Cría de Mariposas Diurnas, Perspectivas para La Producción

 

k.okt/pu`dhanthbo/0=>7=7;7; 0=>7=7;7; Qkk fhsausshbos, stnts, nof nutmbr prbghdks gbr tmhs pu`dhanthbo nt5 mttps5//www.rksknramlnt mttps5//www.rksknramlntk.okt/pu`dhanthbo/

Inokeb sbstkoh`dk fk dbs rkaursbs onturndks: aboskrvnahño y kxpkrhkoahns @bbj ¼ Enounry 03>6

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Pbsnrhb Inrtéokz-X Inrtéokz-Xîþkz îþkz

Ebsè Lunfndupk Amno ^uhenob

[ohvkrshfnf fk Lunoneuntb

[ohvkrshfnf Nutñobin fk Lunfndnenrn ([NL)

63 S[@DHANVHBOQ  030 Qkptki`kr 03>;. Vmk uskr mns rkqukstkf komnoakikot komnoakikot bg tmk fbwodbnfkf ghdk.

QKK SPBGHDK

 

 

INOKEB QBQVKOH@DK FK DBQ PKA[PQBQ ONV[PNDKQ ABOQKPWNAHÑO ABOQKPWNA HÑO X K]SKPHKOAHN K]SKPHKOAHNQQ

Ebsè Lunfndupk Amno ^uhenob Pbsnrhb Inrtéokz Xîþkz  Ndkenofrb Ksphobzn Vkobrhb Kfhtbrks 

 

 

INOKEB QBQVKOH@DK FK DBQ PKA[PQBQ ONV[PNDKQ  ABOQKPWNAHÑO X K]SKPHKOAHNQ

 

INOKEB QBQVKOH@DK FK DBQ PKA[PQBQ ONV[PNDKQ5 ABOQKPWNA ABOQKPWNAHÑO HÑO X K]SKPHKOAHNQ 

 

Abiphdnfbrks y abihtè brlnohznfbr fkd HH Qkihonrhb ko Inokeb fk Pkaursbs Onturndks   Frn. Inrtmn Nolèdhan Luthèrrkz-Nluhrrk Dha. Euno Anrdbs [m Ibb Dha. Ebsè Lunfndupk Amno ^uhenob SDIPO. Iky`h Jnrhon Snt Anoamk Dha. Ebrlk Qudu` Vbdbsn

Inokeb sbstkoh`dk sbstkoh`dk fk dbs rkaursbs onturndks5 aboskrvna aboskrvnahño hño y kxpkrhkoahns Fhskþb fk pbrtnfn5 Ebsè Lunfndupk Amno ^uhenob Gbtblrngéns fk pbrtnfn5 Ekrñohib Qnrnlbs Ièofkz y Ebsè Lunfndupk Amno ^uhenob Gbtblrngéns tbinfns ko5 Amhnpns, Vn`nsab, Xuantîo y ^uhotnon Pbb  

Srhikrn kfhahño5 03>0 F.P. © Kd Abdklhb fk dn Grbotkrn Qur www.kabsur.ix  www.kabsur.ix  Kd Abdklhb fk dn Grbotkrn Qur Anrrktkrn Snonikrhanon y Skrhgèrhab Qur s/o @nrrhb fk Inrén Nuxhdhnfbrn AS 08083 Qno Arhstñ`nd fk dns Ansns, Amhnpns F.P. © Qkihonrhb ko Inokeb fk Pkaursbs Onturndks www.inokebfkrkaursbsonturndks.abi  www.inokebfkrkaursbsonturndks.abi  Nsbahnahño Inokeb fk Pkaursbs Onturndks 63 nv. Qur pbr anddk 1 y 01 sur, Qno Ihlukd > AS 883), natundikotk kstî pbr nfsarhtb Vhtudnr Fkpnrtnikotb fk Mhfrb`hbdblén y nd Dn`brntbrhb fk Lkbdblén y Dhiobdblén fk dn Fhvhshño fk Ahkoahns @hbdñlhans y fk dn Qnduf fk dn [ohvkrshfnf Nutñobin Iktrbpbdhtnon Hztnpndnpn. Vhkok uo Fhpdbinfb ko Hipnatb Ni`hkotnd y fhvkrsbs Aursbs sb`rk Qhstkins fk Andhfnf. Qus déokns fk hovksthlnahño sbo Fhoîihan Abstkrn, Ibrgbdblén, skfhikotbdblén y kvndunahño fk hipnatbs ni`hkotndks fk zbons inrhons, zbon dhtbrnd, dnluons abstkrns y aukrpbs fk nlun fudak. Pkspbosn`dk Pkspbosn`dk fk iîs fk 03 pr prbykatbs bykatbs fk hovksthlnahño ahkotéghan kko o Ahkoahns fkd Inr y fk dn Vhkrrn, ko kd Lbdgb fk Ièxhab, Inr Anrh`k y ko kd Baèno Baènobb Snaéghab. Nutbr Nutbr f fkk >; Nrtéaudbs fk Hovksthlnahño, fk > dh`rb, = anpétudb anpétudbss fk dh`rbs, iîs fk ;3 abolrksbs onahbondks k hotkronahbondks. Mn fhrhlhfb ; tkshs fk dhakoahnturn, nsksbrnfb n iîs fk 63 Qkrvhahbs Qbahndks y n pnr pnrthahpnfb thahpnfb ko tr trks ks abihtès fk Inkstrén. Hipnrthahño fk dns nshlonturns fk Dhakoahnturn fk Lkbdblén, Lkbdblén Inrhon, Ni`hkotks Inrhobs, Iktkbrbdblén, Gbriudnahño fk Srbykatbs, Qkihonrhbs fk Hovksthlnahño fksfk >8=6, ko dn [NI, [ONI y [NKI. Hipnrthahño fk nshlonturns fk Sbslrnfb ko Ahkoahns fkd Inr. Srbpkfèuthab fk Lkbdblén, Iètbfbs Baknoblrîghabs fksfk >883 y Lkbdblén I Inrhon nrhon fksfk 0338. Aruahtn Nurbrn Jko Pbfrélukz Dhakoahnfn ko Kabobién fk dn [ohvkrshfnf fk Snoniî, Inkstrn ko Ahkoahns ko Kstufhbs fkd Anrh`k abo kspkahndhfnf ko Fksnrrbddb Pklhbond fkd Akotrb fk Hovksthlnahboks fk ^uhotnon Pbb y Kd Abdklhb fk dn Grbotkrn Qur, y Fbatbrn ko Ahkoahns fkd Fksnrrbddb Pklhbond fk dn [ohvkrshfnf Ihambnanon fk Qno Ohabdîs fk Mhfndlb. Kd îrkn fk hovksthlnahño ks kd fksnrrbddb kaboñihab rklhbond y dn lksthño põ`dhan. Dns pu`dhanahboks rkahkotks ks sb`rk sustkotn`dk, kd fksnrrbddbkotrk kofñlkob rklhbond ko ^uhotnon Pbb, dn lksthñoiîs põ`dhan, kd fksnrrbddb btrbs.ySu`dhanahboks pnsnfns vkrsno sb`rk kd turhsib ko Anoaõo y kd tur turhsib hsib abiuohtnrhb ko ]andnj, ]andnj, ^uhotnon Pbb. Vbfbs dbs kstufhbs sk `nsno n ohvkd dband y bgrkako prbpukstns fk pbdéthans põ`dhans pnrn ndanoznr kd fksnrrbddb dband, kofñlkob y rklhbond, sb`rk tbfb pnrn kd kstnfb fk ^uhotnon Pbb. Qu aîtkfrn tni`hèo sk kogban n tkins fk fksnrrbddb rklhbond tnotb mhstñrhab, kaboñihab, sbahnd y fk lksthño põ`dhan n ohvkd fk dhakoahnturn y fk inkstrén. Aukotn abo iîs fk ;3 pbokoahns prkskotnfns onahbond k hotkronahbondikotk y iîs fk 13 nrtéaudbs pu`dhanfbs ko Ièxhab, @kdhak y Eninhan ko kd hfhbin holdès y kspnþbd. Mèatbr Qnothnlb Wèdkz Iuþbz Ks Fbatbr ko Baknoblrngén Géshan, pbr dn [ohvkrshfnf fk Lndks, Lrno @rktnþn. Ks Hovksthlnfbr Vhtudnr nfsarhtb nd Fkpnrtnikotb fk Holkohkrén fk Srbaksbs k Mhfrîudhan,

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INOKEB QBQVKOH@DK FK DBQ PKA[PQBQ ONV[PNDKQ5 Aboskrvnahño y kxpkrhkoahns 

fk dn Fhvhshño fk Ahkoahns @îshans k Holkohkrén fk dn [ohvkrshfnf Nutñobin Iktrbpbdhtnon, [ohfnf Hztnpndnpn. Mn shfb ab-rkspbosn`dk fkd prblrnin [o nþb fk ikfhahboks ko @nmén Qno ^uhotéo, ^uhotéo, @.A., Anipnþn fk ikfhahboks hotkoshvns hotkoshvns fk ohvkd fkd inr, abrrhkotks abrrhkotks y vvnrhn`dks nrhn`dks mhfrblr mhfrblrîghans îghans ko dn @nmén fk Qno ^uhotéo, @.A. Qkaahño fk Dnluons Abstkrns fkd AHAKQK. Ihki`rb fkd lrupb fk dn [ohvkrshfnf fk Lndks furnotk kd fksnrrbddb fkd prbykatb fkd Lbdgb fk Vkmunotkpka y fkd prbykatb INQV-H-331>5 "Kurbpkno Abnstnd Vrnoshthbo Ubok, Hsdns Anonrhns", kotrk btrbs. Pkspbosn`dk fkd prbykatb5 —Anrnatkrhznahño ni`hkotnd y nprbvkamnihkotb fk dbs rkaursbs onturndks fk dbs shstkins dnluonrks fk Amnanmun-Snstbrén y Abrrndkrb-Ndbtkolb’, Abrrndkrb-Ndbtkolb’, Srkshfkotk fkd Abihtè Vèaohab fkd Srblrnin pnrn kd Ikebrnihkotb fkd Srbgksbrnfb (SPBIKS). Mn hipnrthfb dbs aursbs fk Srbaksbs Kstbaîsthabs, Abotrbd fk Nvkohfns, Iètbfbs Ouièrhabs y Srblrninahño, Vbpblrngén, Mhfrbiktkbrbdblén k Mhfrîudhan Inréthin y mn pu`dhanfb ko rkvhstns n ohvkd hotkronahbond. Ekrñohib Qnrnlbs Ièofkz Srbgkshbond Nsbahnfb ko Qkrvhahbs Vurésthabs pbr dn [ohvkrshfnf fk Ahkoahns y Nrtks fk Amhnpns, Dhakoahnfb ko Vurhsib pbr dn [ohvkrshfnf fk ^uhotnon Pbb, Anipus Abzuikd, aukotn abo uo Fhpdbinfb Hotkronahbond ko Kabturhsib pbr Gbofb Wkrfk Hotkronahbond k Hosthtutb Dnthobnikrhanob fk fkd Ahkoahns-Skrõ. Guk nshstkotk hovksthlnahño fkotrb fkd prbykatb —Aboskrvnahño ni`hkotk y pkrspkathvns pnrnfk kd kd korhqukahihkotb fk dn andhfnf turésthan b`tkohfn pbr dbs `uzbs vhshtnotks n dbs nrrkahgks fk abrnd fk Abzuikd, ^uhotnon Pbb’ (abonayt -^PBB-03>3-A3>->66010). -^PBB-03>3-A3>->66010). Mn rkndhznfb kstnoahns ko prbykatbs fk hovksthlnahño ko kd Abdklhb fk dn Grbotkrn Qur (KABQ[P), [ohfnf Whddnmkribsn, Vn`nsab y abo dn Abihshño Onahbond fk Îrkns Onturndks Srbtklhfns (ABONOS) ko kd kstnfb fk Amhnpns. Mn prkskotnfb trn`nebs fk hovksthlnahño ko fhvkrsbs Gbrbs, Koaukotrbs y Abolrksbs Onahbondks nsé abib Hotkronahbondks, mn pnrthahpnfb abib abnutbr y nutbr fk pu`dhanahboks ko dbs õdthibs nþbs. Skrtkokahñ abib Hotklrnotk fkd Mbobrn`dk Aboskeb [ohvkrshtnrhb fk dn [ohvkrshfnf fk ^uhotnon Pbb. Natundikotk dn`brn abib nshstkotk fk hovksthlnahño ko Kd Abdklhb fk dn Grbotkrn Qur, [ohfnf Whddnmkribsn. Ebsè Ihlukd Kstk`no Adbqukdd Ks Fbatbr ko Ahkoahns fk dn Kfuanahño pbr dn [ohvkrshfnf fk Wndkoahn. Mn shfb prbgksbr-hovksthlnfbr ko dns uohvkrshfnfks fk Wndkoahn, @hriholmni, Abstn Phan y Ibrkdbs. Ko dn natundhfnf ks prbgksbr fk Èthan Ni`hkotnd ko dn [ohvkrshfnf fk ^uhotnon Pbb. Skrtkokak nd Qhstkin Onahbond fk Hovksthlnfbrks fk Ièxhab, shkofb QOH 0 fksfk 0330. Ks nutbr fk ; dh`rbs y ouikrbsbs nrtéaudbs ko rkvhstns kspkahndhznfns, fk kotrk dbs aundks fkstnano pbr su abotkohfb ni`hkotnd Obrins y Srîathans ko dn Ahkoahn, Dn Onturndhznahño fk dns Muinohfnfks, —Dn Pnahbondhfnf Kabdñlhan’, —Dn Èthan Ni`hkotnd notk kd Ani`hb Adhiîthab’, —Dn Èthan N Ni`hkotnd i`hkotnd y dn Oukvn Audtur Audturnn fkd Nlun’, —Oukvb Noîdhshs fk dn Vrnlkfhn fk dbs Abiuoks’, —Anpnahfnf fk Anrln y @hko Abiõo’ Abi õo’ y —Kfuanahño, Muinohfnfks y Audturn Ni`hkotnd’. Ko dn natundhfnf ks rkspbosn`dk fkddnsSrbykatb Abonayt fk Ahkoahnni`hkotnd, @îshan =7=00, fkfhanfb dns npbrtnahboks fk muinohfnfks n dn kfuanahño quk bgrkak `kans fknpnrn

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INOKEB QBQVKOH@DK FK DBQ PKA[PQBQ ONV[PNDKQ5 Aboskrvnahño y kxpkrhkoahns 

dn rkndhznahño fk tkshs fk thtudnahño ko tkins ni`hkotndks. Vni`hèo ks abbrfhonfbr fk HHFKNQ, uo lrupb fk trn`neb iudth iudthfhsahpdhonr fhsahpdhonr fk prbgksbrks prbgksbrks y kstufhnotks hotkrksnfbs ko kd fksnrrbddb fk uon Audturn Ni`hkotnd ko kd Kstnfb fk ^uhotnon Pbb ikfhnotk naahboks fk kfuanahño ni`hkotnd gbrind y ob gbrind quk ksthiudko kd fk`ntk y pnrthahpnahño ahufnfnon ko prb`dkins y abogdhatbs ni`hkotndks. Dnurn Fèobiièk Sntrhlnooh Dhakoahnfn ko @hbdblén, pbr dn '[ohvkrshtè fu ^uè`ka ã Phibusjh Phibusjh ([^NP).  ([^NP). Aukotn abo uon Inkstrén ko Kabdblén Hotkronahbond y Inkstrén ko Ikfhb Ni`hkotk fk dn [ohvkrshtè fk Qmkr`rbbjk, Anonfî. Natundikotk dn`brn pnrn Onturk Anotbos-fk-d‘Kst. Anotbos-fk- d‘Kst. Fksnrrbddnofb nathvhfnfks abib koanrlnfn fkd prbykatb —Aboskrvnahño y rkvndbrhznahño fkd inahzb gbrkstnd fk dbs ibotks Qtbjk’ Ahufnf f fkk Qmkr`rbbjk, Anonfî. Mn pnrthahpnfb ko prbykatbs y kstnoahns prbgkshbondks ko Ièxhab y Anonfî kotrk dns quk sk fkstnano —Dn arén fk inrhpbsns fhurons y su lksthño n ghoks fk aboskrvnahño’ n trnvès fk KABQ[P, Whddnmkribsn, Vn`nsab, Ièxhab ko 03>3. Ko dn Pkskrvn fk Snrquk Onahbond fk Anonfî fkd Nramhpkd-fk-Iholno Mnvrk-Qt-Shkrrk, ^uk`ka ko kd 0337. Abbrfhonfbrn fkd kquhpb fk trn`neb ko dbs anondboks fk dn Ahufnf fk Qmkr`rbbjk, nsé abib koanrlnfn fkd Kabakotrb (Akotrb Kabdñlhab) ko dn Ahufnf fk Qmkr`rbbjk. Mn pnrthahpnfb abib hovhtnfn abogkrkoahstn, prkskotnfb ko kvkotbs hipbrtnotks, ksarhtb kosnybs y abnutbrn fk pu`dhanahboks furnotktrn`nebs dbs õdthibs nþbs ko Anonfî. Inrén Notbohon Lndvîo Gkroîofkz Ks Inkstrn ko Ahkoahns, abo îrkn fk kspkahndhznahño ko Mhfrbdblén y Inokeb fk Aukoans. Kstn nfsarhtn nd Fkpnrtnikotb fk Holkohkrén fk Srbaksbs k Mhfrîudhan, fk dn Fhvhshño fk Ahkoahns @îshans k Holkohkrén fk dn [ohvkrshfnf Nutñobin Iktrbpbdhtnon, [ohfnf Hztnpndnpn. Snrthahpn ko dn sbahkfnf iksbnikrhanon fk `hbdblén abib ihki`rb fk oõikrb (sbih`) y ko dn nanfkihn fk dns ahkoahns nfihohstrnthvns (nanahn) abib ihki`rb nathvb. Mn abdn`brnfb abo fhsthotns kiprksns rkdnahbonfns abo kd inokeb fkd nlun n ohvkd onahbond, dn bghahon rklhbond fk `noab iuofhnd, skfk Ièxhab y ks nsksbr kspkahndhstn pnrn kd abihtè kstntnd fkd nlun fkd kstnfb fk Wkrnaruz. N dn gkamn sk mno hipnrthfb uo tbtnd fk =; aursbs n ohvkd dhakoahnturn y ; n ohvkd pbslrnfb. Mn pnrthahpnfb ko uo tbtnd fk 0= prblrnins fk hovksthlnahño fk dbs quk 1 sbo fk hovksthlnahño (gbofbs ihxtbs abonayt) tbfbs rkdnahbonfbs abo dn kvndunahño fkd rkaursb nlun (skfksbd-abonayt, hofksbd-abonayt, hosthtutb fk snduf-abonayt): < sbo abovkohbs pntrbahonfbs fk hovksthlnahño npdhanfn (guofnahño prbfuak, ghrn, hosthtutb fk kabdblén, snlnrpn) y >= iîs sbo abotrntbs fk skrvhahbs: fk èstbs õdthibs sb`rksndko 7 fk ntkoahño fhrkatn nd skatbr pktrbdkrb ko dbs tkins fk kvndunahño fkd hipnatb fk fkrrniks mhfrbanr`urbs fk fuatbs shohkstrnfbs (pkp), kvndunahño fkd hipnatb n dn snduf muinon (hosthtutb fk snduf-pkikx), rkaupkrnahño ni`hkotnd fk sukdbs abotnihonfbs (pkp): kvndunahño fk hipnatb fk dns b`rns pkikx (pkp). Vhkok 3): kvndunahño fk krbshño y prbfuathvhfnf (>1), hofhanfbrks inokebfkd (1),nlun inokeb hotklrnd fk aukoans (>;), pdnoks fk inokeb (>0), y

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INOKEB QBQVKOH@DK FK DBQ PKA[PQBQ ONV[PNDKQ5 Aboskrvnahño y kxpkrhkoahns 

mn pnrthahpnfb ko ;; kvkotbs onahbondks k hotkronahbondks rkdnahbonfbs abo dbs tkins fk inokeb fk aukoans, kvndunahño ni`hkotnd, fksnrrbddb sustkotn`dk, hipnatbs ni`hkotndks. Inrén Lunfndupk Ihrnofn Nrak Ks fbatbrn ko ahkoahns `hbdñlhans, pbr dn [ohvkrshfnf Nutñobin fk Ièxhab. Qu nfsarhpahño natund ks kd Fkpnrtnikotb fk Mhfrb`hbdblén fk dn Fhvhshño fk Ahkoahns @hbdñlhans y fk dn Qnduf, [ohvkrshfnf Nutñobin Iktrbpbdhtnon-Hztnpndnpn. Skrtkokak nd Qhstkin Onahbond fk Hovksthlnfbrks (H). Mn pu`dhanfb ko rkvhstns hotkronahbondks, abib Sbdh`btîohan y Eburond bg Kovhrboikotnd Kovhrboikotnd Qahkoak nof Mkndtm. Oèstbr Ebsuè Lhd Lñikz Dhakoahnfb ko Fksnrrbddb Vurésthab pbr dn [ohvkrshfnf fk Brhkotk ko Wnddnfbdhf, Xuantîo. Abdn`brñ abo —[OB pbr kd ni`hkotk’, uo prblrnin fk kfuanahño ni`hkotnd pnrn dn sustkotn`hdhfnf: y abo kd prbykatb hotklrnd —Nudn nd nhrk dh`rk’ fksfk 033=. Mn pnrthahpnfb abib kstufhnotk-rkshfkotk ko kd pukrtb fk Qno Gkdhpk, Xuantîo pnrn kd prbykatb fk —VFQ ko Xuantîo’ (Vurhsib y Fksnrrbddb Qbdhfnrhbs pbr sus shldns ko grnoaès) abib fk dn rkdnahño fk Abbpkrnahño Xuantîo-Snys fk dn Dbhrk. Vni`hèo, guk `kanfb pbrpnrtk kd —SPHBPH fk  dn Skoéosudn fk  fk Xuantîo’ pnrn pnrthahpnr ko kd Wkrnob fk Hovksthlnahño Ahkotéghan ENL[NP 03>> y trn`nenr abo dn Frn. Anipbs Aîinrn fkd AHFKV[P fk dn [^PBB ko dn hovksthlnahño —Sdnohghanahño Vurésthan y Fksnrrbddb Qustkotn`dk ko kd Anrh`k Ikxhanob. Ansb fk Lrnof Abstn Inyn’. Inyn’.  

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INOKEB QBQVKOH@DK FK DBQ PKA[PQBQ ONV[PNDKQ5 Aboskrvnahño y kxpkrhkoahns 

 Nakran fk dbs Kfhtbrks Ebsè Lunfndupk Amno ^uhenob Dhakoahnfb ko Inokeb fk Pkaursbs Onturndks pbr dn [ohvkrshfnf fk ^uhotnon Pbb, Anipus Abzuikd. Ks ihki`rb fk dn Qbahkty Kabdblhand Pkstbrnthbo, Qbahkfnf Ktob`hbdñlhan Ikxhanon, Qbahkfnf @btîohan fk Ièxhab y fk dn Qbahkfnf fk Kabturhsib Lkouhob. Aukotn abo uo Fhpdbinfb ko Mhstbrhn Ni`hkotnd y Fksnrrbddb Qustkotn`dk pbr Kd Abdklhb fk dn Grbotkrn Qur y dn [ohvkrshfnf Euîrkz Nutñobin fk Vn`nsab. Mn pnrthahpnfb ko kstnoahns ko KABQ[P, [ohfnf Whddnmkribsn, Vn`nsab: ko dn [ohfnf Iudthfhsahpdhonrhn fk Fbakoahn k Hovksthlnahño fk dn Gnaudtnf fk Ahkoahns fk dn [ohvkrshfnf Onahbond Nutñobin fk Ièxhab ([ONI). Mn shfb Abdn`brnfbr Kstntnd fk Hovksthlnahño ko ^uhotnon Pbb ko kd prbykatb HOK/N>-360/03>3, HOK/N>-360/03 >3, —Kdkikotbs pnrn kd HOKLKH kstnofnrhznfbs n ohvkd kstntnd pnrn dbs Sdnoks Kstntndks fk Naahño notk kd Ani`hb Adhiîthab y dn Pkfuaahño fk Kihshboks pbr Fkgbrkstnahño y Fklrnfnahño’, abo kd Abdklhb fk Sbstlrnfunfbs, Anipus Ibotkahddb. Mn shfb pbokotk ko Gbrbs, Abdbquhbs, Qkihonrhbs, Abolrksbs tnotb onahbond abib hotkronahbondks, mn shfb ihki`rb fkd abihtè brlnohznfbr fkd skluofb y tkrakr Qkihonrhb ko Inokeb fk Pkaursbs Onturndks, ks nutbr y abnutbr fk nrtéaudbs fk hovksthlnahño ahkotéghan nsé abib fk fhvudlnahño ahkotéghan. Dn`brñ ko KABQ[P, [ohfnf Whddnmkribsn, Vn`nsab abib tèaohab nsbahnfb fk hovksthlnahño ko kd prbykatb —Vbdkrnoahn y anpnahfnf fk ghtbrrkikfhnahño fk kspkahks nr`ñrkns onthvns ko sukdbs abotnihonfbs pbr pktrñdkb ko kd baahfkotk fk Vn`nsab, Ièxhab’.   Natundikotk kstufhn dn Inkstrén ko Ahkoahns ko Pkaursbs Onturndks y Ièxhab’. Fksnrrbddb Purnd abo brhkotnahño ko @hbtkaobdblén Ni`hkotnd ko KABQ[P. Pbsnrhb Inrtéokz Xîþkz  Xîþkz  Frn. ko Ahkoahns Nlrbpkaunrhns y Inkstrn ko Srbfuaahño Nohind Vrbphand abo kspkahndhfnf ko outrhahño nohind pbr dn [ohvkrshfnf Nutñobin fk Xuantîo. Ks Ikfhab Wktkrhonrhn Ubbtkaohstn pbr dn Gnaudtnf fk Wktkrhonrhn y Ubbtkaohn fk dn [ohvkrshfnf Onahbond Nutñobin fk Ièxhab. Srbgksbr Hovksthlnfbr fk Vhkipb Abipdktb fk dn [ohvkrshfnf fk shfb Lunoneuntb. prbgksbr oõadkb nanfèihab `îshabInyn fk dnfk Inkstrén ko @hbahkoahns. Mn prbgksbrKsthtudnr fk dnfkd [ohvkrshfnf Hotkraudturnd ^uhotnon Pbb y fkd Anipus fk Ahkoahns @hbdñlhans y Nlrbpkaunrhns fk dn [ohvkrshfnf Nutñobin fk Xuantîo, kotrk btrns. Mn rkndhznfb Kstnoahns ko dn [ohfnf Iudthfhsahpdhonrhn fk Fbakoahn k Hovksthlnahño fk dn Gnaudtnf fk Ahkoahns, [ONI, ko kd Dn`brntbrhb fk Naunaudturn fk dn Fhvhshño Nanfèihan fk Ahkoahns @hbdñlhans, [ohvkrshfnf Euîrkz Nutñobin fk Vn`nsab y ko kd @hbtkrhb fkd Hosthtutb Ikxhanob fkd Qklurb Qbahnd. Mn pnrthahpnfb abib pbokotk ko fhvkrsbs gbrbs onahbondks k hotkronahbondks, ko dbs quk sk fkstnano5 ]W Abolrksb @hkond fk dn Nsbah Nsbahnahño nahño Ikxhanon fk Kspkahndhstns ko Outrhahño Nohind, ko kd HHH Abolrksb Dnthobnikrhanob fk Outrhahño Nohind, ko kd ]W Abolrksb Onahbond fk @hbquéihan, ko kd ]HHH Abolrksb Dnthobnikrhanob fk Ahkoahns fkd Inr, ko kd HH Akpmndbpbf Hotkronthbond Nfvhsbry Abuoahd Qyipbshui y kd HHH Abolrksb Onahbond fk @hbtkaobdblén y @hbholkohkrén. Mn shfb Ihki`rb fkd abihtè brlnohznfbr fk dns Pkuohboks Onahbondks fk Hovksthlnahño k Hoobvnahño Skaunrhn, Nlréabdn Gbrkstnd

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INOKEB QBQVKOH@DK FK DBQ PKA[PQBQ ONV[PNDKQ5 Aboskrvnahño y kxpkrhkoahns 

y Nauéabdn Sksqukrn. Mn pu`dhanfb fhvkrsbs nrtéaudbs n ohvkd hotkronahbond ko dbs quk sk fkstnano dns rkvhstns Nquntha `hbdbly, Nqunaudturk rksknram y Nqunaudturk Hotkronthbond. Natundikotk fhrhlk fbs prbykatbs fk hovksthlnahño —Kstn`dkahihkotb y kvndunahño fk uo shstkin naunpñohab thdnphn-nd`nmnan’ thdnphn- nd`nmnan’ y —Kvndunahño hotklrnd fk dn kghahkoahn fk fbs auaur`htîakns abib ghdtrbs `hbdñlhabs ko dn prbfuaahño hotkoshvn fk Lbdfghsm’ ko dn [ohvkrshfnf [ohvkrshfnf fk Lunoneuntb y ks abdn`brnfbr ko auntrb iîs. Ks Abbrfhonfbrn fk Hovksthlnahño fkdn Fhvhshño fk Ahkoahns fk dn Whfn fkd Anipus Hrnpuntb-Qndninoan, [ohvkrshfnf fk Lunoneuntb, kvndunfbr fk dn Guofnahño Lunoneuntb Srbfuak y fhrhlk auntrb tkshs (fbs dhakoahnturn y fbs fk inkstrén). Ks ihki`rb nathvb fk dn Nsbahnahño Ikxhanon fk Srbgksbrks fk @hbquéihan y fkd Qhstkin Onahbond fk Hovksthlnfbrks, ABONAXV. Pkahkotkikotk guk narkkfbrn fkd Srkihb Onahbond n dn Hovksthlnahño ko Outrhahño Nohind FQI-NIKON ko antklbrén pbslrnfb.  Ndkenofrb Ksphobzn Vkobrhb Fbatbr ko Pkaursbs Onturndks pbr kd Akotrb Dkh`ohz fk Kabdblén Inrhon Vrbphand y dn [ohvkrshfnf fk @rkiko, Ndkinohn. Mn fksnrrbddnfb hovksthlnahño sb`rk Inokeb Hotklrnd fk Ubon Abstkrn n trnvès fk mkrrnihkotns abib Qhstkins fk Hogbrinahño Lkblrîghan, pkrakpahño rkibtn, ibfkdnek fk kabshstkins inrhobs, hofhanfbrks ni`hkotndks, pdnoknahño pnrthahpnthvn, kotrk btrns. Natundikotk ks hovksthlnfbr fk Kd Abdklhb fk dn Grbotkrn Qur- Whddnmkribsn, sus déokns fk hotkrès sbo5 inokeb fk sbahbkabshstkins abstkrbs, îrkns inrhons prbtklhfns, ibfkdnahño fk shstkins inrhobs, k hovksthlnahño iudth- y trnos-fhsahpdhonrhn.

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ABOVKOHFB  ………………………………………………………… ………………………... ...……… ………8 8  Nlrnfkahihkotbs…………………………………………………………………  Nlrnfkahihkotbs……………………………… Srñdblb............................................................................................................................................................>3 Srñdblb............................................................................................................................................................>3  Ebsè Lunfndupk Lunfndupk Amno-^uhenob …………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………… …….>> .>>   Srkskotnahño……………………………………………………………… Srkskotnahño…………………………… Duhs Gkdhpk Unibrn Abrokdhb Anpétudb > Dn pdurndhfnf fk vndbrks ko kfuanahño ni`hkotnd………………………………………… ni`hkotnd …………………………………………... ...…>0 …>0   Ihlukd Kstk`no Adbqukdd   Anpétudb 0 Kfuanahño ni`hkotnd pnrn dn sbstkoh`hdhfnf5 Kd ansb fkd —”Nudn nd nhrk dh`rk’  ko dn [ohvkrshfnf fk Brhkotk ko Wnddnfbdhf, Xuantîo, Ièxhab………………………………… Ièxhab…………………………………..…00 …00   Oèstbr Ebsuè Lhd Lñikz Anpétudb 1 Inokeb Hotklrnd fk dn Ahèokln fk Vdîmuna5 Arknahño fk [IINQ phsaéabdns y nlrbpkaunrhns. Qnoknihkotb fkd Dnlb fk dbs Pkyks……………………………………………16 Pkyks ……………………………………………16    Notbohon Lndvîo Lndvîo Gkroîofkz Mèatbr Wèdkz Iuþbz  Notbohb Iîrqukz Iîrqukz Lnraén Inrén Lunfndupk Ihrnofn Nrak Anpétudb 6 Arén fk inrhpbsns fhurons, pkrspkathvns pnrn dn prbfuaahño fk nrtksnoéns y fksnrrbddb fkd kabturhsib, ko uon abiuohfnf fkd kstnfb fk Vn`nsab, Ièxhab…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………70 Ièxhab …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………70    Ekrñohib Qnrnlbs Qnrnlbs Ièofkz Dnurn Fèobiièk Sntrhlnooh Anpétudb ; Fhvkrshfnf fk shktk kspkahks nr`ñrkns ko kd Pnoamb dn Kstrkddn ko dn Hsdn fk Abzuikd, ^uhotnon Pbb, Ièxhab………………………………………………………………………….=7 Ièxhab………………………………………………………………………….=7    Ebsè Lunfndupk Lunfndupk Amno ^uheno ^uhenobb Anpétudb 7 Kd fksnrrbddb sbstkoh`dk y rklhbond ko Btmño S. @dnoab, ^uhotnon Pbb y sus pkrspkathvns pnrn kd fksnrrbddb dband………………………………………………………………… dband ………………………………………………………………… .8< Aruahtn Nurbrn Jko Pbfrélukz   ……………………………………………………………>03 …………………………>03   Aboadushboks fkd dh`rb…………………………………………………………… dh`rb………………………… Pbsnrhb Inrtéokz Xîþkz

 

INOKEB QBQVKOH@DK FK DBQ PKA[PQBQ ONV[PNDKQ5 Aboskrvnahño y kxpkrhkoahns

 NLPNFKAHIHKOVBQ Qk nlrnfkak ko prhikr dulnr n anfn uob fk dbs nutbrks fk dbs anpétudbs pbr npbynr dn rkndhznahño fk kstk dh`rb abo sus rksudtnfbs fk sus hovksthlnahboks. Nshihsib nlrnfkakibs n dbs rkvhsbrks fk dbs fbauikotbs nd Fr. Anrdbs Pbsns Wîzqukz ([ohfnf Iudthfhsahpdhonrhn fk Fbakoahn k Hovksthlnahño fk dn Gnaudtnf fk Ahkoahns fk dn [ONI), Fr. Kfunrfb Sukotk Snrfb (Fhrkaahño Lkokrnd fk Kfuanahño Vkaobdñlhan Nlrbpkaunrhn‑‑Akotrb fk @namhddkrntb Vkaobdñlhab Nlrbpkaunrhb Ob. 07>, ko dn [ohvkrshfnf fk ^uhotnon Pbb, ko dn [ohfnf Nanfèihan Abzuikd, `neb dn brlnohznahño fkd abihtè5 Frn. Inrtmn Nolèdhan Luthèrrkz-Nluhrrk, Luthèrrkz-Nluhrr k, Dha. Euno Anrdbs [m-Ibb, Dha. Ebsè Lunfndupk Amno-^uhenob, SDIPO. Iky`h Jnrhon Snt-Anoamk y Dha. Ebrlk Nd`krtb Qudu`-Vbdbsn. Dn hovksthlnahño ob sbdnikotk dk fn sbdhfkz n dn gbrinahño fk prbgkshbondks fkd îrkn fk dbs rkaursbs onturndks b îrkns nghoks shob quk tni`hèo tn i`hèo rkfuofn ko kd prblrksb, rkabobahihkotb y fksnrrbddb fk dbs rkaursbs onturndks. Snrn trntnrsk fk uo tkin rkdnthvnikotk rkahkotk ko dn aboahkoahn sbahnd y lu`kronikotnd fkd pnés, dbs ikxhanobs mkibs tkohfb uon obtn`dk skrhk fk dblrbs ko kd anipb fk dn aboskrvnahño y kd inokeb fk oukstrb pntrhibohb onturnd. Sbr db tnotb, dbs trn`nebs nqué rkuohfbs fno iukstrn sb`rk dn hipbrtnoahn fk dbs rkaursbs onturndks, ks nsé quk kd prkskotk dh`rb ks uo grutb fk uo lrno ksgukrzb fk lkokrnr y rkabphdnr hogbrinahño rkdkvnotk pnrn koanihonr, rksantnr kd abobahihkotb nutñatbob y fhguofhr dns pbsh`hdhfnfks pnrn ikebrnr kd usb sbstkoh`dk fk dbs rkaursbs onturndks. Sbr btrb dnfb, sbo nd ihsib thkipb kdkikotbs pnrn skosh`hdhznr n dn sbahkfnf ikxhanon nakran fk dn hipbrtnoahn fk dn aboskrvnahño y kd inokeb sbstkoh`dk fk dbs rkaursbs onturndks puks rkprkskotno kd inybr pntrhibohb fk dn Onahño: y pnrn quk obs fkibs aukotn fk quk kstbs dblrbs sbo pkrgkatnikotk ndanozn`dks pbr obsbtrbs ihsibs, uthdhznofb y abi`honofb ksgukrzbs: pnrn quk tbfbs, lb`hkrob, skatbr nanfèihab y sbahkfnf pbolnibs oukstrb inybr kipkþb ko abothounr y nakdkrnr kd trn`neb quk mnak pbsh`dk kstbs èxhtbs. X `nsîofbsk ko dn hovksthlnahño iudthfhsahpdhonrhn fk dbs nutbrks nqué prkskotnfbs, prbiukvko pdnotknihkotbs y fksnrrbddbs ahkotéghabs quk bgrkako uon pkrspkathvn iîs korhqukakfbrn pnrn dn gbrinahño fk rkaursbs muinobs, gnatbr adnvk pnrn kd fksnrrbddb fkd inokeb fk dbs rkaursbs onturndks y quk pukfko skr nprbvkamnfbs pbr kd mbi`rk pnrn snthsgnakr sus okakshfnfks, tbinofb ko aukotn dns lkokrnahboks vkohfkrns. Ebsè Lunfndupk Amno-^uhenob

>3

 

INOKEB QBQVKOH@DK FK DBQ PKA[PQBQ ONV[PNDKQ5 Aboskrvnahño y kxpkrhkoahns

SPKQKOVNAHÑO PKQKOVNAHÑO   Dn sbstkoh`hdhfnf shkotn sus `nsks sb`rk trks keks guofnikotndks, kd ni`hkotnd, sbahnd y kaboñihab. Kstbs kdkikotbs sbo dbs quk ko aboeuotb gnvbrkako kd inokeb fk dbs rkaursbs onturndks prbibvhkofb su usb y nprbvkamnihkotb sbstkoh`dk, kd aund mby pbr mby pbsh`hdhtn su pkrpktuhfnf, aboshfkrnofb —snthsgnakr dns okakshfnfks fk dn lkokrnahño prkskotk sho abiprbiktkr dn anpnahfnf fk dns lkokrnahboks guturns pnrn snthsgnakr sus prbphns okakshfnfks’. okakshfnfks’. Kvhtnr kd nlbtnihkotb fk dbs rkaursbs rkprkskotn uo rktb mby pkrinokotk y trnsakofkotnd pnrn kd mbi`rk, y dn sbahkfnf, nanfkihn, y fhgkrkotks skatbrks lu`kronikotndks, quhkoks ko aboeuotb sbibs pnrthahpks nathvbs fk kstk prbaksb. Ko ksk skothfb y abib pnrtk fk uon kstrntklhn quk abotrh`uyn n ibthvnr kd inokeb fk dbs rkaursbs onturndks, dn [ohvkrshfnf fk ^uhotnon Pbb, guk skfk fkd skluofb skihonrhb ko inokeb fk rkaursbs onturndks, tuvb abib gho lkokrnr uo kspnahb dh`rk, gdkxh`dk, n`hkrtb y pnrthahpnthvb fk koaukotrb pnrn rkgbrznr anpnahfnfks fk inokeb fk dbs rkaursbs onturndks, pnrn quk fk kstns sk abofuzano naahboks pnrn su fksnrrbddb abib uon rkspukstn n dbs prb`dkins ni`hkotndks fk natundhfnf. Ko kstk dh`rb sk prkskotno skhs kxpkrhkoahns fk kstk skluofb skihonrhb. Ko kd prhikrb anpétudb dn tkiîthan sk akotrn ko kd rkabobahihkotb y pdurndhfnf fk dbs vndbrks fk dn kfuanahño ni`hkotnd y dns fhsahpdhons abo dns aundks lunrfn rkdnahño pnrn kd inokeb fk dbs rkaursbs, dn aund anpétudb ks uo kdkikotb hofhspkosn`dk pnrnfkkd kfuanahño gho sbahnd fk sbstkoh`hdhfnf. Ko kd skluofb sk prbpbok uo ibfkdb obdngbrind pnrn kd fksnrrbddb muinob lkokrnfb n pnrthr fk dn hovksthlnahño-naahño pnrthahpnthvn npdhanfb n uo lrupb fk vbduotnrhbs ko uo kspnahb nd nhrk dh`rk. Kd anpétudb trks sk prkskotn dn kxpkrhkoahn fk inokeb hotklrnd fk uon Ahèokln ikfhnotk kd nprbvkamnihkotb phsaéabdn y nlrbpkaunrhb pnrn gbrtndkakr nathvhfnfks kaboñihans y prbfuathvns y gbikotnr kd inokeb fk rkaursbs prkskotks abib `nofkrn pnrn kd snoknihkotb fkd îrkn. Kd anpétudb auntrb n`brfn kd tkin fk arén fk inrhpbsns pnrn dn prbfuaahño fk nrtksnoéns y fksnrrbddb fkd kabturhsib pnrn prbibvkr dn aboskrvnahño fk îrkns, bgrkahkofb n dbs anipkshobs uon ndtkronthvn ndtkronthvn n dn nlrhaudturn nlrhaudturn y lnonfkrén fk fksibotk. Ko kd anpétudb ahoab sk prkskotn kd kstufhb fk fhvkrshfnf fk shktk kspkahks nr`ñrkns ko dn hsdn fk Abzuikd, anrnatkrhznofb dn fkoshfnf fk kstk rkaursb pnrn fnrdks vndbr n dbs îr`bdks aboshfkrnofb dn kxpnoshño y nuikotb pb`dnahbond ko kstn hsdn y, ghondikotk ko kd anpétudb skhs, sk prkskotn kd ansb fk dns pkrspkathvns fk fksnrrbddb rurnd sustkotn`dk fk dn abiuohfnf fk Btmño S. @dnoab, ^uhotnon Pbb, `neb kd kogbquk fk lksthño põ`dhan aboshfkrnofb dn kekauahño fk pbdéthans y naahboks pnrn kd ikebrnihkotb fkd `hkokstnr fk dn abiuohfnf. Ko aboeuotb, kstbs trn`nebs iukstrno quk sk okakshtn dn npdhanahño fk naahboks quk pkrihtno hotklrnr kd inybr oõikrb fk vnrhn`dks sbahndks-kaboñihansni`hkotndks pnrn lnrnothznr dn vhn`hdhfnf ko kd inokeb fk dbs rkaursbs. Ob fk`kibs bdvhfnr, quk `neb fhgkrkotks pkrspkathvns y fhikoshboks, kd inokeb fk dbs rkaursbs onturndks thkok hogdukoahn k hipnatb ko kd ani`hb adhiîthab, andkotnihkotb ldb`nd, fksnrrbddb rurnd, pb`rkzn, snduf, kotrk btrbs y, quk oukstrns naahboks pbsh`hdhtno b dhihtno dn pkrpktuhfnf fkd usb fk kstbs, shkofb su auhfnfb y aboskrvnahño rkprkskotno uon rkspbosn`hdhfnf abipnrthfn. >>

I. A. Duhs Gkdhpk Unibrn Abrokdhb

 

INOKEB QBQVKOH@DK FK DBQ PKA[PQBQ ONV[PNDKQ5 Aboskrvnahño y kxpkrhkoahns

ANSHV[DB [OB

D N SD[PNDHFNF FK W NDBPKQ KO KF[ANAHÑO NI@HKOVND Ebsè Ihlukd Kstk`no Adbqukdd [ohvkrshfnf fk ^uhotnon Pbb, Anipus Amktuind Fhvhshño fk Ahkoahns k Holkohkrén Amktuind. A.S. 0

 

INOKEB QBQVKOH@DK FK DBQ PKA[PQBQ ONV[PNDKQ5 Aboskrvnahño y kxpkrhkoahns

Hotrbfuaahño [ob fk dbs naukrfbs susarhtb pbr dn BO[, dbs lb`hkrobs y dns brlnohznahboks ob lu`kronikotndks fk pnésks pnrthahpnotks pnrthahpnotks ko kd Srhikr Koaukotrb —Kfuanahño Ni`hkotnd y Fksnrrbddb Qbstkoh`dk ko Nièrhan Dnthon’, akdk`rnfb fkd 1> fk batu`rk nd 0 fk obvhki`rk fk 0337, ko Qno Ebsè fk Abstn Phan, hoshstk ko kd pbtkoahnd arknthvb fk dn Kfuanahño Ni`hkotnd5 —Dn Kfuanahño Kfuanahño pnrn kd Fksnrrbddb Qbstkoh`dk thkok dn pbsh`hdhfnf fk rkhovkotnr mkurésthanikotk dbs prbaksbs kfuanthvbs vhlkotks pnrn dn gbrinahño fk suektbs nabrfks abo dn sbstkoh`hdhfnf, y fk rkabobakr kd vndbr fk dn vhvkoahn fk dns pb`dnahboks hofélkons y sus iõdthpdks abotrh`uahboks nd ibfb fk vhfn sbstkoh`dk’’ (WW.NN, 0338=7), puks kd nuikotb fk uon vnan trnk nd pnstbr dbs `kokghahbs éotklrbs quk su vkotn dk rkpbrtn (>), ihkotrns quk dbs abstbs fk`hfbs nd sb`rkpnstbrkb prbfuatb pbr ksk hoarkikotb sbo fhstrh`uhfbs tbfbs dbs pnstbrks y, nd rksudtnr, fkd abahkotk kotrk kd tbtnd o fk pnstbrks (>/o), skrîo okaksnrhnikotk ikobrks n >. Fnfb quk kd `kokghahb (>) ks o vkaks kd abstb (>/o), —kd —kd pnstbr rnahbond aboaduyk quk dn õohan fkahshño skosntn pnrn èd ks nþnfhr btrb nohind n su rk`nþb’  (Mnrfho,  (Mnrfho, >8=7). Skrb èstn, ks dn aboadushño n dn quk ddklno tbfbs y anfn uob fk dbs pnstbrks rnahbondks rnahbondks quk  quk abipnrtko kd rkaursb abiõo. X nmé rkshfk dn trnlkfhn. Anfn nlkotk hofhvhfund kstî suektb n uon rnahbondhfnf   quk db hipudsn n hoarkikotnr su lnonfb hdhihtnfnikotk ko uo pnsthznd quk, abib tbfb rkaursb, ks ghohtb. Qho oholuon btrn dhihtnahño b fhrkatrhz ko su nathvhfnf quk dn `õsqukfn fkd inybr `kokghahb hofhvhfund, dn suin fk dns naahboks rnahbondks rnahbondks nathvhfnf  nathvhfnf fk anfn pnstbr tkrihon nan`nofb abo dbs rkaursbs onturndks quk sbstkoéno n su abiuohfnf, fhrhlhèofbdb nsé mnahn su ruhon y dn ruhon fk tbfbs. >1

 

INOKEB QBQVKOH@DK FK DBQ PKA[PQBQ ONV[PNDKQ5 Aboskrvnahño y kxpkrhkoahns

Dn Pnahbondhfnf ko kd Inokeb fk dbs Pkaursbs Onturndks Dn prhikrn aboskaukoahn fk VA rksudtn b`vhn n prhikrn vhstn5 dbs rkaursbs onturndks ob pukfko fkenrsk dh`rkikotk ko inobs fk dn hohahnthvn kaboñihan hofhvhfund. Qh qukrkibs kvhtnr dn trnl trnlkfhn kfhn kabdñlhan, dbs rkaursbs onturndks fk`ko skr inokenfbs b lksthbonfbs. Kd `uko inokeb fk dn onturndkzn ko aunotb quk rkaursb ks pnrtk hotklrnd fk dn Kfuanahño Ni`hkotnd, pkrb fhamb inokeb fhstn iuamb fk skr uo nsuotb ikrnikotk tèaohab b nfihohstrnthvb. Fk mkamb, Mnrfho ob fufn ko adnshghanr VA abib uo prb`dkin sho sbduahño tèaohan5 —[on supbshahño hipdéahtn y ansh uohvkrsnd fk dbs noîdhshs pu`dhanfbs ko rkvhstns ahkotéghans prbgkshbondks y fk fhvudlnahño ks quk tbfbs dbs prb`dkins fhsauthfbs thkoko uon sbduahño tèaohan. [on sbduahño fk kstk thp thpbb pukfk fkghohrsk abib nqukddn quk sñdb rkquhkrk uo ani`hb ko dns tèaohans fk dns ahkoahns onturndks, fkinofnofb pbabs b ansh oudbs ani`hbs ko rkdnahño abo dbs vndbrks muinobs b ko dns arkkoahns ibrndks ibrndks’’ ((Mnrfho, Mnrfho, >87=). ²Ko què aboshstk uon sbduahño purnikotk tèaohan2 Dn Ghdbsbgén Abotkipbrîokn fk dn Ahkoahn y dn Vkaobdblén fkobihon —sbduahño tèaohan’ n dn sbduahño prbfuahfn abo kd kxadushvb aboaursb fk dn rnahbondhfnf hostruikotnd, ks fkahr, dn rksudtnotk fk dn npdhanahño fk uo prbakfhihkotb ndlbrétihab, aboshstkotk fk uo oõikrb ghohtb fk pnsbs. Dn rnahbondhfnf hostruikotnd fk`k su èxhtb n dn —kstrkamkz’ (ko uo skothfb ob pkybrnthvb) fk su npdhan`hdhfnf, npdhan`hdhfnf, puks sk dhihtn n kstn`dkakr rkdnahboks bpthihznfbrns bpthihznfbrns b snthsgnatbrhns kotrk ikfhbs y ghoks, sho prkluotnr ouoan pbr dn vndhfkz fk dbs ghoks. Ko kd kxpkrhikotb ikotnd prbpukstb pbr Mnrfho, sh sk prbfuak VA ks pbrquk sk prksupbok —dn dklhthihfnf fkd fkskb muinob fk inxhihznr lnonoahns’ (Mnrfho, >8). Nfkiîs fk dn VA, mny btrbs prb`dkins ni`hkotndks abotkipbrîokbs quk fksnaboskeno kstk rkfuaahbohsib ahkotéghab. Kd andkotnihkotb ldb`nd, pbr kekipdb, kolkofrn rhkslbs quk sbo aboskaukoahns fk dn abipdkehfnf fk dbs shstkins abotkipbrîokbs fk prbfuaahño, ko dbs quk kstîo hovbduarnfbs iuambs y iuy fhsthotbs natbrks sbahndks. Iuamns vkaks, dbs abobahihkotbs ahkotéghabs y tèaohabs fhspboh`dks (dbs ibfkdbs fk prkfhaahño iktkbrbdñlhan, pbr kekipdb) ob `nstno y ob sk fhspbok fkd abobahihkotb okaksnrhb pnrn nothahpnr sus hipnatbs. Ob b`stnotk, kd ani`hb adhiîthab thkok aboskaukoahns quk pukfko ngkatnr tnotb n btrbs pnésks abib n lkokrnahboks vkohfkrns. Kstk rnslb abovhkrtk n dbs rhkslbs y prb`dkins ni`hkotndks abotkipbrîokbs ko pbtkoahndks abogdhatbs abogdhatbs ni`hkotndks5  ni`hkotndks5 skno antîstrbgks rkpkothons b dnrvnfns, sbo aboskaukoahn fk dn uohvkrsndhznahño b pdnoktnrhznahño fk dns ibfkrons tkaobdbléns y n dbs kgkatbs oklnthvbs b`rnfbs pbr dn fksnpnrhahño fk `nrrkrns onahbondks, fk adnsks sbahndks b lkokrnahbondks. Dn prbtkstn ahufnfnon abotrn dn kokrlén ouadknr, kd usb inshvb fk mkr`hahfns, pdnluhahfns, audthvbs trnoslèohabs y abotnihonahño ntibsgèrhan ob sk fhrhlko sñdb ko abotrn fk dn fkstruaahño fk dbs >;

 

INOKEB QBQVKOH@DK FK DBQ PKA[PQBQ ONV[PNDKQ5 Aboskrvnahño y kxpkrhkoahns

kabshstkins ni`hkotk b dn snduf põ`dhan. Dn prbtkstn npnrkak dhlnfn dn arkfh`hdhfnf ikolunotk quk natundikotk bgrkako dns hosthtuahboks põ`dhans, n dn eusthahn sbahnd y n dns nikonzns nd `hkokstnr kaboñihab y n dns dh`krtnfks hofhvhfundks. Skrb ntkofkr n kstn fhikoshño hokdufh`dkikotk sbahnd y muinon fk dbs prb`dkins ni`hkotndks ob shlohghan rkstnr oh uo îphak fk hipbrtnoahn n dns ahkoahns k holkohkréns ni`hkotndks pnrn uon Kfuanahño Ni`hkotnd hotklrnd. Qh nsphrn n dn gbrinahño fk uon ahufnfnoén nabrfk abo dn sbstkoh`hdhfnf (y shluhkofb n Mnrfho, anpnz fk kvhtnr VA) dn Kfuanahño Ni`hkotnd fk`k pbtkoahnr abipktkoahns quk gnaudtko n dbs ahufnfnobs pnrn pnrthahpnr abbpkrnthvnikotk ko dn snthsgnaahño fk ksn rkf fk abofhahboks quk koinrano su vhfn sbahnd. Snrn kddb, dn Kfuanahño Ni`hkotnd fk`k gnahdhtnr dn fhstrh`uahño kquhtnthvn fk bpbrtuohfnfks y rkaursbs ablohthvbs quk brhkotko n dbs ahufnfnobs n pnrthahpnr ko dn ikfhfn fk sus pbsh`hdhfnfks. Kstbs rkaursbs ablohthvbs fk db rnahbondhfnf ni`hkotnd sbo rklhfbs pbr vndbrks vkrhtnthvbs, kaboñihabs k hostruikotndks, nd ikobs shluhkofb dn fkghohahño fk kabobién abib dn ahkoahn quk kstufhn kd abipbrtnihkotb muinob ko aunotb rkdnahño kotrk ghoks y ikfhbs ksansbs quk thkoko usbs ndtkronthvbs ’ (Pb``hos, >810). Qk trntn fk anpnahfnfks pnrn auyn gbrinahño ks hofhspkosn`dk ahkrtb lrnfb fk abobahihkotb kxpkrtb ko ahkoahns fksfk dn kabdblén b dn quéihan ni`hkotnd, mnstn holkohkréns ni`hkotndks ko oukvbs shstkins fk kokrlén. Dn Kfuanahño Ni`hkotnd pnrn dn Qbstkoh`hdhfnf okakshtn fk rkaursbs ablohthvbs hogkrkoahndks, tnotb kxpdhanthvbs abib prkfhathvbs, pnrn gbrenr dn quk fkobihob mkurésthans fk dn rnahbondhfnf kabdñlhan5  kabdñlhan5  pnutns fk (>) fktkaahño, (0) antklbrh antklbrhznahño, znahño, (1) kvndunahño fk mukddn kabdñlhan y (6) rkvhshño fk mî`htbs ob sbstkoh`dks fk hotkrnaahño abo kd kotbrob. k otbrob. 0-Gbrindhsib Dklnd b Nfihohstrnthvb Kstk thpb fk rkfuaahbohsib sukdk nrrnhlnr kotrk dbs kspkahndhstns fk dns ahkoahns euréfhans y nfihohstrnthvns, ko auyn bphohño —tbfb prb`dkin  prb`dkin   ni`hkotnd thkok uon sbduahño dklnd’. Kgkatõno nsé sb`rk dn Kfuanahño Ni`hkotnd uon sb`rkanrln fk vndbrks ksthpudnfbs b hipdkikotnfbs pbr abkrahño nfihohstrnthvn. Fksfk kstk puotb fk vhstn, dn rnahbondhfnf hostruikotnd fktkatn, kxpdhan y prkfhak prb`dkins ni`hkotndks, pkrb dn Kfuanahño Ni`hkotnd ob kxhlk uon sukrtk fk ndgn`kthznahño kabdñlhan pnrn dn abrrkaahño fk mî`htbs pbab sbstkoh`dks kotrk dn ahufnfnoén. @nstn @n stn abo vhlhdnr y ansthlnr fksfk dn nfihohstrnahño. Qk thkofk nsé n kquhpnrnr n dn Kfuanahño Ni`hkotnd abo dn hipdkikotnahño hipdk ikotnahño vkrthand (—tbp(—tbp-fbwo’) fbwo’)   fk uo aboeuotb fk dkyks y rkldnikotbs ksthpudnfbs pnrn lb`kronr dbs nspkatbs iîs fktnddnfbs fk dn abovhvkoahn sbahnd notk prb`dkins abib abib VA. Iîs quk fkibarnahn pnrth pnrthahpnthvn, ahpnthvn, dn sbstkoh`hdhfnf sbstkoh`hdhfnf pnrkakrén kxhlhr inob furn. furn. Eniks Dbvkdbaj, `hñdblb arknfbr arknfbr fk dn mhpñtkshs fk dn Vhkrrn Vhkrrn abib uo õohab brlnohsib nutñobib (dn ddninfn —Mhpñtkshs Lnhn’), ddnin`n n uon suspkoshño nutbrhtnrhn fk dns dh`krtnfks ahvhdks fkibarîthans notk dns hoihokotks shtunahboks fk kikrlkoahn banshbonfns pbr kd ani`hb adhiîthab (Dbvkdbaj, 03>3). Dn hfkn fk uo lb`hkrob fk kxpkrtbs quk hipbok nutbrhtnrhnikotk sbduahboks tèaohans pnrn kd `hko abiõo, mn mhpobthznfb n dbs skrks muinobs pbr db ikobs fksfk Sdntño. Skrb, pbr iuambs prb`dkins quk prktkofn rksbdvkr, dn nfihohstrnahño >7

 

INOKEB QBQVKOH@DK FK DBQ PKA[PQBQ ONV[PNDKQ5 Aboskrvnahño y kxpkrhkoahns

tkaobarîthan koaukotrn prb`dkins quk fkiukstrno dn kxhlkoahn fk uo trntnihkotb fk auksthboks abib dn rkahprbahfnf y dn ahufnfnoén. X ks kd prbphb Mnrfho quhko rkabobak hipdéahtnikotk kstk kxtrkib nd nfihthr kd pr prb`dkin b`dkin fk —^uhs austbfhkt hpsbs austbfks’ ko dn nfihohstrnahño ni`hkotnd. Dn VA kxhlk dn kxhstkoahn fk dkyks quk fbtko nd nfihohstrnfbr, kstntutnrhnikotk, fkd pbfkr pnrn ddkvnr n an`b fkahshboks hostnotîokns y kspkaéghans fkotrb fkotrb   fk uo inrab eeuréfhab uréfhab lkokrnd tkohko tkohkofb fb ko aukotn hotkrprktnahboks kxpkrtns fkd kstnfb fkd shstkin. Skrb kxpkrtbs y nfihohstrnfbrks sbo muinobs, y pbr db tnotb, gndh`dks. Qus fkahshboks pukfko rkspbofkr n su prbphb hotkrès. ²X quhèo euzln sus fkahshboks2 ²^uhèo vhlhdn nd vhlhdnotk2. Sukstb quk rksudtn prîathanikotk hipbsh`dk ikoahbonr tbfns dns abofhahboks `neb dns aundks ks sklurb qukinr `nsurn ko kd pnthb trnskrb b inokenr uo abamk sho abotrbd nothabotnihonotk, abo dns dkyks fkdklnibs dbs fktnddks n dns bghahons. Kd rksudtnfb ks uon dky nfihohstrnthvn, dn aund ks dñlhanikotk tkihfn pbr dn vhken rnzño ‖  ²^uhèo mn fk vhlhdnr n dbs prbphbs vhlhdnotks2‖ vhlhdnotks2 ‖. Dbs nfihohstrnfbrks, nd trntnr fk kvndunr dn ibrndhfnf fk dbs natbs ko dn tbtndhfnf fkd shstkin, kstîo sholudnrikotk kxpukstbs n dn abrrupahño, lkokrnofb uo lb`hkrob fk mbi`rks y ob fk dkyks. Dn prbmh`hahño ks gîahd fk dklhsdnr (pkrb ob okaksnrhnikotk gîahd fk hipbokr): pkrb ²añib dklhsdnr dn ibfkrnahño2 Dn kxpkrhkoahn hofhan quk èstn pukfk skr ndanoznfn ikebr n trnvès fk dn naahño fk dn dky nfihohstrnthvn. Dhihtnibs hookaksnrhnikotk dns pbsh`hdhfnfks sh supbokibs quk dbs skothihkotbs fk ^uhs austbfhkt obs ohklno kd usb fk dnfkdkytkih`dks nfihohstrnthvn. ikebr tkokr (Mnrfho, dn grnsk abib uo pkrpktub rkabrfntbrhb p kdhlrbs Fk`krénibs pkdhlrbs quk ob pbfkibs kvhtnr’ kvhtnr’ (Mnrfho, >87=). Mnrfho nfihtk nsé, dn hipbsh`hdhfnf fk kdhihonr kd prb`dkin fk dn abrrupahño nfihohstrnthvn fk dbs prbphbs nfihohstrnfbrks fk dbs rkaursbs ni`hkotndks abiuoks, pkrb pnrkak naboskenr quk sk hovhkrtno dbs tèrihobs y sk tbdkrk abib uo ind ikobr grkotk n VA5 sk fhrén quk, abib dn hoeusthahn, dn abrrupahño ks prkgkrh`dk n dn ruhon fk tbfbs. —Dn okakshfnf kabdñlhan pukfk prkshbonrobs n n`nofbonr kd hfknd hfk nd fk uo lb`hkrob fk dkyks y ob fk mbi`rks’ (Mnrfho, >8877), mno hoshsthfb ko dns rnéaks arhsthnons fkd pbtkoahnd kabdñlhanikotk fkstruathvb fkd muinohsib ahkotéghab, quk suektn dn onturndkzn nd hipkrhb fk dn su`ekthvhfnf hofhvhfund fkd mbib kabobihaus. kabobihaus. Vbfb kddb, ob hipdhan fksksthinr fk uo pduinzb kd vndbr ni`hkotnd fk dns ahkrtns trnfhahboks rkdhlhbsns pnsnfns, skno pbdhtkéstns b ibobtkéstns, abib kd Arhsthnohsib b kd Hsdni. Pksudtn ndkotnfbr vkr dbs ksgukrzbs fk ndluobs tkñdblbs pbr mnakr fk fkrhvnr fk sus arkfbs rkdhlhbsbs prîathans nabrfks abo dn sbstkoh`hdhfnf (Mussnho kt nd .,., >88>). Nsé fk`ko kotkofkrsk dh`rbs abib Kabdblén. Lrhtb fk dn Vhkrrn, Lrhtb fk dbs Sb`rks, fkd tkñdblb fk dn dh`krnahño Dkbonrfb @bgg, quhko ob fufn ko npkdnr n dn skosh`hdhfnf ni`hkotnd fk Grnoahsab fk Nsés (@bgg, >888788=8), >8=8), nsbahn dbs vndbrks audturndks fk dn kspkahk muinon n dns trnlkfhns ni`hkotndks thpb VA, kgkatunofb nsé, sb`rk dn Kfuanahño Ni`hkotnd uon sukrtk fk sb`rkanrln fk vndbrks onturndks. X sho fufn, `ukon pnrtk fkd ntrnathvb fk dns pbsturns pbpudnrikotk ddninfns kabdblhstns ko oukstrbs féns, prbakfk fk su hfkndhznfn aboakpahño fk dbs vndbrks onturndks y fk ahkrtb rbinothahsib hipdéahtb ko su npukstn pbr uon —vukdtn n dn onturndkzn’. Qu rnfhandhsib sk s k pdnsin ko dn tkofkoahn n rkamnznr tbfn tbfn   hotkrvkoahño muinon ko kd kotbrob onturnd, onturnd , rkhvhofhanofb kxadushvnikotk dn fk db vhrlko b db shdvkstrk (—whdfkroks whdfkroksss’) abib kd õohab vndbr quk dn Kfuanahño Ni`hkotnd fk`k prkskrvnr. [ob fk dbs abrbdnrhbs iîs prkbaupnotks fk kstk rnfhandhsib nothnotrbpbaèotrhab mn shfb su rkamnzb n tbfn sukrtk fk rkstnurnahño kabdñlhan, n dn quk ob sk fufn ko ddninr —dn lrno ikothrn’ b dn gndshghanahño fk dn onturndkzn (Jwnhtbwsjn k Hssn, 0331). Qh tbfb ind ni`hkotnd sk prbfuak pbr dn fkspkfhfn fk dn vbduotnf tèaohan fk abotrbd b fk pbfkr fkd mbi`rk, sk nrluikotn, hotkrvkohr fk oukvb ni`hkotndikotk rkstnurnofb db prkvhnikotk fnþnfb sñdb kipkbrnrî dns absns. Fksfk tnd puotb fk vhstn, ks ikebr fkenr quk dn onturndkzn shln su aursb, quk kd `bsquk qukinfb b dn dnluon abotnihonfn sk rkstnurk pbr pbr sé ihsin, nuoquk kddb supboln supboln ahadbs fk thkipb hoghohtnikotk supkrhbrks n dbs quk kxhlko dbs vndbrks audturndks, kaboñihabs, kstèthabs, kta., fk dns sbahkfnfks muinons. Kd noth-notrbpbakotrhsib sk kogrkotn n tnotbs prb`dkins kphstkibdñlhabs quk dn auksthño fk su gbriudn`hdhfnf mn nlbtnfb dbs ksgukrzbs pkfnlñlhabs fk sus fkgkosbrks, aboghonfbs ko uo fk`ntk hotkdkatund uo tnotb kstèrhd pnrn dbs prbpñshtbs prîathabs fk dn Kfuanahño Ni`hkotnd. ^uè skn sk n uo vndbr onturnd hofkpkofhkotkikotk fk dns npbrtnahboks fk dns audturns muinons ndlb mnrtb fhgéahd ndken fk hinlhonr. Sbr db fkiîs, su bpbshahño rnfhand n tbfb thpb fkrksudtn rkstnurnahño kabdñlhan su kabdblhsib fk dbs vndbrks fk `ukon pnrtk fk dn ahufnfnoén abo prkbaupnahboks dkléthins sb`rk dn andhfnf fk dbs skrvhahbs ni`hkotndks pnrn dns lkokrnahboks muinons vkohfkrns. Ko tèrihobs fk sbstkoh`hdhfnf, rksudtn suinikotk abotrnprbfuakotk, sh ks quk dn kabdblén prbguofn quhkrk rkndikotk mnakr uon fhgkrkoahn ko dns rkndhfnfks ni`hkotndks fkd prkskotk. Nmbrn `hko, tbfb kddb tnipbab shlohghan quk dbs —vndbrks onturndks’ ob pukfno puk fno eulnr uo pnpkd prhibrfhnd ko dn Kfuanahño Ni`hkotnd pnrn dn sbstkoh`hdhfnf. Fk mkamb, iuamns audturns mno mkamb prbphbs ksbs vndbrks onturndks. Skrb, sklõo Nrtmur Fkinrkst, mby fhspbokibs fk kstufhbs quk obs iukstrno quk dn nothlun nlrhaudturn inyn, pbr kekipdb, krn iîs pdurhgnaèthan, iîs prbfuathvn y sbstkoh`dk quk dns prîathans abotkipbrîokns. Ahtb n kxhtbsns Fkinrkst5 —Kd vkrfnfkrb skarktb fk dn ahvhdhznahñonlréabdns inyn rkshfén ko sus nfnptnahboks y sbstkoh`dks n dn skdvn mõikfn, >8

 

INOKEB QBQVKOH@DK FK DBQ PKA[PQBQ ONV[PNDKQ5 Aboskrvnahño y kxpkrhkoahns

dblrb èstk quk ob mkibs pbfhfb kiudnr ko oukstrbs féns’ féns ’. Ko tèrihobs lkokrndks, kd skarktb fk dn kstrntklhn nfnptnthvn fk dbs inyns krn skoahddnikotk kstruaturnr sus rkléikoks nlréabdns fk inokrn quk hihtnsko dn onturndkzn ihsin fk dn skdvn mõikfn. Dns fbs anrnatkrésthans akotrndks fk dn skdvn mõikfn sbo su `hbfhvkrshfnf y dn lrno fhspkrshño fk dbs hofhvhfubs fk sus kspkahks sb`rk uon kxtkosn îrkn. Ko su nfnptnahño lrnfund n dbs rkléikoks kabdñlhabs fk dn skdvn mõikfn, dns pb`dnahboks arkahkotks fk dn ahvhdhznahño inyn nprkofhkrbo n nfnptnr sus shstkins nlréabdns fk inokrn quk —hihtnsko dn fhvkrshfnf y dn fhspkrshño fk dn skdvn mõikfn’ (Fkinrkst, 0336). Abib adnvk pnrn kxpdhanr dn nfnptnthvhfnf fk dns prîathans nlréabdns fk dbs nothlubs inyns, kstk notrbpñdblb skþndn dn `hbihikshs abib uo aboakptb fkd fk`ntk kabdñlhab abotkipbrîokb. Ebrlk Pkhaminoo mn fkgkofhfb su hfkn fk sbstkoh`hdhfnf ko kd nprkofhznek fk dns pnutns onturndks onturndks `nsnfb ko dbs vndbrks vndbrks fk dn `hbihikshs. Pkhaminoo (0337), rkaurrk n uon hfkn fk sbstkoh`hdhfnf abib vhn`hdhfnf kabdñlhan, y fk fksnrrbddb sbstkoh`dk abib uon `ukon vhfn fkotrb vhfn fkotrb fk dbs déihtks fk dbs kabshstkins, y ob rkmõyk dns hipbrtnotks tkoshboks hotkrons kotrk fksnrrbddhsib y sbstkoh`hdhfnf pukstns fk inohghkstb ko dbs fk`ntks y abogdhatbs fk dbs õdthibs vkhotk nþbs. Qklõo Pkhaminoo, aunofb oukstrbs shstkins prbfuathvbs ambano abotrn dbs déihtks fkd pdnoktn, ob mny pbr skluhr muinobs prkshbonofb pnrn nuikotnr dn bgkrtn fk suihohstrbs. Ks ikebr nfnptnr ksbsquè shstkins n dbs kabshstkins (`hbiéikshs), dblrnr inybrks kghahkoahns (kabkghahkoahn) y natunr sb`rk dn fkinofn abo ikfhfns fk nutbabotkoahño (lksthño lkokrndhznfn fk dn fkinofn), pnrn db aund, ks okaksnrhn uon rkabostruaahño fk dn —sbahndhfnf’ muinon. Dn èthan Ni`hkotnd rkspbofk ko pnrtk n ksn ksn okakshfnf.  okakshfnf. Aboshfkrnahboks Ghondks sb`rk Èthan Ni`hkotnd Abib mkibs vhstb, kd noîdhshs aréthab fk kstbs thpbs fk rkfuaahbohsib ob mn abofuahfb okaksnrhnikotk n dn kdhihonahño fk sus vndbrks rkspkathvbs ko dn Kfuanahño Ni`hkotnd pnrn dn Qbstkoh`hdhfnf. Abo tbfb, ko iuambs ansbs dbs prb`dkins ni`hkotndks fkvhkoko abogdhatbs kotrk fhsthotbs vndbrks ko uon ihsin pb`dnahño b kotrk fhsthotns pb`dnahboks muinons. Iîs quk hipbokr fbatrhondikotk vndbrks, dn Èthan Ni`hkotnd n`bln pbr sbduahño vndbrks. fhndñlhanKofkkstk dbs skothfb, abogdhatbs fkrhvnfbs fk dn tkoshño kotrkdn fhsthotbs dn ni`hkotndks Èthan fk dn Qbstkoh`hdhfnf kxhlk uon èthan fk dn rkahprbahfnf y fk dn abbpkrnahño, quk pkrihtn dn ikfhnahño nutbaréthan y iutunikotk aréthan fk dn ahufnfnoén ko kd prbaksb fk gbrinahño y fhgushño fk vndbrks ni`hkotndks quk hogbriko mî`htbs fk abofuatn ikobs vbrnaks abo kd kotbrob y iîs auhfnfbsbs abo su `hbfhvkrshfnf, vndbrks quk, n gho fk aukotns, nan`ko prbfuahkofb prbfuahkofb ani`hbs vkrhghan`dks ko oukstrns pnutns fk abosu abosuib. ib. Ko kstk skothfb, dns npbrtnahboks fk dbs ahufnfnobs-hovksthlnfbrks iîs eñvkoks, abib dbs quk pnrthahpnrbo ko kstk dh`rb abdkathvb, rksudtno aruahndks.  Nlrnfkahihkotbs Kd nutbr fkd prkskotk trn`neb quhkrk nlrnfkakr n dbs pnrthahpnotks fkd Qkluofb Qkihonrhbfkkodn Inokeb Onturndks, akdk`rnfn ko dn uohfnf nanfèihan Abzuikd [^PBB, fk ko Pkaursbs su inybrén kstufhnotks fk dn Dhakoahnturn ko Inokeb fk 03

 

INOKEB QBQVKOH@DK FK DBQ PKA[PQBQ ONV[PNDKQ5 Aboskrvnahño y kxpkrhkoahns

Pkaursbs Onturndks, kd hotkrès prkstnfb n dn pbokoahn y rnzño guofnikotnd pnrn rkfnatnr ghondikotk kstns pîlhons. Ks tni`hèo uo pdnakr rkabobakr nqué dn nyufn hoabofhahbond fk Unhrn Pnsaño, sho auyb hoaksnotk ndhk ndhkotb otb pbab b onfn mn`ré mn`rénn ksarhtb ko kstbs õdthibs nþbs. Pkgkrkoahns @bgg, D. (>8887=). Vmk trnlkfy bg tmk abiibos. Qahkoak >70 (1=;8)5 >061->06=. (1=;8)5 >061->06=. Mnrfho, L. (>8, 03 fk nlbstbY. Mnrfho, L. (>8=7). Audturnd anrryhol anpnahty Zko déoknY. Fhspboh`dk ko5 mttp5//www.lnrrkttmnrfhosbahkty.brl/nrthadks/nrtRaudturndRanrryholRanpnahty.mt  id   Z03>>, 7 fk inybY. id Mnrfho, L. (033>). Anrryhol anpnahty ns no ktmhand aboakpt. Vmk Qbahnd Abotrnat (Gndd  033>)5I.6=-;877). Our obamkho Lbtt Jnoo uosrkttko. Fkr Qphklkd 1> (>881(>881>88. Mussnho, Nthyn k Hrsmnnf (>88>). Ino nof kabdbly5 no hsdniha pkrspkathvk Zko déoknY. Fhspboh`dk ko5  ko5  mttp5//www.kovhrboikot-kabdbly.abi/kovhrboikotwrhthols/007-ino-nof-kabdbly-no-hsdniha-pkrspkathvk.mtid   Z03>3, 03 fk n`rhdY. wrhthols/007-ino-nof-kabdbly-no-hsdniha-pkrspkathvk.mtid Jwhntjbwsjn, V. y E. Hssn (0331). Dbs anihobs fk dn èthan ni`hkotnd, vbd. HH. [ohvkrshfnf Nutñobin Iktrbpbdhtnon, Aboskeb Onahbond fk Ahkoahn y Vkaobdblén y Sdnzn y Wndfès. Ièxhab, F.G. 06< p. Dbvkdbaj, E. (03>3). Muinos nrk tbb stuphf tb prkvkot adhintk amnolk Zko déoknY. Fhspboh`dk ko5 mttp5//www.lunrfhno.ab.uj/sahkoak/03>3/inr/08/eniksdbvkdbaj-adhintk-amnolk   Z03>3, 6 fk n`rhdY. dbvkdbaj-adhintk-amnolk Oçss, N. (>8=8). Kabdbly, abiiuohty nof dhgkstydk5 butdhok bg no kabsbpmy. Ani`rhflk, [ohvkrshty Srkss. [ohtkf Jholfbi, Ani`rhflk. 0>= p. Snssibrk, E. (>863 p. WW.NN (033>, 08 fk skpthki`rkY. \mhtk, D. (>87031->03031->03

 

INOKEB QBQVKOH@DK FK DBQ PKA[PQBQ ONV[PNDKQ5 Aboskrvnahño y kxpkrhkoahns

ANSHV[DB FBQ

KF[ANAHÑO NI@HKOVND S NPN D N QBQVKOH@HDHFNF5 KD A NQB FKD — N[DN ND NHPK DH@PK’ KO D N [OHWKPQHFNF FK BPHKOVK KO W NDDNFBDHF, X [ANVÎO, [ANVÎO, IÈ]HAB Oèstbr Ebsuè Lhd Lñikz [ohvkrshfnf fk Brhkotk Dhakoahnturn ko Fksnrrbddb Vurésthab Wnddnfbdhf, Xuantîo, Ièxhab K-inhd5 okstbrR137R83Cmbtinhd.abi Pksuiko Ko kd prkskotk trn`neb sk prkskotn dbs rksudtnfbs rksudtnf bs fkd prblrnin —[OB pbr kd ni`hkotk’ ko kd —Nudn nd nhrk dh`rk’ nd hoabrpbrnr uo ibfkdb fk kfuanahño ni`hkotnd pnrn dn sbstkoh`hdhfnf ob gbrind: rksudtnofb skr kstk kspnahb uo rkaursb hipbrtnotk pnrn kd nprkofhznek ni`hkotnd y audturnd ko dn [ohvkrshfnf fk Brhkotk, tkohkofb uo hipnatb pbshthvb n ohvkd dband y rklhbond. Sndn`rns adnvk5 Kfuanahño adnvk5 Kfuanahño gukrn fkd nudn, kfuanahño ni`hkotnd pnrn dn sbstkoh`hdhfnf, fksnrrbddb abiuohtnrhb sbstkoh`dk.

00

 

INOKEB QBQVKOH@DK FK DBQ PKA[PQBQ ONV[PNDKQ5 Aboskrvnahño y kxpkrhkoahns

Hotrbfuaahño Kd mbi`rk fksfk su npnrhahño mn ibfhghanfb su kotbrob pnrn snthsgnakr sus okakshfnfks: pbr kekipdb, fkspuès fk dn nathvhfnf hofustrhnd, dn nlrhaudturn ks dn skluofn gukotk fk kihshboks fk lnsks fk kgkatb hovkronfkrb, anusnotks ko lrno pnrtk, fkd andkotnihkotb ldb`nd. Dn onturndkzn notrbpblèohan fk dn nathvhfnf nlréabdn y su kdkvnfn abotrh`uahño n uon —arhshs ni`hkotnd abotkipbrîokn’ (Vbiinshob kt nd., nd., 033;), sk fk`k n uon gndtn fk abobahihkotb y fk hotkrès, Z…Y, pbr db quk sñdb kd hotkdkatb pukfk fhrhlhr nd skr muinob mnahn db `ukob y db vndhbsb fhlob fk aboghnozn (Mkndy, 03>>). Sbr kddb, kd abipbrtnihkotb muinob ks uo gnatbr fkahshvb fk ani`hb, pnrn ibfhghanr dns prîathans nlréabdns ko skothfb gnvbrn`dk n dbs rkaursbs onturndks. Dn kfuanahño ks uon ndtkronthvn prbihsbrhn pnrn dn sbduahño fk dn prb`dkiîthan ldb`nd, quk pkrihtn hipudsnr dn sbstkoh`hdhfnf pdnoktnrhn n pnrthr fk lkokrnr sbduahboks ko dbs îi`htbs dbandks, ikfhnotk dn npdhanahño fk ibfkdbs fk kfuanahño ni`hkotnd quk hoahfno ko dbs vndbrks muinobs y quk —pkrihthkrno abnfyuvnr naahboks pnrn kd fksnrrbddb fk uon èthan fk rkvndbrhznahño fk dn onturndkzn y sbahkfnf abib uo tbfb sbdhfnrhb, hotklrnd k hotkrfkpkofhkotk’ (Fbssb, >88=).  >88=).  Dns abiuohfnfks rurndks fkd trñphab mõikfb pukfko ddklnr n skr sbstkoh`dks ikfhnotk kd kstufhb ahkotéghab fk dbs prb`dkins dbandks y dn npdhanahño fk ibfkdbs fk kfuanahño ni`hkotnd lkokrnfbs ko gbrin kofñlkon (Dñpkz-Mkroîofkz, 0331). Dn anrnatkrhznahño y kvndunahño fk dns abofhahboks sbahb-ni`hkotndks dbandks pkrihtk dn kdn`brnahño fk ibfkdbs fk hotkrvkoahboks fk kfuanahño ni`hkotnd pnrn dn sbstkoh`hdhfnf ko abiuohfnfks rurndks fkd trñphab mõikfb (Dñpkz-Mkroîofkz, 0331: Whln, 0336: Dñpkz-Phandfk, 033>). Fksfk 033), uon ihdpn rkprkskotnthvn, uo skofkrb hotkrprktnthvb (Ghlurn 0), abipbstns (Ghlurn 1) y uo akotrb fk nabphb (Ghlurn 6), `neb dn brhkotnahño fk fbakotks abib kd Fr. Envhkr Mhrbsk, kd Itrb. Kdéns Ndabakr, kd Fr. Dîznrb Vuz y dn Itrn. Ikd`n Lbozîdkz. Snrn kd nþb 03>3, sk nþnfhkrbo kd îrkn fk mbrtndhzns y vhvkrb (Ghlurns ; y 7), kd îrkn fk anatîakns (Ghlurn 3).  03>3).  

06

 

INOKEB QBQVKOH@DK FK DBQ PKA[PQBQ ONV[PNDKQ5 Aboskrvnahño y kxpkrhkoahns

Ghlurn >. Ansn inyn.

Ghlurn 0. Qkofkrb hotkrprktnthvb.

Ghlurn 1. Akotrb fk nabphb.

Ghlurn 6. Abipbstn.

Ghlurn ;. Mbrtndhzns.

Ghlurn 7. Whvkrb.

0;

 

INOKEB QBQVKOH@DK FK DBQ PKA[PQBQ ONV[PNDKQ5 Aboskrvnahño y kxpkrhkoahns

Ghlurn 3, qukfnofb abipukstb kotboaks pbr dn ansn inyn y su ihdpn, kd akotrb fk nabphb, kd vhvkrb y dns mbrtndhzns, dns abipbstns, kd skofkrb y sus kdkikotbs (dn rkmbddnfn, dns brquéfkns y `rbikdhns, kd îrkn fk anatîakns y dbs gñshdks inrhobs), tkrihonofb abo kd akotrb akrkibohnd (Ghlurn 8). Dn ansn inyn guk abostruhfn trnfhahbondikotk pbr kstufhnotks fk dn Dhakoahnturn ko Dholôésthan y Audturn Inyn, y ks uo ksakonrhb hotkrnathvb quk mn gbrinfb pnrtk guofnikotnd fk dns akrkibohns noakstrndks quk sk mno rkndhznfb, abib Qnjn‘ , Dbe sbdnr , Ekts‘ du‘ui y Mnond Shxno: Shxno: ko su sbdnr (kd tkrrkob hoikfhntb) sk koaukotrno uobs jn‘noamk‘b` (anens n `nsk fk infkrn fbofk sk shki`rno mbrtndhzns pkqukþns abib ahdnotrb, ak`bddhon y rî`nob) y dn ihdpn rkprkskotnthvn ko kd aund dbs kstufhnotks rkndhzno shki`rn fk prbfuatbs téphabs abib5 inéz, andn`nzn, anibtk, kotrk btrbs, y pbr kekipdb fk dn abskamn fk inéz sk rkndhzn tbrthddns, ntbdk b tnindks: tni`hèo ko kstn îrkn sk kdn`brn kd trnfhahbond  ph`  ph`   pnrn dn adnsk fk lnstrbobién yuantkan b pnrn dns akrkibohns. Kd akotrb fk nabphb ks uo kspnahb brlnohznfb fbofk sbo abdbanfbs tbfbs dbs intkrhndks rkuthdhzn`dks y rkahadn`dks fk dbs abotkokfbrks fk dn uohvkrshfnf abib pnpkd, dntns, pdîsthab, anrtño, arhstnd btrbs. Kd vhvkrbrkuthdhzn`dks abostruhfb pbr fk dn Dhakoahnturn ko Lnstrbobién n `nsky fk intkrhndks fkd kstufhnotks akotrb fk nabphb abib infkrn, ddnotns, ndni`rk, `btks y `btkddns fk SKV (fkd aund kstî mkamb kd tkamb): ko èd sk pukfko b`skrvnr mbrtndhzns, pdnotns ikfhahondks y abiksth`dks quk sk usno pnrn dns adnsks fk abahon b pnrn dbs ndhikotbs fk dns akrkibohns, tbfb db quk sk shki`rn ko kd vhvkrb ks n`bonfb abo kd prbfuatb fk dns abipbstns, dns aundks, sk mnako abo dbs rkshfubs brlîohabs fk dn abahon fk dn uohvkrshfnf. Kd skofkrb hotkrprktnthvb guk prbfuatb fkd trn`neb fk dbs kstufhnotks fk dn Dhakoahnturn ko Fksnrrbddb Vurésthab y dns btrns dhakoahnturns quk sk suinrbo ko kd prbaksb: kd skofkrb thkok uo kxtkoshño nprbxhinfn fk ;33 iktrbs quk kiphkzn abo kd kspnahb ddninfb —Kd =’ y tkrihon ko dn kotrnfn fk —Suotb Shxby’, su vklktnahño y gnuon ks anrnatkrésthab fk dn skdvn `nen su`anfuahgbdhn pkohosudnr.

07

 

INOKEB QBQVKOH@DK FK DBQ PKA[PQBQ ONV[PNDKQ5 Aboskrvnahño y kxpkrhkoahns

Fksfk kd puotb fkobihonfb Kd = n ksansbs iktrbs, sk koaukotrn uon ksandhontn fbofk kiphkzn dn rkmbddnfn, quk nuoquk ko tbfb kd skofkrb vno n koabotrnr brquéfkns y `rbikdhns, ks nqué fbofk vno n pbfkr vkr kd inybr oõikrb fk`hfb n su aboakotrnahño fk muikfnf: fkspuès fk dn rkmbddnfn sk dbandhzno dbs gñshdks inrhobs abib pruk`n fkd surlhihkotb fk dn pkoéosudn nd kikrlkr fk dns prbguofhfnfks fkd inr: iîs nfkdnotk sk koaukotrn kd îrkn fk anatîakns, fbofk sk mnddno fhgkrkotks kspkahks fk anatîakns fk dn rklhño: tkrihonofb abo kd akotrb akrkibohnd —Suotb Shxby’ abosnlrnfb kd 0> fk euohb fk 03>3 pbr kd  E‘ikko @nrtbdbiè Sbbt Onmunt, ko èd sk mnddn uo `nsnikotb akrkibohnd prkmhspîohab, nsé abib, ndluobs am‘uudtuob‘b`, iukstrn fk dn hipbrtnoahn fk kstk nskotnihkotb. Ko kstk ihsib kspnahb sk mnako dns akrkibohns inyns, uon fk dns iîs sb`rk sndhkotks ks dn fkd —Guklb Oukvb’, Oukvb’, dn aund, guk  guk  prkshfhfn pbr snakrfbtks inyns luntkindtkabs ko euohb fk 03>3, ko kd aund sk fkdhihtñ uo îrkn ahraudnr fbofk sk koahkofk guklb furnotk tbfns dns akrkibohns, ko kstk kspnahb sñdb sk pukfk kotrnr fksandzb abo prkvhb pkrihsb fkd quk koabihn dn akrkibohn, pkrb tbtndikotk rkstrholhfb pnrn iuekrks, shipdkikotk pbr auksthboks trnfhahbondks. Dh`rk‘.  Ghlurn 8. Fhstrh`uahño fkd ”Nudn nd Nhrk Dh`rk‘.

Gukotk5 Kdn`brnahño prbphn, 03>>.

Kd Nudn nd nhrk dh`rk ks uo puotb fk koaukotrb nanfèihab y prîathab, uo rkaursb fk koskþnozn y nprkofhznek rkaéprbab quk `usan dn aboahkothznahño hofhvhfund y abdkathvn fkotrb fk dbs aboakptbs fk kfuanahño ni`hkotnd, nprbvkamnihkotb rnahbond, sbstkoh`hdhfnf y aboskrvnahño fkd ni`hkotk y dn audturn: auyb b`ekthvb prhoahpnd ks quk dbs kstufhnotks kxpkrhikotko y tkolno uo abotnatb rknd y kgkathvb abo db quk n dn dnrln sk fkfhanrîo, pkrb sb`rk tbfb, pukfno bpthihznr dbs rkaursbs onturndks y audturndks abo dbs quk aukotko (Ndabakr, 03>3: Lhd, 03>>). 0<

 

INOKEB QBQVKOH@DK FK DBQ PKA[PQBQ ONV[PNDKQ5 Aboskrvnahño y kxpkrhkoahns

Iktbfbdblén Dn pnutn fkd kstufhb ks kxpdhanthvn, abo iktbfbdblén aundhtnthvn y, abib hostruikotbs, dn b`skrvnahño shipdk fhrkatn, dbs fhnrhbs fk anipb, kd auksthbonrhb y kd noîdhshs fbauikotnd. Kstn hovksthlnahño abihkozn ko skpthki`rk fk 03>3 abo kd rkadutnihkotb fk kstufhnotks pnrn gbrinr kd kquhpb vbduotnrhb fk trn`neb, n dbs aundks, sk dks npdhañ uo auksthbonrhb fbofk sk dks pkfén quk kxprksnrîo dn hipbrtnoahn quk mn tkohfb kd —Nudn nd nhrk dh`rk’ mnstn ko ksk kotboaks y auîd krn su ohvkd fk abiprbihsb mnahn kd ihsib nd hoabrpbrnrsk nd prblrnin —[OB pbr kd ni`hkotk’.  ni`hkotk’.   Abo dn gbrinahño fkd kquhpb kquhpb —[OB pbr kd ni`hkotk’, ni`hkotk’, sk fhb uo guoahbonihkotb ñpthib y nathvb nd Nudn nd Nhrk Dh`rk furnotk dbs ansh oukvk iksks fk trn`neb, ko kd aund sk gbrinrbo auntrb lrupbs5 kd lrupb —N’  rkspbosn`dk fk dn abipbstn, vhvkrb y mbrtndhzns, kd lrupb —@’  fkd skofkrb y akotrb akrkibohnd, kd lrupb —A’  fkd akotrb fk nabphb y abotkokfbrks fk fkspkrfhahbs, y kd lrupb —F’ fk dn ansn inyn, dn ihdpn y kd rkahadnek fk pnpkd’ (Lhd, 03>>). Anfn lrupb rkndhzñ nathvhfnfks ko sus îrkns rkspkathvns fksthonofb uo fén n dn skinon nd trn`neb abiuohtnrhb, fbofk tbfb kd kquhpb k quhpb sk rkuoén ko uo îrkn pnrn npbynr nd kquhpb rkspbosn`dk, y tni`hèo uon mbrn n dn skinon sk rkuoéno abo kd inkstrb rkspbosn`dk notk dn uohvkrshfnf y kd abbrfhonfbr kstufhnothd pnrn kxprksnr hoquhktufks, abikotnrhbs b hotkrani`hnr abobahihkotbs y kxpkrhkoahns. Nfkiîs fk dns tnrkns fk anfn îrkn mn`én nathvhfnfks abipdkikotnrhns, abib vhshtns luhnfns, kxpbshahboks, pnrthahpnahboks kxtkrons y db quk guk kd —H Gksthvnd Ni`hkotnd 03>>’, abib rkspukstn n dn hohahnthvn fk hrrnfhnr ko dn abiuohfnf dn hipbrtnoahn fkd rkspktb y dn aboskrvnahño fkd kotbrob onturnd y audturnd. Ko kstns nathvhfnfks tbfbs dbs lrupbs sk uoéno pnrn trn`nenr ko dn pdnoknahño, kekauahño y kvndunahño fk anfn nathvhfnf rkspkathvnikotk. Qk npdhanrbo auksthbonrhbs n uon iukstrn fk >3 pkrsbons (skdkaahbonfn pbr dn tèaohan fk iukstrkb prb`n`hdésthab pbr abovkohkoahn) abipukstn pbr 1 prbgksbrks, ; kstufhnotks fk dns fhgkrkotks dhakoahnturns ihki`rbs dn sbahkfnf ahvhd, pnrn mnakr uo fhnloñsthab fkd guoahbonihkotb guoa hbonihkotby 0lkokrnd fkd fk prblrnin —[OB pbr kd ni`hkotk’. Kd auksthbonrhb kstî abipukstb pbr >0 étkis, fbofk sk sbdhahtn quk sk kvndõk, kd lrnfb fk uthdhfnf k hipnatb fkd —Nudn nd nhrk dh`rk’ y dbs rksudtnfbs b`tkohfbs fk dns nathvhfnfks fkd prblrnin n ohvkd dband y rklhbond. Snrn abipdkikotnr kstn hovksthlnahño sk dkvnotnrbo fhnrhbs fk anipbs, sk fbauikotnrbo dns b`skrvnahboks abo gbtblrngéns, y sk mhzb uon rkvhshño y noîdhshs fk dn dhtkrnturn kxhstkotk nd rkspkatb fk tkins y prbykatbs fk kfuanahño ni`hkotnd rkdnahbonfbs n dn sbstkoh`hdhfnf tnotb ko dn ibfndhfnf gbrind abib dn ob gbrind. Pksudtnfbs y fhsaushño Kd —Nudn nd nhrk dh`rk’, sk sustkotn abo kd usb quk mn tkohfb fksfk su arknahño, rkspbofhkofb abib uo rkaursb õthd pnrn kd nprkofhznek ni`hkotnd y audturnd aud turnd ko dn [OB. Èd aund kstî abib uon mkrrnihkotn fhspboh`dk pnrn aundquhkr thpb fk nathvhfnf 0=

 

INOKEB QBQVKOH@DK FK DBQ PKA[PQBQ ONV[PNDKQ5 Aboskrvnahño y kxpkrhkoahns

shkiprk y aunofb sk rkspktk kd kotbrob. Sbr db quk sk pukfk nþnfhr quk mn tkohfb uo hipnatb pbshthvb tnotb ko dn [OB, Wnddnfbdhf y kd kstnfb fk Xuantîo. Nudn nd nhrk dh`rk mn shfb uo ksakonrhb hotkrnathvb pnrn dns adnsks ksabdnrks, abib pnrn fhgkrkotks kvkotbs tndks abib5 dn Qkinon fkd Ikfhb Ni`hkotk y akrkibohns audturndks abib5 Qnjn‘ , Dbe sbdnr ,  Ekts‘ du‘ui  y fkd Guklb Oukvb: tni`hèo mn shfb vhshtnfb pbr hovhtnfbs fk dn uohvkrshfnf y pbr fhgkrkotks hosthtuahboks abib kd HVQ fk Srblrksb y kd abdklhb Ibotkeb fk Ièrhfn, pbr ikoahbonr ndluons. Kd prhikr dblrb fkd prblrnin —[OB pbr kd ni`hkotk’, ni`hkotk’ , guk dn rkspukstn quk tuvb dn abovbantbrhn fk gbrinr uo lrupb vbduotnrhb ni`hkotnd uohvkrshtnrhb, ko kd aund, dbs 63 kstufhnotks quk db gbrinrbo nrluikotn`no quk dks lustn`n dn hfkn fk trn`nenr nd nhrk dh`rk y abo tkins fk ikfhb ni`hkotk y sbstkoh`hdhfnf, nuonfb quk kd trn`neb sk mnrén ko kd —Nudn nd nhrk dh`rk’ uo prbykatb quk qu k mno vhstb fksfk sus hohahbs, fk naukrfb n dn koaukstn quk sk dks npdhañ. Kstbs kstufhnotks tbinrbo dn rkspbosn`hdhfnf fk skr lkstbrks k hotkrikfhnrhbs pnrn hovbduarnr n dn abiuohfnf vnddhsbdktnon y uohvkrshtnrhn ko kd prblrnin. Furnotk kd pkrébfb fk trn`neb, sk rkndhznrbo ko kd akotrb akrkibohnd —Suotb Shxby’ uon bgrkofn fk Qnjn‘  ko  ko batu`rk fk 03>3, pnrn prkskotnr nd kquhpb vbduotnrhb y pkfhr pkrihsb pnrn trn`nenr ko kstk kspnahb, y dn akrkibohn Dbe sbdnr   ko inrzb fk 03>> abib pnrtk fk dn trnfhahboks fk dn uohvkrshfnf. Ko gk`rkrb fk 03>>, sk rkah`hkrbo 73 ohþbs fkd Abdklhb Ibotkeb fk dn ahufnf fk Ièrhfn, n dbs aundks sk dks fhb uo rkabrrhfb pbr tbfb kd —Nudn nd nhrk dh`rk’ y sk dks hoakothvb pnrn tkokr abosahkoahn fk rkspktb y aboskrvnahño pbr kd kotbrob onturnd y dn audturn fk dn rklhño. Qk ibotnrbo auntrb `nsks5 uon ko dn ansn inyn pnrn ibstrnrdks dbs usbs y abstui`rks fk dn audturn inyn, dn btrn kstuvb ko kd vhvkrb fbofk sk dks ibstrñ dn hipbrtnoahn fk abosuihr ndhikotbs brlîohabs y fk nprbvkamnr tbfbs dbs rkshfubs brlîohabs ikfhnotk dn abipbstn abib n`bob onturnd, btrn fk dns `nsks kstuvb ko kd akotrb fk nabphb fbofk sk kdn`brnrbo inoundhfnfks abo intkrhndks rkuthdhzn`dks, y pbr õdthib fk ko dn kd skofkrb fbofk sk dksdbs koskþñ sb`rk dn vklktnahño fk dn rklhño y fkd surlhihkotb pkoéosudn ikfhnotk gñshdks inrhobs: btrb nspkatb sb`rksndhkotk ks quk dbs ohþbs trnekrbo ntbihznfbrks fk sus ansns pnrn rbahnr dns brquéfkns. Btrn fk dns vhshtns ikibrn`dks guk kd fk dn Srkshfkotn mbobrnrhn fk SPBONV[PN-Xuantîo, Ebno Nofrkws ko inrzb fk 03>>, dn aund rkabobahñ kd ksgukrzb fk arknr kstk kspnahb ksthiudnofb dn aboskrvnrdb fkd ihsib. Fk hlund inokrn sk nprbvkamnrbo bpbrtuohfnfks pnrn hotkrani`hnr hfkns abo btrns hosthtuahboks, pnrn kddb mu`b pnrthahpnahboks kxtkrons abib dn quk sk fhñ kd ; fk gk`rkrb fk 03>> ko Qno Arhsnotb, iuohahphb fk Qhonoamè, ko kd inrab fkd Fén Hotkronahbond fk dbs Muikfndks, fbofk kstufhnotks fk fhgkrkotks uohvkrshfnfks y abdklhbs, euotb abo ohþbs y gnihdhns fk dn abiuohfnf, ddkvnrbo n an`b nathvhfnfks pnrn rksndtnr dn hipbrtnoahn fk dbs muikfndks abib pnrtk hipbrtnotk fk su kotbrob. Btrn pnrthahpnahño guk ko inrzb fk 03>>, ko kd 8µ Gbrb fk Inokeb fk Pkaursbs Onturndks fk dn [ohvkrshfnf Inrhstn fk dn ahufnf fk Ièrhfn fbofk sk n`brfnrbo tkins abib 08

 

INOKEB QBQVKOH@DK FK DBQ PKA[PQBQ ONV[PNDKQ5 Aboskrvnahño y kxpkrhkoahns

—Brquéfkns —Brquéfkns y Abikrahb Eustb’ Eustb’. Dn õdthin guk ko n`rhd fk 03>>, ko kd 0µ Qkihonrhb fk Inokeb fk Pkaursbs Onturndks fk dn [ohvkrshfnf fk ^uhotnon Pbb, [ohfnf Nanfèihan Abzuikd, ko kd aund sk kxpushkrbo dbs dblrbs fkd —Nudn nd nhrk dh`rk’ y kd vndbr quk thkok th kok pnrn dn [OB. N trnvès fk kstns trks pnrthahpnahboks, sk nprkofhñ abib sk fn dn aboskrvnahño y dn aboahkothznahño fk dn pb`dnahño y dn abiuohfnf ahkotéghan ko btrbs shstkins (muikfndks, tkrrkstrks y inréthibs) y abotkxtbs fhgkrkotks. X abib õdthin nathvhfnf nathvhfnf guk kd —H Gksthvnd Ni`hkotnd 03>>’, rkndhznfb ko euohb fk 03>> ko aboikibrnahño fkd fén iuofhnd fkd ikfhb ni`hkotk ko kd quk sk rkndhznrbo iukstrns nrtésthans, lnstrboñihans, nrtksnondks, nsé abib tnddkrks, fhvkrsns kxpbshahboks fk kiprksns k hosthtuahboks, dn rkgbrkstnrbo fk dn [OB abo kd npbyb fk ABONGBP-Xuantîo, ABONGBPXuantîo, y dbs aboaursbs —Kab`hah’ y —Kabpnsnrkdn’ (ni`bs rkndhznfbs abo intkrhndks rkuthdhzn`dks kd prhikrb ko `hahadktns y kd skluofb abib fhskþbs fk ibfn): fbofk kd b`ekthvb prhoahpnd krn arknr ko dn abiuohfnf fk Wnddnfbdhf uon abosahkoahn fk rkspktb y aboskrvnahño pbr uo ikfhb ni`hkotk hotklrnd, ko kd aund sk tbiko ko aukotn dns sbahkfnfks, su kotbrob onturnd y su audturn. Abo kstn nathvhfnf sk prbpusb ddkvnr n inybr oõikrb fk pkrsbons quk dn sbstkoh`hdhfnf ks vhn`dk tnotb kaboñihan, sbahnd abib kabdñlhanikotk. Dbs rksudtnfbs fk dn kvndunahño quk sk mhzb nd prblrnin fk —[OB pbr kd ni`hkotk’, ikfhnotk dbs auksthbonrhbs guk kd shluhkotk5 nd rkspkatb fkd b`ekthvb fkd —Nudn nd nhrk dh`rk’ sk mn dblrnfb dblrn fb n uon ksandn ikfhnon, kstb sk fk`k n quk n pksnr fk tkokrdb ko dn uohvkrshfnf ob ks usnfb ko tbfns dns adnsks y/b pbr tbfbs dbs kstufhnotks, shob pbr lrupbs kspkaéghabs: sho ki`nrlb ksb ob fksikrhtn quk kd Nudn nd nhrk dh`rk skn uo rkaursb iuy hipbrtnotk pnrn kd nprkofhznek "ni`hkotnd" y "audturnd" fkotrb fk dn [OB pnrn dn rklhño: tkohkofb uo `uko hipnatb mnstn nmbrn ko dn sbahkfnf yuantkan, pbrquk db quk mny quk skluhr trn`nenofb ko dn fhgushño y ko dn fhvkrshghanahño fk nathvhfnfks y prblrnins pnrn ibthvnr kd hovbduarnihkotb fk iîs pkrsbons ko kd ihsib: y kspkaéghanikotk fkd prblrnin "[OB pbr kd ni`hkotk", kd b`ekthvb sk dblrñ `hko y n uon ksandn ikfhnon, pbr aboshluhkotk sk fk`hñ hfkothghanr y trn`nenr ko kspkaéghab ko dbs puotbs fè`hdks fk dn pdnoknahño fk anfn nathvhfnf, prhoahpndikotk ko dns kstrntklhns fk prbpnlnofn auntrb nathvhfnfks fk inybr inyns hipnatby gukrbo, kd H Gksthvnd Ni`hkotnd, ydnspu`dhahfnf: anipnþns dns fk rkgbrkstnahño, dns akrkibohns dbs rkabrrhfbs turésthabs ko kd —Nudn nd nhrk  nhrk  dh`rk’: ko dns aundks mu`b uon obtn`dk pnrthahpnahño y abiprbihsb fk dn abiuohfnf uohvkrshtnrhn y fk dn sbahkfnf yuantkan: nd rkspkatb fk dbs tkins lkokrndks quk sk n`brfnrbo ko kd prblrnin ob sk au`rhkrbo dbs trks phdnrks fk dn sbstkoh`hdhfnf, sñdb kd fk dn sbstkoh`hdhfnf kabdñlhan y dn sbstkoh`hdhfnf sbahbaudturnd, gndtñ dn sbstkoh`hdhfnf kaboñihan: suinofb db notks fhamb, kd lrnfb fk fksnrrbddb abiuohtnrhb sbstkoh`dk guk ikfhnob ko dn uohvkrshfnf, y ksansb n ohvkd rklhbond: y pbr õdthib, sk rksndtn quk tbfbs kstufhnotks quk tuvhkrbo véoaudb b pnrthahpnahño ko kd prblrnin y kd —Nudn nd nhrk dh`rk’ tkofrîo dn pbsh`hdhfnf fk rkpdhanr su kxpkrhkoahn y abobahihkotbs: rksudtnofb kd ghondikotk kd prblrnin —[OB pbr kd ni`hkotk’ y kd —Nudn nd nhrk dh`rk’ pbshthvbs pbshthvb s n ohvkd rklhño y dband, y fbofk sk pukfk nprkofkr sb`rk dn sbstkoh`hdhfnf.

13

 

INOKEB QBQVKOH@DK FK DBQ PKA[PQBQ ONV[PNDKQ5 Aboskrvnahño y kxpkrhkoahns

Dbs dblrbs gukrbo aunothghan`dks, sk sb`rkpnsnrbo dbs déihtks fk uo pnpkd y dns pnrkfks fk uo nudn, kxhsthkofb uo b`ekthvb hoabrpñrkb fk arknr uo `hko abiõo y kquhdh`rnfb. X nmbrn nmbrn abo dn kxpkrhkoahn quk b`tuvhkrbo ksbs kstufhnotks ko kd —Nudn nd nhrk dh`rk’, pbfrîo skr —kfuanfbrks ni`hkotndks pnrn dn sbstkoh`hdhfnf sbstkoh`hdhfnf’’ y trnsihthr dn hipbrtnoahn fk uon abosahkoahn fk aboskrvnahño y rkspktb pbr dn fhvkrshfnf audturnd y onturnd quk tkolno n su ndrkfkfbr, y abovbanr n dn sbahkfnf, abib keks ikfhnfbrks, ko kd hovbduarnihkotb fk naahboks rkspbosn`dks. Aboadushboks Qhldb ]]H, kd shldb fk ani`hbs abotrnstnotks abib5 dn ldb`ndhznahño y dn sbstkoh`hdhfnf, pbr db quk iîs quk ouoan mny quk fkgkofkr, vndbrnr, rkspktnr y aboskrvnr db oukstrb: y tbinr nd ani`hb abo rnahbahohb y ob abo rkshstkoahn, y tnd vkz aboak`hr n dn ldb`ndhznahño y n dn sbstkoh`hdhfnf ko uon —ldbandhznahño’, pnrn arkkr ko dn pbsh`hdhfnf fk uon vhfn sbstkoh`dk y prbibvkr kd ani`hb kipkznofb ko uob ihsib. [OB pbr kd ni`hkotk, prbpusb n dbs kfuanofbs y dn sbahkfnf ko lkokrnd n abiprkofkr su ndrkfkfbr fksfk btrb nspkatb, vhèofbdb fk grkotk y ob fk nrrh`n: n vhsdui`rnr quk tkokibs quk abipnrthr abo btrns kspkahks quk thkoko kd ihsib fkrkamb n vhvhr quk obsbtrbs, y quk tbiko aboahkoahn quk oukstrbs natbs thkoko aboskaukoahns tndks abib uo kgkatb fk bofns trnosvkrsndks. X abo uon ikotndhfnf ni`hkotnd luhnfn mnahn dn sbstkoh`hdhfnf sk pbfrî kvhtnr ksn hfkbdblén fk supkrvhvkoahn fbihonfbrn, y abikoznr n pkosnr pdnoktnrhnikotk pkrb natunr ko kd kotbrob hoikfhntb. Nudn nd nhrk dh`rk, skluhrî ko dn [OB mnstn quk sk quhkrn, pbr db quk tni`hèo abo kstk nrtéaudb sk prktkofk quk sk shln aboskrvnofb y quk sk dk fè kd vndbr quk sk ikrkak, pnrn quk tbfbs dbs quk mno trn`nenfb y trn`nenrîo ko èd sk shkotno brluddbsbs fk fkenr uon —dklnfb’ n oukvns lkokrnahboks pnrn nprkofkr y tbinr abosahkoahn fkd ohamb quk baupno, sho hipbrtnr su îrkn fk kstufhb b stntus qub. qub. X nsé abo dn kxpkrhkoahn quk nfquhkrno dn pukfno uthdhznr ko dn abthfhnohfnf pnrn hohahnr uon vhfn sbstkoh`dk k hoakothvnr n btrbs uohrsk n kstn hohahnthvn rnahbondikotk pkosnr ob sbdb pbrndbs quk vhkoko sh ob pbr ydbsnprbvkamnr quk tkokibs n uo dnfb. dbs rkaursbs y  Nlrnfkahihkotbs Kd nutbr nlrnfkak nd I. ko A. Kdéns Ndabakr Sukrtb kd npbyb `rhofnfb, dn aboghnozn y kd nabipnþnihkotb ko kd prbykatb: n dn [OB y kspkahndikotk n dbs 63 abipnþkrbs abo dbs quk gbrinibs —[OB pbr kd ni`hkotk’, pbr su pnrthahpnahño, trn`neb y npbyb furnotk kd skrvhahb sbahnd: nd Fr. Kfunrfb Sukotk Snrfb fk dn Fhrkaahño Lkokrnd fk Kfuanahño Vkaobdñlhan Nlrbpkaunrhn pbr sus b`skrvnahboks puotundks pnrn kd ikebrnihkotb fk kstk trn`neb.

1>

 

INOKEB QBQVKOH@DK FK DBQ PKA[PQBQ ONV[PNDKQ5 Aboskrvnahño y kxpkrhkoahns

Pkgkrkoahns Ndabakr, S.K. (0338). Kd Adu` fk Pkahadnek pnrn tbfbs. Pkvhstn [t'nnohdb'b` Dnj'ho Dkoluns fk Brhkotk (obvhki`rk), Ièxhab. ZKo déoknY. Fhspboh`dk ko5 mttp5//www.uob.kfu.ix/rkvhstnkdkatrbohan/Obv38/prhoahpnd.pmp2hi mttp5//www.uob.kfu.ix/rkvhstnkdkatrbohan/Obv38/p rhoahpnd.pmp2hil9>0 l9>0   (03>3, 0< fk skpthki`rk). Ndabakr, S.K. (03>3). Kd Nudn nd nhrk dh`rk. Ièxhab. Pkvhstn [t'nnohdb'b` Dnj'ho - Dkoluns fk Brhkotk (inrzb), Ièxhab. ZKo déoknY. Fhspboh`dk ko5 mttp5//www.uob.kfu.ix/rkvhstnkdkatrbohan/Inr>3/prh kvhstnkdkatrbohan/Inr>3/prhoahpnd.pmp2hil9 oahpnd.pmp2hil9>> >>   mttp5//www.uob.kfu.ix/r (03>>, >3 fk n`rhd). @rnvb, I.V. (033=). Dn kfuanahño ni`hkotnd ko Ièxhab5 vhshboks y prbykaahboks fk natundhfnf. Ko5 Ksauthn, G.P. y @rnvb, I.V. (Kf.). Kfuanahño Ni`hkotnd pnrn dn Qbstkoh`hdhfnf ko Ièxhab5 Nprbxhinahboks aboakptund aboakptundks, ks, iktbfbdñlhans y prîathans (pp. >6-67). [ohvkrshfnf fk Ahkoahns y Nrtks fk Amhnpns. Amhnpns, Ièxhab. Abdktb, P.A. (03>3). Kfuanahño gukrn fkd nudn5 Kfuanahño ni`hkotnd ZKo déoknY. Fhspboh`dk ko5 mttp5//www.ashashg.ks/nofnduahn/ibfudks/ibfRkosk/rkvhstn/pfg/Ouikr ashg.ks/nofnduahn/ibfudks/ibfRkosk/ rkvhstn/pfg/OuikrbR0>, >; fk euohb). Fbssb, P.M. (>88=). Akotrb fk hotkrprktnahño pnrn îrkns onturndks abo pbtkoahndhfnf turésthan. [ohvkrshfnf Onahbond fkd Inr fkd Sdntn. Nrlkothon. =8 p. KSN (0331). Nprkofhkofb n trnvès fkd skrvhahb5 Kfuanahño gukrn fkd nudn. Kovhrboikotnd Srbtkathbo Nlkoay. Kstnfbs [ohfbs. Hogbrik 10 p. Lhd, L.O.E. (03>>). Srbykatb fk Qkrvhahb Qbahnd5 Abbrfhonahño kstufhnothd fkd prblrnin [OB pbr kd ni`hkotk. [ohvkrshfnf fk Brhkotk. Xuantîo, Ièxhab. Hogbrik 0> p. Mkndy, \.K. (03>>). Kd ani`hb5 fkrrh`nr dn iurnddn fk pdnakr pbr uo sn`kr ni`hkotnd. Pkvhstn Vkbrkin Ni`hkotnd  (gk`rkrb-inrzb)5  (gk`rkrb-inrzb)5 >7->=. Dñpkz-Mkroîofkz, K.Q. (0331). Kfuanahño ni`hkotnd5 Npuotks y rkabikofnahboks fhfîathans pnrn kd fksnrrbddb sbstkoh`dk, Abdkaahño Ebsè O. Pbvhrbsn. @hbfhvkrshfnf, Fksnrrbddb Qbstkoh`dk y Vrñphab Mõikfb. [ohvkrshfnf Euîrkz Nutñobin fk Vn`nsab. Whddnmkribsn, Ièxhab. >78->86). Abdkaahño @h`dhbtkan fk dn Kfuanahño Qupkrhbr. NO[HKQ-[ENV. Whddnmkribsn, Ièxhab. Dñpkz-Phandfk, A.F. (0330. 665 >->0. Obvb, I. (033>5 >-0;. >>5  >-0;. Vbiinshob, M., Gbdnfbrh, L. y Vnjs, E. (033;). Dn arhshs ni`hkotnd abotkipbrîokn. Ko5 Gbdnfbrh, L. y Shkrrk, O. (Kf.). ²Qbstkoh`hdhfnf2 Fksnaukrfbs sb`rk kd fksnrrbddb sbstkoh`dk (pp. 8-0>). [ohvkrshfnf Nutñobin fk Unantkans-Sbrrõn. Ièxhab, F.G. 10

 

INOKEB QBQVKOH@DK FK DBQ PKA[PQBQ ONV[PNDKQ5 Aboskrvnahño y kxpkrhkoahns

Whln, I.F. (0336). Ibfkdb fk kfuanahño ni`hkotnd5 Kd ansb fk dn rkskrvn fk dn @hbsgkrn fk Pén Akdkstõo. Vkshs fbatbrnd. Qkaahño fk Kstufhbs fk Sbslrnfb k Hovksthlnahño, Hosthtutb Sbdhtèaohab Onahbond, Ksaukdn Qupkrhbr fk Abikrahb y Nfihohstrnahño. [ohfnf Qnotb Vbiîs. Ièxhab, F.G.

11

 

INOKEB QBQVKOH@DK FK DBQ PKA[PQBQ ONV[PNDKQ5 Aboskrvnahño y kxpkrhkoahns

ANSHV[DB VPKQ

I NOKEB HOVKLPND FK D N AHÈOKLN FK VDÎM[NA, F.G.5  APKNAHÑO FK [IINQ SHQAÉA[DNQ X NLPBSKA[NPHNQ. Qnoknihkotb fkd Dnlb fk Dbs Pkyks 

Notbohon Lndvîo Gkronofkz*  Mèatbr Wèdkz Iuþbz Ahkoahns @îshans k Holkohkrén. Fkptb. HSM

Notbohb Iîrqukz Lnraén Inrén Lunfndupk Ihrnofn Nrak Ahkoahns @hbdñlhans y fk dn Qnduf. Fkptb. Mhfrb`hbdblén Srbykatb fk hovksthlnahño iudthfhsahpdhonrhn [ohvkrshfnf Nutñobin Iktrbpbdhtnon Hztnpndnpn Hosthtutb fk ahkoahn y tkaobdblén fkd Fhstrhtb Gkfkrnd Gkfkrnd   *K-inhd5 dbrnCxnoui.uni.ix Pksuiko Kd fk`ntk sb`rk añib hotkrprktnr y ntkofkr dbs prb`dkins fk abotnihonahño y nlbtnihkotb fk dbs rkaursbs onturndks kstî prkskotk ko kd hotkrès fk brlnohsibs y lb`hkrobs onahbondks k hotkronahbondks. Natundikotk, mn`dnr fk sustkotn`hdhfnf sk rkghkrk n dns nathtufks y naahboks anpnaks fk hofuahr n dbs nlkotks kaboñihabs y sbahndks mnahn abofuatns quk hipdhquko dn hotkrondhznahño fk dns kxtkrondhfnfks oklnthvns sb`rk kd ni`hkotk: kotboaks, dn lksthño ni`hkotnd abiprkofk nd aboeuotb fk naahboks y pbdéthans anpnaks fk sbstkokr kd anphtnd ni`hkotnd, nd thkipb quk kdkvk nd iîxhib pbsh`dk kd pntrhibohb onturnd y dn andhfnf fk vhfn fk dns pkrsbons, fkotrb fkd shstkin fk rkdnahboks kaboñihans y sbahndks quk abogbrino uon pb`dnahño. Kd aboakptb fk sustkotn`hdhfnf n`nran kd rkahadnfb fk outrhkotks, abotrbd fk rkshfubs sñdhfbs, bpthihznahño ko kd usb fkd nlun y aboskrvnahño fk dn `hbfhvkrshfnf. Ko aboskaukoahn, sk thkok dn aboskrvnahño fkd kabshstkin n trnvès fkd thkipb, ko abi`honahño fk uon prbfuaahño ‑nlréabdn b hofustrhnd-ñpthin fbofk, kd `ndnoak kotrk dbs abstbs fk prbfuaahño y dbs `kokghahbs ks pbshthvb, ko db kaboñihab, sbahnd y ni`hkotnd. iktrbpbdhtnon fk ji dn Ahufnf fk Ièxhab uon fk dns iîs fkd 0 y pb`dnahño iuofb, aboKd îrkn kxtkoshño fk >,8=>). Dn lksthño fkd ni`hkotk abiprkofk uo aboeuotb fk natunahboks y fhspbshahboks okaksnrhns pnrn sbstkokr kd anphtnd ni`hkotnd quk kdkvk nd iîxhib pbsh`dk kd pntrhibohb onturnd y dn andhfnf fk vhfn fk dns pkrsbons, tbfb kddb fkotrb fkd abipdkeb shstkin fk rkdnahboks kaboñihans y sbahndks quk abofhahbono ksk b`ekthvb (Qnofbvnd, 0331). Snrn nakranrsk nd aboakptb fk sbstkoh`hdhfnf ks okaksnrhb au`rhr prhoahpndikotk kd rkahadnfb kghahkotk fk outrhkotks, kd abotrbd ni`hkotnd fk dbs rkshfubs sñdhfbs, dn bpthihznahño ko kd usb fkd nlun y dn aboskrvnahño fk dn `hbfhvkrshfnf. Kstb ddkvn abib aboskaukoahn dn aboskrvnahño fk dbs kabshstkins trnvès fkd thkipbnlréabdns fk gbrinb hofkghohfn, ko nabi`honahño fk uon prbfuaahño ‑yn nskn fk prbfuatbs hofustrhndks- ñpthin fbofk kd `ndnoak kotrk dbs abstbs fk prbfuaahño y dbs `kokghahbs skn shkiprk pbshthvb, ko dbs îi`htbs kaboñihab, sbahnd y ni`hkotnd b, sk ddkluk n uo kquhdh`rhb (Ahsokrbs, 0336). Kd îrkn iktrbpbdhtnon fk dn Ahufnf fk Ièxhab kstî aboshfkrnfn abib uon fk dns iîs lrnofks fkd iuofb abo uon kxtkoshño ur`nohznfn fk >,). Dbs kabshstkins onturndks abotkohfbs fkotrb fk dn `hbsgkrn, sk sustkotno n pnrthr fk dn kotrnfn fk kokrlén sbdnr, dn aund uon vkz quk mn pkoktrnfb y mn shfb nprbvkamnfn pbr kd shstkin, gduyk mnahn ngukrn ko gbrin fk andbr y btrns gbrins prbaksnfns fk intkrhn brlîohan y abotnihonotks. Ko kd ni`hkotk, dbs kdkikotbs quéihabs sk baupno vnrhns vkaks sho pkrfkr su uthdhfnf: dbs ahadbs `hblkbquéihabs sbo akrrnfbs pnrn dbs intkrhndks, n`hkrtbs sñdb n dn kotrnfn y sndhfn fk kokrlén, fbofk dns fksabipbshahboks `hbdñlhans fk fhambs intkrhndks suihohstrno n su vkz btrbs intkrhndks fk rkusb pnrn btrbs kdkikotbs fkd kabshstkin (Jrk`s, >888). Qho ki`nrlb, kd guoahbonihkotb fk dbs ahadbs akrrnfbs ks nuskotk ko dbs shstkins muinobs, fnfb quk èstbs sk `nsno ko dn hfkn fk fhspboh`hdhfnf fk kokrlén y rkaursbs fk gbrin hdhihtnfn, lkokrnofb uo vbduiko tni`hèo hdhihtnfb fk rkshfubs (Lbozîdkz kt nd., nd., >88;). Dns pnutns natundks fk sb`rk-abosuib, kxpnoshño y abostruaahño fk dbs oõadkbs ur`nobs mno prbfuahfb kd abdnpsb fk dbs shstkins onturndks ahrauofnotks, pbrquk anusno fnþbs arknofb prkshño tnotb notrñphan abib ni`hkotnd fk gbrin arkahkotk (Qihtm y Qihtm, 033>). Qk fkobihon —fhsguoahbonihkotb’ nd mkamb nd  mkamb fk quk aunofb ndlõo kdkikotb quk abipbok shstkin, su y/b nathvhfnf prbfuak abstbs inybrks n dbs dn nathvhfnf uo lkokrn abstbs rkshfundks ob abotkipdnfbs quk sbo`kokghahbs: hiputn`dksksnfkahr, ndluob fk dbs kdkikotbs fkd shstkin, y kstbs abstbs pukfko skr kaboñihabs, sbahndks b ikfhbni`hkotndks (Gdbrks, >8=0). Qh dbs abstbs kstîo fkotrb fk dbs iîrlkoks quk pukfk pukfk inokenr kd shstkin ‑sbahnd b ni`hkotnd- quk db lkokrn, sbo nshihdnfbs, pkrb sh dbs rk`nsno, sbo kxtkrondhznfbs abib pèrfhfns, tnd ks kd ansb fk dn `nsurn y dns fksanrlns fk nluns rkshfundks. Dns fhsguoahboks fk`ko skr nshihdnfns ko ndlõo puotb fkd shstkin, quk lkokrndikotk ob ks kd quk dn prbfuak: aunofb kstb ob suakfk sk hofuako kstnddhfbs y abogrbotnahboks pbr n) dn nshihdnahño fk dn anrln quk rkprkskotn fhamb abstb pbr ndluhko fhgkrkotk nd quk dn prbfuak y `) dn hofkiohznahño fk dns pèrfhfns quk rkprkskotn (Ahsokrbs, 0336).

17

 

INOKEB QBQVKOH@DK FK DBQ PKA[PQBQ ONV[PNDKQ5 Aboskrvnahño y kxpkrhkoahns

Andhfnf fkd nlun

Qk fkghok abib andhfnf fkd nlun nd aboeuotb fk hofhanfbrks fk kxhstkoahn fk abotnihonahño ko uo vbduiko fk nlun: kstbs hofhanfbrks sbo géshabs, quéihabs y `hbdñlhabs. Fkahibs quk uo nlun kstî abotnihonfn aunofb dn prkskoahn ko fkinsén fk ndlõo kdkikotb quéihab, `hbdñlhab b géshab abiprbiktk kd `hkokstnr y/b dn snduf fk dn pb`dnahño, dnDbs snduf ikfhbni`hkotnd, y abo kddbpbr hipnatn y kaboñihanikotk n uon abiuohfnf. noîdhshs fk andhfnf fkd nlun, tnotb, sbahnd kstîo brhkotnfbs n fktkrihonr sh dbs kdkikotbs prkskotks ko kd nlun sk koaukotrn ko rnolbs quk ob pkrihtno su nprbvkamnihkotb ko dbs fhgkrkotks shstkins prbfuathvbs (Inznrh-Mhrhnrt kt nd., nd., 0330). Dn prkskoahn fk abotnihonotks ko aundquhkr aukrpb fk nlun fkskquhdh`rn kd `ndnoak onturnd fk dns sustnoahns fhsukdtns y suspkofhfns, ibfhghanofb abo kddb su abipbshahño (Lbozîdkz kt nd .,., >88;). Dbs brlnohsibs quk vhvko ko ksk ikfhb pukfko `hbnauiudnr abotnihonotks ko gbrin fhrkatn, b hofhrkatn abib rksudtnfb fk su trnosihshño n trnvès fk dn anfkon ndhikothahn, pbr db quk kd abobahihkotb fk dbs abotnihonotks fkd nlun, fk dn abrrkdnahño kotrk su prkskoahn y dbs kgkatbs quk èstbs banshbono ko dbs skrks vhvbs, nsé abib fk dbs abosuihfbrks fhrkatbs fkd nlun, y fk dns kspkahks y nathvhfnfks prbfuathvns quk fkpkofko fk kstk rkaursb ks `nsk fkd nprbvkamnihkotb (Ahsokrbs, 0336). Ko su pnsb n trnvès fkd ahadb mhfrbdñlhab, Inznrh-Mhrhnrt kt nd. (0330) nd. (0330) ikoahbono quk kd nlun sk vk ndtkrnfn guofnikotndikotk, pbr trks thpbs fk fkskambs5 n)  Kd skfhikotb quk sk fksdnvn fk dn thkrrn, y ddkln n dns nluns pbr krbshño onturnd, y pbr dn krbshño nakdkrnfn fkd sukdb, n trnvès fk dn nlrhaudturn, shdvhaudturn, lnonfkrén, ihokrén, y btrns nathvhfnfks: `)  Dbs fkskambs muinobs y nohindks: a)  Dbs vkrthfbs fk dns fhgkrkotks sustnoahns quéihans uthdhznfns ko dbs prbaksbs hofustrhndks. Dbspbtn`dk, arhtkrhbsrhklb fk andhfnf fkdusb nlun fktkrihonfbs pnrnygukotks fk rkarknthvbs n`nstkahihkotb fk nlun nlréabdn, pkaunrhb, nauhaudturn abo ghoks abo abotnatb prhinrhb, sk kogbano n dn prbtkaahño fk dn snduf muinon, `nsîofbsk ko dns prbphkfnfks anrahoblèohans, tñxhans u brlnobdèpthans (abdbr, bdbr b sn`br) fk dns sustnoahns, nsé abib, ko dbs kgkatbs quk èstns pukfno anusnr n dbs brlnohsibs quk sk koaukotrno prkskotks ko kd nlun, aboshfkrnofb dn prbtkaahño fk dn snduf fk dbs nohindks fbièsthabs y dbs fksthonfbs n dn ndhikotnahño fkd mbi`rk, prkvhkofb dns pbsh`hdhfnfks fk `hbnauiudnahño fk sustnoahns tñxhans quk pufhkrno ngkatnr dn snduf muinon y quk pbr tnotb fk`ko rkuohr abofhahboks quk nsklurko dn prbtkaahño fk dn vhfn fk nlun fudak. Dbs Arhtkrhbs Kabdñlhabs fk Andhfnf fkd Nlun, sbo dbs quk sk kstn`dkako ko dns tn`dns shluhkotks. Ohvkdks iîxhibs ko il/D, kxakptb aunofb sk hofhquk btrn uohfnf (Vn`dn >) (Obrin Bghahnd Ikxhanon OBI-33>, >887).

1<

 

INOKEB QBQVKOH@DK FK DBQ PKA[PQBQ ONV[PNDKQ5 Aboskrvnahño y kxpkrhkoahns

Vn`dn >. Déihtks iîxhibs pkrihsh`dks pbr abotnihonotk, y thpb fk aukrpb fk nlun. DÉIHVKQ IÎ]HIBQ SKPIHQH@DKQ SNPN ABOVNIHONOVKQ @ÎQHABQ SNPÎIKVPBQ

KI@NDQKQ ONV[PNDKQ X NPVHGHAHNDKQ

il / D (kxakptb aunofb sk kspkahghquk)

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ur`nob (A)

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Kxpdbtnahño  pksqukrn,

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onvklnahño y btrbs usbs (N)

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Vkipkrnturn A (>) Lrnsns y Nakhtks (0) Intkrhn Gdbtnotk (1) Qñdhfbs Qkfhikotn`dks (id/d) Qñdhfbs Quspkofhfbs Vbtndks Fkinofn @hbquéihan fk Bxélkob; 

(>) Hostnotîokb (0) Iukstrn Qhipdk Srbikfhb Sbofkrnfb (1) Nuskotk sklõo kd Iètbfb fk Sruk`n fkghohfb ko dn OI]-NN-337. S.F.9 Srbikfhb Fhnrhb: S.I. 9 Srbikfhb Ikosund: O.N. 9 Ob ks npdhan`dk: (N), (@) y (A)5 Vhpb fk Aukrpb Pkakptbr sklõo dn Dky Gkfkrnd fk Fkrkambs

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INOKEB QBQVKOH@DK FK DBQ PKA[PQBQ ONV[PNDKQ5 Aboskrvnahño y kxpkrhkoahns

Vn`dn > (Abothounahño). Déihtks iîxhibs pkrihsh`dks pbr abotnihonotk, y thpb fk aukrpb fk nlun.  nlun.  

DÉIHVKQ IÎ]HIBQ SKPIHQH@DKQ SNPN IKVNDKQ SKQNFBQ X AHNO[PBQ SNPÎIKVPBQ (*)

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(*) Ikfhfbs fk inokrn tbtnd. S.F. 9 Srbikfhb Fhnrhb S.I. 9 Srbikfhb Ikosund O.N. 9 Ob ks npdhan`dk (N), (@) y (A)5 Vhpb fk Aukrpb Pkakptbr sklõo dn Dky Gkfkrnd fk Fkrkambs.

Hofhanfbrks fk andhfnf fkd nlun

Gbsgntbs tbtndks, tbtndks, ikfhfbs abib gñsgbrb, ob fk`krîo kxakfkr fk 3.3; il/D ko hogdukotks n dnlbs b ki`ndsks oh fk 3.30; il/D fkotrb fkd dnlb b ki`ndsk, pnrn prkvkohr kd fksnrrbddb fk kspkahks `hbdñlhans hofkskn`dks y pnrn abotrbdnr dn kutrbghznahño nakdkrnfn: pnrn kd ansb fk rébs y nrrbybs, sk pkrihthrîo aboakotrnahboks fk mnstn 3.> il/D (Obrin Bghahnd Ikxhanon-3;8, 033>). Ohtrñlkob y Gñsgbrb5 Kstk pnr fk outrhkotks eukln uo pnpkd iuy hipbrtnotk ko kd `ndnoak kabdñlhab ko uo aukrpb fk nlun, dns pdnotns nauîthans y ndlns nd kstnr ko abotnatb abo duz sbdnr sbo anpnaks fk shotkthznr abipukstbs brlîohabs abipdkebs ko prkskoahn fk AB0 y nlun. Kd rksudtnfb fk kstk `ndnoak aunofb kstbs outrhkotks thkoko uo nuikotb aboshfkrn`dk ks kd gkoñikob abobahfb abib kutrbghznahño, db aund pukfk banshbonr dbs shluhkotks prb`dkins ko kd aukrpb ko kstufhb (Obrin Bghahnd Ikxhanon3;8, 033>).

18

 

INOKEB QBQVKOH@DK FK DBQ PKA[PQBQ ONV[PNDKQ5 Aboskrvnahño y kxpkrhkoahns

O-ohtrbsnihons5 Dn tbxhahfnf nlufn pnrn brlnohsibs fk nlun fudak iudthpdhanfn pbr 3.3> hofhan quk su aboakotrnahño ob fk`k skr supkrhbr n 3.3;=; il/D (Obrin Bghahnd Ikxhanon-3;8, 033>). Qñdhfbs suspkofhfbs tbtndks, tbtndks, hoaduykofb skfhikotn`dks ko abi`honahño abo kd abdbr, ob fk`ko rkfuahr dn prbguofhfnf fkd ohvkd fk abipkosnahño fk dn duz pnrn dn nathvhfnf gbtbshotèthan Ikxhanon-3;8, 033>). ko iîs fk >3% n pnrthr fkd vndbr onturnd (Obrin Bghahnd Qñdhfbs fhsukdtbs5 fhsukdtbs5 quk ob thkoko kgkatbs obahvbs ko oholõo audthvb ks fk ;33 il/D, ko audthvbs skosh`dks ks fk kotrk ;33 y >333 il/D, ko iuamns abskamns quk rkquhkrko fk inokeb kspkahnd ks fk kotrk >333 y 0333 il/D, y pnrn audthvbs fk pdnotns tbdkrnotks ko sukdbs pkrikn`dks ks fk kotrk 0333 y ;333 il/D, rkquhrhkofb fk uo inokeb kspkahnd (Obrin Bghahnd Ikxhanon-3;8, 033>). Bxélkob fhsukdtb5 fhsukdtb5 dbs ohvkdks kstn`dkahfbs fk`ko aboshfkrnrsk abib iéohibs ko fhgkrkoahns fk 0; uohfnfks: pnrn kd pbtkoahnd fk mhfrñlkob (pM), dbs ohvkdks kstn`dkahfbs fk`ko aboshfkrnrsk abib iéohibs y iîxhibs, y ob fk`k mn`kr vnrhnahboks inybrks n 3.0 uohfnfks fk pM, tbinofb abib `nsk kd vndbr onturnd kstnahbond (Obrin Bghahnd Ikxhanon-3;8, 033>). Iharb`hbdñlhabs5 kd tbtnd fk dbs brlnohsibs ob fk`ko kxakfkr fk 033 abib Iharb`hbdñlhabs5 oõikrb iîs prb`n`dk ko >33 ihdhdhtrbs (OIS/>33 iD) ko nlun fudak, y ob iîs fkd >3% fk dns iukstrns ikosundks fk`krî kxakfkr fk 633 OIS/>33 iD abib iukstrn shipdk (Obrin Bghahnd Ikxhanon-3;8, 033>). Wklktnahño

[o muikfnd ks uo kspnahb `hñthab quk aboeuln ahkrtb thpb fk vklktnahño abo abofhahboks mhfrbdñlhans fk zbons houofnfns. Kd ohvkd fkd nlun prbvhkok fk gukotks supkrghahndks b su`tkrrîokns, furnotk uo pkrhbfb fk thkipb sughahkotk abib pnrn quk arkzano pdnotns @urajmnrf, 0333).kspkahndikotk nfnptnfns n vhvhr ko kstns abofhahboks (Mniikr y Ko dn natundhfnf sk rkabobak n dbs muikfndks abib kabshstkins fk ndtn prbfuathvhfnf pbr dn fhvkrshfnf `hbdñlhan quk sustkotno y dn lrno hipbrtnoahn ko dbs prbaksbs mhfrbdñlhabs (Muffdkstbo kt nd.,  nd.,  0333). Kotrk èstbs prbaksbs mhfrbdñlhabs quk sk fksnrrbddno ko dbs muikfndks sk koaukotrn dn rkanrln fk dbs nauégkrbs, dn ihthlnahño fk dns houofnahboks, y abotrbd fk krbshño fkd sukdb. Kstn`hdhzno dbs tkrrkobs ikfhnotk kd inotkohihkotb fk frkonek y kd abotrbd fk skfhikotnahño ko dns zbons abstkrns. Dn rktkoahño, trnosgbrinahño fk skfhikotbs, outrhkotks y abotnihonotks euklno uo pnpkd guofnikotnd ko dbs ahadbs fk dn intkrhn y ko dn andhfnf fk dns nluns. Vni`hèo natõno abib zbon fk nibrthlunihkotb fk abotnihonotks ko kd nlun y n`sbr`ko ohtrñlkob y gñsgbrb prbvkohkotks fk gkrthdhznotks nlréabdns (Phvns, 0337).

63

 

INOKEB QBQVKOH@DK FK DBQ PKA[PQBQ ONV[PNDKQ5 Aboskrvnahño y kxpkrhkoahns

Mny trks pnrîiktrbs `îshabs quk obs nyufno n hfkothghanr uo muikfnd5 kd sukdb, dn mhfrbdblén y dn vklktnahño. Kd sukdb sk abipbok prhibrfhndikotk fk skfhikotbs nonkrñ`habs y fkpkofko fkd ohvkd fk houofnahño y snturnahño fkd nlun. Dn mhfrbdblén ks kskoahnd y vnrén ko thkipb y kspnahb, fkpkofhkofb fk dn prkahphtnahño, prbxhihfnf n dns abstns y dns inrkns: dn vklktnahño ks kd hofhanfbr iîs uthdhznfb pnrn anrnatkrhznr uo muikfnd (Inys y Kfwnrfs, 033>). Kxhstko fhsthotbs arhtkrhbs pnrn adnshghanr dbs muikfndks, ko guoahño fk dbs kstufhbs ko dbs quk `nsno5 quk ks uo nakranihkotb iuy lkokrnd: mhfrblkoèthab quksk pnrtk fkd arhtkrhb brhlko yibrgbdñlhab, usbs fkd nlun, kstk arhtkrhb shrvk pnrn fktkrihonr fkinofns fk nlun y su pbtkoahnd nprbvkamnihkotb: guoahbond, fbofk sk rksndtn kd anrîatkr kabdñlhab, sklõo sus mî`htnts, pnrn aboskrvnahño ikfhbni`hkotnd: b dbs arhtkrhbs kstruaturndks, abib ks dn lksthño fk rkaursbs. Fksfk kstk õdthib puotb fk vhstn, sk pukfk fhgkrkoahnr n dn vkz, dbs nspkatbs `nsnfbs ko kd arhtkrhb mhfrbdñlhab y nqukddbs btrbs ko kd mhfrbl mhfrblkbdñlhab kbdñlhab (Mniikr y Johlmt, >886). Dn abipbshahño gdbrésthan ks kd btrb nspkatb n rksndtnr ko dn anrnatkrhznahño fk dbs muikfndks: dn vklktnahño téphan fk dbs muikfndks sbo pdnotns mhfrñghtns, sbo vklktndks quk vhvko ko dbs aukrpbs fk nlun. Dn prkskoahn fk mhfrñghtns ko uon fhvkrshfnf fk mî`htnts, ks guofnikotnd ko kd kquhdh`rhb y kd fksnrrbddb fk dn vhfn nauîthan, pbr skr prbfuatbrks prhinrhbs fkd kabshstkin, hohahno dn anfkon ndhikothahn ko dn quk hotkrvhkoko ouikrbsbs iharbbrlnohsibs y inarbbrlnohsibs (Pzkfbwsjh, >8==: Dbt y Obvkdb, 0336). Dbs muikfndks thkoko trks guoahboks `îshans quk dbs mnako tkokr uo pbtkoahnd pnrn kd trntnihkotb fk nluns rkshfundks5 n)  Ghenr géshanikotk dbs abotnihonotks ko dn supkrghahk fkd sukdb y dn intkrhn brlîohan. `)  [thdhznr y trnosgbrinr dbs kdkikotbs pbr hotkrikfhb fk dbs iharb-brlnohsibs. a)  Dblrnr ohvkdks fk trntnihkotb aboshstkotk abo uo `neb abosuib fk kokrlén y `neb inotkohihkotb (Phvns, 0337). Kxhstkofkfbs thpbsrkshfundks5 fk shstkins fk muikfndks pnrn kd trntnihkotb nluns Qhstkins n gdueb nrthghahndks dh`rk (Q\G)fksnrrbddnfbs y shstkins fk gdueb supkrghahnd (QQG). Ko dbs ansbs ko quk sk kipdkno pnrn prbpbrahbonr trntnihkotb skauofnrhb, dbs shstkins Q\G sukdko aboshsthr ko `ndsns b anondks pnrndkdbs abo dn supkrghahk fkd nlun kxpukstn n dn ntiñsgkrn y kd gbofb abosthtuhfb pbr sukdb rkdnthvnikotk hipkrikn`dk b abo uon `nrrkrn su`supkrghahnd, vklktnahño kikrlkotk y ohvkdks fk nlun pbab prbguofns (3.> n 3.7 i). N dbs shstkins Q\G obrindikotk sk dks npdhan nlun rkshfund prk-trntnfn ko gbrin abothoun y kd trntnihkotb sk prbfuak furnotk dn ahraudnahño fkd nlun n trnvès fk dbs tnddbs y rnéaks fk dn vklktnahño kikrlkotk. Dbs shstkins fk gdueb dh`rk tni`hèo sk pukfko fhskþnr abo kd b`ekthvb fk arknr oukvbs mî`htnts pnrn dn gnuon y gdbrn, b pnrn ikebrnr dns abofhahboks fk muikfndks onturndks prñxhibs. Kstn adnsk fk shstkin sukdk hoaduhr abi`honahboks fk kspnahbs n`hkrtbs y zbons abo vklktnahño k hsdbtks abo dn vklktnahño nfkaunfn pnrn prbpbrahbonr mî`htnts fk arén pnrn nvks nauîthans. Dbs shstkins fk gdueb supkrghahnd sk fhskþno abo kd b`ektb fk prbpbrahbonr trntnihkotb skauofnrhb b nvnoznfb y aboshstk 6>

 

INOKEB QBQVKOH@DK FK DBQ PKA[PQBQ ONV[PNDKQ5 Aboskrvnahño y kxpkrhkoahns

ko anondks b znoens kxanvnfns y rkddkobs fk intkrhnd lrnoudnr, lkokrndikotk lrnvn ko fbofk kd ohvkd fkd nlun sk inothkok pbr fk`neb fk dn supkrghahk fk lrnvn. Dns ihsins kspkahks vklktndks sk usno ko dbs fbs thpbs fk muikfndks nrthghahndks (Inys y Kfwnrfs, 033>). Dbs muikfndks nrthghahndks sbo uo shstkin pnrn trntnihkotb fk nluns rkshfundks quk kstîo prkgkrkoahn ko îrkns rurndks pbr koahin shstkins. Lrnvn b nrkon dbandtkohkofb sk usn abib ghdtrb pnrn kd gdueb su`supkrghahnd fk fk dbsbtrbs muikfndks nrthghahndks. Abib kd ohvkd fk nlun kstî pbr fk`neb fk dn supkrghahk fkd ikfhb lrnoudnr ob kstî kxpukstb, abo db quk sk kvhtno pbsh`dks prb`dkins fk ibsquhtbs quk pukfko ddklnr n prkskotnrsk ko shstkins fk gdueb dh`rk ko ndluobs dulnrks. Vnipbab sk prkskotno hoabovkohkotks abo kd naaksb fk pkrsbons, nsé abib sk kvhtno prb`dkins ko adhins grébs, yn quk kstn anpn prkstn uon inybr prbtkaahño tèrihan (Lrnak kt nd., 0333). Dn anpnahfnf fk n`sbr`kr, trnosgbrinr y ghenr abotnihonotks pbr pnrtk fk dbs muikfndks fkpkofk fk dns rknaahboks `hbdñlhans fkrhvnfns fkd arkahihkotb fk brlnohsibs. [o dkamb fk lrnvn b nrkobsb prkskotn uo ikebr mî`htnt n dbs iharbbrlnohsibs, uo îrkn fk nskotnihkotb pnrn dns abdbohns fk `natkrhns iuamb inybr: aboskaukotkikotk, dns tnsns fk rknaahño skrîo iuamb inybrks quk ko dbs shstkins fk dh`rk gdueb (Phvns, 0337). Qb`rk dn anpnahfnf fk n`sbrahño fk outrhkotks `îshabs, sk sn`k quk dbs muikfndks sbo iuy iuy kghahkotks pnrn pnrn abotnihonotks inybrks (anr`bob y ohtrñlkob), abo tnsns fk rkibahño fkd 73 nd 83%, 8 3%, fkrhvnfb fk dn anpnahfnf fk dn dnss pdnotns pnrn ghenr uon pbrahño fk dn gnsk lnskbsn: ko abotrnstk pnrn kd gñsgbrb (S) dns tnsns ob rk`nsno kd 1;% fnfn dn gnsk lnskbsn nuskotk. Aboskaukotkikotk dn anpnahfnf fk n`sbrahño fkd S pbr kd ghdtrb ks kd gnatbr dhihtnotk ko uo fhskþb fk muikfnd fk gdueb su`supkrghahnd (Inys y Kfwnrfs, 033>). Qukdbs Dns prbphkfnfks géshans fkd sukdb kstîo dhlnfns n fbs obahboks guofnikotndks5 dn tkxturn b abipbshahño kdkikotnd fkd tninþb fk pnrtéaudns, y dn pbrbshfnf quk ks dn gbrin fk nabibfb kotrk pnrtéaudns. Kstbs fbs pnrîiktrbs sbo ikfh`dks aunofb tbfbs dbs nlrklnfbs mno fkstruhfbs y dn kstruaturn gbrin fkfbs dn gnsk ihokrnd fkpkofk kxadushvnikotk fkshfb dn gbrin y tninþb fkd lrnob.bFk kstbs gnatbrks fkpkofk kd abipbrtnihkotb fkd nhrk y fkd nlun ko kd sukdb auyns aboskaukoahns prîathans sbo dn anpnahfnf fk n`sbr`kr, nauiudnr y trnosihthr kd nlun (Fuamnugbur, >88887). Dn hipbrtnoahn fk dn kstruaturn ks aboshfkrn`dk5 hogduyk ko dn nhrknahño fkd sukdb, ko dn rkshstkoahn fk dn pkoktrnahño fk dns rnéaks, eukln uo pnpkd ko dn rkshstkoahn n dn krbshño y ghondikotk hotkrvhkok ko kd dnvnfb fk dbs sukdbs, ko su pkrikn`hdhfnf (Fuamnugbur, >888=88;). Dn prkshño ur`nohznfbrn fk thkrrns nlréabdns y fk `bsquks mn hotrbfuahfb ibfhghanahboks ko kd vndbr brhlhond fk usb fkd sukdb pbr kd fk su ani`hb, quk mn rkpkrauthfb ko kd n`nofbob fk dns nathvhfnfks nlrbpkaunrhns ko aundquhkrn fk sus gbrins, y pbr aboshluhkotk fkd kspnahb y fkd rkaursb (Lbozîdkz-Inrtéokz kt nd.,  nd.,  >883). Sbr btrn pnrtk, dn nipdhn lnin fk fkskambs anskrbs k hofustrhndks (fktkrlkotks, `nsurn, nluns oklrns, kta.) mno banshbonfb rkfuaahboks hipbrtnotks ko dn fhvkrshfnf fk dns kspkahks vklktndks y nohindks, ko pnrthaudnr dns kofèihans b dbs rkofhihkotbs fk dns abskamns quk mn hoarkikotnfb kd prb`dkin fk dn ihlrnahño anipkshon dband ko dn `õsqukfn fk kipdkbs pkrinokotks y ikebr rkiuokrnfbs (Lndvîo kt nd .,., 033=).  033=).  Ob b`stnotk quk dn prkshño ur`nohznfbrn pkrshstk, dbs prbfuatbrks mno hfb ab`rnofb aboahkoahn sb`rk dn okakshfnf fk rksantnr kstns îrkns, ko vhstn fk su pbtkoahnd rknd fk rkhotklrnrsk abib zbons prbfuatbrns, nsé abib, pbr kd hipbrtnotk pnpkd quk pukfko fksnrrbddnr abib rkskrvns onturndks quk abnfyuvko ko dn dhiphkzn fkd ikfhb ni`hkotk, ikebrnofb dn andhfnf fk vhfn fk dbs mn`htnotks fk dn ahufnf (Lbozîdkz kt nd,  nd,  >883). [on fk dns îrkns nlrbpkaunrhns fk dn Ahufnf fk Ièxhab quk inybrks fnþbs mno sugrhfb pbr kd arkahihkotb ur`nob ks dn zbon amhonipkrn fkd surkstk, auyb fktkrhbrb iîs nakdkrnfb sk hohahn mnak >33 nþbs abo dn trnosgbrinahño fk >3,333 mns kon`nran zbon nlréabdn y quk mbyfkks1,333 uo rkdhatb fkd nothlub(Lnraéndnlb fk ]bamhihdab, y houofnfns natundikotk uon supkrghahk mns houofnfns Andfkrño y Fk dn Dnozn-Ksphob, 0330). Kstn îrkn mn shfb anrnatkrhznfn abib uo kspnahb su`-ur`nob, dbandhznfn ko dns Fkdklnahboks Sbdéthans fk ]bamhihdab y Vdîmuna (Nrnofn-Qîoamkz, 0336). Dn hipbrtnoahn fk kstn rklhño ks quk aboskrvn dn gbrin fk prbfuaahño fk dn amhonipn, quk fkskipkþñ uo pnpkd hipbrtnotk ko dn abosthtuahño fk dn Lrno Vkobamthtdîo, aboshfkrnfn abib uob fk dbs akotrbs ur`nobs fk inybr rkdkvnoahn ko Iksbnièrhan (Pbens, 0338), db quk dk mn abogkrhfb dn anrnatkrésthan fk skr fkshlonfn —pntrhibohb fk dn muinohfnf’ pbr dn GNB-[OKQAB GNB-[OKQAB (>8=6): Fkahshbo [OKQAB - >>ABI WHH.N (>8==). Btrbs gnatbrks quk abotrh`uyko n dn hipbrtnoahn kstrntèlhan fk dn zbon sbo su pnpkd rkludnfbr fk ksaurrhihkotbs, rkn`sbrahño fk dbs abipukstbs brlîohabs fkrhvnfbs fk fksanrlns fk nluns rkshfundks, kstn`hdhznahño y n`sbrahño fk rkshfubs sñdhfbs ko nathvhfnfks nlréabdns, nsé abib, pbr kstnr hoaduhfb ko kd pdno lu`kronikotnd fk 66

 

INOKEB QBQVKOH@DK FK DBQ PKA[PQBQ ONV[PNDKQ5 Aboskrvnahño y kxpkrhkoahns

rknathvnahño fk dn zbon dnaustrk fk dn ahufnf, hotklrnfn pbr dbs dnlbs fk ]bamhihdabAmndab, Vkxabab, ]ndtbano y Uuipnolb, quk pkrihthrî n`sbr`kr 67< ihddboks fk iktrbs aõ`habs fk nlun trntnfn, fkrhvnfbs fk dbs >,633 ihddboks fk dhtrbs/nþb quk dn ahufnf pdnokn trntnr ko dbs prñxhibs nþbs (HOKABD, 0330). Nipdhnr kd suihohstrb fk nlun, vhvhkofn, véns fk abiuohanahño, kta. nd rhtib fkd arkahihkotb fk dn pb`dnahño hipdhan lrnofks b`rns ahvhdks, nièo pbdéthabs y sbahndks quk rkprkskotn dn sustrnaahño rkaursbs abib nlunfky dbs sukdbkgkatbs fk dn nathvhfnf nlrbpkaunrhn pnrn trnsdnfnrdbs n dbs shstkins ur`nobs (Inznrh kt nd., nd., 0330). Natundikotk, dns anpnahfnfks fk rkaupkrnahño fk dbs kspnahbs mno shfb rk`nsnfns, pbr db quk sk fk`ko hipdkikotnr pbdéthans fk inokeb hotklrnd, quk ob `nsko su abostruaahño ko dn fbtnahño fk skrvhahbs fk gbrin hofhsarhihonfn, shob quk tbiko ko aukotn dbs déihtks onturndks fk rklkokrnahño y aboskrvnahño fkd anphtnd onturnd kxhstkotk (Ahsokrbs, 0336). 0336). Dbs inokebs hotk hotklrndks lrndks fk rkaursbs thkok dn ghondhfnf fk fktkrihonr dns vbanahboks onturndks fk anfn kotbrob quk abipboko n dbs shstkins, y `nsnfb ko kddb, kstn`dkakr pdnoks fhrhlhfbs n) kxpdbtnahño nfkaunfn fk dbs rkaursbs, `) nibrthlunihkotb fk dbs prbaksbs ur`nohzntbrhbs (grnlikotnahño fkd kspnahbvklktnahño, n`sbrahño fk rkshfubs) y a) rkaupkrnahño kvkotund fkd anphtnd onturnd y sbahnd (Lbozîdkz-Inrtéokz kt nd., nd., >883).  >883).  Ko kstk abotkxtb, dn shtunahño ikfhbni`hkotnd fk dn Ahufnf fk Ièxhab sk koaukotrn ko gnsk fk arhshs, nd abogrbotnrsk dbs kspnahbs ur`nobs n dns pkrhgkrhns pbr dn fhspbshahño fk rkshfundks abib `nsurn y nlun, nsé abib, dn fkinofn fk nlun pbtn`dk y îrkns vkrfks (Inznrh-Mhrhnrt kt nd., nd., 0330). Sbr db notkrhbr, ks quk aboakptbs tndks abib —hotkrondhznahño fk dbs fhsguoahbonihkotbs’, ko aboeuotb abo kd —pnlb fk skrvhahbs ni`hkotndks’ rkprkskotno uon hoobvnahño n dbs  dbs   ksqukins fk oklbahnahño kotrk nutbrhfnfks dbandks y pb`dnfbrks, n gho fk pkrihthr kd fksnrrbddb fk prbykatbs pnrn dn rkuthdhznahño fk rkshfubs sñdhfbs, iharbshstkins fk fkpurnahño fk nluns rkshfundks (Lbozîdkz kt nd., nd., >88;). Abo rkspkatb n dbs muikfndks nrthghahndks, sk thkoko abib notkakfkotks dbs shluhkotks kstufhbs5 y Phamnrfsbo (>8=8) fksarh`hkrbo dbs ikanohsibs fk rktkoahño fkd gñsgbrbGnudjokr (S) ko muikfndks nrthghahndks, dbs auîdks gukrbo rkvhsnfbs pbr Pkffy (>888). Kd S pukfk skr rktkohfb ko gbrin fk brtbgbsgîtbs ko kd sustrntb vén nfsbrahño y prkahphtnahño, ni`bs ikanohsibs sbo abotrbdnfbs pbr dns prbphkfnfks fkd sustrntb (pbrbshfnf y ihokrndks prkskotks) y kd ikfhb ghshabquéihab (pM, hboks fhsukdtbs). Abvkoky kt nd., nd., (033>) rkpbrtno uon rkibahño fk S tbtnd kotrk =7% n 8=%, pbr su pnrtk Lrnak kt nd. (0333) nd. (0333) b`tuvhkrbo kotrk >; y 6886). >886). Mny vnrhbs rkpbrtks nakran fk dn rkibahño fk ohtrñlkob ko muikfndks nrthghahndks, @rhx y Qmhkrup (>8=8) rkpbrtnrbo dn rkibahño fk ohtrñlkob ko uo rnolb fk 8 n =;%. Ko btrb kstufhb @rhx (>886), rkpbrtñ uon rkibahño kotrk 13 y 63 %, ihkotrns quk Mniikr y Johlmt (>886) rkpbrtnrbo uon rkibahño fk ohtrñlkob tbtnd fkd >) koabotrnrbo quk ko kd trntnihkotb fk nlun rkshfund fk rnstrb mu`b uon fhgkrkoahn shlohghanthvn kotrk dn rkibahño fk O y S pbr pnrtk fk Khammbrohn lh``n kikrlkotk, y Iyrhbpmyddui nqunthaui, nqunthaui, dns  dnskstn fbs õdthin prhikrns dh`rks gdbtnfbrns yarnsshpks, dn õdthinDkion kornhznfn koabotrnofb quk rkibvhñ 03% iîs quk dns fbs prhikrns.  Îrkn fk kstufhb Dn Aukoan fkd Wnddk fk Ièxhab abiprkofk, mnstn dn sndhfn nd Qhstkin Dkrin, ;633 ji0: ko kddn pukfk fhstholuhrsk kd dkamb fk uo nothlub dnlb, uo îrkn ibotnþbsn y uon zbon fk trnoshahño kotrk kd dkamb fkd dnlb y dns ibotnþns. Kd dkamb dnluonr sk abosthtuyk pbr kd fkpñshtb fk nrahddns dnaustrks, quk fk`hfb n su `nen pkrikn`hdhfnf ob pkrihtko dn hoghdtrnahño fk dbs ksaurrhihkotbs: ko dn gnsk lkbdñlhan, dbs kstrntbs nrahddbsbs, euotb abo dns anpns fk akohzns vbdaîohans, gbrino uo shstkin fk nauégkrbs skihaboghonfbs dhihtnfbs hogkrhbrikotk pbr uo nauhadufb. Dn prhoahpnd gukotk fk n`nstkahihkotb hotkrob fk nlun, prbakfk fk dbs nauégkrbs auyns îrkns fk rkanrln hoaduyko dns rklhboks sur y surkstk fkd Fhstrhtb Gkfkrnd y quk sbo eustnikotk dns fk inybr arkahihkotb pb`dnahbond (Lnraén-Andfkrño y Fk dn Dnozn-Ksphob, 0330). Dn nathvhfnf nlréabdn sk ahrauosarh`k n ahoab fkdklnahboks5 Vdîmuna, ]bamhihdab, Ihdpn Ndtn, Vdndpno y Inlfndkon Abotrkrns: kstn zbon sk abobak abib dn —mkrrnfurn vkrfk’, y kstî dhihtnfn nd obrtk pbr dn kxpnoshño fk dn inoamn ur`non. Nfkiîs, nd sur dbs tkrrkobs nlréabdns kstîo dhihtnfbs pbr dns îrkns onturndks prbtklhfns (`bsquks) quk sk u`hano kotrk dbs 0,883). Snrn kd ansb pnrthaudnr fk Vdîmuna, sk u`han ko dn grnoen kotrk kstns skrrnoéns y dn inoamn ur`non, shkofb uon sukrtk fk kabtbob. Dn pb`dnahño quk nõo sk inothkok ko kd ru`rb nlrbpkaunrhb, pnrn 033< tkokibs quk uo 13.>>% yn ob prbfuak (ks prbvkkfbr fk skrvhahbs), pnrn hohahbs fkd 0337% (Lndvîo kt nd., nd., 033=). Dns uohfnfks prbfuathvns nlrbpkaunrhns sk abipboko pbr rkfks sbdhfnrhns gnihdhnrks, fnfb quk kd abstb fkd ebrond vnrén fk $;3 $>;3.33 .33 pbr fén, nfkiîs quk sk fk`ko au`rhr abstbs nfhahbondks fk ndhikotnahño y trnsdnfb aunofb dns pnrakdns sk koaukotrno gukrn fk dn zbon ur`non. Ko prbikfhb trn`neno fk ; n 8 pkrsbons pbr uohfnf, abo ;1% fk prkskoahn gkikohon, y abo uon fhstrh`uahño fk nathvhfnfks fksfk dn shki`rn mnstn dn abikrahndhznahño. Ko aunotb n dn hipbrtnoahn kaboñihan, tkokibs 67

 

INOKEB QBQVKOH@DK FK DBQ PKA[PQBQ ONV[PNDKQ5 Aboskrvnahño y kxpkrhkoahns

quk kd 7=% fk dbs koaukstnfbs rkpbrtn dn nathvhfnf nlréabdn abib skauofnrhn, ks fkahr, thkoko btrn nathvhfnf quk lkokrn kd holrksb kaboñihab prhoahpnd: 003 gnihdhns hotklrno nfkiîs dbs skrvhahbs turésthabs abo kd pnskb ko dbs muikfndks (Lndvîo kt nd., nd., 033=). Dn Ahèokln fk Vdîmuna u`hanfn ko dns abbrfkonfns 88µ 3>¶ 38.86’ y 88µ 33¶ 06.8’ fk dbolhtuf y fk dnthtuf >8µ>7¶68µ>;¶;=.>>cc, thkok uon kxtkoshño fk nprbxhinfnikotk 03 mns., y nprbxhinfnikotk >3 ji nfhahbondks fk anondks, abrrkspbofko nd 3.30 Dps, Qno Duhs Vdnxhndtkindab, abo uo npbrtk fk 3.00; i±/s: y Qno Dbrkozb Vkzboab. Btrn gukotk fk n`nstkahihkotb sbo dbs ksaurrhihkotbs supkrghahndks brhlhonfbs pbr dbs nrrbybs Qnothnlb b Snrrks, Qno Duans y Qno Lrklbrhb, y uon skrhk fk inonothndks: kstbs anondks ddklno mnstn dn zbon turésthan fkd Dnlb fk Dbs Pkyks (HOKLH, >88=). Dn Ahèokln fk Vdîmuna ks uob fk dbs kspnahbs rkinokotks fk dbs dnlbs quk anrnatkrhznrbo nd Wnddk fk Ièxhab: natundikotk rkah`k pnrtk fk dn fksanrln fk dn SVNP Akrrb fk dn Kstrkddn, abo uo anufnd ksthinfb fk >0.; Dps. Nfhahbondikotk, kd muikfnd ks inokenfb pbr dn Abihshño Onahbond fkd Nlun, quhko db aboshfkrn uo ki`ndsk fk kikrlkoahn pnrn kd nibrthlunihkotb fk phabs ko èpban fk dduvhns, pbr db quk fk skr okaksnrhb, rkah`k `bi`kbs fk nluns rkshfundks arufns fkd Abdkatbr Brhkotk. Lrnahns n kstb, kd ohvkd fkd nlun thkok bsahdnahboks kotrk >.3 n 0.3 i, sklõo db aréthab fkd ksthnek, b kd nlun quk sk `bi`kn fksfk kd frkonek. Lrno pnrtk fk dns Amhonipns quk abdhofno abo kd ki`nranfkrb sk mno ur`nohznfb, y fkrhvnfb fkd pksb fk dns abostruaahboks, dbs frkoneks pduvhnd y snohtnrhb mno abdnpsnfb b qukfnfb pbr fk`neb fk dn déokn fk fksgbluk fkd shstkin lkokrnd, pbr db quk dn inybrén fk dns vhvhkofns fksanrlno n dbs anondks sho trntnihkotb prkvhb (HOKLH, >88=). Eusthghanahño Dn grnoen tkrrhtbrhnd kotrk dbs dkambs dnluonrks y dn skrrnoén auipdk dn fb`dk guoahño fk nibrthlunr dbs prbaksbs ikfhb ni`hkotndks ko ni`bs skothfbs5 pbr uo dnfb fk dn shkrrn mnaén dns zbons pdnons, abib fk dns zbons pdnons mnaén dn shkrrn, pbr btrb, ks dn zbon abo inybr pbtkoahnd prbfuathvb ko tèrihobs nlréabdns y abib rkinokotk fk vklktnahño (Lnraén-Andfkrño y Fk dn Dnozn-Ksphob, 0330). Qho ki`nrlb, ks dn quk natundikotk prkskotn dns iîs ndtns tnsns fk hoarkikotb fk dn ur`nohznahño5 tnotb pbr dn abostruaahño fk oukvns vhvhkofns nsé abib fk véns fk abiuohanahño. Ni`bs gkoñikobs hoahfko ko dn grnlikotnahño fkd kspnahb, hovnshño fk dbs prkfhbs nlréabdns, fkgbrkstnahño, fkskanahño fk dbs dnlbs, fksanrlns adnofksthons fk nluns oklrns y rkshfubs sñdhfbs (Lbozîdkz-Inrtéokz kt nd., >883). nd., >883). 6<

 

INOKEB QBQVKOH@DK FK DBQ PKA[PQBQ ONV[PNDKQ5 Aboskrvnahño y kxpkrhkoahns

Ko pnrthaudnr, dn zbon rurnd fk dn fkdklnahño Vdîmuna ks dn quk prkskotn kd iîs ndtb pbtkoahnd pnrn nibrthlunr dbs prbaksbs ur`noésthabs, nd abotnr abo anphtnd onturnd quk pkrihtk dn n`sbrahño fk dbs rkshfundks quk kspnahbs abib Hztnpndnpn b ]bamhihdab yn ob thkoko anpnahfnf fk n`sbr`kr, ko dn rkdnahño zbons `nens-zbons fk nibrthlunihkotb. Ko dn rkdnahño zbons ndtns-zbons pdnons rkprkskotn kd kspnahb fk nibrthlunihkotb fk dbs ksaurrhihkotbs prbvkohkotks fkkofèihan. dns skrrnoéns, nfkiîs fk skr kd õohab kspnahb rkinokotk quk nõo aboskrvn vklktnahño Ko abotrnpnrtk, tkokibs dn pèrfhfn fk hipbrtnoahn fk dn nathvhfnf nlréabdn abib ndtkronthvn fk fksnrrbddb kaboñihab grkotk n dbs prbaksbs ur`nohzntbrhbs, dn abipktkoahn pbr kd nlun kotrk dn gnsk nlréabdn y dn ur`non, dn gndtn fk inob fk b`rn kaboñihanikotk abipkththvn y dn fkprkfnahño fk dbs shstkin nlréabdns pbr pnrtk fk dbs nvkahofnfbs, quk hoarkikotno dn vudokrn`hdhfnf fkd shstkin. Sbr tbfb db notkrhbr, dn anrnatkrhznahño, k hfkothghanahño fk dn rkdnahño kotrk anusns y kgkatbs y fk dbs hipnatbs quk dn nathvhfnf muinon anusn ko dbs muikfndks ks `nsk pnrn dn fktkrihonahño fk dns tkaobdbléns fk rkaupkrnahño ni`hkotnd, nsé abib dbs prbykatbs fk rknathvnahño kaboñihan (Lndvîo kt nd., nd., 033=). B`ekthvb Pkndhznr dbs fhnloñsthabs `nsk fk dbs shstkins nlun, sukdb y vklktnahño nauîthan pnrn fktkrihonr sus anrnatkrésthans y pbtkoahnd fk kxpdbtnahño fkotrb fk [ohfnfks fk Inokeb Ni`hkotnd. Iètbfbs Qk rkndhznrbo iukstrkbs fk nlun y sukdb ko ahoab kstnahboks ko kd Dnlb fk Vdîmuna y sk nondhznrbo ko kd dn`brntbrhb pnrn ohtrñlkob y gñsgbrb tbtndks. Snrn nlun dbs noîdhshs sk npklnrbo n dn Obrin Bghahnd Ikxhanon Obi-33>-Qkinront->887: pnrn sukdb fk naukrfb abo kd iètbfb KSN-[QFN >887. Snrn hfkothghanr kd pbtkoahnd fk `hbrrkikfhnahño, sk tbinrbo iukstrns fk vklktnahño nauîthan ko dbs ihsibs ; shthbs, y sk rkndhznrbo `hbkosnybs ko dn`brntbrhb, abo kd nlun fk dns ahoab kstnahboks fk dn Ahèokln fk Vdîmuna trntnfns abo y sho pdnotns nauîthans uthdhznofb dn nsbahnahño fk dns kspkahks Dkion ihobr , Dkion lh``n y Akrntbpmyddui fkikrsui. fkikrsui. Qk rkndhznrbo noîdhshs nd nlun notks, furnotk y pbstkrhbr n dbs `hbkosnybs, pnrn fktkrihonr outrhkotks `îshabs, fk naukrfb n dn iktbfbdblén Npmn, Nwwn, \pag (>880). Ko aunotb n sukdbs, sk rkvhsñ dn hogbrinahño prkskotk ko dn anrtn kfngbdñlhan fk HOKLH abo kd gho fk hfkothghanr dbs sukdbs prkskotks ko dn zbon fk kstufhb y sk rkndhzñ uo ibohtbrkb fk anipb ko dbs shthbs nsbahnfbs nd iukstrkb fk andhfnf fk nlun rkgkrhfbs, quk aboshsthñ ko dn abdkatn fk ; iukstrns fk pkrghd fk sukdb, mnstn 1 mbrhzbotks: sk fktkrihoñ tkxturn pbr kd iètbfb mhfrbiètrhab fk @buybabs (@buybabs, >870), intkrhn brlîohan y sndhohfnf sklõo KSN-[QFN >887. Kd thpb fk sukdb sk fktkrihoñ fk 6=

 

INOKEB QBQVKOH@DK FK DBQ PKA[PQBQ ONV[PNDKQ5 Aboskrvnahño y kxpkrhkoahns

naukrfb n dn adnshghanahño fkd Fkpnrtnikotb fk Nlrhaudturn fk dbs Kstnfbs [ohfbs (KSN-[QFN, >887). Pksudtnfbs  Noîdhshs Hotklrnd fkd shstkin

Qk rkndhzñ uo prhikr noîdhshs kstruaturnd fk dn fhoîihan fkd muikfnd, fbofk n pnrthr fk dns fhikoshboks (nlun-sukdb-gdbrn-gnuon-skr muinob) quk db abipboko, sk kstn`dkako dns prb`dkiîthans quk sk fk`ko ntkofkr ko tèrihobs fk vklktnahño y gnuon quk mn`htn ko dbs anondks (Vn`dn 0). Vn`dn 0. Noîdhshs fkd shstkin.  PKQANVK X INOKEB FK DNQ KQSKAHKQ ONVHWNQ FHIKOQHÑO ABISBOKOVK

 

Géshan

@hbdñlhan

 Inokeb-kxpdbtnahño  Inokeb-kxpdbtnah ño [r `nob N l r é a bdn

@ndnoak mhfrbdñlhab 7

Fkinofn pbr abosuib

Andhfnf fkd Abotnihonahño >1 Fktkrhbrb nlun < ni`hkotnd =

Fhstrh`uahño kspnahnd Fkinofn kspnahnd

Fkinofn  NL[N

Srbaksbs fk sndhohznahño 8

 Nluns rkshfundks rkshfundks >>

Nluns rks rkshfundks hfundks >0

Andhfnf iharb`hbdñlhan

Ibfhghanahño usb fkd sukdb

Grbotkrn nlréabdn

Hofhaks fk andhfnf `hñthan

Fhspbshahño y inokeb fk rkshfubs sñdhfbs

Sntrboks prbfuathvbs

Andhfnf fk sukdbs 6

Q[KDB

Muofhihkotbs 1 Andhfnf fk skfhikotbs ; Kofèihan

WKLKVNAHÑO

Hovkotnrhb Hovkotnrhb fk prbfuatbs

 Nlrhaudturn

Srbaksbs prbfuathvbs Hovkotnrhb

GN[ON

Kofèihan

Hovkotnrhb fk prbfuatbs Skaunrhn

Srbaksbs prbfuathvbs >

Lnstb kabdñlhab >3 Lnstb prbfuathvb Skaks y brlnohsibs nauîthabs 0 Skaks y brlnohsibs nauîthabs Lnonfkrén

 Noîdhshs fk grnlikotnahño Gnuon obahvn

Sdnlns y kogkrikfnfks Anpnahfnf prbfuathvn (vbanahño onturnd vs prbfuathvn) Gnuon onthv n Sdnlns y kogkrikfnfks

Fbofk dbs kspnahbs inranfbs ko ninrhddb sbo prb`dkiîthans quk fk`ko skr ntkofhfns fk gbrin prhbrhtnrhn, dbs inranfbs ko nzud, rkprkskotno kspnahbs fk trn`neb quk sk rkquhkrko, pkrb quk ob sbo nathvhfnfks quk skno `nsk fk btrns, fk tnd gbrin quk sk pukfko rkndhznr fk gbrin pnrndkdn b fhgkrhfn, y ghondikotk, dbs kspnahbs ko `dnoab sbo prb`dkins quk pukfko skr n`brfnfbs tbtndikotk fk gbrin fhgkrhfn. Kstk nakranihkotb pkrihtk hfkothghanr rkdnahboks anusn-kgkatb kotrk nathvhfnfks kspkaéghans fk kxpdbtnahño fk dbs rkaursbs y prb`dkins ikfhb ni`hkotndks quk pnfkak dn zbon. Dns rkdnahboks anusn-kgkatb sk prkskotno ko dn shluhkotk kstruaturn (Ghlurn >)5 68

 

INOKEB QBQVKOH@DK FK DBQ PKA[PQBQ ONV[PNDKQ5 Aboskrvnahño y kxpkrhkoahns

Ghlurn >. Pkdnahboks kotrk su`shstkins-nprbvkamnihkotb.

Fkd noîdhshs fk dn kstruaturn, tkokibs quk sh sk aboshfkrn n dn gnuon nauîthan abib hofhanfbr fk dn snohfnf ni`hkotnd (kgkatb), dbs nspkatbs fk nlun, sukdb y kxpdbtnahño nlréabdn y turésthan (anusns) kstîo ngkatnofb nd shstkin, fk tnd gbrin quk sk fk`ko kvndunr kstbs auntrb nspkatbs n gho fk fktkrihonr tbtnd. Nshihsib, tkokibs quk kxhstko rkdnahboks kotrk dns anusns quk lkokrno hipnatbs hofhrkatbs sb`rk kd kgkatb tbtnd. Fk tnd gbrin quk sk mno hfkothghanfb 6 abipbokotks fkotrb fk dn hovksthlnahño, n sn`kr, n) anrnatkrhznahño gnuon y iharb gnuon nauîthan, `) anrnatkrhznahño fkd shstkin nlun abib sbpbrtk prhinrhb fk fhamn gnuon a) anrnatkrhznahño fkd shstkin sukdb pbr skr kdkikotb quk abofhahbon nd shstkin nlun, y f) ni`hkotk muinob abib pnrtk fk dn kxpdbtnahño y inokeb fk dbs trks shstkins notkrhbrks. Anfn abipbokotk sk hotklrn n su vkz fk tñphabs kspkaéghabs fk hovksthlnahño quk pukfko skr fk brfko `îshab b npdhanfb, rkgbrznofb kd anrîatkr iudthfhsahpdhonrhb fkd trn`neb. Ko aunotb n dn hfkothghanahño fk gnuon, ks okaksnrhb ikoahbonr quk sk ko oholuob fk dbs fk nlundny vklktnahño pbsh`dkrkndhzn fktkatnr kspkahks. Kstb fk`k n quk fkiukstrkbs gbrin ruthonrhn Fkdklnahñoguk Vdîmuna dn kxtrnaahño fk db quk ddnino indkzns, n trnvès fk uon phanfbrn quk sk koanrln fk abdkatnr, phanr y kxtrnkr tbfn dn vklktnahño fk anondks, gdbtnotks, gbofbs y dntkrndks, kdhihonofb tbfn pbsh`hdhfnf fk mî`htnt pnrn aundquhkr brlnohsib. Andhfnf fkd nlun

Ko rkabrrhfb fk anipb sk fktkatnrbo fksanrlns adnofksthons fk frkonek fbièsthab, sb`rk dbs anondks quk abokatno abo kd Dnlb fk dbs Pkyks: dbs prkfhbs aukotno abo frkonek snohtnrhb y uo shstkin hotkrakptbr fk frkonek pduvhnd nd quk sk mno abokatnfb ndluobs fk dbs rkshfkotks, nsé abib dn fkdhihtnahño fkd îrkn gkfkrnd prbtklhfn quk abrrkspbofk nd îrkn fk arkahfns. Qk rkndhznrbo 7 iukstrkbs, fksfk kd 07 fk kokrb mnstn kd >; fk batu`rk fk 03>3. Fk naukrfb abo dns b`skrvnahboks mkamns ko anipb, sk fktkrihonrbo 1 zbons fk trn`neb, abokatnfns kotrk sé pbr dbs anondks, n ;3

 

INOKEB QBQVKOH@DK FK DBQ PKA[PQBQ ONV[PNDKQ5 Aboskrvnahño y kxpkrhkoahns

sn`kr5 ki`nranfkrb fkd Dnlb fk dbs Pkyks: anondks pkrhiktrndks fk fksanrlns y anondks fk dn zbon amhonipkrn. Dn fhgkrkoahnahño fk zbons b`kfkak n dns anrnatkrésthans fk ur`nohznahño, vbduiko fk fksanrln y usb pbtkoahnd fkd aukrpb fk nlun. Qk rkndhznrbo tbin fk iukstrn y noîdhshs `îshabs fk dn andhfnf fkd nlun `neb dn obrin pnrn nprbvkamnihkotb fk nlun y fksanrln fk nluns rkshfundks fk dn Dky Onahbond fkd Nlun (DNO), fk naukrfb abo kd fkarktb fk obvhki`rk 0333 iukstrns pbr anfn gkamn.

Ghlurn 0. Fhstrh`uahño kspnahnd fk dns iukstrns

Kd rklhstrb fk dbs puotbs fk iukstrkb sk hofhan ko dhstn shluhkotk nsé abib su u`hanahño lkblrîghan. Vn`dn 1. Pkdnahño fk iukstrns abo hfkothghanfbr nshlonfb pbr puotb.

Hfkothghanfbr fk Iukstrn

Kthquktn

[`hanahño ([VI) Dnthtuf Dbolhtuf

Kotrnfn

Suotb >

0>13117

68==03

Ubon [r`non

Suotb 0

0>13763

68=807

Îr`bd

Suotb 1

0>13=

Inonothnd

Suotb 6

0>13=87

68=1>

;>

 

INOKEB QBQVKOH@DK FK DBQ PKA[PQBQ ONV[PNDKQ5 Aboskrvnahño y kxpkrhkoahns

An`k ikoahbonr quk dn prhikr iukstrn mhstñrhan guk nondhznfn pnrn 6 `dbquks fk pnrîiktrbs5 géshabs, outrhkotks `îshabs, quéihabs hobrlîohabs, k mhfrbanr`urbs fkrhvnfbs fkd pktrñdkb. Dn tn`dn 6 iukstrn dbs rksudtnfbs fk dbs noîdhshs prnathanfbs. V n`dn n`dn 6. Pksudtnfbs fkd prhikr iukstrkb rkndhznfb kd 07 fk Kokrb fkd 03>3   QHVHB Snrîiktrb

Nrsèohab (il/D) Anfihb (il/D) Ab`rk (il/D) Arbib tbtnd (il/D) Ikraurhb (il/D) Oéqukd(il/D) Sdbib (il/D) Uhoa (il/D)

Kotrnfn OF OF 3.36; OF OF OF OF 3.36=

Ubon [r`non OF OF 3.3>= OF OF OF OF 3.367

Îr`bd OF OF OF OF OF OF OF OF

Inonothnd OF OF OF OF OF OF OF OF

Dn Aruz OF OF OF OF OF OF OF 3.>83

Qudgntbs (il/D)

=>.;83

;=.>=3

;7.163

17.603

6.38 3.60 3.8.=.333 68.0;3

N pnrthr fk dbs fntbs rkpbrtnfbs, sk b`skrvn quk dbs iktndks pksnfbs y ahnourbs kstîo fkotrb fk dbs vndbrks pkrihthfbs pbr dn Obrin: rkspkatb n dbs mhfrbanr`urbs fkrhvnfbs fkd pktrñdkb, ob sk rkpbrtno fk`hfb n quk dn tbtndhfnf sk rkpbrtnrbo abib Ob Fktkatnfbs. Qñdb pnrn outrhkotks `îshabs y dn tbtndhfnf fk sñdhfbs sk rkpbrtno vndbrks, quk ko ni`bs ansbs rk`nsno dbs vndbrks iîxhibs pkrihsh`dks. Fk`hfb n quk ko kd prhikr iukstrkb sk tbin abib rkgkrkoahn pnrn fktkrihonr dbs pnrîiktrbs n nondhznr pnrn dns shluhkotks iukstrns. Pkspkatb nd abipbrtnihkotb kstnahbond fk dns tnsns fk abotnihonahño, dns ghlurns 1 n >0 iukstrno kd abipbrtnihkotb n db dnrlb fkd ahadb mhfrbdñlhab.

;0

 

INOKEB QBQVKOH@DK FK DBQ PKA[PQBQ ONV[PNDKQ5 Aboskrvnahño y kxpkrhkoahns

Ghlurn 1. Abipbrtnihkotb Nibohb.

Ghlurn 6. Abipbrtnihkotb Ohtrhtbs.

Ghlurn ;. Abipbrtnihkotb Ohtrntbs.

Ghlurn 7. Abipbrtnihkotb Gbsghtbs.

Ghlurn 3. Abipbrtnihkotb Andahb.

;1

 

INOKEB QBQVKOH@DK FK DBQ PKA[PQBQ ONV[PNDKQ5 Aboskrvnahño y kxpkrhkoahns

Ghlurn >>. Abipbrtnihkotb Inlokshb.

Ghlurn >0. Abipbrtnihkotb Qbfhb.

Abo kstn hogbrinahño sk andhghan nd aukrpb fk nlun, nsé abib su npthtuf pnrn skr uthdhznfbs abib gukotk fk n`nstkahihkotb fk nlun pbtn`dk, ko nathvhfnfks rkarknthvns abo abotnatb prhinrhb, pnrn rhklb nlréabdn, pnrn usb pkaunrhb, pnrn usb ko dn naunaudturn, b `hko, pnrn kd fksnrrbddb y dn aboskrvnahño fk dn vhfn nauîthan. Abipbokotk sukdb Fk naukrfb n dn anrtn kfngbdñlhan kfngbdñlhan fk HOKLH (>8=>) sk prkskotno ko dn Aukoan fkd Wnddk fk Ièxhab sukdbs Nofbsbdks fkrhvnfbs fk dns rbans vbdaîohans y Ani`hsbdks sukdbs eñvkoks tni`hèo fkrhvnfbs fk kstns rbans, lkokrndikotk dbandhznfbs ko dn pnrtk fk ndtn fk dn aukoan. Nsbahnfb n dn pnrtk dnaustrk sk koaukotrno abo i inybr nybr ab`krturn sukdbs ldkysbdks fk abdbr lrhs b oklrb, oklrb, y sukdbs sbdboamnj, tni` tni`hèo hèo nsbahnfbs n dn zbon dnaustrk abo gnsks fk sndhohfnf. Vni`hèo kxhstko dhtbsbdks anrnatkrésthabs fk dbs pkfrklndks. Fk naukrfb n dn adnshghanahño fk sukdbs fk dn GNB-[OKQAB (>8=6), sk hfkothghanrbo ko dn Aukoan fkd Wnddk fk Ièxhab p pbr br sukdbs Nofbsbdks fkrhvnfbs fkrhvnfbs fk dns rbans vbdaîohans y Ani`hsbdks sukdbs eñvkoks tni`hèo fkrhvnfbs fkrhvnfbs fk kstns rbans, lkokrndikotk dbandhznfbs ko dn pnrtk fk ndtn fk dn aukoan. Nsbahnfb n dn pnrtk dnaustrk sbo sukdbs ldkysbdks fk abdbr lrhs b okl oklrb, rb, y sukdbs sbdboamnj, ttni`hèo ni`hèo nsbahnfbs n dn zbon dnaustrk abo gnsks fk sndhohfnf. Vni`hèo kxh kxhstko stko dhtbsbdks anrnatkrésthabs f fkk dbs pkfrklndks. Dbs sukdbs abo inybr fksnrrbddb sbo dbs ldkysbdks rksudtnfb fk dn skfhikotnahño fk (HOKLH, fk dbs intkrhndks dn pnrtk ibotnþb ibotnþbsn fkpbshtnfbs dn zbon dnaustrk dnaustrk >8=>). prbvkohkotks Qk rkndhznrnofkahoab pkrghdks fk snsukdb f fbofk bofk ko sk fktkrihonrno dbs mbrhzbotks prkskotks y kd thpb fk sukdb fk naukrfb n dn adnshghanahño fkd Fkpnrtnikotb fk Nlrhaudturn fk dbs Kstnfbs [ohfbs (KSN-[QFN, >887). Fkd noîdhshs lrnoudbiètrhab fk sukdbs nsbahnfb n dbs iukstrkbs fk pnrîiktrbs géshabquéihabs fk nlun sk prkskotn dn shluhkotk Vn`dn ;. Vn`dn ;. Obikoadnturn fk dn tkxturn fk dbs sukdbs fkd îrkn fk kstufhb. I[KQVPN %NPAHDDN % DHIB %NPKON OBIKOADNV[PN Kotrnfn 77.7887). Pkspkatb n dn gkrthdhfnf, nuoquk sk trntn fk sukdbs rhabs ko ohtrñlkob, gñsgbrb y pbtnshb, nfkiîs fk btrbs outrhkotks quk abotrh`uyko n dn gkrthdhfnf èstk, sk thkoko ko dn zbon fk ]bamhihdab-Vdîmuna ahkrtbs prb`dkins fk sndhohfnf fk y sbfhahfnf quk dhihtno kd fksnrrbddb fk dbs audthvbs skosh`dks n kstns abofhahboks. Kstn prb`dkiîthan sk fk`k nd n`nthihkotb fkd ohvkd fkd dnlb y n dn `nen pkrikn`hdhfnf fk dbs sukdbs nrahddbsbs (Sndnahbs kt nd , >88;). Abipbokotk vklktnahño

Fk naukrfb n su gbrin fk vhfn, ko dn Ahèokln fk Vdîmuna sk koabotrnrbo kornhznfns kikrlkotks, abib ks kd ansb fk Qambkobpdkatus dnaustrhs, Vypmn dnthgbdhn, Myfrbabtydk rnouoaudbhfks, Sbdylboui puoatntus: puoatntus: dh`rks gdbtnotks, abib Dkion abib Dkion lh``n, Dkion ihobr, Khammbrohn arnsshpks k Myfrbihstrhn dnkvhlntn: kornhznfns suikrlhfns abib Akrntbpmyddui nqunthaui. Qk rkndhznrbo iukstrkbs ko quhotupdhanfb, fk nlun ko ahoab kstnahboks ko kd Dnlb fk Vdîmuna Vdîmuna y sk nondhznrbo ko dn`brntbrhb pnrn ohtrñlkob y gñsgbrb tbtndks pbr skr dbs outrhkotks `îshabs quk ko dn fktkrihonahño fk andhfnf fk nlun kxakfhkrbo dn Obrin. Abo dbs fntbs b`tkohfbs fk dbs fbs inarboutrhkotks notks ikoahbonfbs, nsé abib abo fntbs b`tkohfbs ko uo trn`neb oukstrb prkvhb sk kdn`brnrbo dbs rksudtnfbs fk rkibahño fk O tbtnd y S tbtnd p pnrn nrn kosnybs fk 0; féns: dbs rksudtnfbs fk dn `hbrrkibahño fk fk S y O abo inarbghtns nauîthan nauîthanss abdkatnfns ko Vdîmuna (Dkion lh``n, Dkion ihobr   y Akrntbpmyddui fkikrsui) fkikrsui) n ohvkd fk dn`brntbrhb, sk iukstrno ko dn Ghlurn >1 ko fbofk sk pukfko b`skrvnr fhgkrkoahns shlohghanthvns ko dbs dbtks abo y sho pdnotns.   pdnotns. BPVBGBQGNVBQ ;

6

  s   b    t   n    g   s 1   b    g   b    t   r   b    d    / 0   l   i

QHO SDNOVN ABO SDNOVN

>

3 >

0

1

6

;

Kstnahboks

Ghlurn >1. Abotkohfb fk S (brtbgbsgntbs) ko nlun abo y sho pdnotns.

;;

 

INOKEB QBQVKOH@DK FK DBQ PKA[PQBQ ONV[PNDKQ5 Aboskrvnahño y kxpkrhkoahns

Abib sk b`skrvn, dn fhgkrkoahn ko dn tnsn fk rkibahño vnrhn fkd % nd 86.

Ghlurn >6. Fkanhihkotb fk brtbgbsgntbs pbr kstnahño.

Fk fbofk sk b`skrvn quk pnrn 6 fk dbs ; shthbs, dn tnsn fk rkibahño ndanozn dn aboakotrnahño ksthpudnfn pbr dn Obrin ko kd fén 8, ihkotrns quk kd Qhthb 1 dn ndanozn mnstn kd fén >1. Pkspkatb n dbs ohtrntbs, tkokibs quk dns tnsns fk rkibahño fk dbs shstkins abo pdnotn y sho pdnotn sk prkskotno ko dn Ghlurn >;. OHVPNVBQ 13

0;

03

b n o

>;

QHO SDNOVN ABO SDNOVN

l i>3

;

3 >

0

1  st

6

;

ahboks

Ghlurn >;. Abotkohfb fk O (ohtrntbs) ko nlun abo y sho pdnotns.

Ko kstn ansb sk b`skrvn quk dn kghahkoahn vn fksfk kd >1.1%, mnstn kd %, fbofk oukvnikotk kd Qhthb 1 sb`rksndk pbr su `nen anpnahfnf, pkrb tni`hèo sk b`skrvn quk ks kd quk prkskotn dn tnsn iîs `nen fkd outrhkotk. Ko aunotb n dns tnsns fk rkibahño abo rkspkatb nd thkipb, dn Ghlurn >7 prkskotn kd abipbrtnihkotb5 ;7

 

INOKEB QBQVKOH@DK FK DBQ PKA[PQBQ ONV[PNDKQ5 Aboskrvnahño y kxpkrhkoahns

Ghlurn >7. Fkanhihkotb fk ohtrntbs pbr kstnahño.

Ko kstk ansb sk b`skrvn quk dn aboakotrnahño iîxhin pkrihsh`dk pbr pnrtk fk dn Obrin sk ndanozn ndrkfkfbr fk dbs >3 féns, shkofb aboshstkotk abo kd fntb fk 8 féns quk sk rkpbrtno pnrn dbs brtbgbsgntbs. Aboadushboks   Aboadushboks  Noîdhshs fkd shstkin

Fk naukrfb n dn kstruaturn hohahnd pdnotknfn, sk thkok quk dn gnuon kofèihan ks kd kdkikotb fk vndbrnahño fkd shstkin, sho ki`nrlb, kd inokeb fkd muikfnd ob pkrihthñ hfkothghanrdb. Ko kotrkvhstn abo dbs rkspbosn`dks fkdklnahbondks fk kstn nathvhfnf, rkghrhkrbo quk dn okakshfnf fk kdhihonr dns indkzns nd ikobs > vkz nd iks ks fkinofn fk dbs prbphbs nlrhaudtbrks, quk aboshfkrno —obahvn’ dn prkskoahn fk èstns. èstns.   Qk prktkofk rkndhznr uon nathvhfnf phdbtb ko uo shstkin akrrnfb fk anondks, fbofk sk kvhtk kd trhddnfb fk dn vklktnahño abo kd gho fk kvndunr dn anpnahfnf fkd shstkin fk rkprbfuaahño.  Qukdbs

Dbs sukdbs sbo fk prkfbihonotkikotk dhib-nrahddbsbs, abo pban prkskoahn fk intkrhn brlîohan: kstn abofhahño prbvban quk uo kspkatrb hipbrtnotk fk pdnotns fkd brfko nlréabdn tkolno fhghaudtnfks pnrn su fksnrrbddb y prbfuathvhfnf. Qho ki`nrlb, kstn abofhahño ks gîahdikotk inoken`dk, n trnvès fk dn hoabrpbrnahño fk n`bobs brlîohabs quk hoarkikotko kd abotkohfb fk intkrhn brlîohan y ibfhghquko dn pbrbshfnf. Ghondikotk, nd rkndhznr rhklbs abo nluns abo `neb abotkohfb fk sndks, n db dnrlb fkd thkipb sk dblrnrî uo kquhdh`rhb quéihab fk dbs sukdbs.

;<

 

INOKEB QBQVKOH@DK FK DBQ PKA[PQBQ ONV[PNDKQ5 Aboskrvnahño y kxpkrhkoahns

 Nlun

Pkspkatb nd abipbokotk nlun, sk thkok quk dn andhfnf fkd muikfnd sk thphghan fk naukrfb n dn Obrin abib —fbièsthan’, y fbofk dbs pnrîiktrbs fk ohtrñlkob y gñsgbrb tbtnd rk`nsno dbs déihtks iîxhibs pkrihsh`dks pnrn su nprbvkamnihkotb ko rhklb nlréabdn H (PH), ynprbvkamnihkotb thpb HH (PHH). Kstnquk abofhahño b`dhln n rkndhznr kd trntnihkotb fkd nlun pnrnthpb aundquhkr sk prktkofn rkndhznr. Sbr btrb dnfb, dn kvndunahño fk dns prnathans prbfuathvns, nrrben quk dns uohfnfks prbfuathvns sbo iuy pkqukþns, ikobrks n dbs >333 i0, db quk b`dhln n fhskþnr nathvhfnfks fk ndtb hipnatb kaboñihab y prbfuathvb sh sk quhkrk rkvndbrhznr n dn pnrakdn: kotboaks, dns nathvhfnfks sk dhihtno n rhklb thpb H, fbofk dn fhspboh`hdhfnf y andhfnf fkd nlun sbo dbs gnatbrks dhihtnotks pnrn dn nathvhfnf. Sbr tnotb, dn okakshfnf fk ikebrnr dn andhfnf fkd nlun tnotb pnrn su nprbvkamnihkotb, abib pnrn su fksanrln ks hofhspkosn`dk pnrn abosbdhfnr dns [INQ. Wklktnahño

Dn kvndunahño fk dn vklktnahño nrrben quk dns kspkahks kxhstkotks ko kd kotbrob sbo sughahkotks pnrn rkndhznr dn fkpurnahño fkd muikfnd n tnsns fk nprbvkamnihkotb nlréabdn, pkrb, abib sk kspkrn kstruaturnr uon [IN, fbofk kd inokeb ks guofnikotnd, kd prbaksb fk fkpurnahño sk pdnotkn ko fbs thkipbs, notks y fkspuès fkd nprbvkamnihkotb. Dbs muikfndks nrthghahndks sk mno usnfb kxtkosnikotk pnrn kd trntnihkotb fk nluns rkshfundks fbofk prkfbihono dbs abipukstbs fk ohtrñlkob y gñsgbrb: ko kstn kvndunahño sk mn fkibstrnfb quk su kghahkoahn pnrn rkibvkr kd ohtrñlkob, ko dn gbrin fk nibohb, ohtrhtb y ohtrntb, ks nakptn`dk y quk pnrn kd gñsgbrb ks db iîs nfkaunfb: kstbs fbs outrhkotks `îshabs sbo dbs rkspbosn`dks fk dn kutrbghanahño fk dnlbs y rkskrvbrhbs.  Nlrnfkahihkotbs Dbs nutbrks nlrnfkako n dn Fkdklnahño Vdîmuna dn gnahdhfnfks bpkrnthvns pnrn dn rkndhznahño fkd trn`neb fk anipb: nsé ihsib n dbs kstufhnotks pnrthahpnotks5 Dnurnakdh Pbikrb Brthz, Îolkd Ibrndks Pbfrélukz, Skfrb Inréo Dhþno y Notnrks fk Nièrhan Sèrkz Nquhob. Pkgkrkoahns Nluhdnr, Q.N., E.F. Ktamkvkrs y P.E.U. Anstkddnobs Anstk ddnobs (>8=< p. ;=

 

INOKEB QBQVKOH@DK FK DBQ PKA[PQBQ ONV[PNDKQ5 Aboskrvnahño y kxpkrhkoahns

Nddko, E.P.D. (>8880). Qtnofnrf iktmbfs gbr tmk kxnihonthbo bg wntkr nof wnstkwntkr, >=tm Kf.  Nikrhano Su`dha Mkndtm Nssbahnthbo Su`dhanthbos. \nsmholtbo, F.A. 1 p. @rhx, M. (>886). [sk bg abostruatkf wktdnofs ho wntkr pbdduthbo abotrbd5 mhstbrhand fkvkdbpikot, prkskot stntus nof guturk pkrspkathvks. \ntkr Qahkoak nof Vkamobdbly  13 (=)5 038-001. (=)5 038-001. @rhx, M. y M. Qamhkrup. (>8=8). Qkwnlk trkntikot ho abostruatkf rkkf `kfs- Fnohsm kxpkrhkoaks. \ntkr Qahkoak nof Vkamobdbly   0>5 >77;->77=. 0>5 >77;->77=. @buybabs, L.E. (>870). Mhfrbiktkr hiprbvkf iktmbf gbr injhol pnrthadks shzk nondyshs bg sbhd. Nlrbobiy sbhd. Nlrbobiy Eburond ;65 ;65 676-67;. Ahsokrbs, D.S. (0336). Nspkatbs ni`hkotndks rkdnahbonfbs abo dn andhfnf fkd nlun ko anondks fk ]bamhihdab.  ]bamhihdab.  Vkshs fk dhakoahnturn (@hbdblén). Gnaudtnf fk Ahkoahns, [ONI. Ièxhab, F.G. Abvkoky I., K. Dbwk y D. @nttbk (033>). Skrgbrinoak bg rkahraudnthol wktdnof ghdtkr fkshlokf tb rkibvk pnrthaudntk pmbspmbrus gbr rkstbrnthbo bg Dnjk Npbpjn (Gdbrhfn, [QN). \ntkr Qahkoak nof Vkamobdbly  66 (>>->0)5 >1>->17. (>>->0)5 >1>->17. Fkahshbo [OKQAB - >>ABI WHH.N (>8==). Hosarhpthbo5 mhstbrha akotrkr bg Ikxhab ahty nof ]bamhihdab (Ikxhab). [OKQAB Pklhbo, Dntho Nikrhan nof tmk Anrh``kno. Ièxhab, F.G. 6>0 p. Fuamnugbur, S. (>8887). Qbhd survky inound. Fkpnrtikot bg Nlrhaudturk  Nlrhaudturk   Mnof`bbj Ob.>=. \nsmholtbo, ;31 p. Gnudjokr, Q. y A.F.A. Phamnrfsbo. (>8=8). Smyshand nof amkihand amnrnatkrhsthas bg grksmwntkr wktdnofs sbhds. Dkwhs Su`dhsmkrs. Vkooksskk. =3; p. Gdbrks, I. L. (>8=0). Fktkrihonahño fk ndluobs iktndks pksnfbs ko kd skfhikotb fk dbs anondks fkd dnlb fk ]bamhihdab. Vkshs fk dhakoahnturn. Ksaukdn Onahbond fk Ahkoahns @hbdñlhans, HSO. Ièxhab. F.G. 73 p. Lndvîo, N. (033=). Pkpbrtk tèaohab fk abovkohb pntrbahonfb fk abdn`brnahño ibohtbrkb fk pnrîiktrbs `hbgéshabs y prbfuathvbs pnrn dn lkokrnahño fk uo prblrnin fk inokeb sustkotn`dk nsbahnahño fk pkqukþbs prbfuatbrks brlîohabs.  brlîohabs.  Guofnahño Srbfuak F.G., [ohvkrshfnf Nutñobin Iktrbpbdhtnon. Ièxhab, F.G. Hogbrik. Lnraén-Andfkrño., E. D. y L. fk dn Dnozn-Ksphob (0330). Dn aukoan fk Ièxhab. Ko5 L. fk dn Dnozn, K. y E. D. Lnraén A. (Abip.). Dnlbs y prksns fk Ièxhab (pp. 1;-70). NLV Kfhtbr. Ièxhab, F.G. ;8

 

INOKEB QBQVKOH@DK FK DBQ PKA[PQBQ ONV[PNDKQ5 Aboskrvnahño y kxpkrhkoahns

Lbozîdkz-Inrtéokz N.: E. Nabstn Lb Lbozîdkz, ozîdkz, K. Fug Fugghol, ghol, V. LñikzLñikz-Ndnraño, Ndnraño, L. Lñikz Gnrhns-Skihotkd, I. Brthz-Nabstn y S. Pbikrb-Dnojnb (>883). Sdno pnrn dn rklkokrnahño kabdñlhan y kd fksnrrbddb rklhbond fk dn aukoan mhfrbdñlhan fk ]bamhihdab.   Lrupb fk kstufhbs ni`hkotndks N.A. y Guofnahño Grhkfrham K`krt. ]bamhihdab. Ièxhab, F.G. >0< p. Lbozîdkz, K.K., G. Nrnon y V. Ièofkz. (>88;). Kstufhb prkdhihonr sb`rk dn aboakotrnahño fk iktndksfkpksnfbs amnrnd, fk nabahd y nebdbtk,Ko5 prhoahpndks kspkahks kofèihans abiksth`dks dn zbonko dnaustrk ]bamhihdab. Qtkpmno-Bttb, K. (Abip.) Qkluofb Qkihonrhb Hotkronahbond fk Hovksthlnfbrks fk ]bamhihdab 01- 0< batu`rk >88;  (pp.  (pp. 11;-16>). 11;-16>). Snrquk Kabdñlhab ]bamhihdab, Ièxhab, F.G. Lrnak, J., V. Fk @usj y I. Amhioky. (0333). Vrkntikot gbr komnoak pmbspmbrus rkibvnd grbi abostruatkf wktdnof kggdukot. Ko5 Pniksm J. y P. Jnfdka (kfs.) < tm Hotkronthbond abogkrkoak bo wktdnof systkis gbr w wntkr ntkr pbdduthb pbdduthboo abotrbd (pp. 018). [ohvkrshty bg Gdbrhfn. Lnhoksvhddk, Gdbrhfn. Mniikr F. y F. @urajmnrf. (0333). Fkshlos gbr rkibvnd-ihobts abostruatkf wktdnofs- >3 yknrs dntkr. Ko5 Pniksm J. y P. Jnfdka (kfs.) < tm Hotkronthbond Abogkrkoak bo \k \ktdnof tdnof Qystkis ggbr br \ntk \ntkrr Sbddu Sbdduthbo thbo Abotrbd   (pp. 06886). Fkshlohol abostruatkf wktdnofs gbr ohtrblko rkibvnd. \ntkr Qahkoak nof Vkamobdb Vkamobdbly ly 085 >;-0;-0==->81.  >==->81. HOKABD (0330). Srblrnin rkatbr fk rkstnurnahño kabdñlhan îrkn onturnd prbtklhfn zbon suektn n aboskrvnahño aboskrvnahño kabdñlhan ”Kehfbs fk ]bamhihdab ]b amhihdab y Qno Lrklbrhb Ntdnpudab. Ièxhab, F.G. Hogbrik >76 p. HOKLH (>8=>). Ahufnf fk Ièxhab, anrtn fk kfngbdblén, ksandn >5;3 333. QSS. Hosthtutb Onahbond fk Kstnfésthan y Lkblrngén. Ièxhab, F.G. HOKLH (>88=). Kstnfésthans fkd ikfhb ni`hkotk. Hosthtutb Onahbond fk Kstnfésthan y Lkblrngén. Ièxhab, F.G. Jrk`s, A.E. (>888). Kabdblhand Iktmbfbdbly, 0n Kf. @koeniho Auiihols. Ikodb Snrj, [.Q.N. >8;  Haboblrngén p p.. Dbt, N.Andhgbrohn, y N. Obvkdb (0336). (0336).  y kstufhb fk pdnotns nauîthans fk dn Ahufnf fk Ièxhab y sus ndrkfkfbrks. Hosthtutb fk @hbdblé @hbdblén, n, [ohvkrshfnf Onahbond Onahbond Nutñobin fk Ièxhab. Ièxhab, F.G. 037 p. Inys, S. y L. Kfwnrfs (033>). Abipnrhsbo bg mknvy iktnd naauiudnthbo ho n onturnd wktdnof nof abostruatkf wktdnofs rkakhvhol nahf ihok frnhonlk. Kabdblhand Kolhokkrhol  >7 (6)56=887). ^uk kstn`dkak dbs déihtks Iîxhibs Skrihsh`dks fk Abotnihonotks ko dns fksanrlns rkshfundks ko nluns y @hkoks Onahbondks. Fhnrhb Bghahnd fk dn Gkfkrnahño. Obrin Bghahnd Ikxhanon (0330). OBI-3;8-KABD-033>. Srbtkaahño ni`hkotnd. Kspkahks onthvns fk Ièxhab fk gdbrn y gnuon shdvkstrk. Antklbréns fk rhkslb y 73

 

INOKEB QBQVKOH@DK FK DBQ PKA[PQBQ ONV[PNDKQ5 Aboskrvnahño y kxpkrhkoahns

kspkahghanahboks pnrn su hoadushño b ani`hb. Dhstn fk kspkahks ko rhkslb, ihèrabdks 7 fk inrzb fkd 0333. Fhnrhb Bghahnd fk dn Gkfkrnahño. Sndnahbs, Q., Q. Qîoamkz y V. Ièofkz (>88;). N`sbrahño fk iktndks pksnfbs pbr dn nsbahnahño fk Nzbddn-Dkion (Amhdnanstdk-Amhdnanstdk) ko kd Snrquk Kabdñlhab ]bamhihdab, F.G.  F.G.  Pksõikoks fkd Srhikr Qkihonrhb Hotkronahbond fk Hovksthlnfbrks fk ]bamhihdab. Ièxhab. Pnolkd, I. fk P. (>8=>). fk ndluobs iktndkspnrn tñxhabs, `brb, anfihb, ab`rk, pdbib y zhoa Fktkrihonahño ko nluns fkd Dnlb fk ]bamhihdab usb nlréabdn. Vkshs Srbgkshbond. Ksaukdn Onahbond fk Ahkoahns @hbdñlhans, HSO. Ièxhab, F.G. Pkffy, J., P. Jnfdkaj, K. Gdnhl y S. Lndk (>888). Smbspmbrus rrktkothbo ktkothbo ho strknis nof wktdnofs5 n rkvhkw. Arhthand Pkvhkws ho Kovhrboikotnd Qahkoak nof Vkamobdbly   08 08 (>)5 =1->61. (>)5  =1->61. Pkyks-Enrnihddb, H. (>887). Guofnikotbs tkñrhab-prîathabs fk tkins skdkatbs fk dn ahkoahn fkd sukdb.  sukdb. [ohvkrshfnf Nutñobin Iktrbpbdhtnon. Ièxhab F.G. 06< p. Phvns, N. (0337). (0337). Kxpkrhkoahn kxhtbsn fkd usb fk muikfndks abostruhfbs pnrn dn prbtkaahño fk dn andhfnf fkd nlun fkd Dnlb fk Sîtzaunrb. Hosthtutb Ikxhanob fk Vkaobdblén fkd Nlun. Ehutkpka, Ibrkdbs. 7 p. Pb`dks fk @kohtb, P. (0338). Dns [ohfnfks fk inokeb pnrn dn aboskrvnahño fk vhfn shdvkstrk y kd abrrkfbr `hbdñlhab Iksbnikrhanob, Ièxhab. Qkarktnrén fk Ikfhb Ni`hkotk y Pkaursbs Onturndks y Abihshño Onahbond pnrn kd Abobahihkotb y [sb fk dn @hbfhvkrshfnf. Pbens, P.V. (0338). Dns b`rns mhfrîudhans ko dns èpbans prk-mhspîohan y abdbohndks. Ko5 ABONL[N (Kf.). Qki`dnozn Mhstñrhan fkd Nlun ko Ièxhab  Ièxhab  (pp. 8-07). Lb`hkrob Gkfkrnd-Qkarktnrén fk Ikfhb Ni`hkotk y Pkaursbs Onturndks. Pbikrb, D., G. Pniérkz, A. Îdvnrkz y I.L. Ihrnofn (03>>). [sb fk inarbghtns y uo shstkin nonkrñ`hb pnrn kd trntnihkotb fk nlun rkshfund fk rnstrb. Sbdh`btîohan Sbdh`btîohan   1>5 >;78==). Wklktnahño fk Ièxhab. Ièxhab. Kfhtbrhnd Dhiusn. Ièxhab, F.G. 61> p. Qnofbvnd, A. E. (0331). Andhfnf iharb`hbdñlhan y ghshabquéihan fkd nlun fk ]bamhihdab, Fhstrhtb Gkfkrnd. Vkshs fk Dhakoahnturn. Gnaudtnf fk Ahkoahns-Hosthtutb fk Kabdblén, [ohvkrshfnf Onahbond Nutñobin fk Ièxhab. Qihtm,Infrhf, D.P. y I.V. Qiht Qihtm m (033>). Kabdblén. Aunrtn kfhahño, Sknrsbo Nffhsbo \ksdky. Kspnþn. 760 p.

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INOKEB QBQVKOH@DK FK DBQ PKA[PQBQ ONV[PNDKQ5 Aboskrvnahño y kxpkrhkoahns

ANSHV[DB A[NVPB

APÉN FK I NPHSBQNQ FH[PONQ, SKPQSKAVHWNQ S NPN D N SPBF[AAHÑO FK NPVKQNOÉNQ X FKQNPPBDDB FKD KABV[PHQIB, KO [ON ABI[OHFNF FKD KQVNFB FK V N@NQAB, IÈ]HAB Ekrñohib Qnrnlbs Ièofkz Dha. ko Vurhsib [ohvkrshfnf fk ^uhotnon Pbb, Anipus Abzuikd Abzuikd. A.S.