Corte Y Relleno: Universidad Nacional De Cajamarca

June 13, 2019 | Author: Edwin Joel Quispe | Category: Mining, Cement, Water, Materials, Nature
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA INGENIERÍA

Escuela Académico Profesional de Ingeniería Geológica CURSO:

MÉTODOS DE EXPLOTACIÓN MINERA TEMA:

CORTE Y RELLENO

DOCENTE: Ing. ARMANDO BOHORQUEZ HUARA GRUPO N°06: 

Balcázar Rojas, Alí



Cedán Muñoz, Idonil.



Fernández Valenzuela, Gloria



Herrera Correa, William A.



Izquierdo Tanta, Tony.



León Sánchez, Américo P.



INTRODUCCIÓN Ripa Yáñez, Ana C.

CICLO: Noveno

Cajamarca, Julio del 2013

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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA

Facultad de Ingeniería Escuela Académico Profesional de Ingeniería Geológica

INTRODUCCIÓN Si bien es sabido la explotación de yacimientos minerales por métodos subterráneos, es más complejo que los e superficie, por ello es preciso dedicar especial atención a cada uno de los métodos existentes, para una acertada planeación de la explotación de un cuerpo mineral. La selección del método de minado que se pretende emplear en un  ya ci mi en t o o u n cuerpo mineralizado debe ser estudiado con detenimiento, tomando en consideración que es el método el que se debe de adaptar al yac imient imi ent o y n o d e m anera ane ra contar con tar ía, el pres presen ente te traba trabajo jo mues muestr tra a a detalle el método de minado de corte y relleno, con sus tres variantes más importantes, corte y relleno con tepetate, corte y relleno hidráulico (jal), corte  y el de reci ecient ente ap apllica icación ción corte y rel relleno eno con con pasta astass. El objetivo del presente trabajo es presentar con la

mayor simplicidad simplicidad e

método; método; las

vent ve ntaj aj as

y

desventajas que presenta su empleo, para dar una visión más am plia pl ia de l método y se deja a considerac consideración ión del lector lector la comparación comparación otro método de explotación subterránea. Podemos asegurar la efectividad de este método de explotación debido a que gran número de minas actualmente lo emplean, es importante mencionar que el método ofrece poderosas ventajas, por encima del resto de los métodos de explotación, sin embargo no siempre es posible su aplicación. En la actualidad con la llegada de la mecanización al sector minero, el método ha desarrollado variantes que permiten maximizar su potencial.

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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA

Facultad de Ingeniería Escuela Académico Profesional de Ingeniería Geológica

ÍNDICE INTRODUCCIÓN ............................................................................................................2 ÍNDICE ................................................... ...................................................... .......................................................................3 .................3 OBJETIVOS ...................................................................................................................6 GENERAL .............................................................................................................................6 ESPECÍFICOS .......................................................................................................................6 CAPÍTULO I: ASPECTOS GENERALES ...............................................................................7 CAPÍTULO II: CARACTERÍSTICAS GENERALES DEL MÉTODO .............................................9 A. Posibilidades Posibili dades de aplicación: ................................... .................. ................................... ................................... .................................. .................9 9 B. Seguridad: Seguridad : ................................. ................ .................................. ................................... ................................... ................................... .............................9 ...........9 C. Recuperación: Recupera ción:.................................. ................. .................................. ................................... ................................... ................................... .......................9 .....9 D. Dilución de la ley: .................................. ................. .................................. .................................. ................................... ................................... .................9 9 E. Rendimientos: Rendimie ntos: ................................. ................ .................................. ................................... ................................... ................................... .......................9 .....9 CAPÍTULO III: VENTAJAS Y DESVENTAJAS D ESVENTAJAS DEL MÉTODO ................................ ............... 11 3.1 VENTAJAS. .................................................................................................................. 11 3.2. DESVENTAJAS ........................................................................................................... 11 CAPÍTULO IV: DISEÑO, EXPLOTACIÓN Y COSTO UNITARIO DEL MÉTODO DE EXPLOTACIÓN POR CORTE Y RELLENO ................................................. ........................ 13 4.1. DISEÑO: .................................................................................................................... 13 A. Diseño de Labores de Desarrollo y Preparación: Preparación: .................. ........................... .................. .................. ............ ... 16 a. Diseño de Galerías………………………………………………………………………………………. Galerías……………………………………………………………………………………….16 16 b. Diseño de Labores de Preparación.…………………………………………………………….. Preparación.……………………………………………………………..18 18 4.2. EXPLOTACIÓN ........................................................................................................... 19 A. PERFORACION: PERFORA CION: .................................. ................. .................................. .................................. ................................... ................................ .............. 19 B. VOLADURA VOLAD URA .................................. ................. .................................. ................................... ................................... ................................... ...................... 21 C. ACARREO ACARRE O Y TRANSPORTE: TRANSPORT E: .................................. ................. ................................... ................................... ............................... .............. 22 CAPÍTULO V: RELLENO ................................................................ .......... ...................................................................................... ................................ 26 5.1. ASPECTOS PRELIMINARES ........................................................................................ 26 5.2. RELLENO CONVENCIONAL. ....................................................................................... 26 A. RELLENO DETRÍTICO .................................. ................. ................................... ................................... ................................... ....................... ..... 27 B. AUTO RELLENO .................................. ................. .................................. .................................. ................................... ................................ .............. 28 5.3. RELLENO HIDRÁULICO .............................................................................................. 29 A. RELLENO CON PULPA ................................. ................ ................................... ................................... ................................... .......................... ........ 30 a. PULPA HOMOGÉNEA……………………………………………………………………………………. HOMOGÉNEA…………………………………………………………………………………….30 30 b. PULPA HETEROGÉNEA ………………………………………………………………………….30 …………………………………………………………………………. 30 B. CARACTERISTICAS DEL MATERIAL A RELLENAR .................. ........................... ................... ................... ............. .... 30

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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA

Facultad de Ingeniería Escuela Académico Profesional de Ingeniería Geológica

E. VENTAJAS VENTAJA S DEL RELLENO HIDRÁULICO................ HIDRÁUL ICO................................. ................................... ................................ .............. 33 F. DESVENTAJAS DEL RELLENO HIDRÁULICO ................. .......................... ................... ................... .................. ............. .... 33 G. APLICACIÓN DE RELLENO HIDRÁULICO EN LA MINA JIMENA DE COMPAÑÍA MINERA PODEROSA S.A. .............................................................................................. 34 H. ESTUDIOS PARA LA UBICACIÓN DE LA PLANTA DE RELLENO HIDRÁULICO. ....... 35 5.4. RELLENO HIDRONEUMÁTICO. .................................................................................. 36 A. VENTAJAS VENTAJA S ................................. ................ .................................. ................................... ................................... ................................... ....................... ..... 37 B. DESVENTAJAS DESVENTA JAS ................................. ................ .................................. ................................... ................................... .................................. ................. 37 C. COMPONENTES COMPONENTE S ................................. ................ .................................. .................................. ................................... ................................ .............. 37 D. PROBLEMAS PROBLEM AS DE RELLENO NEUMÁTICO ................................. ................ ................................... ............................. ........... 38 5.5. CONTROL DE LA CALIDAD DEL RELLENO .................................................................. 38 CAPÍTULO VI: VARIANTES DEL MÉTODO ................... ................................................... 39 6.1. CORTE Y RELLENO ASCENDENTE (Cut and Fill) ......................................................... 39 6.2. CORTE Y RELLENO DESCENDENTE ............................................................................ 44 A. Hundimiento Hundimien to de bloques. ................................... .................. ................................... ................................... ............................... .............. 44 B. Descripción Descri pción Del Método .................................. ................. ................................... ................................... .................................. ................. 44 C. Condiciones Condicio nes De Aplicabilidad Aplicabil idad ................................... ................. ................................... ................................... .......................... ........ 46 D. Preparación Prepar ación ................................. ................ .................................. ................................... ................................... ................................... ...................... 46 a. Galerías o Cruceros……………………………………………………………………………………. Cruceros……………………………………………………………………………………. .46  .46 b. Chut y Camino……………………………………………………………………………………………. Camino…………………………………………………………………………………………….  .47 c. Sub Nivel de extracción……………………………………………………………………………… extracción……………………………………………………………………………… .47  .47 d. La Rotura del Primer Piso…………………………………………………………………………… Piso…………………………………………………………………………… .48  .48 e. La Preparación del Sill………………………………………………………………………………… Sill………………………………………………………………………………… .48  .48 E. Explotación. Explot ación. ................................. ................ .................................. ................................... ................................... ................................... ...................... 50 F. Sub-nivel de explotación. explota ción. ................................... .................. ................................... ................................... ............................... .............. 50 G. Variantes Variant es del método ................................... .................. ................................... ................................... ................................... ...................... 50 a. Corte y Relleno descendente superpuesto………………………………………………… superpuesto………………………………………………….. 50 b. Corte y Relleno descendente alterno………………………………………………………… alterno………………………………………………………….. 51 c. Corte y relleno cruzado o michi………………………………………………………………… michi………………………………………………………………….. 51 H. Ventajas. Ventaja s. ................................... .................. .................................. ................................... ................................... ................................... ....................... ..... 52 I. Desventajas. Desvent ajas. ................................... .................. .................................. ................................... ................................... .................................. ................. 53 CAPÍTULO VII: CASOS APLICATIVOS EN EL PERÚ ..................................................... ........................................................... ...... 54 7.1. MINA UCHUCCHACUA .............................................................................................. 54 A. PROPIEDADES PROPIED ADES DE LA MINA. .................................. ................ .................................... ................................... ............................ ........... 54 B. MAQUINARIA UTILIZADA PARA EL DESARROLLO:................... ............................ .................. .................. ........... 55 a. Perforación y voladura……………………………………………………………………………… voladura……………………………………………………………………………….. 55 b. Acarreo y transporte de mineral .. 56

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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA

Facultad de Ingeniería Escuela Académico Profesional de Ingeniería Geológica

7.2. MINA ISHIHUINCA .................................................................................................... 57 A. PROPIEDADES PROPIED ADES DE LA MINA. .................................. ................ .................................... ................................... ............................ ........... 58 B. MAQUINARIA UTILIZADA PARA EL DESARROLLO .................. ........................... .................. .................. ............ ... 59 a. Perforación y voladura……………………………………………………………………………… voladura……………………………………………………………………………… 59 b. Acarreo y transporte de mineral……………………………………………………………… mineral……………………………………………………………….. .. 59 c. Sostenimiento…………………………………………………………………………………………… Sostenimiento…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 60 d. Método De Tratamiento…………………………………………………………………………… Tratamiento…………………………………………………………………………….. 60 7.3. MINA ANDAYCHAGUA .............................................................................................. 60 A. PROPIEDADES PROPIED ADES DE LA MINA. .................................. ................ .................................... ................................... ............................ ........... 60 B. MAQUINARIA UTILIZADA PARA EL DESARROLLO:................... ............................ .................. .................. ........... 61 a. Perforación Perfor ación y voladura ................................. ................ ................................... ................................... ................................... ...................... 61 b. Acarreo y transporte de mineral………………………………………………………………… mineral…………………………………………………………………62 62 c. Sostenimiento…………………………………………………………………………………………… Sostenimiento…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 63 C. RELLENO USADO USADO EN EN EL MÉTODO MÉTODO DE EXPLOTACIÓN EXPLOTACIÓN .................. ........................... .................. ............... ...... 63 a. Relleno Cementado…………………………………………………………………………………… Cementado…………………………………………………………………………………….. 63 b. Relleno Hidráulico Cementado…………………………………………………………………… Cementado……………………………………………………………………64 64 CONCLUSIONES ....................................................... ................................................... 67 BIBLIOGRAFÍA Y LINKOGRAFÍA .................................................................................... 68

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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA

Facultad de Ingeniería Escuela Académico Profesional de Ingeniería Geológica

OBJETIVOS GENERAL 

Investigar sobre el método de explotación subterránea de corte y relleno.

ESPECÍFICOS 

Determinar los factores que intervienen en el método de explotación.



Detallar las ventajas y desventajas del método de explotación de corte  y relleno.



Determinar el diseño de construcción para la aplicación del método de corte y relleno.



Describir las características de los diferentes tipos de relleno.



Especificar la maquinaria utilizada para la etapa de explotación utilizando el método de corte y relleno.



Describir las principales minas en el Perú que utilizan el método de corte y relleno.

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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA

Facultad de Ingeniería Escuela Académico Profesional de Ingeniería Geológica

CAPÍTULO I: ASPECTOS GENERALES En el método de explotación por Corte y Relleno Ascendente conocido también como “Over Cut and Fill”, el mineral es cortado en tajadas

horizontales, comenzando de la parte baja y avanzando hacia arriba. El mineral roto es cargado y extraído completamente del tajo, cuando toda la tajada ha sido disparada, el volumen extraído es rellenado con un material estéril para el soporte de las cajas, proporcionando una plataforma mientras la próxima rebanada sea minada. minada. El material de relleno puede ser de material estéril proveniente de las labores de desarrollo de la mina y es distribuido mecánicamente sobre el área tajeada; así mismo en el minado moderno de corte y relleno es práctica común el uso del relleno hidráulico, este material procede de los relaves de la planta concentradora, mezclado con agua y transportado a la mina a través de tuberías; cuando el agua del relleno es drenado entonces queda un relleno competente con una superficie uniforme, en algunos casos el material es mezclado con cemento que proporciona una superficie más dura y mejora las características del soporte. Actualmente el método es utilizado generalmente en vetas angostas de buena

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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA

Facultad de Ingeniería Escuela Académico Profesional de Ingeniería Geológica

La explotación de corte y relleno puede utilizarse en yacimientos que presenten las siguientes características: 

Fuerte buzamiento, superior a los 50º de inclinación.



Características físico-mecánicas del mineral y roca de caja incompetente.



Potencia moderada.



Límites regulares del yacimiento.

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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA

Facultad de Ingeniería Escuela Académico Profesional de Ingeniería Geológica

CAPÍTULO II: CARACTERÍSTICAS GENERALES DEL MÉTODO A. Posibilidades de aplicación: Este método tiene posibilidades de aplicación bastante amplias, se aconseja especialmente en aquellos yacimientos donde las cajas no son seguras

y

las

características

mecánicas

de

la

roca

no

son

satisfactorias. Como se trabaja con una altura máxima equivalente a la altura de dos tajadas (2.5  –   3 mts.) es posible controlar mediante apernado o acuñadura cualquier indicio de derrumbe.

B. Seguridad: Este método ofrece bastante seguridad en todo a lo que refiere al obrero contra desprendimiento de roca ya sea del techo o las paredes. pa redes.

C. Recuperación: En general es bastante buena, siempre que se tome la precaución de evitar pérdidas de mineral en el relleno. Cabe agregar, que éste método permite seguir cualquier irregularidad de la mineralización.

D. Dilución de la ley: Puede existir una pequeña dilución de la ley en el momento de cargar los últimos restos de mineral arrancado que quede en contacto con el relleno. Esto se puede evitar estableciendo una separación artificial

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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA

Facultad de Ingeniería Escuela Académico Profesional de Ingeniería Geológica

1.

Geometría

del

Aceptable

Óptimo

Forma

Cualquiera

Tabular

Potencia

Cualquiera

>3m

Buzamiento

>30°

>60°1

 Tamaño

Cualquiera

Cualquiera

Regularidad

Cualquiera

Irregular

2. Aspectos Geotécnico

Aceptable

Óptimo

Resistencia (Techo)

>30 MPa

>50 MPa

Resistencia (Mena)

s/profundidad

>50 MPa

Fracturación (Techo)

Alta-media

Media-Baja

Fracturación (Mena)

Media-Baja

Baja

Cualquiera

View more...

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