Cours de Genie Rural

 

FMEM^GBJSMY Y]^ B‚J^^JFGSJHE 7 - Cê`jejtjhe

B‚jrrjfgtjhe ihesjstm ä gpphrtmr gux pbgetms cms qugetjtês c‚mgu eêimssgjrms me ihlpbêlmet cms gpphrts egturmb gu lhlmet hpphrtue pgr b‚jetmrlêcjgjrm c‚ue rêsmgu cjt c‚jrrjfgtjhe. Mbbm pmrlmt ? -  Cm pgbjmr ä b‚jrrêfubgrjtê cms rmsshurims lêtêhrjqums me m``mituget ue rmphrt cms mgux pbuvjgbms sur bms pêrjhcms bms pbus sáiams cm b‚geeêm -  C‚metrmprmecrm cms iubturms pbus vgrjêms mt surthut c‚hntmejr cms rmecmlmets nmguihup pbus êbmvês me rêfubgrjsget b‚gbjlmetgtjhe cms pbgetms. -  Mtgnbjr bm igbmecrjmr iubturgb B‚he cjstjefum cmux typms c‚jrrjfgtjhe ? -  B‚jrrjfgtjhe c‚gpphjet, quj pmrlmt c‚hntmejr uem rêihbtm ehrlgbm me sm ihetmetget cm ihlnbmr bm cê`jijt me mgu cû ä cms pbujms jesu``jsgetms hu lgb rmpgrtjms ; 22i‚mst b‚gssurgeim rêihbtm55. -  Bg iubturm jrrjfuêm, quj pmrlmt c‚hntmejr bm rmecmlmet hptjlgb cms iubturms pgr ue gpphrt ihestget mt rêfubjmr c‚mgu hú b‚gpphrt cms pbujms cmvjmet prmsqum smihecgjrm mt quj hnbjfm ä lhcj`jmr `hecglmetgbmlmet `hecglmetgbmlm et bms gutrms hpêrgtjhes iubturgbms (bgnhur, `mrtjbjsgtjhe mti…) Bms systálms c‚jrrjfgtjhe shet fêeêrgbmlmet ibgssês me cmux shrtms ? -  B‚jrrjfgtjhe frgvjtgjrm -  B‚jrrjfgtjhe me pbujm shus prmssjhe > - Eêimssjtê cm b‚jrrjfgtjhe

B‚G`rjqum mst lhjes rjiam me mgu cm sur`gim pgr uejtê cm supmr`jijm mt phssácm ue tgux c‚êvgphrgtjhe êbmvê. ]em êtucm cm bg @GH g lhetrê qu‚me G`rjqum 3=% cms tmrrms shet trhp sáiams phur b‚gfrjiubturm pbuvjgbm, 1% shu``rmet cm prêijpjtgtjhes trhp vgrjgnbms, 70% trás auljcms mt 97% sm prïtmet ä bg prhcuitjhe jrrjfuêm (ljb, shrfah, lgès, rjz mti…) 9 ’ B‚gvmejr cm b‚jrrjfgtjhe

Bm cêvmbhppmlmet cm b‚jrrjfgtjhe mt surthut b‚glêbjhrgtjhe cm sg prhcuitjvjtê s‚jlphsm ä b‚ahllm. Me m``mt, bm tgux c‚giirhjssmlmet cm bg phpubgtjhe mst êbmvê gbhrs qum bms lmjbbmurms tmrrms shet prgtjqumlmet cêoä ljsms me vgbmur. B‚jrrjfgtjhe pmrlmttrg cm tjrmr prh`jt cms tmrrms lêcjhirms. Shut prhomt c‚jrrjfgtjhe chjt tmejr ihlptm cms gspmits sujvgets ? -  Gspmit tmiaejqum ? rmiamriam cms lhymes tmiaejqums quj chjvmet pmrlmttrm cm lgxjljsmr bms rmecmlmets hu c‚glêbjhrmr bg qugbjtê cms prhcujts. -  Gspmit êihehljqum ? rmiamriam cms ejvmgux c‚jetmesj`jigtjhe quj pmrlmttmet cm lgxjljsmr bms rmvmeus emts phur iagqum iubturm mt phur iagqum systálm cm iubturm. Mtucm cms rêpmriutjhes sur bms lgriaês mt sur b‚êihehljm cm bg rêfjhe. -  Gspmit shijgb ? rmiamriam cms ihesêqumeims phssjnbms sur b‚êbêvgtjhe cu ejvmgu cm vjm, sur bm lgriaê cm b‚mlpbhj, sur bms lhuvmlmets cm phpubgtjhe. -  Gspmit êihbhfjqum ? rmiamriam cms ihesêqumeims sur bm ljbjmu egturmb mt sur b‚mevjrheemlmet. Bg prhcuitjvjtê cm b‚jrrjfgtjhe me vgbmur lheêtgjrm pmut ïtrm `gjnbm sj b‚he em vmjbbm pgs ä im qum bbms ms ihecjtjhes cm prgtjqum cm b‚jrrjfgtjhe shjmet rêmbbmlmet hptjljsêms. BMY MBMLMESY C‚GLMEGFMLMES C‚]E NGY-@HEC ^J_JIHBM 7 ’ Cê`jejtjhe Igegb ? i‚mst ue ihecujt egturmb hu grtj`jijmb phur b‚mgu. Jb gbjlmetm bms cj``êrmets igsjmrs c‚ue pêrjlátrm rjzjihbm

pgr uem huvmrturm êqujpêm c‚ue huvrgfm gppmbê prjsm thut hu rjme.

Crgje ? i‚mst uem rjvjárm hu ue igegb metrmtmeu phur êvgiumr hu cêngrrgssmr ue shb cm she mxiás c‚mgu Cjfum ? i‚mst bg tmrrm quj mst ihlpgitêm me vum cm nbhqumr bm pgssgfm cm b‚mgu 7

 

Trjsm gu `jb cm b‚mgu  ? i‚mst ue huvrgfm me nêthe ihestrujt sur bm crgje me vum cm cêvjmr b‚mgu sur bms igegux Gjrm sêiagfm ? i‚mst ue mspgim irêê sur bm pêrjlátrm rjzjihbm phur sêiamr bm rjz Shut hu rjme ? i‚mst ue pmtjt huvrgfm me nêthe luej c‚ue TPI imbê cges bg cjfum me vum cm crgjemr b‚mgu vmrs

bms igsjmrs > ’ ^óbm cms cj``êrmets êbêlmets

Bms cj``êrmets êbêlmets me gsshijgtjhe pmrlmttmet cm rêgbjsmr ue pêrjlátrm rjzjihbm. NMYHJEY ME MG] C‚J^^JFGSJHE 7 ’ Fêeêrgbjtês

Bg iheegjssgeim cms nmshjes me mgu mt cm bg iheshllgtjhe gnshbum c‚mgu mst mssmetjmbbm ä bg pbgej`jigtjhe, ä b‚êvgbugtjhe mt ä b‚glêbjhrgtjhe cms prgtjqums cm b‚jrrjfgtjhe. Bg qugetjtê c‚mgu rmqujsm phur prhcujrm uem rêihbtm mst fêeêrgbmlmet gppmbêm mgu utjbm hu êvgphtrgespjrgtjhe. Bms nmshjes shet `heitjhe cm imux cm b‚êvgphtrgespjrgtjhe prhprmlmet cjtm lgjs êfgbmlmet cm bg qugetjtê c‚mgu gpphrtêm pgr bms shurims egturmbbms (pbujm utjbm pmecget bg sgjshe cm irhjssgeim, auljcjtê sm trhuvget cêoä cges bm shb, gpphrt c‚mgu shutmrrgjem). Bms mgux cm pbujm quj rujssmbbmet me sur`gim hu pêeátrmet pbus ngs qum bms rgijems cms pbgetms shet jeutjbjsgnbms sgu` s‚jb y g rmlhetêm igpjbbgjrm. He ihesjcárm ihllm prêijpjtgtjhe m``mitjvm, b‚mgu rmtmeum cges bg zhem rgcjiubgjrm. Bg qugetjtê c‚mgu rmqujsm me sus cms prêijpjtgtjhes phur sgtjs`gjrm gux nmshjes cm b‚êvgphtrgespjrgtjhe mst gppmbêm nmshjes me mgu. Mbbm mst `hurejm pgr b‚jrrjfgtjhe. Bms nmshjes me mgu shet c‚hrcrm ibjlgtjqum. He gclmt fêeêrgbmlmet qu‚jb `gut =: igbhrjms phur êvgphrmr ue ljbbjlátrm c‚mgu. > ’ Cê`jejtjhes > ’ 7 ’ Mvgphtrgespjrgtjhe (MS)

B‚êvgphtrgespjrgtjhe mst bg qugetjtê c‚mgu ä bg `hjs trgespjrêm pgr bg pbgetm mt êvgphrêm cjrmitmlmet pgr bm shb. Imij sm trgcujt pgr bm pgssgfm cm b‚mgu cm b‚êtgt bjqujcm ä b‚êtgt fgzmux, paêehláem quj s‚giihlpgfem c‚ue cêfgfmlmett c‚êemrfjm cm =:4 igbhrjms pgr frgllm c‚mgu êvgphrê. cêfgfmlme > ’ > ’ Mvgphtrgespjrgtjhe phtmetjmbbm (MST)

B‚êvgphtrgespjrgtjhe phtmetjmbbm mst bg vgbmur lgxjlgbm cm b‚MS. Bg cê`jejtjhe fêeêrgbmlmet gcljsm mst imbbm cm Bmulgee ? 22B‚êvgphtrgespjrgtjhe phtmetjmbbm mst bg qugetjtê c‚mgu eêimssgjrm mt su``jsgetm ä uem prgjrjm ahlhfáem, ihetjeum mt `guiaêm chet b‚gbjlmetgtjhe me mgu e‚mst pgs bjljtêm55. Bm vêfêtgb chjt ïtrm sgjet mt njme cêvmbhppê. B‚MST rmihuvrm cmux paêehláems, b‚ue paysjqum, rmprêsmetget b‚gitjhe cu ibjlgt, b‚gutrm paysjhbhfjqum, rmprêsm rmprêsmetget etget bms nmshjes cm bg b g pbgetm. > ’ 9 ’ Mvgphtrgespjrgtjhe lgxjlgbm (MSL)

I‚mst bg vgbmur cm b‚MST phur ue vêfêtgb pgrtjiubjmr ä ue stgcm cm cêvmbhppmlmet cheeê. cheeê. Shutm`hjs, thutms bms ihecjtjhes e‚êtget qum rgrmlmet rmlpbjms, b‚he g fêeêrgbmlmet ? MST 22 MSL > ’ 3 ’ Mvgphtrgespjrgtjhe rêmbbm (MS^)

I‚mst b‚êvgphtrgespjrgtjhe rêmbbmlmet ihestgtêm mt quj jetáfrm thutms bms ihetrgjetms rmæums pgr bm vêfêtgb mt bm shb. 9 ’ Bms `gitmurs je`bumeæget b‚MST

]e imrtgje ehlnrm cm `gitmurs ohumet sur b‚MST. 9 ’ 7 ’ Bm ibjlgt

Bm phuvhjr êvgphrgtmur cm b‚gjr, b‚meshbmjbbmlmet, bm vmet shet bms êbêlmets quj je`bumet bm pbus shuvmet b‚MST. Impmecget, b‚hlnrgfm, bms nrjsm-vmets, b‚jrrjfgtjhe pmuvmet ohumr ue róbm ehe eêfbjfmgnbm cges bg rêcuitjhe cm b‚MST. >

 

9 ’ > ’ Bm vêfêtgb

Bms vêfêtgux cm pgr bmur struiturm ehe pgs thus bms lïlm nmshjes me mgu. Cm lïlm, bmurs nmshjes shet cj``êrmets thut gu bhef cm bmur iyibm vêfêtgtj`. 9 ’ 9 ’ Bms lêtahcms c‚jrrjfgtjhe

Imrtgjes typms c‚jrrjfgtjhe ihesjstmet ä jrrjfumr bg thtgbjtê cu iaglp, c‚gutrms gu ihetrgjrm e‚gpphrtmet b‚mgu qu‚gu vêfêtgb sges gpphrt hu prmsqum gu shb eu gvmi cms êihehljms phuvget gttmjecrm =4%. 9 ’ 3 ’ Bms tmiaejqums iubturgbms

Bg cmesjtê cm smljs, bm pgjbbgfm cu shb (vêfêtgb hu pbgstjqum) bjljtmet b jljtmet hu mlpïiamet b‚êvgphrgtjhe cjrmitm cu shb. Cm lïlm bms `gæhes cm bgnhur, cm amrsgfm, cm sigrj`jigtjhe, quj glêbjhrmet bg struiturm cu shb mt bms êiagefms metrm bg pbgetm mt b‚mgu, bjljtmet b‚MST. 3 ’ Igbiub cms nmshjes me mgu

Bg ihlpbmxjtê cu paêehláem cm b‚MS e‚g pgs pmrljs ousqu‚ä prêsmet c‚me êtgnbjr bms bhjs mxgitms. Bg iheegjssgeim cm bg vgbmur cm b‚MST mst jlphrtgetm pujsqum i‚mst c‚mbbm qum cêpmec bm cjlmesjheemlmet cms rêsmgux c‚jrrjfgtjhe. Jb mxjstm cm ehs ohurs, pbusjmurs `hrlubms pbus hu lhjes mlpjrjqums lgjs rgrmlmet uejvmrsmbbms, ngsêms shjt sur b‚hnsmrvgtjhe, shjt sur ue hu pbusjmurs êbêlmets cu ibjlgt (iagbmur, vmet, rgcjgtjhe shbgjrm mti….). Bms `hrlubms ihurgllmet utjbjsêms shet ? 3 ’ 7 ’ Bg `hrlubm cm Nbgemy mt Irjccbm

Mbbm `gjt gppmbbm ä bg smubm tmlpêrgturm. Mbbm ihevjmet gux zhems ä tmecgeim sáiam, grjcms mt smlj-grjcms mt cêihesmjbbêm phur bms zhems trhpjigbms mt me fêeêrgb iagqum `hjs qum bms cj``êrmeims cm tmlpêrgturm shet `gjnbms metrm bm ohur mt bg eujt mt metrm bms sgjshes. Mbbm s‚mxprjlm pgr ?  (3=,6*S + 179)*T MST < K*@ <  K ? ihm``jijmet c‚gcgptgtjhe ä bg iubturm mt gu ibjlgt, ibjl gt, K < Kt*Ki S ? tmlpêrgturm me ´i T ? phurimetgfm c‚êibgjrmlmet cjurem pmecget bm lhjs ihesjcêrê pgr rgpphrt gu ehlnrm c‚amurms cjurem geeumbbms. B‚Jestjtut cm ^miamriam Gfrhehljqum Srhpjigb (J^GS) ihesmjbbm cm prmecrm phur b‚G`rjqum sgaêbjmeem bg tmlpêrgturm lgxjlgbm ä ljcj gu bjmu cm bg tmlpêrgturm lhymeem ohuregbjárm. 3 ’ > ’ Bg `hrlubm cm Suri

Mbbm s‚mxprjlm pgr ?   MST < I*[()\*(Jf + =4) sj Ar 5 =4%

   \*(Jf + =4)*(7+ MST < I*[()  ) sj Ar 2 =4% I < 4,79 sj b‚he m``mitum bms igbiubs ä bg cêigcm mt I < 4,34 sj b‚he igbiubm gu lhjs. Ar ? auljcjtê rmbgtjvm Jf ? rgyheemlmet fbhngb (`hurej pgr ue pyrgehlátrm hu igbiubê pgr uem gutrm `hrlubm) Imttm `hrlubm g b‚jeihevêejmet c‚ïtrm gssmz pmu prêijsm bhrsqum Ar 2 =4%. Mbbm surmstjlm bms nmshjes me mgu me zhem trhpjigbm auljcm mt bms shus-mstjlm me zhem grjcm. G b‚mximptjhe cm bg @rgeim, bg vgbmur c‚Jf chjt ïtrm igbiubêm c‚gprás uem `hrlubm ihlpbêlme ihlpbêlmetgjrm. tgjrm.  Jf < JfG*(4,71+4,0>*) JfG ? êemrfjm cm bg rgcjgtjhe shbgjrm quj gttmjet bm shb me b‚gnsmeim cm b‚gtlhspaárm me pmtjtms igbhrjms pgr il > mt pgr ohur. a ? curêm c‚jeshbgtjhe thtgbm lmesumbbm me amurm A ? curêm gstrhehljqum thtgbm cu ohur lmesumb me amurm   ? jeshbgtjhe rmbgtjvm 9

 

JfG mt A cêpmecmet uejqumlmet cm bg bgtjtucm mt shet `hurejs pgr bms igrtms cm Nbgia (Gustrgbjme) hu Nucykm (mx ]^YY). Ims igrtms, ä b‚gnsmeim cm thutm lmsurm cm a ä uem cjstgeim rgjsheegnbm, cheemet bms vgbmurs lmesumbbms c‚Jf phur thutm bg sur`gim cu fbhnm. 3 ’ 9 ’ Bg `hrlubm cm bg @ G H

Ljsm gu phjet pgr bg @ G H, mbbm s‚mxprjlm pgr ? MST < (g+n)*w*Jf g mt n shet cms ihm``jijmets cêpmecget cm Ar mt cm bg vjtmssm cu vmet w mst ue `gitmur cm phecêrgtjhe cm Jf Jf mst igbiubê me agutmur c‚mgu êvgphrêm êqujvgbmetm sur bg ngsm cm 7igb/il> /ohur < 4,476 ll c‚mgu. c‚mgu. 7 ll < =:4 igb 3 ’ 3 ’ Bg `hrlubm cm Tmelgee

B‚MS mst me rgpphrt gvmi bg cmlgecm êvgphrgtjvm cm b‚gjr. Imttm cmlgecm mst shuvmet gppmbêm MS cm rê`êrmeim MS4. MS4 < I[(w*^e)+(7 - w)*@(u)*(mg - mc)\ I ? ihm``jijmet cm phecêrgtjhe, `heitjhe cm bg tmlpêrgturm mt cm b‚gbtjtucm. b‚gbtj tucm. ^e ? rgyheemlmet emt thtgb me ll/or @(u) ? `heitjhe cu vmet mg ? tmesjhe cm vgpmur sgturgetm ä bg tmesjhe lhymeem me ljbbjngr (ln) mc ? tmesjhe cm vgpmur rêmbbm me ln 3 ’ = ’ Bg `hrlubm cm Nrhiamt mt Fmrnjmr

Srás prhiam cm imbbm cm Tmelgee, T melgee, mbbm mst mlpbhyêm pgr bg lêtêhrhbhfjm lêt êhrhbhfjm `rgeægjsm. MST < l*Jf + e*mc l ? ihm``jijmet cêpmecget cu bjmu mt cm bg cgtm e ? ihm``jijmet cêpmecget cm b‚gnrj lêtêhrhbhfjqum mc ? tmesjhe cm vgpmur rêmbbm Cm ehs ohurs, mbbm e‚mst pgs cjsphejnbm phur b‚G`rjqum imetrgbm. Mxmrijim

Cges ue vjbbgfm sjtuê ä bg bgtjtucm 73´>4‚ ehrc, bg tmlpêrgturm gu lhjs cm c‚ghût mst cm >1´i. Bg pbuvjhlêtrjm lhymeem mermfjstrêm gu lhjs c‚ghût mst cm 76:ll. He vmut jrrjfumr ue shrfah chet bm iyibm mst cm 7=4 ohurs mt quj g êtê smlê bm 7= ouje. He cmlgecm cm igbiubmr bg vgbmur cm b‚MST gu lhjs c‚ghût me utjbjsget bg `hrlubm cm Nbgemy mt Irjccbm. ^mshbutjhe

7=4ohurs < = lhjs ; cu 7= ouje gu 7= ghût bm shrfah mst mst ä she >álm lhjs ; >/= ihrrmsphec ihrrmsphec ä 34% ◈ Cêtmrljegtjhe cm Ki (vgbmurs cheeêms pgr bms b ms tgnbms) ◈ Cêtmrljegtjhe cm T metrm 94 mt 34%, Ki7 < 4,:4 Ki < (4,:4 + 7,74)/> < 7 ä 73´ Ehrc, T < 1,6: ; ä 70´ Ehrc T < 1,14 metrm 34 mt =4%, Ki> < 7,74 73´>4‚ mst pbus prhiam cm 73´ qum cm 70´ ◈ Cêtmrljegtjhe cm Kt Chei T < 1,6: Kt < 7,77 (vgbmur cheeêm pgr bms tgnbms) ◈ Cêtmrljegtjhe cm b‚MST , *(3=,6*>1 + 179)*1,6: ◈ Cêtmrljegtjhe cm K MST <  K < Kt * Ki MST < >43 ll K < 7,77 * 7 < 7,77 MST 5 ä bg pbuvjhlêtrjm lhymeem mermfjstrêm gu lhjs c‚ghût, gbhrs jb `gut gpphrtmr cm b‚mgu.

3

 

BMY ^MBGSJHEY AZC^G]BJW]MY 7 ’ Ehtjhe cm cênjt

Bm cênjt c‚mgu cges ue igegb, uem rjvjárm hu ue tuygu mst bg qugetjtê c‚mgu quj pgssm cges im ihecujt gu ihurs c‚ue tmlps cêtmrljeê. He bm lmsurm bm pbus shuvmet me bjtrm pgr smihecm (b/s) phur bms pmtjts cênjts mt me látrm iunm pgr smihecm (l9 /s) phur bms frhs cênjts me sgiag sgiaget et qum 7l9< 7444b. 7 ’ 7 ’ Igs c‚ue pujt

Bm pujt chjt sgtjs`gjrm bms nmshjes c‚mgu phur ? -  -  - 

Bg iheshllgtjhe B‚gnrmuvmlmet B‚gnrmuvmlme t cms`gljbjgbm gejlgux B‚grrhsgfm cms ogrcjes Bm cênjt cm im pujt mst-jb su``jsget 8 Ihlnjme cm smgux c‚mgu pmut-he mxtrgjrm ohuregbjármlmet sges êpujsmr bg rêsmrvm 8 He pmut trhuvmr bg rêphesm ä sms qumstjhes me lmsurget bm cênjt. He gttmec qum bm pujt mst gttmjet she ejvmgu c‚êqujbjnrm, pujs he phlpm ue imrtgje vhbulm c‚mgu. He iarhehlátrm mesujtm bm tmlps eêimssgjrm phur qum bm pujt rmvjmeem ä she êqujbjnrm. Bg lmsurm pmut sm `gjrm gvmi cms pujsmttms sj b‚he em cjsphsm pgs cm phlpm. Cges imt mxmlpbm, i‚mst bg prhcuitjhe cu pujt quj mst lmsurêm. 7 ’ > ’ Igs c‚uem tuygutmrjm

Yhjt ue `ût cm >44b ? sj bm `ût mst rmlpbj me >=s pgr mxmlpbm, bm cênjt mst 1b/s shjt >44/>=. Ihetrgjrmlmet ä im quj sm pgssm cges bms igegbjsgtjhes huvmrtms, bg smitjhe c‚ue tuygu rmlpbj c‚mgu me ue phjet cheeê mst jevgrjgnbm. Bm smub `gitmur phuvget `gjrm vgrjmr bm cênjt mst bg vjtmssm cm pgssgfm cm b‚mgu. Imbbm-ij mst je`bumeiêm mssmetjmbbmlmet pgr bg prmssjhe c‚mgu quj s‚mxmrim me ue phjet ihesjcêrê, shjt egturmbbmlmet (bg `hrim cm frgvjtê mt gtlhspaêrjqum), shjt grtj`jijmbbmlmet (rm`hubmlmet pgr uem phlpm). Thur lmsurmr bm cênjt c‚ue rhnjemt hu c‚ue tuygu, jb su``jt cm iarhehlêtrmr bm tmlps eêimssgjrm phur rmlpbjr ue rêijpjmet chet bg ihetmegeim mst pgr`gjtmlmet iheeum. Tgr mxmlpbm s‚jb `gut =4 s gu rhnjemt phur rmlpbjr ue smgu cm 74 b, bm cênjt mst cm ? 74/=4 < 4,> b/s. Thur uem frhssm lhthphlpm, he lmsurmrg bm tmlps qu‚jb `gut phur rmlpbjr ue `ût hu uem ijtmrem cm ihetmegeim iheeum. Bm rêfbgfm cu cênjt cges ue tuygu cm vjcgefm sm `gjt gu lhyme c‚uem vgeem. I‚mst ue gppgrmjb pmrlmttget cm `gjrm vgrjmr bg smitjhe ä trgvmrs bgqumbbm pgssm b‚mgu. 7 ’ 9 ’ Igs c‚ue ljirh-ngrrgfm

Bms rêgbjsgtjhes cm cjfumttms hu cm ljirh-ngrrgfms luejs c‚ue cêvmrshjr, chjt êvgbumr bm cênjt cm rujssmbbmlmet quj pgssmrg pgr bm cêvmrshjr. Im cmrejmr chjt gvhjr uem smitjhe su``jsgetm phur gnshrnmr thut bm cênjt sges quhj jb y gurg cênhrcmlmet mt rjsqum cm cmstruitjhe. Jij, he iamriam chei ä iheegåtrm bms cjlmesjhes ä cheemr ä ue huvrgfm phur `gjrm pgssmr uem qugetjtê c‚mgu cêtmrljeêm. 7 ’ 3 ’ Igs c‚uem shurim qumbihequm c‚mgu

]em shurim `hurejt 74 b c‚mgu me :4 s, she cênjt mst 74/:4 < 4,77 b/s. He vmut y pujsmr iagqum ohur 94b pgr pmrsheem, jb `gut chei >64 s shjt 3,= le pgr pmrsheem. Yj bg shurim mst giimssjnbm pmecget cjx amurms pgr ohur (74 a/o), bm ehlnrm cm pmrsheems phuvget s‚gpprhvjsjheemr mst cm ?

∖ ,   < 799 pmrsheems. Bm igbiub cu cênjt

pmrlmt chei cm vhjr sj bg shurim mst su``jsgetm phur sgtjs`gjrm bms nmshjes me mgu cms phpubgtjhes c‚ue mecrhjt cheeê. 7 ’ = ’ Igs c‚ue ihurs c‚mgu

=

 

Bg lmsurm cu cênjt c‚ue ihurs c‚mgu mst pbus cj``jijbm qum imbbm c‚uem tuygutmrjm sur prmssjhe, igr jb e‚mst pgs phssjnbm c‚me cêvmrsmr uem qugetjtê cges ue rêijpjmet. Thur y pgrvmejr, he chjt iamriamr cmux êbêlmets ? -  Bg sur`gim cm bg smitjhe lhujbbêm -  Bg vjtmssm cm pgssgfm cm b‚mgu ä trgvmrs imttm smitjhe. > ’ Mxprmssjhe cu cênjt

Bg lmsurm cu cênjt c‚ue ihurs c‚mgu e‚mst vgbgnbm qu‚gu lhlmet prêijs mt curget bm tmlps hú he b‚m``mitum. Jb `gut chei jecjqumr bg cgtm mt b‚amurm cm lmsurm sur bm b m rmbmvê. He cjstjefum pbusjmurs mxprmssjhes cu cênjt ? -  Bm cênjt jestgetgeê mst lmsurê me ue jestget prêijs -  Bm cênjt lhyme mst bg lhymeem cms cênjts lmsurês gu ihurs c‚uem pêrjhcm (ue lhjs, uem sgjshe pbuvjmusm, ue ge). -  Bm cênjt cm irum mst imbuj qu‚he ihestgtm gu lhlmet c‚uem irum (ejvmgu lgxjlul) -  Bm cênjt c‚êtjgfm ihrrmsphec ä bg pêrjhcm cm b‚geeêm gu ihurs cm bgqumbbm bm ihurs c‚mgu gttmjet she ejvmgu bm pbus ngs. Bms cênjts cm irum mt c‚êtjgfm chjvmet ïtrm êtgnbjs ä pgrtjr c‚hnsmrvgtjhes phrtget sur pbusjmurs geeêms. 9 ’ Bms cj``êrmets typms c‚êihubmlmet

Cges bms igegux, bm lhuvmlmet cm b‚mgu mst pmrlgeget sj bg vjtmssm bhigbm me ue phjet qumbihequm cu igegb rmstm jevgrjgnbm cges bm tmlps me frgecmur mt me cjrmitjhe. B‚uej`hrljtê cu lhuvmlmet shus b‚gitjhe cm bg pmsgetmur (`hrim ihestgetm) e‚mst phssjnbm qu‚ä bg sujtm cms pmrtms c‚êemrfjm prhcujtm pgr bg vjsihsjtê mt bg turnubmeim. Bm rêfjlm)mst mst ue ehelhuvmlmet pmrlgeget sjcges bg vjtmssm ue vjtmssms phjet cheeê vgrjmshet gvmipgrgbbábms bm tmlps. metrm mbbms mt Bm lhuvmlmet lhuvmlmet(hu uej`hrlm bmqumbmebms bhigbms ihestgetms bm bhef c‚uem lïlm trgomithjrm. Wugec bms trgomithjrms em shet pbus pgrgbbábms metrm mbbms, he cjt qum bm lhuvmlmet mst vgrjê. Im lhuvmlmet sm prhcujt cges bms ihurs c‚mgu egturmbs. 3 ’ @hrlubms cm b‚êihubmlmet

B‚êqugtjhe cm b‚êihubmlmet s‚mxprjlm pgr ? ^J < `(P) ^ ? rgyhe aycrgubjqum J ? pmetm bhefjtucjegbm cu igegb P ? vjtmssm lhymeem -  Bg `hrlubm cm Iamzy (êtgnbjm pgr Iamzy me 766=) P I∟  ∖   cêtmrljeê pgr b‚mxpêrjmeim, cêpmec cm bg rufhsjtê cms pgrhjs cu igegb. I ?/9J7/>  e ? ihm``jijmet igrgitêrjstjqum cm bg egturm cms pgrhjs.

= ’ Mbêlmets fêhlêtrjqums cms igegux ä sur`gim bjnrm

Cges uem smitjhe crhjtm cêtmrljeêm c‚ue êihubmlmet, he ihesjcárm bms êbêlmets fêhlêtrjqums sujvgets ? 0

 

7 ? igvgbjmr ijriubgnbm > ? ngequmttm hu rjsnmrlm 9 ? `hec rgcjmr cu igegb (b) 3 ? rmvgeiam (r) 7 >

0

M

@

6

3

:

=

N

G

1

C

9

I

 

= ? tgbus hu `rujt 0 ? fumubm cu igegb 6 ? igvgbjmr ehe ijriubgnbm 1 ? tjrget c‚mgu (agutmur cm b‚mgu) : ? sur`gim bjnrm = ’ 7 ’ Cê`jejtjhes ◈ Tmetm cu rgcjmr ? J

Cges ue êihubmlmet êihubmlmet uej`hrlm, mbbm mst êfgbm ä bg bjfem c‚mgu. Me Me fêeêrgb mbbm vgrjm metrm 7/7444 7/744444 mt 7/744. Ä lhjes cm 7/74444, bg pmetm e‚g pbus cm sjfej`jigtjhe mt ä pbus cm 7/744 bms vjtmssms shet mximssjvms. ◈ Ymitjhe lhujbbêm c‚ue igegb ? Y   I‚mst bg smitjhe hiiupêm pgr bm bjqujcm. I‚mst bg pgrtjm cm bg smitjhe bjljtêm pgr bms pgrhjs, bm `hec mt bg sur`gim bjnrm (GNIC). Me c‚gutrms tmrlms, ä ue mecrhjt cheeê, mbbm mst cêbjljtêm pgr bg bjfem lgrquget bms nmrfms mt bm `hec mt pgr bg bjljtm metrm b‚gjr mt b‚mgu. Cges bms ihurs c‚mgu egturmbs, bg smitjhe lhujbbêm me ue phjet cheeêm `buitum cges bm tmlps t mlps gvmi bms irums mt bms cêirums. ◈ Têrjlátrm lhujbbê ? T  

I‚mst bm pêrjlátrm cm bg smitjhe lhujbbêm c‚ue êihubmlmet cjljeuê cm bg pgrtjm ihrrmsphecget ä bg sur`gim bjnrm [GN\. T < [GC\ + [CI\ + [IN\ ◈ ^gyhe aycrgubjqum ? ^  Bm rgyhe aycrgubjqum mst bm rgpphrt cm bg smitjhe lhujbbêm sur bm pêrjlátrm lhujbbêm.



^ <   ◈ Sjrget c‚mgu ? a  I‚mst bg agutmur c‚mgu gu-cmssus cu phjet bm pbus ngs cm bg smitjhe crhjtm ◈ Bgrfmur me sur`gim hu bgrfmur gu ljrhjr ? Bl   I‚mst bg bgrfmur cm bg sur`gim bjnrm. Mbbm Mbb m mst rmprêsmetêm pgr GN ◈ Bgrfmur gu pbg`hec Mbbm s‚gppbjqum uejqumlmet gux igegux trgpêzhècgux mt rmitgefubgjrms. Mbbm mst rmprêsmetêm pgr CI ◈ Bgrfmur me fumubm ? B  I‚mst b‚huvmrturm cu igegb [M@\. 6

 

◈ Trh`hecmur lhymeem ? Al 

I‚mst bm rgpphrt cm bg smitjhe lhujbbêm sur bg bgrfmur me sur`gim.  Al <   ◈ Bg vjtmssm c‚êihubmlmet ? P   Jb mxjstm cms pmtjts gppgrmjbs gppmbês cênjtlátrm quj pmrlmttmet cm lmsurmr bg vjtmssm cm pgssgfm cm b‚mgu me ue phjet cheeê. Jb s‚gfjt c‚ue lhubjemt luej c‚ue ihlptm-thurs. He bm pbgim ä `bmur cm ihurget mt iarhehlátrm bm ehlnrm cm thurs qu‚jb `gjt cges ue tmlps cêtmrljeê. ]e tgnbmgu iaj``rê `hurej me lïlm tmlps qum b‚gppgrmjb, pmrlmt cm iheegjtrm bg vjtmssm cu ihurget. Me b‚gnsmeim c‚ue cênjtlátrm, he pmut utjbjsmr uem lêtahcm gpprhxjlgtjvm gppmbê lêtahcm cu `bhttmur. Me supphsget bg smitjhe njme iheeum, bg sjeuhsjtê cms ihurs c‚mgux cms nmrfms, bg prh`hecmur, bms rmlhes, shet gutget c‚êbêlmet quj pmuvmet lhcj`jmr bg vjtmssm cu `bhttmur. Jb mst ihesmjbbê cm lmsurmr bg vjtmssm ä prhxjljtê c‚ue pgssgfm nusê, c‚uem vgeem, c‚uem iautm hu c‚ue cêvmrshjr. Jb mst me m``mt pbus sur c‚me lmsurmr bg smitjhe. I‚mst gussj bm prjeijpm cu bjlejlátrm hu êiambbm bjlehlêtrjqum frgcuêm pbgiêm ä iótê c‚ue mecrhjt chet he iheegjt bg smitjhe. G thut lhlmet he pmut bjrm bg agutmur gttmjetm pgr b‚mgu sur b‚êiambbm. ]em tgnbm êtgnbjm mxpêrjlmetgbmlmet pgr bms smrvjims aycrgubjqums gu lhyme cu cênjtlátrm rmesmjfem sur bm cênjt jestgetgeê. EN ? bms vjtmssms ihurgllmet gcljsms cges bms igegux metmrrês cm cjlmesjhes ehrlgbms shet metrm 4,04 mt 7l/s mevjrhe. Thur bms igegux cm pmtjtms cjlmesjhes, mbbms shet shuvmet je`mrjmurms ä 4,=l/s igr cges ims igs, jb y gurg tmecgeim ä bg `hrlgtjhe cm cêpót cges bms igegux. Imij me rgjshe cms lgtêrjgux me suspmesjhe ihetjeu. Cges bms igegux rmvïtus bms vjtmssms vgrjmet rgrmlmet metrm 4,6= mt 7,= l/s. ◈ Tmetm bhefjtucjegbm 

Mbbm mst surthut cêpmecgetm cu tmrrgje mt cm bg vjtmssm gcljsm cges bms igegux. Cges bms pêrjlátrms cm pmtjtm mt lhymeem jlphrtgeim mbbm em cmvrg pgs gutget qum phssjnbm ïtrm je`êrjmur ä 7ll/l < 7/7444. J mst supêrjmur hu êfgb ä 7ll/l (J ≭ 7ll/l). = ’ > ’ Cêtmrljegtjhe cms cj``êrmets êbêlmets  

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B‚grfjbm tf(η) < 7/7 ↞ `rujt l < 7 Gbbuvjhes ihlpgitm tf(η) < >/9 ↞ `rujt l Smrrm hrcjegjrm tf(η) < 7/> ↞ `rujt l < >

Bm `rujt mst bm rgpphrt metrm bg prhomitjhe ahrjzhetgbm cu tgbus sur bg prhomitjhe vmrtjigbm. Bm `rujt mst b‚jevmrsm cu tgbus. Ymitjhe lhujbbêm  

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Trh`jb rmitgefubgjrm? Y)/> Trh`jb trgpmzhjcgb ? Y < a(b+la) τ

Têrjlátrm lhujbbê  

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Trh`jb rmitgefubgjrm? T < b+>a



∖

^

LG]PGJY 34 >1 99 ==

= ’ > ’ Igbiub cm cênjt 

W /9*J7/>  W < K*Y*^>/9*J7/>  e mst rmlpbgiê pgr she jevmrsm K gppmbê ihm``jijmet cm Ytrjkbmr. Mxmlpbm ?

Yhjt ue igegb cm prh`jb trgpêzhècgb jshiábm chet bms êbêlmets fêhlêtrjqums shet ? J < =/7444 (= phur 7444), @hec rgcjmr < 7,>4l, Sjrget c‚mgu < 4,14l, pmetm cu tgbus < >/>,=, Ihm``jijmet cm rufhsjtê < 4,449. He cmlgecm cm igbiubmr bm cênjt cm im igegb. ^êshbutjhe ? -  Igbiubhes bm rgyhe aycrgubjqum -  Igbiub cu `rujt ?  , ^ <   l <   < 7,>= , -  Igbiub cm bg smitjhe lhujbbêm ? ^< , < 4,36  Y < (b + la)a -  Igbiubhes bm cênjt Y < (7,>4+7,>=*4, (7,>4+7,>=*4,14)*4,14 14)*4,14  >/9 7/> > W< Y < 7,60l    ÖYÖ^ ÖJ         -  Igbiubhes bm pêrjlátrm lhujbbê W,>1l9 /s T< b+>a∟ 7 +    -  Igbiubhes bg vjtmssm  T< 7, >4+>Ö4,14 7+(7,>=) 7 +(7,>=)   W < Y.P  T< 9,60l P<    , P< , < 7,94l/s

Mxmrijim

]e igegb c‚gssgjejssmlmet ä ue cênjt cm 9l9 /s, bm pêrjlátrm lhujbbê mst cm 9l. Bg bgrfmur gu pbg`hec mst cm 7l (`hec rgcjmr) ; jb y g uem pmetm cm tgbus quj `gjt gvmi b‚ahrjzhetgb ue gefbm η < 3=fr mt cm ihm``jijmet cm rjfhsjtê K< 34. Srgvgjb cmlgecê ? 7)  Cêtmrljemz bg vjtmssm cu ihurget c‚mgu >)  Cêtmrljemz bg pmetm cu rgcjmr cm im igegb (pmetm bhefjtucjegbm) 9)  Im igegb ä uem rmvgeiam cm 94il mt uem bgrfmur me fumubm cm 9l 9 .7) Igbiub bg smitjhe cm im igegb 9.>) Igbiubmz bg bgrfmur gu ljrhjr :

 

^êshbutjhe cm b‚mxmrijim

7)  Igbiub cm bg vjtmssm cu ihurget c‚mgu - 

 P<   

Igbiub cu `rujt

    ∜    l a∟7+    a<  

∟    a< (,)  a < 4,0=l

Bg smitjhe lhujbbêm Y < (b+la)a Y < (7+7, 76Ö4, 0=)Ö4, 0= Y < 7,73l> -  Bg vjtmssm - 

P< , 

 ,09l/s

>)  Igbiub cm bg pmetm cu rgcjmr -  rgyhe aycrgubjqum

  , ^ <   )  Bg bgrfmur gu ljrhjr [GN\ Bl< b+>la Bl< 7+> Ö 7,76 Ö 4,0=  Bl < >,=>l

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