CPB30303 Oil and Fat Process Technology UniKL MICET Experiment 1: Physical Refining of Crude Palm Oil full lab report

TABLE OF CONTENTS No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Contents Summary/Abstract Introduction and theory Results Discussions Conclusion Recommendations References Appendices

Page Number 2 3 5 16 19 20 21 22

1.0 SUMMARY/ ABSTRACT Palm oil (Elaeis guineensis) industry is one of the major contributors to the Malaysia economic growths. The palm oil supply from Malaysia has increased apparently over the last two

CPB30303- Oil and Fat Process Technology Experiment 1: Physical Refining of Crude Palm Oil

decades due to vast increase in production. Crude palm oil (CPO) obtained from the mesocarp of palm oil fruit undergoes several stages of refining processes in order to produce refined, bleached palm oil (RBDPO). Currently, in Malaysia, the type of refining used is physical refining. This method involved the processing stages of degumming, bleaching and deodorization. To obtain the free fatty acid content of RBDPO, three samples of processed oil were taken right after the processing was done, the free fatty acid content of RBDPO was calculated by using the formula given. The free fatty acid and moisture content obtained from the experiment were compared with the standard value of refinery quality. Based on the results, for the free fatty acid the value obtained was 0.4032% while the value of refinery quality is 0.10%. The FFA value is depending on the temperature and the moisture content of RBDPO. The moisture content in CPO of three samples have average value of 0.4685 which is identified lower then RBDPO with value 0.6638. This shows that the process of hydrolysis and oxidation has occurred. Therefore, it can be concluded that degumming and bleaching contents affects the increasing of moisture content in RBDPO from the phosphoric acid used. Fortunately, experiment is a success due to the results obtained only have slight distinction compared to the theory. Overall, it can be deduce that the FFA content reduce drastically after refining process compared to the unrefined samples. Although it was a success, the distinction of values is due to a few possible errors done during the experiment such as the quality of crude palm oil itself that contain free fatty acid and the temperature and pressure which are the operating parameters that not perfectly controlled. Besides, the rotation speed of stirrer during degumming and bleaching process that made the heat are not distribute equally.

2.0 INTRODUCTION AND THEORY Palm oil is edible oil which is extracted from the pulp of oil palms fruit. Crude palm oil is naturally similar to pulp color (red) because of high inactive vitamin A content. Commonly it is 2

CPB30303- Oil and Fat Process Technology Experiment 1: Physical Refining of Crude Palm Oil

combined with coconut oil to make highly saturated vegetable fat, which is also used for cooking purposes. Main usage of CPO is for cooking purposes and is largely used in South-East Asia, West Africa and some parts of Brazil. It's not healthy as its counterparts due to high content of saturated fats. It is also used for making bio diesel and one of its by product is Glycerin. Physical refining of palm oil refers to a high temperature and under vacuum conditions of the oil subjected to a steam distillation treatment of the free fatty acids. Currently in Malaysia, all palm oil refining plants are using physical refining method as it is proven to be more cost effective compared to chemical refining method. The physical refining process consists of three main parts which are degumming, bleaching and deodorizing. During degumming, the crude palm oil is mixed with food grade acid to remove the free fatty acids. Next, degummed oil is mixed with the soil that is a vacuum level, where it is dried and de-aerated. The bleaching earth absorbs the main particles of color bodies as well as metal contamination and oxidizing materials in the oil. The last step is where the bleached oil is first de-aerated and heated where any remaining air and volatile materials are removed. The oil then enters the deodorizer section where the main body of free fatty acids and other volatile odor and taste substances are removed from the oil. The oil leaving the deodorizer is cooled to storage temperature and then passed through one of two alternately working polishing filters. The product obtained is refined bleached and deodorized palm oil (RBDPO). To a free flow fractionation process, the separation of the liquid phase from the solid phase is possible. In general, physical refining of palm oil consists of 2 stages namely pretreatment stage and deodorization stage. Pre-treatment stage involves degumming and bleaching of palm oil where the aim of the processes is to remove the undesired impurities that affect the stability of final oil products. The aims of degumming and bleaching processes are achieved by means of chemicals used to react and adsorb the unwanted impurities. The chemical used for these processes is bleaching earth. The final stage of palm oil undergoes deacidification (deodorisation) by steam distillation in which free fatty acids and other volatile components are distilled off from the oil using effective stripping agent which is usually steam under suitable processing conditions. In physical

3

CPB30303- Oil and Fat Process Technology Experiment 1: Physical Refining of Crude Palm Oil

refining FFA is removed during the final stage, in form of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) including the carotenoids pigments, volatiles impurities and oxidation products. Physical refining method gives various advantages to industry such as to increase production capacity and refining rates, lower production costs, shorten the processing time and the recovery of high purity can be directly distilled fatty acids. Meanwhile, the physical refining method can also reduce waste water, waste gas problems. Because reprocessing waste water and waste gas produced soap without chemical cleavage after refining.

3.0 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS (with calculation) TABLE OF DATA 4

CPB30303- Oil and Fat Process Technology Experiment 1: Physical Refining of Crude Palm Oil

1. Free Fatty Acids analysis Table 1: Result for FFA analysis (CPO) Volume of standard

Crude palm oil

Mass of test sample,

NaOH or KOH used,

(CPO)

m (g)

V (mL)

Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3

9.8 10.8 11.9

FFA value (%)

5.03 5.51 6.04

4.988 5.018 5.044 5.017 5.017 0.0229

Average Mean, x Standard deviation, ơ

Table 2: Result for FFA analysis (RBDPO) Refined Bleached

Volume of standard

Deodorized Palm Oil

NaOH or KOH used,

(RBDPO) Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3

V (mL) 0.8 0.9 0.9 Average Mean, x Standard deviation, ơ

Mass of test sample, m (g) 5.03 5.50 6.01

FFA value (%) 0.4072 0.4189 0.3834 0.4032 0.4032 0.0148

2. Moisture Content analysis Table 3: Result for moisture content analysis (CPO) Crude palm

Mass of dish,

oil (CPO)

m (g)

Sample 1 Sample 2

Mass of dish +

Mass of dish +

Moisture

sample before

sample after

content (%)

drying, mb (g) drying, md (g)) 35.19 45.19 45.15 36.63 46.66 46.61 5

0.4000 0.4985

CPB30303- Oil and Fat Process Technology Experiment 1: Physical Refining of Crude Palm Oil

Sample 3

35.40

45.42

45.37

Average Mean, x Standard deviation, ơ

0.4990 0.4658 0.4658 0.0466

Table 4: Result for moisture content analysis (RBDPO) Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Oil (RBDPO) Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3

Moisture Mass of dish, m (g)

Mass of dish +

Mass of dish +

sample before

sample after

drying, mb (g)

drying, md (g))

35.40 34.29 34.87

45.47 44.30 44.92

Average Mean, x Standard deviation, ơ

45.40 44.23 44.86

content (%)

0.6951 0.6993 0.5970 0.6638 0.6638 0.0473

According to the theory, acidity or free fatty acid (FFA) in the palm oil is calculated as palmitic acid from the equation: % Free Fatty Acid value ¿

25.6 x M x V m

Where, M is the molarity of standard NaOH or KOH solution (M) V is the volume of the standard NaOH or KOH solution used (mL) m is the mass of the test sample (g)

6

CPB30303- Oil and Fat Process Technology Experiment 1: Physical Refining of Crude Palm Oil

1. Free Fatty Acids analysis (CPO) i. Sample 1 M= 0.1 M, V= 9.8 mL, m= 5.03 g % Free Fatty Acid value ¿

¿

25.6 x M x V m

25.6 x 0.1 M x 9.8 mL 5.03 g

= 4.988 % ii.

Sample 2 M= 0.1 M, V= 10.8 mL, m= 5.51 g 25.6 x M x V % Free Fatty Acid value ¿ m

¿

25.6 x 0.1 M x 10.8 mL 5.51 g

= 5.018 % Sample 3 M= 0.1 M, V= 11.9 mL, m= 6.04 g

iii.

% Free Fatty Acid value ¿

¿

25.6 x M x V m

25.6 x 0.1 M x 11.9 mL 6.04 g = 5.044 %

iv.

Average % Free Fatty Acid value for Sample 1, Sample 2 and Sample 3 is

Sample1= 4.988 %, sample2= 5.018 %, sample3= 5.044 % average FFA value=

¿

%FFA valueSample1+%FFA valueSample2+%FFA valueSample3 3

4.988 +5.018 +5.044 3 7

CPB30303- Oil and Fat Process Technology Experiment 1: Physical Refining of Crude Palm Oil

= 5.017 %

v.

Mean, x % Free Fatty Acid value for Sample 1, Sample 2 and Sample 3 is

Sample1= 4.988 %, sample2= 5.018 %, sample3= 5.044 % Mean , x FFA value=

¿

%FFA valueSample 1+ %FFA valueSample 2+ %FFA valueSample 3 3

4.988 +5.018 +5.044 3 = 5.017 % vi.

Standard deviation, ơ % Free Fatty Acid value for Sample 1, Sample 2 and Sample 3 is Sample1= 4.988 %, sample2= 5.018 %, sample3= 5.044 % Mean, x= 5.017 % Standard deviation , ơ =

√

√

2

2

( Sample 1−x ) + ( sample 2−x ) +( sample 3−x ) ² N

2

2

( 4.988−5.017 ) + ( 5.018−5.017 ) +(5.044−5.017)² ¿ 3 =0.0229 % 2. Free Fatty Acids analysis (RBDPO) i. Sample 1 M= 0.1 M, V= 0.8 mL, m= 5.03 g 25.6 x M x V % Free Fatty Acid value ¿ m ¿

25.6 x 0.1 M x 0.8 mL 5.03 g

= 0.4072 % ii.

Sample 2 M= 0.1 M, V= 0.9 mL, m= 5.50 g 25.6 x M x V % Free Fatty Acid value ¿ m 8

CPB30303- Oil and Fat Process Technology Experiment 1: Physical Refining of Crude Palm Oil

¿

25.6 x 0.1 M x 0.9 mL 5.50 g

= 0.4189 %

iii.

Sample 3 M= 0.1 M, V= 0.9 mL, m= 6.01 g 25.6 x M x V % Free Fatty Acid value ¿ m ¿

25.6 x 0.1 M x 0.9 mL 6.01 g = 0.3834 %

iv.

Average % Free Fatty Acid value for Sample 1, Sample 2 and Sample 3 is

Sample1= 0.4072 %, sample2= 0.4189 %, sample3= 0.3834 % average FFA value=

¿

%FFA valueSample1+%FFA valueSample2+%FFA valueSample3 3

0.4072 +0.4189 +0.3834 3 = 0.4032 %

v.

Mean, x % Free Fatty Acid value for Sample 1, Sample 2 and Sample 3 is

Sample1= 0.4072 %, sample2= 0.4189 %, sample3= 0.3834 % Mean , x FFA value=

%FFA valueSample 1+ %FFA valueSample 2+ %FFA valueSample 3 3

9

CPB30303- Oil and Fat Process Technology Experiment 1: Physical Refining of Crude Palm Oil

¿

0.4072 +0.4189 +0.3834 3 = 0.4032 % vi.

Standard deviation, ơ % Free Fatty Acid value for Sample 1, Sample 2 and Sample 3 is Sample1= 0.4072 %, sample2= 0.4189 %, sample3= 0.3834 % Mean, x= 0.4032 %

√

2

2

( Sample 1−x ) + ( sample 2−x ) +( sample 3−x ) ² Standard deviation , ơ = N ¿

√

2

2

( 0.4072−0.4032 ) + ( 0.4189−0.4032 ) +(0.3834−0.4032)² 3 =0.0148 %

According to the theory, the moisture content can be calculated by the equation below: mb−md % moisture and volatile matter ¿ mb−m x 100 Where, m is the mass of the dish (g) mb is the mass of the dish and test sample (g) md is the mass of the dish and test sample after drying (g)

3. Moisture Content analysis (CPO) i. Sample 1 Mb= 45.19 g, md= 45.15 g, m= 35.19 g mb−md % moisture and volatile matter ¿ mb−m x 100

=

45.19 g−45.15 g x 100 45.19 g−35.19 g

= 0.4000 % 10

CPB30303- Oil and Fat Process Technology Experiment 1: Physical Refining of Crude Palm Oil

ii.

Sample 2 Mb= 46.66 g, md= 46.61 g, m= 36.63 g mb−md % moisture and volatile matter ¿ mb−m x 100 46.66 g−46.61 g x 100 46.66 g−36.63 g

=

= 0.4985 %

iii.

Sample 3 Mb= 45.42 g, md= 45.37 g, m= 35.40 g mb−md % moisture and volatile matter ¿ mb−m x 100 45.42 g−45.37 g x 100 45.42 g−35.40 g

=

= 0.4990 % iv.

Average % moisture and volatile matter value for Sample 1, Sample 2 and Sample 3 is Sample1= 0.4000 %, sample2= 0.4985 %, sample3= 0.4990 %

average moisture content=

¿

%moisture content Sample 1+%moisture content Sample 2+%moisture content Samp 3

0.4000 +0.4985 + 0.4990 3 = 0.4658 %

11

CPB30303- Oil and Fat Process Technology Experiment 1: Physical Refining of Crude Palm Oil

v.

Mean, x % moisture and volatile matter value for Sample 1, Sample 2 and Sample 3 is Sample1= 0.4000 %, sample2= 0.4985 %, sample3= 0.4990 %

Mean , x moisture content =

¿

%moisture content Sample 1+%moisture content Sample 2+ %moisturecontent Samp 3

0.4000 +0.4985 + 0.4990 3 = 0.4658 % vi.

Standard deviation, ơ % moisture and volatile matter value for Sample 1, Sample 2 and Sample 3 is Sample1= 0.4000 %, sample2= 0.4985 %, sample3= 0.4990 % Mean, x= 0.4658 %

√

2

2

( Sample 1−x ) + ( sample 2−x ) +( sample 3−x ) ² Standard deviation , ơ = N ¿

√

2

2

( 0.4000−0.4658 ) + ( 0.4985−0.4658 ) +(0.4990−0.4658)² 3 =0.0466 %

4. Moisture Content analysis (RBDPO) i. Sample 1 Mb= 45.47 g, md= 45.40 g, m= 35.40 g mb−md % moisture and volatile matter ¿ mb−m x 100

=

45.47 g−45.40 g x 100 45.47 g−35.40 g

= 0.6951 % ii.

Sample 2 Mb= 44.30 g, md= 44.23 g, m= 34.29 g mb−md 1% moisture and volatile matter ¿ mb−m x 100

12

CPB30303- Oil and Fat Process Technology Experiment 1: Physical Refining of Crude Palm Oil

= iii.

44.30 g−44.23 g x 100 44.30 g−34.29 g

= 0.6993 % Sample 3 Mb= 44.92 g, md= 44.86 g, m= 34.87 g mb−md % moisture and volatile matter ¿ mb−m x 100

=

44.92 g−44.86 g x 100 44.92 g−34.87 g

= 0.5970 % iv.

Average % moisture and volatile matter value for Sample 1, Sample 2 and Sample 3 is Sample1= 0.6951 %, sample2= 0.6993 %, sample3= 0.5970 %

average moisture content=

¿

%moisture content Sample 1+%moisture content Sample 2+%moisture content Samp 3

0.6951 +0.6993 +0.5970 3 = 0.6638 % v.

Mean, x % moisture and volatile matter value for Sample 1, Sample 2 and Sample 3 is Sample1= 0.8937 %, sample2= 0.8991 %, sample3= 0.7960 %

Mean , x moisture content =

¿

%moisture content Sample 1+%moisture content Sample 2+ %moisturecontent Samp 3

0.6951 +0.6993 +0.5970 3

vi.

= 0.6638 % Standard deviation, ơ % moisture and volatile matter value for Sample 1, Sample 2 and Sample 3 is Sample1= 0.6951 %, sample2= 0.6993 %, sample3= 0.5970 % 13

CPB30303- Oil and Fat Process Technology Experiment 1: Physical Refining of Crude Palm Oil

Mean, x= 0.6638 %

√

2

2

( Sample 1−x ) + ( sample 2−x ) +( sample 3−x ) ² Standard deviation , ơ = N ¿

√

2

2

( 0.6951−0.6638 ) + ( 0.6993−0.6638 ) +(0.5970−0.6638) ² 3 =0.0473 %

4.0 DISCUSSIONS This experiment was assigned in order for students to understand the main concept for physical refining of crude palm oil. Basically, the physical refining process consist of three part which firstly, degumming, bleaching and lastly is deodorizing. In the degumming process, in this process, the objective is in order to remove all the unwanted gums by treating the crude oil with the phosphoric or citric acid. The main component inside the gums is the phosphatides which will affect the flavour, colour and also shorten the shelf life of oil. The process basically run between the temperature of 90-100 °C before it is treated with the phosphoric acid. The amount of phosphoric acid used are measured based on the oil weight which basically within range 0.05 0.1 % with acid concentration between 80 - 85%. In the bleaching process, the degummed oil are reacted with the bleaching earth and heated up to temperature about 90 - 120°C. The bleaching agent also activated by treating it with the sulfuric or hydrochloric acid which will cause decomposition of hydroperoxides and also catalyses the formation of trans acid and diacylglycerols. In this process the bleaching agent used are about 0.2 - 2% of the weight of the oil. The presence of the activated carbon will help in removing the pigments and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Lastly, in the deodorizing process, it is where deacidification and deodorisation treatment occur. It used temperature around 240 -260°C, under vacuum (2 - 4mmHg) and direct steam injection about 2.5 - 4.0% by weight of oil. During this process, FFA were removed as refining 14

CPB30303- Oil and Fat Process Technology Experiment 1: Physical Refining of Crude Palm Oil

waste, at the upper section of deodorizer. Besides that, carotenoids pigments, primary and secondary oxidation products are also being removed. Then the oil were cooled before it is filtered by means of a polishing filter and sent to storage tanks. To obtain the free fatty acid content of RBDPO, three samples of processed oil were taken right after the processing was done. The samples were weighed around 5g to 6g and added into conical flask. After that 50ml of isopropanol were added into each sample which were then added by 0.5 ml of phenolphthalein ad three drops of 0.1M of potassium hydroxide. The samples were placed on the hot plate to regulate the temperature around 40 oC. Then, the samples were shake until a permanent pink colour appeared. Finally, the free fatty acid content of RBDPO was calculated by using the formula given. Next, to obtain the moisture content of RBDPO, the petri dish was dried in the oven at 103oC for about 15 minutes and was cooled after that in the desiccators. The dish was weighed before putting the sample and was weighed again with 10g of sample. After that, the sample was returned to the desiccators until the oil has thoroughly cooled. Then, the sample was placed in the oven at 103oC for 2.5 hours. The sample was then allowed to cool at room temperature around 45 minutes before being weighed. The process was repeated seven times until the value was constant for the last three readings. After the process was done, the moisture content was calculated by using the formula given. The free fatty acid and moisture content obtained from the experiment were compared with the standard value of refinery quality. Based on the results, for the free fatty acid the value obtained was 0.4032% while the value of refinery quality is 0.10%. The FFA value is depending on the temperature and the moisture content of RBDPO. The value obtained was almost near to the standard value. However, there were some errors occurred during the analysis of free fatty acids that resulting in differences of experimental value and standard value. One of the error was parallax error while titration. This error could directly affect the volume of potassium hydroxide which also will affect the free fatty acids content. The titration was not constant as there was different person handling the analysis. Thus, the titration method must be correct and accurate in order to achieve a better result. 15

CPB30303- Oil and Fat Process Technology Experiment 1: Physical Refining of Crude Palm Oil

Next, for the moisture content, the value obtained was 0.6638% and the standard value is 0.1%. The value is slightly different due to the error occurred that preventing the result to be accurate. The sample taken out from the oven was spilled and causing the quantity to be less. Besides, the sample was late returned from the oven to the desiccators which the time had surpassed for drying process. This errors could possibly affect the moisture content in RBDPO. Hence, the sample must be carried carefully to avoid spilling which can reduce the quantity. Moreover, the time must be precisely set to avoid any over time taken. Therefore, by considering this recommendation, the results obtained might be accurate or at least nearer to the standard value as the FFA content is directly related to one another. From the result obtained, it shows that the free fatty acid (FFA) contain in the crude palm oil (CPO) is higher compared to the refined, bleached, and deodorized palm oil (RBDPO) which the average value 5.017 that obtained from three sample of CPO compared to 0.4032 from the RBDPO samples. Basically, the FFA is the amount of fatty acid that occur naturally inside the oil or it also can be produced during the storage or processing that exist in edible oils as a distinct unit in an uncombined state. FFA also were observed as the benchmark for the quality of the oil that being processed. It can be said that, the FFA levels are actually can be affected by the bleaching earth conditions and acidity of the adsorbent as well as natural properties of the acid that being used.

Triglyceri des  H 2 O  FFA  Glycerides

From the equation, it was known that the FFA was produced during the fat splitting process, as the phosphoric acid were added, the were increment in the FFA content as there are no existence of the bleaching agent yet. The existence will help the adsorption to occur during the process. By using the bleaching earth, it will help in avoiding further splitting of triglycerides to 16

CPB30303- Oil and Fat Process Technology Experiment 1: Physical Refining of Crude Palm Oil

occur. Furthermore, during the adsorption, impurities such as FFA are trapped on the pore surface of the bleaching earth. Other molecules that were not adsorb will caused the triglycerides to escape. This will cause the concentration of the impurities on available surface of the bleaching earth and the concentration of impurities in the oil are equilibrium which negligible for further exchange. From the results, it was identified that the moisture content in the CPO are lower that the RBDPO which is 0.4685 obtained from average of three samples compared to moisture content in the RBDPO which is 0.6638. From the result, it can be linked to the refining process itself which hydrolysis and oxidation process occur. As we know the hydrolysis involved in the fat splitting in order to break the molecules of the fat results in formation partial glycerides. But oxidation gives the opposite effect where it decrease the catalytic activity which promoting the recombination of free radicals and by hydration of hydroperoxides, thus slowing down their breakdown. The moisture content in the RBDPO is higher as it is affected by the degumming and bleaching processes when phosphoric acid were added into the system. The increasing in the moisture content is due to the in the phosphoric itself has present the moisture and there is no adsorption process of moisture occurred due to the absence of bleaching earth.

5.0 CONCLUSION In conclusion, the purpose of this experiment is to study the concept physical refining of crude palm oil. Based on the results obtained, the FFA value obtained is 0.4032% which is near to the standard refinery value, 0.10%. Next, the moisture content value obtained is a little distinct from the standard value where the obtained value is 0.6638% compared to 0.1%. The distinct values were identified due to some errors that happened while analysing the samples. From the findings calculated, it is identified that the average FFA value in crude palm oil (CPO) is higher than the refined bleached deodorized palm oil (RBDPO) with average value of 5.017 from three samples of CPO compared to RBDPO which is 0.4032. However, the moisture content in CPO of three samples have average value of 0.4685 which is identified lower then RBDPO with value 17

CPB30303- Oil and Fat Process Technology Experiment 1: Physical Refining of Crude Palm Oil

0.6638. This shows that the process of hydrolysis and oxidation has occurred. Therefore it can be concluded that degumming and bleaching contents affects the increasing of moisture content in RBDPO from the phosphoric acid used. Fortunately, experiment is a success due to the results obtained only have slight distinction compared to the theory. Overall, it can be deduce that the FFA content reduce drastically after refining process compared to the unrefined samples. Although it was a success, the distinction of values is due to a few possible errors done during the experiment such as the quality of crude palm oil itself that contain free fatty acid and the temperature and pressure which are the operating parameters that not perfectly controlled. Besides, the rotation speed of stirrer during degumming and bleaching process that made the heat are not distribute equally.

6.0 RECOMMENDATIONS There are a few suggestions to make sure the result and desired product is well-obtained. Firstly, the crude palm oil used must be in good quality which is the most important thing in it is free fatty acid content. Free fatty acid content used in this experiment should be in range less than 2.5% which is the requirements of the experiment. Besides, the temperature and pressure of operating parameters that need to be control and manipulated based on each process and step on lab manual and advice from technician or lecturer. Higher temperature must prevented because it could lead insufficient thermal stability of oils and increase consumption of energy. Higher pressure must also be avoided because it will cause the losses of oil and give low quality of oil. Next, stirrer must be set in low rpm of rotation speed to make sure equal heat are distributed equally especially degumming process. Other than that, for bleaching process, thee filter frame must be tightened when the filtration pump is run because it will affect the vacuum conditions. Furthermore, in analysis step, make sure the materials which is RBDPO are not mix with other materials because it will affect the result value later such as the moisture content and free fatty acid value. Lastly, make sure unsafety actions are prevented and in control mood.

18

CPB30303- Oil and Fat Process Technology Experiment 1: Physical Refining of Crude Palm Oil

7.0 REFERENCES 1. Oilseeds crushing - FEDIOL. (n.d.). Retrieved December 11, 2016, from http://www.bing.com/cr? IG=1245E64B3D3649009A5D61B4F40725E7&CID=3814C4D9394169EB3527CD2A 387068CD&rd=1&h=kgLPUDT9bVi6wZ-YkOht3eeneaHuXGRssLmJl7hzG8&v=1&r=http%3a%2f%2fwww.fediol.be%2fweb%2foilseeds %2520crushing%2f1011306087%2flist1187970116%2ff1.html&p=DevEx,5042.1 2. Modifications. (n.d.). Retrieved December 11, 2016, from http://www.fediol.be/web/modifications/1011306087/list1187970118/f1.html 3. Chemical refining - FEDIOL. (n.d.). Retrieved December 11, 2016, from http://www.bing.com/cr? IG=C071C5B4DC334BCBAA77A4B6C19DA52D&CID=1EE137E856886E5E36363E 1B57B96FA8&rd=1&h=2S5AXTLp1StsSWRW7MGTUmW6odrN5cawqT6g9mhLVs&v=1&r=http%3a%2f%2fwww.fediol.eu%2fweb%2fchemical %2520refining%2f1011306087%2flist1187970119%2ff1.html&p=DevEx,5053.1 4. Crude Palm Oil Refining Methods Introduction And Advantages. (n.d.). Retrieved December 11, 2016, from http://www.palmoilmills.org/industry-news/crude-palm-oilrefining-methods-introduction-and-advantages.html 5. Abdul Azis A (2000). The Effect of CPO Quality Parameters (FFA, M&I, IV, PV, AV , DOBI and Colour) on the Refinery Production Efficiency. Proceedings of the 2000 19

CPB30303- Oil and Fat Process Technology Experiment 1: Physical Refining of Crude Palm Oil

National Seminar on Palm Oil Milling, Refining Technology, Quality and Environment. July 3-4. Genting Hotel, Genting Highlands,Malaysia. 79-88

8.0 APPENDICES

Figure 1: Collection of bleach oil from filtration unit before transferring into deodorozation unit

20

CPB30303- Oil and Fat Process Technology Experiment 1: Physical Refining of Crude Palm Oil

According to the theory, acidity or free fatty acid (FFA) in the palm oil is calculated as palmitic acid from the equation: % Free Fatty Acid value ¿

25.6 x M x V m

Where, M is the molarity of standard NaOH or KOH solution (M) V is the volume of the standard NaOH or KOH solution used (mL) m is the mass of the test sample (g)

5. Free Fatty Acids analysis (CPO) vii. Sample 1 M= 0.1 M, V= 9.8 mL, m= 5.03 g % Free Fatty Acid value ¿

¿

25.6 x M x V m

25.6 x 0.1 M x 9.8 mL 5.03 g

= 4.988 % viii.

Sample 2 M= 0.1 M, V= 10.8 mL, m= 5.51 g 25.6 x M x V % Free Fatty Acid value ¿ m

¿

ix.

25.6 x 0.1 M x 10.8 mL 5.51 g

= 5.018 % Sample 3 M= 0.1 M, V= 11.9 mL, m= 6.04 g

21

CPB30303- Oil and Fat Process Technology Experiment 1: Physical Refining of Crude Palm Oil

% Free Fatty Acid value ¿

¿

25.6 x M x V m

25.6 x 0.1 M x 11.9 mL 6.04 g = 5.044 %

x.

Average % Free Fatty Acid value for Sample 1, Sample 2 and Sample 3 is Sample1= 4.988 %, sample2= 5.018 %, sample3= 5.044 %

average FFA value=

¿

%FFA valueSample1+%FFA valueSample2+%FFA valueSample3 3

4.988 +5.018 +5.044 3 = 5.017 %

xi.

Mean, x % Free Fatty Acid value for Sample 1, Sample 2 and Sample 3 is Sample1= 4.988 %, sample2= 5.018 %, sample3= 5.044 %

Mean , x FFA value=

¿

%FFA valueSample 1+ %FFA valueSample 2+ %FFA valueSample 3 3

4.988 +5.018 +5.044 3 = 5.017 % xii.

Standard deviation, ơ % Free Fatty Acid value for Sample 1, Sample 2 and Sample 3 is Sample1= 4.988 %, sample2= 5.018 %, sample3= 5.044 % Mean, x= 5.017 % Standard deviation , ơ =

√

2

2

( Sample 1−x ) + ( sample 2−x ) +( sample 3−x ) ² N 22

CPB30303- Oil and Fat Process Technology Experiment 1: Physical Refining of Crude Palm Oil

¿

√

2

2

( 4.988−5.017 ) + ( 5.018−5.017 ) +(5.044−5.017)² 3 =0.0229 %

6. Free Fatty Acids analysis (RBDPO) vii. Sample 1 M= 0.1 M, V= 0.8 mL, m= 5.03 g 25.6 x M x V % Free Fatty Acid value ¿ m ¿

25.6 x 0.1 M x 0.8 mL 5.03 g

= 0.4072 % Sample 2 M= 0.1 M, V= 0.9 mL, m= 5.50 g 25.6 x M x V % Free Fatty Acid value ¿ m

viii.

¿

25.6 x 0.1 M x 0.9 mL 5.50 g

= 0.4189 % ix.

Sample 3 M= 0.1 M, V= 0.9 mL, m= 6.01 g 25.6 x M x V % Free Fatty Acid value ¿ m ¿

25.6 x 0.1 M x 0.9 mL 6.01 g = 0.3834 %

x.

Average % Free Fatty Acid value for Sample 1, Sample 2 and Sample 3 is Sample1= 0.4072 %, sample2= 0.4189 %, sample3= 0.3834 %

average FFA value=

%FFA valueSample1+%FFA valueSample2+%FFA valueSample3 3 23

CPB30303- Oil and Fat Process Technology Experiment 1: Physical Refining of Crude Palm Oil

¿

0.4072 +0.4189 +0.3834 3 = 0.4032 %

xi.

Mean, x % Free Fatty Acid value for Sample 1, Sample 2 and Sample 3 is Sample1= 0.4072 %, sample2= 0.4189 %, sample3= 0.3834 %

Mean , x FFA value=

¿

%FFA valueSample 1+ %FFA valueSample 2+ %FFA valueSample 3 3

0.4072 +0.4189 +0.3834 3 = 0.4032 % xii.

Standard deviation, ơ % Free Fatty Acid value for Sample 1, Sample 2 and Sample 3 is Sample1= 0.4072 %, sample2= 0.4189 %, sample3= 0.3834 % Mean, x= 0.4032 % Standard deviation , ơ =

√

√

2

2

( Sample 1−x ) + ( sample 2−x ) +( sample 3−x ) ² N

2

2

( 0.4072−0.4032 ) + ( 0.4189−0.4032 ) +(0.3834−0.4032)² ¿ 3 =0.0148 %

According to the theory, the moisture content can be calculated by the equation below: mb−md % moisture and volatile matter ¿ mb−m x 100 Where,

24

CPB30303- Oil and Fat Process Technology Experiment 1: Physical Refining of Crude Palm Oil

m is the mass of the dish (g) mb is the mass of the dish and test sample (g) md is the mass of the dish and test sample after drying (g)

7. Moisture Content analysis (CPO) vii. Sample 1 Mb= 45.19 g, md= 45.15 g, m= 35.19 g mb−md % moisture and volatile matter ¿ mb−m x 100

=

45.19 g−45.15 g x 100 45.19 g−35.19 g

= 0.4000 % viii.

Sample 2 Mb= 46.66 g, md= 46.61 g, m= 36.63 g mb−md % moisture and volatile matter ¿ mb−m x 100

=

46.66 g−46.61 g x 100 46.66 g−36.63 g

= 0.4985 %

ix.

Sample 3 Mb= 45.42 g, md= 45.37 g, m= 35.40 g mb−md % moisture and volatile matter ¿ mb−m x 100

=

45.42 g−45.37 g x 100 45.42 g−35.40 g

= 0.4990 % x.

Average % moisture and volatile matter value for Sample 1, Sample 2 and Sample 3 is Sample1= 0.4000 %, sample2= 0.4985 %, sample3= 0.4990 % 25

CPB30303- Oil and Fat Process Technology Experiment 1: Physical Refining of Crude Palm Oil

average moisture content=

¿

%moisture content Sample 1+%moisture content Sample 2+%moisture content Samp 3

0.4000 +0.4985 + 0.4990 3 = 0.4658 %

xi.

Mean, x % moisture and volatile matter value for Sample 1, Sample 2 and Sample 3 is Sample1= 0.4000 %, sample2= 0.4985 %, sample3= 0.4990 %

Mean , x moisture content =

¿

%moisture content Sample 1+%moisture content Sample 2+ %moisturecontent Samp 3

0.4000 +0.4985 + 0.4990 3 = 0.4658 % xii.

Standard deviation, ơ % moisture and volatile matter value for Sample 1, Sample 2 and Sample 3 is Sample1= 0.4000 %, sample2= 0.4985 %, sample3= 0.4990 % Mean, x= 0.4658 % Standard deviation , ơ =

√

√

2

2

( Sample 1−x ) + ( sample 2−x ) +( sample 3−x ) ² N

2

2

( 0.4000−0.4658 ) + ( 0.4985−0.4658 ) +(0.4990−0.4658)² ¿ 3 =0.0466 % 8. Moisture Content analysis (RBDPO) vii. Sample 1 Mb= 45.47 g, md= 45.40 g, m= 35.40 g mb−md % moisture and volatile matter ¿ mb−m x 100

26

CPB30303- Oil and Fat Process Technology Experiment 1: Physical Refining of Crude Palm Oil

=

45.47 g−45.40 g x 100 45.47 g−35.40 g

= 0.6951 % viii.

Sample 2 Mb= 44.30 g, md= 44.23 g, m= 34.29 g mb−md 1% moisture and volatile matter ¿ mb−m x 100

= ix.

44.30 g−44.23 g x 100 44.30 g−34.29 g

= 0.6993 % Sample 3 Mb= 44.92 g, md= 44.86 g, m= 34.87 g mb−md % moisture and volatile matter ¿ mb−m x 100

=

44.92 g−44.86 g x 100 44.92 g−34.87 g

= 0.5970 % x.

Average % moisture and volatile matter value for Sample 1, Sample 2 and Sample 3 is Sample1= 0.6951 %, sample2= 0.6993 %, sample3= 0.5970 %

average moisture content=

¿

%moisture content Sample 1+%moisture content Sample 2+%moisture content Samp 3

0.6951 +0.6993 +0.5970 3 = 0.6638 % xi.

Mean, x % moisture and volatile matter value for Sample 1, Sample 2 and Sample 3 is Sample1= 0.8937 %, sample2= 0.8991 %, sample3= 0.7960 %

27

CPB30303- Oil and Fat Process Technology Experiment 1: Physical Refining of Crude Palm Oil

Mean , x moisture content =

¿

%moisture content Sample 1+%moisture content Sample 2+ %moisturecontent Samp 3

0.6951 +0.6993 +0.5970 3

xii.

= 0.6638 % Standard deviation, ơ % moisture and volatile matter value for Sample 1, Sample 2 and Sample 3 is Sample1= 0.6951 %, sample2= 0.6993 %, sample3= 0.5970 % Mean, x= 0.6638 %

√

2

2

( Sample 1−x ) + ( sample 2−x ) +( sample 3−x ) ² Standard deviation , ơ = N

√

2

2

( 0.6951−0.6638 ) + ( 0.6993−0.6638 ) +(0.5970−0.6638) ² ¿ 3 =0.0473 %

28