criminal law

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 ARTICLE 238. AB ANDONMENT OF OFFICE OR  POSITION. ELEMENTS:

1. 2. 3.

That the offender is a pu bl ic of fi cer ; That he formally resigns from his position; That his resignation has not yet been accepted ; and 4. That he abandons his office to the detriment of the public service.  

There must be formal or written resignation. The offense is qualified  if the purpose behind the abandonment is to evade the of duties consisting of  discharge  pr even ti ng , pr os ecu ti ng or pu ni sh in g any  of the crimes against  national security . In

this case, the penalty is higher. This involves the following crimes: a. treason b. conspiracy and proposal to commit conspiracy c. misprision of treason d. espionage e. inciting to war or giving motives motives to reprisals f. violation of neutrality g. correspondence with with hostile country h. flight to enemy country i. piracy and mutiny mutiny on the high seas seas  j. rebel ebellilion on k. conspiracy and proposal to commit rebellion l. disloyalty to public officers m. inciting to rebellion rebellion n. sedition o. conspiracy to commit commit sedition p. inciting to sedition  AB ANDONMENT OF OFFICE OR P OSITI OSITION ON (238)  Ther  There e is actu ctual abandonment through resignation to evade the discharge of duties.

DERELICTION OF

DUTY (208)

P ublic officer officer does not  abandon his office but merely fails to  pr os ecu te a violation of  the law.

 ARTICLE 239. USURPATION OF LEGISLATIVE  POWERS. ELEMENTS:

1. That the offender is an executive executive or ju dicial  officer ; and

2. That he (a) makes general rules or regulations beyond the scope of his authority or (b) attempts to repeal a law or (c) suspends the execution thereof.  ARTICLE 240. USURPATION OF EXECUTIVE  EXECUTIVE  FUNCTIONS. ELEMENTS:

1. That the offender is a ju dg e; and and 2. That he (a) assumes a power pertaining to the executive authorities, or (b) obstructs executive executive authorities authorities in the lawful exercise of  their powers. 

Legislative officers are not liable

usurpation of executive functions

for

 ARTICLE 241. USURPATION OF JUDICIAL FUNCTIONS. ELEMENTS:

1. That the offender is an officer of the executive branch of the government; and 2. That he (a) assumes judicial powers, or (b) obstructs the execution of any order or decision rendered by any judge within his  jur  jurisd isdict iction ion. 

A mayor is guilty under this article when he investigates a case while a justice of the peace is in the municipality.

 ARTICLE 242. DISOBEYING REQUEST REQUEST FOR  DISQUALIFICATION. ELEMENTS:

1. That the offender is a pu bl ic of fi cer ; 2. That a  pr oc eedi ng  is pending before such public officer; 3. That there there is a question brought before the proper authority regarding his  ju ri sd ic ti on , which is not yet decided; 4. That he has been lawfully required to refrain refrain from continuing the proceeding; and 5. That he continues the proceeding.  ARTICLE 243. ADDRESSING ORDERS ORDERS OR  REQUESTS BY EXECUTIVE OFFICER OFFICER TO A NY  JUDICIAL AUTHORITY.

Page Pa ge 124 of 174

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ELEMENTS:

1. That the offender is an executive officer ; 2. That he addresses any order or suggestion to any judicial authority ; and 3. That the order or suggestion relates relates to any case or business coming within the exclusive  ju ri sd ic ti on of th e co ur ts of ju st ic e. 

Legislative or judicial officers are not liable under this article.

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 ARTICLE 244. UNLAWFUL UNLA WFUL APPOINTMENTS.

1. That the offender is a pu bl ic of fi cer ; 2. That he nominates or appoints a person to a public office; 3. That such such person lacks the legal  qualification therefor; and 4. That the offender knows that his nominee or appointee lacks the qualification at the time he made the nomination or appointment. Recommending , knowing that the person

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crime. There must be a law providing for the qualifications of a person to be nominated

recommended is not qualified, is not a

or appointed to a public office.

 ARTICLE 245. AB USES AGAINST CHASTITY 

 The  The penal enaltties ies of prisio ision n cor correcci eccion onal al in its its mediu edium m and maximum periods and temporary special disqualification shall be imposed: ELEMENTS:

1. That the offender is a pu bl ic of fi cer ; 2. That he solicits or makes immoral or  indecent advances to a woman ; and 3. That such woman must be – a. interested interested in matters pending  before the offender for decision, or with respect to which he is required to submit a report to or consult with a superior officer, or b. under the custody  of the offender who is a warden or other public officer directly charged with care and custody of prisoners or person under arrest, or c. the wife, daughter, sister or relative within the same degree degree by affinity  of  the person in the custody  of the offender.

Proof of solicitation i s not necessary 

when there is sexual intercourse. TITLE EIGHT  CRIMES AGAINST PERSONS

ELEMENTS:

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The mother  of the person in the custody of  the public officer is not included. To solicit means to propose earnestly and persistently something unchaste and immoral to a woman. The advances must be immoral or indecent. The crime is consummated by mere  pr op os al .

Chapter One –DESTRUCTION OF LIFE 

 ARTICLE 246. PARRICIDE. ELEMENTS:

1. That a person person is killed ; 2. That the deceased deceased is killed by th the e accused; 3. That the deceased is the the a. father, mother, or b. child, whether legitimate or illegitimate, or c. legitimate other ascendant or other  descendant, or d. legitimate spouse of the accused.   

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The relationship of the offender with the victim is the essential element of parricide. Parents and children are not included in the term “asc “ascendants” endants” or “descendants”. descendants”. The other ascendant or descendant must be legitimate. On the other hand, the father, mother or child may be legitimate or illegitimate. The child should not be less than 3 days ol d . Otherwise, the offense is infanticide. Relationship must be alleged and proved . A stranger who cooperates in committing parricide is liable for murder or homicide. Even if the offender did not know  that the person he had killed is his son, he is still  liable for parricide because the law does not require knowl edge of the relationship.

 ARTICLE 247. DEATH OR PHYSICAL PHYSICAL INJURIES UNDER EXCEPTIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES. CIRCUMSTANCES. Page Pa ge 125 of 174

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ELEMENTS:

1. That the offender is an executive officer ; 2. That he addresses any order or suggestion to any judicial authority ; and 3. That the order or suggestion relates relates to any case or business coming within the exclusive  ju ri sd ic ti on of th e co ur ts of ju st ic e. 

Legislative or judicial officers are not liable under this article.

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 ARTICLE 244. UNLAWFUL UNLA WFUL APPOINTMENTS.

1. That the offender is a pu bl ic of fi cer ; 2. That he nominates or appoints a person to a public office; 3. That such such person lacks the legal  qualification therefor; and 4. That the offender knows that his nominee or appointee lacks the qualification at the time he made the nomination or appointment. Recommending , knowing that the person

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crime. There must be a law providing for the qualifications of a person to be nominated

recommended is not qualified, is not a

or appointed to a public office.

 ARTICLE 245. AB USES AGAINST CHASTITY 

 The  The penal enaltties ies of prisio ision n cor correcci eccion onal al in its its mediu edium m and maximum periods and temporary special disqualification shall be imposed: ELEMENTS:

1. That the offender is a pu bl ic of fi cer ; 2. That he solicits or makes immoral or  indecent advances to a woman ; and 3. That such woman must be – a. interested interested in matters pending  before the offender for decision, or with respect to which he is required to submit a report to or consult with a superior officer, or b. under the custody  of the offender who is a warden or other public officer directly charged with care and custody of prisoners or person under arrest, or c. the wife, daughter, sister or relative within the same degree degree by affinity  of  the person in the custody  of the offender.

Proof of solicitation i s not necessary 

when there is sexual intercourse. TITLE EIGHT  CRIMES AGAINST PERSONS

ELEMENTS:

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The mother  of the person in the custody of  the public officer is not included. To solicit means to propose earnestly and persistently something unchaste and immoral to a woman. The advances must be immoral or indecent. The crime is consummated by mere  pr op os al .

Chapter One –DESTRUCTION OF LIFE 

 ARTICLE 246. PARRICIDE. ELEMENTS:

1. That a person person is killed ; 2. That the deceased deceased is killed by th the e accused; 3. That the deceased is the the a. father, mother, or b. child, whether legitimate or illegitimate, or c. legitimate other ascendant or other  descendant, or d. legitimate spouse of the accused.   

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The relationship of the offender with the victim is the essential element of parricide. Parents and children are not included in the term “asc “ascendants” endants” or “descendants”. descendants”. The other ascendant or descendant must be legitimate. On the other hand, the father, mother or child may be legitimate or illegitimate. The child should not be less than 3 days ol d . Otherwise, the offense is infanticide. Relationship must be alleged and proved . A stranger who cooperates in committing parricide is liable for murder or homicide. Even if the offender did not know  that the person he had killed is his son, he is still  liable for parricide because the law does not require knowl edge of the relationship.

 ARTICLE 247. DEATH OR PHYSICAL PHYSICAL INJURIES UNDER EXCEPTIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES. CIRCUMSTANCES. Page Pa ge 125 of 174

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ELEMENTS:

1. A legally  married person or   parent   par ent  surprises his spouse or daughter  (the latter must be under 18 and living with them ) in the act of committing sexual  intercourse with another person; 2. He/she kills any or both of them or inflicts upon any or both of them any serious  ph ys ic al in ju ry  in the act or immediately  thereafter ; and 3. He has not promoted or facilitated the  pr os ti tu ti on of his wife or daughter, or that he has not consented to the infidelity  of  the other spouse.     

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This article does not define or penalize a felony, the penalty is destierro. It is not necessary that the parent be legitimate for the application of this article. This article applies only when the daughter is single. Surprise means to come upon suddenly or unexpectedly. Art. 247 is applicable even when the accused did not see his spouse in the act sexual intercourse with another person. It is enough that circumstances reasonably show that the carnal act is being committed or has been committed. Sexual intercourse does not include  preparatory acts. “Immediately thereafter” 

means that the discovery, escape, pursuit and the killing must all form parts of one continuous act. Immediately thereafter – may be an hour after Æ proximate result of outrage overwhelming accused after chancing upon spouse in basest act of infidelity The killing must be the direct by-product of  the rage of the accused. No criminal liability  is incurred when less serious or slight physical injuries are inflicted. Moreover, in case third persons caught in the crossfire suffer physical injuries, the accused is not liable for physical injuries. The principle that one is liable for the consequences of his felonious act is not applicable, because his act under Art.247 does not amount to a felony.  ARTICLE 248. MURDER 

ELEMENTS:

1. That a person was killed ; That the accused killed hi m; 2. That

3. That the killing was attended attended by any of the following qualifying circumstances: a. with treachery, taking advantage of  superior strength , with the aid of  armed men , or employing means to weaken the defense or of  means or   per so ns to in su re o r affo af fo rd im pu ni ty , b. in consideration consideration of   pr ic e, rew ard or   pr om is e, c.

by means of  inundation, fire, poison, explosion, shipwreck, stranding  of  vessel , derailment or assault upon a street car or locomotive, fall of  airship , by means of motor vehicles or

with the use of any other means involving

great waste or rui n,

on occasion of any of the calamities enumerated in the preceding paragraph, or of an earthquake, eruption of a volcano, destructive cyclone, epidemic or ami ty , any other pu bl ic cal amity e. with evident premeditation, or f. with cruelty , by deliberately and  d.

inhumanely augmenting the suffering  of the victim or outraging or scoffing at  and his person or corpse; and

4. The killing is not parricide or infanticide. 

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The victim must be killed in order to consummate the offense. Otherwise, it would be attempted or frustrated murder. That murder will exist with only one of the circumstances described in Article 248. When more than one of said circumstances are present, the others must be considered as generic aggravating. That when the other circumstances are absorbed or included in one qualifying circumstance, they cannot be considered as generic aggravating. Any of the qualifying circumstances must be alleged  in the information. Otherwise, they will only be considered as generic  aggravating circumstances. Treachery Treachery and premeditation are are inherent  in murder with the use of  po  po is on .

PEOPLE vs. vs . SANTOS, GR 127492, 1/16/04  A sudden and unexpected attack under  circumstances which render the victim unable to defend himself by reason of the suddenness and  severity of the attack constitutes alevosia.

PEOPLE vs. ERIC GUILLERMO, GR 147786, 1/20/04 Page Pa ge 126 of 174

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Dismemberment of a dead body is one manner of  outraging or scoffing at the corpse of the victim.

contemplated upon the mode to insure insure the killing. The crime committed by appellant is homicide.

PEOPLE vs. MONTAÑEZ, GR 148257, 3/17/04

GOROSPE vs. PEOPLE, G.R. No. 147974. 1/29/04

The barefaced fact that Daniel Sumaylo pleaded  guilty to the felony of homicide is not a bar to the appellant being found guilty of murder as a principal. It bears stressing that Sumaylo plea-bargained on his re-arraignment. Even if the public prosecutor and the father of the victim agreed to Sumaylo's plea, the State is not barred from prosecuting the appellant for  murder on the basis of its evidence, independently of  Sumaylo's plea of guilt.

No error was committed by the trial court in characterizing the felonious assault as frustrated  homicide and convicting appellant therefor. The appellant acted with intent to kill in firing the gun at  Miguel. Usually, the intent to to kill is shown by the the kind  of weapon used by the offender and the parts of the victim’s body at which the weapon was aimed, as shown by the wounds inflicted.

 ARA DILLOS DILL OS vs. vs . COURT OF APPEA LS G.R. No. 135619, 1/15/04  ARTICLE 249. HOMICIDE. ELEMENTS:

1. That a person was killed ; 2. That the accused killed him without any   ju st if ying yi ng ci rc um st anc es;

3. That the the accused had the intention to kill, which is pr esu med ; and 4. That the killing was not attended by any of  the qualifying circumstances of murder, or by that of parricide or infanticid e. 

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Intent to kill is conclusively presumed  when death resulted. Hence, evidence of intent to kill is required only in attempted or frustrated  homicide. There is no crime of frustrated homicide through negligence/imprudence. When the wounds that caused death were inflicted by 2 different persons, even if they were not in conspiracy, each one of them is guilty of homicide. In all crimes against persons in which the death of the victim is an element, there must be satisfactory evidence of (1) the fact of  death and (2) the identity of the victim. Penalty shall be one degree higher than that imposed by law when the victim is under 12 years of age Corpus delicti  – actual commission of crime charged

PEOPLE vs . DELA CRUZ, CRUZ, G.R. No. 152176, 10/1/03 The qualifying circumstance of treachery was not  sufficiently established by the prosecution. The  prosecution witness did did not see the actual stabbing stabbing of  the victim. Therefore, there is no way of determining  on how the attack was initiated. In the same way that  no testimony would prove that the appellant 

 An accused may be convicted convicted of slight, less serious or serious physical injuries in a prosecution for  homicide or murder, inasmuch as the infliction of   physical injuries could lead to any of the latter  offenses when carried to its utmost degree despite the fact that an essential requisite of the crime of  homicide or murder - intent to kill - is not required in a  prosecution for physical physical injuries.

 ARTICLE 250. PENAL TY FOR FRUSTRATED PARRICIDE, MURDER OR HOMICIDE.

 ARTICLE 251. DEATH IN A TUMULTUOUS  AFFRAY. . ELEMENTS:

several p ersons ; 1. That there be several 2. That they did not compose groups organized for the common purpose of  assaulting and attacking each other reciprocally;  That these ese sev several eral perso erson ns quarr arreled eled and and 3.  That assaulted one another in a confused and 

4.

tumultuous manner; That someone was killed  in

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Tumultuous affray  exists

the course of  the affray; 5. That it cannot be ascertained who actually  killed the deceased; and  That the perso erson n or perso erson ns who inflicted  6.  That serious physical injuries or  who used  viol ence can can be identified .

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when at least 4

 per so ns take part in it. When there are 2  identified  groups of men

who assaulted each other, there is no

tumultuous affray. Page Pa ge 127 of 174

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The person killed need not be a participant in the affray Those who used violence are liable for death caused in a tumultuous affray only if it cannot be determined who inflicted the serious physical injuries on the deceased “Tumultuous” in Article 153 – more than three persons who are armed or provided with means of violence

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PERSONS LIABLE :

1. person/s who who inflicted  serious physical  2.

injuries if it is not known who inflicted serious  ph ys ic al in ju ri es on the deceased, all   per so ns wh o us ed vi ol enc e upon the

person of the victim.

 ARTICLE 252. PHYSICAL INJ URIES INFLICTED INFLICTED IN   A TUMULTUOUS AFFRAY. ELEMENTS:

1. That there is a tumultuous affray  as referred to in the preceding article; 2. That a participant or some participants thereof suffer serious physical injuries or   ph ys ic al in ju ri es of a les s ser io us nat ur e

only; 3. That the person responsible therefor therefor cannot  be identified ; and 4. That all those those who appear to have have used  violence upon the person of the offended party are known.   

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Persons liable: All those who have used violence on the person of the offended party. Injured party must be a participant of the tumultous affray If the one who caused physical injuries are known, he will be liable for physical injuries actually committed committed Slight physical injuries not included

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A pregnant woman who tried to commit suicide by means of poison but instead of  dying, the fetus in her womb was expelled, is not liable for abortion. Assistance to suicide is different from mercykilling. Euthanasia or mercy-killing  is the practice of painlessly putting to death a person suffering from some incurable disease. In this case, the person does not  want to die. A doctor  who resorts to euthanasia may be held liable for murder . Penalty is mitigated  if suicide is no t  successful.

 ARTICLE 254. DISCHARGE OF FIREARMS. FIREARMS. ELEMENTS:

1. That the offender discharges a firearm against or at another person ; and 2. That the offender has no intention to kill  that person. 

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The offender must shoot at another with any firearm without intention of killing him. If the firearm is not discharged at a person, the act is not punished under this article. A discharge towards the house of the victim is not discharge of firearm. Firing a gun at the house of the offended party, not knowing in is what part of the hous e the people were were, is only alarm under Art. 155. Usually, the purpose of the offender is only to intimidate or frighten the offended party. Intent to kill is negated  by the fact that the distance between the victim and the offender is 200 yards. A person can be held liable for discharge even if the gun was not pointed at the offended party when it fired as long as it  was initially  aimed at or against  the offended party.  ARTICLE 255. INFANTICIDE 

 ARTICLE 253. GIVING ASSISTANCE TO SUICIDE.  ACTS PUNISHABL E:

1. Assisting Assisting another to commit commit suicide, whether  the suicide is consu mmated or not. 2. Lending his assistance assistance to to another another to commit commit suicide to the extent of doing the killing  himself. 

A person who attempts to commit suicide is not criminally liable.

ELEMENTS:

1. That a child was killed; 2. That the deceased child was less than three days (72 hours) of age; and 3. That the accused killed killed the said child. 

When the offender is the father, mother or  legitimate ascendant , he shall suffer the penalty prescribed for  par ri ci de . If the offender is any other person , the penalty is Page Pa ge 128 of 174

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that for murder . In either case, the proper qualification for the offense is infanticide. When infanticide is committed by the mother  or maternal grandmother  of the victim in order to conceal the mother’s dishonor , such fact is only mitigating. The delinquent mother who claims that she committed the offense to conceal the dishonor must be of  good reputation. Hence, if she is a prostitute, she is not entitled to a lesser penalty because she has no honor to protect. There is no infanticide when the child was born dead, or although born alive it could not sustain an independent life when it was killed.

3. That the violence is intentionally exerted ; and 4. That as a result of the violence the fetus dies , either in the womb or after having been expelled therefrom. 

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Jose) 

 ARTICLE 256. INTENTIONAL AB ORTION 

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ELEMENTS:

1. That there is a pregnant woman; 2. That violence is exerted, or drugs or  beverages administered, or that the accused otherwise acts upon such pregnant woman; 3. That as a result of the use of violence or drugs or beverages upon her, or any other act of the accused, the fetus dies , either in the womb or after having been expelled therefrom. 4. That the abortion is intended . 

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A fetus about six months old cannot subsist by itself, outside the maternal womb. Abortion usually means expulsion before 6th month or before term of its viability Viada: Abortion, as long as fetus dies as a result of violence used or drugs administered Infanticide, if: (1) Fetus could sustain independent life after its separation from maternal womb, and (2) it is killed Fetus survives in spite of attempt to kill it or use of violence: a. Abortion intended, all acts of execution performed – frustrated intentional abortion b. Abortion not intended, fetus does not die – physical injuries No frustrated unintentional abortion

Committed only by violence(giving of bitter substance with no intention to cause abortion is not unintentional abortion) Violence must be intentionally exerted Unintentional abortion may be complexed with other crimes such as parricide or homicide Unintentional abortion can also be committed through negligence. (People vs. The accused can only be held liable if he knew that the woman was pregnant. If there is no intention to cause abortion and neither was violence exerted ,  Ar ts . 256 and 257 does not appl y.

 ARTICLE 258. AB ORTION PRACTICED BY THE  WOMAN HERSELF OR BY HER PARENTS. ELEMENTS:

1. That there is a pregnant woman who has suffered an abortion ; 2. That the abortion is intended ; and 3. That the abortion is caused by – a. the pr egn ant wo man herself  b. any other person, with her  consent , or c. any of her  par ent s, wi th her  consent  for the purpose of  concealing her dishonor . 

The liability of the pregnant woman is mitigated if the purpose is to conceal her dishonor. However, there is no mitigation for  the parents of the pregnant women even if  their purpose is to conceal their daughter’s dishonor, unlike in infanticide.

 ARTICLE 259. AB ORTION PRACTICED BY A PHYSICIAN OR MIDWIFE AND DISPENSING OF   AB ORTIVES. ELEMENTS:

 ARTICLE 257. UNINTENTIONAL A BORTION. ELEMENTS:

1. That there is a pregnant woman; 2. That violence is used upon such pregnant woman without intending an abortion ;

1. That there is a pregnant woman who has suffered an abortion ; 2. That the abortion is intended ; 3. That the offender, who must be a  ph ys ic ian or midwife, causes or assists in causing the abortion; and Page 129 of 174

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4. That said physician or midwife takes advantage of his or her scientific  knowledge or skill . 

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It is not necessary that the pharmacist knew that the abortive would be used to cause abortion. What is punished is the act of  dispensing an abortive without the proper prescription. It is not necessary that the abortive be actually used. If the pharmacist knew that the abortive would be used to cause abortion and abortion results, he is liable as an

 ACTS PUNISHABLE: 1. Challenging another to a duel. 2. Inciting  another to give or

challenge to a duel.

accept a

3. Scoffing at or decrying  another pu bl ic ly  for having refused to accept a challenge to fight a duel. PERSONS LIAB LE:

1. Challenger 2. Instigators

accomplice. 

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RA 4729: regulates the sale, dispensation, and/or distribution of contraceptive drugs and devices It is not unlawful if Sale, dispensation or distribution of contraceptive drug or contraceptive device is by a duly licensed drug store or pharmaceutical company and with prescription of qualified medical practitioner  ARTICLE 260. RESPONSIBILITY OF  PARTICIPANTS IN A DUEL.

 ACTS PUNISHED: 1. Killing one’s adversary in a duel.

2. Inflicting 3.

upon the adversary serious  ph ys ic al i nj ur ies . Making c ombat although no physical injuries have been inflicted.

PERSONS LIAB LE: 1. Principals –

person who killed or inflicted physical injuries upon his adversary, or both combatants in any other cases. 2.  Ac co mp li ces – as seconds 

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A duel  is a formal or regular combat previously concerted between 2 parties in the presence of 2 or more seconds of lawful age on each side, who make the selection of  arms and fix all the other conditions of the fight. If death results, the penalty is the same as that for homicide. The law disregards intent to kill in a duel In case of slight physical injuries inflicted on another, penalty is arresto menor, 3rd paragraph applies only when no physical injuries are inflicted

 ARTICLE 261. CHAL LENGING TO A DUEL.

Chapt er Two – PHYSICAL INJURIES

 ARTICLE 262. MUTILATION. KINDS OF MUTILATION:

1. Intentionally mutilating another by depriving him, totally or partially, of some essential organ for reproduction. 2. Intentionally making other mutilation, i.e. lopping, clipping off any par t o f t he b od y of  the offended party, other than the essential organ for reproduction, to deprive him of that part of his body.

ELEMENTS OF THE FIRST KIND OF MUTILATION: 1. Castration , i.e. mutilation of organs

necessary for generation such as the penis or ovarium; and 2. Purposely and deliberately . 

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In the first kind of mutilation, the castration must be made pu rpos ely . Otherwise, it will be considered as mutilation of the second  kind . Mayhem refers to any  other intentional  mutilation.

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Under R.A. 7610, the penalty for the second type of mutilation shall be one degree higher when the victim is below 12 years old.

 ARTICLE 263. SERIOUS PHYSICAL INJURIES. HOW COMMITTED:

1. 2. 3. 4.

Wounding; Beating; Assaulting; or Administering injurious substances. Page 130 of 174

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SERIOUS PHYSICAL INJURIES:

1. When the injured person becomes insane, imbecile, impotent or bli nd  in consequence of the physical injuries inflicted. 2. When the injured person – a. loses the use of  speech or the power to he ar or to smell , loses an eye, a hand, foot, arm or leg , b. loses the use of any such member , or c. becomes incapacitated for the work  in which he had been habitually engaged 3. When the injured person – a. becomes deformed , b. loses any other member of his body, c. loses the use thereof, or d. becomes ill or incapacitated for the  per fo rmanc e of th e wo rk  in which he had been habitually engaged in for more

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than 90 days

4. When the injured person becomes ill or  incapacitated  for labor for more than 30  days (but no t mor e than 90 days). 

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Serious physical injuries may be committed through reckless imprudence or simple imprudence. There must be no intent to kill . Impotence includes inability to copulate and sterility. Blindness requires lost of vision in both eyes. Mere weakness in vision is not  contemplated.

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Loss of power to hear must involve both ears . Otherwise, it will be considered as serious physical injuries under par 3. Loss of the power to hear in the right ear  is considered as merely loss of use of some other part of the body. Loss of use of hand or incapacity of usual work in paragraph 2 must be permanent. Paragraph 2 refers to  pr in ci pal  members of  the body. Paragraph 3, on the other hand, covers any other member that is not a principal part of the body. In this respect, a front tooth is considered as a member of the body and not a principal member. Deformity  means physical ugliness, permanent and definite abnormality that is not cu rable by natural means or by nature. It must be conspicuous and visible. Thus, if  the scar is usually covered by a dress, it would not be conspicuous and visible. Loss of teeth as deformity will not apply to child or old man.

 

The loss of 3 incisors is a visible deformity. Loss of one incisor is not. However, loss of  one tooth which impaired appearance is a deformity. Deformity by loss of teeth refers to injury which cannot be repaired by the action of  nature. Loss of both outer ears, loss of the power to hear, and loss of the lobule of the ear constitute deformity. Loss of the index and middle fingers is either a deformity or loss of a member, not a principal one, of his body or use of the same. If the injury would require medical attendance for more than 30 days, the illness of the offended party may be considered as lasting more than 30 days. The fact that there was medical attendance for that period of time shows that the injuries were not cured for that length of time. Under paragraph 4, all that is required is illness or incapacity, not medical attendance. In determining incapacity , the injured party must have an avocation or work at the time of the injury . Work includes studies or   pr epar ati on fo r a p ro fes si on .







When the category of the offense of serious physical injuries depends on the period of the illness or incapacity for labor, there must be evidence of the length of that period . Otherwise, the offense will only be considered as slight physical injuries. There is no incapacity  if the injured party could still engage in his work although less effectively than before. Serious physical injuries is qualified  when the crime is committed against the same

 per so ns enu mer ated in th e art ic le on  par ri ci de or  when it is attended by any of the circumstances defining the crime of  murder. However, serious physical injuries

resulting from excessive chastisement by parents is not qualified serious physical injuries.

 ARTICLE 264. ADMINISTERING INJURIOUS SUBSTANCES OR BEVERAGES. ELEMENTS:

1. That the offender inflicted upon another person any serious physical injury ; 2. That it was done by knowingly  administering to him any injurious substances or beverages or by taking 

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3.  



advantage of his weakness of mind or  credulity ; and He had no intent to kill .

It is frustrated murder when there is intent to kill Administering means introducing into the body the substance, thus throwing of the acid in the face is not contemplated. Weakness of mind or credulity –witchcraft, philters, magnetism

 

When there is no evidence of actual injury Supervening event converting crime into serious physical injuries after filing of  information can still be the subject of a new charge

 ANTI-HAZING LA W (R. A. NO. 8049)

“ HAZING”  is an initiation rite or practice as a

into membership in a fraternity, sorority or organization by placing the recruit, neophyte or applicant in some embarrassing  or humiliating  situations such as forcing him to do menial, silly, foolish and other similar tasks or activities or otherwise subjecting him to  ph ys ic al or 

 pr ereq ui si te fo r adm is si on  ARTICLE 265. LESS SERIOUS PHYSICAL INJURIES. ELEMENTS:

1. That the offended party is incapacitated for 

2.

labor for 10 days or more (but not more than 30 days), or needs medical  attendance for the same period of time; and That the physical injuries must not be those described in the preceding articles.

CIRCUMSTANCES QUALIFYING THE OFFENSE: 1. when there is manifest intent to insult or  offend the injured person

2. when there are circumstances adding ignominy to the offense 3. when the victim is either the offender’s 4.

 par ent s, asc end ant s, gu ard ian s, cu rat or s or t eachers when the victim is a person of  rank or person in authority,  pr ov id ed th e crim e is not 

direct assault  

This article applies even if there was no incapacity but the medical treatment was for more than 10 days.

 ARTICLE 266. SLIGHT PHYSICAL INJURIES AND MALTREATMENT  THREE (3) KINDS:

1. That which incapacitated  the offended party for labor from 1-9 days or required medical  attendance during the same period. 2. That which did not prevent the offended 

3.

 par ty fr om eng agi ng in hi s hab it ual wo rk  or which did not require medical  attendance (Ex . blackeye). Ill-treatment of another by deed  w/o

causing any injury. (Ex . slapping but w/o causing dishonor)

 ps yc ho lo gi cal su ff eri ng or in ju ry . PERSONS LIAB LE: 1. The officers and members

of the fraternity, sorority or organization who actually   par ti ci pat ed  in the infliction of physical harm shall be liable as  prin ci pal s if the person subjected to hazing or other forms of  initiation rites suffers any physical injury or dies as a result thereof;

QUALIFYING CIRCUMSTANCES :

a. when the recruitment  is accompanied by force, violence, threat, intimidation or deceit  on the person of the recruit who refuses to join ; b. when the recruit, neophyte or applicant initially consents to join but upon learning that hazing will be committed  on his person, is  pr even ted fr om quitting;

c. when the recruit, neophyte or applicant having undergone hazing is  pr even ted  from reporting  the unlawful act to his parents or guardians, to the proper school authorities, or to the police authorities, through force, violence, threat or intimidation; d. when the hazing is committed outside of  the school or institution ; or e. when the victim is below twelve (12) years of age at the time of the hazing. 2. The school authorities including faculty members who consent  to the hazing or  who have actual knowledge thereof, but failed  to take any action to prevent the same from occurring shall be punished as accomplices

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for the acts of hazing committed by the perpetrators; 3. The officers, former officers, or alumni  of  the organization, group, fraternity or sorority who actually planned  the hazing although not present  when the acts constituting the hazing were committed shall be liable as  pr inci pal s. 4. A fraternity or sorority's adviser  who is  pr esen t  when the acts constituting the hazing were committed and failed to take action to prevent the same from occurring shall be liable as  pr inci pal . 

The  pr esen ce of any person during the hazing is  prim a facie evidence of   par ti ci pat io n th erei n as pr in ci pal  unless he prevented the commission of the illegal



acts. Any person charged under this provision

shall not be entitled to the mitigating  circumstance that there was no intention to commit s o grave a wrong .

RA 9262 ANTI–VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN   AND THEIR CHILDREN ACT OF 2004

it occurs a second time, and she remains in the situation, she is defined as a battered woman.

Chapter Three. RAPE 

 ARTICLE 266A-266B . RAPE  The Anti-Rape Law of 1997 (RA 8353) now  classified the crime of rape as a Crime Against  Persons. It incorporated rape into Title 8 of the RPC. ELEMENTS:

Rape is committed 1. By a man who shall have carnal knowledge of a woman under any of the following circumstances: a. through force, threat or intim idation; b. when the offended party is deprived of  c.

reason or otherwise unconscious; by means of fraudulent machination or  grave abuse of authorit y ; or

d. when the offended party is under 12 years of age or is demented , even though none

of the circu mstances mentioned above be  pr esen t .

2. By any person who, under any of the circumstances mentioned in paragraph 1 hereof, shall commit an act of  sexual assault by  What is the Battered Woman Syndrome? What is its effect on the criminal liabil ity of the accused?

Battered Woman Syndrome refers to a scientifically defined pattern of psychological and behavioral symptoms found in women living in battering relationships as a result of cumulative abuse. Battery refers to any act of inflicting physical harm upon the woman or her child resulting to physical and psychological or emotional distress. Victim-survivors who are found by the courts to be suffering from Battered Woman Syndrome do not  incur any criminal or civil liability  notwithstanding the absence of any of the elements for justifying circumstances of self-defense under the RPC. PEOPLE vs. GENOSA, G.R. No. 135981. 1/15/04 In order to be classified as a battered woman, the accused and her spouse must go through the battering cycle at least twice. Any woman may find  herself in an abusive relationship with a man once. If 

inserting  a. his  pen is into another person’s mouth or  anal orifice; or b. any instrument or object , into the genital  or anal orifice of another person.

Rape committed under  par agr aph 1 is punishable by: 1. reclusion perpetua 2. reclusion perpetua to DEATH when: a. victim became insane by reason or on the occasion of rape; or b. the rape is attempted and a homicide is committed  by reason or on the occasion thereof. 3. DEATH when: a. homicide is committed; b. victim is under 18 years old  and  offender is:

i. ii. iii. iv.

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c. d.

e.

f. g.

h.

i.  j.

v. relative by consanguinity or affinity within the 3rd  civil degree, vi. common law  spouse of victim’s parent; under the custody of the police or  or any law military authorities enforcement or penal institution; committed in full view  of the spouse, parent or any of the children or other relatives within the 3rd degree of  consanguinity; victim is a religious engaged in legitimate religious vocation or calling and is per so nal ly kn ow n to be su ch by  the offender  before or at the time of the commission of the crime; a child below 7 years old; offender knows he is afflicted  with HIV or AIDS or any other sexually  transmissible disease and the virus is transmitted to the victim; offender is a member of the AFP, or para-military units thereof, or the PNP, or any law enforcement agency or penal  institution, when the offender took  advantage of his position to facilitate the commission of the crime; the victim suffered  per man ent ph ys ic al 

Dividing age in rape:

1. less than 7 years old - mandatory d eath 2. less than 12 years old - statutory rape 3. less than 18 years old and there is relationship (e.g. parent, etc.) - mandatory  death

Degree of Force necessary:

1. Force sufficient to consummate culprit’s purpose 2. Consider age, size and strength of parties and their relation to each other

 



mutilation or disability;

the offender knew of the pregnancy  of  the offended party at the time of the commission of the crime; and k. when the offender knew of the mental  disability, emotional disorder and/or   ph ysic al han di cap of the offended party

at the time of the commission of the crime.

Rape committed under  par agr aph 2  is punishable by: 1. prision mayor 2. prision mayor to reclusion temporal when: a. there was use of deadly weapon, or b. when committed by two or more  per so ns . 3. reclusion temporal – when the victim has



  

  

become insane

4. reclusion temporal to reclusion perpetua – 5.

Rape may be committed by employing intimidation(Intimidation Æ Moral kind) When the offender in rape has an ascendancy or influence over the girl, it is not necessary to put up determined resistance Rape may be proved by testimony of woman alone 1. An accusation for rape can be made with facility, is difficult to prove, but more difficult for person accused, though innocent, to disprove 2. Nature Æ only two persons are involved, testimony of complainant must be scrutinized with extreme caution 3. The evidence for prosecution must stand or fall on its own merits, and cannot be allowed to draw strength from weakness of evidence for defense Deprivation of reason contemplated by law need not be complete, mental abnormality or deficiency is sufficient CONSUMMATED RAPE: penetration of labia consummates the crime of rape ATTEMPTED RAPE: intent to have carnal knowledge must be clearly shown Multiple rape by two or more offenders Æ each one is responsible not only for rape personally committed, but also for rape committed by others Rape with homicide is now a special complex crime Rape infecting victim with gonorrhea that caused death is an illustration of rape with homicide Indemnity in Rape: P50,000 mandatory; if  circumstances which death penalty is authorized Æ P75,000; Rape with homicide Æ P100,000 Moral damages Æ P50,000, without need of  proof  Exemplary damages Æ if crime committed with one or more aggravating circumstances

rape is attempted and homicide is committed  reclusion perpetua – homicide is committed



the

PEOPLE vs.NEQUIA, G.R. No. 146569.10/6/03

by reason or on occasion of rape 6. reclusion temporal – committed with any of  10

aggravating

mentioned above

circumstances

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In rape by sexual assault, the word "instrument or  object" should be construed to include a human finger.

ORDINARIO vs . PEOPLE G.R. No. 155415. 520/04 The definition of the crime of rape has been expanded with the enactment of Republic Act No. 8353, otherwise known as the Anti-Rape Law of  1997, to include not only "rape by sexual intercourse"  but now likewise "rape by sexual assault." An act of  sexual assault under the second paragraph of the article can be committed by any person who, under  the circumstances mentioned in the first paragraph of  the law, inserts his penis into the mouth or anal  orifice, or any instrument or object into the genital or  anal orifice, of another person. The law, unlike rape under the first paragraph of Article 266-A of the Code, has not made any distinction on the sex of  either the offender or the victim. Neither must the courts make such distinction.

PEOPLE vs . BA LLENO G.R. No. 149075. 8/7/03 The fact that no laceration and no ruptured hymen were found in this case, does not necessarily negate rape. The fact that the hymen was intact upon examination does not, likewise, belie rape, for a broken hymen is not an essential element of rape, nor does the fact that the victim remained a virgin exclude the crime.

PEOPLE 10/24/03

vs.

NAVARRO,

G.R.

No.

137597.

Even the slightest contact of the penis with the labia under the circumstances enumerated under Art. 266 A of the Revised Penal Code constitutes rape. A flaccid penis can do as much damage as an erect  one — at least insofar as the crime of rape is concerned.

PEOPLE vs. AGSAOAY, G.R. Nos. 132125-26. 6/3/04  An unchaste woman who habitually goes out with different men may be a victim of rape. The victim’s moral character is not among the elements of the crime of rape. It does not negate the existence of  rape.

PEOPLE vs. LALINGJAMAN, G.R. No. 132714. 6/6/01 Rape may be committed anywhere — even in places where people congregate such as parks, along the road side, within school premises, and inside a house

where there are other occupants. The beast in him bears no respect for time and place.

PEOPLE vs. OLAYBAR G.R. Nos. 150630-31. 101/03 The trial court has decreed the penalty of death on account of circumstance under Article 266-A, i.e., that  when "the offender knows that he is afflicted with Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus (HIV), Acquired  Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) or any other  sexually transmissible disease and the virus or  disease is transmitted to the victim," the imposition of  the extreme penalty of death would be warranted.

PEOPLE vs. DE LA TORRE G.R. Nos. 121213 & 121216-23. 1/13/04  An accused may be considered a principal by direct   participation, by inducement, or by indispensable cooperation. This is true in a charge of rape a gainst a woman, provided of course a man is charged  together with her. Thus, in two cases the Court  convicted the woman as a principal by direct   participation since it was proven that she held down the complainant in order to help her co-accused  spouse consummate the offense.

PEOPLE vs. ESPINOSA G.R. No. 138742 6/15/04  Absence of resistance does not mean consent. The complainant was only 14 years old when the rape took place. At her age, it could easily be conceived  that she feared the appellant and believed his threats, that he would kill her and her family if she reported the incident to anyone. The test is whether  the threat or intimidation produces a reasonable fear  in the mind of the victim that if she resists or does not  yield to the desires of the accused, the threat would  be carried out.

PEOPLE vs. MALONES, G.R. Nos. 124388-90. 3/11/04

 The negative findings of spermatozoa on the medicolegal report does not prove that no rape was committed. PEOPLE vs. ROTE, G.R. No. 146188, 12/11/03 Where the girl is below 12 years old, the only subject  of inquiry is whether “carnal knowledge” took place. Proof of force, intimidation or consent is unnecessary  since none of these is an element of statutory rape. There is a conclusive presumption of absence of free consent of the rape victim is below the age of 12.

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When the original and primordial intention of the appellant in keeping the victim in his apartment was to rape her and not to deprive her of her liberty, the appellant is guilty only of rape under Article 335,  paragraph 1 of the Revised Penal Code, and not of  the complex crime of serious illegal detention with rape under Article 267, in relation to Articles 335 and  48 of the Code.

PEOPLE vs. BALATAZO, G.R. No. 118027. 1/29/04 Force or intimidation may be actual or constructive. In this case, the victim is a mental retardate. The appellant took advantage of her condition and  succeeded in having sexual intercourse with her. Hence, he is guilty of forcible rape. PEOPLE vs . FUCIO, G.R. Nos . 151186-95. 2/13/04 The qualifying circumstance of minority and  relationship does not include god-father relationship

PEOPLE vs. ANCHETA, G.R. No. 142431. 1/14/04 To justify the imposition of the death penalty in cases of incestuous rape, the concurrence of the minority of  the victim and her relationship to the offender  constitutes one special qualifying circumstance which must be both alleged and proved with moral certainty.

PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES vs. MAURICIO WATIWA, G.R. No. 139400, September 3, 2003 In Qualified Rape, the term “guardian” refers to a legal guardian as in the case of parents or guardian ad litem or judicial guardian appointed by the court, and not merely to an uncommitted caretaker over a limited period of time.

PEOPLE OF THE PHIL. vs. LAMBID G.R. Nos. 133066-67, Octob er 1, 2003 The force or violence necessary in rape is a relative term that depends not only on the age, size, and  strength of the persons involved but also on their  relationship to each other. In a rape committed by a father against his own daughter, the former's parental  authority and moral ascendancy substitutes for  violence or intimidation over the latter who, expectedly, would just cower in fear and resign to the father's wicked deeds.

have sex against her  will. Definitely a man can neither demand sexual gratification from a fiancée nor employ violence upon her, on the pretext of love.

PEOPLE vs. JOEL AYUDA G.R. No. 128882. 10/2/03  A "sweetheart defense," to be credible, should be substantiated by some documentary or other  evidence of the relationship — like mementos, love letters, notes, pictures and the like. Here, no such evidence was ever presented by appellant.

PEOPLE vs . ACERO, G.R. Nos. 146690- 91. 3/17/04  A defense based on “sweetheart theory” in rape cases is not a defense at all in rape where the victim is a mental retardate.

PEOPLE vs . OGA, G.R. No. 152302. 6/8/04 Sweetheart theory prevails as a defense in rape when it casts reasonable doubt as to the guilt of the accused.

 ARTICLE 266-C. EFFECT OF PARDON. 

 

Subsequent valid marriage between the offender and the offended party extinguishes the crimin al action or the penalty imposed. A husband may be guilty of raping his wife. When the legal husband is the offender, subsequent extinguishes

forgiveness

of

the

wife

the criminal action or penalty.

This does not foll ow if the marriage is void ab initio.  ARTICLE 266-D. PRESUMPTIONS. EVIDENCE WHICH MAY BE ACCEPTED FOR THE  PROSECUTION OF RA PE: 1. Any physical overt act manifesting resistance

against the act of rape in any degree from the offended party; or 2. Where the offended party is so situated as to render him/her incapable of giving c onsent.

PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES vs. ANTHONY  SANDIG G.R. No. 143124. 7/25/03 The mere assertion of a love relationship does not  necessarily rule out the use of force to consummate the crime of rape. A sweetheart cannot be forced to Page 136 of 174

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TITLE NINE  CRIMES AGAINST PERSONAL LIBERTY AND SECURITY 

Chapter One. Crimes Against Liberty 

PEOPLE vs . PICKRELL, G.R No. 120409. 10/23/03  Although the victim my have inceptually consented to go with the offender to a place but the victim is thereafter prevented, with the use of force, from leaving the place where he was brought to with his consent and is detained against his will, the offender  is guilty of kidnapping and serious illegal detention.

PEOPLE vs. PUA, G.R. NO. 144050. 11/11/03 Section One. Illegal Detention  ARTICLE 267. KIDNAPPING AND SERIOUS ILLEGAL DETENTION 

The penalty shall be death where the kidnapping or  detention was committed for the purpose of extorting  ransom from the victim or any other person, even if  none of the circumstances mentioned in Article 267  were present in the commission of the offense

ELEMENTS:

1. That the offender is a priv ate individual; 2. That he kidnaps or detains another, or in any other manner deprives the liberty ; 3. That the act of detention or kidnapping must be illegal ; and 4. That in the commission of the offense, any of the following circumstances are present ( detention becomes serious): a. that the kidnapping/detention lasts for more than 3 days,

ILLEGAL DETENTION

ARBITRARY  DETENTION 

Committed by a private individual who unlawfully kidnaps, detains or otherwise deprives a person of liberty. Crime is against personal liberty and security

Committed by a public officer or employee who detains a person without legal ground

b. that it is committed by simulating public 

Crime against the fundamental law of the State

authority,

c. that any serious physical injuries are inflicted upon the person kidnapped or detained or threats to kill  him are made, or d. that the person kidnapped or detained is a minor  (except if parent is the offender ), female or a public officer.

is imposed in the following instances: [death penalty suspended] 1. if kidnapping is committed for the purpose of  extorting ransom either from the victim or from any other person even if none of the aforementioned circumstances are present in the commission of the offense; and 2. when the victim is killed or dies as a consequence of the detention or is raped  or is subjected to torture or d ehumanizing acts. Death

PEOPLE vs. OBESO G.R. No. 152285. 10/24/03 It is true that for kidnapping to take place, it is not  necessary that the victim be placed in an enclosure; neither is it necessary that the detention be  prolonged. However, the essence of kidnapping is the actual deprivation of the victim's liberty coupled  with indubitable proof of the intent of the accused to effect such deprivation.

 ARTICLE 268. SLIGHT IL LEGAL DETENTION  ELEMENTS:

1. That the offender is a pr ivate person; 2. That he kidnaps or detains another or in any other manner deprives the liberty  or he furnishes the place for the perpetuation of the detention; 3. That the act of detention or kidnapping must be illegal ; 4. That the crime is committed without the attendance of any of the circumstances enumerated in A rt. 267 . PRIVILEGED MITIGATING CIRCUMSTANCE:

If the offender: 1. voluntarily releases the person so kidnapped or detained within 3 days from the commencement of the detention; 2. without having attained the purpose intended; and 3. before the institution of criminal proceedings against him.  ARTICLE 269. UNLA WFUL ARREST  Page 137 of 174

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ELEMENTS:

ELEMENTS:

1. That the offender arrests or detains another person; 2. That the purpose of the offender is to deliver  him to the proper authorities ; and 3. That the arrest or detention is not authorized  by law  or there is no reasonable ground  therefor.   

Offender is any person . Either a public officer or private individual may be liable. Arrest/ detention refers to warrantless arrests. In Article 125 (Delay in the delivery of detained   persons to the proper judicial authorities), the detention is for some legal ground. While in an unlawful arrest, the detention is not authorized by law.

1. That the offender pu rc has es, sel ls , ki dn aps or  detains a human being; and 2. That the purpose of the offender is to enslave such human being. Qualifying  circumstance – if the purpose immoral traffic  (Ex. prostitution).

is some

 ARTICLE 273. EXPLOITATION OF CHILD LA BOR  ELEMENTS:

1. That the offender retains a minor in h is service; 2. That it is against the will of the minor ; and 3. That it is under the  pr etex t of rei mb ur si ng  himself of a debt  incurred by an ascendant, guardian or person entrusted with the custody of  such minor. 

Indebtedness is not a ground for detention

 ARTICLE 270. KIDNAPPING AND FAILURE TO RETURN A MINOR  ELEMENTS:

1. That the offender is entrusted with the custody  of a minor person ; and 2. That he deliberately fails to restore the said  minor to his parents .  ARTICLE 271. INDUCING A MINOR TO ABA NDON  HIS HOME 

 ARTICLE 274. SERVICES RENDERED UNDER  COMPULSION IN PAYMENT OF DEBT  ELEMENTS:

1. That the offender compels a debtor to work  for him, either as household servant or farm laborer ; 2. That it is against the debtor’s wil l; and 3. That the purpose is to require or enforce the  pay men t o f a d ebt .

ELEMENTS:

1. That the minor is living in the home of his parents or guardians or the person entrusted with his custody; and 2. That the offender induces a minor to abandon such home.



Inducement must be actual, committed with criminal intent  and determined by a will to cause damage. The minor should not leave his home of his



own free will. Mitigated  if committed





by the father or mother 

of the victim. The minor need not actually abandon his home or home of guardian. Mere commission of any act which tends to influence, persuade or prevail on a minor to abandon his home is what constitutes a crime.  ARTICLE 272. SLA VERY 

Chapter Two. CRIMES AGAINST SECURITY 

 ARTICLE 275. AB ANDONMENT OF PERSON IN  DANGER AND ABANDONMENT OF ONE’S OWN  VICTIM.  ACTS PUNISHABLE: 1. By failing to render assistance to any person whom the offender finds in an uninhabited place wounded or in danger of dying , when he can render such assistance without detriment to himself , unless such omission shall 

consti tute a more serious offense ; ELEMENTS:

a. That place is not inhabited . b. The accused found there a person wounded  or in danger of dying . c. The accused can render assistance without  detriment to himself . Page 138 of 174

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d. The accused fails to render assistance. 2. By failing to help or render assistance to another whom the offender has accidentally wounded  or injured ; 3. By failing to deliver a child under 7 whom the offender has found abandoned , to the authorities or to his family, or by failing to take him to a safe  pl ace . (may be applied to a lost child)  ARTICLE 276. AB ANDONING A MINOR.

a. That the offender is a par ent ; b. That he neglects his children by not giving  them education; and c. That his station in life requires such education and his financial condition permits it. 



ELEMENTS:

1. 2. 3. 4.

That the offender has the custody of a child; That the child is under 7 years of age; That he abandons such child; and That he has no intent to kill  the child when the latter is abandoned.



Abandonment must be conscious, deliberate, and permanent. Qualifying circumstances: a. death of the minor; or b. life was in danger because of the abandonment. Parent guilty of abandoning their children shall be deprived of parental authority.





 ARTICLE 277. AB ANDONMENT OF MINOR BY  PERSON ENTRUSTED WITH HIS CUSTODY; INDIFFERENCE OF PARENTS

 ACTS PUNISHED:

1. By delivering a minor to a public institution or other persons w/o consent of the one who entrusted such minor to the care of the offender or, in the absence of that one, without the consent of the proper authorities; ELEMENTS:

a. Offender has charge of the rearing or education of a minor; b. He delivers said minor to a public institution or other persons.; and c. That the one who entrusted such child to the offender has not consented to such act; or if  the one who entrusted such child to the offender is absent, the proper authorities have not consented to it. 2. By neglecting his children by not giving them education which their station in life requires and financial condition permits;

Obligation to educate children terminates if  mother and children refuse without good reason to live with accused Failure to give education must be due to deliberate desire to evade such obligation  ARTICLE 278. EXPLOITATION OF MINORS.

 Ac ts pu ni sh ed: 1. By causing any boy or girl under 16 to perform any dangerous feat of balancing, physical

strength or contortion, the offender being any person. 2. By employin g children under 16 who are no t  the children or descendants of the offender in exhibitions of acrobat, gymnast, rope-walker, diver, or wild-animal tamer or circus manager or engaged in a similar calling. 3. By employing any descendant under 12 in dangerous exhibitions enumerated in the next preceding paragraph, the offender being  4.

engaged in any of said calling s. By delivering a child under 16 gratuitously to any person following any of the callings

enumerated in paragraph 2 or to any habitual vagrant or beggar , the offender being an

ascendant, guardian, teacher or person entrusted in any capacity with the care of such

child. 5. By inducing any child under 16 to abandon the home of its ascendants, guardians, curators or teachers to follow any person engaged in any  of the callings mentioned in paragraph 2 or to accompany any habitual vagrant or beggar , the offender being any person. If the delivery of the child to any person following any of the callings of  acrobat, rope-walker, diver or wild-animal trainer or circus manager or to any habitual vagrant of  beggar is made in consideration of any price, compensation or promise.

Qualifying Circumstance:

 ARTICLE 279. ADDITIONAL PENALTIES FOR  OTHER OFFENSES

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 Ar ti cl e 280. Tresp ass to dw ell in g  ELEMENTS:

1. That the offender is a private person; 2. That he enters the dwelling of another; and 3. That such entrance is against the latter’s wi ll . Qualifying circumstance: If the offense is committed by means of violence or intimidation.  There must be an opposition on the part of 

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the owner of the house to the entry of the accused. Dwelling: any building or structure exclusively devoted for rest and comfort, depends upon use; maybe a room; implied prohibition depending on circumstances Implied prohibition is present considering the following situation. Ex. Felony was committed late at night and everyone’s asleep or entrance was made through the window. Prohibition is not necessary when violence or intimidation is employed by the offender. When there is no overt act of the crime intended to be committed (Ex . theft), the crime is trespass to dwelling. Trespass may be committed even by the owner of the dwelling against the actual  occupant  thereof.

4. That the trespasser has not sec u red the  per mi ss io n of the owner or the caretaker thereof.  ARTICLE 282. GRAVE THREATS  ACTS PUNISHABLE: 1. By threatening another with the infliction upon his per so n, h on or or pr op ert y or that of his family of any wrong amounting to a crime and

demanding money or imposing any other condition, even though not unlawful and the offender attained his pu rpose. 2. By making such threat withou t the offender  attaining his purpose.

3. By threatening another with the infliction upon his person, honor or property or that of his family of  any wrong amounting to a crime, the threat no t  being subject to a condition. .   

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NOT APPLICABLE TO: 

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entrance is for the purpose of  pr even ti ng  harm to himself, the occupants or a third person; purpose is to render some service to humanity or justice; and place is a café, tavern , etc. while it is open.

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 ARTICLE 281. OTHER FORMS OF TRESPASS ELEMENTS:

1. That the offender enters the closed pr emises or th e fenced estate of another; 2. That the entrance is made while either of them is uninhabited ; 3. That the pr oh ib it io n to enter be manifest; and

received  by the person being threatened.

Threat not made in heat of anger, because such threat would be punished as “Other Light  Threats” Grave threats may be committed by indirect challenge to a gun fight, even if complainant was absent when challenge was made; it is sufficient that threats came to knowledge of offended party Threats made in connection with the commission of other crimes are absorbed by the latter The offender in grave threats does not demand the delivery on the spot of the money or other personal property asked by him  ARTICLE 283. LIGHT THREATS .

Medina case: When the accused entered the

dwelling through the window, he had no intent to kill any person inside. His intention to kill came to his mind when he was being arrested by the occupants thereof. Hence, the crime of trespass to dwelling is a separate and distinct offense from frustrated homicide.

 Ag gr avat in g circumstances: (1) if made in writing , or (2) made through a middleman. The crime is frustrated if the threat was not 

ELEMENTS:

1. That the offender makes a threat to comm it a wrong ; 2. That the wrong does not constitute a crime ; 3. That there is a demand for money or that other condition is imposed, even though not unlawful.   

In light threats, the wrong threatened does not amount to a crime. Requires that there be a demand of money or that other condition be imposed Blackmailing may be punished under this provision

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 ARTICLE 284. BOND FOR GOOD BEHAVIOR  

The person making the threats under the 2 preceding articles (grave and light threats) may also be required by the court to give bail  conditioned upon the pr om is e no t t o mol est  the person threatened.  ARTICLE 285. OTHER LIGHT THREATS

3. That the seizure of the thing be accomplished by means of violence or a display of material  force producing intimidation ; and 4. That the purpose of the offender is to apply the same to the pay men t of the debt. Par. 2  

Any other coercion or unjust vexation

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Paragraph 2 of Art. 287 covers unjust vexation . It includes any human conduct which, although

 ACTS PUNISHABLE: 1. By threatening another with a w eapon, or by drawing a weapon in a quarrel , unless it be in

lawful self-defense. 2. By orally threatening another, in the heat of  anger , with some harm constituting a crime, without persisting in the idea involved in the threat. 3. By orally threatening another with harm not  constituting a felony.  

No demand for money or condition involved Threat is not deliberate  ARTICLE 286. GRAVE COERCIONS

ELEMENTS:

1. That a person… a. prevented another from doing something not prohibited by law or b. compel him to do something against his will, be it right or wrong 2. Violence, threats or intimidation, either material force or such display of force as would produce intimidation and control of the will . 3. Without authority of law

not prod uctive of some physical or material  harm would, however, unjustly annoy or vex an 

innocent person. Light coercion under the 1st paragraph of this article will only be unjust vexation if the 3 rd element (employing violence or intimidation) is absent.

 ARTICLE 288. OTHER SIMILA R COERCIONS – (COMPULSORY PURCHASE OF MERCHANDISE   AND PAYMENT OF WAGES BY MEANS OF  TOKENS)

 ACTS PUNISHED:

1. By forcing or compelling , directly or indirectly, or knowingly permitting the forcing or compelling of the laborer or employee of the offender to  pu rc has e merch and is e or commodities of any kind from him. 2. By pay in g t he w ages due his laborer or employee by means of tokens or objects other  than the legal tender currency of the Philippines, unless expressly requested by such laborer or employee. ELEMENTS OF NO. 1:

 Ag gr avat in g c ir cu ms tan ces :

1. Violation of the exercise of the right of suffrage 2. Compelling another to perform a religious act or 3. preventing another from exercising such right or from doing such act (as amended by RA. 7890) 

The thing prevented from execution must not be prohibited by law. Otherwise, there will be no coercion.

1. That the offender is any person , agent or officer of any association or corporation. 2. That he or such firm or corporation has employed laborers or employees 3. That he forces or compels, directly or indirectly, or knowingly permits to be forced or compelled, any of his or its laborers or employees to purchase merchandise or commodities of any kind from him or from said firm or corporation. ELEMENTS OF NO. 2:

 ARTICLE 287. LIGHT COERCIONS ELEMENTS of p ar. 1 :

1. That the offender must be a creditor ; 2. That he seizes anything belongin g to his debtor ;

1. That the offender pays the wages due a laborer or employee employed by him by means of  tokens or objects 2. That those tokens or objects are other than the legal tender currency of the Philippines.

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3. That such employee or laborer does not expressly request that he be paid by means of  tokens or objects.

2. That he learns the secrets of his principal or master in such capacity; and 3. That he reveals such secrets.

 ARTICLE 289. FORMATION, MAINTENANCE, AND PROHIBITION OF COMBINATION OF CAPITAL OR  LABOR THROUGH VIOLENCE OR THREATS

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ELEMENTS:

1. That the offender employs violence or th reats , in such a degree as to compel or force the laborers or employers in the free and legal  exercise of their indust ry or work ; and 2. That the purpose is to organize, maintain or   pr even t c oal it io ns of cap it al o r l abo r, s tr ik e of  laborers or locko ut of employees.

3. If the act shall not constitute a more serious offense.

Chapt er Three. DISCOVERY AND REVELATION  OF SECRETS

Damage is not required by this article.  ARTICLE 292. REVELATION OF INDUSTRIAL SECRETS

ELEMENTS:

1. That the offender is a person in charge, employee or workman of a manufacturing or  industr ial establishment ; 2. That the manufacturing or industrial establishment has a secret of the industry which the offender has learned; 3. That the offender reveals such secrets; and 4. That pr ejudi ce is caused to the owner. 

Prejudice is an essential element of this offense

TITLE TEN  CRIMES AGAINST PROPERTY 

 ARTICLE 290. DISCOVERING SECRETS THROUGH SEIZURE OF CORRESPONDENCE  ELEMENTS:

1. That the offender is a pr iv ate individual or even a public officer not in the exercise of his official function; 2. That he seizes th e papers or letters of another; 3. That the purpose is to discover the secrets of  such another person; and 4. That offender is informed of the contents or the papers or letters seized. 

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This article is not applicable to parents with respect to their minor children or to spouses with respect to the papers or letters of either of them. Contents of the correspondence need not be secret. The pu rpos e of the offender prevails. Qualifying circumstance: When the offender reveals the contents of such papers or letters to a 3rd person. This article does not require that the offended party be prejudiced.  ARTICLE 291. REVEALING SECRETS WITH   AB USE OF OFFICE 

ELEMENTS:

1. That the offender is a manager, employee or  servant ;

Chapter One. ROBBERY IN GENERAL

 ARTICLE 293. WHO ARE GUILTY OF ROBBERY  ELEMENTS of robbery IN GENERAL: 1. That there be per so nal pr op ert y belonging to another (bienes muebles) 2. That there is unlawful taking of that property (apoderamiento or asportacion 3. That the taking must be with intent to gain ; (animus lucrandi ) 4. That there is violence against or intimidation of  any person, or force upon anything.  

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Person from whom property was taken need not be the owner. Legal possession is sufficient . General rule: The identity of the real owner is not essential so long as the personal property taken does not belong to the accused. Exception: If the crime is robbery with homicide The taking of personal property must be unlawful in order to constitute robbery. If the property is in the possession of the offender because it was given to him in trust by the owner, the crime is estafa. Page 142 of 174

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If taking was lawful, then misappropriated after possessionÆ crime may be malversation, (estafa) As to robbery w/ violence or intimidation, from the moment the offender gains possession of the thing even if offender has had no opportunity to dispose of the same, the unlawful taking is complete. As to robbery w/ force upon things, thing must be taken out of the building in order to consummate robbery. Intent to gain is presumed from unlawful taking of  personal property. The unlawful taking must not be under the claim of title or ownership. When there is no intent to gain but there is violence in the taking, the crime is grave coercion.

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The violence or intimidation must be committed against the person of the offended party, not upon the thing taken. General rule: Violence or intimidation must be present before the “taking” is complete. Exception: When violence results in homicide, rape, intentional mutilation or any of the serious physical injuries in paragraphs 1 and 2 of Art. 263 (Serious Physical injuries) , the taking of the property is robbery complexed w/ any of these crimes under Art. 294, even if the taking is already complete when violence was used by the offender. Use of force upon things is entrance to the building by means described in Arts. 299 and 302. When both violence or intimidation and force upon things concur in committing the crime, it is robbery w/ violence against persons.

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If not personal property but real property or rights Æ crime may be usurpation Theft, not robbery, where accused cut with bolo the strings tying opening of a sack and then took the palay RA 6539 is applicable when property taken in robbery is a motor vehicle (Carnapping: taking with intent to gain of motor vehicle belonging to another without the latter’s consent, or by means of violence against or intimidation of persons or by using force upon things; Unqualified -14years and 8 months to 17 years and 4 months; violence/force upon things -17 years and 4 months to 30 years; occupant killed or raped – reclusion perpetua to death) ROBBERY  W/  VIOLENCE 

GRAVE  THREATS

GRAVE  COERCION 

Intent to gain

No intent to gain

Immediate harm

Intimidation; promises some future harm or injury

ROBBERY

No intent to gain Intimidation (effect) is immediate and offended party is compelled to do something against his will (w/n right or wrong)

BRIBERY 

X didn’t commit crime but is intimidated to deprive him of his property Deprived of money thru force or intimidation Neither

X has committed a crime and gives money as way to avoid arrest or prosecution Giving of money is in a sense voluntary Transaction is voluntary and mutual Ex. Accused demands payment of P2.00 with threats of arrest and prosecution, therefore, robbery because (a) intent to gain and (b) immediate harm PEOPLE vs. BOCAL AN, G.R. No. 141527. 9/4/03 For the appellant to be guilty of consummated  robbery, there must be incontrovertible proof that   property was taken from the victim. The appellant is guilty of attempted robbery only when he commences the commission of robbery directly by overt acts and  does not perform all the acts of execution which would produce robbery by reason of some causes or  accident other than his own spontaneous desistance.  ARTICLE 294. ROBB ERY WITH VIOLENCE   AGAINST OR INTIMIDATION OF PERSONS

 ACTS PUNISHED AS ROBBERY WITH VIOLENCE   AGA INST OR INTIMIDATION OF PERSONS:

1. When by reason or on occasion of the robbery, homicide is committed; 2. When the robbery is accompanied w/ rape or  intentional mutilation or arson ; 3. When by reason or on occasion of robbery, any of the ph ys ic al inj ur ies resulting in insanity, imbecility, impotency, or blindness is inflicted; 4. When by reason of or on occasion of the robbery, serious physical injuries resulting in the loss of  the use of speech , or the power to hear or to smell , or the loss of an eye, hand, foot, arm, leg , or the loss of the use of any such member 

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or incapacity for work  in w/c victim is habitually

engaged is inflicted; 5. If the violence / intimidation employed in committing the robbery shall have been carried to a degree clearly unnecessary for the crime; 6. When in the course of its execution, offender inflicts upon any person not responsible for the commission of robbery any of the ph ys ic al  injuries resulting to deformity, loss of any part  of the body or the us e thereof, or illness or  7.

incapacity for the performance of the work f or  > 90 days or > 30 days; If the violence employed does not cause any  serious physical injuries defined in Art. 263, or if offender employs intimidation only.

SPECIAL COMPLEX CRIMES WITH SPECIFIC  PENALTIES PRESCRIBED: 1. Robbery with homicide is committed if original  design is robbery and homicide was committed

although homicide precedes the robbery by an appreciable time. If original design is not robbery but robbery was comm itted after homicide as an afterthought , offender committed 2 separate offenses of robbery and homicide. The crime is still robbery with homicide if the person killed was an innocent byst ander and not the person robbed and even if the death supervened by mere accident. 2. In robbery with rape, the intent to commit  robbery must  pr eced e rape. Prosecution of the crime need not be by th e offended party and the fiscal can sign the information. When rape and homicid e co-exist  in a robbery, rape should be considered as aggravating only and the crime is still robbery with homicide. 3. Robbery with intimidation is committed when the acts done by the accused, by their own nature or by reason of the circumstances, inspire fear  in the person against whom the acts are directed. PEOPLE vs. COMILING, G.R. No. 140405. 3/4/04  As correctly stressed by the Solicitor General, robbery with homicide is a “special complex crime.” It  is enough that in order to sustain a conviction for this crime, the killing, which is designated as “homicide,”  has a direct relation to the robbery, regardless of  whether the latter takes place before or after the killing. For as long as the killing occurs during or  because of the heist, even if the killing is merely  accidental, robbery with homicide is committed.

Well entrenched in this jurisprudence is the doctrine that when homicide takes place as a consequence or  on occasion a robbery, all those who took part in the robbery are guilty as principals in the special complex  crime of robbery with homicide, even if they did not  actually took part in the homicide. The only exception is when it is clearly shown that the accused  endeavored to prevent the unlawful killing.

PEOPLE vs . HIJADA, G.R. No. 123696. 311/04 There is no crime of Robbery with Multiple Homicide under the Revised Penal Code. The crime is Robbery  with Homicide notwithstanding the number of  homicides committed on the occasion of the robbery  and even if murder, physical injuries and rape were also committed on the same occasion.

 ARTICLE 295. ROBB ERY WITH PHYSICAL INJURIES, COMMITTED IN AN UNINHAB ITED PLACE AND BY A BAND, OR WITH THE USE OF  FIREARM ON THE STREET, ROAD, OR ALLEY  QUALIFYING CIRCUMSTANCES IN ROBBERY  WITH VIOLENCE OR INTIMIDATION OF  PERSONS:

If any of the offenses defined in subdivisions 3, 4 and 5 of Art. 294 is committed 1. in an uninhabited place, or 2. by a band , or 3. by attacking a moving train, street car, motor vehicle or airship , or 4. by entering the passenger’s compartments in a train , or in any manner taking the passengers thereof by surprise in the respective conveyances, or 5. on a street, road, highway or alley and the intimidation is made with the use of  firearms. 

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The qualifying circumstances of robbery with violence or intimidation must be alleged in the information and proved during the trial. Being qualifying circumstances, they cannot be offset by generic mitigating circumstances. This article will not apply to the special  complex crimes of robbery w/ homicid e, w/  rape, or w/ serious phys ical injurie s under

paragraph 1 of Art. 263.

 ARTICLE 296. DEFINITION OF A BAND AND PENALTY INCURRED BY MEMBERS THEREOF.

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When at least four armed malefactors take part in the commission of a robbery, it is deemed committed by a band . Requisites for liability for t he acts of the other  members of the band: 1. That the accused was a member of the

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ELEMENTS of robb ery with force upon things under subdiv ision (a): 1. That the offender entered (a) an inhabited  house, or (b) pu bl ic  building, or (c) edifice devoted to religious worship;

2. That the entrance was effected by any of the following means: a. Through an opening not intended for entrance or egress, b. By breaking any wall, roof, or floor or breaking any door or window, c. By using false keys, picklocks o r  similar tools , or d. By using any fictitious name or pretending the exercise of  pu bl ic  authority ; and 3. That once inside the building, the offender took personal property belonging to another with intent to gain .

band; 2. That he was pr esen t at the commission of a robbery by that band; 3. That the other members of the band committed an assault ; and 4. That he did not attempt to prevent the assault. Conspiracy is presumed when 4 or more armed persons committed robbery. In robbery committed by a band, all are liable for any assault committed by the band, unless the others attempted to prevent the assault. 

 ARTICLE 297. ATTEMPTED OR FRUSTRATED ROBBERY WITH HOMICIDE  

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Same penalty, whether robbery is attempted or  frustrated, as long is homicide is committed by reason or on occasion thereof. Where the offense is attempted or frustrated  robbery with serious physical injuries , Art. 48 (complex crimes) is applicable.

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 ARTICLE 298. EXECUTION OF DEEDS BY MEANS OF VIOLENCE OR INTIMIDATION 

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ELEMENTS:

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1. That the offender has intent to d efraud  another; 2. That the offender compels him to sign, 3.

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execute, or deliver any public in strument  or document ; and That the compulsion is by means of violence or intimidation .

This article is not applicable if the document is void. Applies even if document signed, executed or delivered is a private or commercial document.  ARTICLE 299. ROBBERY IN AN INHABITED HOUSE OR PUBLIC BUILDING OR EDIFICE  DEVOTED TO WORSHIP.

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Inhabited house is any shelter, ship or vessel

constituting the dwelling of one or more person even thou gh temporarily absent therefrom when robbery is committed. It includes dependencies, courts, corals, barns, etc. It does not include orchards and lands for cultivation. In robbery by use of force upon things, it is necessary that offender enters the building or where object may be found. When there was no entry, no robbery was committed. Whole body must be inside the house, public building or place devoted to worship to constitute entering. In entering the building, the offender must have an intention to take personal property (People vs. Tayag). Public building includes every building owned, rented or used by the government although owned by private persons or temporarily vacant. Passing through an open door but getting out of  a window is not robbery but theft. To constitute robbery, the outside door must be broken or smashed. If the lock was merely removed or door was merely pushed, crime is only theft. False keys are genuine keys stolen from the owner or any keys other than those intended by the owner for use in the lock w/c was forcibly opened by the offender. Picklocks are those specially adopted for commission of the robbery. The key must have been stolen not by force. Otherwise, it’s robbery by vio lence and  intimidation against persons .

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False key must have been used in opening house and not any furniture inside. Otherwise, the crime is only theft. General Rule: If false key/picklock was used to open an inside door (Ex. door of a room) and offender took personal property, the crime is only

 ARTICLE 300. ROBB ERY IN AN UNINHABITED PLACE AND BY A BAND. 

theft. Exception:

If the room is a separate dwelling  place, crime is robbery. The use of fictitious name or the act of pretending to exercise authority must be committed for the purpose of entering the building.

ELEMENTS of robb ery with force upon things under subdivision (b): 1. That the offender is inside a dwelling house,

public building, or edifice devoted to religious worship, regardless of the circumstances under which he entered it ; and 2. That the offender takes personal property  belonging to another with intent to gain , under any of the following circumstances: a. by the breaking of doors, wardrobes, chests, or any other kind of locked or sealed furniture or receptacle, or b. by taking such furniture or objects

 ARTICLE 301. WHAT IS AN INHAB ITED HOUSE, PUBLIC BUILDING OR BUILDING DEDICATED TO RELIGIOUS WORSHIP AND THEIR  DEPENDENCIES 

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It is not necessary that entrance was made through any of the means mentioned in subdivision (a). Offender may be servants or guests. Destruction of keyhole of cabinet is robbery under this subsection. When sealed box is taken out for the purpose of  breaking it, crime is already consummated robbery. There is no need to actually open it inside the building from where it was taken. But if the box was confided into the custody of  accused and he takes the money contained therein, the crime is estafa. The crime is theft if the box was found outside of the building and the accused forced it open.

of an inhabited house, public building or building dedicated to religious worship are all interior courts, corrals, warehouses, granaries or enclosed places: 1. contiguous to the building, having an interior entrance connected therewith, and 2. forming p art of the whole . A garage, in order to be considered as a dependency of a house, must have the 3 foregoing requirements. Dependencies

 ARTICLE 302. ROBB ERY IN AN UNINHABITED PLACE OR IN A PRIVATE BUILDING.

away to be broken or forced open outside the place of the robbery. 

Robbery in an inhabited house, public building or edifice devoted to religious worship is qualified  when committed by a band and in an uninhabited place.

ELEMENTS:

1. That the offender entered an uninhabited   pl ace or  a building which was not a dwelling hous e, not a public build ing, or  not an edifice devoted to religious worship ;

2. That any of the following circumstances was present: a. That entrance was effected through an opening not intended for entrance or egress, b. A wall, roof, floor, or outside door or window was broken , c. The entrance was effected through the use of false keys, picklock s or oth er  similar tools , d. A door, wardrobe, chest, or any sealed or closed furniture or receptacle was broken ; or e. A closed or sealed receptacle was

Mitigating circumstance:

1. Offenders do not carry arms and the value of  the property taken exceeds 250 pesos. 2. Offenders are armed, but the value does not exceed 250 pesos. 3. Offenders do not carry arms and the value does not exceed 250 pesos Æ penalty of a) or b) in minimum period. 4. Committed in dependencies

3.

removed, even if the same be brok en open elsewhere; and That with intent to gain , the offender took  therefrom personal property belonging to

another. 

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Uninhabited place under this article is an uninhabited building w/c is not a dwelling house, public building, or edifice for worship. Ex. warehouse, freight car, store. Robbery under this article is committed in the same manner as in Ar t. 299 (Robbery in inhabited house, public building, and edifice devoted to religious worship ) except that what  was entered into was an uninh abited place or  a bldg. oth er than the 3 mentioned in Art. 299.  The use of fictitious name or pretending th e exercise of public authority is no t also included in this article.

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The breaking of  pad lo ck  but not of the door is only theft.

 ARTICLE 303. ROBBERY OF CEREALS, FRUITS, OR FIREWOOD IN AN UNINHABITED PLACE OR  PRIVATE BUILDING 

When the robbery described in Arts. 299 and 302 consists in the taking of cereals, fruits, or firewood, the penalty is one degree lower.

Chapter Two. BRIGANDAGE 

 ARTICLE 306. WHO ARE BRIGANDA GS; PENALTY.

 There is brigandage when – 1. at least four armed persons, 2. band of robbers, and 3. their purpose is any of the ff: a. Robbery in the highway b. Kidnapping for extortion or ransom c.  An y oth er p ur po se to be obtained by means of force and violence.   All the members of the band are presumed brigands if any of them carries an unlicensed firearm.

BRIGANDAGE  ARTICLE 304. ILL EGAL POSSESSION OF  PICKLOCKS OR SIMILAR TOOLS ELEMENTS:

Purposes are as enumerated in Art. 306 Mere formation of a band for the above purpose

1. That the offender has in his po ss ess io n picklocks or similar tools; 2. That such picklocks or similar tools are 3.

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specially adopted to the commissio n of  robbery ; and That the offender does not h ave lawful  cause for such possession.

Actual use of the picklocks or similar tools is not necessary.  ARTICLE 305. FAL SE KEYS.

include: 1. picklocks or similar tools, 2. genuine keys stolen from the owner; and 3. any key other than those intended by owner for use in the lock forcibly opened by the offender. Possession of false keys in paragraphs (b) and (c) above is not punishable. If the key was entrusted to the offender and he used it to steal, crime is not robbery but theft .

FALSE KEYS

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ROBBERY IN BAND

Only to commit robbery, not necessarily in hi-way If the purpose is to commit a particular robbery, it is necessary to prove that band actually committed robbery

 ARTICLE 307. AIDING AND A BETTING A BA ND OF BRIGANDS ELEMENTS:

1. That there is a band of brigands ; 2. That the offender knows the band to be of  brigands; and 3. That the offender does any of the following acts: a. he in any manner aids, abets or   pr ot ect s such band of brigands, or b. he gives them information of the c.

movements of the police or o ther   peac e offi cer s of the Government, or he acquires or receives the property  taken by such brigands.

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P. D. No. 532 defines brigandage as the seizure of any person for: (a) ransom; (b) extortion or other unlawful purpose; or (c) the taking away of  property by violence or intimidation or force upon things or other unlawful means, committed by any person on any Philippine highway.

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The Anti-Carnapping Act defines

carnapping  as the taking, with intent to gain, of a motor vehicle belonging to another without the latter’s consent, or by means of  violence against or intimidation of persons, or by using force upon things. This law also penalizes the defacing or tampering with the original serial number of motor vehicle engines, engine blocks, and chassis.

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Chapt er Three. THEFT 

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 ARTICLE 308. THEFT  ELEMENTS:

1. 2. 3. 4.

That there be taking of personal property ; That said property belongs to another; That the taking be done with intent to gain ; That the taking be done without the consent of the owner; and 5. That the taking be accomplished without th e use of violence against or int imidation of   per so ns or fo rc e up on th in gs .

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“Taking”: if bulky, must be taken away(when place surrounded by fence or wall), otherwise, the moment he had full possession of thing, asportation is complete; does not need a character of permanency Intent to Gain – taking must be accompanied by intention, at the time of taking, of withholding the thing with character of permanency; presumed from unlawful taking of personal property of  another Gain desired by the offender may not only be money. It may include satisfaction, use, pleasure or any benefit; includes satisfaction of taking revenge It is not required that the off ender realized  actual gain in committing theft. It is sufficient that

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he took personal property of another with intent to gain. Trust, Commission, Administration: J uridical possession of thing transferred to another If only custody of object (i.e. only material   po ss ess io n) was given to the accused and it is actually taken by him with no intent to return, the crime is theft. But if  ju ri di cal poss ess ion is transferred (Ex., by a contract of bailment) is given to the accused and he takes the property with intent to gain, the crime is estafa. Personal property: includes electricity and gas, promissory note and check. Ex. the inspector misreads the meter to profit thereby, or one using a jumper Consent: freely given and not merely lack of  objection  Al leg ati on in th e in fo rm ati on of the lack of the owner’s consent is important. Finder: may be a finder in law Theft is consummated when the offender is able to place the thing taken under his control and in such a situation as he could dispose of it at once (although there is actually no opportunity to dispose). Servant using his employer’s car without permission is guilty of qualified theft although his use thereof was only temporary. However, Reyes says that there must be some character of  permanency in depriving owner of the use of the object and making himself the owner. Therefore, “joyride” must be deemed as qualified theft. An employee taking his salary before it is actually delivered to him is guilty of theft. If the offender, in good faith , claims property as his own, no theft is committed although his claim of ownership is later found to be untrue . However, if his claim is in bad faith, he is guilty of  theft.

PERSONS LIA BLE FOR THEFT:

1. Those who: a. with intent to gain, b. but w/o violence against or intimidation of  persons nor force upon things c. take d. personal property e. of another f. w/o the latter’s consent. 2. Those who: a. having found lost property , b. fail to deliver the same to the local authorities or its owner.

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Retention of money/property found is theft. What is punished is retention or failure to return with intent to gain. The offender’s knowledge of the identity of the owner of the property is not required . His knowledge that the pr opert y is l os t  is enough. The finder of the lost property is liable for his deliberate failure to return the lost property, he knowing that the property does not belong to him. 3. Those who: a. after having maliciously d amaged the  pr op ert y  of another, b. remove or make use of the fruits or  object of the damage caused by them. Killing the cattle of another which destroyed his(offender’s) property and getting meat for himself is theft.

2. Extracting or removing the gold from such ores or rocks and treat such ores and rocks to recover and extract the gold therefrom without the consent of the operator of the mining claim. HIGHGRADING – selling P.D. NO. 401 PUNISHES THE USE OF TA MPERED WATER OR ELECTRICAL METERS TO STEAL WATER OR ELECTRICITY.  ACTS PUNISHABLE:

1. unauthorized installation of water, electrical or telephone connections, 2. the use of tampered water or electrical meters to steal water or electricity, 3. the stealing or pilfering of water and/or electrical meters, electric and/or telephone wires, and 4. knowingly possessing stolen or pilfered water and/or electrical meters, and stolen or pilfered electric and/or phone wires.

4. Those who hunting, fishing or gathering  fruits, etc. in enclos ed estate

ELEMENTS(Par. 3 of Art 308):

1. That there is an enclosed estate or a field where trespass is forbidden or which belongs to another; 2. That the offender enters the same; 3. That the offender hunts or fishes upon the same or gathers fruits, cereals or other forest or farm products in the estate or field; and 4. That the hunting or fishing or gathering of  products is without the consent of the owner.

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The fishing in this article is not in the fishpond  or fishery . If the fish is taken from a fishpond or a fishery, the crime is qualified theft.

WAYS OF COMMITTING THEFT OF ELECTRICITY  (OTHER THAN BY ILLEGAL INSTALLA TIONS):

1. turning back the dials of the electric meter, 2. fixing the electric meter so it will not register the actual electric consumption, 3. under-reading of electric consumption, and 4. tightening screw of rotary blades to slow down their rotation.  ARTICLE 309. PENAL TIES FOR THEFT 

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The basis of the penalty in theft is: (1) the value of the thing stolen, and in some cases, (2) the value and also the nature of the property taken, or (3) the circumstances or causes that impelled the culprit to commit the crime.

P.D. NO. 534 PUNISHES ILLEGAL FISHING COMMITTED BY–

1. Any person to catch, take or gather or cause to be caught, taken or gathered fish in Philippine waters with the use of  explosives, obnoxious or poisonous substances or by the use of electricity ; and 2. Any person who knowingly possesses, deals in, sells or in any manner disposes

of, for profit, any fish, fishery/aquatic products w/c have been illegally caught.

P.D. NO. 581 PUNISHES “ HIGHGRADING” OR  THEFT OF GOLD COMMITTED BY –

1. Taking gold-bearing ores from a mining claim or mining camp, or removing, collecting or gathering gold-bearing ores or rocks in place;

 ARTICLE 310. QUAL IFIED THEFT  Theft is qualified if -

1. It is committed by a domestic servant , or 2. Committed with grave abuse of con fidence, or 3. The property stolen is a: a. motor vehicle, b. mail matter, c. large cattle, d. coconut from the premises of a  pl ant ation , e. fish from a fishpond or fishery , or Page 149 of 174

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4. Committed on the occasion of calamities, vehicular accident and civil disturb ance. 

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“ Grave abuse of con fidence”  necessitates a

high degree of confidence b/w the offender and the offended party. (Ex. guests). Hence, when there is no confidence b/w the parties, the crime is not qualified theft. Theft is qualified if it is committed by one who has access to the place where stolen property is kept. (Ex. security guards, tellers) Novation theory (i.e. the victim’s acceptance of  payment converted the offender’s liability to a civil obligation) applies only if there is a contractual relationshi p b/w the accused and the complainant. When the accused treated the deed of sale as sham and he had intent to gain, his absconding  with the object of th e sale is qualified theft. When a PUV in “boundary ” system entrusted to the offender is sold to another, the crime is theft . On the other hand, if the motor vehicle is not used for public utility in “boundary” system but under contract of lease, the crime is estafa.

ELEMENTS of f encing : 1. The crime of robbery or theft has been

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committed; 2. The accused, who is not a principal or an accomplice in the crime of robbery/theft, in any manner deals in any property whic h has been derived from the proc eeds of the said crime; 3. The accused knows or should have known that the said property has been derived from theft/robbery; and 4. The accused has intent to gain . Possession of stolen goods is prima facie evidence of guilt For those engaged in sale of used secondhand articles – requires clearance and permit to sell

 ARTICLE 311. THEFT OF PROPERTY OF THE  NATIONAL LIBRARY A ND NATIONAL MUSEUM  

Theft of property on National Library and Museum has a fixed penalty regardless of  its value.

 ANTI-CATTLE RUSTLING LA W  Chapt er Fou r. USURPATION  

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CATTLE RUSTLING is the taking away by any

means, method or, scheme, without the consent of the owner, of animals classified as large cattle whether or not for profit or gain, or whether committed with or without violence against or intimidation of any person or force upon things. It includes the killing of large cattle, or taking its meat/hide without the consent of the owner. Large cattle includes cow, carabao, horse, mule, ass, or other domesticated member of the bovine family. Qualifying circumstances: 1. Cattle-rustling is committed with violence 2.

against or intimidation of persons or force upon things ; and A person is seriously injur ed or killed as a

result or on occasion of cattle-rustling.

P.D. 330 punishes timber smuggling from, and illegal cutting of logs in, public forests and forest

reserves as qualified theft.

 ANTI-FENCING LA W 

 ARTICLE 312. OCCUPATION OF REAL PROPERTY OR USURPATION OF REAL RIGHTS IN PROPERTY  ELEMENTS:

1. That the offender takes possession of any  real property or usurps any real rights in property; 2. That the real property or real rights belong to another; 3. That violence against or int imidation of   per so ns is used by the offender in occupying real property or usurpation real rights in property; and 4. That there is intent to gain .

 Ar ti cl e 313. Alt eri ng bo un dar ies or lan dm ark s.

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ELEMENTS:

1. That there be boundary marks or  monuments of towns, provinces, or estates, or any other marks intended to designate the boundaries of the same; and 2.  That the offender alters said boundary marks.

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There must be an existing obligation of the offender to deliver even if the property to be delivered is not a subject of lawful comm erce. When thing delivered has not been fully or   par ti all y paid fo r , there is no estafa. When there was no agreement as to q uality  and delivery was unsatisfactory , there is no estafa.

Chapt er Five. CULPABL E INSOLVENCY 

ELEMENTS OF ESTAFA WITH ABUSE OF   C ONFIDENCE:

1. That money, goods, or other personal property be received by the offender in trust, or on commission, or for administration, or under any other obligation involving the duty to make delivery of, or to return , the same; 2.  That there be misappropriation or  conver sion of such money or property by the offender, or denial on his part o f such

 ARTICLE 314. FRAUDULENT INSOLVENCY  E LEMENTS:

1. Offender is a debtor ; that is, he has obligations due and payable; 2.  Ab sc on ds wi th hi s p ro per ty ; and 3. Prejudice to his creditors.

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receipt;

3.  That such misappropriation or conversion or denial is to the prejudice of another; and 4. That there is a demand made by the offended party to the offender.

Actual prejudice to the creditors is required. 

The thing must have been received by offender under transactions transferring juridical   po ss ess io n o nl y an d n ot ow ner sh ip .

Chapter Six. SWINDLING AND OTHER DECEITS

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 ARTICLE 315. ESTAFA (SWINDLING).

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E LEMENTS OF ESTAFA IN GENERAL:

1. Defrauded another (a) by abuse of  confidence, or (b) or means of  deceit ; and 2.  That damage or prejudice capable of   pec un iar y es ti mat io n is caused to the offended party or third person.

E LEMENTS OF ESTAFA WITH  UNFAITHFULNESS:

1. Offender has an onerous obligation to deliver something of value; 2.  That he alters its substance, quantity, or quality; and 3.  That damage or prejudice is caused to another.

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Committed by altering the substance, quantity, or quality of the things to be delivered

Under PD 115 (Trust Receipts Law) , the f ailure to turn over to the bank the proceeds of the sale of the goods covered by the trust receipt constitutes estafa.  The same thing received must be returned. Otherwise, estafa is committed. The sale on credit by the agent when it sho ul d  be sold for cash is estafa. Estafa, being a public offense, is not affected  by novation of contract. But novation, if it takes

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place before criminal liability was incurred or perhaps prior to the filing of the criminal information in court by state prosecutors, relie ves offender from incipient criminal liability. Misappropriating means taking something for one’s own benefit. Converting is the act of using or disposing of  another’s property as if it w as one’s own . It may also mean the devotion of a thing for a purpose or use different from that agreed upon. Prejudice to another is necessary. However, it is

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not necessary that offender should o btain gain. General Rule: Between partners, there is no

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estafa of money or property received for the partnership when the business is commercial a nd profits accrued. Page 151 of 174

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Exception: If property is received by a partner for a specific purp os e and is misappropriated,

estafa is committed. Failure to account after demand is a circumstantial evidence of misappropriation. Demand is not a condition precedent to the existence of estafa when the misappropriation may be established by other proof. In theft , upon delivery of the thing to the offender, the owner expects an imm ediate return of the thing to him. If owner does no t  expect immediate return , crime is estafa. A servant, domestic, or employee who misappropriates a thing he received from his master is guilty of  qualified theft , not estafa. When in the prosecution for malversation the public officer is acquitted, the private individual allegedly in conspiracy with him may be held liable for estafa.

Estafa with Abuse of  Confidence Offenders are entrusted 

3.

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Funds: always pr iv ate

continuing offense Funds: pu bl ic  funds or

Offender: pr iv ate individual, or pu bl ic 

officer ac countable

for public funds Committed by misappropriating, converting, denying having received money

1. That the offender po st dat ed a c hec k , or issued a check in payment of an obligation; and 2.  That such postdating or issuing a check was done when the offender had no funds in the bank or his funds deposited therein were no t  sufficient  to cover the amount of the check.

for

Committed by appropriating, taking, misappropriating

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ELEMENTS OF ESTAFA B Y TAK ING UNDUE   A DVANTAGE OF THE SIGNATURE IN BLANK:

1. That the paper with the signature of the offended party be in blank ; 2. That the offended party should have delivered it to offender; 3. That above the signature of the offended party a document is written by the offender without authority to do so; and 4.  That the document so written creates a liability  of, or causes damage to, the offended party or any third person.

If the paper with signature in blank was stolen , the crime is falsification if the offender made it 

 There must be evidence that the pretense of the accused that he possesses power/influence is false.

E LEMENTS OF ESTAFA B Y POSTDATING A CHECK OR ISSUING A CHECK IN PAYMENT O F   AN OBLIGATION:

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 pr io r to o r s im ul tan eou sl y w ith t he commission of the fraud ;  That the offended party must have relied on

the false pretense, fraudulent act, or fraudulent means, that is, he was in d uced to  par t w it h h is mo ney or pr op ert y because of the false pretense, fraudulent act, or fraudulent means; and 4.  That as a result thereof, the offended party suffered damage.

Offenders are entrusted with funds or property & is a

public funds

when in fact he did not so

1. That there must be a false pretense, fraudulent act or f raudulent means. 2.  That such false pretense, fraudulent act or fraudulent means must be made or executed

with funds or property & is a continuing offense

officer not accoun table

participate.

E LEMENTS OF ESTAFA B Y MEANS OF DECEIT:

Malversation

property Offender:  pu bl ic 

transaction

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Good faith is a defense in a charge of estafa by

postdating or issuing a check.  The drawer’s failure to deposit the amount necessary to cover the issued check within 3 days from notice of dishonor is prim a facie evidence of deceit. If the check was issued in p ayment of  pr eexisting debt , there is no estafa.

Offender must be able to obtain s omething  from the offended party by means of the check

he issues and delivers. If postdating a check issued as mere guarantee/promissory note , there is no estafa.

B.P. 22 (BOUNCING CHECKS LAW)

appear that the victim participated in a

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ELEMENTS of offense defined in the 1 PAR. of  Sec.1 of BP 22: 1. That a person makes or draws and issues any check ;

2. That the check is made or drawn and issued to apply on account or for value; 3. That the person who makes or draws and issues the check knows at the time of issue that he does not have suffici ent funds in or credit with the drawee bank for the payment of such check in full upon its presentment; 4. That the check is subsequently dishonored  by the drawee bank for insufficiency of funds or credit, or would h ave been dishonored  for the same reason had not the drawee, without any valid reason, ordered the bank to stop payment.

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(Wong vs. CA)

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nd 

ELEMENTS of offense defined in the 2  PAR of  Se.c.1 of BP 22: 1. That a person has sufficient funds in or

credit with the drawee bank when he makes or draws and issues a check; 2. That he fails to keep sufficient  funds or to maintain a credit to cover the full amount of  the check if presented within a period of  90 days from the date appearing thereon; and 3. That the check is dishonored by the drawee bank.

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Notes on SC Admin. Circu lar 12-2000:

1. The circular provides that in a BP22 conviction, the judge, in his discretion, may impose fine alone, without imprisonment. 2. The fine should be not less than but nor  more than double the amount of the dishonored checks. 3.  The circular is not a penal law, hence there is no retroactivity in favor of the accused. The circular applies only to cases pending at its effectivity. (Joya vs. Galvez, 2003) 4. The circular merely lays down a rule of   pr efer enc e. It does not amend BP22. It merely urges the courts to take into account not only the purpose of the law but also the circum stances of the accused —whether he acted in good faith or on clear mistake of  faith without taint of negligence. Thus, imprisonment may still be imposed. (Joya vs.

1. Making, drawing and issuance of check which is refused 2. Prima facie evidence of knowledge of  insufficiency of funds; Requisites: a. Check presented within 90 days , b. Dishonored, and c. c. Failure to make good the check within 5 banking days after receiving written notice of dishonor

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The presumption of knowledge can exist only after it is proved that the issuer had received the notice of dishonor. The pr os ecu ti on mu st pr ov e receipt , i.e. registered mail, or authenticated signature on registry return receipt. The registry receipt alone is insufficient. Testimony or affidavit of person mailing the letter is required. ( Ting vs. CA, 2000 ) Verbal notice of dishonor is insufficient. Must be written . (Domagsang vs. CA, 2000 ) What the law prohibits is issuance . The purpose or conditions of issuance is immaterial. Issuance is malum prohibitum. That the check was issued as a guarantee is immaterial, unless the

Payee’s knowledge of insufficiency of funds is immaterial, because deceit is not an element of  BP22 . The exception is when there was no intention to apply said checks for account or for vale. (Young vs. CA, 2005) Responsibility under BP22 is personal to the accused. Hence, the notice must also be  per so nal . Thus, if the issuer is a corp. officer, notice to the corp. is not notice to the officer. (Marigomen vs. People, 2005)

Evidence of knowledge of insufficiency of fun ds:

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check was not issued for account or value. (Wong vs. CA, 2001) BP22 does not state that the issuer must maintain funds for only 90 days. That the check must be deposited within 90 days is merely one of the conditions for the presumption of  knowledge of insufficiency. It is not an element of  the offense. Where presentment was after 90 days, only the presumption was lost. Knowledge could still be proven by evidence. By current banking practice, the check must be presented within 180 days. Afterwards it becomes stale. Presentment after 180 days is then a defense.

Galvez, 2003)

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Absence of the notice merely prevents the presumption of knowledge of insufficiency. The prosecution must then prove knowledge with evidence. Thus, the notice is NOT a prerequisite for a BP22 prosecution. (Young vs. CA, 2005)

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 ArtICLE 315. par. 2 (d) Postdating a check  Q: MM issued to CC a check as payment for a car  MM previously bought from CC. When the check  was presented for payment, the same was dishonored for insufficiency of funds. CC filed a case of estafa under Art. 315 par. 2 (d) against  MM. Will the action prosper?

either drawn or issued in the Philippines though payable outside thereof. ESTAFA BY OBTAINING FOOD OR CREDIT AT  HOTELS, INNS, RESTAURANTS ETC. 3 ways of commi tting estafa under this provision:

1. By obtaining food, refreshment or accommodation at a hotel, inn, restaurant, boarding house, lodging or apartment house without paying therefor, with intent to defraud the proprietor or manager thereof; 2. By obtaining credit at any of the said establishments by the use of any false pretense; and 3. By abandoning or surreptitiously removing any part of his baggage from any of the said establishments after obtaining credit, food, refreshment or accommodation therein, without paying therefor.

 A: NO. To constitute estafa under this provision, the act of postdating or issuing a check in payment of  an obligation must be the efficient cause of  defraudation, and as such it should be either prior  to or simultaneous with the act of fraud . The offender must be able to obtain money or property  from the offended party because of the issuance of  a check whether postdated or not. That is, the latter would not have parted with his money or  other property were it not for the issuance of the check.  An acquittal or conviction of the drawer under the Revised Penal Code is not a bar to his  prosecution or conviction under BP 22, because the latter law requires the additional fact of the drawer’s knowledge of lack of insufficiency of  funds.

ELEMENTS OF ESTAFA BY INDUCING ANOTHER  TO SIGN ANY DOCUMENT:

1. That the offender induced the offended party to sign a document ; 2. That deceit  be employed to make him sign the document; 3. That the offended party per so nal ly si gn ed  the document; and 4. That pr eju di ce be caused.

BOUNCING CHECKS LAW (B.P. 22) Q: If a check is presented for payment 90 days after  date of issue, is the drawer thereof absolved from criminal liability for B.P. 22?

 A:

NO, only the presumption of knowledge of  insufficiency of funds was lost, but such knowledge could still be proven by direct or circumstantial  evidence. The law does not require a maker to maintain funds in his bank account for only 90  days. It is not an element of the offense. That the check must be deposited within ninety (90) days is simply one of the conditions for the prima facie  presumption of knowledge of lack of funds to arise. Neither does it discharge petitioner from his duty to maintain sufficient funds in the account within a reasonable time thereof. If the reason for the dishonor of the check was that  it was “drawn against uncollected deposit” and not  “drawn against insufficient funds”, a prosecution under B.P. 22 will still prosper because just the same, said drawer has no sufficient funds in his account to cover the amount of the check at the time of its presentment.  An accommodation party is liable for BP 22  because what is penalized therein is the mere issuance of a bouncing check. He is liable for the even if she was not involved in the transaction for  which the check was issued .

A foreign check is covered by BP 22 provided it is

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If offended party willingly signed the document but there was deceit as to the character or contents of the document, the crime is falsification. But where the accused made representations to mislead the complainant as to the character of the document, the crime is estafa.

ELEMENTS OF ESTAFA BY REMOVING, CONCEALING OR DESTROYING DOCUMENTS:

1. That there be court records , office files, documents or any other papers; 2. That the offender removed, concealed o r  destroyed any of them; and 3. That the offender had intent to defraud  another.

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If there is no intent to defraud , destroying or removing said papers is malicious mischief . Damage or prejudice as the 2nd element of any form of estafa may consist in: 1. The offender party being deprived of his money or property, as a result of the defraudation; 2. Disturbance in property rights; or 3. Temporary prejudice. Page 154 of 174

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being relieved from the obligation contracted by him, shall sell, mortgage, or, in any other manner, encumber the real property or properties with which he guaranteed the fulfillment of such obligation.

ILLEGAL RECRUITMENT  Under the Migrant Workers Act  R.A. No. 8042 

- Any act of canvassing, enlisting, hiring, or procuring workers, including referring contract services, promising or advertising for employment abroad, whether for profit or not, when undertaken by a non-licensee or non-holder of  authority. Illegal

Recruitment 

Any such non-licensee or non-holder of authority who, for a fee, offers and promises employment abroad to two or more persons shall be deemed so engaged in illegal recruitment. Economic Sabotage: 

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Illegal recruitment by syndicate - committed by a group of three (3) or more persons conspiring or confederating with one another. Large Scale Illegal Recruitment – committed against three (3) or more persons.

Penalty for Illegal Recruitment involving economic sabotage is punishable by life imprisonment and fine of P500,000 to P1,000,000.  ARTICLE 316. OTHER FORMS OF SWINDLING.

OTHER FORMS OF SWINDLING:

1. Any person who, pretending to be owner of  any real property, shall convey, sell, encumber or mortgage the same. 2. Any person, who, knowing that real property is encumbered, shall dispose of the same, although such encumbrance be not recorded. 3. The owner of any personal property who shall wrongfully take it from its lawful possessor, to the prejudice of the latter or any third person. 4. Any person who, to the prejudice of another, shall execute any fictitious contract. 5. Any person who shall accept any compensation given him under the belief that it was in payment of services rendered or labor performed by him, when in fact he did not actually perform such services or labor. 6. Any person who, while being a surety in a bond given in a criminal or civil action, without express authority from the court or before the cancellation of his bond or before

ELEMENTS OF SWINDLING BY CONVEYING, SELLING, ENCUMBERING, OR MORTGAGING  ANY REAL PROPERTY, PRETENDING TO BE THE  OWNER OF THE SAME:

1. That the thing be immovable, such as a parcel of land or a building; 2. That the offender, who is not the owner of  said property, represented that h e is the owner thereof; 3. That the offender should have executed an act of ownership (selling, leasing, encumbering or mortgaging the real property). 4. That the act be made to the pr eju di ce of the owner or a third person. ESTAFA

Private

INFIDELITY IN THE  CUSTODY OF  DOCUMENTS Public officer entrusted

Intent to defraud

No intent to defraud 

individual was entrusted

ELEMENTS of SWINDLING BY DISPOSING OF  REAL PROPERTY AS FREE FROM  ENCUMBRANCE, ALTHOUGH SUCH  ENCUMBRANCE BE NOT RECORDED: 1. That the thing disposed of be real property ; 2. That the offender knew that the real property

was encumbered, whether the encumbrance is recorded or not. 3. That there must be express representation by the offender that the real property is free from encumbrance; and 4. That the act of disposing of the real property be made to the damage of another.

ELEMENTS of SWINDLING BY WRONGFULLY  TAKING BY THE OWNER HIS PERSONAL FROM  ITS LAWFUL POSSESSOR : 1. That the offender is the owner of personal   pr op ert y ; 2. That said personal property is in the lawful   po ss ess io n o f an ot her ; 3. That the offender wrongfully takes it from

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ELEMENTS of SWINDLING BY SELLING, MORTGAGING OR ENCUMBERING REAL PROPERTY OR PROPERTIES WITH WHICH THE  OFFENDER GUARANTEED THE FULFILLMENT  OF HIS OBLIGATION AS SURETY : 1. That the offender is a surety in a bond given

in a criminal or civil action; 2. That he guaranteed the fulfillment of such obligation with his r eal property or   pr op ert ies ; 3. That he sells, mortgages, or, in any oth er  manner encumbers said real property; 4. That such sale, mortage or encumbrance is (a) without express authority from the court, or (b) made before the cancellation of his bond, or (c) before being relieved from the obligation contracted by him.

 ARTICLE 319. REMOVAL, SA LE OR PLEDGE OF  MORTGAGED PROPERTY 

ELEMENTS of SELLING OR PLEDGING PERSONAL PROPERTY ALREADY PLEDGED : 1. That personal property is already pledged 

under the terms of the Chattel Mortgage Law; 2. That the offender, who is the mortgagor of  such property, sells or pledges the same or any part thereof; and 3. That there is no cons ent of the mortgagee written on the back of the mortgage and noted on the record thereof in the office of  the register of deeds.

ELEMENTS of KNOWINGLY REMOVING MORTGAGED PERSONAL PROPERTY : 1. That per so nal pr op ert y is mortgaged under

the Chattel Mortage Law; 2. That the offender knows that such property is so mortgaged; 3. That he removes such mortgaged personal to any pr ov in ce o r c it y o th er  than the one in which it was located at the time of the execution of the mortgage; 4. That the removal is per man ent ; and 5. That there is no written consent of the mortgagee or his executors, administrator or assignees to such removal.

 ARTICLE 317. SWINDLING A MINOR  ELEMENTS:

1. That the offender takes advantage of the inexperience or emotions or feelings of a minor; 2. That he induces such minor (a) to assume an obligation, or (b) to give release, or (c) to execute a transfer of any property right; 3. That the consideration is (a) some loan of  money, (b) credit or (c) other per so nal   pr op ert y ; and 4. That the transaction is to the detriment of  such minor.

Chapt er Eig ht . ARSON AND OTHER CRIMES INVOLVING DESTRUCTIONS

 ARTICLE 318. OTHER DECEITS

OTHER DECEITS ARE:

1. By defrauding or damaging another by any  other deceit not mentioned in preceding articles; and 2. By interpretating dreams, making  forecasts, fortun e-telling, or by taking  advantage of the credulity of the public in any other similar manner for pr of it or gai n .

P.D. 1613 expressly repealed or amended Arts 320-

326, but P.D. 1744 revived Art 320 Destructive arson).  

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Chapter Seven. CHATTEL MORTGAGE 

Arson is the malicious destruction of property by fire. Arson committed by any person who burns or sets fire to the property of another or to his own property under circumstances which expose to danger the life or property of another Attempted: Ex. Rags in gasoline, Consummated: If any part of building burned Frustrated:there is fire, but no part of hoiuse burned

THREE KINDS OF ARSON:

1. Arson

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2. Destructive arson; and 3. Other cases of arson.

A. ELEMENTS of CRIME INVOLVING DESTRUCTION : 1. That the offender causes destruction of the property; and 2. That the destruction was done by means of: a. explosion, b. discharge of electric current, c. inundation, d. sinking or stranding of a vessel, e. damaging the engine of the vessel, f. taking up rails from the railway track, g. destroying telegraph wires and posts or those of any other system, or h. other similar effective means of  destruction. B. ELEMENTS of BURNING ONE’S PROPERTY   AS A MEANS TO COMMIT ARSON : 1. That the offender set fire to or destroyed  his own property ; 2. That the purpose of the offender in doing so was to commit arson or to cause a great  destruction ; and 3.  That the pr op ert y belo ng in g t o an ot her  was burned or destroyed. C. ELEMENTS of  ARSON : 1. That the pr op ert y bur ned is th e exc lu si ve  pr op ert y of t he o ff end er ; and 2. That (a) the purpose of the offender is burning it is to defraud or cause damage to another , or (b) pr eju di ce is actually caused, or (c) the thing burned is a building in an inhabited place. Special aggravating circumstances in arson: 1. If committed with intent to gain ; 2. If committed for the benefit of another ; 3. If the offender is motivated by spite or  hatred  towards the owner or occupant of the

property burned; or 4. If committed by a syndicate.

3. Train, Locomotive, Ship or Vessel for transportation, public use, leisure, entertainment 4. Building, factory, warehouse for service of  Public Utilities 5. Building to conceal evidence, conceal bankruptcy, defraud creditors 6. Arsenal/Military/General Museum 7. Inhabited Place SECTION 6 OF PD 1613: PRIMA FACIE EVIDENCE  OF GUILT  1. If the fire started simultaneously in more than one part of the building or establishment 2. If substantial amount of flammable substances or materials are stored within the building not of the offender nor for household use 3. If gasoline, kerosene, petroleum or other flammable or combustible substances or materials soaked therewith or containers thereof, or any mechanical, electrical, chemical, or electronic contrivance designed to start a fire, or ashes or traces of any of the foregoing are found in the ruins or premises of the burned building or property 4. If the building or property is insured for substantially more than its actual value at the time of the issuance of this policy 5. If during the lifetime of the corresponding fire insurance policy more than two fires have occurred in the same or other premises owned or under control of the offender and/or insured 6. If shortly before the fire, a substantial portion of the effects insured and stored in a building or property had been withdrawn from the premises except in the ordinary course of  business 7. If a demand for money or other valuable consideration was made before the fire in exchange for the desistance of the offender or for the safety of the person or property of  the victim

Chapter Nine. MAL ICIOUS MISCHIEF 

DESTRUCTIVE ARSON:

 The penalty of reclusion temporal in its maximum period to reclusion perpetua shall be imposed upon any person who shall burn: 1. Building or Edifice 2. Building Open to Public

 ARTICLE 326. MAL ICIOUS MISCHIEF  ELEMENTS:

1. That the offender deliberately caused  damage to the property of another; Page 157 of 174

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2. That such act does not constitute arson or  other crimes involving destruction; and 3. That the act damaging another’s property be committed merely for th e sake of damaging  it. 

MALICIOUS MISCHIEF : willful damaging of 

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Malicious mischief cannot be committed  through negligence because the offender acts

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4. Damage to property of National Museum or National Library, archive, registry, waterworks, road, promenade, or any other thing used in common by the public . Qualified malicious mischief is different from  sedition because the element of tumultuous uprising is not present in the former crime.

another’s property for the sake of causing damage due to hate, revenge or other evil motive with a specific desire to inflict injury to another. If there is no malice in causing injury, the offender incurs only civil liability. Damage caused may also be a diminution in value of the property. But if the offender used the property after  causing damage to it, the crime is theft. Damage in malicious mischief  must not result  from a crime. (Ex . Breaking windows during robbery is not malicious mischief.) A person charged with malicious mischief may be found guilty of damage to property through reckless imprudence

 ARTICLE 329. OTHER MISCHIEFS 

 ARTICLE 330. DAMA GE AND OBSTRUCTION TO MEANS OF COMMUNICATION   

VALEROSO vs. PEOPLE G.R. No. 149718. 0/29/03 The elements of the crime of malicious mischief  under Article 327 of the Revised Penal Code are: (1) That the offender deliberately caused damage to the  property of another; (2) That such act does not  constitute arson or other crimes involving destruction; (3) That the act of damaging another's property be committed merely for the sake of damaging it. As to the third element, petitioner was not justified in summarily and extrajudicially demolishing private complainant's structure. As it is, the petitioner   proceeded proceeded not so much to safeguard the lot as it is the vent to his anger and disgust over the “no tresspassing” sign he placed thereon. Indeed, his act of summarily demolishing the house smacks of  his pleasure in causing damage to it.

Mischiefs not included in Art. 328 are punished according to the value of the damage caused. Ex. scattering human excrement in public building, killing of cow as an act of revenge, A servant who released bird from cage as act of  hate against owner

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This crime is done by damaging railways, telegraph or telephone lines. Railway system – includes electric wires, traction cables, signal system, and other things pertaining to railways Removing rails from a railway track to cause destruction constitutes crime involving destruction under Art. 324. Art. 330 is not applicable when the damaged telegraph/phone lines do not pertain to a railway system. Hence, cutting telephone lines or those for transmission of electric power/light not pertaining to railways is not covered by this article. If people are killed as a result of the damage caused and the offender had no intent to kill, the crime is damages to means of communication with homicide. If there is intent to kill and damaging the railways was the means to accomplish the criminal purpose, the crime is murder.

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 ARTICLE 328. SPECIAL CA SES OF MAL ICIOUS MISCHIEF 

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If the damage shall result in any derailment of  cars, collision or other accident, a higher penalty shall be imposed. Derailment of cars should not have been purposely sought for

CASES OF QUALIFIED MALICIOUS MISCHIEF:

1. Causing damage to obstruct performance of public functions.

 ARTICLE 331. DESTROYING OR DAMAGING STATUES, PUBLIC MONUMENTS OR PAINTINGS

2. Using po is on ou s o r c or ro si ve sub st anc e. 3. Spreading infection or contagion among  cattle. Page 158 of 174

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1. That the woman is married (even if 

marriage is subsequently declared void );

Chapter Ten. EXEMPTION FROM CRIMINAL LIABILITY IN CRIMES AGAINST PROPERTY 

 ARTICLE 332. PERSONS EXEMPT FROM  CRIMINAL LIABILITY IN CRIMES AGAINST  PROPERTY.

2. That she has sexual intercourse with a man not her husband; and 3. That as regards the man with whom she has sexual intercourse, he must know her  to be married. 

OFFENSES INVOLVED IN THE EXEMPTION:

1. Theft, 2. Swindling (estafa), and 3. Malicious mischief.

vs. Avelino)  

PERSONS EXEMPT FROM CRIMINAL LIABILITY:

1. Spouses, ascendants and descendants, or relatives by affinity in the same line. 2. The widowed spouse with respect to the property w/c belonged to the deceased spouse before the same passed into the  possession of another. 3.

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Brothers and sisters and brothers-in-law and sisters-in-law, if living together.

Only civil liability is incurred by the offenders

who are exempt by law from criminal liability. Parties to the crime who are not related to the offended party still remain criminally liable. Law recognized presumed co-ownership of  property between offender and offended party Persons exempt from criminal liability include: 1. stepfather/mother (ascendants by affinity) 2. adopted children (descendants) 3. concubine/paramour (spouse) 4. common-law spouse.

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ELEMENTS:

1. The man must be married; 2. That he committed any of the following acts: a. Keeping a mistress in the conjugal  dwelling, b. Having sexual intercourse under scandalous circumstances with a woman who is not his wife, c. Cohabiting with her in any other place; 3. That as regards the woman , she must  know h im to be married .

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ELEMENTS:

The pardon must come before the institution of  criminal prosecution Both the offenders must be pardoned by the offended party Act of intercourse subsequent to adulterous conduct is an implied pardon Consent is a cause for dismissal of complaint  Ar ti cl e 334. Conc ub in age

CRIMES AGAINST CHASTITY 

 Ar ti cl e 333. Adu lt ery 

Adultery may be attempted. Sheer necessity, though woman not abandoned by her husband, mitigates liability of married woman The offended party must be legally married to the offender at the time of the criminal case Carnal knowledge may be proved by circumstantial evidence Each sexual intercourse constitutes a crime of  adultery

EFFECT OF PARDON:

TITLE ELEVEN 

Chapt er One. ADULTERY AND CONCUBINAGE 

Adultery is mitigated if the adulterous wife was abandoned w/o justifi cation by the offended spouse. Both the wife and her paramour are entitled to this mitigating circumstance. (People

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A married man is not liable for concubinage for mere sexual relations with a woman not his wife. CONJUGAL DWELLING means the home of the husband and wife even if the wife happens to be temporarily absent on any account. SCANDAL consists in any reprehensible word/deed that offends public conscience, redounds to the detriment of the feelings of 

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honest persons, and gives occasion to the neighbors’ spiritual damage and ruin. COHABIT means to dwell together, in the manner of husband and wife, for some period of  time, as distinguished from occasional, transient interviews for unlawful intercourse. That woman must be taken into conjugal dwelling as a concubine People in the vicinity are the best witnesses to prove scandalous circumstances Adultery is more severely punished than concubinage

1. In Grave Coercion, the compulsion is the crime itself but it is merely a means to commit Acts of Lasciviousness 2. The difference between Acts of  Lasciviousness and Unjust Vexation is that in the former there is lewd design – this can be inferred from circumstances surrounding the commission of the crime: place, time, presence of other people, what was done; But if it is clear that intention is to have intercourse, crime could be attempted rape; if  accused desisted in the commission of  attempted rape, it may be a consummated crime of acts of lasciviousness 

Chapt er Two. RAPE AND ACTS OF  LASCIVIOUSNESS

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 ARTICLE 336. ACTS OF LA SCIVIOUSNESS ELEMENTS:

1. That the offender commits any act of  lasciviousn ess or lewdness ; 2. That the act of lasciviousness is committed against a person of either  sex ; and 3. That it is done under any of the following circumstances: a. by using force or intimidation , or b. when the offended party is deprived of  reason or otherwise unconscious, or c. by means of fraudulent machination or  grave abuse of autho rity , or d. when the offended party is under 12  years of age or is demented .

Q: How is the crime of acts of lasciviousness distinguished from attempted rape?

 A: The following are the distinctions: (a) If the acts performed by the offender clearly  indicate that his purpose was to lie with the offended woman – attempted rape. (b) In the case of attempted rape, the lascivious acts are but the  preparatory acts to the commission of rape; whereas in acts of  lasciviousness, the lascivious acts are themselves the final objective sought by the offender.  Ac ts of Las ci vi ou sn ess sh ou ld be d if fer ent iat ed  from Grave Coercion and Unjust Vexation:

Lewd design – act with particular design to independently derive vicarious pleasure therefrom; not merely a “silly whim” No attempted or frustrated Acts of  Lasciviousness From the standpoint of law, there can be no frustration of acts of lasciviousness. No matter how far the offender may have gone towards the realization of his purpose, if his participation amounts to performing all acts of execution, the felony is necessarily produced as a consequence thereof.

PEOPLE vs. PALMA, G.R. Nos. 148869-74. 12/11/03 In the absence of convincing proof that the penis had  slid into the female organ, rape was not committed. Where the victim merely stated that she was carried  around the sala with appellant's penis "touching" her  vagina, it would not be right to conclude that the act  of the penis "touching" the vagina was an entry or   penetration, even slightly, of the labia majora or the labia minora of the pudendum. The appellant is guilty  of acts of lasciviousness and not rape.

PEOPLE vs . AQUINO G.R. No. 139181. 10/27/03 The appellant’s act of directing Analyn to remove her  lower apparel constitutes an act of lasciviousness under Article 336 of the Revised Penal Code, and not  rape.

Chapter Three. SEDUCTION, CORRUPTION OF  MINORS, AND WHITE SLAVE TRADE 

SEDUCTION means the enticing a woman to

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any capacity, is entrusted with the education or custody of  the woman seduced

2 KINDS OF SEDUCTION:

1. qualified seduction 2. simple seduction.

be temporary, permanent as long as same household)

his descendant

 ARTICLE 337. QUAL IFIED SEDUCTION  •

2 CLASSES OF QUALIFIED SEDUCTION:

1. Seduction of a virgin over 12 and und er 18  years of age by certain persons, such as a person in autho rity, priest, teacher , etc.; and 2. Seduction of a sister by her brother or  descendant by her ascendant, regardless of her age or reputation . (incestuous

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seduction)

ELEMENTS OF QUALIFIED SEDUCTION OF A VIRGIN:

1. That the offended party is a virgin , which is 2.

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 pr esu med if sh e is un mar ri ed an d o f g oo d  reputation; That she must be over 12 and und er 18 

years of age; 3. That the offender has sexual intercourse with her; and 4. That there is abuse of authority, confid ence or relationship on the part of  the offender (person entrusted with education or custody of victim; person in public authority, priest; servant).

 ARTICLE 338. SIMPLE SEDUCTION  ELEMENTS:

1. That the offended party is over 12 and  under 18 years of age; 2. That she must be of good reputation, single or widow; 3. That the offender has sexual intercourse with her; and 4.  That it is committed by means of deceit .

PERSONS LIAB LE:

1. Those who abuse their authority: a. persons in public authority b. guardian c. teacher d. person who, in any capacity, is entrusted w/ the education or custody of the woman seduced 2. Those who abused the confidence reposed in them: a. priest b. house servant c. domestic 3. Those who abused their relationship: a. brother who seduced his sister b. ascendant who seduced his descendant  Au th or it y

Con fi den ce

-Public - Priest Authority - House servant -Guardian - Domestic -Teacher (person living in -Person who, in same roof, may

Relatio ns hi p

- Brother who seduced his sister - Ascendant who seduced

The penalty for qualified seduction of a sister or descendant is higher than qualified seduction of a virgin. Deceit is not an element of qualified seduction. Abuse of Confidence, acts punished because of  character of person committing the same, and excess of power or abuse of confidence The offended party need not be a virgin physically – virgin is a virtuous woman of good reputation Deceit is not an element of qualified seduction; it is an element of simple seduction Accused charged with rape cannot be convicted of qualified seduction under the same information.

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Virginity  of the victim is not required in simple

seduction. Deceit generally takes the form is unfulfilled promise to marry. Promise of marriage by a married man, whom the victim knew to be married, is not deceit. Promise of marriage after sexual intercourse is not deceit. No continuing offense of seduction Man may be willing and ready to marry the girl but simple seduction is still committed when man knows that the offended party cannot legally consent to marriage

 ARTICLE 339. ACTS OF LA SCIVIOUSNESS WITH  THE CONSENT OF THE OFFENDED PARTY  ELEMENTS:

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1. That the offender commits acts of  lasciviousn ess or lewdness ; 2. That the acts are committed upon a woman who is a virgin or single or a widow of 

Q:

 A: It an offense committed by a person who, not  being a relative of a child, is found alone with said  child inside the room or cubicle of a house, hotel, or other similar establishments vessel, vehicle or  any other secluded area under circumstances which would lead a reasonable person to believe that the child is about to be exploited in prostitution and other child abuse.

good reputation, under 18 years of age but ov er 12 years, or a sister o r  descendant regardless of her reputation or age.

3. That the offender accomplishes the acts by abuse of authority, confidence, relationship, or deceit.

 ARTICLE 340. CORRUPTION OF MINORS 

The act punishable is the promotion or 

of  persons under age to satisfy the lust of another. It is not n ecessary that the unc haste acts shall  have been do ne to the minor. Hence, a mere  prop osal w il l con su mmate the o ffense.

It is also committed by one person who receives services from a child in a sauna parlor, massage clinic, or any other similar establishments.

Q: What is Child Trafficking?  A: It is the act of buying and selling a child for 

facilitating the prostitution or corruption

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R.A. 7610 punishes child p rostituti on com mitted  by : 1. Those who engage in or pr om ot e, facil it ate or induce child prostitution; 2. Those who commit t he act of sexual 

intercourse or lascivious conduct with a child exploited in prostitution or subjected to other sexual abuse; 3. Those who derive pr of it or adv ant age therefrom. (Ex. manager/owner of the 4.

establishment where child prostitution takes  place); Any person, not being a relative of the child, is found alone with the said child in a hidden or secluded area under circums tances which lead a reasonable  per so n t o b eli eve t hat th e ch il d i s ab ou t t o be exploited in prostitution and other sexual

abuse; and 5. Any person who receives services from a child in a sauna parlor or bath, massage clinic, health club, and other similar establishments.

Q: What is Child Prostituti on?  A: It is engaging in sexual intercourse or acts of  lasciviousness with a child, who for money or profit  or due to coercion is exploited to indulge in such activities. The victim maybe male or female. If the victim is under twelve (12) years of age, the offender shall NOT be prosecuted under RA 7610, but shall be prosecuted for statutory rape or acts of  lasciviousness as the case maybe.

What is an Attempt to Commit Child  Prostitution under RA 7610?

money, or for any other consideration, or barter.

 ARTICLE 341. WHITE SLAVE TRADE   ACTS PENALIZED:

1. Engaging in the business of prostitution; 2. Profiting by prostitution; and 3. Enlisting the service of women for the purpose of prostitution.

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One of those above-mentioned acts is sufficient to constitute the offense Habituality not a necessary element of white slave trade Offender need not be owner of house and need not be present at time of raid; it suffices that he maintains or engages in business “Under any pretext” – if real purpose is prostitution, it doesn’t matter if one engages sevices of woman ostensibly as maid, for example

Chapter Four. ABDUCTION 

 ARTICLE 342. FORCIBLE A BDUCTION  ELEMENTS:

1. That the person abducted is any woman, regardless of her age, civil status, or reputation; 2. That the abduction is against her will ; and 3. That the abduction is with lewd designs . Page 162 of 174

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When there is deprivation of liberty and no lewd  designs , the crime is kidnapping and serious

considered as constructive force. The second  element, lewd design, was established by the actual  rapes.

illegal detention. 

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Any woman, may be married; if child under 12 years of age, crime is forcible abduction, even if  she voluntarily goes with her abductor Taking away must be against will of woman; may be accomplished by means of deceit first and then by means of violence and intimidation Actual intercourse not necessary; lewd designs may be shown by conduct of the accused; intent to seduce girl sufficient; lewd designs present in hurried ceremony of marriage by force where marriage is merely an artifice by which accused sought to escape criminal consequences of his acts When there are several defendants, it is enough that one of them had lewd designs Husband not liable for abduction of wife as lewd design is wanting Nature of crime: against liberty, honor and reputation, and public order Forcible abduction v. Grave coercion v. Kidnapping – presence of lewd design makes it forcible abduction; Kidnapping and Serious illegal detention if there is deprivation of liberty with no lewd design (Violent taking of woman motivated by lewd design and victim raped - Forcible abduction with rape, instead of Kidnapping with rape; Attempt to rape is absorbed in abduction) Forcible Abduction v. Corruption of minors – depends on purpose; purpose of Corruption is to lend her to illicit intercourse with others Forcible Abduction v. Rape: if resistance of  woman to alleged rape was not tenacious; rape may also absorb forcible abduction if main objective was to rape the victim Attempt to rape absorbed in element of lewd design Conviction of Acts of Lasciviousness, not a bar to conviction of forcible abduction

 AGE AND REPUTATION NOT NECESSARY:

1. Rape 2. Acts of lasciviousness against the will or without the consent of the offended party 3. Qualified seduction of sister or descendant 4. Forcible Abduction  ARTICLE 343. CONSENTED ABDUCTION 

ELEMENTS:

1. That the offended party must be a virgin ; 2. That she must be over 12 and under 18  years of age; 3. That the taking away of the offended party must be with her consent , after solicitation or cajolery from the offender; and 4. That the taking away of the offended party must be with lewd designs .

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If the virgin is under 12 years of age, the crime committed is forcible abduction , even if the girl  consented to the elopement. The abduction of the victim need not be with some character of permanence. Virginity: not in a material sense as to exclude the idea of abduction of a virtuous woman of  good reputation It is sufficient that abductor was instrumental in escape of victim, need not be taken from her house Requires solicitation or cajolery

 ANTI-SEXUAL HARASSMENT ACT (R. A. NO. 7877)

PEOPLE vs . CARAANG, GR 148424-27. 12/11/03 The complex crime of forcible abduction with Rape occurs when there is carnal knowledge of the abducted woman under any of the circumstances mentioned earlier when force or intimidation is used; when the woman is deprived of reason or is otherwise unconscious; and when the woman is under twelve years of age or is demented. The employment of deception suffices to constitute forcible abduction. This Court has previously ruled  that if the victim's consent was obtained through deceit and there was therefore no valid consent, the crime is forcible abduction, as the deceit may be

How committed: In a work-related or employment environment, sexual harassment is committed when: 1. The sexual favor is made as a condition in

the hiring or in the employment, reemployment or continued employment of  said individual, or in granting said individual favorable compensation, terms of conditions, promotions, or privileges; or the refusal to grant the sexual favor results in limiting, Page 163 of 174

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segregating or classifying the employee which in any way would discriminate , deprive or diminish employment opportunities or otherwise adversely affect said employee; 2. The above acts would impair the

applies as well to the accomplices, accessories-afterthe-fact. Exception : In case of multiple rape.

employee's rights or privileges under  existing labor laws ; or

 ARTICLE 345. CIVIL LIABILITY OF PERSONS GUILTY OF CRIMES AGAINST CHASTITY.

3. The above acts would result in an

intimidating, hostile, or offensive environment for the employee.

PERSON GUILTY OF RA PE, SEDUCTION OR   AB DUCTION, SHALL AL SO BE SENTENCED:

1. To indemnify the offended woman. 2. To acknowledge the offspring, unless the law should prevent him from so doing. 3. In every case to support the offspring.

In an education or training environment, sexual  harassment is committed:

1. Against one who is under the care, custody or supervision of the offender; 2. Against one whose education, training, apprenticeship or tutorship is entrusted to the offender; 3. When the sexual favor is made a condition to the giving of a passing grade, or the granting of honors and scholarships, or the payment of a stipend, allowance or other benefits, privileges, or consideration; or 4. When the sexual advances result in an intimidating, hostile or offensive environment for the student, trainee or

apprentice.

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Chapter Five. PROVISIONS RELATIVE TO THE  PRECEDING CHAPTERS OF TITLE 11

 ARTICLE 344. PROSECUTION OF ADULTERY, CONCUBINAGE, SEDUCTION, ABDUCTION, AND  ACTS OF LASCIVIOUSNESS

1. Adultery and concubinage must be prosecuted upon complaint signed by the offended spouse.

2. Seduction, abduction, or acts of  lasciviousness must be prosecuted upon

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The adulterer and the concubine in the case provided for in Articles 333 and 334 may also be sentenced, in the same proceeding or in a separate civil proceeding, to indemnify for damages caused to the offended spouse. No civil liability for Acts of Lasciviousness Moral damages may be awarded to offended party, and the parents for seduction, abduction, rape, other lascivious acts (Article 2219 Civil Code) Multiple Rape(by multiple offenders): all of them must support offspring, not one may be made to acknowledge offspring Amount and terms of support to be determined in a hearing (Article 201 Family Code) Only Indemnity in Rape of Married Woman

 ARTICLE 346. LIA BIL ITY OF ASCENDANTS, GUARDIANS, TEACHERS, OR OTHER PERSONS ENTRUSTED WITH CUSTODY OF OFFENDED PARTY  

Persons who cooperate as accompl ices but  are punished as principals in rape, seduction, abduction, etc: 1) Ascendants, 2) Guardians, 3) Curators, 4) Teachers, and 5) Any other person, who cooperates as accomplice with abuse of  authority or confidential relationship.

complaint signed by:

a. offended party, b. by her parents, c. grandparents, or d. guardians * in the order in which they are named above.

TITLE TWELVE  CRIMES AGAINST THE CIVIL STATUS OF  PERSONS

Marriage in good faith of the offender w/ the offended party extinguishes the criminal action or remit the penalty already imposed upon him. This General Rule:

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 ARTICLE 349. BIGA MY  Chapt er One. SIMULATION OF BIRTHS AND USURPATION OF CIVIL STATUS

ELEMENTS:

1. That the offender has been legally married ; 2. That the marriage has not b een legally  dissolved or, in case his or her spouse is absent, the absent spouse could not yet  be presumed dead according to the Civil Code; 3. That he contracts a second or subsequent  marriage; and 4. That the second or subsequent marriage has all the essential requisites for validity .

 ARTICLE 347. SIMULATION OF BIRTHS, SUBSTITUTION OF ONE CHILD FOR ANOTHER;  AND CONCEALMENT OR ABA NDONMENT OF A LEGITIMATE CHILD  Ac ts pu ni sh ed: 1. Simulation of births, ELEMENTS: a) The child is baptized o r registered in the Registry of birth as the offender’s ; b) The child loses its real status and acquires a

new one; and c) The offender’s purpose was to cause the loss of any trace as to the child’s tru e filiation . 2. Substitution of one child for another, or 3. Concealing or abandoning any legitimate child w/ the intent to cause such child to lose its civil status.

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 prosecuted even w/o the initiative of the offended   party .

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ELEMENTS:

a) The child must be legitimate; b) The offender conceals or abandons such child ; and c) The offender has the intent to cause the child to lose its civil status .

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The fact that child will be benefited by simulation of birth is not a defense since it creates a false status to the detriment of members of family to which the child is introduced Father who sells child is not liable under this article since there is no abandonment

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 ARTICLE 348. USURPATION OF CIVIL STATUS •

This felony is committed by a person who

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assumes the filiation, or the parental or  conjugal rights of another. Criminal intent to enjoy the civil righ ts of 

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another by the offender knowing he is not entitled thereto is necessary to constitute this crime. Circumstance qualifying the offense: When the purpose of the impersonation is to defraud the

The crime of bigamy does not fall within the category of private crimes. Hence, it can be The fact that the 1st marriage is void from the beginning is not a defense in a bigamy charge.  There is a need for judicial declaration of the nullity of the 1st marriage. Similarly, there must also be a summary proceeding to declare the absent spouse presumptively dead for purposes of remarriage. Failure to exercise due diligence to ascertain the whereabouts of the 1st wife and the husband’s remarriage is bigamy through reckless imprudence.

One convicted for bigamy may be prosecuted for  concubinage as both are distinct offenses.

The second spouse is not necessarily liable for bigamy. One who falsely vouches for the capacity of the either of the contracting parties knowing that one of the parties is already married is an accomplice. A pardon by the offended party does not extinguish criminal action considering that a crime is committed against the State and the crime of Bigamy is a public offense which can be denounced not only by the person affected thereby but even by a civic-spirited citizen who may come to know the same.

 ARTICLE 350. MARRIAGE CONTRACTED  AGAINST PROVISIONS OF LAWS

offended party or his heirs. ELEMENTS: Chapter Two. ILLEGAL MARRIAGES

1. That the offender contracted marriage; and 2. That he knew at the time that a. the requirements of the law were not complied with, or Page 165 of 174

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b. the marriage was in disregard of a legal 

2. That the imputation must be made pu bl ic ly ; 3. That it must be malicious ; 4. That the imputation must be directed at a

impediment. 

Circumstance qualifying the offense: if either of 

natural or juridical person, or one who is dead ;

the contracting parties obtains the consent of the other by means of violence, intimidation or 

5. That the imputation must tend to cause the dishonor, discredit or contempt of the person defamed.

fraud.  ARTICLE 351. PREMATURE MARRIAGES 

PERSONS LIAB LE:

1.

2.

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A widow who married within 301 days from the date of the death of her husband, or  before having delivered if she is pregnant at the time of his death. A woman whose marriage having been dissolved or annulled, married before her delivery or w/in 301 days after the date of the legal separation.

The purpose of the law in punishing the foregoing acts is to pr even t d ou bt fu l p ater ni ty .

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 ARTICLE 352. PERFORMANCE OF ILL EGAL MARRIAGE CEREMONY 

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1.  Ac t p un is hed : performance or authorization by a priest or minister of any religious denomination or sect or by civil authorities of any illegal marriage ceremony. 2. But a clergyman who performed a marriage ceremony without knowledge of the minority of  one of the parties is not liable.

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TITLE THIRTEEN  CRIMES AGAINST HONOR 

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Libel is a public and malicious imputation of a

crime, or a vice or defect, real or imaginary or any act, commission, condition, status or circumstances tending to cause the dishonor, discredit or contempt of a natural or juridical person, or to blacken the memory of one who is dead. Kinds of malice: (a) malice in law  – that which should be pr ov ed , or (b) malice in fact – that which may be taken for granted due to the grossness of the imputation. Defamation is the proper term for libel as used in Article 353 Defamation: may be libel or slander No distinction between calumny, insult, and libel: all kinds of attack against honor and reputation is punished Malice is pr esu med to exi st in in ju ri ou s  pu bl ic ation s. Publication is the communication of the

defamatory matter to some third person/s. Person libeled must be identified . But the publication need not refer by name to the libeled party. If not named it must be shown that the description of the person referred to in the defamatory publication was sufficiently clear so that at least a 3rd  person wou ld have identified  the offended party.

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Meaning of writer immaterial Defamatory remarks directed at a group of  persons are not actionable unless the statements are all embracing o r suffi ciently  specific for each victi m to be identifiable. There are as many counts of libel as there are  per so ns def amed .

Chapter One. LIBEL 

To presume publication, there must be a reasonable probabilit y that the alleged libelous matter was thereby exposed to be read or seen rd 

by 3 persons.  ARTICLE 353. DEFINITION OF  LIBEL/DEFAMATION  ELEMENTS:

1. That there must be an imputation of a crime, or of a vice or defect, real or imaginary, or any act, omission, condition, status, or circumstance;

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In libel, the false accusation need not be made under oath. Perjury requires that the false accusation is made under oath. Seditious libel is punished under Article 142

Criteria to determine whether statements are defamatory:

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1. Words are calculated to induce the hearers to suppose and understand that the person against whom they are uttered were guilty of  certain offenses , or are sufficient to impeach their honesty, virtue or reputation , or to hold the person up to pu bl ic ri di cu le ; and ( US v O’Connel  ) 2. Words are construed not only as to the expression used but also with respect to the whole scope and apparent object of the writer. ( People vs. Encarnacion )

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 ARTICLE 354. REQUIREMENT OF PUBL ICITY.

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Kinds of privileged communication: 1.  Ab so lu tel y p ri vileg ed  – not actionable even

if the actor has acted in bad faith; 2. Qualifiedly privileged – those which, although containing defamatory imputations, are not actionable unless made with malice or bad faith .

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General Rule: Every defamatory imputation is  pr esu med malic io us , even if it be t ru e, if no good

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Exceptions: 1.  pr ivate communication in performance of legal, moral or social duty  2. Requisites:

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intention and justifiable motive for making it is shown.

a. That the person who made the communication had a legal, moral or social duty to make the communication or at least he had an interest to be upheld; b. That the communication is addressed to an officer or a board, or superior, having some interest or duty on the matter; and c. That the statements in the communication are made in good faith without malice in fact. 3. fair and true report of official pro ceedings, made in good faith , without any comments and remarks 4. Requisites: a. That the publication of a report of an official proceeding is a fair and true report of a  judicial, legislative, or other official proceedings which are not of confidential nature, or of a statement, report, or speech delivered in said proceedings, or of any other act performed by a public officer in the exercise of his functions; b. That it is made in good faith; and c. That it is made without any comments or remarks

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Prosecution must prove malice in fact to convict the accused in case of qualified privileged communication The privilege simply does away with presumption of malice Absolute Privileged Communication: not actionable even if done in bad faith – statements made by members of Congress in discharge of  functions, J udicial Proceedings when pertinent and relevant to subject of inquiry Qualified privilege is lost by proof of malice Applying to wrong person due to honest mistake does not take case out of the privilege Unnecessary publicity destroys good faith Defense of privileged communication in paragraph 1: will be rejected if it is shown that accused acted with malice in fact and there is no reasonable ground for believing the charge to be true(for example, no personal investigation made; probable cause in belief is sufficient) Malice in fact: rivalry or ill-ffeling existing at date of publication, intention to injure the reputation of  offended party, motivated by hate and revenge In proceedings, communication/ pleadings/others must be pertinent and material to subject matter to be covered by privilege Only matters which are not confidential in nature may be published Defamatory remarks and comments on the conduct or acts of public officers which are related to the discharge of their official duties will not constitute libel if defendant proves the truth of  imputation; any attack upon private character on matters not related to discharge of official duties may be libelous Conduct related to discharge of duties of public officers are matters of public interest Mental, moral and physical fitness of candidates for public office may be object of criticism; criticism – does not follow a public man into his private life and domestic concerns Statements made in self defense or in mutual controversy are often privileged; person libeled is  justified to hit back with another libel However, retaliation and vindictiveness cannot be basis of self-defense in defamation; self-defense must be on matters related to imputations made on person invoking defense He who published what is true, and in good faith and for justifiable ends, incurs no responsibility

R. A. No. 4200  The Anti-Wire Tapping Act 

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PERSONS LIAB LE: 1. Any person, not being authorized by all  th e  par ti es to any private communication or spoken

word: a. taps any wire or cable; or b. uses any other device or arrangement, to secretly overhear, intercept, or record such communication or spoken word by using a device commonly known as a dictaphone or dictagraph or walkie-talkie or tape recorder, or however otherwise described.

2. Any person, whether or not a participant in the above-mentioned acts: a. knowingly possesses any tape record, wire record, disc record, or any other such record or copies thereof of any communication or spoken word; or b. replays the same for any other person/s; or c. commun icates the contents thereof, either verbally or in writing, to any other person; or d. furnishes transcriptions thereof, whether complete or partial, to any other person. 

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A peace officer is exempt from liability if his acts were done under lawful order of the court. However, he can only use the recording for the case for which it was validly requested. Information obtained in violation of the Act is inadmissible in evidence in any hearing or investigation. An extension phone is not one of those  pr oh ib it ed  under R.A. 4200. There must be either a physical interruption through the wiretap or the deliberate installation of a device or arrangement in order to overhear, intercept or record the spoken words.

 ARTICLE 355. LIBEL B Y MEANS OF WRITINGS OR SIMILAR MEANS. 

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The means by which libel may be committed are writing, printing, lithography, engraving, radio, phonograph, painting, theatrical or cinematographic exhibitions, or any similar means. Use of amplifier Æ slander Television program Æ libel Penalty is in addition to civil liability Libel may be absorbed in crime of threats if intent to threaten is principal aim and object

 ARTICLE 356. THREATENING TO PUBLISH LIBEL  AND OFFER TO PREVENT SUCH PUBLICATION  FOR A COMPENSATION   ACTS PUNISHABLE: 1. By threatening another to publish a libel

concerning him, or his parents, spouse, child, or other members of his family; or 2. By offering to prevent the publication of  such libel for compensation, or money consideration.

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BLACKMAIL as any unlawful extortion of money

by threats of accusation and exposure is possible in the crimes of light threats (Art. 283) and in threat to publish libel (Art 356).  ARTICLE 357. PROHIBITED PUBLICATION OF   ACTS REFERRED TO IN THE COURSE OF  OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS ELEMENTS:

1. That the offender is a reporter, editor or  2. 3.

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manager of a newspaper, daily or  magazine; That he pu bl is hes facts connected with the  pr iv ate l if e of another; and That such facts are offensive to the honor, virtue and reputation of said person.

The prohibition to publish applies even such publication be made in connection w/ or under the pretext that it is necessary in the narration of  any judicial or administrative proceedings wherein such facts have been mentioned.  Ar t. 357 const itut es the “ Gag law”  which bars from publication news reports on cases pertaining to adultery, divorce, issues about  the legitimacy of children, etc. Source of news report may not be revealed unless court or Congress finds such revelation is demanded by the security of the State

 ARTICLE 358. SLA NDER/ ORAL DEFAMATION. KINDS OF ORAL DEFAMATION: 1. Grave slander - defamation is of a serious

and insulting nature; 2. Simple slander - light insult or defamation.

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3. The editor or bus iness manager of a daily newspaper magazine or serial publication; and 4. The owner of the printing plant  which publishes a libelous article with his consent 

FACTORS THAT DETERMINE GRAVITY OF THE  OFFENSE:

1. expressions used 2. personal relations of the accused and the offended party, 3. circumstances surrounding the case, and 4. social standing and position of the victim.

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Words uttered in the heat of anger constitute light oral defamation. If the utterances were made publicly and were heard by many people and the accused at the same time pointed his finger at the complainant, oral defamation is committed.

and all other persons, who in any way   par ti ci pat e in or have connection with its

publication.

VENUE OF CRIMINAL AND CIVIL ACTION FOR  DAMAGES IN CA SES OF WRITTEN  DEFAMATION: 1. where the libelous article is printed and 1st   pu bl is hed , or

2. where any of the offended parties actually resides at the time of the commission of the offense, or 3. where one of the offended parties is a  pu bl ic of fi cer :

 ARTICLE 359. SLA NDER BY DEED

a. if his office is in the City of Manila, with the RTC of Manila, or the city/province where the article is printed and 1 st published b. otherwise, with the RTC of the city/province where he held office at the time of offense; or where the article is 1 st published, or 4. where one of the offended parties is a private individual, with the RTC of  province/city where he actually resides at the time of the crime or where the article was printed or 1st published.

ELEMENTS:

1. That the offender performs any act no t  2. 3.

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includ ed in any other crime against  honor; That such act is performed in the pr esen ce of other person or persons; and That such act casts dishonor, discredit or  contempt  upon the offended party.

Seriousness of slander by deed depends on the social standing of offended party, the

circumstances surrounding the act, the occasion 

Distinctions:

1. Unjust vexation - irritation or annoyance; anything that annoys or irritates without  justification. 2. Slander by deed - irritation or annoyance + attendant pu bl ic it y an d d is ho no r o r  contempt . 3. Acts of lasciviousness - irritation or annoyance +any of the 3 circumstance provided in Art. 335 on rape (i.e. use of force or intimidation; deprivation of reason or rendering the offended unconscious; or if  offended party was under 12 years old, together with lewd designs)  ARTICLE 360. PERSONS RESPONSIBLE FOR  LIBEL

PERSONS LIAB LE:

1. The person who pu bl is hes , exh ib it s o r  causes the publication or exhibition of any defamation in writing or similar means; 2. The author or editor of a book or pamphlet;

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Complaint for defamation imputing a private crime (i.e. adultery, concubinage, seduction, abduction, and acts of lasciviousness) must be filed by the offended party.

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Person who publishes libelous letter written by offended party is liable (publishing and not composing is the prime requisite of crime) Liability of editor is same as author Limitations of venue: in order to minimize interference with public function if a public officer, and also to avoid unnecessary harassment of  accused(to limit out-of-town libel suits) Actual damages need not be proved where publication is libelous per se Action for exemplary damages may be awarded if  action is based on quasi-delict No remedy for damages for slander or libel in case of absolutely privileged communication  ARTICLE 361. PROOF OF THE TRUTH 

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PROOF OF TRUTH IS ADMISSIBLE WHEN: 1. the act or omission imputed constitutes a crime regardless of whether the offended

party is a private individual or a public officer, or 2. the offended party is a government  employee, even if the act or omission imputed does not constitute a crime, provided, it is related to the discharge of his official duties.

REQUISITES FOR ACQUITTAL FROM A LIBEL CHARGE :

1. it appears that the matter charged as libelous is TRUE (for situations (a) and (b) above); and 2. it was published with good motives and for a ju st if iab le end  (for situation (a) only).

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The proof of the truth of the accusation cannot be made to rest upon mere hearsay, rumors, or suspicion but upon positive, direct evidence upon which a definite finding may be made by the court. An imputation that a person has contagious disease might under ordinary circumstances be defamatory but loses such character when made with good intention and justifiable motive There is no libel when there is no malice Retraction may mitigate the damages; if article is libelous per se, publication due to honest mistake is only mitigating

 ARTICLE 363. INCRIMINATING INNOCENT  PERSON 

ELEMENTS:

1. That the offender performs an act ; 2. That by such act he directly incrimin ates or  imputes to an innocent person the commission of a crime; and 3. That such act does not constitute perjury .

2 KINDS OF INCRIMINATING AN INNOCENT  PERSON:

1. Making a statement  which constitutes: a. defamation, or b. perjury (if made under oath and is false) 2. Planting evidence 

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 ARTICLE 364. INTRIGUING AGAINST HONOR  

 ARTICLE 362. LIBELOUS REMARKS 

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Libelous remarks or comments on privileged matters (under Art. 354), if made with malice in fact, will not exempt the author and editor. This article is a limitation to the defense of   pr iv il eged co mm un ic ati on .

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Even if matter is privileged and malice in fact is proved, author and editor is liable Author/editor of publication who distorts, mutilates or discolors official proceedings reported by him, or add comments thereon to cast aspersion on character of parties concerned is guilty of libel

Chapter Two. INCRIMINATORY MACHINATIONS

Art 363 is limited to planting evidence and the like, which tend directly to cause false prosecution. Incriminatory machinations distinguished from defamation – does not avail himself of written or spoken words There is a complex crime of incriminating an innocent person through unlawful arrest

This felony is committed by any person who shall make any intrigue which has for its principal purpose to blemish the honor or reputation of  another person. It is committed by saying to others an unattributable thing , that if it said to the person himself, slander is committed.

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Intriguing against honor refers to any scheme or plot designed to blemish the reputation of another by means w/c consist of some trickery. The intrigue is resorted to to blemish honor or reputation of another person Must be committed by means of some tricky and secret plot, and not gossiping which falls under defamation Where the source or author of derogatory information cannot be determined and defendant passes it to others, defendant’s act is one of  intriguing against honor; if it came from a definite source, crime is slander

TITLE FOURTEEN  QUASI OFFENSES

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ELEMENTS OF SIMPLE IMPRUDENCE: 1. That there is lack of precaution on the part

of the offender; and 2. That the damage impending to be caused is not immediate or the danger is not clearly  manifest .

CRIMINAL NEGLIGENCE 

 ARTICLE 365. IMPRUDENCE AND NEGLIGENCE 

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Incriminating  an Innocent  Person

Perjur y by making  false accusation

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Performs act to directly incriminate or impute commission of  crime Act of planting evidence

Imputation, falsely made, before an officer

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Arresto mayor

False statement or affidavit made under oath Arresto mayor max to prision correccional min

QUASI-OFFENSES ARE COMMITTED IN 4 WAYS:

1. By committing through reckless imprudence any act which, had it been intentional, would constitute a grave or less grave felony or light felony; 2. By committing through simple imprudence or negligence an act w/c would otherwise constitute a grave or a less serious felony; 3. By causing damage to the property of  another through reckless imprudence or simple imprudence or negligence; or 2. By causing through simple imprudence or negligence some wrong w/c, if done maliciously, would have constitutes a light felony.

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ELEMENTS OF RECKL ESS IMPRUDENCE: 1. That the offender does or fails to do an act ;

2. That the doing of or the failure to do that act is voluntary ; 3. That it be without malice; 4. That material damage results; and 5. That there is inexcusable lack of   pr ecau ti on on the part of the offender, taking into consideration a. his employment or occupation, b. degree of intelligence, physical condition, and c. other circumstances regarding persons, time and place.

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Art. 64 on mitigating and aggravating circumstances is not applicable in quasi-offenses. Qualifying circumstance in quasi-offenses: The offender’s failure to lend on-the-spot assistance to the victim of his negligence. Abandoning one’s victim is usually punishable under Art. 275. But if it is charged under Art. 365, it is only a qualifying circumstance, and if  not alleged, it cannot even be an aggravating circumstance. Imprudence or Negligence is not a crime in itself, but simply a way of committing a crime Technical term “Reckless Imprudence resulting in Homicide”; what is punished is not the act itself  but the mental attitude or condition behind the act

Negligence is a quasi-offense. What is punished is not the effect of the negligence but the recklessness of the accused.

Test of Negligence: Would a prudent man foresee harm as a reasonable consequence of  the course about to be pursued? Reasonable foresight of harm, followed by ignoring of  admonition born of this provision Reckless Imprudence v. Force Majeure: Force Majeure is an event that cannot be foreseen, or which being foreseen is inevitable; implies an extraordinary circumstance independent of will of  actor; in reckless imprudence damage or injury may be preventable by exercise of reasonable care and threatened upon conduct about to be pursued by the actor Contributory negligence of offended party is not a defense but only mitigates criminal liability. Last Clear Chance Rule – The contributory negligence of the injured party will not defeat the action if it be shown that the accused might, by the exercise of reasonable care and prudence, have avoided the consequences of the negligence of the injured party. Emergency Rule: A person confronted with emergency may be left with no time for thought, must make speedy decision based on impulse or instinct, and cannot be held liable for same conduct as one who had opportunity to reflect; applicable only when situation that arises is sudden and unexpected, and is such as to deprive him of all opportunity for deliberation Ex. An automobile driver, who, by the negligence of  Page 171 of 174

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another, is suddenly placed in an emergency and compelled to act instantly to avoid a collision or injury is not guilty of negligence if he makes a choice which a person of ordinary prudence placed in such a position might make even

a. Committed with the use of a deadly  weapon or by two or more persons

b. When by reason or on the occasion of  the rape, the victim has become insane c. When the rape is attempted or 

though h e did not make the wisest choic e. 

Violation of a rule or regulation or law is proof of  negligence

frustrated and a homicide is committed  by reason or on the occasion

thereof  d. Committed

with

attendant 

circumstances

Negligence

Deficiency of Perception Failure in advertence Avoided by Paying proper attention and using due diligence in foreseeing them

Imprudence

Deficiency of Action Failure in Precaution  Taking necessary precaution once foreseen

OTHER SPECIAL PENAL LAWS

HEINOUS CRIMES ACT OF 1993 (R. A. NO. 7659)

11. P lunder (R. A. 7080) 12. Violations of Dangerous Drugs Act 13. Carnapping (R. A. 6539) The death penalty shall be imposed in all cases upon which it must be imposed under existing laws. EXCEPTIONS (In which cases the penalty shall be reduced to reclusion perpetua): 1. when the guilty person is below 18  years of  age at the time of the commission of the crime; 2. when the guilty person is more than 70  years of age; 3. when upon appeal or automatic review of the case by the Supreme Court, the required majority vote is not obtained  for the imposition of the death penalty, GENERAL RULE:

The crimes punishable by death are:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Treason (Art. 114) Qualified Piracy (Art. 123) Qualified Bribery (Art. 211-A) Parricide (Art. 246) Murder (Art. 248) Infanticide (Art. 255) HOWEVER : If any crime penalized in this Article be committed  by the mother of the child for the purpose of conc ealing her dishonor , she shall suffer the penalty of  prision mayor  in its medium

and maximum periods, and if said crime be committed for the same purpose by the maternal grandparents or either of them, the penalty shall be reclusion temporal . 7. Kidnapping and Serious Illegal Detention (Art. 267) 8. Robbery (Art. 294): when by reason or on occasion of the robbery, the crime of  homicide shall have been committed, or when the robbery shall have been accompanied by rape or intentional  mutilation or arson . 9. Destructive Arson (Art. 320) 10. Rape (Art. 335)

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8294 (Law Penali zing Illegal  Possession of Firearms, etc.) PERSONS LIAB LE:

1. Any person who shall unlawfully manufacture, deal in, acquire, dispose, or   po ss ess any low-powered firearm, part of 

firearm, ammunition, or machinery, tool or instrument used or intended to be used in the manufacture of any firearm or ammunition;  The owner, president, manager, director  or other responsible officer of any public or private firm, company, corporation or entity, who shall willfully or knowingly allow any of  the firearms owned by such firm, company, corporation or entity to be used by any person or persons found guilty of violating the provisions of the preceding paragraphs or willfully or knowingly allow any of them to use unlicensed firearms or firearms without any legal authority to be carried outside of their residence in the course of their employment; T

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2. Any person who shall carry any licensed  firearm outside his residence without legal authority therefor; 3. Any person who shall unlawfully manufacture, assemble, deal in, acquire, dispose or possess hand grenade(s), rifle grenade(s), and other explosives or other incendiary devices capable of producing destructive effect on contiguous objects or causing injury or death to any person; Any person who shall unlawfully tamper, change, deface or erase the serial number 

of any firearm; and 4. Any person who shall unlawfully repack,

alter or modify the compos ition of any  lawfully manufactured explosives .  Ac t No other  crime; Illegal

What is th e Cri me? Illegal possession

possession only Other crime,

Crime committed ;

except homicide or murder

Illegal possession is NOT a separate offense, nor is it aggravating. Offender is

Murder or  homicide

exonerated of illegal   po ss essi on . Murder or homicide , with special aggravating 

or insurrection, sedition, or attempted coup dÕetat

circumstance of illegal possession Rebellion or insurrection, sedition, or attempted coup dÕetat; Illegal possession is absorbed  as an element thereof 

Rebellion

UNLICENSED FIREARMS MAY INCLUDE:

1. firearms with expired license; or 2. unauthorized use of licensed firearm in the commission of the crime.

People v s. Ladj aalam, (2000) The language of RA 8294 effectively exonerates the accused of illegal possession, an offense which may  carry a heavier penalty than the “other crime”  committed. Indeed, the accused may evade conviction for illegal possession by committing a lighter offense, like alarm and scandal. However, the wisdom of RA 8294 is not subject to the Court’s review.

 ANTI-MONEY LAUNDERING ACT OF 2001 (R. A. NO. 9160) “Money laundering”  is a crime whereby the

proceeds of an unlawful activity are transacted, thereby making them appear to have originated from legitimate sources. PERSONS LIAB LE: 1. Any person knowing that any monetary

instrument or property represents, involves, or relates to, the proceeds of any unlawful activity, transacts or attempts to transact  said monetary instrument or property. 2. Any person knowing that any monetary instrument or property involves the proceeds of any unlawful activity, per fo rm s o r f ail s t o  per fo rm any act as a resu lt of wh ic h h e facilitates the offense of money laundering

referred to in paragraph (a) above. 3. Any person knowing  that any monetary instrument or property is required under  this Act to be disclosed and filed with the  An ti-Mon ey Lau nd eri ng Cou nc il  (AMLC), fails to do so. Covered t ransaction: Transaction In excess of P500,000 within one banking day.

transaction, Requisites: 1. Covered institution, 2. Regardless of amount , and 3. Any of the ff. circumstances: a. no economic justification b. client not properly identified c. amount not commensurate with financial capacity d. structured to avoid reporting e. deviation from client’s profile or past transactions f. unlawful activity under this Act g. Similar or analogous

Suspicious

UNLAWFUL ACTIVITY:

1. Kidnapping for ransom 2. Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of  2002 (Sec. 4,5,6,8,9,10,12,14,15,16) 3. Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act (Sec. 3, par. B,C,E,G,H and I) 4. Plunder 5. Robbery and extortion 6. J ueteng and Masiao punished as illegal gambling Page 173 of 174