Copy Right - Meaning

 

Copyright  – Meaning and Subject matter Dhan Dh anya ya K A

 

Historical development of the Law of Copyright •

Writings on Leaves and Parchments

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Practice of Dictation by Romans to produce the copies

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Wooden print blocks in China 15th Century – Key developments • •

Use of Paper Invention of Printing Press

 

Contd. •

Emergence of Censorship

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Licensing of Printers to print certain books bo oks for a fixed number of years

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Grant of Privileges in the city of Venice – publish a particular book for a period not exceeding 14 years. In England – Queen Elizabeth – Grant of privileges in the form of monopolies The Stationers’ Copyright through the Charter by Edward VI in 16 th Century •

Control of the printing of books by London Printers

 

Contd. •

Stationers’ Company – enjoyed the censorship •

Prevention of new printers

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Control over the flow of information

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Stationers’ Copyright – 1st Copyright in England

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Licensing Act 1662 – Registration Registration of Book’s Book’s Title became mandatory mandatory

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Stationers’ s’ right came to to an end 1694 – Monopoly of Stationer 1710 – Statute of Anne

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Copyright Act, 1911

 

Copyright law In India •

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Copyright Act, 1847 – affirmed the applicability of English Copyright law to India

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Copyright Act, 1911 Copyright Act 1914

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Copyright Act, 1957

 

Meaning of Copyright •

Unique kind of IP

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Right Acquired in a work which is the outcome of intellectual labour labour..

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To protect the fruits of man’s work Oxford English Dictionary •

An exclusive right given by law for a certain term of years to an author, composer etc to prin print, t, publish and sell copie copiess of his original work

 

Meaning and Definition of Copyright •

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Black’s Dictionary  – The right in literary property as recognised and sanc sa nctio tioned ned by posi positi tive ve law law. Sec 14 of Copyright Act, 1957  – Copyright means the exclusive right to do

or aLit uterary hary, ori,sdr e amatic thetic door ing ofical calerwo tark in acts in respec pect of a work. Liter drama mus music work •

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Artistic Artist ic wo work rk cinemato cinem atogra graphic phic film Sound rec recordin ording g

To do the acts of  Repr Re prod oduc ucti tion on of th the e wo work rk Is Issu suin ing g cop opie iess of th the e wo work rk To pe perf rfor orm m th the e wo work rk in pu publ blic ic/c /com ommu muni nica catte it to th the e pu publ blic ic •

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Copy Co pyri righ ghtt - Mean Meanin ing g •

Sec 13 of the Copyright Act, 1957

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Copyright subsists in • •

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Original literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works Cinematograph film Sound recording

 

What can be protected? •

Literary or dramatic work

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A musical work

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An artistic work A cinematograph film

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A sound recording

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A photograph A computer generated work

 

Objectives of Copyright-Why copyright? I) Protection of the right of original expression II) to encourage the free use of copyright materials III) To promote the progress of science and useful arts

 

Object of Copyright Eastern Book Company v. D B Modak (2008) 1 SCC 1 •

Supreme Court held that copyright is a right to stop others from exploiting the work without the consent or assent of the owner of the copyright.

 

Nature of Copyright •

Incorporeal in nature

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Negative Right

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Transferrable by way of licensing and assignment No protection for ideas

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Only expressions are protected

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Bundle of excusive rights Exclusive right – limited in time

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Neighbouring Rights

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Rights in Copyright •

Related/Neighbouring Rights •

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rights of performing artists in their performances rights of producers of phonograms rights of broadcasting organizations in their radio and television programs

Protection of those who assist intellectual creators •

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to communicate their message to disseminate their works to public at large

 

Rationale of Copyright •

Natural Right

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Moral Right

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Economic Incentive Competition and benefits of the consumers

 

Subject matter of copyright •

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No copyright for ideas Author must have bestowed “ sufficient judgement, skill and labour or capital” on the work Copyright to the final object or the work which is created as a result of the effort made to give a “physical” shape to an idea.

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Ideas translated into material form

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Sec 13 – List of works for which copyright subsists • • •

Original literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works Cinematographic films Sound recording

 

Subject Matter of Copyright •

Sec 13(a) – protection of original works

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Sec 13(b) and (c) – Protection of derivative works

 

I. Original Literary work •

Works –Not necessary that the expression expression of the original or or inventive thought

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Expression of thought

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Expression of though in print or writing

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Expression originated originated from the author – not copied from another work

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Original work?

Literary Work Literary Work An Anythi ything ng in writin writing g Includes computer prog progrramme ammes, s, tabl tables es and compilations including inclu ding database database •

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Originality •

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Sec. 13 – Copyright subsists in original literary, literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works Originality of expression not of Idea •

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Must originate from author – not copied Application of skill and labour Irrespective of quality or style

 

Originality •

 Walter v. Lane •

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Doctrine of Sweat of the Brow Originality – diligence, efforts, capital

 University of London Press Ltd v. University Tutorial Press Ltd •

Work must not be copied from another, it must originate from the author

 

Originality •

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 Feist Publications Inc. v. Rural Telephone Service Co. Inc.

Rejected the Doctrine of Sweat of the Brow •

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Anyone expe Anyone expending nding labo labour ur and capit capital al – collections of facts and ideas Mere arrangement of commonplace matter – No Copyright Minimal degree of creativity needed

 Doctrine of Modicum of Creativity •

minimal creativity – sufficient amount of intellectual creativity and judgment

 

Originality •

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  Eastern Book Company v. v. D.B.Modak

Raw judg Raw judgme men nts are are co copy py-e -edi ditted - addi additi tion on of cros crosss-re refferen erence ces, s, stan standa darrdi dizzatio ation n or forma ormatt ttin ing g of  the te text, xt, paragr paragraph aph number numbering ing,, verif verifica icatio tion n and other other inputs inputs

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H lo long eng adnote no note tesco comp cmpri omrisi psing ring singofoaf br brie (iief ) fsh di disc oscus rtussi nsion oon te cof onthe th siestfa fact incts g soand an f cdatrele re chleva /lvant eant dw ex extr otrac rd acts stswritten in bold; and (ii) Court Cou rt adopt adopted ed minim minimal al degre degree e of creat creativ ivity ity appro approach ach   “novelty or invention or innovative idea is not the requirement for protection of copyright but it does require minimal degree of  creativity”  creativity”   The court held that mere copy-editing (clerical correctio corrections, ns, syntax etc) wouldn’t qualify as they did not involve  “creativity”,  but skill expended in writing head-notes, footnotes and editorial notes would qualify. The Supreme Court therefore   “restrained  the respondents from copying head notes, footnotes and editorial notes appearing in their law journals.” Doct Do ctri rine ne of Swea Sweatt of Brow Brow v. Modi Modicu cum m of Crea Creati tivi vity ty No co copy pyri righ ghtt to idea ideass or fac acts ts – crea creates tes monopoly monopoly

 

Scope of original literary works •

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School textbooks, question paper set for the examination, law reports, research theses and dissertations, mathematical tables etc Events Indian Express Newspaper Newspaper (Bombay) Pvt. Ltd. v v.. Jagmohan •

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Ideas, information, natural phenomenon and events  – No copyright Concept Note •

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Anil Gupta Gupta v v.. Kunal Dasgupta – Sway Swayamvar amvar reality television program program concep conceptt  – Sub Subh h Viv Vivah ah launch launched ed – Idea developed into concept with adequate details protected Words/Slog Wo rds/Slogans ans - No cop copyright yright

 

Original Literary Works •

Fictional Characters Characters – when the characters are well delineated.

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Chulbu Chu lbull Pande Pandey y •

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Arbaaz Khan Production Private Limited v. v. Northstar Entertainment P. P. Ltd. 2016 (67) PTC 525 (Bom) Unique and Distinctive character about whom the movie revolved – underlying literary work-

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Titles – not protected Abridgement – protected

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Computer Programmes, Databases – protected

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Original dramatic work •

Dramatic Drama tic Work – S.2(h) Includes any piece for

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e erhtaicin enftixeind diu brsithinogw,othe th en icisaerrabnugtem foerm on f tw hmisent nmw r eotshceni erw doeenst o nrotacitnin clgud a cinema cin ematog togra raph ph film film Acti Ac ting ng or danc dancin ing g for prop proper er repr epresen esenttatio ation n

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recitation,

choreographic

work

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Involv Invo lves es acti action on and and move moveme ment nt It is a work created in order to communicate in motion, i.e. through a sequence of actions, movements, irrespective of the technique by whic wh ich h this this move moveme men nt is retri etriev eved ed or expr xpresse essed. d.

 

Contd. •

 Academy of General Edu., Manipal and Ors. vs. B. Malini Mallya, the Supreme Court held that a new form of a ballet dance which is

rTehpurso, diu ite ratrsytoforremgaistteisr tchoensciodpeyreridghatsina adcrahm f caed peirnsoan lw an oraetoicgrw apohrkic. work, he/she will be required to   reduce it in writing or any other form and apply for registration in that form only. •

 Institute of Inner Studies v. Charlotte Anderson  – Asanas of Yoga, Pran Pr anic ic Heali Healing ng Techn echniq ique ue is chor choreog eogrraphi aphicc work work? ? •

A matt atter of fac actt – no nott a chor choreo eogr grap aphi hicc wo work rk

 

Original Musical Work •

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Music Mus ical al Work – S.2(p) A work consis sisting ting of music sic an and d inclu cludes any any graphical notation of such work, but does not include any words or any action, intended to be sung, spoken or perf pe rform ormed ed with with music music  Star India Pvt. Ltd. v. Piyush Agarwal •

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 Indian Performing Right Society Ltd v. Eastern Indian Motion Pictures Assn •

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Musi Mu sicc only only mean meanss musi musiccal notes otes foun ound on pap paper  – mu musi sicc hear heard d is so soun und d cr crea eatted by mus musicia ician n by pl play ayin ing g in inst stru rume ment nt as per per note notess

Jus Justi tice ce Kri rish shna na Iy Iyer er  – “ copyrighted music is not the soulful tune, the superb singing, the glorious voice or the wonderful rendering. It is the melody or harmony reduced to print, writ wr itin ing g or gr grap aphi hicc fo form rm..

 Gramaphone Company of India Ltd. v. Super Cassette Industries Ltd •

Music Mus ic work work – in th the e form orm of prin print, t, writ writin ing g or grap graphi hicc

 

Original Artistic Work •

Artistic Work – S.2(c) •

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Painting, Paintin g, a sculpture, sculpture, a drawin drawing g (including a diagram, map, chart or plan), an engraving or a photograph, whether or not only such work possesses artistic quality A work of architecture Any other work of artistic craftsmanship

Irrespective of artistic quality – Protection is given

 

II. Cinematograph Films •

Cinema Cin ematog togra raph ph Film – S.2(f)

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Any work of visual recording and includes a sound recording accompanying such visual recording and the expression cinematograph shall be construed ued as inc includ luding any work produ oduced by any an y proc proces esss anal analog ogou ouss to cine cinema mattogr ograph aphy incl includ udin ing g vide video o fi film lms. s.

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originality – no nott stipu tipula latted in Copy Copyrrig igh ht Act, Act, 1957 957 But in a cinematograph film if a substantial part is an infringement of  the copy opyright in any oth other work – no copy copyri righ ghtt subs subsis ists ts

 

III. Sound recording •

Sound Soun d Recor Recordin ding g – S.2(xx)

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Sound recording means a recording of sounds from which such sounds may be produced regardless of the medium on which such recording is made or the method by which soun ounds are repr eproduced.

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Version ersion Recordi Recording ng •

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Sound Soun d recor ord ding ing mad ade e of an al alrread ady y publ blis ishe hed d song song by usi sin ng ano anothe ther voice or voic vo ices es and and with with diff differ eren entt mu musi sici cian anss and and ar arrrange angers rs.. Version sound recording is neither copy nor reproduction of the original

recording