Criminal Law 2 Notes

Criminal Law 2 (LAWS1011)

Summary

1. UNLAWFUL HOMICIDE.................................................................................................................. HOMICIDE.................................................................................................................. 4

1.1 PATTERNS OF HOMICIE !.1............................................................................................................" 1.2 A N AT#PICAL OFFENCE$ !.2..........................................................................................................." 1.% THE LE&AL FRAMEWOR'   !."..........................................................................................................! !."..........................................................................................................! 1.3.1 statutory provisions.................................................................................................................5 1.3.2 causation.................................................................................................................................6  1.3.3 constructive homicide.............................................................................. homicide..............................................................................................................7  ................................7  1.3.4 voluntary manslaughter..........................................................................................................7  1.3.5 prosecution process.................................................................................................................7  1.3.6 sentence...................................................................................................................................7  1.3.7 debate about abolishing murder-manslaughter......................................................................8 1." MENS R EA EA OF  NLAWFL HOMICIE............................................................................................. 1.4.1 intent, recless indi!!erence 5.5...............................................................................................8 1.4.2 constructive murder 5.6.........................................................................................................." 1.4.3 manslaughter by unla#!ul act 5.7.........................................................................................1$ 1.4.4 manslaughter by criminal negligence 5.8.............................................................................11 1.4.5 corporate homicide 5.".........................................................................................................12 1.! ACTS R ES ES OF  NLAWFL HOMICIE........................................................................................12 1.5.1 homicide by omission 5.1$....................................................................................................12 1.5.2 causation 5.11.......................................................................................................................14 1.5.3 causation% medical treatment and euthanasia 5.12..............................................................18 1.5.4 de!inition o! li!e.....................................................................................................................18 1.5.5 de!inition o! death.................................................................................................................18 1.5.6 voluntariness.........................................................................................................................18 1.* TEMPORAL CO+INCIENCE OF MENS REA AN ACTS RES..........................................................1, 2. DEFENCES........................................................................................................................................20

2.1 I NTROCTION *.1.................................................................................................. *.1.........................................................................................................................20 .......................20 2.2 MENTAL EFENCES.......................................................................................................................21 2.2.1 &nsanity 6.2............................................................................................................................21 2.2.1.1 2.2.1.2 2.2.1.% 2.2.1." 2.2.1.!

-r/ur.....................................................................................................................................22 i3n44 3 -la.............................................................................................................................2% rn4i/ -a3in34...........................................................................................................................2% 4ummary -r/in54..................................................................................................................2% in6lun3ary /mmi33al..................................................................................................................2%

2.2.2 'utomatism 6.3......................................................................................................................23 2.2.2.1 2.2.2.2 2.2.2.% 2.2.2."

w7a3 i4 a i4a4  37 min$......................................................................................................2% in4an au3ma3i4m........................................................................................................................2% 4an au3ma3i4m...........................................................................................................................2" /a4 law........................................................................................................................................2"

2.2.3 (ubstantial &mpairment 6.4.................................................................................................. 25 2.2.%.1 2.2.%.2 2.2.%.% 2.2.%." 2.2.%.!

a8nrmali3y  37 min...............................................................................................................2* unrlyin5 /ni3in....................................................................................................................29 4u843an3ial im-airmn3.................................................................................................................29 :-r3 6in/............................................................................................................................29 4n3n/in5....................................................................................................................................29

2.2.4 &n!anticide 6.5.......................................................................................................................27  2.% I NTO;ICATION *.*..........................................................................................................................2, 2.3.1 )art 11'................................................................................................................................2" 2.3.2 common la#..........................................................................................................................3$ 2.3.3 *he +reasonable person.......................................................................................................31 2.3.4 &ntoication and other de!ences............................................................................................31 2.%.".1 in4ani3y.........................................................................................................................................%1 2.%.".2 au3ma3i4m...................................................................................................................................%1 2.%.".% 4u843an3ial im-airmn3 (imini47 r4-n4i8ili3y)......................................................................%1 2.%."." inan3i/i....................................................................................................................................%1 2.%.".! -r6/a3in..................................................................................................................................%1 2.%.".* 4l+n/..................................................................................................................................%1 2.%.".9 ur44...........................................................................................................................................%% 2.%.". n/44i3y.......................................................................................................................................%%

2." PROLE ER# O>>ER# @ >R&LAR#  ? >LAC'MAIL 10....................................................................................* !.* R ECEIH (a--r64 (olomon (1,0@NSWCCA))

Pa5   9

Criminal Law 2 (LAWS1011) •

Summary

a--r64 'nnain ra37r 37an @oughey (37u57 4nK3 :-r44ly 6rrul la33r)

,* in ' r/l44 inirn/B u44 an 8=/3i6 343@ i.. in6lun3ary man4lau573r 

1.4.2 constructive murder 5.6 GC.!%0+, GN.1*+ • $ 18%1&%'&  a/3 r mi44in /au4in5 a37 n in an a33m-3 3 /mmi3@ r urin5 r immia3ly a3r 37 /mmi44in@ 8y 37 a//u4@ r 4m a//m-li/ wi37 7im@  a /rim -uni47a8l 8y im-ri4nmn3 r li r 2! yar4K. • 37 w7l -in3  /n43ru/3i6 murr i4 37a3 37 mens rea ruirmn3 i4 n3 37a3  murr@ 8u3 ra37r 37a3  37 una3inalK /rim (4 yan GN.1*) • 37 actus reus  murr i4 43ill ruir@ w7i/7 i4 w7y involuntariness wa4 ar5u in yan GC.%*! G."%. I3K4 43ill -44i8l 3 n5a3i6 37 actus reus  murr. • 4 n3 :i43 in 37 /mmn law  37 ' ( )agett GC.!,")

')$

+$$ '+*

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 yan v  (1,*9@HCA) GC.!%0 GN.1* +  n3r a 4r6i/ 43a3in wi37 37 in3n3 3 /mmi3 a r88ry wi37 a wa-n + 7i4 ril wa4 //@ 7a 4a3y  ? wa4 -in3 a3 < + 37 5un i4/7ar5 w7n  wa4 43ar3l 8y P 8alan/  -r8a8ili3i4 ()) •  =uri4 ar la37 3 :/u4 4l+inu/ in3:i/a3in  ('ins#orth (1,,"@  NSWCCA) -r &l4n CD GC.*9*)

2.3.1 ,art 11* $ 428A

-$)+7+*, -+,++*,$ • -  a4 -r rug • $ 418 343 a4 3 n/44i3y i4 sub0ective (a4 4J7 perceived  37mB) • $ 418 343 a4 3 -r-r3in i4 ob0ective (reasonable r4-n4 in 37

Pa5 %2  9

Criminal Law 2 (LAWS1011)

,*$>

Summary

/ir/um43an/4B) a4 sub0ectively -r/i6 8y . • 37i4 i4 not  au37ri3y i3K4 =u43 =ury ir/3in4  a 4in5l 3rial =u5 in  NSWSC (Hwi D) • in 9onlon GC.9"0 Hun3 CD 43a3 37a3 in3:i/a3in i4 rl6an3 in a4444in5 ra4na8ln44  K4 /nu/3. • in Hurtic GC.9"% Hun3 CD 4ay4 obiter  37a3 #' 11A 4 n3 6rrul 9onlon • in HatarAynsi GN.* Hwi D i4a5r4@ 4ayin5 37a3 37 a4444mn3  K4 r4-n4 3 37 an5r (a4 4J7 -r/i6 i3) i4 an ob0ective a4444mn3 ? 37rr 4l+inu/ in3:i/a3in i4 n3 -rmi44i8l  very, very con!using  QQQ • $* o  HatarAynsi /n3rai/34 9onlon (8y ain5 37 :3ra 43-  a ra4na8l r4-n4B 343 43rai573 rm $ 418%2&) o 9onlon wa4 /i be!ore in3ru/3in  #' 11A@ o  8u3 Hurtic 4u55434 37a3 9onlon 43ill 43an4 o w7 nw4$$$$ o a4 y3 37r 7a4 8n n a--lla3 /i4in  w n nQQQ

2.3.4.# duress •

37r i4 an -r4n  rinary irmn44  minK 343  ('busi!iah) i3 i4 un/lar w737r 37 ra4na8l -r4nK  $ 428F /6r4 37i4 343.  'busi!iah 43a34 37a3 37i4 -r4n i4 a 8rar /n/-3 37an 37 a6ra5 -r4nK  37  >a#rence 343. GC.9,@ 00

2.3.4.$ necessity •

•

in >oughnan 37r i4 a -r-r3inali3y 343@ i 37a3K4 8=/3i6 37n $ 428F mi573 a--ly in ogers  mu43 7n43ly ? reasonably 8li6 in 37 n/44i3y  K4 a/3in4. >u3 37 ra4na8l 8li i4 K4@ n3 37 rinary -r4nK4 (9onlon (-r Hun3 CD) ma4 37i4 -in3 a8u3 Iecevic rmm8r 37a3 ogers /i4in a-34 Iecevic 343)

Pa5 %%  9

Criminal Law 2 (LAWS1011)

Summary

2." Pro,ocation '.-  GC.*1+92* GN.",+*0 $ 23 (3rial r murr  n/  -r6/a3in) •  -ar3ial n/ (murr man4lau573r) ($ 23%1&) • al4 a n/ 3 /n43ru/3i6 murr ($ 23%1& ry) •  8ar4 evidentiary 8urn  rai4in5 37i4 n/ • P mu43 n5a3i6 n/ 8yn ra4na8l u83 ($ 23%4&) • % lmn34 1. 37r mu43 7a6 8n 7*H (ob%ective 343) ($ 23%2& %(&). O8=/3i6 343 7a4 3w lim84 (37 (tingel 343) (a) 5ra6i3yJ/n3:3 rinary -r4n 47ar4 K4 /7ara/3ri43i/4 (Creen) (8) l44  4l+/n3rl rinary -r4n nly 47ar4 K4 yu37ul imma3uri3y ( ees) •  -r6/a3i6 a/3 n n3 //ur immia3ly 8r a/3 r mi44in /au4in5 a37 ($ 23%2&) (9hhay) • a/3 r mi44in /au4in5 a37 n n3 8 /mmi33Jmi33 4unly (-r $ 23%3&%(& ) (9hhay) •

2.4.1 history GC.*1+2 GN.!1 •   v (mith (2000@'HL) -r Lr Hman GC.*1 o n/  -r6/a3in i4 a /n/44in 3 7uman rail3yB o 47win5 an5r in 73 8lB wa4 n/ a 4i5n  ma4/ulin 7nur  o w7n murr a33ra/3 37 a37 -nal3y@ -ar3ial n/  -r6/a3in man3 :/u3in /ul 8 a6i o ra4na8l manB 343 in3ru/ in  v :elsh (1*,@') n3 un3il 1,04 37a3 -r6/a3in wa4 mii 3 /6r m43i/ 6iln/ ? • /a44 w7r l44  4l+/n3rl wa4 n3 immia3B. T7i4 wa4 in r4-n4 3 /a44  &r5ina Hill@ SA a: murr4@ 3/

2.4.2 s 23' trial for murder  provocation GC.*2+% GN.!1+2 %1& -r6/a3in i4 a -ar3ial n/ =ury may a/ui3  murr ? /n6i/3  man4lau573r 

Pa5 %"  9

Criminal Law 2 (LAWS1011)

Summary

%2& an a/3 r mi44in /au4in5 a37 i4 an a/3 n r mi33 unr -r6/a3in w7n  l43 4l+/n3rl ( sub0ective 343) • a4 a r4ul3  any /nu/3  < (in/luin5 5r44ly in4ul3in5 wr4 r • 543ur4B) 3war4 r a/3in5  (37 -r6/a3i6 /nu/3) ($(@$ %2&%'& ) ',37 -r6/a3i6 /nu/3 wul 7a6 /au4 rinary -r4n in 37 -4i3in  •  3 4 ar l4 4l+/n3rl a4 3 rm in3n3 3 ill r /au4 &>H 3  (ob0ective 343) ($(@$ %2&%(& ) •  -r6/a3i6 /nu/3 /ul 7a6 //urr a3 any 3im -rir 3 a/3 r mi44in /au4in5 a37. %3& -r6/a3in i4 not  n5a3i6 8y (a) i4-r-r3inal r4-n4 (i.. n ruirmn3 r -r-r3inali3y) (8) a lay r4-n4 (i.. n ruirmn3  4unn44Jimmia/y  ra/3in) (/) in3n3   3 ill r /au4 &>H %4& P mu43 -r6 8yn ra4na8l u83 37a3 a/3 r mi44in /au4in5 a37 wa4 n3 n r mi33 unr -r6/a3in

2.4.3 provocative conductcircumstances  avis (1,,@ NSWCCA) GC.*!+ GN.!2 ')$>  ill < a3r 7arin5 37a3 < wa4 4:ually a44aul3in5 2 5irl4 (% ? ! y..) +$$> i4 -r6/a3in a6aila8l 3  w7 i n3 4 r 7ar 37 -r6/a3i6 /nu/3  wr4@ /nu/3 r 543ur4  < mu43 //ur wi37in 37 7arin5 r  -r4n/   (-r  v Euartly (1,*@NSWSC)). '$*,+, i 7ar4ay -r6/a3inK wr allw@ 37n  wul 8 a8l 3 ill > inn/n3 --l. *(+>  per  Sim-4n D  i4 -r6 8y 37 belie!  37a3 37 /nu/3  < //urr. S i /nu/3 i in !act //ur@ 37n  i4 -r6 8y ees (1,,,@ NSWCCA) GC.*+,2 GN.!2 ')$> + < ma rmar4 a8u3 4ui/i  K4 a37r. +  wa4 4n4i3i6 a8u3 37 3-i/ + a i573 n4u@  /laim4 7 l43 /n3rl@  ill < +$$> /an wr4 /n43i3u3 -r6/a3in$ -> •  -r6/a3i6 wr4 /an i44u rm an in4ul3@ 37ra3  6iln/@  8la/mail@ :3r3in@ 3/. • wr4 n 3 8  a 4ui/in3 6iln3@ n4i6 r 37rwi4 a55ra6a3in5 /7ara/3r Mr wr4  a8u4 r in4ul3 wul n3 nrmally ualiyB ,*$> • $ 23%1& 5r44ly in4ul3in5 wr4 r 543ur4B

Pa5 %!  9

Criminal Law 2 (LAWS1011) •

Summary

$ 23 i4 4iln3 n w737r -r6/a3i6 /nu/3 mu43 8 unlawul. I3 i4 unlily 37a3 unlawuln44 ruirmn3 43ill a--li4.

2.4.4 suective test' time  loss of self!control Hi43ri/ally 37r wa4 a ruirmn3 r 4unn44 limi3 3 a 1!+20 minu3 lay  83wn -r6/a3i6 a/3 ? r4-n4 ( )arer  GC.*,2). 9hhay (1,,2@ NSWCCA) GC.*,%+ GN.!2+% ')$> + < wa4 a 6iln3 ? a8u4i6 al/7li/@ marri 3  + < /laim  7a a33a/ 7r wi37 ni@ 47 53 ni rm 7im ? 43a88 7im + P /laim < ill  w7n 7 wa4 4l-in5 +$$> i  ill < w7n 7 wa4 4l-in5@ 37n 8/au4 37r wa4 n 4un 3ri55rin5 6n3@ i4 -r6/a3in -n 3 $ -> • n ruirmn3 37a3 -r6/a3i6 /nu/3 //urr immia3ly 8r 37 a/3 r mi44in /au4in5 a37 (-r $ 23%2&) • a/3 r mi44in /au4in5 a37 n n3 8 /mmi33Jmi33 4unly (-r $ 23%3&%(&) • illin5 mu43 7a6 //urr w7n  wa4 in an m3inal 43a3 8ru573 n 8y 37 l44  4l+/n3rl ,*$> • $ 23%2&%'& 4u8=/3i6 343 • m-7a4i4 i4 n /n3:3uali4a3in  l44  4l+/n3rl (   ill ) • /ur34 ar 4u4-i/iu4  4l+7l- 37ru57 6iln/ (7n/ -r6/a3in i4 nly a partial  n/) •   v  (1,1@SACCA) < 4:ually a8u4 7i4 ! au573r4. On ay  illin5  i4 3l  7i43ry  a8u4.  ill4 < wi37 an a: w7n 7 i4 a4l-. Dury a/ui34. GC.*,* GN.!% • Ceorgina ill   (1,1@NSWCCA) :3rm m43i/ 6iln/. CCA ru/4 =ury /n6i/3in r murr wn 3 man4lau573r. GC.*,9 GN.!% • 4m mini434 7a6 /all r a8li3in  -r6/a3in a4 a mal+ /n3rK n/. >u3@ 43a3i43i/4 47w 37a3 wmn ar 4u//44ul wi37 37i4 n/ a4 wll. GC.*, GN.!% • 6in/  >WS n3 ruir r -r6/a3in@ 8/au4 37 rinary  -r4n  37 143 lim8 i4 a 8a33r wman (i rl6an3)

2.4.5 oective test' the ordinary person (tingel  (1,,0@ HCA) GC.*,+90! GN.!"@!9a ')$> +  i4/6r4 < 7a6in5 4: wi37 K4 rmr 5irlrin. +  43ill 8444 wi37 rmr 5irlrin + < 3ll4  3 -i44  yu /un3B +  43a84 < 3 a37 wi37 a 8u3/7r4 ni +$$> wul rinary -r4n 7a6 8n -r6$ -> • 3w lim84 3 37 8=/3i6 343 1. gravity/contetualisation 5rJ:3n3 3 w7i/7 rinary -r4n (47arin5 rl6an3 a33ri8u34  @ .5. a5@ 4:@ ra/@ 37ni/i3y@  -7y4i/al a3ur4@ -r4nal a33ri8u34@ -r4nal rla3in47i-4 r -a43 7i43ryB r 6n mn3al in43a8ili3yB) wul 7a6 8n -r6 2. sel!-control  /ul 37 rinary -r4n (47arin5 nly K4 yu37ul

Pa5 %*  9

Criminal Law 2 (LAWS1011)

• •

,*$>

•

Summary

imma3uri3y) 7a6 8n -r6 8y 37a3 5r  5ra6i3y 3 l4 37ir 4l+/n3rl ? 3 a/3 a4  i$ n 2  lim8 will alway4 rl/3 /n3m-rary /ni3in4 an a33i3u4B rinary -r4n  ra4na8l -r4n  nrmal -r4n $ 23%2&%(&  8=/3i6 343  /nu/3  GH u-n@ G + < (%*y) a33m-3 3 7a6 4: wi37  (22y).  i n3 wan3 3. +  /laim4 37 ima5  4:ual a8u4  7i4 4i43r4 8y 7i4 a37r la47 37ru57 7i4 min@ /au4in5 7im 3 l4 4l+/n3rl +  ill < in a 6ry 6iln3 a47in +$$> 47ul K4 4-/ial 4n4i3i6i3y 3 4:ual a44aul3 8 47ar 8y 37 rinary  -r4n  37 143 lim8  37 (tingel 343$ -> y4 K4 4-/ial 4n4i3i6i3y 3 4:ual a44aul3 i4 a rl6an3 a/3r in ma4urin5 37 5ra6i3y  37 -r6/a3in ? 47ul 8 47ar 8y 37 rinary -r4n. T7 4-/ial 4n4i3i6i3y i4 not  3 8 47ar 8y rinary  -r4n  2n lim8. '$*,+, • >rnnan CD < wa4 a a37r i5ur 3  ?

-+$$,>

,*$>

Summary

a6an/4 6 K4 4-/ial 4n4i3i6i3y. T74 wr ma33r4 r 37  =ury 3 3rmin w7n ma4urin5 37 5r  -r6/a3in • M/Hu57 D 37 contet   37 -r6/a3in wa4 a 4:ual a6an/ a55ra6a3 8y K4 4-/ial 4n4i3i6i3y 3 4:ual a44aul3. In ma4urin5 37 5ra6i3y  37 -r6/a3in@ 37 rinary -r4n mu43 8 -r6 r 37 4am ra4n4 a4 37 a//u4B 'ir8y D • /u44 n HA (7m4:ual a6an/ n/) ? /n/lu4 37a3 rinary 22y wul n3 8 -r6 8y a 7m4:ual a6an/ • 'ir8y D 7a4 mi44 37 -in3  7 4 n3 /u4 n K4 4-/ial 4n4i3i6i3y 3 (73r4:ual) 4:ual a44aul3 • in  v (mith (2000@'HL) GN.!* 37 HL 7a4 r=/3 37 6iw 37a3 nly a5 ? 5nr 47ul 8 47ar 8y 37 rinary -r4n in 37 4l+/n3rl lim8. O37r (rl6an3) -r4nal /7ara/3ri43i/4 /an al4 8 3an in3 a//un3. In (mith@  wa4 4urin5 rm a 46r -r44i6 illn44 37a3 lwr4 /a-a/i3y r 4l+/n3rl. HL 4ai rinary -r4n 47ul 47ar 37a3 /7ara/3ri43i/ in 37 2n lim8.  NOTE n3 37 law in Au43ralia.

2.5 elf(defence './  GC.92*+*1 GN.*0+ • • • • • • •

•

• •

$$ 418@423  (-r/laim 22J02J2002) n :/44i6 r/ /m-l3 n/ (n3 5uil3y) :/44i6 r/ ($ 421) -ar3ial n/ (murr man4lau573r)  8ar4 evidentiary 8urn  rai4in5 37i4 n/ P mu43 n5a3i6 n/ 8yn ra4na8l u83 ($ 419) i3 i4 nu57 r P 3 n5a3i6 either   37 3w lmn34  $ 418 2 lmn34 ($ 418) 1. i  5nuinly 8li6 37a3 /nu/3 wa4 n/44ary in rr 3 n 7im4lJ7r4lJan37r$ (4u8=/3i6 343) ',2. wa4 K4 /nu/3 a ra4na8l r4-n4 3 37 an5r@ a4 4J7  -r/i6 i3 3 8$ (8=/3i6 343  -r-r3inali3y wi37 rrn/ 3 K4 4u8=/3i6 -r/-3in  /ir/um43an/4) 4l+n/ 3 murr n3 a6aila8l w7n -r3/3in5 -r-r3y r -r6n3in5 /riminal 3r4-a44 ($ 420) :-r3 6in/  >WS /an 8 au/ (Gsland ) 37ra3 n n3 8  a37 r &>H@ al4 4:ual a44aul3 (:alden) NOTE $$ 418@423 nw r-la/ /mmn law in NSW

2.5.1

statutory defence of self!defence

9rimes 'mendment =(el! e!ence? 'ct 2$$1  (NSW) GN.* •  -r/laim 22J02J2002 r-al ome &nvasion =Gccupants )rotection? 'ct 1""8 (NSW) GC.9"! • GN.*! in4r3 a nw #' 11 D+

Summary

ra4na8l -44i8ili3y 37a3 w7a3  i wa4 a ra4na8l r4-n4 3 37 /ir/um43an/4 a4 4J7 -r/i6 37m$  i  5nuinly 8li6 37ir r4-n4 wa4 n/44ary$ ',- 5i6n 37 /ir/um43an/4 a4  -r/i6 37m (not  a4 37y a/3ually wr) wa4 r4-n4 ra4na8l$ (NOTE 37i4 ir4 rm 37 /mmn law) • ∴ P mu43 -r6 8yn ra4na8l u83 either  (i)  i n3 5nuinly 8li6 37ir /nu/3 n/44ary 3 /3 37ir 4l+n/ or  (ii) K4 /nu/3 wa4 n3 a ra4na8l r4-n4 3 37 an5r a4 4J7  -r/i6 i3 • 37r i4 n ra4na8l -r4n 343 ($ 428F) =ury a//444 37 ra4na8ln44  37 r4-n4   (n3  37 rinary -r4n) in 37 /ir/um43an/4 as s/he perceived them (n3 a4 37y 8=/3i6ly wr). • 4m  37 -r4nal a33ri8u34   (.5. a5@ 5nr@ 7al37) ? 37 4urrunin5 -7y4i/al /ir/um43an/4 ar rl6an3 in a4444mn3  K4 r4-n4. • in3:i/a3in i4 rl6an3 w7n o /n4irin5 ma33r  n/44i3y w737r  5nuinly 8li6 /nu/3 wa4 n/44ary ',o /n4irin5 ma33r  /ir/um43an/4 a4  -r/i6 37m o ( ,* w7n /n4irin5 -r-r3inali3y w737r K4 r4-n4 3 374 /ir/um43an/4 wa4 ra4na8l. • I 37in w7a3 Hwi D i4 4ayin5 i4 37a3 37r ar 37r 37in54 r =ury 3 /n4ir (ir43 3w ar 4u8=/3i6 37ir i4 8=/3i6) 1. K4 a4444mn3  /ir/um43an/4 (a4 4J7 -r/i6 37m) 2. K4 a4444mn3  37 n/44i3y 3 r4-n in 374 /ir/um43an/4 %. 8=/3i6 a4444mn3  w737r K4 r4-n4 wa4 -r-r3inal in 374 /ir/um43an/4 (a4 -r/i6 8y @ n3 a4 37y 8=/3i6ly wr) NOTE> +$ +$ very $+/+' * M'$*, $ 6@7*+, -+)+*, +, &iro • $ 418 343 a4 3 n/44i3y i4 sub0ective (a4 4J7 perceived  37mB) • $ 418 343 a4 3 -r-r3in i4 ob0ective (reasonable r4-n4 in 37 /ir/um43an/4B) a4 sub0ectively -r/i6 8y . • 37i4 i4 not  au37ri3y i3K4 =u43 =ury ir/3in4  a 4in5l 3rial =u5 in  NSWSC (Hwi D) •  -rly :-r44 ra4n4 r ir/3in4 • +,*+)'+*, o in 9onlon GC.9"0 Hun3 CD 43a3 37a3 in3:i/a3in i4 rl6an3 in a4444in5 ra4na8ln44  K4 /nu/3. o in Hurtic GC.9"% Hun3 CD 4ay4 obiter  37a3 #' 11A 4 n3 6rrul 9onlon o in HatarAynsi GN.* Hwi D i4a5r4@ 4ayin5 37a3 37 a4444mn3  K4 r4-n4 3 37 an5r (a4 4J7 -r/i6 i3) i4 an ob0ective a4444mn3 ? 37rr 4l+inu/ in3:i/a3in i4 n3 -rmi44i8l  very, very con!using  QQQ o $* •  HatarAynsi /n3rai/34 9onlon (8y ain5 37 :3ra 43-  a ra4na8l r4-n4B 343 43rai573 rm $ 418%2&) Pa5 "0  9

Criminal Law 2 (LAWS1011) • • • •

Summary

9onlon wa4 /i be!ore in3ru/3in  #' 11A@  8u3 Hurtic 4u55434 37a3 9onlon 43ill 43an4 w7 nw4$$$$ a4 y3 37r 7a4 8n n a--lla3 /i4in  w n nQQQ

2.5.2 old common law NOTE l /mmn law GC.92*+*1

 o#e (1,!@ HCA) GC.92* GN.*1 4l+n/ i4 u4ually a /m-l3 n/@ 7w6r 37 (8=/3i6ly a4444) u4  :/44i6 r/ ru/4 4l+n/ 3 a  partial  n/.  )almer  (1,91@ PC) GC.92* GN.*1 r=/34 :/44i6 4l+n/  -r-r3inali3y i4 37 44n/  4l+n/. Ei37r 37 /nu/3 wa4 ra4na8l r i3 wa4 n3 (37r i4 n in3rmia3 -4i3in). Firo (1,9@ HCA) GC.929+, GN.*1+2 +$$>  o#e r )almer  w7i/7 i4 37 law in Au43ralia$ ->  -r Ma4n@ Da/84@ Mur-7y ? &i884 DD (>arwi/ CD i44n3in5) •  o#e@ i.. n/  :/44i6 4l+n/ i4 a6aila8l (-ar3ial) n/ '+*> Ma4n DK4 *+-in3 /i4in 3r r =ury (5ra3ly 4im-lii) • w7r 37r i4 a 37ra3  a37 r &>H 3 @ =ury mu43 /i (1) w737r  (4u8=/3i6ly) ra4na8ly 8li6@ in all 37 /ir/um43an/4@ 37a3 37 37ra3 wa4 ral (2) i =ury an4wr4 nB 3 (1)@ 37n 4l+n/ i4 n3 a6aila8l. (%) wa4 r/ u4 8y  ra4na8ly -r-r3ina3 3 37 an5r   8li6 4J7 a/$ (") i =ury an4wr4 y4B 3 (%)@ 37n =ury 47ul a/ui3 (!) i  8li6 37 r/ 4J7 u4 wa4 ra4na8ly -r-r3ina3 3 37 an5r  8li6 4J7 a/$ (*) i =ury an4wr4 nB 3 (!)@ 37n  i4 5uil3y  murr. I =ury an4wr4 y4B 3 (!)@ 37n  i4 5uil3y  man4lau573r. -+$$,> Mur-7y D a8li47 37 8=/3i6 343  3a/7 rl/3in /ann3 8 man in 37 -r4n/  an u-rai4 niB  Iecevic v )) =Fic? (1,9@ HCA) GC.92,+% GN.*2+" ')$> +  7a ar5umn3 wi37 7i4 ni578ur ( + w737r K4 8li  rali3y  37 37ra3  a37 r &>H 7a4 3 8 a reasonable 8li$ -> y4 i3 4. (a--al allw r+3rial rr) '+*> • u43in 3 8 a4 w737r 37 a//u4 8li6 u-n ra4na8l 5run4 37a3 i3 wa4 n/44ary in 4l+n/ 3  w7a3 7 i. I 7 7a 37a3 8li ? 37r wr ra4na8l 5run4 r i3@ r i 37 =ury i4 l3 in ra4na8l u83 a8u3 37 ma33r@ 37n 7 i4 n3i3l 3 an

Pa5 "1  9

Criminal Law 2 (LAWS1011)

-+$$,>

,*$>

Summary

a/ui33alB (-r Wil4n@ aw4n ? T7y DD &aurn D a5rin5 an D i44n3in5) • a8li47 -ar3ial n/  :/44i6 r/ (-r Wil4n@ aw4n ? T7y DD &aurn ? an DD i44n3in5) an D •  -ar3ial n/  :/44i6 r/ wa4 n3 an i44u 8r 37 /ur3 ? 4 47ul n3 8 6rrul • rrmula34 Firo wi37u3 37 (/nu4in5) 8urn  -r 43u GC.9%" • 37 /n/-3  &>H 47ul 8 :-an 3 in/lu 4riu4 8ily a8u4B@ .5. 4:ual a8u4 ? -rln5 in/ar/ra3in • 3w main irn/4 wi37 Firo. In Iecevic 1. -r6/a3in n n3 8 an unlawul a33a/  2. -ar3ial n/  :/44i6 r/ a8li47 • $ 421 r+in3ru/4 -ar3ial n/  :/44i6 r/ • $ 418 =ury ir/3in i4 irn3 rm Iecevic rmula3in (/  HatarAynsi)

:alden (1,*@ NSWCCA) GC.9%! GN.*% - 37 37ra3 i4 n3 /nin 3 a37 r &>H. S:ual a44aul3 i4 an :am-l  an37r -r6/a3i6B 37ra3 r an5r.   v );  (2000@NSWCCA) GC.9%+, GN.*% ')$ + 1"y..  anally ra- 8y < +  8/am arul 37a3 < wul ra- K4 inan3 n-7w +  lur < 3 7i4 7u4 an 473 7im ! 3im4 +$$ w737r  /ul 7a6 8li6 n ra4na8l 5run4 37a3 i3 wa4 n/44ary in 4l n/ 3  w7a3 7 i '+*  wa4 n3 8in5 a33a/ r any37in5 li i3@ 37 /ri3i/al lmn3  imminence  a 37ra3 wa4 la/in5. - a--al wa4 i4mi44. ,* • r+in3ru/4 ruirmn3 37a3 37ra3 8 imminn3. > •  -r8a8ly n3 5 law anymr (5i6n nw 4l+n/ -r6i4in4)

2.5.2.1 a sub%ective or ob%ective test? 9onlon (1,,%@ NSWSC) GC.*99@9"0+! GN."@*"+* 343 in 4l+n/ (/mmn law  Iecevic a3 37i4 3im) i4 n3 37 reasonable persons 8li@ 8u3 ra37r 37 accuseds reasonable 8li (in all 37 /ir/um43an/4 in w7i/7 7 un 7im4l)@ i.. 4u8=/3i6 n3 8=/3i6.  Hurtic (1,,*@NSWSC) GC.9"% GN.*" Hun3 D 4ay4 obiter  37a3 #' 11A 4 n3 6rrul 9onlon. S $ 428F (ra4na8l -r4n n3 in3:i/a3) 4nK3 a--ly.

2.5.2.2 defence of property GC.9"!+* GN.*!  ome &nvasion =Gccupants )rotection? 'ct 1""8 (NSW) 4imilar 3 Iecevic@ 8u3 n rulin54 • r-al 8y 9rimes 'mendment =(el! e!ence? 'ct 2$$1  (NSW) •

2.5.2.3 'attered oman )yndrome (') Gsland  (1,,,@ HCA) GC.9!0+*1 GN.**+9

Pa5 "2  9

Criminal Law 2 (LAWS1011)

Summary

+ m37r ? 4n murr < (an a8u4i6 7u48an) + 4n a/ui33  murr  + m37r /n6i/3 +$$> /an :-r3 6in/  8a33r wman 4ynrm (>WS) 8 au/ in /ur3$ W7a3 wi573 47ul i3 8 5i6n$ -> • :-r3 6in/ /an 8 au/ 3 7l- =ury /i i  wa4 a  8a33r wman •  =ury mu43 /i 2 37in54 1.  37y 8li6 37 :-r3 6in/$ 2. i4  a 8a33r wman$ ,*$> • 6in/  >WS n3 ruir r -r6/a3in@ 8/au4 37 rinary  -r4n  37 143 lim8 i4 a 8a33r wman (i rl6an3) • 4l+n/ i4 a complete n/ (4 i3K4 833r 3 53 u- n 37i4 37an n -r6/a3in@ w7i/7 i4 a partial   n/). • BUT n3 37a3 $ 421 7a4 r+in3ru/ :/44i6 r/@ 4 =ury /ul /i n partial 4l+n/ r >WS /a44 //a4inin5 a37. ')$>

Pa5 "%  9

Criminal Law 2 (LAWS1011)

Summary

2.' 0ecessity '. GC.9*1+ GN.*,+9% • • •

• • • • •

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/m-l3 n/ (n3 5uil3y) circumstances inu/  3 8ra 37 law lmn34 ( ogers) 1. a 37ra3  a37 r 4riu4 in=ury a5ain43  r 37rJ4 2.  mu43 7n43ly ? ra4na8ly 8li6 37a3 8rain5 37 law wa4 n/44ary 3 a6i 37 37ra3n 7arm  8ar4 evidentiary 8urn  rai4in5 37i4 n/ P mu43 n5a3i6 n/ 8yn ra4na8l u83 not  a6aila8l r murr ( udley  (tephens) a6aila8l r 43ri/3 lia8ili3y n/4 (:hite) a6aila8l r a8r3in n/4 (:ald  H v ) GC.9*2+9 GN.90 ')$> + " mn ari3 a3 4a wi37 n 7-  r4/u + 2 /n4-ir 3 ill 37 yun543 ? wa43  37ir num8r  ? 37y  + % a3 37 "37 8r 8in5 r4/u '+*> n/44i3y i4 n n/ 3 murr  '$*,+, •  -ur -li/y > o /ann3 -r4r6 yur wn li 8y 3ain5 37 li  an inn/n3 o 3 -r4r6 nK4 li i4 5nrally 4-ain5 a u3y@ 8u3 i3 may 8 37 -lain43 an 37 7i5743 u3y 3 4a/rii/ i3B (-r Lr Clri5 LD) •

/ur34 ar 4u4-i/iu4  n/44i3y. N/44i3y rarly 4u//4 in /ur3 /. Lr nnin5 MR in (outh#ar v :illiams (1,91@ ') GC.9*9 GN.*,+90  l5a34 ar5umn3

2.6.1 prison escapes GC.9*9+99! GN.90+1  >oughnan (1,1@ +  wa4 a -ri4n 5B (inrmr) +  8li6 7i4 li wa4 in imminn3 an5r ? a33m-3 3 4/a- ->  ail 3 i4/7ar5 6in3iary 8urn  n n 3 -u3 n/44i3y 3  =ury '+*> w737r  7n43ly 8li6 n ra4na8l 5run4 37a3 4/a- rm  -ri4n wa4 n/44ary in rr 3 a6i 37ra3n a37 r 4riu4 in=ury

Pa5 ""  9

Criminal Law 2 (LAWS1011)

Summary

(aa-3in5 Iecevic) ,*$> • llwin5 ar all nw 6in3iary /n4ira3in4 o imminn/  37 37ra3 o w737r -ri4nr -rm-3ly 7an 7imJ7r4l in o w737r 37r wa4 an37r /ur4  a/3in -n 3  (.5. a4in5 r -r3/3in)

2.6.2 strict liaility GC.99!+ GN.91 :hite (1,9@ NSWC) GC.99*+ GN.91 ')$> +  wa4 /au573 ? 8 r 4-in5 8y -li/ i/r  +  i n3 mn3in 37a3 7 wa4 ru47in5 7i4 4i/ 4n 3 74-i3al +$$> 4-in5 i4 an n/  a84lu3 lia8ili3y. I4 n/44i3y a n/$ -> y4. /n6i/3in ua47 '+*> in /r3ain /ir/um43an/4@ a /7i/ ma 3 /mmi3 an n/  43ri/3 lia8ili3y in rr 3 a6i a 5ra3r 6il  Gi4 a n/.B ,*$> • a n/ in 4ar/7  37 -r/3 /ir/um43an/4B

2.6.3 political protest GC. 99,+1 GN.91

2.6.4 regulation of aortion GC.91+ GN.92+%  H v + 1! y.. -lain3i@ a war  37 43a3@ wi474 3 7a6 an a8r3in + Mini43r ()@ -lain3iK4 5uarian@ 7a4 ru4 -> mini43r mu43 5i6 /n4n3 r -lain3i 3 7a6 an a8r3in '+*> • i mi4/arria5 -r/ur 8y -r4n w7 7a4 an 7n43 8li n ra4na8l 5run4 37a3 37 3rmina3in i4 n/44ary 3 -r4r6 37 wman in6l6 rm 4riu4 an5r 3 7r li r -7y4i/al r mn3al 7al37 an 37a3 in 37 /ir/um43an/4 37 an5r wa4 n3 u3   -r-r3in 3 37 an5r in3n 3 8 a6r3@ 37n 37 3rmina3in i4 l5al (:ald 343) • ra4na8l 5run4 /an 43m rm 4/ial@ /nmi/ r mi/al 8a44. ,*$> • 37i4 i4 n3 a /riminal /a4 • $ 82 4l+inu/ mi4/arria5 r • $ 83 mi4/arria5 inu/ 8y a %  -ar3y • $ 84 4u--lyin5 ru54 r in43rumn34 3 8 u4 3 a/3 a mi4/arria5 9D( v (uperclinics ='ustralia? )ty >td (1,,!@ NSWCA) GC.9"+ GN.9% ')$> + CES (-lain3i) 4uin5  r ailin5 3 ia5n4 7r -r5nan/y@ 37r8y  -r6n3in5 7r rm 7a6in5 an a8r3in *(+> • w7n /n4irin5 wmanK4 mn3al 7al37@ :ard 343 47ul 8 :3n 8yn 37 /urrn/y  37 -r5nan/yB 3 a3r 37 8ir37  37 /7ilB (-r 'ir8y P) ,*$> • 37i4 i4 n3 a /riminal /a4 • r3una3ly Su-r/lini/4 r- 37ir a--al 3 HCA 8/au4 Ca37li/ >i47-4 Cnrn/ 53 43anin5.

Pa5 "!  9

Criminal Law 2 (LAWS1011)

Summary

2.- *&ress '.1  GC.9+09 GN.9%+" • • •

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/m-l3 n/ (n3 5uil3y) 3rd  party inu/4  3 8ra 37 law lmn34 ( urley 'busi!iah) o a 37ra3  -7y4i/al 7arm 3  r 37rJ4 o /ir/um43an/4 w7r -r4n  rinary irmn44 wul 7a6 yil a4  i o 37ra3 wa4 -r4n3@ /n3inuin5@ imminn3 ? im-nin5 o  ra4na8ly a--r7n 37a3 37ra3 wul 8 /arri u3 o 37 37ra3 inu/  3 /mmi3 37 n/ 2+43a5 8=/3i6 343 ( >a#rence) o w737r a6ra5 -r4n  rinary irmn44  min ( a li a5 ? 4:@ in li /ir/um43an/4) wul 7a6 yil 3 37 37ra34  a37 r 4riu4 8ily 6iln/ o w737r an a6ra5 -r4n  rinary irmn44  min ( a li a5 ? 4:@ in li /ir/um43an/4) wul 7a6 3an an --r3uni3y 3 ra44r3 37ir will  8ar4 evidentiary 8urn  rai4in5 37i4 n/ P mu43 n5a3i6 n/ 8yn ra4na8l u83 ( 'busi!iah) a6aila8l 3 m43 n/4@ in/luin5 o man4lau573r  o 3 -rin/i-al in 2n 5r r murr ( a#rence (1,0@ NSWCCA) GC.9,+," GN.9% ')$> +  wa4 na6i5a3r n a ya/73 in w7i/7 /+a//u4 wr im-r3in5 /anna8i4 +  /laim 7 wa4 ini3ially unawar  37 -ur-4  37 6ya5 +  /laim 7 nly /n3inu unr 37ra34  6iln/ (ur44) '+*> • w7n  /mmi34 a /rim nly 8/au4 7i4J7r min 7a4 8n 6r8rn 8y 37ra34  a37 r 4riu4 8ily 6iln/ (w737r 3war4 7i4J7r r an37r) n/  ur44 i4 -n  8=/3i6 343 (X1) w737r an a6ra5 -r4n  rinary irmn44  min@  a li a5 ? 4:@ in li /ir/um43an/4@ wul 7a6 n 37 a/34B 37a3  i • i  ail4 3 3a a6an3a5  an --r3uni3y ra4na8ly -n 3 7imB 3 ra44r3 7i4J7r will@ 37 n/ will n3 8 -n 3  • 8=/3i6 343 (X2) w737r an a6ra5 -r4n  rinary irmn44  min@  a li a5 ? 4:@ in li /ir/um43an/4@ in/luin5 li ri44 in r4-/3  37 al3rna3i64 -n@ wul 7a6

Pa5 "*  9

Criminal Law 2 (LAWS1011)

•

Summary

a6ail 7im4l  37 --r3uni3yB 3 ra44r3 7i4J7r will a3 la43 n  37 8=/3i6 3434 mu43 8 n5a3i6 8y P

 urley (1,*9@ + < 8r /u43mary ini5nu4 law + 4 /laim i3 wa4 /u43mary 3 -uni47 37 wrn5r@ l4 37  -uni47mn3 wul 8 m3 n 4 (r n3 -rrmin5 37 -uni47mn3) -> • a--al4 a5ain43 /n6i/3in ? 4n3n/ i4mi44 ,*$> • /ur3 mi4unr43 37 4K n/. Cur3 37u573 37a3 4 wr a4in5 3 8 3ri 8y /u43mary law. In a/3 37y wr rai4in5 37

Pa5 "9  9

Criminal Law 2 (LAWS1011)

Summary

n/  ur44.

2.7.3 duress  murder  Ha/3ual 8ily 7arm &>H5ri6u4 8ily 7arm )*//*, '$$' %$ 61> not  *))'$+*,+, ABH& 1. actus reus a. '$$' (a--r7n4in  unlawul /n3a/3) an a/3 (8u3 n3 an mi44in) /ra3in5 a--r7n4in in 37 min •  < 37a3 unlawul /n3a/3 i4 imminn3  8. ('=  (unlawul /n3a/3) an a/3 (8u3 n3 mi44in)  unlawul /n3a/3 u-n an37r •  -r4n wi37u3 7i4 /n4n3 2. mens rea a. '$$' (a--r7n4in  unlawul /n3a/3) in3n3 r r/l44n44 (3 /ra3 a--r7n4in 3/) •  8. ('=  (unlawul /n3a/3) in3n3 r r/l44n44 (3 /3 unlawul /n3a/3 3/) • 3. )*@+,)+-,) a. mens rea an actus reus mu43 /in/i.

3.1 )ntrod&ction -.1 GC.0+10 GN.9! • ri5inally 37r wa4 a44aul3B (37ra3  6iln/) ? 8a33ryB (a--li/a3in  6iln/). Tay 37r i4 nly a44aul3. • a44aul3 i6i in3 3w /a35ri4  /mmn a44aul3 ($ 61)  a55ra6a3 a44aul3 (/mmn a44aul3 plus ai3inal r a55ra6a3in5 a/3r4)

3.2 ommon Assa<  GC.10+22 GN.9!+, • E6n 37u57@ i/ially@ 37 7i43ri/ally 4-ara3 n/4  a44aul3B ? 8a33ryB 7a6 8n 4u84um in3 37 n 43a3u3ry n/  /mmn a44aul3B@ 37 3w 3y-4  a44aul3 43ill :i43 in 37 l5al 3434. o a44aul3B rr4 3 37 /ra3in  an a--r7n4in  unlawul /n3a/3 o 8a33ryB rr4 3 a/3ual unlawul /n3a/3

3.2.1 assault

3.2.1.1 actus reus •

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an a/3 (8u3 n3 an mi44in) /ra3in5 a--r7n4in in 37 min  < 37a3 unlawul /n3a/3 i4 imminn3 mu43 8 a -4i3i6 a/3 o  4iln3 -7n /all4 ( &reland  @ursto#)  n3 $ 562 al4 wi37 43alr4 w7 ma 4iln3 -7n /all4 o  wr4 aln ( @arton v 'rmstrong )

Pa5 ",  9

Criminal Law 2 (LAWS1011)

Summary

o

 /ni3inal 37ra34 ( osAa v (amuels G.," GN.99)

o

 4-i33in5 ( )) v B: )

o

 /. GC.2 (la43 -a5) r mr

o

 an mi44in ( agan)

43a3  min  37 6i/3im o < mu43 a/3ually 7a6 8n -u3 in ar  imminn3 unlawul /n3a/3 ( @arton H) -   /n4n4ual a/3i6i3y 83wn 7u48an ? wi in 37 -ri6a/y  37 ma3rimnial 7mB ,* 37i4 a--ar4 3 8 an :/-3in 3 @ro#n 8/au4 37i4 i4 A>H@ 8u3 i3K4  $$$$   v 'iten (1,,2@') GC."% ')$ + airr/ i/r4 37rw -3rl 6r a/7 37r ? li573 ma3/74  3 343 37ir ir+-r 4ui34. +n 53 46rly 8urn3 -   /n4n4ual a/3  7r4-layB ,*  -r+ @ro#n   v Dmmet  (1,,,@'CA) GC."% ')$ + n5a5 /u-l inul5 in /n4n4ual S?M (-la43i/ 8a5 6r 7ar ?  8urnin5 ni--l4) - a44aul3  wll 8yn 37 linB w7i/7 /n4n3 8/m4 imma3rial ,*  -r+ @ro#n

Pa5 !"  9

Criminal Law 2 (LAWS1011)

Summary

3.5 Accepta4le iolence -.5  GC."!+, GN.% • /7a43i4mn3  /7ilrn • 6iln/ in 4-r3

3.' Patterns of ictimisation -.'  GC.",+!9 GN." • % 3y-4 in Au43ralia 1. mal+3+mal /nrn3a3in 2. m43i/ 6iln/ %. ini5nu4 /mmuni3i4 • al/7l i4 37 8i5543 /n3ri8u3r 3 6iln/ • " 43ru/3ural a/3r4 1. 5nr   2. a5 %. 4/i+/nmi/ 43a3u4 ". a8ri5inali3y

3.- *omestic iolence 6 Legal hange -.-  GC.!9+*, GN.!+9 • A 37 343 i4 -urly sub0ective no#ledge o! lac o! consent .  i4 n3 5uil3y i  7n43ly 8u3 mi43anly 8li6 < wa4 /n4n3in5  6n i a ra4na8l -r4n wul n3 7a6 ma 37 4am mi43a. -> a--al i4mi44 (A3 3rial@ 37 =ury inK3 8li6  w7n 7 4ai I 37u573 47 wa4 /n4n3in5B@ 4  wa4 /n6i/3)

Pa5 !*  9

Criminal Law 2 (LAWS1011)

Summary

+$'+*,> *rimes +ct  **?$ ,organ> $$ 61I ? 61 ruir4 37a3  no#s 37a3 37 37r -r4n 4 n3 /n4n3B (i.. nwl5  la/  /n4n3)

4.2.2 rec#lessness  emsley (1,@ NSWCCA) GC.! GN.,% ')$> + 1* y.. < 54 r a ri wi37 a 8ii () +  4:ually a44aul34 < +  /laim4 < /n4n3 ? 37a3 < i4 nw lyin5 +$$> 4 9rabbe r/l44n44 (a6r3n/ 3 probable /n4un/4) a--ly 3 4:ual a44aul3$ -> n '+*> r r/l44n44 3 8 -r6@ 37 P mu43 -r6 >R 37a3  %'&  wa4 awar 37a3 < wa4 n3 /n4n3in5 OR  %(&  rali4 < mi573 n3 8 /n4n3in5 AND 3rmin 3 7a6 in3r/ur4 wi37 < w737r < wa4 /n4n3in5 r n3 ,*> • 37i4 i4 a irn3 43anar rm 9rabbe r/l44n44 in w7i/7  probability i4 ruir@ n3 possibility.  Hitchener  (1,,%@ NSWCCA) GC.!+9 GN.," ')$> + 1* y.. < 54 r a ri wi37 a 8ii () +  4:ually a44aul34 < +  /laim4 < /n4n3 ? 37a3 < i4 nw lyin5 +$$> 4 a !ailure 3 a6r3 (/n4ir) 3 37 -44i8ili3y 37a3 < mi573 n3  8 /n4n3in5 amun3 3 r/l44n44$ '+*> r r/l44n44 3 8 -r6@ 37 P mu43 -r6 >R 37a3 i37r (a)  /n4ir -44i8ili3y  la/  /n4n3 8u3 i5nr i3 OR  (8)  !ailed to advert  3 -44i8ili3y 37a3 < wa4 n3 /n4n3in5. -> a--al i4mi44 ,*> • 37i4 i4 a irn3 43anar rm 9rabbe r/l44n44 in w7i/7  probability i4 ruir@ n3 possibility. +$'+*,> )$$,$$  7$/- )*,$, $ 61R%1&> 8in5 r/l44 a4 3 w737r < /n4n34 (i.. n3 /n4irin5 w737r < /n4n34) presumed  nwl5  la/  /n4n35uil3y

".3 Act&s $e&s )ss&es -.1  GC.+,9 GN.,"+!@,9+

Pa5 !9  9

Criminal Law 2 (LAWS1011)

Summary

Pa5 !  9

Criminal Law 2 (LAWS1011)

Summary

Pa5 !,  9

Criminal Law 2 (LAWS1011)

Summary

!.10.1 $' '$$'> actus reus • 4:ual in3r/ur4 $ 61H%1& • a84n/  /n4n3 $$ 61I " 61 • a/3r4 6i3ia3in5 /n4n3 $ 61R%2& • /n4n3 may 8 74i3an3@ rlu/3an3@ 5ru5in5B 8u3 43ill 8 /n4n3 ( olman)

4.3.1 d

efinition of se0ual intercourse s 61H(1)- definition of sexual intercourse (a) sexual connection occasioned by the penetration to any extent of the genitalia (including a surgically constructed vagina) of a female person or anus of any person by: (i) any part of the body of another person; or (ii)  any object manipulated by another person, except where…carried out for proper medical purposes; or (b) sexual connection occasioned by the introduction of any part of the penis into the mouth of another person; or (c) cunnilingus; or (d) continuation of sexual intercourse as described in (a), (b) or (c) above.

4.3.2 consent s 61R(2) : consent is vitiated (invalidated) when: (a)(i)  under mista!en belief as to identity of "; or (ii)  under mista!en belief that  is married to "; (a1)   under mista!en belief that intercourse is for medical or hygienic purposes; (b) if " !nows that  consents under mista!en belief referred to in (a) # (a$), then " is ta!en to !now that  does not consent; (c)  only consents as a result of threats or terror against  or another person; (d) lac! of actual physical resistance does not prima facie e%uate to consent

4.3.3 consent induced y force 9lare (1,,@NSWCCA) GC., GN.,! ')$> + -ri4n ra- +  3ll4 < 37a3 37r4 wan3K 7im (37ra3 mana3in5 rm 37r4) +  4ai 7 wul -r3/3 < i 7 7a 4:ual in3r/ur4 wi37  +  -u47 < n3 8 an 7a 4:ual in3r/ur4 wi37 < +$$> i 3rial =u5 rr 8y n3 u4in5 37 olman ir/3in /n4n3 may 8 74i3an3@ rlu/3an3@ 5ru5in5B 8u3 43ill 8 /n4n3$ *(+>  -r Sim-4n D (37r DD4 4iln3 n 37i4 -in3) /n4n3 7a4 3 8 rly an 6lun3arily 5i6nB  NOTE 37i4 i4 not  37 law in NSW  olman 43ill 43an4 -> /n6i/3in ua47 (n 37r 5run4) ,*>   v Glugbo0a (1,2@'CA) GC.,0 • 37r i4 a irn/ 83wn /n4n3 ? 4u8mi44in • a--arn3 a/ui4/n/ ≠ /n4n3 +$'+*,> s 61R(2) : consent is vitiated (invalidated) when: … (c)  only consents as a result of threats or terror against  or another person; (d) lac! of actual physical resistance does not e%uate to consent

Pa5 *0  9

Criminal Law 2 (LAWS1011)

Summary

4.3.4 consent induced y fraud  mista#e A+)A*> & W4@ (eual 'ssault >a# e!orm in ;(:  GC.,1+2 GN.,! T7r ar 37r in4  mi43a 1. /+$' '$ *  ,' *  $' ')  .5. in   +  wa4 a 6i4i3in5 l/3ri/ian w7 ru88 + w737r i3 i4 an lmn3  in/n3 a44aul3 37a3  -u34 < in ar  immia3 an unlawul an5rB$ +  37 a44aul3 ? 37 in/n3 a/3 n 3 8 43a8li47 4-ara3ly$ + 4 Hitchener  nn+a6r3n3 r/l44n44 a--ly 3 $ 61L$ '+*> + i3 i4 n3 n/44ary 37a3  -u34 < in ar  immia3 ? unlawul an5rB  n3 an lmn3  in/n3 a44aul3 + 37 a/3  a44aul3 may i34l /n43i3u3 37 a/3  in/n/y@ 4 837 lmn34 n n3 8 -r6 4-ara3ly + Hitchener  nn+a6r3n/ a--li4 3 in/n3 a44aul3 i.. ailur 3

Pa5 *2  9

Criminal Law 2 (LAWS1011)

Summary

a6r3 3 37 -44i8ili3y  /n4n3 /n43i3u34 r/l44n44 (i..  -r4/u3in nly 7a4 3 -r6 nn+a6r3n/) + -7y4i/al /n3a/3 wi37u3 /n4n3 i4 a44aul3@ unl44 37 /n3a/3 ari44 rm 37 :i5n/i4  6ryay liB -> + 5uil3y  in/n3 a44aul3 + 37 -la/in5  7an n + 37 a44aul3 mu43 7a6 a 4:ual /nn3a3in. 37 5ni3al4 ? anu4   837 mal ? mal ? 37 8ra434  37 mal G i37r < r  ar 37 rl6an3 ara4B + in/n/y man4 /n3rary 3 37 rinary 43anar4  mrali3y  r4-/3a8l --l wi37in 37 /mmuni3yB + 37 =ury mu43 /i w737r an a/3 i4 in/n3 r n3

".5 Act of )ndecency -.11 GC.,00+2 GN.,, !.11.2 ') * +,-),)= AR> • a/3  in/n/y wi37 r 3war4B an37r -r4n ($ 61N) MR> • in3n3 r r/l44n44 ($)

9hona (2000@NSWCCA) GC.,01 GN.,, ')$> +  in/i3 46ral /7ilrn 6r 37 3l-7n 3 ma43ur8a3 ? 3  -rrm 4:ual a/34 wi37 amily mm8r4 + /7ar5 wi37 , /un34  #ith ? 2 /un34  to#ards '+*> + a/3  in/n/y ?+B ruir4 2 -ar3i/i-an34 in 37 in/n3 a/3 + a/3  in/n/y *?'-$B ruir4 a -r4n a/3in5 in/n3ly 3war4 37 nn+-ar3i/i-an3 ,*$> $ 61N wa4 na/3 3 /a3r r 5a-4K in in/n3 a44aul3 •  airclough v :hipp (1,!1@'CCA) GC.,00 7l 37a3 in6i3a3in 3 5irl 3 3u/7 K4 -ni4 wa4 n3 an in/n3 a44aul3 8/au4 < 3u/7  n3 vice versa •  )) v ogers (1,!%@') GC.,00 7l 37a3 K4 in6i3a3in 3 11y.. au573r 3 ma43ur8a3 7im wa4 n3 in/n3 a44aul3  8/au4  i n3 3u/7 < +$'+*,> $ 61N anyn w7 /mmi34 r in/i34 an a/3  in/n/y wi37 r 3war4 a -r4nB

')$>

9rampton v *he Eueen  (2000@HCA) GC.,01 GN.,, + 4/7l3a/7r () ma43ur8a3 in rn3  #ar * mal 43un3

Pa5 *%  9

Criminal Law 2 (LAWS1011)

Summary

+ /7ar5 wi37 a/3  in/n/y #ith -> + /7ar5 /ann3 8 4u43ain 8/au4 < i n3 -ar3i/i-a3

".' Homose+&al Offences -.12  GC.,02+" GN.,, 9hard v :allis (1,@NSWSC) GC.,0% R'+*> n/  HRMF a4 3 a5 a6aila8l r a/34  5r44 in/n/y ($ !8Q) N*> • a5  /n4n3 i4 1 yar4 ($ !8H) • u-li/a34 $ 66 n/4 +$'+*,> $ !8G ini3in  7m4:ual in3r/ur4 $ !8H wi37 mal unr 10 $ !8H wi37 mal 83wn 10 ? 1 $ !8:  8y 3a/7r@ a37r r 43-+a37r  $ !8Q a/34  5r44 in/n/y

".- Prosec&tion of e+&al Assa< -.13 GC.,0"+* GN.,,+100 +, 1996 +, NSW> + 2J%r4  r-r34  4.a. i n3 la 3 /7ar54 + nly 10  r-r3 a44aul34 r4ul3 in /n6i/3in NSW + )*$ 20  N& -la4 /n6i/3  $ 61I (4:ual a44aul3) +, 1999> 2*  N& -la4 /n6i/3  $ 61 (a55ra6a3 4.a.) %0  N& -la4 /n6i/3  $ 66C (/7il 83wn 10?1*) NSW L*)' C* +, "2  N& -la4 /n6i/3  $ 61L (in/n3 a44aul3) 1999> %1  N& -la4 /n6i/3  $ 61M (a55ra6a3 i.a.) %9  N& -la4 /n6i/3  $ 66C (/7il 83wn 10?1*)  L*)' C* *".2 6rall /n6i/3in ra3 (5uil3y ? n3 5uil3y -la4) r $ )*/7'+$*,> 61L (in/n3 a44aul3) /m-ar 3 ,!., 6rall /n6i/3in r all n/4

"./ Pro,ing non(consent -.1" GC.,09+2! GN.100+"

4.$.1 delay in complaint  avies (1,!@NSW) GC.,0 GN.100 '+*> a4 wll a4 $ 405B ir/3in@ 3rial =u5 47ul a4 a 5nral rul /n3inu 3 ir/3 37 =ury 37a3 37 a84n/  a /m-lain3 r a lay in main5 n may 8 3an in3 a//un3Gw7n 6alua3in5 37 6in/  37 /m-lainan3 an in 3rminin5 w737r 3 8li6 7rB. ,*$> • rmrly 9rimes 'ct 1"$$ (NSW) $ 405B •  avies ir/3in /nirm 8y ma=ri3y in 9ro!ts v  (1,,*@HCA) GC.,0 air 8alan/  5 ra4n4 r layB ir/3in an a4444mn3  ongman (1,,@HCA) GC.,0, GN.100 '+*> • 4-i3 43a3u3ry rm6al  /mmn law n r /rr8ra3in warnin5@ 3rial =u5 still reuired  3 5i6 warnin5 w7n 37r i4 a ri4  a mi4/arria5  =u43i/. • 37r i4 n 43 rmula  wr4 3 8 u4 in a warnin5 +$'+*,>  Dvidence 'ct 1"86  (NSW) $ 164%1& 6in/ n n3 8 /rr8ra3 $ 164%3& 3rial =u5 n n3 warn =ury 37a3 i3 i4 an5ru4 3 a/3 n un/rr8ra3 6in/ $ 165 3rial =u5@ i ru43@ mu43 5i6 warnin5 37a3 4m 6in/ (.5. 7ar4ay@ ami44in4) mi573 8 unrlia8l

Pa5 *!  9

Criminal Law 2 (LAWS1011)

Summary

9rampton v *he Eueen  (2000@HCA) GC.,10 GN.100 '+*>  >ongman warnin5 mu43 8 li6r wi37 a--r-ria3 m-7a4i4 ? 8 aa-3 3 /ir/um43an/4  37 /a4 A+)A*> S Ewar4@ emale (euality  the >a# (1,9)@ GC.,11+% 37 • in 37 arly 20  /n3ury a//u4a3in4  ra- wr -r4um 3  8 al4 (4-. a5ain43 n3i434 ? /3r4) • in 1,11 Pr. &r44@ -r.  /riminal law@ wr3 in 7i4 3:38 37a3 wmn ar 7y43ri/4 an liar4B • in 1,"0 Wi5mrK4 8 n 6in/ /laim 37a3 un/7a43 mn3ali3yK  4m wmn  a8ri/a3 4:ual an3a4i4 in w7i/7 37y wr 37 6i/3im4 • in 1,!! Pr. William4 wr3 37a3 wmn ma u- al4 all5a3in4 r many ra4n4@ in/l. an3a4y@ =alu4y ? 4-i3 • in 1,9% & 4i3 < n la43 /mr3a8l /7air i 47 4nK3 i53@ 37n 7r all5a3in i4 n3 5nuin.

4.$.3 communications privilege +$'+*,> 9riminal )rocedure 'ct 1"86  (NSW) GC.,1! GN.10% $ 149 a84lu3 -ri6il5 a3 8ail ? /mmi33al -r/in54 r r/r4  • ra3inal 4:ual :-rin/ ? r-u3a3in ar irrl6an3 /n4ira3in4. On 8alan/@ i43r44 /au4 3 < u3wi574  -r8a3i6 6alu  6in/. GC.,19+ • rmrly 9rimes 'ct 1"$$ (NSW) $ 409B • $ 409B 7a4 8n /ri3i/i4 8/au4 i 5a54 37 a//u4 an i3 5a54 37 a//u4K4 /un4lB GC.,22 • 'umar ? Ma5nr GC.,1,+22 ar5u !or $ 409B • / n:3 3a8l (37 43ay 6l-mn3B) r mr /ri3i/i4m +$'+*,> 9riminal )rocedure 'ct 1"86  (NSW) GC.,1*+9 $ 105%2& ra- 47il  6in/ rla3in5 3 4:ual r-u3a3in  < i4 absolutely inami44i8l (n :/-3in4) $ 105%3& 6in/ 37a3 i4/l44 r im-li4 4:ual :-rin/ (r la/ 37r)  < i4 inami44i8l (:/-3in4 a--ly) $105%4&  6in/  4:ual inJ:-rin/ ami44i8l w7n • %'& a3 r a8u3 3im  /mmi44in  all5 n/ • %(& :i43in5 r r/n3 rla3in47i- a3 3im  n/ • %)&@%&  -r4n/  i4a4@ -r5nan/y@ 4mn r in=ury • %& i < 5i64 4u/7 6in/ in /r44+:amina3in@ -ur4uan3 3 4u8+4 %6&@ ',- -r8a3i6 6alu u3wi574 i43r44@ 7umilia3in r m8arra44mn3  < $ 105%6& +  /ur3 4a3i4i 37a3 prosecution i4/l4 r im-li 4:ual inJ:-rin/  < ',-  mi573 8 unairly -r=ui/ i /ann3 /r44+ :amin /an /ur34 43ay n 374 5run4$ ->  N  43ay  ini/3mn3 6a/a3 '$*,+,> /ur3 mu43 a--ly 37 43a3u3ry law w737r 37y a5r wi37 i3 r n3 (4u-rma/y  Parliamn3 ar5umn3) ,*> • HCA ru4 4-/ial la6 3 a--al@ 8u3 >rnnan CD n3 37a3 $ 409B /larly warran3 ur37r /n4ira3in 8y 37 l5i4la3urB (-.,2%) • in r4-n4 NSWLRC r/mmn r-al  $ 409B ? r-la/mn3 wi37 -r6i4in4 r3urnin5 i4/r3in 3 3rial =u5. R/mmna3in 7a4 n3 8n im-lmn3. • in ' 4imilar -r6i4in 3 $ 409B • in Canaa 4imilar -r6i4in 43ru/ wn r 7uman ri5734 8ra/7  air 3rial ((eaboyer )

". hild A4&se 6 e+&al Assa< -.15  GC.,2!+"1 GN.10!+* • in/in/ ? i4/6ry GC.,2! •  NSW l5i4la3i6 rrm4  1,! GC.,29+, GN.10! • /urrn3 n/4 $ *,) 4: wi37 /7il 10y 66A 4: wi37 /7il 83wn 10+1* 66C%1& 4: wi37 /7il 83wn 10+1* " < unr au37ri3y   66C%2& /n4n3 n n/ in 4m /a44 !!%2&  -r4i43n3 4:ual a8u4  a /7il (%Un/4) 68EA /arnal nwl5 wi37 a 3a/7r  !3 in/43 !8A !8H@!8N 7m4:ual n/4 (!8H!8!8:!8N) 4: wi37 in3ll/3ually i4a8l 66F  -4444in  /7il -rn 5!8B  -u8li47in5 /7il -rn 5!8C 4: wi37 /7il 1* w7il43 6r4a4 50BA • n n/  4imilari3y  a5 GC.,%% • (ummary G!!ences 'ct  1,, (NSW) 4 11& li3rin5 nar a 4/7l •  )re-trial iversion o! G!!enders 'ct 1,! (NSW) 3 -r6n3 r/ii6i4m •  Dvidence 'ct  4 1% a -r4n in/a-a8l  unr43anin5B /anK3 5i6 6in/ • arly 3/3in ? -r3/3in  /7ilrn GC.,%,+"1 GN.10*

Pa5 *9  9

Criminal Law 2 (LAWS1011)

Summary

5. (ishonest *cuisition G.119+"0

5.1 )ntrod&ction 1 1 GC.11!%+"

5.2 Larceny 1.2  GC.11!"+,9 GN.109+19@120+%

5.3 Other 08 Offences 1.3 GC.11,9+121! GN.119@12"  -- 110+121".

5." Technology 6 8hite ollar rime 1.-." GC.12"0+, GN.12!+*

5.5 $o44ery9 :&rglary 6 :lac!mail 1./  GC.12",+!% GN.12*

5.' $ecei,ing9 Proceeds of rime 1. GC.12!%+, GN.129

Pa5 *  9

Criminal Law 2 (LAWS1011)

Summary

6. 80tending 9riminal :iaility '.1 )ntrod&ction 11.1 GC.12*0 GN.12, '/7 " +,)+/, :3n lia8ili3y aln5 3im imn4in  3 a 3im be!ore /mmi44in )*/7+)+= :3n4 lia8ili3y aln5 5ru- imn4in  3 mr 37an n  -r4n )*,$7+')= :3n4 lia8ili3y aln5 5ru- ? 3im imn4in  2 r mr  --l be!ore /mmi44in GROU#

TIME %7'$& '/7

)*,$7+')=

)*/7+)+=

'.2 Attempt 11.2  GC.12*0+9 GN.1%0+2 P mu43 -r6 >R 37a3 ( @ritten v 'lpogut ) 1.  7a a3 all ma3rial 3im4 37 mens rea 3 /mmi3 4u843an3i6 n/ ',2.  i an a/3 r a/34 (r mi44in4) 37a3 ar su!!iciently proimate 3 37 actus reus  37 n/@ an n3 merely preparatory 3 i3. mens rea • +,, 3 /mmi3 37 4u843an3i6 n/ (>P P@ >R) o r/l44n44 i4 n3 nu57 ( Hnight  Ciorgianni)  6n w7n r/l44n44 i4 4ui/in3 mens rea r 37 4u843an3i6 n/ i34l  •  mu43 in3n 3 /mmi3 37 speci!ic 7arm a44/ia3 wi37 37 (/m-l3) n/ ( Hnight  in3n3 3 inli/3 &>H in4ui/in3 r /7ar5  a33m-3 murr) actus reus • a/34 (r mi44in4) mu43 8 (9ollingridge @ritten) o  8 su!!iciently proimate (i.. /l4 3) o 5 8yn n3 mere preparation • ailur 3 /m-l3 4u843an3i6 n/ 8/au4  in3rru-3in (i37r 6lun3ary r :3rnal) 4 n3 n5a3 actus reus  37 a33m-3 ( )age) • 37 a/3ual im-44i8ili3y  37 a33m-3 4 n3 n5a3 actus reus ( R 37a3 ( @ritten v 'lpogut  -r Mur-7y D GC.129*)

Pa5 *,  9

Criminal Law 2 (LAWS1011)

• •

•

• •

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Summary

1.  7a a3 all ma3rial 3im4 37 mens rea 3 /mmi3 4u843an3i6 n/ ',2.  i an a/3 r a/34 (r mi44in4) 37a3 ar su!!iciently proimate 3 37 /mmi44in  37 n/@ an ar n3 merely preparatory 3 i3. un4u//44ul a33m-34 3 /mmi3 a /rim 3w 3y-4  ailur 3 /m-l3 all lmn34  actus reus u 3 1. in3rru-3in@ -r6n3in@ /7an5  7ar3 2. in/m-3n/ r im-44i8ili3y -*)+, * /  /ann3 8 /7ar5 wi37 a33m-3 ? /mmi44in  37 4am /rim a33m-3 i4 a /mmn law n/ $ 344A -nal3y r a33m-3 i4 4am a4 /mmi44in  n/ o ecept  a33m-3 murr ($$ 2!@30)  2! yr4@ n3 li 8a3 a8u3 a33m-3J/m-l3 n/ i43in/3in o &i884 R-r3 4ay4 a8li47 a33m-3 ? /7ar5 a33m-3 a4 /mmi44in o MCC 4ay4 - a33m-3 4-ara3

6.2.2 mens rea GC.12*2+" GN.1%0 • in3n3 3 /mmi3 37 4u843an3i6 n/ i4 ruir  Hnight  Ciorgianni)  6n w7r r/l44n44 i4 • r/l44n44 i4 n3 nu57 ( 4ui/in3 mens rea r 37 4u843an3i6 n/ i34l  • P mu43 -r6 >R 37a3 (a3 all ma3rial 3im4)  7a +,,  3 /mmi3 37 4u843an3i6 n/ ( @ritten v 'lpogut  -r Mur-7y D GC.129*) •  mu43 in3n 3 /mmi3 37 speci!ic 7arm a44/ia3 wi37 37 (/m-l3) n/ ( Hnight  in3n3 3 inli/3 &>H in4ui/in3 r /7ar5  a33m-3 murr)  Hnight  (1,,2@HCA) GC.12*2 GN.1%0 ')$> +  ir 3w 4734 a3 < (2n 473 7i3) +  /n6i/3  a33m-3 murr  +$$> /an  8 /7ar5 wi37 a33m-3 murder i 7 inK3 7a6 intent  3 murr a3 37 3im 3 ir 37 5un$ -> n  a33m-3 murr ruir4 +,,+*, * )*//+  )*/7 *,) ,*> in3n3 3 /au4 &>H mi573 8 4ui/in3 mens rea r murr@ 8u3 i3 i4 in4ui/in3 mens rea r a33m-3 murr 

6.2.3 actus reus •

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/l443 37in5 wK6 53 3 an actus reus i4 ( @ritten v 'lpogut  -r Mur-7y D GC.129*) o  i an a/3 r a/34 (r mi44in4) 37a3 ar su!!iciently proimate 3 37 /mmi44in  37 n/@ an ar n3 merely preparatory 3 i3. 46ral 3434 ar a6aila8l o last act test  a33m-3 4a3i4i nly w7n 37 la43 a/3 8r /m-l3inK 7a4 8n -rrm ( Dagleton) o  series o! acts test  wul n/ 7a6 8n /m-l3 i 4ri4  a/34 7a n3 8n in3rru-3$ ( aughton v (mith) Pa5 90  9

Criminal Law 2 (LAWS1011)

Summary

uneuivocal test  4 /nu/3 unui6/ally ini/a3 an in3n3in 3 /mmi3 37 n/$ ( @arer ) o  proimity test  ( Dagleton) % imn4in4 /n43i3u3 a33m-3 1. 3m-ral  7w mu/7 3im rmain4 8r /m-l3in$ 2. -7y4i/al  7w nar i4  3 -7y4i/al l/a3in  n/$ %. 3a4+rla3  7w many mr 3a44 l3 3  8r /m-l3in$ 374 3434 47ul 8 u4 a4 5uilin4 nly@ ul3ima3ly i3 i4 37 a/34  a/7 ini6iual /a4 37a3 will /i w737r a33m-3 7a4 8n /mmi33 r n3 ((tonehouse (1,99@'HL) GC.1*!) ,* 3:38 -rr4 37 proimity 343 GC.12*" ailur 3 /m-l3 37 a/3ual 4u843an3i6 n/ 8/au4  an in3rru-3in (w737r 6lun3ary r 4m 37r /au4) will n3 n5a3 37 actus reus  a33m-3 o 6lun3ary 4i43an/ (/7an5in5 yur min) a3 37 la43 minu3 i4 n n/ ( )age) o

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 )age (1,%%@R (a)  in3n 3  37 a/34 wi37 37 rl6an3 mens rea (8)  -rrm 4m a/3 5in5 8yn mr -r-ara3in

Pa5 91  9

Criminal Law 2 (LAWS1011) ,*

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Summary

 -li/ n3ra-mn3 (/ /n4-ira/y ? im-44i8ili3yB 8lw)

Pa5 92  9

Criminal Law 2 (LAWS1011)

Summary

'.3 '.3 ons onspi pira racy cy 11.3 11.3 GC.129+1%2% GN.1%"+%, actus reus • a5rmn3 3  an unlawul a/3 (r a lawul a/3 8y unlawul man4)