Cosmic Circuits@IISc, Feb 06, 2007 by Raja Reddy P 1. Vout(t) R
V Vi(t)
0
R
C
t
Calculate Vout(s)/Vin(s). plot Vo(t). calculate time constant and pole frequency. Ans: V
−t τ
Vout = V(1 − e )
0
t
Vout 1 (s) = Vin 2(1 + sRC) Time constant = (R/2)C 2 Pole frequency : ωp = RC 2. R
V 0
Vi(t)
L R
t
In the above circuit plot iL(t), VL(t)
Ans: V 2R −t
iL =
0
V (1 − e τ ) 2R
τ=
L 2R
t V 2R
−t
VL = V − i L .2R = V − 2R
0
t
3.
Rs
Rp
−t
V (1 − e τ ) = Ve τ 2R
Cp
Cs
Both circuits are equivalent. Express Rp and Cp in terms of Rs and Cs. Find ‘ω’ range for which these both are equivalent. Assume high quality factor. Ans: 1 Rp cC p 1 Rs + = where s = jω 1 sC s Rp + sC p
On solving this equation we will get R p = (Q 2 + 1)R s Cp =
Cs (1 +
1 ) Q2
where
Q=
1 ωRC
4. A system has an SNR of 60 dB. If an uncorrelated noise of 1 mV is added in a 1V of signal to it, then what is the SNR? Ans: 57 dB 5. Vo(t)
1K
8K
0.6 sin(ωt)
0.4sin(ωt) 4K
2K
4K 2K
2K
1pF
Find Vo(t) in the above circuit Ans: If you observe the circuit carefully, you can notice that four resistors in blue in the figure below forms a wheatstone bridge, and you can eliminate the branch with capacitance. Vo(t)
8. Design a divide‐by‐3 counter using D‐flip‐flops. The duty cycle of the divided clock should be 2/3. S0 [1]
S2 [0]
Present state Q1Q0 00 01 10 11
S1 [1]
Next Sate D1D0 01 10 00 xx
o/p 1 1 0 x
From the table
D1 = Q 0 D0 = Q 0 + Q 1 o/p = Q 1
D0
Clk
Q0
D1
Q1
O/P
9. What is the function of the following circuit?
A
Ā
Ē
E Y
A
Ā
E
Ē
Ans: XOR 10. Plot Vout with respect to the given input waveforms. Vout
+ _ 5V Vin1
1 pF
3V Vin2 Vin1
0 3V 0
Vin2
t1
+_ 5V
Ans: Vout
2V 1V t1
t
t
11. Plot the output Vout. R
R
R
10 R Vout
Vin = 0.1sin(wt) R
Ans: The given circuit is a full‐eave rectifier. Observe the gain, it is equal to 0.1.
+0. 1
0.01 t
‐ 0. 1
12. Calculate the frequency of oscillation. What is the minimum required Gm for oscillation? Gm
Gm R
C
Gm R
C
Gm R
C
R
C
Ans: In the given oscillator there are four gain stages. One of them operates in inverting mode and the remaining in non‐inverting mode. So the phase shift provided is 180o and the remaining 180o phase shift should be provided by four the RC‐stages, to make the feedback positive. The transfer function of each stage is GmR H1 (jω) = 1 + jωRC
So the phase shift provided by each RC‐stage is tan‐1 (ωRC) and should be equal to 45 o.
tan‐1 (ω o RC) = 45o ⇒ ω o RC = 1 ⇒ fo =
1 2πRC
At fo the attenuation provided by each RC‐stage is 1
2 . So for loop gain to be
greater than or equal to one, each gain stage should at least provide a gain of 2 . 2 G mR ≥ 2 ⇒ G m ≥ R 13. Calculate the output impedance. RL = 1MΩ
ROUT
R1 = 500KΩ
Gm = 2 µA/V Rds = 1MΩ R2 = 500KΩ
Ans:
Apply a small voltage at the drain node and observe the current flowing. Total current flowing into the drain (output) node is ΔV ΔV ΔV/2 + + + ( ΔV/2)G m ΔI = R1 R L R ds RL = 1MΩ
⇒ R OUT =
ΔV 1 = 1 1 1 ΔI + + + (1/2)Gm R L R ds 2R 1
ΔV
⇒ R OUT = R L || R ds || 2R 1 ||
Gm 2
⇒ R OUT = 1MΩ || 1MΩ || 1MΩ || 1MΩ ||= 250KΩ
R1 = 500KΩ ΔV/2 R2 = 500KΩ
Rds
14. Both transistors are biased in saturation. Calculate “VA/Vin”. Neglect the body effect. RD
Vin A
Ans: RD
Vin
M1
M2 A
Vin
M1 A
1/gm2
Impedance seen looking into this node is (1/gm2) + RD/(gm2ro2) ≈ 1/gm2
Now the simplified circuit is a source follower with a load resistance of 1/gm2. So gain VA g m1 1 = = assuming g m1 = g m2 Vin g m1 + g m2 2
15. Calculate the output if (i) gain Av = infinity (ii) gain Av = 10 Vin
AV
Vout 1KΩ
1KΩ
1mA
Ans: Vout = A v (Vin+ − Vin+ ) − in
− in
V − Vout V −1 V + + 1mA = 0 ⇒ Vin− = out 1KΩ 1KΩ 2 Solving the above two equations, we will get A (2Vin+ + 1) Vout = v 2 + Av
Av = ∞ ⇒ Vout = 2Vin+ + 1 5 Av = 10 ⇒ Vout = (2Vin+ + 1) 6
Interview Questions 1. In interview mainly your knowledge about RC‐circuits will be tested. 2. For me they have asked about my approach to solve the problems given in the exam 3. About my final project 4. Some questions about oscillators (mainly Wein‐Bridge Oscillator): a. how it works, and b. what happens if you interchange the series‐RC and parallel‐RC branches in Wein‐Bridge Oscillator Ans: If you interchange series‐RC and parallel‐RC branches, there will be more positive feedback at DC and hence the output saturates to “+Vosat”. ***The interview will be very cool, they will help you in answering the questions!!!. And the most important thing is there is no separate HR interview.
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