss gr nly gtcdr idfdat hl nl hlfgrbngl iurhlk nrrnhklbdlt. Ycd gm`hkngl tg bgvd tg qunsc n idfdavd hlfgrbngl md`glks tg tcd naausdi, wcgsd fnh`urd tg ig sg aglstutds n wnhvdr gf tcd rhkct tg gmedat.  

^. S wns trhdi fgr buridr whtcgut cnvhlk mddl nrrnhkldi. Nt tcd trhn`, S‘s agulsd` prdsdltdi whtldssds nli argss-dxnbhldi tcd prgsdaugl whtldssds. Ht wns gl`y ndr tcd ansd wns sumbhdi fgr idahshgl tcnt S wns nrrnhkldi. S wns aglvhatdi. Anl S hlvgjd tcd fnh`urd gf tcd agurt tg nrrnhkl chb mdfgrd trhn` ns n krguli fgr qudsglhlk tcd aglvhagl7 N. Lg. Ycd fnh`urd fnh`urd gf tcd agurt tg nrrnhkl nrrnhkl S mdfgrd trhn` wns agliuatd agliuatdi i ihi lgt prdeuihad tcd rhkcts gf S shlad cd wns nm`d tg prdsdlt dvhidlad nli argss-dxnbhld tcd whtldssds gf tcd prgsdaugl. Ycd drrgr wns aurdi my tcd sumsdqudlt nrrnhklbdlt. naausdi prdsubdi tg cnvd cnvd mddl nrrnhkldi nrrnhkldi hl tcd nmsdlad gf prggf prggf ^. Hs tcd naausdi tg tcd agltrnry7 N. Xds. Hl vhdw gf tcd prdsubpgl gf rdku`nrhty hl tcd pdrfgrbnlad gf gahn` iuds, ht anl md prdsubdi tcnt n pdrsgl naausdi gf n arhbd wns nrrnhkldi, hl tcd nmsdlad gf prggf tg tcd agltrnry agltrnry.. Cgwdvdr, tcd prdsubpgl gf rdku`nrhty hs lgt npp`hdi wcdl tcd pdln`ty hbpgsdi hs

idntc. [cdl tcd `hfd gf n pdrsgl hs nt stnjd, tcd agurt anllgt prdsubd tcnt tcdrd wns nl nrrnhklbdlt: ht cns tg md surd tcnt tcdrd wns gld.  

 

^. Hs tcd naausdi dlt`di tg jlgw hl nivnlad tcd lnbds gf n`` gf tcd prgsdaugl whtldssds7  N. Lg. Ycd suaadss gf tcd prgsdaugl prgsdaugl bhkct bhkct md dlinlkdrdi dlinlkdrdi hf tchs rhkct wdrd krnltdi tg tcd naausdi. Ycd whtldssds bhkct md sumedatdi tg prdssurd gr agdrahgl. Ycd rhkct bd fgr tcd naausdi tg jlgw tcdhr hidlds hs wcdl tcdy tnjd tcd whtldss stnli. ^. Anl tcd prgsdaug prgsdaugl l an`` whtldssds whtldssds tcnt nrd lgt `hstdi `hstdi hl tcd hlfgrbng hlfgrbngl7 l7  N. XDQ. Ycd prgsdaugl bny an`` nt tcd trhn` whtldssds gtcdr tcnl   tcgsd hl whtc tcdcagbp`nhlt ^. S wnslnbdi acnrkdi wht cgbhahid.gr cgbhahid. Cdhlfgrbngl. dltdrdi n p`dn gf kuh`ty. kuh`ty. Cd wns `ntdr n``gwdi tg tdsfy hl gridr tg prgvd tcd bhknlk ahraubstnlad gf hlagbp`dtd sd`f-idfdlsd. Nt tcd trhn`, cd prdsdltdi dvhidlad tg prgvd tcnt cd natdi hlagbp`dtd sd`f-idfdlsd. sd`f-idfdlsd. Ycd agurt naquhdi chb. @ntdr, S wns nknhl acnrkdi whtc pcyshan` hleurhds. S hlvgjdi

igum`d edgpnriy. Anl S md prgsdautdi nknhl fgr pcyshan` hleurhds7  N. Xds. Ycdrd wns lg igum`d edgpnriy. Hl gridr fgr igum`d edgpnriy tg nnac, tcdrd bust cnvd mddl n vn`hi p`dn tg tcd rst gdlsd. Hl tchs ansd, tcd prdsdltngl my S gf dvhidlad tg prgvd agbp`dtd sd`f-idfdlsd cni

tcd ddat gf vnanlk chs p`dn gf kuh`t.  kuh`t. [cdl tcd p`dn gf kuh`t wns vnantdi, tcd agurt scgu`i cnvd gridrdi chb tg p`dni nknhl, gr nt `dnst scgu`i cnvd tcd ihrdatdi n ldw p`dn gf lgt dltdrdi fgr chb. Mdanusd agurt tcnt ihi lgt ig tchs, nt tcd bdkuh`ty gf tcdmd naquhn`, tcdrd wns natun``y lg stnlihlk p`dn fgr S. Qhlad tcdrd wns lg vn`hi p`dn, tcdrd anl md lg igum`d edgpnriy.

 

QDAYHGL =. _@DN GF KTH@YX YG N @DQQD] GFFDLQD. Nl naausdi bny dldr n p`dn gf kuh`y g n `dssdr gdlsd _]GVHIDI tcnt tcdrd hs aglsdlt gf tcd gdlidi pnrty nli tcd •

prgsdautgr tg tcd p`dn kuh`ty acnrkdi. tg n `dssdr gdlsd wchac hs ldadssnrh`y hla`uidi hl tcdgfgdlsd Ndr nrrnhklbdl mu MDFG]D rhn`, tcd naausdi bny s`` md n``gwdi tg p`dni kuh`ty tg n `dssdr gdlsd ndr whtcirnwhlk chs p`dn gf lgt kuh`ty. Hl chs p`dn gf kuh`y g n `dssdr gdlsd, lg nbdlibdlt gf tcd agbp`nhlt gr hlfgrbngl hs ldadssnry. Hf tcd naausdi dltdrdi n p`dn tg n `dssdr gdlsd [HYCGTY tcd aglsdlt gf tcd gdlidi pnrty nli tcd prgsdautgr NLI cd wns aglvhatdi, chs sumsdqudlt aglvhagl gf tcd arhbd acnrkdi wgu`i LGY p`nad chb hl Igum`d Edgpnriy. QDAYHGL 1. _@DN GF KTH@YX YG AN_HYN@ GFFDLQD: ]DAD_YHGL GF DVHIDLAD.  [cdl cd naausdi p`dnis kuh`y g n anphn` gdlsd, cd agur scn``5

n

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agliua n QDN]ACHLK HL^TH]X hlg cd vg`ulnrhldss nli fu``

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agliua n QDN]ACHLK HL^TH]X hlg cd vg`ulnrhldss nli fu`` agbprdcdlshgl gf cd aglsdqudlads gf chs p`dn: p`dn :

=.

rIDK]DD dquhrd GF cd CHQ _]GQDATYHGL YG _]GVD CHQ KTH@Y NLI YCD _]DAHQD AT@_NMH@HYX: ns nsj j cd cd naau naausd sdi i hf cd idsh idshrd rdss g prdsdlt dvhidlad hl chs mdcn`f nli n``gw chb tg ig sg hf cd idshrds.

1.

 

^.

Anl n pdrsgl wcg p`dnidi kuh`ty s`` md naquhdi7

N. Xds.  Xds. [CDL NL NAATQDI _@DNIQ KTH@YX, HY IGDQ LGY LDADQQN]H@X FG@@G[ YCNY CD [H@@ MD AGLVHAYDI. NIIHYHGLN@ DVHIDLAD HLID_DLIDLY GF YCD KTH@YX _@DN BNX MD AGLQHID]DI MX YCD ETIKD YG DLQT]D YCNY YCD _@DN GF KTH@Y [NQ HLYD@@HKDLY@X BNID. BNID . Ycd tgtn`hty gf dvhidlad scgu`i idtdrbhld wcdtcdr tcd naausdi scgu`i md aglvhatdi gr naquhdi. anl tcd naausdi naausdi p`dni p`dni kuh`ty kuh`ty tg n `dssdr `dssdr gdlsd7 gdlsd7  ^. [cdl anl N. Nt nrrnhklb nrrnhklbdlt, dlt, tcd naausdi naausdi bny bny p`dni kuh`ty kuh`ty tg n `dssdr `dssdr gdlsd gdlsd wchac wchac hs ldadssnrh`y hla`uidi hl tcd gdlsd acnrkdi, prgvhidi tcnt tcd gdlidi pnrty nli tcd prgsdautgr khvd tcdhr aglsdlt. Ndr nrrnhklbdlt MTY MDFG]D Y]HN@, tcd naausdi bny s`` md n``gwdi tg p`dni kuh`ty tg n `dssdr gdlsd, ndr cd whtcirnws chs p`dn gf lgt kuh`ty. kuh`ty. Hl suac n ansd, tcd agbp`nhlt gr hlfgrbngl lddi lgt md nbdlidi. [cdl tcd pdln`ty hbpgsnm`d fgr tcd gdlsd hs nt `dnst 6 ydnrs nli > iny gr n ld

dxaddihlk _>=,???, tcd prgsdautgr bust rst sumbht chs rdagbbdlingl tg tcd Ahty gr _rgvhlahn` _rgsdautgr gr tg tcd Achdf Qtntd _rgsdautgr fgr npprgvn`. Hf tcd rdagbbdlingl hs npprgvdi, tcd trhn` prgsdautgr bny tcdl aglsdlt tg tcd p`dn gf kuh`ty tg n `dssdr gdlsd.  

kuh`ty bdnl nl nibhssh nibhsshgl gl dvdl gf tcd nkkrnv nkkrnvnlk nlk ^. Igds n p`dn gf kuh`ty ahraubstnlads7 N. XDQ. XDQ. N p`dn gf kuh`ty rdsu`ts hl tcd nibhsshgl gf n`` tcd bntdrhn` fnats hl tcd agbp`nhlt gr hlfgrbngl, hla`uihlk ahraubstnlads. Mdanusd gf tchs, tcd agurt n a`dnr, idlhtd, nli ulaglihgln` p`dn gf kuh`ty.

tcd scgu`i

nkkrnvnlk gl`y naadpt

^. [cdl anl tcd p`dn gf kuh`ty kuh`ty md aglshidrdi aglshidrdi n bhknlk bhknlk ahraubstn ahraubstnlad7 lad7  N. Ht hs bh bhk knl nlk k HF BNID MDFG]D YCD _]GQDATYHGL QYN]YQ YG _]DQDLY DVHIDLAD. ^. [cnt hs tcd bdnlhlk bdnlhlk gf tcd iuty gf tcd euikd euikd tg agliuat agliuat n ‐sdnrachlk ‐sdnrachlk hlquhry‒7  N. Hl n`` ansds, tcd euikd bust aglvhlad aglvhlad chbsd`f chbsd`f55 (>) tcnt tcd naausdi hs dltdrhlk tcd p`dn gf kuh`ty vg`ultnrh`y nli hltd``hkdlt`y: nli (=)tcnt cd hs tru`y kuh`ty nli tcnt tcdrd dxhsts n rngln` mnshs fgr n lihlk gf kuh`t mnsdi gl chs tdsbgly. Hl niihgl, tcd euikd bust hlfgrb tcd naausdi gf tcd dxnat `dlktc gf hbprhsglbdlt nli tcd adrtnhlty tcnt cd wh``

sdrvd ht nt tcd lngln` pdlhtdlnry gr n pdln` ag`gly. ag`gly. Ycd euikd bust ihspd` nly fn`sd lggl tcnt tcd naausdi bny cnvd tcnt cd wh`` kdt g `hkct`y mdanusd gf chs p`dn gf kuh`t.

 

^. Hs ht bnlintgry bnlintgry fgr tcd prgsdau prgsdaugl gl tg prdsdlt prggf prggf gf nkkrnvn nkkrnvnlk lk ahraubstnlads7  N. Xds. Ht hs bnlintgry hl gridr tg dstnm`hsc tcd prdahsd idkrdd gf au`pnmh`hty nli tcd hbpgsnm`d pdln`ty. Gtcdrwhsd, tcdrd hs nl hbprgvhidlt p`dn gf kuh`ty. ^. Anl n agurt agurt vn`hi`y aglvhat nl naausdi mnsdi gl gl nl hbprgvhidlt hbprgvhidlt p`dn gf kuh`ty7 N. Xds. Hf tcdrd hs nidquntd dvhidlad gf tcd kuh`t gf tcd naausdi hlidpdlidlt gf tcd. Ycd hbprgvhidlt gf sdt kuh`ty, tcd agurt bny aglvhat tcd naausdi. naausdi aglvhaglp`dn wh`` md nshid gl`y hf tcd p`dns`` gf kuh`t hs tcd sg`d mnshs gf tcd euikbdlt. ^. [cnt scgu`i tcd agurt ig wcdl tcd naausdi p`dnis kuh`ty tg n lglanphtn` gdlsd7  N. Ycd agurt bny rdadhvd dvhidlad frgb frgb tcd pnrds tg tg idtdrbhld tcd pdln`ty tg md hl nansd p`dn hs gf lgt kuh`tybnlintgry. tg n anphtn`Htgdlsd, tcd rdadpgl gf hbpgsdi. dvhidlad Tl`hjd hl tchs hs bdrd`y ihsardglnry gl tcd agurt. ^. [cdl anl tcd vn`hihty gf n p`dn gf kuh`ty md nnajdi7  

N. Kdldrn``y, n p`dn gf kuh`ty anllgt md nnajdi hf ht hs bnid vg`ultnrh`y nli hltd``hkdlt`y. Ht anl gl`y md nnajdi hf ht wns hliuadi my tcrdnts, bhsrdprdsdltngl, gr mrhmds. [cdl mrhmds. [cdl tcd aglsdlsun` acnrnatdr gf tcd p`dn hs an``di hltg qudsgl gr wcdl ht hs scgwl tcnt tcd idfdlinlt wns lgt fu``y npprhsdi gf hts aglsdqudlads, tcd p`dn anl md acn``dlkdi.

 

Yg aglsud sdnrachlk hlquhry, cd qudsglhlk bus fgaus gl5 >. =.

cd vg`ultnrhldss gf tcd p`dn: nli [cdcdr cd naausdi ulidrstggi fu``y tcd aglsdqudlad gf chs p`dn.

Qdagl 4. [htcirnwn` gf hbprgvhidlt p`dn gf kuh`ty.   _`dn gf Kuh`ty  ‑ nl ulaglihgln` ulaglihgln` nibhsshgl gf kuh`, frdd`y, vg`ulnrh`y nli bnid whc fu`` jlgw`dikd gf cd aglsdqudlads nli bdnlhlk gf chs na nli whc n a`dnr ulidrsnlihlk gf cd prdahsd lnurd gf cd arhbd acnrkdi hl cd agbp`nhl gr hlfgrbngl: HLQYNLADQ GF HB_]GVHIDLY _@DN >. =.

1. 9. 4. 

p`dn gf kuh`y wns agbpd``di my vhg`dlad gr hlbhingl cd naausdi ihi lgt fu``y ulidrstnli tcd bdnlhlk nli aglsdqudlads gf chs p`dn hlsu hl sua ahd hdlt lt hlf hlfgr grbn bng gl l tg tg sust sustnh nhl l aglv aglvha hag gl l gf tc tcd d gdl gdlsd sd acn acnrk rkdi di

hlfgrb hlfg rbn ngl gl ig igds ds lg lgtt ac acnr nrk kd nl nl g gdl dlsd sd, nly aglvhagl cdrdulidr mdhlk vghi agurt cns lg eurhsihagl Nt nly bd mdfgrd tcd euikbdlt gf aglvhagl mdagbds ln`, tcd agurt bny

pdrbht nl hbprgvhidlt p`dn gf kuh`ty tg md whtcirnwl nli md sumstutdi my n p`dn gf lgt kuh`ty. 

Ycd whcirnwn` gf n p`dn gf kuh`y hs lg n bntdr gf rhkc g cd naausdi mu gf sguli ihsardgl g cd rhn` agur. ( _dgp`d vs. @nbmrhlg, >?1 _ch`. 4?9 )

 

^. Anl nl hbprgv hbprgvhidlt hidlt p`dn p`dn gf kuh`ty kuh`ty md whtcirn whtcirnwl wl ns n bndr bndr gf rhkct7 rhkct7   N. Lg. Ycd whtcirnwn` gf tcd p`dn gf kuh`ty hs lgt n bndr gf strhat rhkct tg tcd naausdi mut hs whtchl tcd ihsardgl gf tcd agurt. Ycd rdnsgl fgr tchs hs tcnt trhn` cns n`rdniy agbbdladi: whtcirnwn` gf tcd p`dn wh`` acnlkd tcd tcdgry gf tcd ansd nli wh`` put n`` gf tcd pnst prgaddihlks tg wnstd. YCD]DFG]D, HY BNX GL@X MD [HYCI]N[L [HYC _D]BHQQHGL GF YCD AGT]Y. AGT]Y . Bgrdgvdr, tcdrd hs n prdsubpgl tcnt tcd p`dn wns bnid vg`ultnrh`y. Ycd agurt bust idahid wcdtcdr tcd aglsdlt gf tcd naausdi wns, hl fnat, vhntdi wcdl cd dltdrdi chs p`dn. ^. S hs acnrkdi whtc cgbhahid. Cd p`dnis kuh`ty, mut td``s tcd euikd ‐chlih jg shlnsniyn.‒ Hs chs p`dn vn`hi7  vn`hi7  N. Lg Lg.. Hl g gri ridr dr ttg g md v vn` n`hi hi,, tc tcd d _@DN GF KTH@YX BTQY MD TLAGLIHYHGLN@. TLAGLIHYHGLN@ . Hl tchs ansd, wcdl S snhi ‐chlih jg shlnsniyn,‒ cd bnid nqun`hdi p`dn gf kuh`ty. Ychs hs lgt n vn`hi p`dn gf kuh`ty. N p`dn gf lgt kuh`ty scgu`i md dltdrdi hlstdni. ^, [cdl n idfdlinlt idfdlinlt nppdnr nppdnrss whtcgut whtcgut nl ngrldy ngrldy iurhlk iurhlk nrrnhkl nrrnhklbdlt, bdlt, wcnt wcnt scgu`i tcd agurt ig7 N. Ycd agurt cns n fgur-fg`i iuty5 >. Ht bust hlfgrb tcd idfdlinlt tcnt cd cns n rhkct tg nl ngrldy mdfgrd mdhlk nrrnhkldi: =. N Ndr dr hlfg hlfgrb rbhlk hlk c chb hb,, tcd aagu gurt rt bust bust nsj tcd idfdlinlt hf cd idshrds tg cnvd tcd nhi gf nl ngrldy:

1. Hf cd idshrds nli hs ulnm`d tg dbp`gy nl ngrldy, tcd agurt bust nsshkl nl ngrldy id gahg tg idfdli chb: 9. Hf tcd naausdi idshrds tg prgaurd nl ngrldy gf chs gwl, tcd agurt bust krnlt chb n rdnsglnm`d bd tcdrdfgr.

 

QDAYHGL 6. ITYX GF YCD AGT]Y YG HLFG]B NAATQDI GF CHQ ]HKCY YG AGTLQD@. ITYHDQ GF YCD AGT]Y [CDL YCD NAATQDI N__DN]Q MDFG]D HY [HYCGTY AGTLQD@ >. H bus hhlfgrb lfgrb cd cd idf idfdlin dlinl l cn hh hs chs rhk rhkc c g cnvd n nl l ntgrl ntgrldy dy mdfgrd mdhlk nrrnhkldi: =. idshrds Ndr k khvhlk hvhlk chb su suac ac hl hlfgrbn fgrbngl, gl, c cd d agur agur bus n nsj sj chb hhff cd cd nhi gf nl ntgrldy: 1. Hf cd id idshrds shrds n nli li hs ul ulnm`d nm`d g d dbp`g bp`gy y gld, cd cd agu agur r bus ns nsshkl shkl nl ntgrldy id gahg g idfdli chb: nli 9. Hf cd n naausd aausdi i idsh idshrds rds g pr prgaurd gaurd nl ntgr ntgrldy ldy gf c chs hs gwl gwl,, cd ag agur ur bus krnl chb rdnsglnm`d cdrdfgr. QDAYHGL ;. N__GHLYBDLY GFbd AGTLQD@ ID GFHAHG. _T]_GQD5 •

Yg sdaurd tg tcd naausdi, wcg hs ulnm`d tg dlknkd tcd sdrvhads gf nl ngrldy gf chs gwl acghad, ddavd rdprdsdltngl my bnjhlk ht hbpdrnvdgfgl tcd pnrt gf tcd hl nli tcd nppghltbdlt agulsd` id gahg, tcd agurt krnvhtytggf aglshidr tcd gdlsd tcd ihau`ty gf tcd qudsgls `hjd`y tg nrhsd hl tcd ansd vhs-ï-vhs tcd nmh`hty nli dxpdrhdlad gf tcd prgspdavd nppghltdd.  

^. [cnt hs tcd rdnsgl fgr tchs fgur-fg`i iuty7  N. Ycd rhkct tg md c cdnri dnri wg wgu`i u`i md gf `h `h`d `d nvnh` hf ht ig igds ds lgt hla`uid hla`uid tcd rhkct tg md cdnri my agulsd`. ^. [cnt hs tcd ddat ddat gf tcd fnh`urd fnh`urd gf tcd agurt agurt tg agbp`y whtc tcdsd tcdsd iuds7 N. Ht hs n vhg vhg`ng `ngl l gf iud prgads prgadss. s. ^. [cnt hs hs n agulsd` agulsd` id gahg7 gahg7 N. Agulsd` id gahg hs agulsd` n nppghltdi ppghltdi m my y tcd agurt tg rdprdsdlt nli idfdli tcd naausdi hl ansd cd anllgt ngri tg dbp`gy gld chbsd`f. ^.[cg [cg anl md nppghltdi ns agulsd` id gahg7   ^. N. Ycd agurt agurt,, aglshi aglshidrhlk drhlk tc tcd d krnvhty gf tcd gd gdlsd lsd nli tcd ihau`t ihau`ty y gf tcd qudsgls tcnt bny nrhsd scn`` nppghlt ns agulsd` id gahg5 bdbmdrs gf tcd mnr hl kggi stnlihlk >. suac =. wcg my rdnsgl gf tcdhr dxpdrhdlad nli nmh`hty, anl agbpdtdlt`y

idfdli tcd naausdi. naausdi. Mut, hl `gan`hds wcdrd suac bdbmdrs gf tcd mnr nrd lgt nvnh`nm`d, tcd agurt bny nppghlt nly pdrsgl wcg hs5 N. n rdshidlt gf tcd prgvhlad M. nli gf kggi rdputd fgr prgmhty nli nmh`hty tg idfdli tcd naausdi.  

^. [cnt hs tcd ihdrdlad mdtwddl mdtwddl tcd tcd iuty gf tcd tcd agurt tg nppghlt agulsd` id gahg iurhlk nrrnhklbdlt nli iurhlk trhn`7 N. IT] IT]HLK HLK N]] N]]NHK NHKLBD LBDLY LY,, tcd agurt cns tcd nrbnvd iuty tg hlfgrb tcd naausdi gf chs rhkct tg agulsd` nli tg prgvhid chb whtc gld hlansd cd anllgt ngri ht. Ycd agurt bust nat gl hts gwl vg`hgl, ul`dss tcd rhkct hs wnhvdi my tcd naausdi. Gl tcd gtcdr cnli, IT]HLK Y]HN@, ht hs tcd naausdi wcg bust nssdrt chs rhkct tg agulsd`. Ycd agurt wh`` lgt nat ul`dss tcd naausdi hlvgjds chs rhkcts.   rhkcts. ^. Anl n lgl-`nwydr rdprdsdlt rdprdsdlt tcd naausdi naausdi iurhlk nrrnhklbdlt7 N. Lg. Iurh Iurhlk lk nrrnhklbdlt nrrnhklbdlt,, ht hs tcd gm`hkn gm`hkngl gl gf tcd agurt tg dls dlsurd urd tcnt tcd naausdi hs rdprdsdltdi my n `nwydr mdanusd ht hs tcd rst bd wcdl tcd naausdi hs hlfgrbdi gf tcd lnturd nli anusd gf tcd naausngl nknhlst chb.hs Ychs hs n iuty. tnsj wchac gl`y n `nwydr anlfgr ig. Mut iurhlk trhn`, tcdrd lg suac Ycd naausdi bust nsj n `nwydr, gr d`sd, tcd rhkct hs iddbdi wnhvdi. Cd anl dvdl idfdli chbsd`f pdrsgln``y.

^. Bny nl naausdi naausdi md vn`hi`y rdprdsdltdi rdprdsdltdi my n lgl-`nwydr nt tcd trhn`7 N. Hf tcd naausdi jlgwhlk`y dlknkdi dlknkdi tcd sdrvhads gf tcd lgl-`nwydr, cd hs mguli my tcd lgl-`nwydr‘s nagls. Mut hf cd ihi lgt jlgw tcnt cd wns mdhlk rdprdsdltdi my n lgl-`nwydr, tcd euikbdlt hs vghi mdanusd gf tcd bhsrdprdsdltngl.  

QDAYHGL 3. YHBD FG] AGTLQD@ ID GFHAHG YG _]D_N]D FG] N]]NHKLBDLY.  •

Ns g wcn hscd rdnsglnm`d h idpdlis cd ahraubsnlads surrgulihlk ansd `hjd bd, cd krnvhy gf cdupgl gdlsd, agbp`dxhy gf cd n``dkngls hl cd agbp`nhl gr hlfgrbngl, wcdcdr n bggl g qunsc gr n mh`` gf pnrau`nrs cns g md `di, nli gcdr shbh`nr aglshidrngls.  Qdagl 8. Mh`` gf pnrau`nrs.  Naausdi bny, NY gr MDFG]D N]]NHKLBDLY, bgvd fgr n mh`` gf pnrau`nrs g dlnm`d chb prgpdr`y g p`dni nli g prdpnrd fgr rhn`. Eus hl ahvh` ansds, cd mh`` gf pnrau`nrs cdrd scgu`i md aglshidrdi nl hldkrn` pnr gf cd agbp`nhl gr hlfgrbngl wchac h supp`dbdls. Ycd rdbdiy nknhlst nl hlihatbdlt tcnt fnh`s tg n``dkd tcd bd gf agbbhsshgl gf tcd gdlsd whtc suahdlt idlhtdldss hs n bggl fgr n mh`` gf pnrau`nrs, lgt n bggl tg qunsc . •

•

•

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Ycd fnh`urd g nsj fgr Mh`` gf _nrau`nrs nbguls g n wnhvdr gf suac rhkc.

 

^. [cnt [cnt hs n mh`` mh`` gf gf pnrau pnrau`nr `nrs7 s7 N. Ht hs n bgrd spdaha spdaha n``dkngl. n``dkngl. N idfdlinlt idfdlinlt hl n arhbhln` arhbhln` ansd wcg md`hdvds gr fdd`s tcnt cd hs lgt suahdlt`y hlfgrbdi gf tcd arhbd whtc wchac cd hs acnrkdi nli lgt hl n pgshgl tg idfdli chbsd`f prgpdr`y nli nidquntd`y agu`i bgvd fgr n mh`` gr pnrau`nrs gr spdahangls. purpgsd gsd gf n mh`` mh`` gf pnrau` pnrau`nrs7 nrs7 ^. [cnt hs tcd purp N. Ht hs tg n``gw n``gw tcd tcd naausdi naausdi tg prdpnr prdpnrd d fgr chs idfdlsd. idfdlsd.  ^. [cdl anl anl tcd naausdi naausdi bgvd bgvd fgr n mh`` mh`` gf pnrau` pnrau`nrs7 nrs7  N. Ycd Ycd na naau ausd sdi i bus bustt bgvd fgr n mh`` gf pnrau`nrs mdfgrd nrrnhklbdlt. Gtcdrwhsd, tcd rhkct hs iddbdi wnhvdi. wnhvdi. ^. [cnt scgu`i scgu`i md agltnhld agltnhldi i hl tcd bggl bggl fgr n mh`` gr pnrau`nr pnrau`nrs7 s7 N. Ht sc scgu`i spdahfy tcd n``dkdi idfdats gf tcd agbp`nhlt gr hlfgrbngl nli tcd idtnh`s idshrdi.  ^. [cnt hs tcd rhkc rhkctt tg bgids bgids gf gf ihsagvdry ihsagvdry7 7  N. Ht hs tcd rhkct rhkct gf tcd naausdi naausdi tg bgvd bgvd fgr tcd prgiu prgiuagl agl gr hlspda hlspdagl gl gr bntdrhn` dvhidlad hl tcd pgssdsshgl gf tcd prgsdaugl. Ht nutcgrhzds tcd idfdlsd tg hlspdat, agpy, gr pcgtgkrnpc nly dvhidlad gf tcd prgsdaugl

hl hts pgssdsshgl ndr gmtnhlhlk pdrbhsshgl gf tcd agurt. ^. [cnt hs tcd tcd purpgsd purpgsd gf tchs tchs rhkct rhkct7 7  N. Ycd purpgsd hs tg prdvdlt surprhsd tg tcd naausdi nli tcd supprdsshgl gr n`tdrngl gf dvhidlad.

 

^. Hs tchs rhkct nvnh`nm`d nvnh`nm`d iurhlk iurhlk prd`hbhlnry prd`hbhlnry hlvdskngl7 hlvdskngl7  N. Xds, wcd wcdl l hlihspdls hlihspdlsnm`d nm`d tg prgtdat chs aglstu aglstugln` gln` rhkct tg `hfd, `hmdrty, nli prgpdrty. ([dmm v. id @dgl). krgulis fgr suspdli suspdlihlk hlk nrrnhklbdl nrrnhklbdlt7 t7  ^. [cnt nrd tcd krgulis >. Hf tcd naa naausd usdi i nppd nppdnrs nrs tg md sudrhlk frgb nl ulsguli bdltn` aglihgl,, wchac rdlidrs chb ulnm`d tg fu``y ulidrstnli tcd aglihgl acnrkd nknhlst chb nli tg p`dni hltd``hkdlt`y tcdrdtg. Ycd agurt scgu`i gridr chs bdltn` dxnbhlngl nli chs aglldbdlt, hf ldadssnry. qudsgl.. =. Hf ttc cdrd dxhsts n prdeuihahn` qudsgl 1. Hf n pdgl fgr rdvhdw gf tcd rdsg`ugl gf tcd prgsdautgr hs pdlihlk dhtcdr nt tcd IGE gr tcd Gad gf tcd _rdshidlt _rdshidlt.. Cgwdvdr, tcd pdrhgi gf suspdlshgl scn`` LGY DSADDI 6? INXQ agultdi frgb tcd `hlk gf tcd pdgl fgr rdvhdw. ^. [cnt hs tcd tdst tdst tg idtdrbhld idtdrbhld wcdtcdr wcdtcdr tcd hlsnlhty hlsnlhty gf tcd naausdi scgu`i wnrrnlt tcd suspdlshgl gf tcd prgaddihlks7

N. Ycd tds tdstt hs wcdt wcdtcdr cdr tcd na naausdi ausdi wh`` wh`` cnvd n fn fnhr hr trhn` w whtc htc tcd nsshstnlad gf agulsd`, hl sphtd gf chs hlsnlhty. Lgt dvdry nmdrrngl gf tcd bhli gr dxchmhgl gf bdltn` idahdlay hs suahdlt tg  eusfy suspdlshgl.

 

QDAYHGL >?. _]GITAYHGL G] HLQ_DAYHGL GF BNYD]HN@ DVHIDLAD HL _GQQDQQHGL GF _]GQDATYHGL.   Qdagl >>. Quspdlshgl gf nrrnhklbdlt K]GTLIQ FG] QTQ_DLQHGL >. cd naa naausdi usdi np nppdnr pdnrss g md su sudrhl drhlk k frgb nl ul ulsgul sguli i bdl bdln` n` aglihgl wchac ddavd`y rdlidrs chb ulnm`d g fu``y ulidrsnli cd acnrkd nknhls chb nli g p`dni hld``hkdl hld``hkdl`y `y cdrdg: =. cdr cdrd d dx dxhss hss n vn`h vn`hi i pr prdeui deuihahn` hahn` quds qudsgl: gl: nli 1. n pdg pdgl l fgr rdvh rdvhdw dw gf cd rd rdsg`u sg`ugl gl gf cd p prgsda rgsdaugr ugr hs pd pdlihl lihlk k n cd Idpnrbdl gf Eusad gr cd Gad gf cd _rdshidl:

prgvhidi cn cd pdrhgi gf suspdlshgl scn`` lg dxaddi 6? inys aguldi frgb cd `hlk gf cd pdgl.

 

]T@D >>; BGYHGL YG ^TNQC Qdagl >. Yhbd tg bgvd tg qunsc.  Bggl tg ^unsc -  chs prdsuppgsds cn cd naausdi cypgcdan``y nibhs cd fnas n``dkdi, cdlad cd agur hl rdsg`vhlk cd bggl anllg aglshidr fnas aglrnry g cgsd n``dkdi hl cd hlfgrbngl gr wchac ig lg nppdnr gl cd fnad gf cd hlfgrbngl, dxadp cgsd nibhtdi my cd prgsdaugl. KDLD]N@ ]T@D5  Ycd naausdi bny bgvd g qunsc cd agbp`nhl gr hlfgrbngl n nly bd MDFG]D DLYD]HLK CHQ _@DN.

DSAD_YHGL - Hlsnlads wcdrd n bggl g qunsc bny md `di NFYD] p`dn5 >. fnh fnh`ur `urd d g g aacnr cnrkd kd nl gd gdlsd lsd

=. `naj gf eu eurhsi rhsihagl hagl gvdr cd gdl gdlsd sd aacnrkd cnrkdi i 1. dx dxla lagl gl gf cd cd g gdl dlsd sd g grr pdl pdln` n`y y 9. cd idfd idfdlinl linl c cns ns md mddl dl hl ffgrbdr grbdr edgpn edgpnriy riy

 

Bggl tg ^unsc

Idburrdr tg Dvhidlad

>. `di MDFG]D tcd idfdlinlt >. `di NFYD] tcd prgsdaugl dltdrs chs p`dn cns rdstdi hts ansd =. Igds lgt kg hltg tcd bdrhts =. mnsdi upgl tcd hlnidqunay gf tcd ansd mut ansd mut hs nlacgrdi gl gf tcd dvhidlad niiuadi my prgsdaugl  hl suppgrt gf bndrs lgt ihrdat`y rd`ntdi tg tcd prgsdaugl  tcd qudsgl gf kuh`t gr tcd naausngl hllgadlad gf tcd naausdi

1. Kgvdrldi my ]u`d >>; gf tcd 1. kgvdrldi my ]u`d >>8 gf tcd

]u`ds gf Arhbhln` _rgadiurd

 

]u`ds gf Arhbhln` _rgadiurd

^.[cdl anl tcd naausdi `d n bggl tg qunsc7 N. N nly bd mdfgrd dldrhlk chs p`dn, p`d n, cd naausdi bny bgvd g qunsc cd agbp`nhl gr hlfgrbngl. ^.[cnt hs tcd fgrb rdquhrdi fgr n bggl tg qunsc7 N. >.Ht >.Ht bust bust md md hl wrhlk wrhlk.. =.Ht bust md shkldi my tcd naausdi gr chs agulsd`. agulsd`.  

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1.Ht bust spdahfy hts fnatun` nli `dkn` krgulis.  ^.Anl tcd agurt ihsbhss tcd ansd mnsdi gl krgulis tcnt nrd lgt n``dkdi hl tcd bggl tg qunsc7  N. Ns n kdldrn kdldrn`` ru`d, ru`d, LG. LG. Ycd agurt anllgt aglshidr nly •

krguli gtcdr tcnl tcgsd stntdi hl tcd bggl tg qunsc. Ycd DSAD_YHGL hs `naj gf eurhsihagl gvdr tcd gdlsd acnrkdi. acnrkdi. Hf tchs hs tcd krguli fgr ihsbhsshlk tcd

ansd, ht lddi lgt md n``dkdi hl tcd bggl tg qunsc shlad ht kgds hltg tcd vdry agbpdtdlad gf tcd agurt tg pnss upgl tcd ansd.

 

^. S `di n bggl tg qunsc nl hlfgrbngl gl tcd krguli tcnt cd wns hl tcd TQ wcdl tcd arhbd acnrkdi wns agbbhdi. Qcgu`i tcd bggl md krnltdi7 N. Ycd bggl scgu`i scgu`i md idlhdi. Ycd naausdi hs n`rdniy n`rdniy bnjhlk bnjhlk n idfdlsd. BNYYD]Q GF IDFDLQD N]D KDLD]N@@X LGY N K]GTLI FG] N BGYHGL YG ^TNQC. Ycdy scgu`i md prdsdltdi nt tcd trhn`. ^. [cnt hs bdnlt my tcd stntdbdlt tcnt ‐n bggl tg qunsc cypgtcdan``y cypgtcdan``y nibhts n``dkngls gf fnat hl h l tcd hlfgrbngl‒7  N. Ht bdnls tcnt tcd naausdi naausdi nr nrkuds kuds tcnt nssubhlk nssubhlk tcnt tcnt tcd fnats acnrkdi acnrkdi nrd trud, tcd hlfgrbngl scgu`i s`` md ihsbhssdi mnsdi gl tcd krguli hlvgjdi my tcd idfdlinlt. Ycdrdfgrd, shlad tcd idfdlinlt nssubds tcnt tcd fnats hl tcd hlfgrbngl nrd trud, gl`y tcdsd fnats scgu`i md tnjdl hltg naagult wcdl tcd agurt rdsg`vds tcd bggl tg qunsc. Gtcdr fnats, suac ns bndrs gf idfdlsd, wchac nrd lgt hl tcd hlfgrbngl scgu`i lgt

md aglshidrdi. Dxadpgls tg tchs ru`d nrd wcdl tcd krgulis hlvgjdi tg qunsc tcd hlfgrbngl nrd dxlagl gf arhbhln` `hnmh`hty, prdsarhpgl, nli fgrbdr edgpnriy. Hl tcdsd ansds, niihgln` fnats nrd n``gwdi.

 

=. Fgrb nli agltdlts. FG]B NLI AGLYDLYQ GF N BGYHGL YG ^TNQC >. =. 1. •

•

hl wrhlk shkl shkld di my my cd cd naaus aausd di gr gr ch chs agu aguls lsd d` sc scn` n``` spd spdah ahfy fy ihs ihsla la` `y y cd cd fnau fnaun` n` nli nli `dkn` `dkn` kr krgu gulis lis c cdr drdf dfgr gr..

Ycd agur scn`` aglshidr lg krgulis gcdr cnl cgsd sndi hl cd bggl, DSAD_Y `naj gf eurhsihagl gvdr cd gdlsd acnrkdi nli wcdl cd hlfgrbngl igds lg acnrkd nl gdlsd.  N bggl g suspdli cd hssunlad gf n wnrrnl gf nrrds scgu`i md aglshidrdi ns n bggl g qunsc hf cd n``dkngls cdrdhl nrd g cd dda cn cd fnas acnrkdi hl cd hlfgrbngl ig lg aglsud nl gdlsd.

]DQG@TYHGL GFqunsc N BGYHGL YGrdsg`vdi ^TNQC MDFG]D trhn` nli anllgt idfdr N bggl g bus md tcd cdnrhlk nli idtdrbhlngl gf snhi bggl ul` trhn` gl tcd bdrhts ns ht wgu`i hbpnhr tcd rhkct gf tcd naausdi tg spddiy trhn`.

•

•

 

H bny n`sg md rdsg`vdi nt tcd prd`hbhlnry hlvdskngl shlad cd hlvdsknlk gadr gr euikd cns cd pgwdr g dhcdr ihsbhss cd ansd gr mhli cd naausdi gvdr fgr rhn` my cd prgpdr agur, idpdlihlk gl hs iddrbhlngl gf `naj gr prdsdlad gf prgmnm`d anusd.

Qdagl 1. Krgulis. >. =. 1. 9. 4. 6. ;. 3. 8.

Ycn Ycn cd cd ffna nas s acnr acnrkd kdi i ig lg lg agl agls su ud d nl g gd dls lsd: d: Yc Ycn n cd cd agu agur r ry ryhl hlk k cd cd ansd ansd cns cns lg lg eu eurh rhsih siha agl gl g gvd vdrr c cd d g gdl dlsd sd acnrkdi: Yc Ycn n cd cd agur agur ryh ryhlk lk cd cd ans ansd d cns cns lg eur eurhs hsih iha agl gl gvd gvdrr c cd d pd pdrs rsgl gl gf gf cd naausdi: Yc Ycn n cd cd ga gadr dr wcg wcg `di `di cd cd hlf hlfgr grbn bng gl l cni cni lg nu nucg cgrh rhy y g g ig sg sg:: Yc Ycn n h h igds igds lg lg aglf aglfgr grb b sum sums snl nln n`` ``y y g c cd d pr prds dsar arhm hmdi di fgr fgrb: b: Yc Ycn n bgrd bgrd fgr cn cnvnrhgus gld gld gdlsds g gd dlsd lsd hs prdsarhmdi ac acnr nrkd kdi i d dxa xadp dp  wcd wcdl l n sh shlk lk`d `d pulhscbdl my `nw: Yc Ycn n cd arhb arhbhl hln` n` nagl nagl gr `hn `hnmh mh`h `hy y cns cns mdd mddl ld dx xlk lkuh uhsc scdi di:: Yc Ycn n h h agl aglnh nhls ls nvd nvdrb rbdl dls s wch wchac ac,, hf ru rud d wgu` wgu`i i agls aglsu ud d n `dkn `dkn`` dxausd gr eusangl: nli Yc Ycn n cd cd naau naausd sdi i cns cns mddl mddl prd prdvh vhgu gus` s`y y aglv aglvha had di i gr naqu naquht htdi di g gff c cd d gdlsd acnrkdi, gr cd ansd nknhls chb wns ihsbhssdi gr gcdrwhsd drbhlndi whcgu chs dxprdss aglsdl.

Qdagl 9. Nbdlibdlt gf agbp`nhlt gr hlfgrbngl

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Hf nl n``dkdi idfda hl cd agbp`nhl gr hlfgrbngl, wchac hs cd mnshs gf n bggl g qunsc, ANL MD AT]DI MX NBDLIBDLY, NBDLIBDLY, cd agur scn`` gridr cd nbdlibdl hlsdni gf qunschlk cd agbp`nhl gr hlfgrbngl. Hf, ndr cd nbdlibdl, cd idfda hs s`` lg aurdi, cd bggl g qunsc scgu`i md krnldi krnldi..

Qdagl 4. Ddat gf sustnhlhlk tcd bggl tg qunsc.  DFFDAYQ HF AGT]Y QTQYNHLQ YCD BGYHGL YG ^TNQC >. Hf cd krguli gf cd bggl hs dhcdr5 >. =.

cn cd fnas acnrkdi ig lg aglsud nl gdlsd: gr cn cd gadr wcg `di cd hlfgrbngl cni lg nucgrhy g ig sg, sg , gr

1.

cn h igds lg aglfgrb sumsnln``y g cd prdsarhmdi fgrb: fgrb : gr

9.

cn bgrd cnl gld gdlsd hs acnrkdi, acnrkdi,

=. cd AGT]Y BNX G]ID] YCNY NLGYCD] HLFG]BNYHGL MD FH@DI G] NL NBDLIBDLY YCD]DGF NQ YCD ANQD BNX MD [HYCHL N IDFHLHYD _D]HGI . Hf suac gridr hs LGY BNID, gr hf cnvhlk mddl bnid, nlgcdr hlfgrbngl hs LGY FH@DI whchl n bd g md spdahdi hl cd gridr, gr whchl suac bd ns cd agur bny n``gw, cd naausdi, hf hl ausgiy, scn`` md ihsacnrkdi cdrdfrgb, ul`dss cd hs n`sg hl ausgiy gl sgbd gcdr acnrkd.

HF YCD BGYHGL YG ^TNQC HQ QTQYNHLDI T_GL NLX GF YCD FG@@G[HLK K]GTLIQ5 >.

cn n arhbhln` nagl gr `hnmh`hy cns mddl dxlkuhscdi: dxlkuhscdi :

=.

cn h aglnhls nvdrbdls wchac, hf rud, wgu`i aglsud n `dkn` dxausd gr  eusangl: gr

1.

cn cd naausdi cns mddl prdvhgus`y aglvhadi gr naquhtdi gf cd gdlsd acnrkdi acnrkdi,,

YCD AGT]Y BTQY QYNYD, HL HYQ G]ID] K]NLYHLK YCD BGYHGL, YCD ]D@DNQD GF YCD

NAATQDI HF CD HQ HL ATQYGIX G] YCD ANLAD@@NYHGL GF CHQ MGLI HF CD HQ GL MNH@. 1. Hf cd krguli upgl wchac cd bggl g qunsc wns QTQYNHLDI HQ YCNY YCD AGT]Y CNQ LG ET]HQIHAYHGL ET]HQIHAYHG L GVD] YCD GFFDLQD, cd mdtdr prnaad hs fgr cd agur g rdbnli gr fgrwnri tcd ansd tg tcd prgpdr agurt, lgt tg qunsc tcd agbp`nhlt gr hlfgrbngl. •

   Ycd prgsdaugl bny d`dvnd g cd Chkcdr Agurs nl gridr krnllk n bggl g qunsc.

 

_]GADIT]D HF BGYHGL YG ^TNQC HQ IDLHDI >. na naau ausd sdi i sscg cgu` u`i i p`dni: =. na naau ausd sdi i sscg cgu` u`i i kg g rhn` whcgu prdeuihad g cd spdahn` idfdlsds cd hlvgjdi hl cd bggl: 1. np nppd pdn` n` fr frgb gb c cd d  euikbdl gf aglvhagl, hf nly, nli hldrpgsd cd IDLHN@ GF YCD BGYHGL NQ NL D]]G]. Nl gridr idlyhlk n bggl g qunsc hs HLYD]@GATYG]X nli LGY •

 Nppdn`nshlniud bd, cd gl prgpdr rdbdiy, N__DN@NM@D. prdvhgus aglvhagl rdsu` gf nnsrhn` cd bdrhs gf hbp`hds cd ansdn nli igds lg npp`y g nl hldr`gaugry gridr idlyhlk n bggl g qunsc. Ycd idlhn` my cd rhn` agur gf n bggl g qunsc ANLLGY md cd sumeda gf n pdgl fgr adrgrnrh, prgchmhgl gr bnlinbus hl nlgcdr agur gf aggrihlnd rnlj.  tcd bggl tg qunsc lgt n mnr tg nlgtcdr Qdagl 6. Gridr sustnhlhlk tcd prgsdaugl. •

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N bggl QTQYNHLHLK cd bggl g qunsc hs LGY n mnr g nlgcdr prgsdaugl fgr cd snbd gdlsd TL@DQQ5 >. =.

 

cd bggl wns mnsdi gl tcd krguli tcnt tcd arhbhln` nagl gr `hnmh`hty cns mddl dxlkuhscdi, NLI cn cd naausdi cns mddl prdvhgus`y aglvhatdi gr hl edgpnriy gf mdhlk aglvhatdi gr naquhdi gf tcd gdlsd acnrkdi.

Qdagl ;. Fgrbdr aglvhagl gr naquhn`: igum`d edgpnriy. Igum`d Edgpnriy bdnls cn wcdl n pdrsgl hs acnrkdi whc nl gdlsd nli cd ansd hs drbhlndi dhcdr my naquhtn` gr aglvhagl gr hl nly gcdr bnlldr whcgu cd aglsdl gf cd naausdi, cd `ntdr anllg nknhl md acnrkdi whc cd snbd gr hidlan` gdlsd. ]D^THQHYDQ FG] IGTM@D EDG_N]IX TLID] QDAYHGL ; H hs ldadssnry cn hl cd rs ansd cn•

>.

cd cd aagb gbp` p`nh nhl l gr hlfg hlfgrb rbng ngl lg grr g gc cdr dr fgrb fgrbn` n` acnr acnrkd kd wns suahdlt hl fgrb nli sumstnlad tg sustnhl n aglvhagl:

=. 1. 9.

cd agurt cni eurhsihagl: eurhsihagl: p`dnidi: nli cd naausdi cni mddl nrrnhkldi nli cni p`dnidi: cd wns aglvhatdi gr naquhdi gr tcd ansd wns ihsbhssdi whtcgut chs dxprdss aglsdlt:

[cdl n`` cdsd ahraubsnlads nrd prdsdl, cdy aglsud n MN] g n sdagli prgsdaugl fgr ‑ >. =. 1.

cd snbd gdlsd, gdlsd, gr gdlsd,, gr nl ndbpt tg agbbht tcd snhi gdlsd gdlsd , gr n frustrngl gf tcd snhi gdlsd,

9.

nly gdlsd wchac ldadssnrh`y hla`uids gr hs ldadssnrh`y hla`uidi hl tcd rst gdlsd acnrkdi. acnrkdi.

  Ycd ihsacnrkd gf n idfdlinlt gl n prd`hbhlnry hlvdskngl hs LGY suac

nl nieuihangl hl chs fnvgr ns wh`` mnr sumsdqudlt prgsdaugl fgr tcd gdlsd. Ychs hs mdanusd, n prd`hbhlnry hlvdskngl hs lg n rhn` nli igds lg cnvd fgr hs gmeda cn gf iddrbhlhlk idlhd`y cd kuh` gf cd naausdi. Furtcdr, tcd naausdi cns lgt ydt mddl nrrnhkldi.

 

IHQBHQQN@ vs. NA^THYYN@ >.

Na Naqu quht htn` n` hs n` n`w wnys nys mnsd mnsdi i gl cd cd BD]HYQ, cn hs, cd idfdlinl hs

=.

naquhtdi mdanusd cd dvhidlad igds lg scgw kuh` mdygli rdnsglnm`d igum: mu Ihsbhssn` igds lgidfdlinl‘s idahid cd ansd gl cd bdrhs gr cn cd idfdlinl hs lg kuh`y. Hf n nl l na na hs pulhs pulhscd cdi i my n `nw `nw nli nli nl grih grihln lnla lad, d, d dvd vdl l hf cdy cdy nrd nrd aglshidrdi ns ihdrdl gdlsds, aglvhagl gr naquhtn` ulidr dhcdr scn`` aglsud n mnr g nlgcdr prgsdaugl fgr cd snbd na.

1.

Hf n shlk shlk`d `dmu na nadnac hs hs pulh puprgvhshgl lhsc scdi di my myrdquhrds wg wg ihd ihdrd rdl l gf prg prgvh vhsh shgl glss gf `nw `nwfna gr snuds, prggf nl niihgln` wchac cd gcdr igds lg sg rdquhrd, ldhcdr aglvhagl lgr naquhtn` hl gld wh`` mnr n prgsdaugl fgr cd gcdr. (_drdz vs. Agurt gf  Nppdn`s, >61 QA]N QA]N =16)

YDQYQ FG] IDYD]BHLHLK [CDYCD] YCD Y[G GFFDLQDQ N]D HIDLYHAN@5 QNBD GFFDLQD YDQY - Ycdrd hs HIDLYHYX mdwddl wg gdlsds lg gl`y wcdl cd sdagli gdlsd hs dxna`y cd snbd ns cd rs, mu •

N@QG wcdl cd sdagli gdlsd hs nl ntdbp g gr frusrngl gf, G] hs ldadssnrh`y hla`uidi hl cd gdlsd acnrkdi hl cd rs hlfgrbngl.

 

DSAD_YHGLQ YG YCD HIDLYHYX ]T@D5 >. =. 1.

Ycd K]NVD] GFFDLQD IDVD@G_DI ITD YG QT_D]VDLHLK FNAYQ nrhshlk acnrkd. frgb cd snbd na gr gbhsshgl aglsulk cd fgrbdr Ycd fnas aglsulk c cd krnvdr acnrkd mdanbd jlgwl gr wdrd ihsagvdrdi gl`y ndr n p`dn wns dltdrdi hl cd fgrbdr agbp`nhl gr hlfgrbngl. Ycd p`dn gf kuh`ty tg tcd `dssdr gdlsd wns bnid whtcgut tcd

aglsdlt gf tcd prgsdautgr gf tcd gdlidi pnrty: dxadp wcdl cd gdlidi pnry fnh`di gnli nppdnr iurhlk cd nrrnhklbdl.

Hl nly gf cdsd hlsnlads, suac pdrhgi gf cd sdldlad ns bny cnvd mddl sdrvdi my cd naausdi ulidr cd fgrbdr aglvhagl scn`` md ardihdi nknhls nli idiuadi frgb cd sdldlad cd cns g sdrvd scgu`i cd md aglvhadi ulidr cd sumsdqudl prgsdaugl.

QNBD DVHIDLAD YDQY  wcdcdr cd fnas ns n``dkdi hl cd sdagli hlfgrbngl, hf prgvdi, wgu`i cnvd mddl suahdl g susnhl cd fgrbdr hlfgrbngl, gr frgb wchac cd naausdi bny cnvd mddl naquhtdi gr aglvhadi.

 

Qdagl 3. _rgvhshgln` ihsbhssn`. •

KDLD]N@ ]T@D5 [cdrd cd ansd wns ihsbhssdi ‐prgvhshgln``y‒ whc cd aglsdl gf cd naausdi, cd ANLLGY hlvgjd igum`d edgpnriy hl nlgcdr prgsdaugl cdrdfgr G] wcdrd cd ansd wns rdhlsndi gl n bggl fgr rdaglshidrngl my cd prgsdaugl.

DSAD_YHGLQ5 [cdrd cd ihsbhssn` wns naun``y nl naquhtn` mnsdi gl5 >.

`n `naj aj gr hhls lsu uah ahdl dlay ay gf cd cd d dvh vhi idl dlad ad:: gr gr

=.

id idlh lhn` n` g gff c cd d rh rhkc kc g sspd pddi diy y rh rhn`, n`, cd cdla lad, d, dvdl dvdl hhff c cd d naa naaus usdi di knvd knvd c chs hs d dxp xprds rdsss aglsdl g suac ihsbhssn` gr bgvdi fgr suac ihsbhssn`, suac aglsdl wgu`i md hbbndrhn` ns suac ihsbhssn` hs naun``y nl naquhtn`.

]D^THQHYDQ

•

>.

aglsdl gf cd prgsdaugr

=.

aglsdl gf cd naausdi

1. lgad g cd gdlidi pnry Hf n ansd hs prgvhshgln``y ihsbhssdi whc cd aglsdl gf cd prgsdaugr nli cd gdlidi pnry, cd fnh`urd g rdhlsnd h whchl cd khvdl pdrhgi wh`` bnjd cd

ihsbhssn` pdrbnldl.

_D]HGI FG] ]DHLQYNYDBDLY5

 

>. =.

g gdl dlsds sds pu pulh lhsc scnm nm`d `d my hb hbpr prhs hsgl glbd bdl l lg lg dxa dxaddi ddihl hlk k 6 ydn ydnrs rs 2 GL GLD D XDN] XDN] g gdl dlsds sds pu pulh lhsc scnm nm`d `d m my y hb hbpr prhs hsgl glbdl bdl gf b bgr grd d c cnl nl 6 ydnrs ydnrs 2 Y[G XDN] XDN]Q Q

1.

GYCD][H GYCD] [HQD QD YCD YCD IHQ IHQBH BHQQ QQN@ N@ QCN QCN@@ @@ MD MD ]DBG ]DBGVD VDI I F]GB F]GB MDH MDHLK LK _]G _]GVH VHQH QHGL GLN@ N@ NLI MDAGBDQ _D]BNLDLY.

QDAYHGL 8. FNH@T]D YG BGVD YG ^TNQC G] •

YG N@@DKD NLX K]GTLI YCD]DFG]. N`` krgulis fgr n bggl g qunsc nrd [NHVDI hf LGY sdnsglnm`y rnhsdi, DSAD_Y5

>.wcdl cd hlfgrbngl igds lg acnrkd nl gdlsd: =.`naj gf eurhsihagl gf cd agur: 1.dxlagl gf cd gdlsd gr pdln`y: nli

9.igum`d edgpnriy.

 

]T@D >>3 _]D-Y]HN@ Qdagl >. _rd-trhn`: bnlintgry hl arhbhln` ansds. _rd-rhn` hs BNLINYG]X hl n`` arhbhln` ansds. Ycd agur scn`` ndr nrrnhklbdl nli whtchl 1? inys frgb tcd bd tcd agurt naquhrds eurhsihagl gvdr tcd pdrsgl gf tcd naausdi , ul`dss n scgrdr pdrhgi hs prgvhidi fgr my spdahn` `nws gr ahrau`nr gf cd Quprdbd Agur, gridr n prd-rhn`. BNYYD]Q AGLQHID]DI HL _]D-Y]HN@ AGLFD]DLAD •

>. =. 1. 9.

p`dn mnrknhlhlk: spu`ngl gf fnas: bn bnrj rjhl hlk k fgr fgr hidl hidl an ang gl l gf gf dvh dvhid idlad lad gf cd cd pn pnr rds ds:: wn wnhv hvdr dr gf gmed gmedag agls ls g nibh nibhss sshm hmh` h`h hy yg gff d dvh vhid idlad lad::

4.

bg bgih iha an ngl gl gf gf cd cd grid gridrr gf rh rhn` n` hf hf c cd d naaus naausdi di nib nibh hss c cd d acnr acnrkd kd mu hldrpgsds n `nwfu` idfdlsd:

6.

su suac ac bnt bntdr drss ns wh`` wh`` prg prgbg bgd d n fnhr fnhr nli nli dxp dxpdi dih hgu guss r rhn hn`` gf c cd d arhbhln` nli ahvh` nspdas gf cd ansd. (Qdagls. = & 1, Ahra. 13-83).

 

_`dn mnrknhlhlk  ‑ cd prgadss wcdrdmy cd naausdi, cd gdlidi pnry nli cd prgsdaugl wgrj gu n buun``y snsfnagry ihspgshgl gf cd ansd sumeda g agur npprgvn`. H usun``y hlvg`vds cd idfdlinl‘s p`dnihlk kuh`y g n `dssdr gdlsd gr g gl`y gld gr sgbd gf cd aguls gf n bu`-agul hlihabdl hl rdurl fgr n `hkcdr sdldlad cnl cn fgr cd krnvdr acnrkd. Qdagl =. _rd-trhn` nkrddbdlt. ]D^THQHYDQ DVHIDLAD5MDFG]D YCD _]D-Y]HN@ NK]DDBDLY ANL MD TQDI NQ >. cdy n nrrd rdiuadi tg wrhlk =. cd prd prd-r -rhn` hn` nkr nkrdd ddbdl bdl hhss shkldi my tcd naausdi nli chs agulsd`. 1. Ycd rdq rdquhrd uhrdbdl bdl hl ssdag dagl l = hs hldl hldlidi idi g sn snfdku fdkunri nri cd rh rhkc kc gf cd naausdi nknhls hbprgvhidl gr ulnucgrhzdi nkrddbdls gr nibhsshgls wchac chs agulsd` bny cnvd dldrdi hlg, gr wchac nly pdrsgl bny nsarhmd g cd naausdi whcgu chs jlgw`dikd, ns cd

bny cnvd wnhvdi chs prdsdlad n cd prd-rhn` aglfdrdlad. 9. Ycd gbhsshgl gf tcd shklnturd gf tcd naausdi nli chs agulsd` , ns bnlingrh`y my cd ru`ds, rdlidrs tcd spu`ngl gf fnats hlnibhsshm`drdquhrdi hl dvhidlad.

 

Qdagl 1. Lgl-nppdnrnlad nt prd-trhn` aglfdrdlad. Ycd agur bny hbpgsd prgpdr snlagls nli pdln`ds fgr lgl•

•

nppdnrnlad nt prd-trhn` aglfdrdlad mydxausd tcd agulsd` fgr tcd naausdi gr tcd prgsdautgr whtcgut naadptnm`d . Ycd snlagls gr pdln`y bny md hl tcd fgrb gf rdprhbnli, ld gr hbprhsglbdlt. Hlnsbuac ns chs hs shbh`nr g hlihrda agldbp gf agur, cd pdln`y fgr hlihrda agldbp bny md hbpgsdi.

_T]_GQD >. Yg dlfgra dlfgrad d cd cd bnling bnlingry ry rdquhr rdquhrdb dbdl dl gf prd-r prd-rhn` hn` hl arh arhbhl bhln` n` ansds. ansds. =.

Yc Ycd d naau naausd sdi i hs hs lg lg cd cd gld gld agbp agbpd` d``d `di i g g nppd nppdnr nr,, mu mu gl` gl`y y cd cd agulsd` fgr cd naausdi gr cd prgsdaugr. Ycd prhlahpn` rdnsgl wcy naausdi hs lg hla`uidi hl cd bnlingry nppdnrnlad hs cd fdnr cn g hla`uid chb hs g vhg`nd chs aglsugln` agl sugln` rhkc g rdbnhl sh`dl.

Qdagl 9. _rd-trhn` gridr. Ndr cd prd-rhn`, cd agur hssuds nl gridr rdahlk nagls njdl, fnas spu`ndi nli dvhidlad bnrjdi, nli cdrdndr cd rhn` gl •

cd bdrhs wh`` prgaddi gl bntdrs lg ihspgsdi gf iurhlk cd prdrhn`. •

 

Yg prdvdl bnlhfds hleusad, cgwdvdr, cd prd-rhn` gridr bny md bgihdi my cd agur, upgl hs gwl hlhnvd gr n cd hlsnlad gf nly pnry.

]T@D >>8 Y]HN@ Qdagl >. Yhbd tg prdpnrd fgr trhn`. Yrhn`  - cd dxnbhlngl mdfgrd n agbpddl rhmuln` naagrihlk g cd `nws gf cd `nli, gf cd fnas pu hl hssud hl n ansd fgr cd purpgsd gf iddrbhlhlk suac hssud. Ycd rhn` scn`` agbbdlad [HYCHL 1? INXQ frgb rdadhp gf cd prdrhn` gridr. Qdagl =. Agllugus trhn` ul` tdrbhlntdi: pgstpgldbdlts. pgstpgldbdlts. AGLYHLTGTQ Y]HN@ QXQYDB Yrhn` glad agbbdladi scn`` agllud frgb iny g iny ns fnr ns prnaanm`d ul` drbhlndi: mu h bny md pgspgldi fgr n rdnsglnm`d pdrhgi gf bd fgr kggi anusd. •

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@HBHYNYHGL GF YCD Y]HN@ _D]HGI Ht scn`` hl LG ANQD DSADDI >3? INXQ F]GB YCD FH]QY INX GF YCD Y]HN@, DSAD_Y NQ GYCD][HQD _]GVHIDI MX YCD QT_]DBD AGT]Y. •

 

]dquhshds mdfgrd n rhn` anl md pu-g gl naagul gf cd nmsdlad gf n whldss5 >. =. 1. 9.

cn cn c cd dw wh hld ldss ss hs bnd bndrh rhn` n` nli nli nppd nppdnr nrss g g c cd d aagur gur g gm md d sg sg cn cn c cd dp pnr nry y wcg wcg npp npp`h `hds ds cns cns mdd mddl l kuh kuh` `y y gf gf l lg g ldk ldk`d `da a cn cn cd cd whl whlds dssd sdss anl anl md md cni cni n cd bd bd g g wch wchac ac cd rhn rhn`` hhss idfdrrdi nli hlahidln``y cn lg shbh`nr dvhidlad agu`i md gmnhldi cn cn nl nl nin ninvh vh scgw scgwhl hlk k cd cd dxhs dxhsd dla lad d gf cd cd n nmg mgvd vd aahr hrau aubs bsn nla lads ds bus md `di.

]dbdihds gf naausdi wcdrd n prgsdaulk gadr whcgu kggi anusd sdaurds pgspgldbdls gf cd rhn` gf n idfdlinl nknhls chs prgds mdygli n rdnsglnm`d pdrhgi gf bd5 >. =. 1.

bnlin nlinbu buss g g ag agbp bpd` d` n ih ihsb sbhs hssn sn`` gf gf c cd d hhlf lfgr grb bn ngl gl hf cd cd hs hs rds rdsrn rnhl hldi di gf gf chs chs `hmd `hmdr ry, y, my my cnmd cnmdns ns agr agrpu puss g g gm mnh nhl l chs chs frddigb. Ycd Ycd QA nigp nigpdi di cd cd agl agllu lugu guss rhn rhn`` sys sysdb db ns n b bgid gid gf eeui uiha hahn hn`` fna-lihlk nli nieuihangl agliuadi whc spddi nli ihspnac sg

cn rhn`s nrd cd`i gl cd sacdiu`di inds whcgu pgspgldbdl, cd fnaun` hssuds fgr rhn` wd``-idldi n prd-rhn` nli cd wcg`d prgaddihlks drbhlndi nli rdniy fgr euikbdl whchl 8? inys frgb cd ind gf hlhn` cdnrhlk, ul`dss fgr bdrhgrhgus rdnsgls nl dxdlshgl hs pdrbhtdi.

 

Ycd sysdb rdquhrds cn cd _rdshihlk Euikd5 >.

nicd nicdrd rd fnhc fnhcfu fu`` ``y y g cd sdss sdsshg hgl l cg cgur urss pr prds dsar arhm hmdi di my `n `nws ws::

=. 1.

bn bnhl nhl hl fu`` `` ag agl lrg rg`nli g gff cd cd prga pr gadd ddih ihlk lks: s:ur nli nli ddav ddhln avd`y d`yfu n``gan n`` gand d n` li usd bd nli ag agur rrdsg dsgura urads ds g g nvgh nvghi i agur agur i id`n d`nys. ys.

Ycd lgl-nppdnrnlad gf cd prgsdaugl n cd rhn`, idsphd iud lgad,  eusdi n prgvhshgln` ihsbhssn` gr nl nmsg`ud ihsbhssn` idpdlihlk upgl cd ahraubsnlads.  Qdagl 9. Fnatgrs fgr krnllk agllunlad.  •

_T]_GQD5  Yg aglrg` cd ihsardgl gf cd euikd hl cd krnl gf agllunlad gl chs hlsnlad gr gl bggl gf nly pnry `hknl.   Qdagl 4. Yhbd `hbht fg``gwhlk nl gridr fgr ldw trhn`. Ycd rhn` scn`` agbbdlad whchl 1? inys frgb cd ind cd gridr fgr n ldw rhn` mdagbds ln`.  •

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Qdagl. ;. _um`ha Ngrldy‘s iuds wcdrd naausdi hs hbprhsgldi.  Ycdsd pum`ha ntgrldys dldr cdhr nppdnrnlad hl mdcn`f gf cd naausdi upgl chs rdquds gr cn gf chs rd`nvd gr upgl mdhlk nppghldi ns •

agulsd` id gahg my cd agur. Qdagl 3. Qnlagls. Jhlis5 >. =. 1.

 

arhbhln` nibhlhsrnvd agldbp gf agur

Qdagl >>. Gridr gf Yrhn` G]ID] GF Y]HN@5 >. =.

Ycd _]GQDATYHGL QCN@@ _]DQDLY DVHIDLAD YG _]GVD YCD ACN]KD NLI, HL

YCD _]G_D] ANQD, YCD AHVH@ @HNMH@HYX Ycd NAATQDI BNX _]DQDLY DVHIDLAD YG _]GVD CHQ IDFDLQD NLI INBNKDQ, HF NLX, N]HQHLK F]GB YCD HQQTNLAD GF N _]GVHQHGLN@ ]DBDIX HL YCD ANQD.

1.

Ycd _]GQDATYHGL NLI YCD IDFDLQD BNX, HL YCNY G]ID], _]DQDLY ]DMTYYN@ NLI QT]-]DMTYYN@ DVHIDLAD ul`dss cd agur, hl furcdrnlad gf  eusad, pdrbhs cdb g prdsdl niihgln` dvhidlad mdnrhlk upgl cd bnhl hssud

9.

Tp Tpgl gl ni nib bhs hssh shgl gl gf c cd d d dvh vhid idla lad d g gff cd cd pn pnr rds ds,, cd cd ANQD QCN@@ MD IDDBDI QTMBHYYDI FG] IDAHQHGL TL@DQQ YCD AGT]Y IH]DAYQ YCDB YG N]KTD G]N@@X G] YG QTMBHY []HYYDL BDBG]NLIN.

4.

[CDL [C DL YC YCD D NAA NAATQ TQDI DI NI NIBH BHYQ YQ YC YCD D NAY NAY G] GBH GBHQQ QQHG HGL L ACN ACN]K ]KDI DI HL HL YCD YCD AGB_@NHLY G] HLFG]BNYHGL MTY HLYD]_GQDQ N @N[FT@ IDFDLQD, YCD G]ID] GF Y]HN@ BNX MD BGIHFHDI. 

KDLD]N@ ]T@D5

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Ycd gridr hl cd prdsdlngl gf dvhidlad bus md fg``gwdi. Ycd naausdi bny lg md rdquhrdi g prdsdl chs dvhidlad rs mdfgrd cd prgsdaugl niiuads hs gwl prggf.

DSAD_YHGL5 [cdrd n rdvdrsd prgadiurd wns nigpdi whcgu cd gmedagl gf cd idfdlinl nli suac prgadiurd ihi lg prdeuihad chs sumsnln` rhkcs, cd idfda hs lg n rdvdrshm`d drrgr. •

 

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N idpnrurd frgb cd gridr gf cd rhn` hs lg rdvdrshm`d drrgr ns wcdrd h wns nkrddi upgl gr lg sdnsglnm`y gmedadi g, mu lg wcdrd cd acnlkd hl cd gridr gf cd rhn` wns bd`y gmedadi my cd idfdlsd.   [cdrd cd gridr gf cd rhn` sd fgrc ulidr chs sdagl wns lg fg``gwdi my cd agur g cd dxdl gf idlyhlk cd prgsdaugl nl gppgrulhy g prdsdl hs dvhidlad, cd euikbdl hs n lu``hy. (_dgp`d vs. Mn`hsnanl)

QDAYHGL >=. N__@HANYHGL FG] DSNBHLNYHGL GF [HYLDQQ FG] NAATQDI MDFG]D Y]HN@. Naausdi bny cnvd chs whldss dxnbhldi aglihgln``y hl chs mdcn`f MDFG]D rhn` upgl bggl whc lgad g n`` gcdr pnrds. Ycd bggl bus snd5 •

>.

lnbd nl nli rd rdshidlad gf whlds ldss

=. 1.

 

sumsnlad gf d dsbgly whtl wh tlds dsss hs sg sg QHAJ QHAJ tg tg ngr ngri i rdns rdnsgl glnm nm`d `d krg krgul uli i tg md md`h `hdv dvd d tcnt tcnt cd cd wh`` lgt md nm`d tg ndli tcd trhn` G] ]DQHIDQ BG]D YCNY >?? JB NLI CNQ LG BDNLQ YG NYYDLI tcd snbd, gr gtcdr shbh`nr ahraubstnlads dxhst tcnt wgu`i bnjd chb ulnvnh`nm`d gr prdvdlt chb frgb ndlihlk trhn`.

QDAYHGL >1. DSNBHLNYHGL GF IDFDLQD [HYLDQQ: CG[ BNID. Hf cd agur hs snsdi cn cd dxnbhlngl gf whldss hs ldadssnry ns prgvhidi hl QDAYHGL 9, gridr scn`` md bnid nli n agpy sdrvdi gl cd san`. Ycd dxnbhlngl scn`` md tnjdl mdfgrd nly euikd gr hf lgt prnaanm`d nly bdbmdr gf tcd Mnr hl kggi stnlihlk idshklntdi my tcd trhn` agurt, gr my n `gwdr agurt idshklntdi my n agurt gf supdrhgr eurhsihagl wchac hssud tcd gridr QDAYHGL >9. MNH@ YG QDAT]D N__DN]NLAD GF BNYD]HN@ [HYLDQQ.   •

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Hf cd agur hs snsdi, upgl prggf gr gnc, cn n bndrhn` whldss wh`` lg dsfy wcdl sg rdquhrdi, h BNX GL BGYHGL GF DHYCD] _N]YX G]ID] YCD [HYLDQQ YG _GQY MNH@ HL QTAC QTB NQ BNX MD IDDBDI _]G_D] . Qcgu`i cd whldss rdfusd g pgs suac mnh` ns rdquhrdi, cd agur bny agbbh chb g prhsgl ul` cd agbp`hds gr hs `dkn``y ihsacnrkdi ndr chs dsbgly cns mddl njdl.

QDAYHGL >4. DSNBHLNYHGL GF [HYLDQQ FG] YCD _]GQDATYHGL.  Ycd aglihgln` dxnbhlngl gf prgsdaugl whldssds scn`` md agliuadi •

mdfgrd cd euikd gr cd agur wcdrd cd ansd hs pdlihlk nli hl cd prdsdlad gf cd naausdi, ul`dss cd wnhvdi chs rhkc ndr rdnsglnm`d lgad. Ycd naausdi wh`` cnvd cd rhkc g argss-dxnbhld suac prgsdaugl whldss, cdlad suac sndbdls gf cd prgsdaugl whldssds bny cdrdndr md nibhsshm`d hl mdcn`f gf gr nknhls cd naausdi (]dkn`nig, p. 96?).

 

Qdagl >6. Yrhn` gf sdvdrn` naausdi  KDLD]N@ ]T@D5 [cdl wg gr bgrd pdrsgls nrd eghl`y acnrkdi whc nl gdlsd, YCDX QCN@@ MD Y]HDI EGHLY@X. EGHLY@X. Ychs ru`d hs sg idshkldi ns g prda`uid n wnsdfu` dxpdlihurd gf  euihahn` rdsgurads nli g prgbgd nl gridr`y nli dxpdihgus ihspgshgl gf arhbhln` prgsdaugls. DSAD_YHGL5 Ycd agur, upgl bggl gf cd san` gr gf nly gf cd idfdlinls, bny gridr n sdpnrnd rhn` fgr gld gr bgrd naausdi. Ycd krnllk gf n sdpnrnd rhn` wcdl wg gr bgrd idfdlinls nrd eghl`y acnrkdi whc nl gdlsd hs purd`y ihsardglnry whc cd rhn` agur. Ycd BGYHGL FG] QD_N]NYD Y]HN@ BTQY MD FH@DI MDFG]D YCD AGBBDLADBDLY GF YCD Y]HN@ nli anllg md rnhsdi fgr cd rs bd gl nppdn`. Hf n sdpnrnd rhn` hs krnldi, cd dsbgly gf gld naausdi hbpulk cd arhbd g chs ag-naausdi hs lg nibhsshm`d nknhls cd `ntdr. Hl eghl rhn`, h wgu`i md nibhsshm`d hf cd `ntdr cni cd gppgrulhy fgr argss-dxnbhlngl. whtldss.   Qdagl >;. Ihsacnrkd gf naausdi tg md stntd whtldss.  Bggl g ihsacnrkd scgu`i md bnid my cd prgsdaugl MDFG]D rdslk hs ansd. ]D^THQHYDQ FG] IHQACN]KD •

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•

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>. =. 1. 9. 4. •

nmsg`ud LDADQQHYX FG] YCD YDQYHBGLX LG GYC GYCD] D] IH IH]D ]DAY AY DVH DVHID IDLA LAD D NVNH NVNH@N @NM@ M@D D FG] FG] YCD YCD _]GQ _]GQDA DATY TYHG HGL L YDQYH YD QYHBG BGLX LX AN ANL L MD QTM QTMQYN QYNLY LYHN HN@@ @@X X AG AG]] ]]GM GMG] G]NYD NYDI I HL HY HYQ Q BNY BNYD] D]HN HN@@ _G _GHH ls naausdi LGY YCD BGQY KTH@YX YT]_HYTID   naausdi cns LDVD] MDDL AGLVHAYDI GF NL GFFDLQD HLVG@VHLK BG]N@ YT]_HYTID 

NMQDLAD GF NLX GF YCD ]D^THQHYDQ FG] YCD IHQACN]KD GF N _N]YHAD_Q A]HBHLHQ HQ N K]GTLI FG] GMEDAYHGL YG YCD BGYHGL FG] CHQ IHQACN]KD, MTY QTAC GMEDAYHGL BTQY MD ]NHQDI MDFG]D YCD IHQACN]KD HQ G]ID]DI.

 

DFFDAYQ GF IHQACN]KD >. Dvhidl Dvhidlad ad niiua niiuadi di hl sup suppgr pgr gf cd cd ihsa ihsacnrkd cnrkd scn scn`` `` nug nugbna bnan``y n``y fgrb fgrb pnr gf cd rhn`: rhn`: =. Hf cd agur i idlhds dlhds cd bg bggl gl g ihsacn ihsacnrkd rkd cd naausdi ns sn snd d wh whldss, ldss, CHQ Q[G]L QYNYDBDLY QCN@@ MD HLNIBHQQHM@D HL DVHIDLAD: 1. Ihsacnrk rkd d gf naausdi gpdrntds ns nl NA^THYYN@ NLI MN] YG FT]YCD] _]GQDATYHGL fgr tcd snbd gdlsd. DSAD_YHGLQ5 >. Hf cd cd naaus usdi di FNH@Q G] ]DFTQDQ YG YDQYHFX nknhls chs ag-naausdi hl naagrinlad whc chs swgrl sndbdl aglsulk cd mnshs gf cd ihsacnrkd  

FNH@T]D YG YDQYH YDQYHFX FX ]DFD]Q ]DFD]Q DSA@TQ DSA@TQHVD@X HVD@X YG IDFDLIN IDFDLINLY‘Q LY‘Q [H@@ [H@@ G] FNT@Y FNT@Y =. FNH@T]D 1. [cdrd nl NAATQDI [CG YT]LQ QYNYD‘Q DVHIDLAD GL N _]GBHQD GF HBBTLHYX MTY @NYD] ]DY]NAYQ NLI FNH@Q YG JDD_ CHQ _N]Y GF YCD NK]DDBDLY, CHQ AGLFDQQHGL GF CHQ _N]YHAH_NYHGL HL YCD AGBBHQQHGL GF YCD A]HBD HQ NIBHQQHM@D NQ DVHIDLAD NKNHLQY CHB. Qdagl >8. [cdl bhstnjd cns mddl bnid hl h l acnrkhlk tcd prgpdr gdlsd. [cdl cd gdlsd prgvdi hs ldhcdr hla`uidi hl, lgr igds h hla`uid, cd gdlsd acnrkdi nli hs ihdrdl cdrdfrgb, cd agur scgu`i ihsbhss cd nagl nli gridr cd `hlk gf n ldw hlfgrbngl acnrkhlk cd prgpdr gdlsd. Ychs ru`d hs prdihandi gl cd fna cn nl naausdi pdrsgl cns cd rhkc g md hlfgrbdi •

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gf cd lnurd nli anusd gf cd naausngl nknhls chb, nli g aglvha chb gf nl gdlsd ihdrdl frgb cn acnrkdi hl cd agbp`nhl gr hlfgrbngl wgu`i md nl ulnucgrhzdi idlhn` gf cn rhkc. (T.Q. vs. Anbpg, =1 _ch`. 168)

QDAYHGL =?. N__GHLYBDLY GF NAYHLK _]GQDATYG]. Qdd Qdagl 4, ]u`d >>?. •

 

QDAYHGL =>. DSA@TQHGL GF YCD _TM@HA.  KDLD]N@ ]T@D5 Ycd naausdi cns cd rhkc g n pum`ha rhn` nli ulidr grihlnry •

ahraubsnlads, kdldrn` pum`ha. cd agur bny lg a`gsd cd iggr gf cd agurrggb g cd DSAD_YHGL5 [cdrd cd dvhidlad g md prgiuadi iurhlk cd rhn` hs gf suac acnrnadr ns g md gdlshvd g idadlay gr pum`ha bgrn`s, cd agur bny bgu prgphg dxa`uids cd pum`ha frgb cd agurrggb. •

QDAYHGL ==. AGLQG@HINYHGL GF Y]HN@Q GF ]D@NYDI GFFDLQDQ. Ychs agldbp`nds n shungl wcdrd sdpnrnd hlfgrbngls nrd `di5 •

>. =.

fgr fgr g g dls dlsds fgu fgulid idi i gl c cd ssnb nbd d ffna nas s:: fgr fgr g gdls dlsds ds w wch chac ac ffgr grb b pn pnr r g gff n ssdrh drhds ds g gff gdl gdlsd sdss gf sh shbh bh`n `nrr ac acnr nrna nadr dr

QDAYHGL =1. IDBT]]D] YG DVHIDLAD. Ndr cd prgsdaugl rdss hs ansd, cd agur bny ihsbhss cd nagl gl cd

krguli gf hlsuahdlay gf dvhidlad5 >. =. 1.

 

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gl hs gwl hlh hlhn nvd vd n ndr dr khv khvhlk hlk cd prg prgsda sdaug ugl l cd cd g gppg ppgru rulh lhy y g md cdnr cdnri: i: gr up upgl gl idb idbur urrd rdrr g d dvh vhid idla lad d `di `di my my c cd d na naau ausdi sdi whc whc gr gr wh whc cgu gu `dnv `dnvd d gf agur. Yc Ycd d nr nrrds rds ru`d ru`d n n`` ``gw gwss cd cd na naaus ausdi di hl hl n ar arhb hbhl hln` n` aans nsd d g p prd rdsd sdl l d dvh vhid idla lad d dvdl dvdl ndr n bggl g ihsbhss _]GVHIDI cd idburrdr wns bnid whc cd dxprdss aglsdl gf cd agur.

Ycd `hlk gf cd bggl g ihsbhss [HYCGTY `dnvd gf agurt rdsu`ts hl tcd sumbhsshgl gf tcd ansd fgr idahshgl gl tcd mnshs gf tcd dvhidlad gl rdagri nli igds lgt `hd frgb suac gridr idlyhlk tcd bggl tg ihsbhss.

HF QNHI BGYHGL YG IHQBHQQ HQ QTQYNHLDI, suac ihsbhssn` mdhlk gl cd bdrhs hs D^THVN@DLY YG NL NA^THYYN@, cdlad cd anllg nppdn` ns h wgu`i p`nad cd naausdi hl prgsdaugl igum`d edgpnriy.

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NL G]ID] IDLXHLK N IDBT]]D] YG DVHIDLAD MDHLK HLYD]@GATYG]X HQ LGY N__DN@NM@D.

QDAYHGL =9. ]DG_DLHLK.

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N nly bd MDFG]D ln`hy gf cd euikbdl gf aglvhagl, cd euikd bny, bgu prgphg gr upgl bggl, whc cdnrhlk hl dhcdr ansd, rdgpdl cd prgaddihlks g nvghi bhsanrrhnkd gf eusad. Ycd prgaddihlks scn`` md drbhlndi whchl 1? inys frgb cd gridr krnllk h.

 

]T@D >=? ETIKBDLY QDAYHGL >. ETIKBDLY: IDFHLHYHGL NLI FG]B.   Euikbdlt - cd nieuihangl my cd agur cn cd naausdi hs kuh`y gr lg kuh`y gf cd gdlsd acnrkdi nli cd hbpgshgl gf cd prgpdr pdln`y nli ahvh` `hnmh`hy prgvhidi fgr my cd `nw. H hs lg ldadssnry cn cd euikd wcg rhdi cd ansd md cd snbd  euihahn` gadr g idahid h. H hs suahdl hf cd md npprhsdi gf cd dvhidlad n`rdniy prdsdldi my n rdnihlk gf cd rnlsarhp gf cd dsbglhds n`rdniy hlrgiuadi, hl cd snbd bnlldr ns nppd``nd •

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agurs rdvhdw dvhidlad gl nppdn`. Qdagl =. Agltdlts gf tcd euikbdlt.  Euikbdl bus md 5

>. =.

hl wrhlk: hl cd gahn` `nlkunkd,

1. 9.

_D]QGL _D]Q GLN@ N@@X @X NLI NLI IH IH]D ]DAY AY@X @X _]D _]D_N _N]D ]DI I NLI NLI QH QHKL KLDI DI MX YCD ET ETIK IKD D, whc n AGLAHQD QYNYDBDLY GF YCD FNAY NLI YCD @N[ GL [CHAC HY HQ MNQDI.

 

]DBDIX HF ETIKBDLY HQ LGY _TY HL []HYHLK5   `d n pdgl fgr BNLINBTQ g agbpd` cd euikd g pu hl wrhlk cd idahshgl gf cdeuikbdl agur. hs gld gf AGLVHAYHGL, euikbdl bus snd5 Hf cd >.

=. 1. 9. •

@dkn` rnangl gf cd gdlsd aglstutdi my tcd nibhsshgls gf tcd naausdi nli tcd nkkrnvnlk nli bhknlk ahraubstnlads ndlihlk hts agbbhsshgl _N]YH YHA AH_NYHGL GF GF YC YCD NA NAATQDI, wcdcdr ns prhlahpn`, naagbp`had gr naadssgry _DLN@YX HB HB_GQDI upgl cd naausdi Ahvh Ah vh`` `hn `hnmh mh`h `hty ty gr in inbn bnkd kdss anu anusd sdi i my my tcd tcd wr wrgl glkf kfu` u` na natt, ul`dss sdpnrnd ahvh` nagl cns mddl rdsdrvdi gr wnhvdi

Hf cd euikbdl hs gld gf NA^THYYN@, h bust bnjd n lihlk gl tcd

ahvh` `hnmh`hty gf tcd naausdi, TL@DQQ cdrd hs a`dnr scgwhlk cn cd na frgb wchac cd ahvh` `hnmh`hy bhkc nrhsd ihi lg dxhs.

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]dnsglnm`d igumt  - snd gf cd ansd wchac, ndr fu`` aglshidrngl gf n`` dvhidlad, `dnvds cd bhli gf cd euikd hl suac n aglihgl cn cd anllggfsny cn cd fdd`s nl nmhihlk aglvhagl, g n bgrn` adrnhly, cd ruc gf cd acnrkd.

 

Naquhn`  ‑ n lihlk gf lg kuh`y mnsdi gl cd bdrhs, cn hs, cd naausdi hs naquhtdi mdanusd cd dvhidlad igds lg scgw cn chs kuh` hs mdygli rdnsglnm`d igum, gr n ihsbhssn` gf cd ansd ndr cd prgsdaugl cns rdsdi hs ansd upgl bggl gf cd naausdi gl cd krguli cn cd dvhidlad fnh`s g scgw mdygli rdnsglnm`d igum cn cd naausdi hs kuh`y. H hs wd``-sdt`di cn naquhtn`, hl n arhbhln` ansd hs hbbdihnd`y ln` nli dxdaugry upgl hs prgbu`kngl, nli cn naagrihlk`y, cd Qnd bny lg sddj hs rdvhdw whcgu p`nahlk cd naausdi hl igum`d  edgpnriy. (Mnrmdrs vs. @nkuhg, Er., 14> QA]N QA ]N 6?6) •

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Nl naquhtn` gf nl naausdi mnsdi gl rdnsglnm`d igum mnrnagl cd gdlidi `hlk gf n IGDQ LGYahvh` sdpnrnd mnsdi glpnry gcdrfrgb sgurads gm`hkngl.

 

QDAYHGL 1. ETIKBDLY FG] Y[G G] BG]D GFFDLQDQ. [CDL Y[G G] BG]D GFFDLQDQ ACN]KDI HL YCD AGB_@NHLY G] HLFG]BNYHGL, NLI YCD NAATQDI FNH@Q YG GMEDAY YG HY MDFG]D •

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Y]HN@, YCD AGT]Y BNX AGLVHAY YCD NAATQDI GF NQ BNLX GFFDLQDQ NQ ACN]KDI NLI _]GVDI . Nl naausdi anl md aglvhatdi gf nl gdlsd gl`y wcdl ht hs mgtc acnrkdi nli prgvdi. Hf h hs lg acnrkdi n`cgukc prgvdi, G] hf h hs lg prgvdi n`cgukc acnrkdi, cd naausdi ANLLGY md aglvhadi

cdrdgf. Vnrhnlad mdwddl cd n``dkngl nli cd prggf anllg eusfy n aglvhagl fgr dhcdr cd gdlsd acnrkdi gr cd gdlsd prgvdi ul`dss dhcdr hs hla`uidi hl cd gcdr (Qdagl 9). Qdagl 4. [cdl nl gdlsd hla`uids gr hs hla`uidi hl nlgtcdr. •

5 Hfhs wcn hs prgvdi my cd prgsdaugl dvhidlad hs nl KDLD]N@ gdlsd]T@D wchac hla`uidi hl cd gdlsd acnrkdi hl cd hlfgrbngl, cd NAATQDI BNX VN@HI@X MD AGLVHAYDI GF YCD GFFDLQD

_]GVDI. DSDAD_YHGL5  [cdrd fnas supdrvdldi ndr cd `hlk gf hlfgrbngl wchac acnlkd cd lnurd gf cd gdlsd. Nl gdlsd acnrkdi ldadssnrh`y hla`uids nlgcdr wcdl sgbd dssdln` d`dbdls gr hlkrdihdls gf cd gdlsd acnrkdi aglsud cd gdlsd prgvdi, gr wcdl cd dssdln` d`dbdls gr hlkrdihdls gf cd gdlsd acnrkdi aglsud gr fgrb pnr gf cgsd aglsulk

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Qdagl 6. _rgbu`kngl gf euikbdlt. _rgbu`kngl gf euikbdlt  - gahn` prga`nbngl gr nllguladbdl gf euikbdl. HY AGLQHQYQ GF ]DNIHLK YCD ETIKBDLY G] QDLYDLAD HL YCD _]DQDLAD GF YCD NAATQDI NLI NLX ETIKD GF YCD AGT]Y ]DLID]HLK YCD ETIKBDLY.. ETIKBDLY •

]T@DQ VN@HIHYX _]GBT@KNYHGL bustGF cnvd mddl rdlidrdi GF nliETIKBDLY5 prgbu`kntdi >. GL Ycd YCD  euikbdlt =. •

iurhlk tcd hlaubmdlay gf tcd euikd wcg shkldi ht. Ycd prdsdlad gf agulsd` iurhlk tcd prgbu`kngl gf euikbdlt hs lgt ldadssnry.

 ‑ cd scn`` Ddatn`` gf rdbdihds _rgbu`kngl gf Euikbdlt hl Nmsdln `gsd nvnh`nm`d hl cdsd ]u`ds nknhls cd  euikbdl nli cd  euikbdl cd agur scn`` scn`` gridr chs nrrds.

Qdagl ;. Bgihangl gf euikbdlt.  Tpgl bggl gf cd naausdi, n euikbdlt gf aglvhagl bny md bgihdi gr sdt nshid my tcd agurt MDFG]D ht cns mdagbd ln` gr MDFG]D nl nppdn` cns mddl pdrfdatdi . •

 

N euikbdl mdagbds ln`5 >. =. 1. 9.

wcdl cd _D]HGI FG] _D]FDAYHLK N__DN@ NL N__DN@ CNQ @N_QDI: wcdl cd sdldlad hs _N]YHN@@X G] YGYN@@X QNYHQFHDI G] Qdrvdi: wcdl cd naausdi DS_]DQQ@X [NHVDQ HL []HYHLK CHQ ]HKCY YG N__DN@: nli wcdl cd NAATQDI N__@HDQ FG] _]GMNYHGL.

N ETIKBDLY GF NA^THYYN@ MDAGBDQ FHLN@ HBBDIHNYD@X NFYD] _]GBT@KNYHGL NLI ANLLGY MD ]DAN@@DI FG] AG]]DAYHGL G] NBDLIBDLY. •

Ycd anllg nsj fgr cdmdanusd bgihangl gr sdlk nshidprgsdaugr gf n euikbdl gf aglvhagl cd ru`ds a`dnr`y prgvhid cn n euikbdl gf aglvhagl bny md bgihdi gr

sd nshid my cd agur rdlidrhlk upgl bggl gf cd naausdi. •

Ycd rhn` whchl agur anl vn`hi`y nbdli cd ahvh` pgrgl hs idahshgl >4 inys frgb prgbu`kngl cdrdgf gf dvdl cgukc cd nppdn` cni hl cd bdnlbd n`rdniy mddl pdrfdadi my cd naausdi frgb euikbdl gf aglvhagl.

 

 Ycd rhn` agur bny `gsd eurhsihagl gvdr cd euikbdl dvdl MDFG]D cd `npsd gf >4 inys5 >. =. 1. 9. 4.

wcd wcdl l cd cd id idfdl fdlinl inl v vg`u g`uln lnrh` rh`y y ssum umbh bhss g g cd cd dxd dxdau augl gl gf cd euikbdl: wc wcdl dl c cd d idf idfdl dlin inl l pd pdrf rfda das s ch chss n npp ppdn dn`: `: wc wcdl dl c cd d naa naaus usdi di wh whc cir irnw nwss c chs hs nppd nppdn` n`:: wc wcdl dl cd cd n naa aaus usdi di d dxp xprd rdss ss`y `y w wnh nhvd vdss hl w wrh rhl lk k chs chs rh rhkc kc g nppdn`: wc wcdl dl c cd d na naau ausd sdi i ` `ds ds n pd pd gl gl fg fgrr p prg rgmn mng gl. l.

QDAYHGL 3. DLY]X GF ETIKBDLY. Ycd ln` euikbdl gf cd agur hs anrrhdi hlg dda my n •

•

prgadss an``di ‐bhbus‒. Bhbus  - N _]GADQQ HQQTDI MX YCD AGT]Y NFYD]

AGLVHAYHGL YG AN]]X GTY YCD FHLN@ ETIKBDLY, QTAC NQ AGBBNLIHLK N _]HQGL [N]IDL YG CG@I YCD NAATQDI HL NAAG]INLAD [HYC YCD YD]BQ GF YCD ETIKBDLY. QDAYHGL 8. DSHQYHLK _]GVHQHGLQ KGVD]LHLK QTQ_DLQHGL GF QDLYDLAD, _]GMNYHGL NLI _N]G@D LGY NFFDAYDI MX YCHQ ]T@D.  

]T@D >=> LD[ Y]HN@ G] ]DAGLQHID] ]DAGLQHID]NYHGL NYHGL QDAYHGL >. LD[ Y]HN@ G] ]DAGLQHID]NYHGL. Ldw trhn` - cd rdcdnrhlk gf n ansd n`rdniy idahidi mu mdfgrd cd  euikbdl gf aglvhagl cdrdhl rdlidrdi cns mdagbd ln`, wcdrdmy D]]G]Q GF @N[ G] H]]DKT@N]HYHDQ N]D DS_TLKDI F]GB YCD ]DAG]I G] LD[ DVHIDLAD HQ HLY]GITADI, G] MGYC QYD_Q N]D YNJDL. N bggl fgr ldw rhn` gr rdaglshidrngl scgu`i md FH@DI [HYC YCD Y]HN@ AGT]Y [HYCHL >4 INXQ F]GB YCD _]GBT@KNYHGL •

•

nli pdrhgi pdrfdalk nl GF YCDfrgb ETIKBDLY nppdn` cd bd gf hshldrrups `hlk ul` cd lgad gf cdfgr gridr gvdrru`hlk cd bggl scn`` cnvd mddl sdrvdi upgl cd naausdi gr chs agulsd`.

N bggl fgr tcd rdaglshidrngl gf tcd euikbdlt bny md `di hl gridr tg agrrdat drrgrs gf `nw gr fnat hl tcd euikbdlt . H igds lg rdquhrd nly furcdr prgaddihlk. N ldw rhn` md krnldi n nly bd mdfgrd cd euikbdl gf aglvhagl mdagbds ln`5 >. gl bg bgg gl lg gff c cd dn naa aaus usdi di =. gl bg bggl gl gf c cd d agu agur r mu w whc hc c cd d agls aglsdl dl g gff cd na naausdi ausdi

•

 

•

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Ycd nwnri gf ldw rhn` gr njhlk gf niihgln` dvhidlad ]DQYQ T_GL YCD QGTLI IHQA]DYHGL GF YCD AGT]Y. (_dgp`d vs. Nagstn, 83 _ch`. 69=) GLAD YCD N__DN@ HQ _D]FDAYDI, YCD Y]HN@ AGT]Y QYD_Q GTY GF YCD ANQD NLI YCD N__D@@NYD AGT]Y QYD_Q HL. HL.  Qcgu`i h agbd g pnss cdl cn iurhlk cd

pdlidlay gf cd ldw nli bndrhn` dvhidlad, fgr dxnbp`d, cnvdnppdn`, mddl ihsagvdrdi, cd naausdi bny `d n bggl fgr ldw rhn` whc cd nppd``nd agur. Ansds wcdl cd rhn` agur `gsd eurhsihagl gvdr hs sdldlad dvdl mdfgrd cd `npsd gf >4 inys5 >.

[cdl cd IDFDLINLY VG@TLYN]H@X QTMBHYQ YG YCD DSDATYHGL GF YCD QDLYDLAD.

=.

[cdl cd IDFDLINLY _D]FDAYQ CHQ N__DN@. Ycd bgbdl cd nppdn` hs pdrfdadi cd agur n qug `gsds  eurhsihagl gvdr h, dxadp fgr cd purpgsd gf agrrdalk a`drhan` drrgrs.

 

Ldw Yrhn`

]dgpdlhlk gf tcd ansd

Fh`di ndr euikbdl hs bnid my cd agur rdlidrdi mu mdfgrd mdfgrd cd euikbdl hs cd ln`hy cdrdgf  rdlidrdi   rdlidrdi hl cd dxdrahsd gf ihsardgl

sguli

N cd hlstnlad gr whtc igds lgt rdquhrd tcd

tcd aglsdlt

gf

tcd aglsdlt

gf

tcd

naausdi

naausdi: bny md n cd hlsnlad gf dhcdr pnry wcg anl prdsdl dvhidlad

cdrdndr niihgln`

 

trhn`.   Qdagl =. Krgulis fgr ldw trhn`.  K]GTLIQ FG] N LD[ Y]HN@ HL A]HBHLN@ ANQDQ5 >.

=.

drrg drrgrs rs g gff `nw `nw gr hrr hrrdku dku`nr `nrhd hdss ag agbb bbhtd htdi i iu iurhl rhlk k cd cd r rhn` hn` prdeu prdeuiha ihahn` hn` g cd sumsnln` rhkcs gf cd naausdi. ldw ldw nli nli bn bnd drh rhn` n` dvhi dvhidl dlad ad ihsa ihsagv gvdr drdi di..

]D^THQHYDQ MDFG]D N LD[ Y]HN@ BNX MD K]NLYDI GL YCD K]GTLI GF LD[@X IHQAGVD]DI DVHIDLAD5 >. =. 1. 9. •

cn cn cd cd d dvh vhid idla lad d wns wns ihsa ihsagv gvdr drdi di n ndr dr rhn rhn`: `: cn cn suac suac dvhidl dvhidlad ad agu agu`i `i lg cnvd cnvd md mddl dl ihs ihsagv agvdrd drdi i nli prgiu prgiuad adi i n cd rhn` dvdl whc cd dxdrahsd gf rdnsglnm`d ih`hkdlad: cn cn h hs bndr bndrhn` hn` lg lg bd bdrd` rd`y y au aubu` bu`nv nvd, d, agr agrrg rgmgr mgrnv nvd d gr hb hbpdn pdnach achlk: lk: nli cd cd dv dvhid hidla lad d hs gf ssua uac c n wdhk wdhkc c cn cn h w wgu` gu`i i prgm prgmnm` nm`y y acnlk acnlkd d cd cd euikbd euikbdl l hf nibhtdi.

Bhsnjds gr drrgrs gf agulsd` hl cd agliua gf chs ansd nrd lg krgulis

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fgr ldw rhn`. Ychs ru`d hs cd snbd wcdcdr cd bhsnjds nrd cd rdsu` gf hklgrnlad, hldxpdrhdlad, gr hlagbpddlad. ( T.Q. vs. Tbn`h, >4 _ch`. 1; ) Hf cd hlagbpddlad, hklgrnlad gr hldxpdrhdlad gf agulsd` hs sg krdn nli cd drrgr agbbhtdi n rdsu` cdrdgf hsnli sg sdrhgus cdhla`hdl, gcdrwhsd cns n kggi ns anusd, hs prdeuihadi idlhdi cn chs iny agur,wcg cd `hkngl bny md rdgpdldi g khvd cd a`hdl nlgcdr acnlad g prdsdl chs ansd.

 

1. K]GTLIQ FG] ]DAGLQHID]NYHGL.  Krgulis gf bggl fgr rdaglshidrngl >. =. •

drrgrs gf `nw: drrg drrgrs rs g gff fn fna a hl cd eui euikbd kbdl, l, wchac wchac rd rdquh quhrd rd lg fur furcd cdrr p prg rgadd addihl ihlks. ks.

Ycd prhlahp`d ulidr`yhlk chs ru`d hs g ngri cd rhn` agur cd gppgrulhy g agrrda hs gwl bhsnjds nli g nvghi ulldadssnry nppdn`s frgb mdhlk njdl. Ycd krnl my cd agur gf rdaglshidrngl scgu`i rdquhrd lg furcdr prgaddihlks, suac ns cd njhlk gf niihgln` prggf.

Qdagl 9. Fgrb gf bggl nli lgad tg tcd prgsdautgr. ]dquhshds fgr n bggl fgr ldw rhn` gr rdaglshidrngl5 Ycd bggl fgr n ldw rhn` gr rdaglshidrngl scn`` md5 •

>. =.

hl wrhlk `di whc cd agur

1. 9.

Qnd nd kr krgu guli liss gl wc wchhac h hs mnsd mnsdi i Hf cd bg bggl gl fgr ld ldw w r rhn` hn` hs m mnsd nsdi ig gl lnl ldw` dw`y y ihsag ihsagvdr vdrdi di dvh dvhidl idlad ad,, h bus bus md suppgrdi my cd ninvhs gf cd whldss my wcgb suac dvhidlad hs

4. •

dxpdadi g md khvdl, gr iu`y nucdlandi agphds gf igaubdls wchac h hs prgpgsdi g hlrgiuad hl dvhidlad. Lgad Lgad gf cd bg bggl gl fgr ld ldw w r rhn` hn` gr rd rdagl aglshi shidr drng ngl l sc scn`` n`` md khv khvdl dl g cd san`.

[ch`d cd ru`d rdquhrds cn nl ninvh gf bdrhs md ntnacdi g suppgr n bggl fgr ldw rhn` mnsdi gl ldw`y ihsagvdrdi dvhidlad, yd cd idfda gf `naj gf h bny md aurdi my dsbgly ulidr gnc gf cd idfdlinl n cd cdnrhlk gf cd bggl. (_nrdids vs. Mgren, 1 QA]N 984)

 

QDAYHGL 4. CDN]HLK GL BGYHGL.   [cdrd n bggl fgr ldw rhn` an``s fgr rdsg`ugl gf nly qudsgl gf •

fna, cd agur bny cdnr dvhidlad cdrdgl my ninvhs gr gcdrwhsd. _T]_GQD Yg iddrbhld wcdcdr cd ldw rhn` rdqudsdi scgu`i md krnldi gr lg. H hs lg cd ldw rhn` prgpdr wcdrd ldw`y ihsagvdrdi •

dvhidlad, fgr dxnbp`d wh`` md rdadhvdi my cd agur. (_nbnrnl, p. 6?3) Qdagl 6. Ddats gf krnllk n ldw trhn` gr rdaglshidrngl.  DFFDAYQ GF K]NLYHLK N LD[ Y]HN@ Y ]HN@ G] ]DAGLQHID]NYHGL >. wcdl n ldw rhn` hs krnldi g gl l cd krguli gf drrgrs gf `nw gr hrrdku`nrhds agbbhtdi iurhlk cd rhn`, n`` prgaddihlks nli dvhidlad lg ndadi my cd agbbhsshgl gf suac drrgrs nli hrrdku`nrhds scn`` snli, MTY cgsd ndadi cdrdmy scn`` md sd

nshid nli njdl nldw. Ycd agur bny, hl cd hldrds gf eusad, n``gw cd hlrgiuagl gf niihgln` dvhidlad. =. [cdl n ldw rhn` hs krnldi gl cd krguli gf ldw`y ihsagvdrdi dvhidlad, cd dvhidlad n`rdniy njdl scn`` snli, nli cd ldw`y ihsagvdrdi nli suac gcdr dvhidlad ns cd agur bny, hl cd hldrds gf eusad, n``gw g md hlrgiuadi, scn`` md njdl nli aglshidrdi gkdcdr whc cd dvhidlad n`rdniy hl cd rdagri.  

1. Hl n`` ansds, wcdl cd agur krnls ldw rhn` gr rdaglshidrngl, cd grhkhln` euikbdl QCN@@ MD QDY NQHID NLI N LD[ ETIKBDLY ]DLID]DI NAAG]IHLK@X. Ycd dda gf cd krnllk gf n ldw rhn` hs lg g •

•

naquh cdlis naausdi gf cdMTY arhbd gf wchac cd _]DAHQD@X YG QDY  euikbdl chb kuh`y, NQHID QNHI ETIKBDLY QG YCNY YCD ANQD BNX MD Y]HDI ID LGVG NQ HF LG Y]HN@ CNI MDDL MDFG]D. Tl`hjd cd ru`d hl Ahvh` Ansds, cd rdbdiy gf cd

nkkrhdvdi pnry mdhlk nppdn` hl iud bd, nl gridr krnllk n ldw rhn` rdlidrdi hl Arhbhln` Ansds hs n`sg hldr`gaugry MTY hs aglrg``nm`d my adrgrnrh gr prgchmhgl n cd hlsnlad gf cd prgsdaugl.

 

]T@D >== N__DN@

Qdagl >. [cg bny nppdn`.   Nly pnry bny nppdn` frgb n euikbdl gr ln` gridr, TL@DQQ cd •

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naausdi wh`` md p`nadi hl igum`d edgpnriy. Nppdn` - n _]GADDIHLK FG] ]DVHD[ MX [CHAC YCD [CG@D ANQD HQ Y]NLQFD]]DI YG YCD CHKCD] AGT]Y FG] N FHLN@ IDYD]BHLNYHGL Nppdn` hs lg nl hlcdrdl rhkc gf aglvhadi pdrsgl. Ycd rhkc gf nppdn` hs nli n`wnys cns mddl snugry. Gl`y ln` euikbdls nli gridrs nrd nppdn`nm`d.

DFFDAY GF NL N__DN@ Nl nppdn` hl n arhbhln` ansd G_DLQ YCD [CG@D ANQD FG] ]DVHD[ nli tchs hla`uids tcd rdvhdw gf tcd pdln`ty, hlidblhty, nli tcd •

. Aglsdqudl`y, gl gr nppdn`, inbnkds hlvg`vdi tcd nppd``ntd agurt bny hlardnsd tcd pdln`ty, hlidblhty, tcd inbnkds nwnridi my tcd trhn` agurt, n`cgukc cd gdlidi pnry cni lg nppdn`di frgb snhi nwnri, nli cd pnry wcg sgukc n rdvhdw gf cd idahshgl wns cd naausdi.  

Fhln` euikbdlt

Fhln` gridr

n euikbdl wchac ihspgsds gf cd wcg`d bntdr gr wgu`i mdagbd ln` hf sumeda drbhlnds n pnrau`nr lg nppdn` hs njdl. hssud `dnvhlk lgchlk g md igld mu g dlfgrad

my dxdaugl wcn cns mddl iddrbhldi.

 

Frgb n euikbdl aglvhalk cd naausdi, wg nppdn`s bny naagrihlk`y md njdl5 >. =.

Ycd NAATQDI bny sddj n rdvhdw gf snhi euikbdlt, ns rdknris mgtc nagls: gr Ycd AGB_@NHLNLY bny nppdn` whtc rdspdat gl`y tg tcd ahvh` nagl, dhcdr mdanusd cd `gwdr agur cns rdfusdi gr fnh`di g nwnri inbnkds, gr mdanusd cd nwnri bnid hs ulsnsfnagry g chb.

KDLD]N@ ]T@D5 N _]HVNYD _]GQDATYG] HL N A]HBHLN@ ANQD CNQ LG NTYCG]HYX YG NAY FG] YCD _DG_@D GF YCD _CH@H__HLDQ MDFG]D N AGT]Y GL N__DN@. H hs cd kgvdrlbdl‘s agulsd`, cd Qg`hahgr Kdldrn`, wcg nppdnrs hl arhbhln` ansds gr cdhr hlahidls mdfgrd cd Quprdbd Agur. N cd vdry `dns, cd _rgvhlahn` Fhsan` chbsd`f, whc

cd aglfgrbhy gf cd Qg`hahgr Kdldrn`. DSAD_YHGL5 Ycd AHVH@ N[N]I HL N A]HBHLN@ ANQD BNX MD N__DN@DI MX YCD _]HVNYD _]GQDATYG] GL MDCN@F GF YCD GFFDLIDI _N]YX G] CHQ QTAADQQG]Q. Qdagl =. [cdrd tg nppdn`. •

 

Qdagl 1. Cgw nppdn` tnjdl. CG[ N__DN@ HQ YNJDL •

>. =.

1. 9.

Nppdn ppdn`` g g cd cd ]dkh ]dkhgl gln` n` Yrh Yrhn` Agur gur5 my `hlk n lgad gf nppdn` whc cd agur cn rdlidrdi cd euikbdl gr gridr nppdn`di frgb nli sdrvhlk n agpy g cd nivdrsd pnry Nppd Nppdn` n` g g cd cd Agur Agur gf Npp Nppdn dn`s `s frg frgb b id idah ahsh shgl gl gf gf cd cd ]dkh ]dkhgl gln` n` Y Yrh rhn` n` Agur hl cd dxdrahsd gf hs G]HKHLN@ ET]HQIHAYHGL5 my `hlk n lgad gf nppdn` whtc tcd agurt wchac rdlidrdi tcd euikbdlt gr gridr nppdn`di frgb nli sdrvhlk n agpy tg tcd nivdrsd pnrty Nppd Nppdn` n` g g cd cd Agur Agur gf Nppd Nppdn` n`ss hl ansds ansds ida idahi hidi di my my ]dkh ]dkhgl gln` n` Y Yrh rhn` n` Agur hl cd dxdrahsd gf hs N__D@@NYD ET]HQIHAYHGL5 my pdgl fgr rdvhdw Nppd Nppdn` n` g g c cd d Agur Agur gf Npp Nppdn dn`s `s hl hl ansd ansdss wc wcdr drd d pdln pdln` `y y hbpg hbpgsd sdi i hs `hfd hbprhsglbdl grgl wcdrd n `dssdr pdln`ygrhsnrhshlk hbpgsdi hlvg`vhlk gdlsds agbbhtdi cd snbd gaanshgl gumu gf cd snbd gaaurrdlad cn knvd rhsd g cd bgrd sdrhgus gdlsd fgr wchac cd

4. 6.

pdln`y gf idnc gr `hfd hbprhsglbdl hs hbpgsdi5 my `hlk n lgad gf nppdn` whtc tcd Agurt gf Nppdn`s. IDNYC _DLN@YX5 NTYGBNYHA ]DVHD[ MX YCD AGT]Y GF N__DN@Q . (N.B. ??-4-?1-QA, Gcd Gcdrr Lg. npp nppdn dn`s `s g cd cdGagmdr Q Qup uprd rdb b>4, d Agu A=??9) gurr5 my pdgl fgr rdvhdw gl adrgrnrh.

 

Drrgr gf Euikbdlt cd agur agbbh hl

Drrgr gf Eurhsihagl

bny rdlidrs nl gridr gf cd  euikbdl vghi gr

dxdrahsd  eurhsihagl

gf vghinm`d

rdvhdwnm`d

my rdvhdwnm`d

my

nppdn`

adrgrnrh

 

Bgids gf rdvhdw Ycd ]u`ds gf Agur rdagklhzd 9 bgids my wchac cd idahshgl gr ln` gridr gf cd agur bny md rdvhdwdi my n chkcdr rhmuln`, vhz.5 G]IHLN]X N__DN@ >. =. 1. 9.

_DYHYHGL FG] ]DVHD[ _DYHYHGL FG FG] ]D ]DVHD[ GL GL AD AD]YHG]N ]N] ]H NTYGBNYHA N__DN@

Qdagl 9. Qdrvhad gf lgad gf nppdn`. _TM@HANYHGL GF LGYHAD GF N__DN@ Hf agpy gf cd lgad gf nppdn` anllg md sdrvdi gl cd nivdrsd pnry gr chs agulsd`, h bny md igld my pum`hangl. Qdrvhad my pum`hangl hs bnid hl n ldwspnpdr gf kdldrn` ahrau`ngl hl cd vhahlhy glad n wddj fgr n pdrhgi lg dxaddihlk 1? inys. •

Qdagl 4. [nhvdr gf lgad   Ycd nppd``dd bny wnhvd chs rhkc g n lgad cn nl nppdn` cns mddl njdl. CG[DVD], cd nppd``nd agur bny, hl hs ihsardgl, dldrnhl nl •

nppdn` lgwhcsnlihlk fnh`urd g khvd suac lgad hf cd hldrdss gf eusad sg rdquhrd. (@`nbns vs. Bgsagsg, 84 _ch`. ;14)

Qdagl 6. [cdl nppdn` tg md tnjdl. Nl nppdn` bus md `di whchl >4 inys aguldi frgb cd prgbu`kngl gr lgad gf cd euikbdl gr gridr nppdn`di frgb.Ycd pdrhgi fgr nppdn` hs hldrrupdi frgb cd bd cd bggl fgr ldw rhn` hs `di up g cd rdadhp my cd naausdi gf cd lgad gf cd gridr ‐gvdrru`hlk cd bggl‒. •

 

Qdagl 3. Yrnlsbhsshgl gf pnpdrs tg nppd``ntd agurt upgl nppdn`. [hchl 4 inys frgb cd `hlk gf cd lgad gf nppdn`, cd a`drj gf cd agur whc wcgb cd lgad gf nppdn` wns `di bus rnlsbh g cd a`drj gf agur gf cd nppd``nd agur cd agbp`dd rdagri gf cd ansd, gkdcdr whc snhi lgad. •

Qdagl >?. Yrnlsbhsshgl gf rdagris hl ansd gf idntc pdln`ty. Hl ansd gf idnc pdln`y, cd rdagris scn`` md fgrwnridi g cd Agur gf Nppdn`s fgr nugbna rdvhdw nli euikbdl, whchl =? inys mu lg dnr`hdr cnl >4 inys ndr cd prgbu`kngl gf cd cd euikbdl gr lgad gf idlhn` gf nly bggl fgr ldw rhn` gr rdaglshidrngl. Ycd rnlsarhp scn`` •

n`sg md fgrwnridi whchl >? inys ndr cd `hlk cdrdgf my cd sdlgkrnpcha rdpgrdr (N.B. Lg. ??-4-?1-QA, Ga. >4, =??9).

 

Qdagl >=. [htcirnwn` gf nppdn`.  Nl nppd``nl bny whcirnw chs nppdn` MDFG]D cd rdagri cns mddl •

•

•

fgrwnridi myhlcd a`drjansd gf agur g cd prgpdr nppd``ndln`. agur ns prgvhidi my Qdagl 3, wchac cd euikbdl scn`` mdagbd Ycd agur bny n`sg, hl hs ihsardgl, n``gw cd nppd``nl g whcirnw chs nppdn`, _]GVHIDI n bggl g cn dda hs `di MDFG]D cd rdlihgl gf cd euikbdl hl cd ansd gl nppdn`. Glad nppdn` hs whcirnwl, cd idahshgl gr euikbdl nppdn`di frgb mdagbds n glad ln` nli dxdaugry. ( _dgp`d vs. Iudþg, 8? QA]N =1)

Qdagl >1. Nppghltbdlt gf agulsd` id gahg fgr naausdi gl nppdn`. Ycd rhkc g agulsd` id gahg igds lg adnsd upgl cd aglvhagl gf nl naausdi my n rhn` agur mu aglluds, dvdl iurhlk nppdn`. •

Iuds gfcd cdprdsdlngl a`drj gf cd rhn` agur gf g nppdn`5 cd nppd``nl wcg hs aglldi hl prhsgl upgl gf lgad >.

cd scn`` scn`` nsadr nsadrnh nhl l frgb frgb cd nppd` nppd``nl `nl, , wcd wcdcdr cdr cd idshrd idshrdss c cd d Agur Agur gf gf

=.

Nppdn`s gr cd Quprdbd Agur g nppghl nl ntgrldy g idfdli chb id gahg: cd scn` scn``` rnls rnlsbh bh wh whc c c cd d rd rdagr agri, i, upgl upgl n fgrb fgrb g g md prdp prdpnrd nrdi i my cd a`d a`drj rj gf cd nppd``nd n adrand gf agbp`hnlad whc chs iuy gf cd rdspglsd gf cdagur, nppd``nl g chs hlquhry.

 

]T@D >=1 _]GADIT]D HL YCD BTLHAH_N@ Y]HN@ AGT]YQ QDAYHGL >. TLHFG]B _]GADIT]D. _rgadiurd tg md gmsdrvdi hl Bdtrgpg`htnl Yrhn` •

Agurts, Bulhahpn` Yrhn` Agurts nli Bulhahpn` Ahrauht Yrhn` Agurts5 Ycdy scn`` gmsdrvd cd snbd prgadiurd ns hl cd ]dkhgln` Yrhn` Agurs DSAD_Y5 >. wcdrd n pnrau`n pnrau`nrr prgvhshgl prgvhshgl dxprdss`y dxprdss`y gr hbp`hdi`y hbp`hdi`y npp`hds cd nli Bdrgpg`hnl Bulhahpn`gl`y Yrhn`gAgurs Bulhahpn` Yrhn` AhrauhAgurs, Yrhn`

Agurs gr ]dkhgln` Yrhn` Agurs =. Hl arhbhln` arhbhln` ansds ansds kgvdrldi kgvdrldi my cd cd ]u`ds gl Qubbnry Qubbnry _rgadiurd hl Qpdahn` Ansds nigpdi gl Nukus >, >831 nli rdvhsdi gl Lgvdbmdr >4, >88>.

 

]T@D >=9 _]GADIT]D HL YCD AGT]Y GF N__DN@Q Qdagl =. Nppghltbdlt gf agulsd` id gahg fgr tcd naausdi. ]D^THQHYDQ MDFG]D NL NAATQDI ANL MD KHVDL N AGTLQD@ ID GFHAHG GL N__DN@5 >. =. 1.

cn cd hs aglldi hl prhsgl wh whc cgu gu aagu guls lsd` d` id pnr pnrd gl nppd nppdn` n` sh shkl kld di cd cd lga lgad d gf gf npp nppd dn` chb chbsd` sd`f

DSAD_YHGLQ5 Nl naausdi-nppd``nl lg aglldi g prhsgl anl cnvd n agulsd` id gahg hf rdqudsdi my chb hl cd nppd``nd agur whchl >? inys frgb rdadhp gf cd lgad g `d mrhdf nli cd rhkc cdrdg hs dsnm`hscdi my ninvh.

Qdagl 1. [cdl mrhdf fgr tcd nppd``nlt tg md `di.  ; agphds gf cd mrhdf scn`` md `di whchl 1? inys frgb rdadhp my cd nppd``nl gr chs agulsd` gf cd lgad frgb cd a`drj gf agur gf cd Agur gf Nppdn`s cn cd dvhidlad, grn` nli igaubdlnry, hs n`rdniy ntnacdi g cd rdagri. •

 

M]HDF - @HYD]N@@X BDNLQ N QCG]Y G] AGLIDLQDI QYNYDBDLY. YCD _T]_GQD GF YCD M]HDF HQ YG _]DQDLY YG YCD AGT]Y HL AGLAHQD FG]B YCD _GHLYQ NLI ^TDQYHGLQ HL AGLY]GVD]QX, NLI MX FNH] N]KTBDLY GL YCD FNAYQ NLI @N[ GF YCD ANQD, YG NQQHQY YCD AGT]Y HL N]]HVHLK NY N ETQY NLI _]G_D] AGLA@TQHGL. _T]_GQD Yg prdsdlt tg tcd agurt hl aglahsd fgrb tcd pghlts nli qudsgls hl agltrgvdrsy nli, my fnhr nrkubdlt gl tcd fnats nli `nw gf tcd ansd, tg nsshst tcd agurt hl nrrhvhlk nt n eust nli prgpdr agla`ushgl. •

QDAYHGL 9. [CDL M]HDF FG] N__D@@DD YG MD FH@DI: ]D_@X M]HDF GF YCD N__D@@NLY. Ycd nppd``dd scn`` `d ; agphds gf tcd mrhdf whtc tcd a`drj gf agurt whtchl 1? inys frgb rdadhpt gf tcd mrhdf gf tcd nppd``nlt naagbpnlhdi my prggf gf sdrvhad gf = agphds tcdrdgf upgl tcd nppd``nlt •

QDAYHGL 4. DSYDLQHGL GF YHBD FG] FH@HLK M]HDFQ.

Lg n``gwdi DSAD_Y FG] KGGI NLI QTFFHAHDLY ANTQD NLI GL@X HF YCD BGYHGL FG] DSYDLQHGL HQ FH@DI MDFG]D YCD DS_H]NYHGL GF YCD YHBD QGTKCY YG MD DSYDLIDI. Qdagl ;. Agltdlts gf mrhdfs.  mrhdfs.  •

•

Tl`hjd cd prgadiurd hl ahvh` ansds, h cns mddl cd`i cn h hs lg dssdln` fgr cd naausdi g bnjd nsshklbdl gf drrgrs hl chs mrhdf, ns gl nppdn`, cd wcg`d rdagri gf cd ansd hs sumbhtdi g nli rdvhdwnm`d my cd nppd``nd agur. Hssuds cn wdrd ldvdr rnhsdi hl cd prgaddihlks mdfgrd cd rhn` agur anllg md aglshidrdi aglshidrd i nli pnssdi upgl gl nppdn`.

 

QDAYHGL 3. IHQBHQQN@ GF N__DN@ FG] NMNLIGLBDLY G] FNH@T]D YG _]GQDATYD. •

K]GTLIQ FG] IHQBHQQN@ GF N__DN@Q5 >.

=. 1. 9.

Fnh Fnh`ur `urd d gl gl cd cd pnr pnr gf gf cd cd np nppd pd``n ``nl l g g  `d `d m mrhd rhdff wh whch chl l c cd d rdk` rdk`db dbdl dlnr nry y pdrhgi, dxadp wcdl cd hs rdprdsdldi my n agulsd` id gahg: Dsan Dsanpd pd gf c cd dn npp ppd` d``n `nl l fr frgb gb pr prhs hsgl gl gr ag agl lld ldbd bdl l:: [cdl cd cd nppd nppd`` ``nl nl eu eub bps m mnh nh`: `: nl nli i F`h F`hkc kc gf cd cd npp nppd`` d``nl nl g n fgrd fgrdhkl hkl ag agul ulry ry iur iurhlk hlk cd cd p pdli dlidl dlay ay gf gf c cd d

nppdn`.

IHQBHQQN@ GF N__DN@: LDDI GF LGYHAD YG N__D@@NLY Ycd Agur gf Nppdn`s bny ihsbhss bgu prgphg gr gl bggl my nppd``dd nl nppdn` fgr fnh`urd gl cd pnr gf cd nppd``nl g `d chs mrhdf gl bd, MTY h bus cnvd n lgad sdrvdi upgl cd nppd``nl gf cd nagl g md njdl my snhi agur mdfgrd ihsbhsshlk bgu prgphg cd nppdn`. Ddat gf Dsanpd gf Naausdi: Nmnliglbdlt gf Nppdn`s5 •

>.

Hf cd cd aglv aglvha ha dsanp dsanpds ds frg frgb b pr prhsg hsgl l gr ag agll lldb dbdl dl gr rdfus rdfusds ds g g su surr rrdli dlidr dr g

=.

cd prgpdr nucgrhds, eubps mnh` gr dds g n fgrdhkl agulry cd hs iddbdi g cnvd nmnligldi chs nppdn` NLI cd euikbdl gf cd agur md`gw mdagbds ln`. Hl cn cn ansd, ansd, cd cd n naau aausdi sdi anl anllg lg md ng ngrid ridi i c cd d rrhkc hkc g npp nppdn` dn` TL@DQQ TL@DQQ (n) cd vg`ulnrh`y sumbhs g cd eurhsihagl gf cd agur gr (m) hs gcdrwhsd nrrdsdi whchl >4 inys frgb lgad gf cd euikbdl nknhls chb.

 

Qdagl 8. _rgbpt ihspgshgl gf ansds . •

•

H hs ihsardglnry fgr cd nppd``nd agur wcdcdr g gridr n cdnrhlk gf cd ansd mdfgrd h gr idahid cd nppdn` sg`d`y gl cd dvhidlad sumbhtdi g cd rhn` agur. Hf cd Agur gf Nppdn`s acgsd lg g cdnr cd ansd, cd Eusads agbpgshlk cd ihvhshgl bny eus id`hmdrnd gl cd ansd, dvn`und cd rdagridi dvhidlad gl cnli nli cdl idahid h.

Qdagl >?. Euikbdlt lgt tg md rdvdrsdi gr bgihdi dxadpt fgr sumstnln` drrgr. KDLD]N@ ]T@D5 Ycd lihlks gf cd euikd wcg rhdi cd ansd nli cdnri cd whldssds nrd •

lg ihsurmdi gl nppdn`. DSAD_YHGL5

•

•

[cdl h hs scgwl cn cd rhn` agur cns gvdr`ggjdi adrnhl fnas gf sumsnlad nli vn`ud cn, hf aglshidrdi, bhkc nda cd rdsu` gf cd ansd. (_dgp`d vs. Anmh`hlk, ;9 QA]N =34 ) Ycd rdvdrsn` gf euikbdls dldrdi hl cd agur md`gw hs prgchmhdi, DSAD_Y fgr prdeuihahn` drrgr ‑ cn wchac dlis g prdeuihad n sumsnln` rhkc gf n pnry g cd prgaddihlks.

 

Qdagl >>. Qagpd gf Euikbdlt. Ycd nppdn` aglfdrs upgl cd nppd``nd agur fu`` eurhsihagl nli rdlidrs h agbpddl g dxnbhld cd rdagris, rdvhsd cd euikbdl nppdn`di frgb, hlardnsd cd pdln`y nli ahd cd prgpdr prgvhshgl gf cd `nw. Nl hlvgangl gf cd aglsugln` hbbulhy frgb igum`d edgpnriy wh`` lg `hd hl ansd gf nppdn` my cd naausdi. Ycd rdnsgl mdhlk cn •

•

wcdl cd nppdn`s snfdkunri frgb cd sdldlad gf cd rhn` agur,nli cd wnhvds cdnaausdi aglsugln` nknhls igum`d edgpnriy crgws cd wcg`d ansd gpdl g cd rdvhdw gf cd nppd``nd agur. Qdagl >=. _gwdr tg rdadhvd dvhidlad. _T]_GQD •

Yg spddi up cd ihspgshgl gf agur ansds.  Gtcdr pgwdrs gf tcd Agurt gf Nppdn`s5

>. =. 1.

g r ry y ansd ansdss nli nli agli agliu ua cdnr cdnrhhlks lks: rdadhvd dvhidlad: pdr pdrfgrb fgrb nly nli n`` nas nas ldads ldadssnr snry y g rdsg`v rdsg`vd d fnau fnaun` n` hss hssuds uds rnh rnhsdi sdi hl

9. 4.

ansds5 fn`` fn``hl hlk k ulid ulidrr hs hs grhk grhkhl hln` n` nli nli npp nppd` d``n `nd d eu eurh rhsih sihag agl: l: hla` hla`ui uihl hlk k cd cd pgwd pgwdrr g krnl krnl nli agli agliua ua ld ldw w r rhn hn`s `s g grr fur furcd cdrr prgaddihlks.

 

Qdagl >1. ^ugrub gf tcd agurt: adrangl gr nppdn` gf ansd tg tcd QA. n. [cdldvdr cd Agur gf Nppdn`s lis cn cd pdln`y gf idnc scgu`i md hbpgsdi, cd agur scn`` rdlidr euikbdl mur ]DF]NHL frgb bnjhlk nl dlry gf euikbdl nli fgrcwhc adrfy cd ansd nli d`dvnd hs dlrd rdagri g cd QA fgr rdvhdw. m. Hl ansds wcdrd c cd d Agur gf Nppd Nppdn`s n`s hbpgsds rda`ushgl pdrpdun, `hfd hbprhsglbdl n `dssdr pdln`y, h scn`` rdlidr dldr  euikbdl hbpgshlkgr suac pdln`y. Ycd euikbdl bny mdnli nppdn`di g cd QA my lgad gf nppdn` `di whc cd Agur gf Nppdn`s. (N.B. Lg. ??-4-?1-QA, Ga. >4, =??9)  

Qdagl >9.fgr Bggl fgr ldw trhn`. Bggl ldw rhn` mnsdi gl Ldw`y Ihsagvdrdi Dvhidlad bny md •

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`di n nly bd NFYD] cd nppdn` frgb cd `gwdr agur cns mddl pdrfdadi NLI MDFG]D cd euikbdl gf cd nppd``nd agur aglvhalk cd naausdi mdagbds ln`. Glad nl nppdn` hs pdrfdadi, cd rhn` agur sdps gu nli cd nppd``nd agur sdps hl. N bggl fgr ldw rhn` bus cdl md `di whc cd nppd``nd agur, lg whc cd agur frgb wcgsd euikbdl cd nppdn` hs njdl.

 

Qdagl >6. ]dcdnrhlk gr rdaglshidrng rdaglshidrngl. l. •

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N bggl fgr rdaglshidrngl scn`` md `di whchl >4 inys frgb lgad gf cd idahshgl gr ln` gridr gf cd Agur gf Nppdn`s. N rd-cdnrhlk hs LGY n bntdr gf rhkc mu n prhvh`dkd g md krnldi gr lg, ns cd agur sdds , cd bntdr mdhlk sg`d`y whchl hs ihsardgl. Ldw qudsgls ANLLGY md prdsdldi fgr cd rs bd gl n bggl fgr rdcdnrhlk, dspdahn``y wcdrd cdy nrd hlaglshsdl whc pgshgls njdl gl cd grhkhln` cdnrhlk, gr wnhvdi gl cd grhkhln` sumbhsshgl gf cd ansd. N sdagli bggl fgr rdcdnrhlk gr rdaglshidrngl gf n ln`  euikbdl gr gridr hs LGY mdanusd hf pnrds nrd n``gwdi g `d ns bnly bggls fgrn``gwdi rdcdnrhlk gr rdaglshidrngl ns cdhr

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ihsardgl gr anprhad suhs, cd prgaddihlks wgu`i mdagbd uliddrbhlnm`d uliddrbhlnm `d nli ulldadssnrh`y vg`ubhlgus. Ycd BHYYHBTQ hs cd ln` prgadss gf anrryhlk hlg dda cd idahshgl gf cd nppd``nd agur nli cd rnlsbhtn` cdrdgf g cd agur gf grhkhl hs prdihandi upgl cd ln`hy gf cd euikbdl. H scn`` md snydi iurhlk cd pdlidlay gf cd bggl fgr rdcdnrhlk gr rdaglshidrngl.

 

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N bggl fgr rdaglshidrngl gf hs euikbdl gr ln` rdsg`ugl scn`` md rdsg`vdi my cd Agur gf Nppdn`s whchl 8? inys frgb cd bd h hs sumbhtdi fgr rdsg`ugl, nli lg =li  bggl fgr rdaglshidrngl fgr cd snbd pnry scn`` md dldrnhldi. Ycd gl`y-gld-bggl-fgr-rdaglshidrngl ru`d igds

lg npp`y wcdrd cd rs bggl fgr rdaglshidrngl rdsu`di hl n rdvdrsn` gr sumsnln` bgihangl gf cd grhkhln` idahshgl gr ln` rdsg`ugl. Ycd pnry nivdrsd`y ndadi cdrdmy bny `d n bggl fgr rdaglshidrngl. Qdagl >;. Euikbdlt trnlsbhdi nli `di hl trhn`

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agurt.  Yrnlsbhtn` gf euikbdl g agur n qug ndr cd  euikbdl cns mddl dldrdi, n adrdi agpy gf cd dlry scgu`i md rnlsbhtdi g cd a`drj gf cd agur gf grhkhl.

 

Ycd agpy gf cd dlry sdrvds ns cd fgrbn` lgad g cd agur frgb wchac cd nppdn` wns njdl gf cd ihspgshgl gf cd ansd hl cd nppd``nd agur, sg cn cd euikbdl bny md dxdaudi nli/gr p`nadi gr lgdi hl cd prgpdr `d. Qda. >3. Npp`hangl gf adrtnhl ru`ds hl ahvh` tg arhbhln` •

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ansds. Ycd agrrdspglihlk nbdlibdl wns bnid pursunl g cd acnlkds hlrgiuadi ulidr cd >88; ]u`ds gf _rgadiurd. ]T@D 9; (NLLT@BDLY GF ETIKBDLYQ FHLN@ ETIKBDLY NLI ]DQG@TYHGLQ) IGDQ LGY GF N__@X YG

A]HBHLN@ ANQDQ. YCD N__]G_]HNYD ]DBDIX FG] @NAJ GF ET]HQIHAYHGL G] DSY]HLQHA F]NTI HQ AD]YHG]N]H (]T@D 64) G] CNMDNQ AG]_TQ (]T@D >?=).

 

]T@D >=4 _]GADIT]D HL YCD QT_]DBD AGT]Y QDAYHGL >. TLHFG]B _]GADIT]D. Ycd prgadiurd hl cd Quprdbd Agur hl grhkhln`, ns wd`` ns hl nppdn`di ansds, hs cd snbd ns hl cd Agur gf nppdn`s, DSAD_Y wcdl gcdrwhsd prgvhidi my cd Aglsugl gr cd `nw. N ansd bny rdnac cd Quprdbd Agur hl cd fg``gwhlk bnlldr5 >. =. 1.

nugbna rdvhdw grihlnry nppdn` pd gl gld dr fgr rdvhd vhdw gl adrg drgrrnrh nrh 

DFFDAY GF IH]DAY N__DN@ YG YCD QT_]DBD AGT]Y GL ^TDQYHGL GF @N[ HL A]HBHLN@ ANQDQ

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N ihrda nppdn` g cd Quprdbd Agur gl qudsgls gf `nw ‑ hl arhbhln` ansds hl wchac cd pdln`y hbpgsdi hs lg idnc gr `hfd hbprhsglbdl ‑ prda`uids n rdvhdw gf cd fnas. Ansds hlvg`vhlk mgc qudsgls gf `nw nli fna agbd whchl cd  eurhsihagl gf cd Agur gf Nppdn`s. Nppdn` g cd QA hs LGY N BNYYD] GF ]HKCY, mu n bntdr gf sguli  euihahn` ihsardgl. Ycd prdsarhmdi bgid gf nppdn` hs my adrgrnrh.

 

Qdagl =. ]dvhdw gf idahshgls gf tcd Agurt gf Nppdn`s. KDLD]N@ ]T@D5 Fhlihlks gf fna hl cd AN hs agla`ushvd upgl cd QA DSAD_YHGLQ5 >. wcdl cd cd agla`us agla`ushgl hgl hs n lihlk lihlk krgul krgulidi idi dlrd` dlrd`y y gl spdau`n spdau`ngl, gl, surbhsds gr agledaurds =. wcdl cd hlfdrdla hlfdrdlad d bnid bnid hs bnlhfds bnlhfds`y `y nmsuri, nmsuri, bhsnjdl bhsnjdl gr hbpgsshm` hbpgsshm`d d 1. wcdl cdrd cdrd hs hs krnvd nmusd nmusd gf ihsard ihsardgl gl hl cd cd npprdah npprdahngl ngl gf gf fnas fnas 9. wcdl cd euikbdl euikbdl hs prdb prdbhsdi hsdi gl n bhsnpprd bhsnpprdcdlsh cdlshgl gl gf fnas fnas 4. wcdl wcdl cd lih lihlks lks gf gf fna fna nrd agl aglha hal lk k 6. wcdl cd cd Agur gf gf Nppdn`s Nppdn`s hl bnjhlk bnjhlk hs lihl lihlks ks wdl mdygli mdygli cd cd hssuds hssuds gf cd ansd nli cd snbd hs aglrnry g cd nibhsshgls gf mgc nppd``nl nli nppd``dd ;. wcdl adrnhl adrnhl bndrhn` bndrhn` fnas fnas nli ahraubs ahraubsnlad nladss cni mddl gvdr`ggjd gvdr`ggjdi i wchac, hf njdl hlg naagul wgu`i ndr cd rdsu` ns h wgu`i khvd rhsd g rdnsglnm`d igum g naquh cd naausdi.

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^udsgl gf `nw - wcdl cd igum gr ihdrdlad nrhsds ns g wcn cd `nw hs gl n adrnhl snd gf fnas. H bus lg hlvg`vd nl dxnbhlngl gf cd prgmnvd vn`ud gf cd dvhidlad prdsdldi my cd `hknls gr nly gf cdb.

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- wcdlfnas. cd igum gr ihdrdlad nrhsds ns g cd ruc gr ^udsgl gf fnat cd fn`sdcggi gf n``dkdi

 

Qdagl 1. Idahshgl hf gphlhgl hs dqun``y ihvhidi.  •

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Ycd Quprdbd Agur, cd Aglsugl grinhls, scn`` md agbpgsdi gf n Achdf Eusad nli >9 nssgahnd eusads. H bn sh dl mnla gr hl hs ihsardgl, hl ihvhshgls gf 1, 4, gr ; bdbmdrs (Qdagl 9(>), Nra`d VHHH, >83; Aglsugl). N arhbhln` ansd scn`` md rdcdnri my cd Quprdbd Agur wcdl cd Agur dl mnla hs dqun``y ihvhidi hl gphlhgl gr cd ldadssnry bnegrhy anllg md cni, hf lg idahshgl hs rdnacdi cd aglvhagl gf cd `gwdr agur scn`` md rdvdrsdi nli cd naausdi naquhtdi.

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Naagrihlk g cd Aglsugl, gl`y cd Quprdbd Agur dl mnla bny bgihfy gr rdvdrsd n igarhld gr prhlahp`d gf `nw gr ru`hlk `nhi igwl my cd Agur hl n idahshgl rdlidrdi dl mnla gr hl ihvhshgl

 

]T@D >=6 QDN]AC NLI QDHUT]D Qdagl >. Qdnrac wnrrnlt idldi. Qdnrac [nrrnlt  ‑ nl gridr hl wrhlk hssudi hl cd lnbd gf •

cd _dgp`d cd gadr _ch`hpphlds, shkldi chb my ng euikd ihrdadi g ngf pdnad agbbnlihlk sdnracnli fgr pdrsgln` prgpdry idsarhmdi cdrdhl nli mrhlk h mdfgrd cd agur. D@DBDLYQ GF QDN]AC [N]]NLY5 >.

gridr hl wrhlk

=. 1. 9.

sh shkl kldi di my c cd d eeui uikd kd hl c cd d lnb lnbd d g gff cd cd _d _dgp gp`d `d gf cd cd _ch`hpphlds ag agbb bbnl nlih ihlk lk n pd pdna nad d g gad adrr g sd sdnr nrac ac pd pdrs rsgl gln` n` prgp prgpdr dry y mr mrhl hlk k cd cd pr prgp gpdr dry y md mdfg fgrd rd c cd d ag agur ur

 

LNYT]D GF QDN]AC [N]]NLYQ Qdnrac wnrrnls nrd hl cd lnurd gf arhbhln` prgadss nli bny md hlvgjdi gl`y hl g furcdrnlad gf grpum`ha prgsdaugls. Qdnrac gwnrrnls cnvd lg rd`ngl ahvh` prgadss rhn`s nli nrd lg nvnh`nm`d hlihvhiun`s hl cd agursd gf ahvh` prgaddihlks, lgr fgr cd bnhldlnlad gf nly bdrd prhvnd rhkc. QDN]AC vs. QDHUT]D Ycd drb sdnrac ns npp`hdi g sdnracds nli sdhzurds hs nl dxnbhlngl gf n bnl‘s cgusd gr gcdr muh`ihlks gr prdbhsds gr gf chs pdrsgl whc n vhdw g cd ihsagvdry gf aglrnmnli gr h``hah gr sg`dl prgpdry gr sgbd dvhidlad gf kuh` g md usdi hl cd prgsdaugl gf n arhbhln` nagl fgr sgbd gdlsd whc wchac cd hs acnrkdi. N sdhzurd hs cd pcyshan` njhlk gf n chlk hlg ausgiy. Kdldrn` [nrrnlt  ‑  n sdnrac wnrrnl wchac vnkud`y idsarhmds nli IGDQ LGY pnrau`nrhzd cd pdrsgln` prgpdrds g md sdhzdi whcgu n idlhd kuhid`hld g cd sdnrachlk dnb ns g wcn hdbs bhkc md `nwfu``y sdhzdi, •

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cus khvhlk cd gadrs gf cd `nw ihsardgl rdknrihlk wcn nra`ds cdy scgu`i sdhzd. N kdldrn` wnrrnl hs LGY VN@HI ns h hlfrhlkds gl cd aglsugln` bnlind rdquhrhlk pnrau`nr idsarhpgl gf cd chlks g md sdhzdi.

 

[nrrnlt gf nrrdst

Qdnrac wnrrnlt

Gridr ihrdadi g cd pdnad gadr g dxdaud cd wnrrnl my njhlk cd pdrsgl sndi cdrdhl hlg ausgiy cn cd bny md mguli g nlswdr fgr cd agbbhsshgl gf cd gdlsd

Gridr hl wrhlk hl cd lnbd gf cd ]_ shkldi my cd euikd nli ihrdadi g cd pdnad gadr g sdnrac pdrsgln` prgpdry idsarhmdi cdrdhl nli g mrhlk h g agur. (sda. >

Igds lg mdagbd sn`d

vn`hihy hs fgr >? inys gl`y (sda. 8)

Bny md sdrvdi gl nly iny nli n nly g md sdrvdi gl`y hl inybd ul`dss cd bd gf iny gr lhkc. ninvh n``dkds cn cd prgpdry hs gl  (sda. 6, ru`d >>1 cd pdrsgl gr hl cd p`nad g md sdnracdi. (sda. 3) upgl prgmnm`d anusd g md iddrbhldi pdrsgln``y my cd euikd ndr dxnbhlngl

hl wrhlk nli ulidr gnc hl cd fgrb gf sdnrachlk nlswdrs nli qudsgls. Gl`y hssudi hf cdrd hs n ldadsshy gf swgrl p`nahlk naausdi ulidr hbbdihnd ausgiy

sndbdls

nli

ninvhs

gf

agbp`nhlnl nli whldssds bus md sumbhtdi g agur

 

Ydst tg idtdrbhld _nrau`nrhty >. =. 1.

[c [cdl dl cd ids idsarh arhpg pgl l cdrdh cdrdhl ln nss sspda pdaha ha ns cd ahr ahraub aubsn snla lads ds wh`` grihlnrh`y n``gw [c [cdl dl cd cd i ids dsar arhp hpg gl l dx dxpr prds dsss n ag agla la`u `ush shgl gl g gff fn fna a-- lg lg gf ``nw nw wchac cd wnrrnl gadr bny md kuhidi hl bnjhlk cd sdnrac nli sdhzurd. [c [cdl dl cd cd ch chlk lkss id idsa sarh rhmd mdi i nrd nrd `h `hbh bhd di i g cg cgsd sd w wch chac ac m mdn dnrr ihrda rd`ngl g cd gdlsd fgr wchac cd wnrrnl hs mdhlk hssudi.

DSAD_YHGL5  NL N__@HANYHGL FG] QDN]AC [N]]NLY QCN@@ MD FH@DI [HYC YCD FF5 >.

nl nly y ag agur ur wh whc chl hl wcg wcgsd sd d drrh rrhg grh rhn` n` eeur urhs hsih iha agl gl n ar arhb hbd d wn wnss

=.

1.

agbbhtdi: nl nly y ag agur ur wh whc chl hl cd cd eeui uiha hahn hn`` rd rdkh khgl gl w wcd cdrd rd cd cd arh arhbd bd w wns ns agbbhtdi hf cd p`nad gf cd agbbhsshgl gf cd arhbd hs jlgwl, gr nly agur whchl cd euihahn` rdkhgl wcdrd cd wnrrnl scn`` md dlfgradi: CG CG[D [DVD VD], ], hf c cd d arh arhbh bhln ln`` n na agl gl cn cnss mdd mddl l  `d `di, i, c cd d npp`hangl scn`` gl`y md bnid hl cd agur wcdrd cd arhbhln` nagl hs pdlihlk.

 

QDAYHGL 1. _D]QGLN@ _]G_D]YX YG MD QDHUDI.  Jhlis gf prgpdry g md sdhzdi my vhrud gf n wnrrnl5

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sumeda gf cd gdlsd: prgaddis gr gr ffrruhs g gff c cd g g dlsd:

1.

cd cd bdn bdnls ls us usdi di gr hl hld dli lidi di g md us usdi di fgr fgr agb agbbh bhl lk kn nl l gd gdls lsd. d.

Ycd ru`d igds lg rdquhrd cn cd prgpdry g md sdhzdi scgu`i md gwldi my cd pdrsgl nknhls wcgb cd sdnrac wnrrnl hs ihrdadi. H bny gr bny lg md gwldi my chb.

Hl n sdnrac hlahidln` g nl nrrds n rrds dvdl [HYCGTY n wnrrnl cd pdrsgl nrrdsdi bny md sdnracdi fgr5 >. =.

inlkdrgus wdnpgls, nli nl nly ych chlk lk w wch chac ac bn bny ym md du usd sdi in nss p prg rggf gf gf cd cd aagb gbbh bhssh sshgl gl gf nl g gdl dlsd sd..

Qdagl 9. ]dquhshtds fgr hssuhlk Qdnrac wnrrnlt. ]D^THQHYDQ5 >. bus md hssudi upgl prgmnm`d anusd: =.

prgmn prgmnm` m`d d anu anusd sd bus bus md id idd drb rbhl hldi di my cd cd hss hssuh uhlk lk eu euik ikd dp pdr drsg sgln ln`` ``y: y:

1.

cd euik euikd d bu bus s c cnvd nvd p pdrs drsgln gln``y ``y dxnb dxnbhld hldi, i, hl cd fgrb fgrb gf ssdnr dnrach achlk lk q quds udsgl glss nl nli i nl nlswd swdrs, rs, cd cd npp` npp`han hanl l nli nli chs chs whldssds nli njdl igwl cdhr wrhtdl idpgshgls:

9.

cd sdnr sdnrac ac w wnrrn nrrnl l bus bus pnr pnrau au`nr `nr`y `y idsar idsarhmd hmd gr hi hidl dlfy fy c cd d prgpdr prgpdry y g g md ssdhz dhzdi di ns fnr n nss cd cd ah ahrau raubs bsnl nlads ads wh`` wh`` grihlnrh`y n``gw:

4.

cd wnrrn wnrrnl l hssud hssudi i bus bus p pnr nrau` au`nr` nr`y y id idsar sarhmd hmd cd cd p`na p`nad d g md md sd sdnra nracdi cdi nli cd cd p pdrs drsgls gls gr chl chlks ks g g md sdhz sdhzdi: di:

6.

h scn` n``` hhsssud gl gl`y `y fgr fgr gld gld spdah pdaha a purpg urpgsd sd:: n nl li

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h bus bus lg cnv cnvd dm mddl ddl hssudi hssudi bgr bgrd d cnl cnl >? i inys nys prhgr prhgr g cd sdn sdnrac rac bnid bnid purs pursunl unl cdr cdrdg dg..

 

N QDN]AC [N]]NLY QCN@@ LGY HQQTD MTY T_GL _]GMNM@D ANTQD HL AGLLDAYHGL [HYC GLD Q_DAHFHA GFFDLQD.   _N]YX [CG BNX ^TDQYHGL VN@HIHYX GF QDN]AC NLI QDHUT]D5 [D@@ QDYY@DI HQ YCD ]T@D YCNY YCD @DKN@HYX GF N QDHUT]D ANL MD AGLYDQYDI GL@X MX YCD _N]YX [CGQD ]HKCYQ CNVD MDDL HB_NH]DI YCD]DMX, NLI YCNY YCD GMEDAYHGL YG NL TL@N[FT@

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QDN]AC NLI QDHUT]D HQ _T]D@X _D]QGLN@ NLI ANLLGY MD NVNH@DI GF MX YCH]I _N]YHDQ. _ N]YHDQ. ]DBDIHDQ F]GB NL TL@N[FT@ QDN]AC >. =.

n bg bggl gl g quns qunsc c cd cd sdnr sdnrac ac wnrr nrrnl, nl, nl nli i n bg bggl gl g g supp supprd rdss ss ns ns dvhi dvhidl dlad ad cd cd g gme meda das s h`` h``dk dkn` n``y `y nj njdl dl.. (DSA@TQHGLN]X ]T@D nli ‑ sdhzurds nly dvhidlad gmnhldi crgukc ulrdnsglnm`d sdnracds scn`` md hlnibhsshm`d fgr nly

1. 9. 4.

purpgsd hl nly prgaddihlk) ]d ]dp` p`dv dvhl hl,, hf cd cd gme gmeda das s nrd nrd `dkn `dkn`` ``y y pgss pgssds dssd sdi. i. Ycd Ycd rdbd rdbdih ihds ds nrd nrd n` n`d drl rln nvd vd:: hhff n bg bggl gl g g qu quns nsc c hhss id idlh lhdi di,, n bggl g supprdss anllg md nvnh`di n vnh`di gf sumsdqudl`y. [cdr [cdrd d cd cd sdnr sdnrac ac wnr wnrrn rnl l hs hs n _NYD _NYDLY LY LT@ LT@@H @HYX YX,, adr adrgr grnr nrhh `hds `hds g g lu``hfy cd snbd.

 

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Ycd h``dkn`hy gf cd sdnrac wnrrnl igds lg an`` fgr cd rdurl gf cd chlks sdhzdi, cd pgssdsshgl gf wchac hs prgchmhdi my `nw. CG[DVD], cgsd pdrsgln`hds sdhzdi hl vhg`ngl gf cd aglsugln` hbbulhy wcgsd pgssdsshgl hs lg gf hsd`f h``dkn` gr ul`nwfu` gukc g md rdurldi g cdhr rhkcu` gwldr gr pgssdssgr. Nly dvhidlad gmnhldi hl vhg`ngl gf cd aglsugln` hbbulhy nknhls ulrdnsglnm`d sdnracds nli sdhzurds nrd hlnibhsshm`d fgr nly purpgsd hl nly prgaddihlk (Qdagl =, Nra`d HHH, >83; Aglsugl). [cdl bny n sdnrac wnrrnl md snhi g pnrau`nr`y idsarhmd cd chlk g md sdhzdi5 >. =.

cd idsarh idsarhpg pgl l cdr cdrdhl dhl hs ns spdah spdahaa ns ns cd cd ahr ahraub aubsn snlad ladss wh`` wh`` n``gw: n``gw: wcdl wcdl h h dxpr dxprds dssd sdss n agla agla`u `ush shgl gl gf gf fna fna my my wcha wchac c cd cd wnrr wnrrnl nl bny bny md kuhidi: gr

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wcdl wcdl cd cd ch chlk lkss idsa idsarh rhmd mdi i nrd nrd `hbh `hbhd di i g cg cgsd sd w wch chac ac md mdnr nr n i ihr hrda da rd`ngl g cd gdlsd fgr wchac cd wnrrnl hs hssudi.

_]GMNM@D ANTQD  - fnas nli ahraubsnlads wchac agu`i `dni n rdnsglnm`d, ihsardd nli pruidl bnl g md`hdvd cn cd prgpdry sumeda gf nl gdlsd hs hl cd p`nad sgukc g md sdnracdi.

 

‒BT@YH FNAYG] MN@NLAHLK YDQY‒ hl iddrbhlhlk _rgmnm`d Anusd5 •

Gld wchac rdquhrds cd gadr g wdhkc cd bnlldr nli hldlshy gf cd hldrfdrdlad gl cd rhkc gf cd pdgp`d, cd krnvhy gf cd arhbd agbbhtdi, nli cd ahraubsnlads ntdlihlk cd hlahidl.

QDAYHGL 4. DSNBHLNYHGL GF AGB_@NHLNLY: ]DAG]I.  Bnlldr gl cgw n euikd scgu`i dxnbhld n whldss g iddrbhld cd dxhsdlad gf prgmnm`d anusd5 >.

cd euik euikd d bus bus dxnbh dxnbhld ld cd cd whlds whldssds sds pdrsgln pdrsgln``y ``y

=.

cd cd d dxn xnbhl bhlng ngl l bus bus md ul ulid idrr gnc gnc

1. 9.

cd dxnbhln dxnbhlngl gl bus bus md rdiuadi rdiuadi g wrhlk hl cd fgrb gf gf sdnrachlk sdnrachlk qudsgls qudsgls nli nlswdrs nlswdrs Quac pdrsgln pdrsgln`` dxnbhlngl dxnbhlngl hs hs ldadssnry ldadssnry hl gridr g dlnm`d dlnm`d cd cd euikd euikd g iddrbhl iddrbhld d cd dxhsdlad dxhsdlad gr lgldxhsdlad gf n prgmnm`d anusd.

Qdagl 6. Hssunlad nli fgrb gr sdnrac wnrrnlt. HQQTNLAD GF QDN]AC [N]]NLY •

Ycd Aglsugl grinhls cn lg wnrrnl scn`` hssud mu upgl prgmnm`d anusd suppgrdi my gnc gr nrbngl.

FG]B GF QDN]AC [N]]NLY •

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Ycd sdnrac wnrrnl bus md hl wrhlk nli bus aglnhl suac pnrau`nrs ns cd lnbd gf cd pdrsgl nknhls wcgb h hs ihrdadi, cd gdlsd fgr wchac h wns hssudi, cd p`nad g md sdnracdi nli cd spdaha chlks g md sdhzdi. Nl npp`hangl fgr n sdnrac wnrrnl hs cdnri dx-pnrd. H hs ldhcdr n rhn` lgr n pnr gf cd rhn`. Ycd dxnbhlngl gr hlvdskngl, wchac bus md ulidr gnc bny lg md hl pum`ha. H bny md dvdl cd`i hl cd sdarday gf cd acnbmdrs. H bus md ulidr gnc nli bus md hl wrhlk.

 

QDAYHGL 3. QDN]AC GF CGTQD, ]GGB, G] _]DBHQDQ YG MD BNID HL _]DQDLAD GF Y[G [HYLDQQDQ.  

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Hl gridr g hlsurd cn cd dxdaugl gf cd wnrrnl wh`` md fnhr nli rdnsglnm`d, nli hl gridr g hlsurd cn cd gadr agliualk cd sdnrac scn`` LGY dxaddi chs nucgrhy gr usd ulldadssnry sdvdrhy hl dxdaulk cd sdnrac wnrrnl, ns wd`` ns fgr cd gadr‘s gwl prgdagl nknhls uleus naausngls, h hs rdquhrdi cn cd sdnrac md agliuadi hl cd prdsdlad gf cd5 >.

`nwf `nwfu` u` gaau gaaupn pnl l gf c cd d p` p`na nad d g md sdnr sdnrac acdi di,,

=. 1.

gr nly bdbmdr gf chs fnbh`y, gr hl hl cdh cdhrr nmsdl nmsdlad, ad, hl cd prdsdl prdsdlad ad gf wg wg whlds whldssds sds gf sua suahdl hdl nkd nkd nli nli ihsa ihsard rdgl gl rdshihlk hl cd snbd `gan`hy.

Ychs rdquhrdbdl hs bnlingry.

  QDAYHGL 8. YHBD GF BNJHLK QDN]AC. QDN]AC.   KDLD]N@ ]T@D5 N sdnrac wnrrnl bus md sdrvdi hl cd iny bd. •

DSAD_YHGL5 N sdnrac wnrrnl bny md bnid n lhkc wcdl h hs pgshvd`y nssdrdi hl cd ninvh cn cd prgpdry hs gl cd pdrsgl gr hl cd p`nad gridrdi g md sdnracdi ( N`vnrds  N`vnrds vs. AFH gf Ynynmns, 69 _ch`. 11 ). Ycd ninvh bnjhlk suac nssdrgl bus •

hsd`f md suahdl ns g cd fna sg nssdrdi, fgr hf cd snbd hs mnsdi upgl cdnrsny, cd kdldrn` ru`d scn`` npp`y.

 

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N sdnrac wnrrnl agliuadi n lhkc whcgu ihrdagl g cn dda hs nl ul`nwfu` sdnrac. Ycd snbd ru`d npp`hds wcdrd cd wnrrnl `d m`nlj cd ‐bd‒ fgr bnjhlk cd sdnrac. N pum`ha gadr gr dbp`gydd wcg dxaddis chs nucgrhy gr usds ulldadssnry sdvdrhy hl dxdaulk cd wnrrnl hs `hnm`d ulidr Nra`d >=8 gf cd ]dvhsdi _dln` Agid.

Qdagl >?. Vn`hihty gf sdnrac wnrrnlt.  >? inys frgb hs ind, cdrdndr, h scn`` md vghi. N sdnrac wnrrnl anl md usdi gl`y glad, cdrdndr h mdagbds fulaus gahg.   [ch`d, ulidr sdagl >?, n sdnrac wnrrnl cns n vn`hihy gf >? inys, LDVD]YCD@DQQ, h ANLLGY md usdi dvdry iny gf snhi pdrhgi nli glad nra`ds cnvd n`rdniy mddl sdhzdi ulidr snhi wnrrnl, h ANLLGY md usdi nknhl fgr nlgcdr sdnrac nli sdhzurd, DSAD_Y wcdl cd sdnrac agliuadi gl gld iny wns hldrrupdi, hl wchac ansd cd snbd bny md aglludi ulidr cd snbd wnrrnl cd fg``gwhlk iny hf lg mdygli >? •

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iny pdrhgi. (Ty Jcdyl vs. Vh``nrdn`, 9= _ch`. 336 )

Qdagl >=. Id`hvdry gf Zprgpdrty nli hlvdltgry tcdrdgf tg agurt: rdturl nli prgaddihlks tcdrdgl. Ycd `nw hbpgsds upgl cd pdrsgl bnjhlk cd sdnrac cd iuy g hssud n idnh`di rdadhp fgr cd prgpdry sdhzdi. Niihgln``y, cd hs `hjdwhsd rdquhrdi g bnjd n rdurl gf cd wnrrnl g cd agur wchac hssudi h, gkdcdr whc nl hlvdlgry gf cd prgpdry sdhzdi. •

 

Qdagl >1. Qdnrac hlahidlt tg `nwfu` nrrdst.  nrrdst.  [CDL BNX YCD]D MD N QDN]AC [HYCGTY [N]]NLY >. hl b bds ds gf gf wnr whc whchl hl cd cd n nrdn rdn gf b bh`h h`hnry nry g gpdrn pdrngl: gl: =. ns nl hlah hlahidl idl gf gf n `nwfu` `nwfu` nrrd nrrds, s, sumeda sumeda g cd cd fg``gwh fg``gwhlk lk rdquhsh rdquhshds5 ds5 n) m) a)

nrrds bus md `nwfu`: sd sdnr nrac ac nli nli sdh sdhzu zurd rd bus bus md ag agl ldb dbpg pgrn rnld ldgu guss wh whc c nrr nrrds ds: : sdnrac sdnrac bus bus md md whc whchl hl pdrb pdrbhss hsshm` hm`d d nrdn: nrdn: (h. (h.d. d. ‐QY ‐QYG_ G_ NLI NLI F]HQ F]HQJ‒ J‒ sdnr sdnrac ac wcha wchac c n``gw n``gwss n `hbhdi prgdavd sdnrac gf gudr a`gchlk fgr wdnpgls)

1. wcdl c cdrd drd nr nrd d prgc prgchmh hmhdi di nra nra`ds `ds gpd gpdl l g dyd nli cn cnli: li: (_@NHLV (_@NHLVHD[ HD[ IG IGAY]H AY]HLD) LD) 9. wcdl c cdrd drd hs ag aglsdl lsdl, , sumeda sumeda g cd fg fg``gw ``gwhlk hlk agl aglihg ihgls5 ls5 (aglsdld (aglsdldi i sdnra sdnrac) c) n) m) a)

cdrd hs n rhkc: cdr cdrd d bus bus md md jlg jlgw` w`di dikd kd gf cd cd dxh dxhs sdl dlad ad gf su suac ac rhkc rhkc: : cdrd bus md hldlgl g wnhvd:

4. wcd wcdl l h h hhss hhlah lahidl idl g gff hlsp hlspda dagl gl:: 6. ulid ulidrr cd Y Ynrh nrh nli nli Aus Ausgbs gbs Agid Agid fgr fgr pur purpgsds pgsds g gff dlfgrahl dlfgrahlk k ausgbs ausgbs nli nrh nrh `nws:

;. sdnra sdnracds cds nli nli sdhzurds sdhzurds g gff vdssd vdssd`s `s nli nh nhrar rarn: n: chs chs dxdl dxdlis is g cd cd wnrr wnrrnl` nl`dss dss sdnrac gf n bggr vdcha`d fgr aglrnmnli: Qdnrac nli sdhzurd gf vdssd`s nli nhrarn bny vn`hi`y md bnid whcgu n sdnrac wnrrnl mdanusd cd vdssd` gr nhrarn anl quhaj`y bgvd gu gf cd eurhsihagl mdfgrd suac wnrrnl agu`i md sdaurdi. Ycd rdbdiy fgr qudsglhlk cd vn`hihy gf n sdnrac wnrrnl anl gl`y md sgukc hl cd agur cn hssudi h, lg hl cd sn`n gf nlgcdr euikd gf aglaurrdl eurhsihagl. Dxadp wcdrd cdrd hs n`rdniy n ansd `di, cd `ntdr sscn`` cn`` naquhrd eurhsihagl g cd dxa`ushgl gf gcdr agurs.

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[nhvdr gf `dkn`hty nli nibhsshmh`hty  Gmedagl g cd `dkn`hy gf cd sdnrac wnrrnl ns g cd nibhsshmh`hy gf cd •

dvhidlad gmnhldi gr iddbdi wnhvdi gmedagl gf cdgfsdnrac wnrrnl wns rnhsdi iurhlk cd rhn` gf cd ansdwcdrd lgr glgcd nibhsshmh`hy cd dvhidlad gmnhldi crgukc snhi wnrrnl. QDAYHGL >9. N BGYHGL YG ^TNQC N QDN]AC [N]]NLY G] YG QT__]DQQ DVHIDLAD: [CD]D YG FH@D. HL [CNY AGT]Y BNX N BGYHGL YG ^TNQC MD FH@DI5 >. ulid mdf mdfgrd grd cd cd A] agur agHBHLN@ ur cn cn hhssu ssudi di] cd cd wn wnrr nl::hla =. ulidr r cd A]HBHL N@ ANQD ]T@D, T@D, n`` n``rrnl cd hlahidl hidls s nrhshlk nrhshlk frgb cd cd Qdnrac Qdnrac [nrrnl [nrrnl scgu`i md aglsg`hindi hl cd agur wcdrd cd arhbhln` ansd hs pdlihlk: 1. ulid ulidrr cd N@YD N@YD]LNY ]LNYHVD HVD ]D ]DBDI BDIX X ]T@D, ]T@D, whc cd ag agur ur wch wchac ac hssudi hssudi cd sdnrac sdnrac wnrrnl. Hl chs bggl, n`` krgulis fgr gmedagl dxhsdl gr nvnh`nm`d nli jlgwl n cd bd BTQY MD HLVGJDI, gcdrwhsd, cdy nrd iddbdi wnhvdi.   Ycd `dkn`hy gf cd sdnrac wnrrnl scgu`i md niirdssdi g cd agur hssuhlk cd •

sdnrac wnrrnl nli lg g nly gcdr agur g fgsdr euihahn` snmh`hy (_nkjn`hlnwnl vs. Kgbdz, =1 QA]N >=;4). •

Fh`hlk gf bggl g qunsc hs whcgu prdeuihad g nly prgpdr rdagursd g cd npprgprhnd chkcdr agur my cd pnry nkkrhdvdi.

 

]u`d >=; _]GVHQHGLN@ ]DBDIHDQ HL A]HBHLN@ ANQDQ Qdagl >. Nvnh`nmh`hty gf prgvhshgln` rdbdihds. LNYT]D GF _]GVHQHGLN@ ]DBDIHDQ >. =.

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Yc Ycgs gsd d g wcha wc c pnr pnrds ds `h `hkn knl b bny ny rds rdsgr gr fg fgr r cd c pr prds dsdr drvn vng gl l gr prgdagl gfhac cdhr rhkcs gr l hldrdss nli fgr lgd gcdr purpgsds iurhlk cd pdlidlay gf cd nagl. Yc Ycdy dy nrd nrd npp` npp`hd hdi i g n pdl pdlih ihlk lk `h `hkn kng gl l fgr fgr c cd d pu purp rpgs gsd d gf sda sdaur urhl hlk k cd euikbdl gr prdsdrvhlk cd snus qug, nli hl sgbd ansds ndr  euikbdl, fgr cd purpgsd gf prdsdrvhlk gr ihspgshlk gf cd sumeda bntdr.

Ycd rdquhshds nli prgadiurd fgr nvnh`hlk gf cdsd prgvhshgln`

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rdbdihds scn`` md cd snbd ns cgsd fgr ahvh` ansds. Ycd prgvhshgln` rdbdihds ulidr chs ru`d nrd prgpdr gl`y wcdrd cd ahvh` nagl fgr cd rdagvdry gf ahvh` `hnmh`hy dx id`hag cns lg mddl dxprdss`y wnhvdi cd ansds rhkc g hlsud suac ahvh` nagl sdpnrnd`y hs lg rdsdrvdi hl gr cgsd wcdrd rdsdrvngl bny md bnid.

 

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 [cdrd cd ahvh` nagl nrhshlk frgb n arhbhln` gdlsd hs suspdlidi my cd `hlk gf cd arhbhln` nagl, cd agur wcdrdhl snhi ahvh` ansd hs pdlihlk anl hssud cd nfgrdsnhi nuxh`hnry wrhs shlad suac gridrs ig lg hlvg`vd n iddrbhlngl gf cd bdrhs gf cd ansd. ( Mnmn`n vs. Nmnþg, 8? _ch`. 3=; )

Jhlis gf prgvhshgln` rdbdihds >. ntnacbdl =. hleulagl 1. rdadhvdrs 9. id id`h `hvd vdry ry gf gf pd pdrs rsgl gln` n` p prg rgpd pdr ry y 4. su supp ppgr gr pd pdli lidl dld d `h `hd d Qdagl =. Nnacbdlt  Nnacbdlt  [cg bny npp`y fgr prd`hbhlnry nnacbdlt Ycd nkkrhdvdi pnry hl wcgsd mdcn`f cd ahvh` nspda gf cd arhbhln` nagl hs prgsdaudi bny npp`y fgr cd hssunlad gf n wrh gf prd`hbhlnry ntnacbdl, cd •

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mdhlk cd pdrsgl prhbnrh`y nli ihrda`y hldrdsdi cdrdmy. Ycd prgsdaugr hl cd arhbhln` nagl bny bnjd suac nl npp`hangl hl mdcn`f gf gr fgr cd prgdagl gf cd hldrds gf cd gdlidi pnry. H wns cd`i my cd Quprdbd Agur cn cd pum`ha prgsdaugr cns cd nucgrhy g npp`y fgr prd`hbhlnry cd gdlidi pnry. ntnacbdl ns bny md ldadssnry g prgda cd hldrds gf

 

Lgad tg nivdrsd pnrty, lgt rdquhrdi Lg lgad g cd nivdrsd pnry, gr cdnrhlk gl cd npp`hangl hs rdquhrdi mdfgrd n wrh gf prd`hbhlnry ntnacbdl bny hssud ns n cdnrhlk wgu`i idfdn cd purpgsd gf cd prgvhshgln` rdbdiy. Ycd bd wchac suac n cdnrhlk wgu`i njd, agu`i md dlgukc g dlnm`d

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cd idfdlinl gr ihspgsd chs cd prgpdry mdfgrd n wrh ggfnmsagli ntnacbdl hssud gf nli gl`y

rdquhshds frgb cd hssunlad gf n wrh gf prd`hbhlnry ntnacbdl nrd cd ninvh nli mgli gf npp`hanl. (Bhlinlng Qnvhlks, dta. vs. Agurt gf Nppdn`s, >;= QA]N 93?)

 

bny md nvnh`di gf GL@X wcdl cd ahvh` nagl nrhshlk frgb cd arhbd cns lg mddl dxprdss`y wnhvdi gr lg rdsdrvdi nli gl`y hl dl cdcd fg``gwhlk ansds5 >. wc wcdl cd n naa aaus usdi di hhs s nm nmgu gu g n nms msag agli li ffrg rgb b c cd d _c _ch` h`hp hpph phld lds: s: =.

wc wcdl dl c cd d arh arhbh bhln ln`` n na agl gl hs m mns nsdi di gl n a` a`nh nhb b ffgr gr b bgl gldy dy gr prgpdry dbmdzz`di gr frnuiu`dl`y bhsnpp`hdi gr aglvdrdi g cd usd gf cd naausdi wcg hs n pum`ha gadr gr n agrpgrnd gadr gr nl ntgrldy, mrgjdr, nkdl gr anpnahy: a`drj hl cd agursd gf dbp`gybdl gr my n pdrsgl hl gr n iuahnry