Crim Reviewer

 

Criminal Law – A branch or division of law which denes crimes, treats of their nature and provides for their punishment.  – Body of law that relates to crime Body of rules that denes conduct that is prohibited by the State because it is held  – to threaten, harm, or endanger the safety and the welfare of the public, and that sets out punishment to be imposed on those who breach these laws. 6.

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CRIME -

is an act commi commied ed or omied in violaon of a public law forbid forbidding ding or

commanding it; o

Alters rules of evidence and auhori0es conic&on upon less or di4erent tesmony than the law re5uired at the me of the commission of the crime o Imposes penal1 penal1 or #epria&on of a ri'h ri'h for something which when done was lawful o (prolamaon n o! amnesty) !epries an accuse# some lawful proec&on (prolamao &ust n no ot p pa arta*e o off tth he n na ature o off a 2ill of a3ain#er. 4ill of A3ain#er o

o

An act or instance of negligence that is deemed inurious to the public welfare or morals or to the interests of the State that is l egally prohibited

#egislave act which would in7ict punishment without udicial trial ssence8 ssen ce8 substuon of a legis legislave lave act for the udicial udicial term terminaon inaon of  guilt 'o person shall be held to answer for a crime wihou #ue process of law o

9.

Sources of Philippines Criminal Law   Revised !enal "ode and its amendments Philippine ne Commission, Assembly, Assembly, L egislature; Naonal    Special !enal #aws (passed by the Philippi  Assembly,, Congress, Batasang P  Assembly Pambansa) ambansa)   Penal !residenal $ecrees issued during Maral Law 

CONS5I5$5IONAL RI6%5S of he ACC$SE!  :ight to a speedy disposion  'o person shall be held to answer for a cri me without due process of law  :ight to bail before convicon e-cept reclusion perpetua< even the privilege of the writ of habeas orpus is suspended  Accused shall be presumed innocent unl the contrary is proved, enoy right to be heard by himself and counsel, meet witnesses face to face, secure the aendance of witnesses and producon of evidence  'o person shall be compelled to be a witness against himself   :ight to remain silence  -cessive =ines shall not be imposed  "ruel punishment shall not be in7icted  'o double eopardy  =ree access to courts and 5uasiudicial bodies and ade5uate legal assistance

*No COMMON LAW Crimes in he Philippines "%&&%' #A( ) *nown in +S and ngla ngland nd as the body of principles, principles, usage usagess and rules of acon which do not rest for their authority upon any e-pres e-presss and posiv posive e declarao declaraon n of the will of the legislature.  principles and rules of acon, embodied in case law  rather  rather than legislave enactments, applicable to the government and protecon of persons and property   that derive their authority from the community customs customs and tradions tradions that evol evolved ved over the centuries centuries as inter interpret preted ed by  udicial tribunals. /"ourt decisions ) not sources of criminal law because they merely e-plain the meaning of, and apply, the law as enacted by the legislave branch of the gov0t.

S5A5$5OR7 RI6%5S of he ACC$SE!  1o be presumed innocent unl the contrary is provided  1o be informed of the nature and cause of accusaon  1o be present and defend in person and by counsel at every stage of the proceedings  1o tesfy as a witness in his own behalf but sub"et to ross#e$aminaon  1o be e-empt from being compelled to be a witness against himself   1o confront and crosse-amine the witnesses against himself   1o secure the aendance of witnesses and producon of evidence  1o have a speedy, imparal and public t rial  1o appeal in all cases allowed and in the manner prescribed by law

*Power o !E"INE an# P$NIS% CRIMES 1he 1he Sae has the authority, under its police power, to dene, prosecute, and punish crimes and to lay down the rules of criminal procedure. POLICE POLIC E POWER – describes the basic rights of the State to ma*e laws governing safety, health, welfare and morals

Limia&ons on he power of Con'ress o enac penal laws (ON) 2. &ust &ust be g gen ener eral al in ap appli plica cao on n and must must clea clearl rly y de dene ne the the acts acts and om omis issi sion onss pun punis ishe hed d as crimes. 3. & us ust no no t p ar ar tta a*e o off t h he e na att ur ure o off an ex post facto law. !rohibits the passage of reroac&e laws which are pre+u#icial o he accuse# (,) E Pos "aco Law o &a* &a*es es an act done before the passag passage e of the law criminal. and which was innocent when done, and punishes the act o A''raaes a crime o In/ics a 'reaer punishmen than the law anne-ed to the crime when commied

/Ri'hs of he accuse# which ma1 an# ma1 no 2e waie# MA7 2e WAI8E!  personal< right of the accused to confrontaon and crosse-aminaon MA7 NO5 2e WAI8E!  public interest< right of the accused to be informed of the nature and cause of accusaon against him

C%ARAC5ERIS5ICS O" CRIMINAL LAW9 I: 6ENERAL ) the law is binding to all persons who reside in the !hilippines 1 |

 

/ 1he jurisdicon of civil courts is not aected by  character of the accused by the military  character / Civil courts have concurrent jurisdicon with general courts-maral  over  over soldiers of the A=! (e%en in mes o! war) / (hen military courts ta*e cogni>ance of the case involving a person subect to military law,  Arcles of War War apply, not the :evised !enal "ode or other penal law /;uris#ic&on of miliar1 cours – &ilitary courts have urisdicon over ? service-oriented crimes or oences@ as specied by the Ar cles of (ar / 1he prosecuon of an accused before a courtmaral is a 2ar to another prosecuon of the

/ A repeal is par&al or rela&e when the crime punished under the repealed law onnues to be a a4ecng the rime in spite of the repeal. 1his means that the repeal merely modied the condions a4ecng crime under the repealed law. 1he modicaon may be  prejudicial or bene$cial  to   to the o4ender. 1ene, the !ollowin !ollowing g rule2

Conse>uences if repeal of penal law is 5O5 5O5AL AL OR A4SOL$5E

accused for the same o4ense / Ouences if repeal of penal law is PAR5IAL OR RELA5I8E

II: 5ERRI5ORIAL ) the law is binding to all crimes commied within the 'aonal 1erritory of the !hilippines. !enal laws of the !hilippines are enforceable only within its territory.

(3)

Cf a case is pen#in' in court involving the violaon of the repealed law, and the repealing law is more favorable to the accused  it shall be the one applied to him& So whether he is a habitual delin4uent or not , if the case is sll pending in court, the repealing law will be the one to apply unless there is a saving clause in the repealing law that it shall not apply to pending causes of acon.

3<

Cf a case is alrea#1 #eci#e# an# he accuse# is alrea#1 serin' senence   by nal  udgment ,  ,  e%en i! the repealing law is paral or rela%e, the crime sll remains to be a crime&  1hose who are no ha2iual #elin>uens will 2ene? on he euences if repeal of penal law is E=PRESS OR IMPLIE! Cf a penal penal law is implie#l1 repeale#,  the the subse%uent repeal   of the repealing law will rime under the reie he ori'inal law . So the act or omission which was punished as a ccrime origi original nal law will be revived revived and the same shall a'ain 2e crimes although during the implied repeal they may not be punishable.

(3)

Eed is not i nherently wrong, it is wrong only because a law punishes the same.

5hir# class of crimes ) punished by special laws When he crime is punishe# 21 a special law, intent to commit the crime is not necessary. nough that the o4ender has the intent to perpetrate the act prohibited by special laws

!is&nc&on 2eween IN5EN5 an# MO5I8E IN5EN5  is demonstrated by the  use of a par&cular means o 2rin' a2ou a #esire# resul ) it is not a state of mind or a reason for commiOng a crime.

8ntent to commit the crime  ) there must be criminal intent 1mala in se0 8ntent to perpetrate the act  )  ) the prohibited act is done freely and consciously 1mala prohibia0

MO5I8E  implies mo&on. Ct is the moin' power which impels one o #o an ac:   (hen there is move in the commission of a crime, it always comes before before the intent. But a crime may be commi/ed without move. 'ot an essenal element of crime

A person may not have consciously intended to commit a crime; but he did not intend to commit an act, and that act by the very nature of things, the crime i tself.

(I' MO5I8E IS RELE8AN5  (here the i#en&1 of a person accuse# of having commied a crime is in ar'umen  (here there is doubt as to the identy of the assailant  Cn ascertaining the truth between ana'onis&c heories or ersions of he Billin'  (here (her e the i#en&?ca&on of he accuse# proceeds from from an unrelia2le source  and the es&mon1 is inconclusie and no free from #ou2  Cf the evidence is merel1 circumsan&a circumsan&all

MALA IN SE AN! MALA PRO%I4I5A MALA IN SE  o Act is inherenl1 eil or bad or per se wrongful.:!"< o Wron'ful from their naure o So serious in their e4ects on society as to call for almost unanimous condemnaon of its members o Inen 'oerns o "elonies #e?ne# an# penali0e# 21 he RPC

(I' MO5I8E IS IRRELE8AN5  (hen the commission of he crime has 2een proen and evidence of i#en&?ca&on is conincin'  (hen the accused has been posively idened  (hen guilt is established by suHcient evidence

MALA PRO%I4I5A o Fiolaons of special laws, mere rules of convenience designed to secure a more orderly regulaon of the society  special laws< o (rong merely because prohi2ie# 21 saues o Onl1 in>uir1 is@ :as the law been violated;  o Acs ma#e criminal 21 special laws o Reise# Elec&on Co#e ) special law since it is not a part of the :!"

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Cn those crimes punished by special laws, the ac, irrespe%e o! its mo%es, cons&ues he ouali?ca&on@ Perpeual or emporar1 special #is>uali?ca&on@ #is>uali?ca&on@ Suspension from pu2lic oce@ he ri'h o oe an# 2e oe# for for@@ he profession or callin': Ciil iner#ic&on@

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=ines are imposed either as alternave Art 299 punishing disturbance of proceedings with arresto mayor or ne from 3 pesos to 2 pesos< or single ne of 3 to M  pesos< !enalty !enalty cannot be imposed imposed in the alternave alternave since it0s the duty of the court to indicate indicate the penalty imposed denitely and posively. 1hus, the court cannot sentence the guilty person in a manner as such as ?to pay ne of 2 pesos, or to su4er an imprisonment of 3 years, and to pay the costs.@ Cf the ne imposed by the law for the felony is e-actly 3 pesos, it is a light felony. =ines8 a AUicve ) over M b "orreconal ) 32 to M c #ight ) 3 and less 'ote8 1he classicaon applies i f the ne is i mposed as a single or alternave penalty. Ience, it does not apply if the ne imposed together with another penalty. Bond to *eep the peace is by analogy8 a AUicve ) over M b "orreconal ) 32 to M c #ight ) 3 and less $isncon between classicaon of !enales in Art. P and Art. 3M Arcle P Arcle 3M

In#emni?ca&on@ "orfeiure or con?sca&on of insrumens an# procee#s of he ouali?ca&on: V 5he #ura&on of he penal&es penal&es of prision ma1or an# emporar1 #is>uali?ca&on shall 2e from si 1ears an# one #a1 o wele 1ears@ ecep when he penal1 of #is>uali?ca&on is impose# as an accessor1 penal1@ in which case is #ura&on shall 2e ha of he principal penal1:

d deprivaon of rights ) dis5ualicaon and suspension e pecuniary ) ne According to gravity a capital b aUicve c correccional d light !ublic censure is a penalty, and being such, is not proper in ac5uial. But a competent court, while ac5uiOng an accused may, with un5uesonable propriety e-press its disapproval or reprehension of those acts to avoid the impression that by ac5uiOng the accused it approves or admires his conduct. !ermanent and temporary absolute and permanent and temporary special dis5ualicaon and suspension may be principal or accessory penales because they are found in 3 general classes.

$eath

Ar: ,: ,: When aTic& aTic&e@ e@ correc&ona correc&onal@ l@ or li'h penal1 penal1:: V A ?ne@ wheh wheher er impos impose# e# as a sin'le of  as an alerna&e penal1@ shall 2e consi#ere# an aTic&e penal1@ if i ecee#s @ pesosF a 34 |

1erm of   Cmprison ment

'one

Accessory !enales

'o one ne,, unle unless s pardoned8 !erpetual absolute dis5ualicaon "ivil interdicon for 6 years

:eclusion !erpetua 3 days and 2 day to 9 years

:eclusion 1emporal 23 years years and 2 day to 3 years

"ivil Cnter Cnterdicon dicon or du urr in in g h is is sentence !erpetual absolute dis5ualicaon

"ivil Cnterdicon or du duri ring ng his his sentence !erpetual absolute dis5ualicaon

!rison &ayor M years and 2 day to 23 years 1emporary absolute dis5ualicaon !erpetual !erp etual special special dis5ualicaon from from the right right of  su4rage su4ra ge which the

o4 o4en ende derr su su4e 4ers rs although pardoned

 

Prision Prisio n correccion correccional@ al@ suspensio suspension@ n@ an# #es&e #es&erro: rro: V 5he #ura& #ura&on on of he penal&es penal&es of prision prision correccional@ suspension an# #es&erro shall 2e from si monhs an# one #a1 o si 1ears@ ecep when suspension is impose# as an accessor1 penal1@ in which case@ is #ura&on shall 2e ha of  he principal penal1: penal1: Arreso ma1or: V 5he #ura&on of he penal1 of arreso ma1or shall 2e from one monh an# one #a1 o si monhs: Arreso menor: V 5he #ura&on of he penal1 of arreso menor shall 2e from one #a1 o hir1 #a1s: 4on# o Beep he peace: V 5he 2on# o Beep he peace shall 2e re>uire# o coer such perio# of  &me as he cour ma1 #eermine:    

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Accessory !enales

6 fold rule8 the ma-imum duraon of the convict0s sentence shall not be more than 6 mes the length of me corresponding to the most severe of the penales imposed upon him. the ma-imum duraon of the convict0s sentence shall in no case e-ceed 9 years 1emporary emporary dis5ualica dis5ualicaon on and suspe suspension, nsion, when impos imposed ed as acces accessory sory penales, have di4erent duraons ) they follow the duraon of the principal penalty $eserro is imposed in the following circumstances8 a serious physical inuries or death under e-ceponal circumstances spouse nding other spouse in pari delicto< b failure to give bond for good behavior  a person ma*ing threat may be re5uired to give bond not to molest the person threatened, if not deserro<

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c penalty for the concubine d in cases where the reducon of the penalty by one or more degrees results in deserro Bond to *eep the peace is not specically provided as a penalty for any felony and therefore cannot be imposed by the court. Ct is re5uired in Art 3N9 and not to be given in cases involving other crimes.

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1he o4ender is entled to a deducon of fullme or 9K of the me of his detenon.

Ar: ,K: ,K: Peri Perio# o# of preen&e preen&e impri imprisonm sonmen en #e#uce# #e#uce# from from erm of imprisonmen imprisonmen: : V Ouali?ca&on which he ouisies es of eem eemp&o p&on n of he fo four urh h circu circumsa msance nce of Ar&cle Ar&cle D, are presen:V presen:V When all he con#i&ons con#i&ons re>uire# re>uire# in circums circumsance ancess Num2er H of Ar&cle D, of his Co#e o eemp from criminal lia2ili1 are no presen@ he penal1 of arreso ma1or in is maimum perio# o prision correccional in is minimum perio# shall 2e impose# upon he culpri if he shall hae 2een 'uil1 of a 'rae felon1@ an# arreso ma1or in is minimum an# me#ium perio#s@ if of a less 'rae felon1 felon1:: 

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:e5uisites of Art 23 par 9 a< act caus causing ing the inury inury m must ust be law lawful ful b< act act pe perf rfor orme med d wK due due car care e c< inury inury was cau caused sed by mer mere e accid accident ent d< no faul faultt or iinte nteno non n to ccaus ause e inur inury y if these condions are not all present, then the 4 penales shall be imposed8 a< gra grave ve felony felony ) arres arresto to mayor mayor mama- to prision prision correcc correccional ional mi min n b< less grave grave felony felony ) a arres rresto to may mayor or min to arresto arresto ma mayor yor me med d

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2 or 3 degrees lower if the maority of the condions for uscaon or e-empon in the cases provided in Arts. 22 and 23 are present. Ar: : : Succ Successie essie serice serice of senenc senence: e: V When he culpri culpri has has o sere wo wo or more pen penal&es@ al&es@ he shall sere hem simulaneousl1 if he naure of he penal&es will so permi oherwise@ he followin' rules shall 2e o2sere#9 In he imposi&on of he penal&es@ he or#er of heir respec&e seeri1 shall 2e followe# so ha he1 ma1 2e eecue# successiel1 or as nearl1 as ma1 2e possi2le@ shoul# a par#on hae 2een

'rane# as o he penal1 or penal&es ?rs impose#@ or shoul# he1 hae 2een sere# ou: "or he purpose of appl1in' he proisions of he ne prece#in' para'rap para'raph h he respec&e seeri1 of he penal&es shall 2e #eermine# in accor#ance wih he followin' scale9 D: !eah@ ,: Reclus ion pe perpeua@ G: Reclus ion emporal@ H: Prision ma1or@ J: Prision co correccional@ : Arreso ma1or@ : Arreso me menor@ : !es&erro@ K: Pe rp rpe u ua al a 2 2ss ol ol u ue #i #i s> s> ua ua llii ? ?cca& o on n@ D 5em empo pora rall a2 a2ss olu olue e #i #iss >u >ual ali? i?ca ca&o &on: n: DD DD:: Suspen Suspensio sion n from from p pu2l u2lic ic oce@ oce@ he he ri ri'h 'h o o o oe e a an# n# 2e o oe# e# ffor or@@ he ri'h ri'h o ffoll ollow ow a

Ar Ar::  : : Pe Penal nal1 1 o 2e imp impose ose# # upon a person person un#er un#er ei'heen ei'heen 1ea 1ears rs of a'e: a'e: V When When he ouals he same maimum perio#: Such maimum perio# shall in no case ecee# for1 1ears: In appl1in' he proisions of his rule he #ura&on of perpeual penal&es ( pena perpeua) shall 2e compue# a hir1 1ears: (As amen#e#):

Notes2  Art. MN applies to such minor if his applicaon for suspension of sentence is disapproved or if  while in the reformatory instuon he becomes incorrigible in which case he shall be returned to the court for the imposion of the proper penalty.

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Art. MN provides for 3 privileged migang circumstances Cf the act is aended by two or more migang circumstance and no aggravang circumstance, the penalty being divisible a minor over 2 but under 2N may sll get a penalty two degrees lower.  under 2 but over P and has acted wK discreon8 3 degrees lower  under 2N but over 28 2 degree lower

Ar: K: Penal1 Penal1 o 2e impose# impose# when h he e crime com commi3e# mi3e# is no wh wholl1 oll1 e ecusa2 cusa2le: le: V A penal1 lower 21 one or wo #e'rees han ha prescri2e# 21 law shall 2e impose# if he #ee# is no wholl1 ecusa2le 21 reason of he lacB of some of he con#i&ons re>uire# o +us&f1 he same or o eemp from criminal lia2ili1 in he seeral cases men&one# in Ar&cle DD an# D,@ proi#e# ha he ma+ori1 ma+ori1 of such con# con#i&ons i&ons 2e prese presen: n: 5he cour cours s shall shall impo impose se he pena penal1 l1 in he perio# which ma1 2e #eeme# proper@ in iew of he num2er an# naure of he con#i&ons of eemp&on presen or lacBin': 

!enalty to be imposed when the crime commied is not wholly e-cusable

&a-imum duraon of the convict0s sentence8 6 mes the most severe penalty &a- period shall not e-ceed 9 years Subsidiary imprisonment ) this shall be e-cluded in compung for the ma-imum duraon -ample8 Ruan has 2 sentences of M months and 2 day each and a ne of 2. Ie was not able to pay the ne. 1herefore, he must serve subsidiary penalty aEer 2N months and 6 days in  ail.

Ar: D: D: 6ra#ua 6ra#uae# e# scale scales: s: V In he case in which he law law prescr prescri2e# i2e# a pena penal1 l1 lower lower or hi'her 21 one or more #e'rees han anoher 'ien penal1@ he rules prescri2e# in Ar&cle D shall 2e o2sere# in 'ra#ua&n 'ra#ua&n' ' such penal1: 5he lower or hi'her penal1 shall 2e aBen from he 'ra#uae# scale in which is comprise# he 'ien penal1: 5he cours@ in appl1in' such lower or hi'her penal1@ shall o2sere he followin' 'ra#uae 'ra#uae# # scales9 SCALE NO: D D: !eah@ ,: Reclus ion pe perpeua@ G: Reclus ion emporal@ H: Prision ma1or@ J: : :

Prision co correccional@ Arreso ma1or@ !es&erro@

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: Arreso me menor@ K: Pu2lic censure@ D: "ine: SCALE NO: , D: Pe rp rp e e u ua al a a2 2s o oll u ue #i #i s> s>ua lili ?c ?ca & &o on n@@ ,: 5e mp mpo rra a l a2s ol ol u u e #i s> s>ua lili ?c ?c a& a& o on n G: Susp Suspen ensio sion n fro from m pu2 pu2lic lic o oce ce@@ he he ri'h ri'h o oe oe an an# # 2e 2e oe# for@ for@ he ri'h o follow a profession or callin'@ Pu2lic censure@ "ine:

H: J:

Ar Ar:: : Le' Le'al al perio# perio# of #ura #ura&on &on of #iis #iisi2l i2le e penal& penal&es: es: V 5he 5he le' le'al al perio# perio# of #ura #ura&on &on of  #iisi2le #iisi2le penal&e penal&ess shall 2e consi#ere consi#ere# # as #ii#e# ino hre hree e pars@ pars@ formin' formin' hree perio#s@ he minimum@ he me#ium@ an# he maimum in he manner shown in he followin' a2le9 Ar: : : When h he e penal penal1 1 is a comple comple one comp compose# ose# of h hree ree #is& #is&nc nc pen penal&es: al&es: V In ca cases ses in which he law prescri2es a penal1 compose# of hree #is&nc penal&es@ each one shall form a perio#F he li'hes of hem shall 2e he minimum he ne he me#ium@ an# he mos seere he maimum perio#: Wheneer he penal1 prescri2e# #oes no hae one of he forms speciall1 proi#e# for in his Co#e@ he perio#s shall 2e #isri2ue#@ appl1in' 21 analo'1 he prescri2e# rules: 

Ar: ,: Pref Preferenc erence e in he pa1men pa1men of he ciil lia2ili&es: lia2ili&es: V 5he ciil lia2 lia2ili&es ili&es of a perso person n foun# 'uil1 of wo or more ouialen o he een of such par&cipa&on: 'otes8 2. 1his ref refers ers to a person person who has parcipate parcipated d gratuitousl gratuitously y in the commission commission of a felony and and he is bound to ma*e restuon in an amount e5uivalent to the e-tent of such parcipaon 3. 1he third third person person must must be innoce innocent nt of the commiss commission ion of the crime crime otherwis otherwise e he would would be liable as an accessory and this arcle will apply

Ar: DD,: E&nc&on of ciil lia2ili1 lia2ili1:: V Ciil lia2ili1 esa2lishe# in Ar&cles D@ DD@ D, D,@@ an# DG of his Co#e shall 2e e&n'uishe# in he same manner as o2li'a&ons@ in accor#ance wih he Ar: D D:: O2li'a&on O2li'a&on o maBe maBe res resora& ora&on@ on@ repa repara&o ra&on n for #ama'es@ #ama'es@ or in#em in#emni?c ni?ca&on a&on for conse>uen&al #ama'es an# ac&ons o #eman# he same V $pon whom i #eoles: V 5he o2li'a&on o maBe resora&on or repara&on for #ama'es an# in#emni?ca&on for conse>uen&al #ama'es #eoles upon he heirs of he person lia2le: 5he ac&on o #eman# resora&on@ repara repara&on@ &on@ an# in#emni?ca&on liBewise #escen#s o he heirs of he person in+ure#:   

1he heirs of the person liable has no obligaon if restoraon is not possible and the deceased leE no property "ivil liability is possible only when the o4ender dies aEer nal udgement. Cf the death of the o4ender too* place before any nal udgement of convicon was rendered against him, the acon for restuon must necessarily be dismissed.

Ar: DK: Share of each person ciill1 lia2le: V If here are wo or more persons ciill1 lia2le ffor or a felon1@@ he cours shall #eermine he amoun for which each mus respon#: felon1

proisions of he Ciil Law: 

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"ivil liability is e-nguished by8 2. paym paymen entt or perf perfor orma manc nce e 3. lo loss s of th the e tthi hing ng du due e 6. con condon donao aon n or rremi emissio ssion n of the the d debt ebt 9. conf confusion usion or or merger merger of the rights rights o off cre creditor ditor and and deb debtor tor . co m mp pe en n ssa a on on M. novaon %ther causes of e-nguishment of obligaons such as annulment, rescission, fulllment of a resolutory condion and prescripon are governed elsewhere in this code "ivil liability may arise from 2. "rime  :!" 3. Breach of contract  "" 6. 1orous act ) "" 1he civil liability from any of these is e-nguished by the same causes enumerated above 1he accused shall sll be liable for the payment of the thing stolen even if it is lost or destroyed

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Ar: DDG: DDG: O2li'a&on o sa&s sa&sf1 f1 ciil lia2ili1: V Ecep Ecep in case of e&nc&on of his ciil lia2ili1 as proi#e# in he ne prece#in' ar&cle he o