Costo de Produccion Del Cultivo de Granado

 

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HGXUG EM _SGE]HHBGK EM@ H]@UBTG EM JSNKNEG

BKUSGE]HHBØK Mstm îrcg` ms grbjbknrbg em `n rmjbøk qum ncnrhn emsem Brîk lnstn m` kgrtm em `gs Lbfn`nyn mk Bkebn, y dum hu`tbvneg y knturn`bzneg mk tgen `n rmjbøk em` Fmebtmrrîkmg bkh`uben Nrfmkbn, emsem `n Nktbjðmene. Fuy nprmhbneg mk `ns zgkns emsârtbhns, yn qum mstî prgtmjbeg em `n emsmhnhbøk pgr su pbm` jrumsn y hgrbîhmn, `g qum pmrfbtæn qum `ns hnrnvnkns puebmrnk trnkspgrtnr su drutn jrnkems ebstnkhbns, hgksmrvnkeg sus nprmhbnens hun`benems. Umstbfgkbgs em su hgksufg sm rmhgjmk mk tgegs `gs eghufmktgs nktbjugs. Xm sncm em` hu`tbvg em `n jrnknen, jrnknen, emsem lnhm n` fmkgs =??? nþgs mk Nsbn ghhbemktn` ghhbemktn` y mk m` Kgrtm em Îdrbhn9 sm p`nktncn mk `gs anrebkms hg`jnktms em Cncb`gkbn y sm mkhumktrn mshu`pbeg mk `gs cnagrrm`bmvms mjbphbgs.

Gcamtbvgs mspmhædbhgs1 -

Hgkghmr fmagr `n prgeuhhbøk em` hu`tbvg em` jrnkneg Xncmr mk hunktg tbmfpgy `ns em ukn prgjrnfnhbøk n duturg em mstm hu`tbvg vgy n mfpmznr n rmhupmrnr fb bkvmrsbøk jnknkhbns Xncmr sb ms rmktnc`m g kg `n prgeuhhbøk em mstm hu`tbvg Xncmr y hgkghmr høfg lnhmr ukn prgjrnfnhbøk pnrn uk hu`tbvg n duturg Xncmr `gs prg y hgktrns pnrn mstm hu`tbvg

 

>. JMKMSN@BENEMX M` jrnkneg (_ukbhn jrnkntuf) ms uk pmqumþg îrcg` drutn` hneuhbdg`bg em `n dnfb`bn _ukbhnhmnm, grbjbknrbg y prgeuhbeg mk pnæsms em` Fmebg Grbmktm. M` kgfcrm kgfcrm jmkârb jmkârbhg, hg, _ukbhn, _ukbhn, prgvbm prgvbmkm km em` `ntæk pũkĦhuf pũkĦhuf y n`uem n`uem n `gs dmkbhbgs dmkbhbgs,, nhtbvg nhtbvgss bfpu`sgrms em su hu`tbvg, fbmktrns qum jrnkntuf, m` mpætmtg mspmhædbhg, emrbvn em` neamtbvg `ntækg jrĎkĎtus, qum sbjkbdbhn hgk ncukenktms jrnkgs. Mk `n nhtun`bene, mstm drutg ln hgcrneg bfpgrtnkhbn fukebn` pgr sus prgpbmenems nktbgxbenktms, nhgrem hgk `n tmkemkhbn fukebn` em hgksufg em `gs emkgfbknegs ‐sñpmr n`bfmktgs‖. Mk m` hnsg em `n jrnknen, nemfîs sm `m hgkdbmrm prgpbmenems dnrfnhg`øjbhns, nktbhnkhmræjmkns, nktbtufgrn`ms, nktbfbhrgcbnkn y lmpnprgtmhtgrn.

>.> Unxgkgfbn (H`nsbdbhnhbøk cgtîkbhn) Smbkg 1 _`nktnm Ebvbsbøk 1 Fnjkg`bgplytn H`nsm 1 Fnjkg`bgpsben Gremk 1 Fyrtn`ms Dnfb`bn 1 @ytlrnhmnm Xucdnfb`bn 1 _ukbhgbemnm Jâkmrg 1 _ñkbhn Mspmhbm 1 _ukbhn jrnkntuf

>.3 Hnrnhtmrbstbhns em` Nrcg`  Nrcustg g pmqumþg îrcg` em lnstn = f em n`turn, hneuhbdg`bg, fîs g fmkgs mspbkgsg, fuy rnfbdb rnf bdbhne hneg. g. Ms uk nrcust nrcustg g emkgfb emkgfbkne kneg g jrnkne jrnkneg, g, huyg huyg trgkhg trgkhg hgktbm hgktbmkm km rnfns rnfns tgr tgrhbe hbens ns y `bjmrnfmktm mspbkgsns. @ns lgans sgk hg`gr vmrem, n`nrjnens, hgk supmrdbhbm `bsn y crb``nktm `mvmfmktm gkeu`nens.

>.8 Hnrnhtmrbstbhns em` Drutg M` drutg tbmkm dgrfn j`gcgsn, hgk uk hî`bz mk dgrfn em hgrgkn. Ms uk drutg em cumk tnfnþg, em 3:? jr. n 55? jr., hgk jrgsgr em pbm` bktmrfmebg, em hg`gr qum vn em nfnrb``g rgabzg n vmrem hgk zgkns rgabzns, em sncgr fuy njrnenc`m m bktmksg hgk uk n`tg hgktmkbeg mk sø`begs sg`uc`ms mktrm >5± ‘ >,4% y >,?%, empmkebmkeg em `n vnrbmene. >.5 Tnrbmenems Mk jmkmrn`, lny trms tbpgs em jrnknegs qum sm hu`tbvnk1 • Jrnkneg hgfñk em drutgs eu`hms. • Jrnkneg njrbg. Huyns d`grms sm mfp`mnk mk grknfmktnhbøk. • Jrnkneg em drutgs sbk pmpbtn. Mstn vnrbmene sm prgeuhm mk Grbmktm Fmebg. Kg gcstnktm, @ns vnrbmenems hgfmrhbn`ms fîs hgkghbens mk m` fukeg sgk `ns qum sbjumk1 • Zgkemrdu`1 Ms grbjbknrbn em D`grben y dum prgpnjnen pgr prbfmrn vmz mk Hn`bdgrkbn mk >244. Nukqum tbmkm uk tnfnþg fîs pmqumþg qum `n vnrbmene “Zgkemrdu`‒, n`hnkzn `gs fmagrms prmhbgs mk m` fmrhneg emcbeg n qum tbmkm ukn fneurnhbøk fîs tmfprnkn qum `n Zgkemrdu` (uk fms nktms). • Fg Fg````nr nr em M` M`hl hlm1 m1 Em grb grbjmk jmk em M`hlm M`hlm (N`bhn (N`bhnktm ktm)) Mspnþn Mspnþn.. Hgrrms Hgrrmspgk pgkem em n ukn vnrbme vnrbmene ne pgc`nhbøk, `n fîs hu`tbvnen mk Mspnþn (24% em `n prgeuhhbøk Mspnþg`n). Nhtun`fmktm tbmkm hg hgkhm khmeb eben en `n Emkgf Emkgfbk bknhb nhbøk øk em Grbj Grbjmk mk _rgt _rgtmjb mjben en.. Ms uk îrcg` îrcg` fuy fuy vbjg vbjgrgs rgsg g em rî rîpb pbeg eg emsnrrg``g, drutg em tnfnþg jrnkem, jrnkg jrumsg, rgag gshurg y smfb``ns fuy rmeuhbens y c`nkens. Fneurn n pnrtbr em ghtucrm y su prgeuhhbøk sm mxtbmkem lnstn mkmrg, m bkh`usg dmcrmrg.  Nhtun`fmktm tbmkm hgkhmeben `n Emkgfbknhbøk em ‐Grbjmk _rgtmjben‖. • Fg``nr vn`mkhbnkn1 Grbjbknrbn em `n Hgfukbene Tn`mkhbnkn-Mspnþn. Îrcg` vbjgrgsg, drutg em tnfnþg jrnkem, dgrfn rmegkemnen y np`nknen, jrnkneg jrumsg y smfb``n fuy rmeuhben. Xm hnrnhtmrbzn pgr smr em rmhg`mhhbøk tmfprnkn, n` bjun` qum m` jrupg “Fg``nr‒, hgrrmspgkemk n ukn vnrbmene pgc`nhbøk, hgk drutn em fmkgr hn`bene y em hgsmhln fîs tmfprnkn9 sbmkeg mstn ñ`tbfn hnrnhtmræstbhn `n qum emtmrfbkn m` fmagr prmhbg, mk hgfpnrnhbøk hgk `ns jrnknens “Fg``nr em M`hlm‒, pgr `n mshnsmz em drutn drmshn mk mstn âpghn. • >>41 >>41 Hu`tbvg em fmebn mstnhbøk, em hîshnrn em jrgsgr fmebnkg y em hg`gr rgag gshurg, fuy dumrtm y ukbdgrfm qum npnrmhm fuy tmfprnkg mk su emsnrrg``g. @ns smfb``ns sgk em fmebnkn sunvbene, em hg`gr rgag y sncgr njrbeu`hm. Mk Bsrnm` `n fneurnhbøk em` drutg sm en n fmebnegs em smtbmfcrm • Mfmi1 Em hîshnrn hg`gr rgsneg gshurg mk dgrfn ukbdgrfm y em jrgsgr fmebnkg. @n eurmzn em `ns smfb``ns ms fmebnkn y em mk sncgr eu`hm. @gs nrb`gs tnfcbâk sgk em hg`gr rgag. Mk Bsrnm` `n dmhln em fneurnhbøk mfpbmzn njgstg. • Nhhg1 Em hîshnrn em`jnen em hg`gr rgag n rgsneg mk dgrfn ukbdgrfm y em jrgsgr fmebnkg. @n eurmzn em `ns smfb``ns ms sunvm y em sncgr eu`hm, kg îhbeg1 @gs nrb`gs tnfcbâk sgk em hg`gr  rgag. Mk Bsrnm` `n dmhln em fneurnhbøk mfpbmzn n fmebnegs em njgstg. • Xlnkb1 Em hîshnrn em`jnen em hg`gr rgag n rgsneg mk dgrfn ukbdgrfm y em jrgsgr em`jneg. @n eurmzn em `ns smfb``ns ms sunvm y em sncgr eu`hm, kg îhbeg1 @gs nrb`gs sgk em hg`gr rgag gshurg. Mk Bsrnm` `n dmhln em fneurnhbøk mfpbmzn n fmebnegs em njgstg, n` bjun` qum `n vnrbmene Nhhg. • _nrdbnkin1 Mstn vnrbmene `g emsnrrg``ø m` Er. Jrmjgry @mvbk, mk `n Mstnhbøk Mxpmrbfmktn` em Smhursgs jmkâtbhgs, Jnrryjn`n (Uurifmkbstîk). @mvbk `g kgfcrø Tnrbmene cnsnen mk m` kgfcrm em` nktbjug bfpmrbg grbmktn`, _nrdbabn, sbtuneg mk Jnrryjn`n. Ms uk tbpg eu`hm em tnfnþg fmebnkg n jrnkem, hgrtmzn rgan, nrb`gs rgag gshurg, hgk smfb``ns fuy sunvms. Xm hgsmhln n pnrtbr em `n ñ`tbfn smfnkn em ghtucrm. • Elg`in1 Mstn vnrbmene ms hu`tbvnen mk `n Bkebn hgk dbkms hgfmrhbn`ms. Ms uk drutg jrnkem, em pbm` nfnrb``grgabzg hgk smhtgrms rgsneg gshurg y pñrpurn mk `n cnsm. Ubmkm pbm` em`jnen, hnrkgsn, ms eu`hm y sus smfb``ns sgk c`nkhns y tnfcbâk eurns. Mk m` _mrñ, smjñk Xbmrrn y Xm`vn mxpgrtnegrn, _rgjrnfn em` FBKNJSB, `n vnrbmene qum fîs sm hu`tbvn ms ‐Zgkemrdu`‖, `n hun` ms em fnygr hgksufg mk m` mxtrnkamrg pgr m` ``nfntbvg hg`gr em sus jrnkgs9 nemfîs, ms ukn em `ns vnrbmenems fîs hu`tbvnens mk m` fukeg, hgfg1 Bsrnm`, Mstnegs ]kbegs, Jrmhbn y Hlb`m. @n vnrbmene Zgkemrdu` hgk dbkms em mxpgrtnhbøk y gctmkmr  fmagrms fmagr ms prmhbgs prmhbgs sm hgsmhln hgsmhln prbkhbpn`fmk prbkhbpn`fmktm tm mktrm fnrzg y ncrb`9 ncrb`9 puebmkeg puebmkeg mfpmznr mk dmcrmrg smjñk m` fnkmag y `ns hgkebhbgkms em `n zgkn9 pums, lny qum tmkmr mk humktn qum `ns hgsmhlns mk Hlb`m y Nrjmktbkn mfpbmznk n sn`br n `gs fmrhnegs bktmrknhbgkn`ms mk `gs fmsms em ncrb` y fnyg. Gtrns vnrbmenems smfcrnens mk kumstrg tmrrbtgrbg sgk1 ‐>>4‖, ‐Nhhg‖ y ‐Infm`‖ y, nemfîs, sm prmtmkem bktrgeuhbr hu`tbvnrms hgfg ‐Xlnky‖, ‐Mfmi‖ em grbjmk Bsrnm`æ, ‐Clnjwn‖ em grbjmk bkebg, ‐Lbhnz‖ grbjmk turhg, pnrn hgfpmtbr hgk gtrgs ncnstmhmegrms mk `gs fmrhnegs murgpmgs y em Mstnegsem ]kbegs.

 

3. HGF_GXBHBGK ^]BFBHN Mk târfbkgs jmkmrn`ms, `n jrnknen ms ukn drutn rbhn mk fbkmrn`ms, emstnhnkeg m` pgtnsbg, nukqum tnfcbâk npgrtn døsdgrg, fnkjnkmsg, hn`hbg, lbmrrg y fnjkmsbg. Mktrm `ns vbtnfbkns, hgktbmkm prbkhbpn`fmktm vbtnfbkns H, C> y C3, mk pmqumþns hnktbenems. R, nemfîs hgktbmkm sbjkbdbhntbvns hnktbenems em nktbgxbenktms, `gs qum sm hgkhmktrnk mk uk :?% mk `n hîshnrn y fmfcrnkns em `n drutn, pnrtms qum jmkmrn`fmktm kg `g hgfmfgs hunkeg emjustnfgs ukn jr jrnk nkne nen n mk pmrtmkmhbmktm drm drmsh shg g g n` nkn kntu rn`9`9 pgrem`g`gsqum qu m pnrn pnrn np nprg rgvm vmhl hlnr nr `n pu pukb kbhn hn`n `njb jbkn kn, , pg pgemr emrgs gsg nktbgxbenktm `nturn dnfb`bn pg`bdmkg`ms, sm rmhgfbmken hgfmr`g hgfg zufg gg mk mxtrnhtgs. N hgktbkunhbøk sm fumstrn `n hgfpgsbhbøk quæfbhn em `n jrnknen. Kutrbmktm  Njun Mkmrjæn _rgtmækn @æpbegs tgtn`ms Dbcrn  Nzuhnrms tgtn`ms Hn`hbg Lbmrrg Fnjkmsbg Dgsdgrg _gtnsbg Xgebg Qbkh Ubnfbkn Sbcgd`ncbkn Kbnhbkn Tbtnfbkn C4 Dg`ntg tgtn` Tbtnfbkn M Tbtnfbkn I  Nhbegs jrnsgs snturnegs  Nhbegs jrnsgs fgkgbksnturnegs  Nhbegs jrnsgs pg`bbksnturnegs Jrnsns trnks Hg`mstmrg`

Unc`n >. Hgfpgsbhbgk em `n jrnknen ]kbene _SG\BFN@MX J Ihn` J J J J FBKMSN@MX Fj Fj Fj Fj Fj Fj Fj TBUNFBKNX Fj Fj Fj Fj Fj Fj Fj @B_BEGX J

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8. HGKX]FG R ]XGX Mk `gs ñ`tbfgs nþgs m` hgksufg em jrnknen ln hrmhbeg kgtnc`mfmktm, emcbeg n` rmhgkghbfbmktg em` hgktmkbeg em nktbgxbenktms prmsmktms mk mstn drutn y `n emfnken pgr n`bfmktgs dukhbgkn`ms em pnrtm em `gs hgksufbegrms, prgvghnkeg qum `n emfnken smn fnygr n `n gdmrtn mk pnæsms trnebhbgkn`fmktm prgeuhtgrms. @n jrnknen sm hgksufm prmdmrmktmfmktm mk drmshg y hgfg aujg y nrb`gs9 rmhbmktmfmktm mk fuhlgs pnæsms prgeuhtgrms sm m`ncgrnk fmrfm`nens, hgkdbturns, lm`negs, hrmfns y jm`ms. Ms bfpgrtnktm emstnhnr qum m` usg qum sm `m en n` aujg mk vnrbgs pnæsms em` fukeg ms pnrn `n

 

m`ncgrnhbøk em ukn cmcben rmdrmshnktm emkgfbkn ‐jrnknebkn‖, kgfcrm qum rmhbcm pgr m` drutg em` qum mstî lmhlg. Xbk mfcnrjg, `g fîs bfpgrtnktm sgk `gs usgs pgtmkhbn`ms qum pumem crbkenr kg sg`g m` drutg em `n jrnknen9 sbkg tnfcbâk `n hgrtmzn em` îrcg`9 pums, smjñk ñ`tbfns bkvmstbjnhbgkms sm en humktn qum nemfîs em `ns mxhm`mktms prgpbmenems nktbgxbenktms, mxbstmk ebvmrsgs usgs pnrn ntmkemr  `ns kmhmsbenems em `n bkeustrbn n`bfmktnrbn9 nsæ hgfg tnfcbâk em `n bkeustrbn em m`ncgrnhbøk em hgsfâtbhgs y hgfg tbktm knturn` mk `ns dîcrbhns em prgeuhtgs kg sbktâtbhgs. Eneg qum mk `n pukbhn`njbkn pukbhn pgemrgsg pgemrgsgy fmfcrnkn nktbgxbenkt nktbgxbenktm, m, pmrtmk mhbmktm n `n dnfb`bn dnfb`bn em sm mkhumktrn uk :?%`njbkn, mk `n, hîshnrn empmrtmkmhbmkt `n drutn, pnrnm nprgvmhlnr`g mkpg`bdmkg`ms dnvgr `n sn`ue sm rmhgfbmken hgksufbr`g hgfg zufg g hgfg mxtrnhtgs. _gr ñ`tbfg, em nhumreg hgk uk mstuebg mdmhtuneg pgr `n ]kbvmrsbene ^ummk Fnrjnrmt em Mebfcurjg (Mshghbn) sm rmvm`ø qum uk vnsg em zufg em jrnknen ebnrbg tbmkm mdmhtgs sbfb`nrms n `n Tbnjrn9 y, qum nemfîs, mk `gs lgfcrms nufmktø m` vm``g dnhbn` y su tgkg em vgz sm vg`vbø `bjmrnfmktm fîs jrnvm, fbmktrns qum mk m` hnsg em `ns fuamrms, `n lgrfgkn nyueø n dgrtn`mhmr  `gs lumsgs y fñshu`gs. _mrg kg sø`g msg, sbkg qum emcbeg n` nufmktg em `n tmstgstmrgkn sm gcsmrvnrgk gtrgs mdmhtgs pgsbtbvgs hgfg fmagrnr m` mstneg em îkbfg y `n fmfgrbn, nemfîs em rmeuhbr `n lgrfgkn em` mstrâs (hgrtbsg`). Mstgs bkvmstbjnegrms9 nsbfbsfg, hgfprgcnrgk qum m` zufg em jrnknen nyuen n hgfcntbr m` hîkhmr, n`bvbnr `gs sæktgfns em `gs trnstgrkgs mstgfnhn`ms, `n gstmgnrtrbtbs y `n hgkauktbvbtbs.

5. _SGE]HHBØK KNHBGKN@

Xm tbmkmk rmjbstrgs mstneæstbhgs em `n prgeuhhbøk em jrnknen n pnrtbr em` nþg >22:, mk m` qum m` FBKNJSB en humktn em `n hgsmhln em ==lns mk Bhn, 3?lns mk @n @bcmrtne y >>lns mk Nrmqubpn.  N` nþg sbjubmktm sm bkhgrpgrnk `gs empnrtnfmktgs em Fgqumjun, Fg qumjun, Unhkn y @nfcnymqum hgk 5, 8 y 3 lns, rmspmhtbvnfmktm. Mk m` nþg 3??? sm bkhgrpgrn @bfn hgk 3lns, pgstmrbgrfmktm, mk m` nþg 3?>? Npuræfnh y, dbkn` dbkn`fmk fmktm, tm, mk m` 3?>> 3?>> sm bkhg bkhgrp rpgr grn n Nk Nkhns hnsl, l, hgk hgk `g hu hun` n` sm hg hgkd kdgr grfn fn m` jr jrup upg g em 2 empnrtnfmktgs prgeuhtgrms em jrnknen lnstn m` eæn em lgy.

5.> Mvg`uhbøk Lbstørbhn em `n _rgeuhhbøk, 3???->< @n prgeuhhbøk em jrnknen pnsø em 23, dgrtn`mhbø m` hrmhbfbmktg em `n(2prgeuhhbøk emhgksg`beø jrnknen mk mk m` m` pnæs,gcstnktm, sm bkbhbø em mk nhumreg m` 3?>> (5hgk =34t), `umjg sm mk m` 3?>5 ?< (Fb`ms em t)

5.3 Ebstrbcuhbøk Smjbgkn` em `n _rgeuhhbgk Xmjñk `gs rmjbstrgs mstneæstbhgs em` FBKNJSB, `n jrnknen sm prgeuhm mk kumvm rmjbgkms em` pnæs9 kg gcstnktm m` 8,4%. Em mstn fnkmrn, `ns = rmjbgkms rmstnktms (Nkhnsl, Npuræfnh, @n @bcmrtne, Fgqumjun y Unhkn) sg`nfmktm sufbkbstrnrgk m` >,=% em `n prgeuhhbøk knhbgkn`. Ms bfpgrtnktm emstnhnr qum em `ns huntrgs rmjbgkms hgk fnygr prgeuhhbøk, @nfcnymqum rmjbstrø uk fnygr ebknfbsfg, n` hrmhmr sgstmkbenfmktm n ukn tnsn prgfmebg nkun` em 8?,4%, pnsnkeg em ukn prgeuhhbøk em >=t mk nþg 3??? n > : `n mfprmsn prgeuhtgrn njrgpmhunrbn Egk @uhlg, gctuvg `n hmrtbdbhnhbøk BXG 2??> pnrn 3?? t.

 

5.8 _rgeuhtbvbene mk Smjbgkms _rgeuhtgrns Emcmfgs emstnhnr Emcmfgs emstnhnr qum `gs rmkebfbmktgs rmkebfbmktgs pgr ln n kbvm` knhbgkn` fmagrnrgk sbjkbdbhntbvnf sbjkbdbhntbvnfmktm mktm mk `gs ñ`tbfgs hbkhg nþgs, pmrbgeg mk m` qum `n prgeuhhbøk em jrnknen sm hgksg`beø, pnsnkeg em >3,< t/ln n >2t/ln y >5t/ln, rmspmhtbvnfmktm. Em nhumreg hgk ]rbcm n` tmrhmr nþg em bkstn`neg m` jrnkneg sm pumem gctmkmr uk rmkebfbmktg em 3?t/ln, mk m` hunrtg nþg ukns 8?t/ln y mk m` qubktg nþg egkem `n prgeuhhbøk sm mstncb`bzn, sm pumem n`hnkznr uk rmkebfbmktg prgfmebg em 5?t/ln, hgsmhlîkegsm mk prgfmebg 3?? drutgs pgr  îrcg` y puebâkegsm gctmkmr n`rmemegr em egs fb` mstnhns pnrn su prgpnjnhbøk. Em mstg, sm pgeræn emeuhbr emeuhbr qum `n fnygr pnrtm em `n supmrdbhbm supmrdbhbm bkstn`nen bkstn`nen mk m` pnæs nñk kg ``mjn n `n mtnpn em fîs n`tn prgeuhhbøk.

 

5.5 Mstnhbgkn`bene em `n _rgeuhhbøk ]kg em `g ]kg `gss ns nspm pmht htgs gs bfpgr bfpgrtn tnktm ktmss pnrn pnrn pgemr pgemr pn pnrt rtbh bhbp bpnr nr mx mxbtbtgs gsnf nfmkt mktm m mk m` fmrhn fmrhneg eg bktmrknhbgkn` ms m` nprgvmhlnfbmktg em `n hgktrn mstnhbgkn`bene em kumstrn prgeuhhbøk, drmktm n` em kumstrgs hgfpmtbegrms. Mk m` hnsg hgkhrmtg em `n jrnknen, hgfg sm sncm, `n hgsmhln mk m` lmfbsdmrbg kgrtm sm rmn`bzn mktrm ghtucrm y ebhbmfcrm9 fbmktrns qum mk m` lmfbsdmrbg sur `ns jrnknens sm hgsmhlnk prbkhbpn`fmktm mktrm fnrzg y aukbg. Mk kumstrg pnæs, jrnhbns n `n ebvmrsbene h`bfîtbhn, sm hgsmhln jrnknen hgfmrhbn` emsem mkmrg lnstn aukbg9 ms emhbr, eurnktm smbs fmsms, hgk ukn fnrhnen hgkhmktrnhbøk mk m` pmrbgeg fnrzgfnyg, tn` hgfg sm gcsmrvn mk m` Jrîdbhg 5. Xg`nfmktm mk `n Bkebn, emcbeg n `n mkgrfm supmrdbhbm em` pnæs y n `n ebvmrsbene em zgkns em hu`tbvg, `n tmfpgrnen em jrnknen sm n`nrjn n kumvm fmsms. @gs pmqumþgs vg`ñfmkms em prgeuhhbøk qum sm gctbmkm mk m` rmstg em` nþg, sgk hg`ghnegs prbkhbpn`fmktm mk `gs fmrhnegs `ghn`ms.

Mk cnsm n `gs prgfmebgs fmksun`ms em prgeuhhbøk em` pmrbgeg 3?>5->??.?

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5.= _rmhbgs mk Hlnhrn @gs prmhbgs mk hlnhrn g n` prgeuhtgr em `n jrnknen, n kbvm` knhbgkn`, eurnktm m` ñ`tbfg qubkqumkbg, tbmfpg mk m` qum `n prgeuhhbøk sm fu`tbp`bhø pgr = vmhms, sm bkhrmfmktnrgk prgjrmsbvnfmktm eurnktm `gs prbfmrgs trms nþgs, lnstn n`hnkznr m` vn`gr prgfmebg fîs n`tg (X/8,53) kg sg`g em` ñ`tbfg qubkqumkbg, sbkg tnfcbâk lbstørbhg9 sbk mfcnrjg mk `gs egs nþgs sucsbj suc sbjubm ubmktms ktms,, mstgs mstgs rmjbst rmjbstrnr rnrgk gk `bjmrn `bjmrnss hgktrn hgktrnhhb hhbgkm gkms, s, pnsnke pnsnkeg g n X/8,>5 X/8,>5 mk m` 3?>: 3?>: y, dbkn`fmktm, n X/3,5-3?>< rmjbstrø ukn vnrbnhbøk nhufu`nen em 43,8%9 y, mk m` hnsg hgkhrmtg em Bhn, prbkhbpn` prgeuhtgr em` pnæs, em =4,4%. Mk Nrmqubpn y @nfcnymqum, qum mk hgkauktg npgrtnk m` >?,4% em `n prgeuhhbøk knhbgkn`, `gs prmhbgs mk hlnhrn sb cbmk kg rmjbstrnrgk rmjbst rnrgk m` fbsfg hgfpgrtnfbmktg hgfpgrtnfbmktg qum `gs em Bhn, m` rmsu`tneg ln sbeg dnvgrnc`m dnvgrnc`m n` târfbkg em em`` 3? 3?>< >5 >5,, mk 42 42,< ,5->< (X/ x ij)

 

Hgk rm`nhbøk n `gs prmhbgs n kbvm` em zgkns prgeuhtgrns, ms bfpgrtnktm prmhbsnr qum, hgk mxhmphbøk em Npuræfnh y Nkhnsl, qum n `n dmhln nñk kg sgk prgeuhtgrms bfpgrtnktms, `gs prmhbgs sm hgktrnamrgk mktrm m` 3?>5 y m` 3?>< nþgs, pnsnkeg em >33,3t mk m` 3??? n 85,5fb` 534 t mk m` 3?>=3,? fb` ]X$ n 4:,< fb``gkms ]X$. Mstns hbdrns kgs fumstrnk qum `n fnsn mxpgrtnen hrmhbø n ukn tnsn nkun` prgfmebg em 84, Mxpgrtnhbgkms em Jrnknen Drmshn Mk m` Jrîdbhg 2, sm pumem gcsmrvnr qum `n fnsn mxpgrtnen em jrnknen mk mstneg drmshg mk sus ebdmrmktms prmsmktnhbgkms hgfmrhbn`ms, pnsø em 52,< t n 83,2 fb` t mktrm m` 3??? y m` nþg 3?>t pgr uk vn`gr em 35,: fb``gkms em ]X$ mk m` 3?>5 n 83,2 fb` t y 4>,> fb``gkms em ]X$ mk m` 3?>5, nþg mk m` qum sm hg`ghnrgk mk m` fmrhneg kgrtmnfmrbhnkg 34,5t pgr uk vn`gr  DGC em 385,3 fb` ]X$. Egs nþgs emspuâs, `ns mxpgrtnhbgkms em nrb`gs hrmhbmrgk n 38?,?t, mk m` 3?>: pnsnrgk n 833,< sm nprgxbfnrgk n `ns =??,?t pgr uk vn`gr DGC em 5,= fb``gkms em ]X$. @n mxpgrtnhbøk em jrnknen prghmsnen mk nrb`gs ms ukn gphbøk pnrn kg empmkemr em `ns hg`ghnhbgkms em jrnknen drmshn9 yn qum pmrfbtm enr uk vn`gr nþnebeg n` prgeuhtg knturn`, mxtmkemr `n tmfpgrnen y gctmkmr fmagrms prmhbgs. Mk mdmhtg mk m` 3?>4 pgr mamfp`g, m` _mrñ mxpgrtø nrb`gs n `gs MM]], pgr nlgrn kumstrg ñkbhg emstbkg hgfmrhbn`, emsem ncrb` lnstn sm smpt ptbm bmfc fcrm rm y mk m` 3?>: 3?>: lnst lnstn n nj njgs gstg tg,, hg hgk k pr prmh mhbg bgss em ]X$2 ]X$2,2 ,2> > y ]X$2 ]X$2,= ,=5 5 m` ij ij,, rmspmhtbvnfmktm. Mk m` 3?>?,? mkvægs hgfmrhbn`ms emsem _mrñ, N__LBX MM]] prglbc prg lbcbø bø su bfpgrt bfpgrtnhb nhbøk øk emsem emsem kumstrg kumstrg pnæs. pnæs. Mstn Mstn fmeben fmeben,, emcbeg emcbeg n` trncna trncnag g em` Xmrvbh Xmrvbhbg bg Knhbgkn` em Xnkbene Njrnrbn (XMKNXN), `gjrø suspmkemrsm 5 fmsms emspuâs9 pmrg, n msn dmhln yn `n hnfpnþn em jrnknen lncæn tmrfbkneg. Em nhumreg hgk `n mktrmvbstn rmn`bznen pgr Fnrbmkm``n Grtbz, mk m` bkdgrfm ‐M` emspmjum em `n jrnknen-Kumvgs fmrhnegs y ukn fnygr bkeustrbn`bznhbøk, puc`bhneg mk njgstg em` 3?>: mk m` pgrtn` pgr tn` Smenjr Smenjræhg` æhg`n.p n.pm, m, m` Jmrmkt Jmrmktm m Jmkmrn Jmkmrn`` em _rgjrn _rgjrnkne knen, n, Xnkerg Xnkerg Dumktm Dumktms, s, smþn`ø smþn`ø qum nhtun`fmktm (njgstg 3?>:), sg`g n`jukns mfprmsns mxpgrtnk `gs nrb`gs em `n jrnknen, qum emcm smr trnkspgrtnegs pgr nvbøk lnhbn m` fmrhneg em emstbkg9 pums, m` fnygr pgrhmktnam sm vn hgfg drutn drmshn, uk pghg mk nrb`gs y hnsb knen em aujg, fmkhbgknkeg n su vmz qum kg mxbstmk prgymhtgs mk m` hgrtg p`nzg rmspmhtg em `n bkeustrbn`bznhbøk em `n jrnknen.

=.8 Mxpgrtnhbgkms em Jrnknen Grjîkbhn Drmshn Em nhumreg nhumreg `gs sm rmjbst rmjmxpgrtnrgk bstrgs rgs mstneæs mstneæstbh tbhgs gs `n Xupmrb Xupgrjîkbhn mrbktm ktmkem kemkhb khbn n Knhbgk Knh em Neunkns Neu nkns (X]KNE), mk hgk m` 3?>4 52,: t ememjrnknen drmshn, mkbgkn` m`n`3?>: `n fnsn mxpgrtnen sucbø n >>4,8t y mk m` 3?>< sm ``mjø n >5: y em ]X$3,45 mk m` 3?>: y 3?>< mk 38,?% y 5>,2%, rmspmhtbvnfmktm9 lmhlg qum rmvm`n `n rmvn`grnhbøk em `n jrnknen grjîkbhn drmktm n` prgeuhtg hgkvmkhbgkn` pgr pnrtm em `gs pnæsms bfpgrtnegrms, mk mspmhbn` em `gs _næsms cnags qum ms kumstrg prbkhbpn` fmrhneg em emstbkg.

4. _NBXMX EM EMXUBKG EM @NX M\_GSUNHBGKMX Mk m` 3??=, `gs pnæsms emstbkg mrnk sg`g huntrg1 _næsms Cnags (45,3%), Smbkg ]kbegs (8>,8%),  N`mfnkbn (3,8%) y Mstnegs ]kbegs (3,>%). Mk m` m ` 3?>5 yn ``mjîcnfgs n 3? pnæsms y mk m` 3?>< n fîs em 8?, mstg hgfg rmsu`tneg em `n npmrturn hgfmrhbn` em kumstrg pnæs n trnvâs em `gs ebstbktgs trntnegs hgfmrhbn`ms em tbpg cb`ntmrn` y hgk `gs c`gqums mhgkøfbhgs. Kg gcstnktm mstn ebvmrsbdbhnhbøk em fmrhnegs, emsem m` 3??= n` 3?>< m` prbkhbpn` pnæs em emstbkg, ms `gs _næsms Cnags huyn pnrtbhbpnhbøk bkh`usg ln vmkbeg hrmhbmkeg, pnsnkeg em n`rmemegr em` 53,?% mk m` 3??= n =?,:% mk m` 3?>5 sm bkhgrpgrnrgk `gs pnæsms em Lgkj Igkj, Bkegkmsbn, @æcnkg, @btunkbn, Fn`nsbn y Xbkjnpur9 mk m` 3?>=, Iuwnbt y ]hrnkbn9 m` 3?>4 _nibstnk, Intnr, Tbmt Knf9 mk m` 3?>: Junen`upm, Gfnk, Hg`gfcbn mk y Hgstn Sbhn9 y mk m` 3?>< , BrniUurquæn y Kumvny Qm`nken. Hgk rm`nhbøk n` vn`gr DGC em `ns mxpgrtnhbgkms smjñk pnæs em emstbkg, mstn sbjum `n fbsfn ebstrbcuhbøk qum `n fnsn gdmrtnen, hgk `n ñkbhn fgebdbhnhbøk em qum mk tmrhmr `ujnr sm ucbhn `gs Mstnegs ]kbegs y mk hunrtg `ujnr Smbkg ]kbeg, m``g hgfg rmsu`tneg qum n` prbfmrg sm emstbknk `gs nrb`gs qum prgeuhbfgs, huyg hgstg ms uk pghg fîs em huntrg vmhms qum `gs em `n jrnknen drmshn.

:. MXUNHBGKN@BENE EM @NX M\_GSUNHBGKMX @n mstnhbgkn`bene em `ns mxpgrtnhbgkms mstî nsghbnen n sghbnen hgk `n mstnhbgkn`bene em `n prgeuhhbøk9 m mss emhbr, qum `ns mxpgrtnhbgkms sm bkbhbnk mk mkmrg, hrmhmk mk dmcrmrg y sm bktmksbdbhnk mk `gs fmsms em ncrb` y fnyg, fmsms pbhg em kumstrns mxpgrtnhbgkms. @umjg, hnmk erîstbhnfmktm mk

 

m` fms fms em au aukb kbg g y sm hg hgkh kh`u `uym ym hg hgk k `n hn hnfp fpnþ nþn n mx mxpg pgrt rtne negr grn n mk au aukb kbg, g, qu qume menk nkeg eg m` ncnstmhbfbm ncnstm hbfbmktg ktg em` fmrhneg fmrhneg bktmrknhbgkn` bktmrknhbgkn` mk fnkgs em `gs pnæsms prgeuhtgrms prgeuhtgrms em` lmfbsdmrbg lmfbsdmrbg kgrtm, hgfg Bkebn, Unb`nkebn, MM]] y Mspnþn, mktrm gtrgs. Ms bfpgrtnktm fmkhbgknr pgr gtrn pnrtm qum mktrm fnrzg y fnyg mxbstm rmfnkmktms em `n pr prge geuh uhhb hbøk øk kn knhb hbgk gkn` n` em jrnk jrnkne nen n qu qum m kg sm mxpg mxpgrt rtnk nk (T (Tmr mr jr jrîdb îdbhg hg >3 >3)) y, pgr tn tnkt ktg, g, sg sgk k hgfmrhbn`bznegs mk m` fmrhneg bktmrkg, dukenfmktn`fmktm mk @bfn Fmtrgpg`btn y mk `n hnpbtn`ms em `ns rmjbgkms prgeuhtgrns, hgfg Bhn, Hlbh`nyg y Uruab``g. Mk `n fmeben qum sm prgfumvnk hnfpnþns em ebdusbøk rmspmhtg em `ns cgkenems kutrbtbvns y sn`uenc`ms em mstn drutn, ms prgcnc`m qum su hgksufg hrmzhn9 nsæ hgfg mstî ghurrbmkeg hgk `gs nrîkenkgs y mk fmkgr  fmeben hgk m` njunyfnktg y gtrns drutns hgk prgpbmenems nktbgxbenktms.

2 nþgs fumstrn egs mtnpns cbmk fnrhnens9 `n prbfmrn, qum vn em` 3??? lnstn m` 3?>5, pmrbgeg mk m` hun` `gs prmhbgs

 

mshn`nk em ]X$>,8: pgr ij, lnstn n`hnkznr su fîxbfg vn`gr em ]X$3,=:9 y `n smjuken qum vn em` 3?>5 n` 3?>4, `umjg n ]X$3,??, pgstmrbgrfmktm n ]X$>,2> y tmrfbknk mk ]X$>,5 lnk vmkbeg ebvmrsbdbhnkeg `gs emstbkgs, hgfg yn `g lbhbârnfgs kgtnr mk m` puktg 4. @gs mxpmrtgs mk hgfmrhbg bktmrknhbgkn` em mstn drutn, smþn`nk qum `n tmkemkhbn n `n cnan em `gs prmhbgs, sm emcm prbkhbpn`fmktm n qum `n gdmrtn vbmkm hrmhbmkeg n uk rbtfg fîs rîpbeg qum `n emfnken mk `gs pnæsms trnebhbgkn`fmktm hgksufbegrms9 nsæ hgfg tnfcbâk pgr m` hrmhbfbmktg em `n gdmrtn em prgeuhtgs em hn`bcrm pmqumþg, huyg prmhbg ms fîs cnag qum `gs em hn`bcrm jrnkem.

Ms bfpgrtnktm fmkhbgknr qum Crukg Hb``gkbx, mxpmrtg mk tmfns em njrg mxpgrtnhbøk, mk su nrtæhu`g ‐@n mvg`uhbøk em `n jrnknen pmrunkn mk `gs fmrhnegs bktmrknhbgkn`ms1 em >32 UF n 32 ?> (5 =34t), sm eup`bhø mk m` 3?>5 (2 ?3,< t/ln n >2t/ln y >5t/ln, rmspmhtbvnfmktm. • Emcbeg n `n ebvmrsbene h`bfîtbhn h`bfîtbhn mk kumstrg pnæs, `n tmfpgrnen tmfpgrnen em prgeuhhbøk prgeuhhbøk em jrnknen vn emsem mkmrg lnstn aukbg9 hgk ukn fnrhnen hgkhmktrnhbøk mk m` pmrbgeg fnrzg-fnyg, pgr `g qum kg sm supmrpgkm hgk `n prgeuhhbøk em` lmfbsdmrbg kgrtm qum eurn em ghtucrm n ebhbmfcrm. • @gs prmhbgs mk hlnhrn n kbvm` knhbgk knhbgkn` n` fmagrnrgk eurnktm m` pmrbgeg 3?>5-3?>5-3?>,:4 n X/3,: pnsnrgk n 833,< sm nprgxbfnrgk n `ns =??,?t pgr uk vn`gr DGC em 5,= fb``gkms em ]X$. • @gs @gs fmrh fmrhne negs gs em emst emstbbkg pnr pnrn kums kumstr trns ns mxpg mxpgrt rtnh nhbbgkms gkms em jr jrnk nkne nen n hr hrmh mhbm bmrg rgk k sbjkbdbhntb sbjkb dbhntbvnfmkt vnfmktm m hgk m` tbmfpg, prbkhbpn`fmktm prbkhbpn`fmktm n pnrtbr pnrtbr em` 3?>5. Nsæ fbmktrns fbmktrns mk m` 3??= `gs pnæsms emstbkg emstbkg mrnk npmkns huntrg1 _næsms Cnags, Smbkg ]kbegs, ]kbegs, N`mfnkbn y Mstnegs Mstnegs ]kbegs. ]kbegs. Mk m` 3?>5 sm ``mjg n 3? em pnæsms y mk m` 3?>< n fîs em 8?. Kg gcstnktm, m` prbkhbpn` pnæs em emstbkg ln sbeg y ms `gs _næsms Cnags, huyn pnrtbhbpnhbøk bkh`usg ln hrmhbeg mk mstgs ñ`tbfgs nþgs, pnsnkeg em n`rmemegr em` 53,?% mk m` 3??= n =?,5 sm bkhgrpgrnrgk bkhgrpgrnrgk `gs pnæsms em Lgkj Igkj, Bkegkmsbn, @æcnkg, @btunkbn, Fn`nsbn y Xbkjnpur9 mk m` 3?>=, Iuwnbt y ]hrnkbn9 mk m` 3?>4 _nibstnk, Intnr, Uurquæn y Tbmt Knf9 mk m` 3?>: Junen`upm, Gfnk, Hg`gfcbn y Hgstn Sbhn9 y mk m` 3?>< , Brni y Kumvn Qm`nken. • @gs prmhbgs DGC em `ns mxpgrtnhbgkms em jrnknen mk `gs ñ`tbfgs >2 nþgs fumstrn egs mtnpns cbmk fnrhnens9 `n prbfmrn, qum vn em` 3??? lnstn m` 3?>5, pmrbgeg mk m` hun` `gs prmhbgs mshn`nk em ]X$>,8: pgr ij, lnstn n`hnkznr su fîxbfg vn`gr em ]X$3,=:9 y, `n smjuken, qum vn em` 3?>5 n` 3?>,