Copia_ENG P44x Technical Presentation MARS 2005 (2)
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Description
Hardware Presentation MiCOM P440
Available Models P441 - Housing 8” (40TE)
•
Three-phase trip and auto-reclosure
•
8 opto-insulated inputs
•
14 output contacts – –
•
6 N/O 8 C/O
Option: –
Check Sync
–
Conventional Instrument Transformer or NCIT (IEC61850 - 9 - 2)
Till 2011
Available Models P442 - Housing 12” (60TE)
• • •
Three-phase and single phase trip and auto-reclosure 16 opto-insulated inputs 21 output contacts – –
•
9 N/O 12 C/O
Options: Voltage control - IRIG-B synchronization –
Voltage control for Check Sync
– – – –
IRIG-B synchronization IEC60870 - 5 / 103 Optical Fibre Converter Conventional Instrument Transformer or NCIT (IEC61850 - 9 - 2) Second rear communication port/InterMICOM/UCA2
Available Models P444 - Housing 16” (80TE)
• • •
Three-phase and single phase trip and auto-reclosure 24 opto-insulated inputs 32 (up to 46max-model H) output contacts – –
•
24 N/O 8 C/O
Options: –
Voltage control for Check Sync
– – – –
IRIG-B synchronization IEC60870 - 5 / 103 Optical Fibre Converter Conventional Instrument Transformer or NCIT (IEC61850 - 9 - 2) Second rear communication port/InterMiCOM/UCA2
Rated Values of Inputs/Outputs •
Analogue Voltage transformers: –
•
Voltage: 80 - 140Vca ph-ph
Analogue Current tranformers: –
Dual CT inputs 1A/5A
•
Or Digital Acquisition for Non Conventional Instrument Transformers (Optical Fibre Input - IEC 61850 -9 - 2 protocol)
•
Auxiliary Voltage: – – –
•
19 - 65 Vcc 37 - 150Vcc or 24 - 110Vca 87 - 300Vcc or 80 - 265Vca
Field voltage (for external use) : 48V DC (current limit: 112 mA)
Rated Values of Inputs/Outputs •
8,16 or 24 opto universal inputs (24 - 250Vcc)
•
6N/O, 8C/O Outputs or 9N/O, 12C/O or 24N/O, 8C/O –
•
Contact characteristics: •
Make and Carry: 30A during 3s
•
Carry continuous : 5A
•
Breaking Capacity: 62.5W with L/R=40ms
Watchdog Contact 1N/O, 1N/C –
Breaking Capacity : 15W with L/R=40ms
Hardware Architecture (P441 & P442) Power Supply
Relay PCB 8 Outputs
8 Relay PCB isolated inputs (P442)
Relay PCB 8 Outputs
Relay PCB 8 Outputs (P442)
8 opto inputs & isolated & Analogue PCB 16 bits ADC
Transformer PCB 4 VT, 4 TC
64-way ribbon cable (BUS) Main processor & User interface (DSP TMS 320C33 150 MHz)
Co-processor PCB (DSP TMS 320C33 150 MHz) Samples acquisition Electronic Filtering Threshold calculation Distance Algorithms
Backup Protection Disturbance Recorder Fixed Scheme Logic Programmable Scheme Logic Comm. and HMI Management
Battery
SK2
SK1 IRIG-B PCB (P442) BNC
Rx1
Tx1
Or
Second Com. port (P442) BNC SK4 SK5
Hardware Architecture (P444) Power Relay PCB Relay PCB 7 Output Supply 8 Output contacts PCB contacts
Relay PCB 7 Output contacts
Opto input PCB 8 Inputs
8 opto inputs & Analogue PCB 16 Bits ADC
Transformer PCB 4 VT, 4 CT
64-way ribbon cable (BUS) Relay PCB 8 Output Relay PCB Contacts 8 Output contacts
Relay PCB 8 Ouput contacts
Co-processor PCB (DSP TMS 320C33 150 MHz)
Relay PCB 8 opto inputs
Samples acquisition Electronic Filtering Threshold calculation Distance Algorithms
Main processor and user interface PCB (DSP TMS 320C33 150 MHz) Backup Protection Disturbance Recorder Fixed Scheme Logic Programmable Scheme Logic Comm. and HMI Management
Battery
SK2
SK1
IRIG-B PCB (P442) BNC
Rx1
Tx1
Or
Second Com. port (P442) BNC SK4 SK5
MiCOM P444 Hardware Description
Front panel included Main Processor & User Interface Board (MiCOM Px40 series standard)
64 way ribbon cable
MiCOM P444 - Front Opened 9
MiCOM P444 Hardware Description Power supply module included one outputs board
3 Opto Universal Boards 8 inputs per board 24 inputs per P444
4 Output Boards
Transformer Module
8 OMRON relays per board 32 outputs per P444 (24 n/o & 8 c/o) +2 PCB 7relays = 46 outputs in H version
Optional IRIG-B Board
Co-processor Board
MiCOM P444 - Position of the boards inside the case 10
MiCOM P441-442-444 Hardware Description 1A / 5A current & voltage Optional input terminals IRIG-B Board (Terminal block C) (Not for P441)
Programmable digital Power supply outputs (32 relays) connection connection (Terminal block J, K, L & M) (Terminal block N)
Others options: - ethernet -2nd rear -InterMicom (Not for P441)
Option:Programmable digital Optional outputs (2x7relays) connection Fibre optic connection (Terminal block G & H) IEC60870-5-103 Programmable (Not for P441) 24 digital inputs connection (Terminal block D, E & F) 1st Rear Communication port RS485 MiCOM P444 - Rear view 11
P44x Phase 2 Development Last Version A4.8 & more - Since August 2004 • •
Addition of the Fault Location Cell in IEC60870-5/103 protocol Optional 2nd rear communication port (Courier protocol only): P44x??7????????? : 2nd rear port only P44x??8????????? : 2nd rear port and IRIGB Language: Courier always
IRIG-B
Second rear port Courier Port since A4.0 (RS232/RS485)
InterMiCOM (RS232) available since C1.0
SK4
SK5
Physical links: RS 232 or RS 485 (polarity sensitive) or K-Bus (non polarity sensitive)
Cortec selection:P44???x (No options for P441)
MiCOM P442-444Hardware Description(Options) IRIG-B Board
Fibre optic connection IEC60870-5-103 optical port
2nd rear port Courier (RS232/RS485)
Ethernet 10/100MHz Copper port
Inter-MiCom Port (RS232) Cortec selection:P44?????x
1st Rear port
Rear view - Communications options 13
P44x Phase 2 Development
Version C1.0 - available from April 2004 Version C2.2 - available from Sept 2004
• • • • • • • • • •
Integration of the new CPU board at 150 MHz Optional fast static outputs Optional 46 outputs in P444-model 20H/ 30H Addition of a settable time delay to prevent maloperation due to zone evolution from zone n to zone n-1 by CB operation Addition of a tilt characteristic for zone 1 (independent setting for phase-to-ground and phase-to-phase). Settable between ± 45° Addition of a tilt characteristic for zone 2 and zone P (common setting for phase-to-ground and phase-to-phase/Z2 and Zp). Settable between ± 45° Additional DDB signal - Distance Earth Fault Integration of special RTE weak infeed logic (PAP) Integration of uncompressed disturbance recorder with resolution of 24 samples Addition of Control input Buttons (“Hotkeys”)
P44x Phase 2 Development
Version C1.0 - available from April 2004 Version C2.2 - available from Sept 2004
•
Integration of InterMiCOM (serial communication from relay to relay) Addition of an independent Tp Transmission Time Delay for Aided Trip Logic for DEF
•
Modification of DEF Time Delay step from 100 ms to 2ms
•
SBEF with 4 stages (IN>1 to IN>4)
•
Extraction of the internal TRACE (windows tool not yet available)
P44x Phase 2 Development Version C1.0 - available from April 2004 Version C2.2 - available from Sept 2004
•
Power Swing Logic modified: – Detection is now realised by using phase-to-phase loops to ensure a better phase-toground resistance coverage. – Additional Delta Fault Detector used during Power Swing condition to unblock distance element by 3 phase fault independently of the faulty current value. – Additional Delta Fault Selector used to determinate the faulty phase if a fault occurs during power fault (previous firmware force a 3 phase fault selection). – Relay is able to differentiate an out-of-step condition from a stable power swing (sign of R). Out-of-step tripping can be realised by PSL. – A trip can be issued using PSL when a certain number of Out-of-step or/and stable power swing conditions has been reached – Zone Decision is filtered by Power Swing Logic during TOR condition to avoid an instantaneous trip if reclosing on power swing condition and if any of 6 loops within the distance characteristic.
CT Requirements • Recent RTDS testing have been conducted to verify the CT requirements with the new version C1.0: – CT Knee Point Voltage for Phase Fault Distance Protection – Vk Where: – Vk – KRPA 0.6 – IF Z1
≥
KRPA x IF Z1 x (1+ X/R) . (RCT + RL)
= =
Required CT knee point voltage (volts), Fixed dimensioning factor = always
=
– X/R – RCT – RL
= = =
Max. secondary phase fault current at Zone 1 reach point (A), Primary system reactance / resistance ratio, CT secondary winding resistance (Ω), Single lead resistance from CT to relay (Ω).
CT Requirements
• Recent RTDS testing have been conducted to verify the CT requirements with the new version C1.0: – CT Knee Point Voltage for Earth Fault Distance Protection – Vk ≥ KRPA x IFe Z1 x (1+ Xe/Re) . (RCT + 2RL) Where: – KRPA = Fixed dimensioning factor = always 0.6 – IFe Z1 = Max. secondary earth fault current at Zone 1 reach point (A), – Xe/Re = Primary system reactance / resistance ratio for earth loop.
P44x Phase 2 Development Version C2.x Version C1.0 - available from April 2004 Version C2.2 - available from Sept 2004
• • •
Model 30H/30G/30J (Cortec modified) Thermal overload function (as P540) - dual time constant Measurement 3: – – – –
• • • • •
Thermal status Alarm : 50% - 100% Log curves Dual alarm between copper & oil
UCA2 - DNP3/Kbus/ModBus/103… 61850-8-1 soon Input synchro included in the DDB Opto configuration - with/without filtering - included or not in the events DEF settings: IN Rev Factor (0,6 - 1) 30J: Dual Optos for china’s market
MiCOM P44x new firmware P44x* – 10A
* P441, P442, P444
Commercially Available in July 2011 CyberSecurity Phase 1 IEC61850 Phase 3
MiCOM P44x 10A Settable PSL Timers
New technical Manual
DEF enhancement Additional Protection Fct
New firmware model for hardware J • P44x-10A is a project for a new model C7 for Hardware J. • The first version of C7 model is C7.A_S (P44x C7.A_S doesn’t supersedes any existing versions). Extract from « software issues summary all phases » - LN data base
Cyber-Security Phase 1
•
Cyber-security Phase 1 features: – Need to use MiCOM S1 Studio 3.4.0 (bugs corrected in .1) – 4 levels of Password (encrypted) – Device hardening (disability of unused applications and physical ports) – Security logs (additional events for security, additional data recorded (events cannot be cleared) – User Banner – No possibility to enable/disable security feature
•
NERC Compliant (not NERC by default)
•
Benefits: – None of our competitor is NERC compliant today
IEC61850 Phase 3
IEC 61850 8.1 platform major enhancements: • Controls • Improved GOOSE processing • Buffered reports • User friendly configuration (configurable datasets)
Settable PSL Timers
• Settable time option for PSL timers in setting groups
DEF enhancement
Directional Earth Fault Protection : Change of DEF blocking condition when pole dead detection is active: Drop-off time to maintain blocking now fully user settable
Benefit:
during phase ARC cycle.
Additional Protection Fct
Additional Protection Functions ●Frequency Protection function ●Undercurrent Protection function ●New settings for Over and Under-voltage protections
Benefit: In line with Hardware J
New technical Manual
New technical manual: P44x/EN T/H85 P44x technical doc reworked + new page setting in line with other MiCOM products documentations. Coming soon on P44x page within Schneider-Electric website:
Analogue to Digital Conversion and Filtering 24 Samples per cycle (AX)
12 Samples per cycle (AX) 24 Samples per cycle (>B1.x)
48 Samples per cycle (>B1.x) Anti aliasing
i
Lowpass filter
Analogue to digital conversion
I
FIR current derivative
Anti aliasing U
24 samples per cycle
1 Sample delay
u
Lowpass filter
1 Sample delay
F sampling for Dist.Rec. is 24 samples/cycle since version B1.X
i
di/dt
u
Analog to Digital Conversion and Filtering ((AX) 24 samples - (>B1.x) 48 Samples ) Analogue & Numerical Filters Anti-aliasing
Digital Filters Fc B1.x) 24 Samples ) Numerical Filters
Low Pass
Derivative Filter
High Pass Filter
Delay
Posit&Negat seq. Filter
Analog to Digital Conversion and Filtering High Pass Filter: frequency cut out 0 Hz, 300 Hz & 462 Hz. Filtre passe-haut 2.5
2
Amplitude
1.5
1
0.5
0 0
100
200
300 Fréquence
400
500
600
Analog to Digital Conversion and Filtering Derivated Filter: frequency cut out 0 Hz, 300 Hz & 462 Hz. Fitre dérivateur 1200
1000
Amplitude
800
600
400
200
0
0
100
200
300 Fréquence
400
500
600
Hardware Overview MiCOM P440
MiCOM Hardware - Example of Front Housing View 80TE (1) LCD - 3 lines
Programmable LEDs
Fixed LEDs
Bottom Flap Masking RS232 COM port and Battery
MiCOM Hardware - Example of Front Housing View 80TE (2) Serial N° and CORTEC Code identifying the product
2 Hot Keys Consultation/Effacement Compte Rendus SK2: DB 25 points - Text editor - Flash Version
Navigation Arrow Battery: Disturbance Event Maintenance Message
SK1: DB 9 points - Settings / PSL - Extraction (evt/Pert) - Reset Leds
Available Informations of Front Housing
MiCOM Hardware – 80TE case front view From 04/2011 Serial N° and CORTEC Code identifying the product
2 Hot Keys Consultation/Effacement Compte Rendus SK2: DB 25 points - Text editor - Flash Version
Navigation Arrow Battery: Disturbance Event Maintenance Message
SK1: DB 9 points - Settings / PSL - Extraction (evt/Pert) - Reset Leds
Available Informations of Front Housing
MiCOM HardwareTeminal Blocks Rear View Ethernet Module
Inputs/Outputs Module
Analogical Module
Module IRIGB
Rear View of the Housing 40-60-80TE
Protection Features MiCOM P440
P440 Distance & Other Protection Functions
Distance Protection
Power Swing Blocking
Out Of Step Logic
Channel Aided Distance / DEF
Broken Conductor Detection
Switch on to Fault & Trip on Reclose
Negative Directional Sequence Overcurrent
Directional / non Directional Overcurrent
Thermal Overload Breaker Failure
Directional / non Directional Earth Fault Under / Over Voltage
P440 Distance Protection Distance Protection Algorithms
Trip on Reclose Switch on to fault
Parallel Line
Zone 1 Extension Loss of Load
Channel Aided Trip Weak Infeed and Echo Mode PAP
Distance Protection Algorithms Full Scheme Distance Protection Five Quadrilateral Zones (Tilt in option) X
Z3
Zp
Additional Fwd. / Rev.Programmable Zone p
Z2 Z1 R Z4
Directional Line fixed at: - 30° (Deltas & Classical)
Distance Protection Algorithms Distance Scheme • Distance operation settable (21P, 21G or both) • Zone operation settable (Z1X, Z2, Zp, Z3 & Z4) • Zp Direction programmable • Zone overlapping or zone selection • Single or three pole tripping (P442 & P444)
Impedance Measurement Algorithms R and X Measurement Compute R and X for 6 impedance loops (ZAN, ZBN, ZCN, ZAB, ZBC, ZCA) Line characteristics: R = line resistance (Ω Ω/km) X = line reactance (Ω Ω/km)
D ZSource
ZLine
Fault characteristics:
I U
J
RFault
D = calculated position of the fault (km) I = fault current on the faulty phase(s) as measured by the relay (A) RF= apparent fault resistance (Ω Ω) V = (R + jX) x I = linear voltage drop on the line (V/km) U = voltage measured by the relay (V) J = fault current through the fault
U =D x V + RFault x J =D x (R + jX) x I + RFault x J
resistance(A) Ir = residual current
Setting Applied for Ground Fault Detection A-N Zone 1 shown:
IA
ZS
Z1 Gnd IA
Line Ground Reach VA
VS
IN
kZn x Z1 Gnd
R1 Gnd
Fault
Line Residual Reach Xa
Z1 gnd Z1 R1gnd/ 1+kZN
Ground Loop Model Ra
Impedance Measurement Algorithms R and X Measurement Location of Relay Z
Z s
i3
Z
L
V1
N
N
N
Z Fault
Z i1
s
V2
ZL
Z
Z
V3
R Fault/(1 + K0)
L
i2
s
X Ω/phase
kS ZS
L
V V V 1
2
3
kL ZL
R Ω/phase
RFault
Phase-to-ground loop impedance: VαN = ZL x D x (Iα + kO x 3I0) + RFault x J with α = (A, B or C) And J = 3I0 during the first 2 cycles and then J = Iα
k0 =
Z0 - Zd 3 x Zd
Impedance Measurement Algorithms R and X Measurement
For phase-to-earth loop impedance: VAN = ZL x D x (IA + kO x 3I0) + RFault x J VBN = ZL x D x (IB + kO x 3I0) + RFault x J VCN = ZL x D x (IC + kO x 3I0) + RFault x J x 4 kO residual compensation factors = 12 loops
The derived faulted phase current is used for measurement after the first 2 cycles for fault in zone 2, 3, P and 4 because the zero sequence current 3I0 can be erroneous due to a singlephase CB opening in the network.
Impedance Measurement Algorithms R and X Measurement 1.1.1.
C A RAC TE RIS TIQ U E M O NO A VE C ZO NE P AV A L
X
For phase-to-earth loop impedance: Z on e 3
Z on e P Z on e 2
Z on e 1
K0 3 Z3 R3 G K0 p
Zp K0 2
RpG
Z2 K0 1
R2 G
Z1 R1 G
R Z on e 4
Z1, Z2, Z3, Zp, Z4 R 1G , R 2G , R 3G , R pG
: lim ites des zones 1, 2, 3, p, 4 : portée en résistance des zones 1, 2, 3, p, 4 pour les défauts m onophasés. K01, K02, K03, K0p : coefficient de com pensation résiduelle des zones 1, 2, 3, p Les zones 1, 2, 3 et P peuvent avoir des portées en résistances et des coefficients de com pensation résiduelle différents. Les zones 3 et 4 ont les m êm es portées en résistances et coefficients de com pensation résiduelle. Les coefficients de com pensation résiduelle dépendent de la caractéristique de la ligne sur chaque zone. angle de ligne :
ϑ
pg
2 * Z 1 + Zx 0 = Arg où Zx 0 est l’im pédance hom opolaire pour la zone x et 3
Z 1 est l’im pédance directe.
Setting Applied for Phase Fault Detection A-B Zone 1 shown:
IA - IB
ZS
Z1 Ph Line Phase Reach
VS
VAB
Xab
R1 Ph / 2
Fault
Z1 ph Z1 R1ph/2
Positive Sequence Model Rab
Impedance Measurement Algorithms R and X Measurement Location of Relay Zs
Zs
ZL
i3
V2N
V1N
ZL V V V 1
2
3
Phase-to-phase loop impedance: Vαβ = ZL x D x Iαβ + RFault /2 x J with αβ = (AB, BC or CA) and with J = Iαβ
R Fault/2 ZL
ZL
i2
Zs i 1 V3N
X Ω/phase
RFault
Z Fault
R Ω/phase
Impedance Measurement Algorithms R and X Measurement For phase-to-phase loop impedance: VAB = ZL x D x IAB + RFault /2 x J VBC = ZL x D x IBC + RFault /2 x J VCA = ZL x D x ICA + RFault /2 x J = 3 loops
The protection has 15 measurement loops. The measurements are true reactance measurements, i.e. insensitive to effects of load current and fault resistance. All 15 loops will be computed every 0,69 ms at 60 Hz. (24 samples per cycle)
Impedance Measurement Algorithms R and X Measurement 1.1.1.
CARACTERISTIQUE BIPHASEE AVEC ZONE P AVAL
X
For phase to phase loop impedance:
Z3
Zone3
Zp R3Ph
ZoneP
Z2
Zone2
RpPh
Z1
Zone1
R2Ph R1Ph
R
Zone4
Z1, Z2, Z3, Zp, Z4 R1Ph, R2Ph, R3Ph, RpPh
: limites des zones 1, 2, 3, p, 4 : portée en résistance des zones 1, 2, 3, p pour les défauts biphasés. Dans le cas d’une caractéristique biphasée, toutes les zones ont le même angle de ligne : l’argument de Z1 (impédance directe).
Impedance Measurement Algorithms R and X Measurement Gauss-Seidel (Last mean square iterative mathematics method)
Fault distance D : DN
Σ U x V - R fault N-1 x Σ V x J
=
Σ (V)²
Fault resistance R Fault : =
R Défaut N
Σ U x J - D N-1 x Σ V x J Σ (J)²
Impedance Measurement Algorithms R and X Measurement - Gauss-Seidel V α1 = ZL . D . Iα1 + RF. IF1 + ε1 V αi = V αn =
Σ( εi) = Σ ( V αi 2
-
ZL . D . Iαi + RF. IFi + εi ZL . D . Iα n + RF. IFn + εn
ZL . D . Iαi - RF. IFi) 2
(La st m ea n sq ua re m etho d )
∂ Σ(εi) / ∂ (ZL.D) = 0 et ∂ Σ(εi) / ∂ RF = 0 2
2
2 2 ∂ Σ( εi) / ∂ (ZL.D) =∂ Σ(V αi-ZL.D.Iαi-RF. IFi) / ∂ (ZL.D) - Deriva te c a lc ula tion =Σ [ 2.( V αi-ZL.D.Iαi-RF. IFi) .(-Iαi)=0]
2 ∂ Σ( εi) / ∂ RF
=∂ Σ(V αi-ZL.D.Iαi-RF. IFi) 2/ ∂ RF
= Σ[ 2.( V αi-ZL.D.Iαi-RF. IFi).(-IFi) =0]
Σ (Vαi . Iαi) = ZL.D. Σ(Iαi)2
+ RF. Σ(Iαi . IFi)
Σ (Vαi . IFi) = ZL.D. Σ(Iαi . IFi) + RF. Σ(IFi)2 The above system is solved by iterative method: ZL.D n = [Σ (Vαi . Iαi) – RF n-1. Σ(Iαi . IFi)] / Σ(Iαi)2 RF n =[ Σ (Vαi . IFi) - ZL.D n-1. Σ(Iαi . IFi) ] / Σ(IFi)2
Distance Protection Algorithms • Dual distance protection algorithms • The operation of MiCOM P440 is based on the combined use of two types of algorithms for a fault detection: Algorithm 1: Fault detection using superimposed quantities: Delta algorithm (Startup: ∆I or ∆V ) Algorithm 2: Fault detection using resistance/reactance: Conventional algorithm (Startup: minZ )
Distance Protection Algorithms Delta Algorithms
• Delta algorithms – The patented algorithm has been proven with 15 years of service at all voltage levels. – The P440 relay has ultimate reliability of phase selection and directional decision far superior to standard distance techniques. – The delta algorithms are based on transient components.
Distance Protection Algorithms Delta Algorithms/Principle
• • • • •
Delta algorithm using superimposed values Fault confirmation T = 1/2 cycle Forward fault detection Phase selection Convergence of calculated R and X within quadrilateral zone • Trip time with new coprocessor board: – Fastest Trip Time 0.85 cycle – Typical 1.1 cycle
Faulted Phase Selection All P44x Use Superimposed Current
• Compares pre-faulted system • Acts as a fault detector and faulted phase detector • Can quickly recognize evolving faults and power swings • Provides secure phase selection for complex fault conditions • Sensitive to any fault type
Works Automatically - with no settings needed
Distance Protection Algorithms Delta Algorithms/Principle Predicted and Superimposed Values Y(t-2T) = Sample two cycles prior to t Y(t-T) = Sample one cycle prior to t Yp(t)
−
= Predicted value of Y at time t = 2.Y(t-T) - Y(t-2T)
∆Y(t) = Y(t) - Yp(t)
★
↑
Y(t) currents or voltages
★ ★
Sampled waveform “y”
Distance Protection Algorithms Delta Algorithms/Principle Calculation of Superimposed Values IApf Unfaulted line (predicted)
VApf
VFpf IA
Faulted line
F
VA
F Rfault
∆ IA Superimposed Delta values: ∆VA=VA-VApf ∆IA=IA-IApf
∆VA
-VFpf Rfault
Distance Protection Algorithms Delta Algorithms
Distance Protection Algorithms Delta Algorithms
Distance Protection Algorithms Delta Algorithms
Distance Protection Algorithms Delta Algorithms
Distance Protection Algorithms Delta Algorithms
Distance Protection Algorithms Delta Algorithms
Distance Protection Algorithms Delta Algorithms
Distance Protection Algorithms Delta Algorithms
Distance Protection Algorithms Delta Algorithms/Principle •
A transition is detected if: –
•
∆I > 20% In OR ∆V >10% Vn
Then three tasks are starting in parallel: – – –
Fault confirmation: ∆I AND ∆V Faulty phase selection Fault direction determination (classical directionnal computed in parallel)
(3 consecutive samples) (4 consecutive samples) (5 consecutive samples)
Start ∆
Confirmation Phase selection Direction
Distance Protection Algorithms Delta Algorithms/Phase Selection • Phase Selection – Current derivative values are used to eliminate the effect of dc transients – Derivative currents are squared prior to magnitude comparison Sx = Σ(∆ I'x)² for the six loops – Phase-to-phase values are sorted into ascending order and compared • Example SAB < SBC < SCA –
If SAB S1 and I’A < S1, the fault is two-phase (BC) If I’C > S2, I’B < S1, the fault is single-phase (CN) If I’C < S2, the current phase selection cannot be used.
Distance Protection Algorithms Conventional Algorithms • Impedance phase selection – Impedance phase selection is obtained by checking the convergence of the various measuring loops within the start-up characteristic • T = presence of zero-sequence voltage or current • ZAN = Convergence within the characteristic of the loop AN • ZBN = Convergence within the characteristic of the loop BN • ZCN = Convergence within the characteristic of the loop CN • ZAB = Convergence within the characteristic of the loop AB • ZBC = Convergence within the characteristic of the loop BC • ZCA = Convergence within the characteristic of the loop CA
Distance Protection Algorithms Conventional Algorithms • Impedance phase selection – In addition, the following are also defined: • RAN = ZAN . /ZBC with /ZBC = no convergence within the characteristic of the loop BC • RBN = ZBN . /ZCA with /ZCA = no convergence within the characteristic of the loop CA • RCN = ZCN . /ZAB with /ZAB = no convergence within the characteristic of the loop AB • RAB = ZAB . /ZC with /ZC = no convergence within the characteristic of the loop CN • RBC = ZBC . /ZA with /ZA = no convergence within the characteristic of the loop AN • RCA = ZCA . /ZB with /ZB = no convergence within the characteristic of the loop BN
Distance Protection Algorithms Conventional Algorithms • Impedance phase selection – The different phase selection are: single phase A to ground • SAN = T . RA . /RB . /RC fault • SBN = T . RB . /RA . /RC single phase B to ground fault • SCN = T . RC . /RA . /RB single phase C to ground fault • SAN = T . RA . /RB . /RC single phase A to ground fault • SAB = T . RAB . ZA . ZB phase-to-phase AB to ground fault • SBC = T . RBC . ZB . ZC phase-to-phase BC to ground fault • SCA = T . RCA . ZC . ZA phase-to-phase CA to ground fault • SAB = /T . RAB . /RBC . /RCA phase-to-phase AB fault • SBC = /T . RBC . /RCA . /RAB phase-to-phase BC fault • SCA = /T . RCA . /RAB . /RBC phase-to-phase CA fault • SABC = ZA . ZB . ZC . ZAB . ZBC . ZCA 3 phase fault
Distance Protection Algorithms Conventional Algorithms • Directional decision – Phase shift between the pre-fault voltage and the fault current – For single-phase loops: • Phase shift between the stored voltage and the current derivative I’α + kO x 3I’0 with α = (A, B or C)
– For two-phase loops: • Phase shift between the stored voltage and the derivative of the current I’αβ with αβ = (AB, BC or CA)
– Directional angle is fixed between -30° and +150°
Theoretical Distance Relay Operating Requirements X
1) Trip for internal fault 2) Stable for all loading
ZLine
Fault + arc impedance region
Z load R
Load impedance
Effects of Infeed and Outfeed: Apparent Arc Resistance Change X load import ZLine
load export
Arc impedance with Remote end infeed
Z load R
Load impedance region
Using P442 family relays Setting of Right-Hand resistive reach Five Quadrilateral Zones X Z3 Zp Z2 Z1
This line serves as the load blinder, and the resistive coverage, in one setting
R Z4
Directional Line
Protection de Distance Algorithmes Classiques - Sélection de phase à minZ sur défaut Bi-Terre (exemple:ABN) •
Surveillance des 3 boucles AB, BN,AN
•
Position des boucles dans différentes zones (AN=Z1/AB=Z2/BN en dehors)
•
Solution appliquée: Afin d ’éviter une sél.de phase mono Z1, la caratéristique est étendue (X3étendue=2R3) Z i s
i
Z
s
B
d
s
BN BN
d
C
Z Z
BN
Z
AB AN
Z
i
d
A
VB
VA
V V V
N
N
A B C
R Défaut
Quadrilateral Characteristic Advantages • Zone reach setting (Z) and Resistive reach (R) setting are independent – Allows resistive reach to be set exactly according to the fault arc coverage required – No need to rely on characteristic expansion - you get what you set!
• Resistive reach setting acts as the load blinder – Makes characteristic applicable to lines of all lengths, without risking load encroachment trips
• Characteristic simplicity - easy to test and commission – Resistive reach is constant throughout the length of the zone
Distance Protection Algorithms Delta/Conventional Algorithms
,
Trip Decision on X/R Convergence in Zone All zone timers started at the instant of fault detection Rn-1 < Ri and Rn < Ri and |Rn-1 - Rn| < 10% x Ri Xn-1 < Xi and Xn < Xi and |Xn-1 - Xn| < k% x Xi With k= 5% for zone 1 and 10% for other zones With i=1,1X,2,p,3 and 4
3
2
1
0
4.. R Directional Line
Distance Protection AlgorithmsDelta/Conventional Algorithms Trip Decision on X/R Convergence in Zone
In OR
Z< (classical)
•
Directional Decision: The sign of transient energy (Σ ∆U x ∆I) is used if (∆V AND ∆I) is verified, ELSE
Direction decision of the classical algorithms is used (angle between pre-fault voltage and faulty current)
•
Phase Selection: ∆I phase selector is used if ∆I verified (S = Σ ∆’I) OR
Classical Current Phase Selector is used ELSE
Classical Impedance Phase Selector is used
Distance Protection - Algorithms Chaining detailed FAST ALGORITHM
DIST START A* (DDB 249)
SA = ∑ (∆Iad ) 2 ...
DIST START B* (DDB 250) DIST START C* (DDB 251)
DISTANCE PHASE SELECTION
VA VB VC
IMPEDANCE MONITORING GAUSS-SIDEL 15 Loops
DIST CONVERGENCY (DDB 345)
FAST ALGORITHM
Distance Convergency IA IB IC
DIST START N (DDB 354)
CLASS. ALGORITHM I Phase selection Ω Phase selection
&
DIST FWD
&
DIST REV
S = ( ∆Va * ∆Ia + ...) DIST FWD NO FILT (DDB 343)
MEMORY VOLTAGE
DIRECTIONAL
Fault Detection
DIST REV NO FILT (DDB344)
CLASS. ALGORITH. Phase(Vmemory, I+ K0Ir)
&
Pulse TrevG DIST REV GUARD (DDB 270)
∆V , ∆I PREDICTIVES VALUES AND DELTA Gp(t) = 2G(t-T)-G(t-2T)
Delta detected
FAST ALGORITHM 12 mono loops using K0*Ir 3 biphase quantities loops
IMPEDANCE CALCULATION FOR MEASUREMENTS CLASS. ALGORITHM 15 loops using phase/ biphase quantities
Start All Timers
Z1NOT FILTERED (DD349) Z1X
ZONE CONVERGENCY CRITERIA
Z2 ZP Z3
∆X , ∆R
Z4
T1(DDB 261) T2 (DDB 262) TZP (DDB265) T3 (DDB 263) T4 (DDB 264) Tp (Transmission time)
* As to be combinated respectively with Weak Infeed start A, B, C
Distance Protection Algorithms Adaptable Distance Zones
• All zones have individually adjustable (Z, RPh, RG, kZ0 Residual Compensation amplitude and angle) • This is an advantage for hybrid lines (overhead to cable) and transformer protection as P440 more accurately models the line • Quadrilateral distance zones set to give good fault arc resistive coverage whilst avoiding load • Four alternative setting groups available to suit switched feeding arrangements
Distance Protection Algorithms Adaptable Distance Zones Exact adaptation of Z1 setting to Z0 angle of the protected section
Hybrid Line: Cable / Overhead line
Gas Isolated Substation Z1A= 1,2 ZC
Z0C < θC
θ
Overhead Substation
Z0L < θL
Z1B= 1,2 ZL
C
θ K0 = (Z0 – Zd)/3Zd = K0r + jK0x
K0r = (Rd*(R0-Rd)+Xd*(X0-Xd))/(3*(Rd²+Xd²)) K0x = (Rd*(X0-Xd)-Xd*(R0-Rd))/(3*(Rd²+Xd²))
C
Protection de Distance Caractéristique en Forme de Parallélogramme •
Résistance de couverture par zone utilisée dans le cas d’une protection de ligne courte: R/X = 10 • Limites de caractéristique en RBi et Rmono (possibilité de recouvrir la zone de charge Limite Détection Bande de Pompage Boucles Bi Limite Mise en Route des boucles monos
X Z3 Rbi
R
Mono R
Zone de Charge
Channel Aided Distance MiCOM P440
Channel Aided Distance Schemes P440 Pilot Logic Schemes (21P, 21G) • Direct Intertrip (using PSL) • Blocking (BOP)
• POP with weak infeed logic, and weak infeed trip
• Permissive Underreach (PUP)
• Unblocking on Loss of Guard in FSK Power Line Carrier Schemes
• Permissive Overreach (POP)
• Unblocking on Loss of Carrier in NonPLC Schemes
• POP with weak infeed logic • On Channel Fail: LOL or Z1X
Channel Aided Distance Schemes Distance Protection: Basic Scheme T3A T2A T1A
CB CB
CB PA
Z2B=1.2 ZL
ZL T2B
T3B
Z2A=1.2 ZL
ZL
Z1A=0.8 ZL
CB
PB Z1B=0.8 ZL
T1B
Sequence 1
Channel Aided Distance Schemes Distance Protection: Fault in Z1 T3A T2A T1A ZL
Z1A=0.8 ZL
CB
CB
T1A Z2B=1.2 ZL T3B
ZL T2B
CB
PA
Z1B=0.8 ZL
PB
Z2A=1.2 ZL
CB
T1B
T1B
Sequence 2
Channel Aided Distance Schemes Distance Protection: Internal fault in Z2 T3A T2A T1A ZL
Z1A=0.8 ZL
CB
CB T2A
CB PA
PB
Z2A=1.2 ZL
CB
T1B
(delayed)
Z2B=1.2 ZL T3B
ZL T2B
Z1B=0.8 ZL
T1B
Sequence 3
Channel Aided Distance Schemes Distance Protection: External fault in Z2 (Beyond relay C) T3A T2A T1A Z
Z1A=0.8 ZL
CB
CB
CB PA
Z2B=1.2 ZL T3B
ZL T2B
Z1B=0.8 ZL
PB
T1B
Z2A=1.2 ZL
L
CB T1C
PC
T1C T2C
Sequence 4
Channel Aided Distance Schemes Channel Aided Permissive Underreach scheme (PUP)
T3A T2A T1A
Aided tripping ZL
Z1A=0.8 ZL
Z2A=1.2 ZL
Send = Z1B CB
CB >T1A
Z2B=1.2 ZL T3B
ZL T2B
CB PA
PB
Z1B=0.8 ZL T1B
T1B
CB PC
Channel Aided Distance Schemes Channel Aided Permissive Overreach Zone1 (POP Z1) T2A T1A Z
Z1A=1,2 ZL
L
Send = Z1A
CB
CB T1A
T2B Z1B=1,2 ZL
Send = Z1B PA
CB PB
ZL T1B
T1B
CB PC
Channel Aided Distance Schemes Channel Aided Permissive Overreach Zone 2 (POP Z2) T2A T1A ZL
Z2A=1.2 ZL
Send = Z2A
CB
CB T1A
Z2B=1.2 ZL
ZL
Send = Z2B PA
CB PB
T2B T1B
T1B
CB
Channel Aided Distance Schemes Channel Aided Blocking Overreach Zone 2 (BOP Z2)
T3A T2A
T1A Z1A=0.8 ZL
Forward Z2 Send Z4B
ZL Reverse B
Z2A=1.2 ZL
(Blocking signal) CB
CB
CB
PA Z2B=1.2 ZL
ZL T2B
Z1B=0.8 ZL
PB
T1C
T1B
T1C T2C
T3B
Sequence 1: External Fault in Z2A
CB
TZ4B
Channel Aided Distance Schemes Channel Aided Blocking Overreach Zone 2 (BOP Z2) T3A T2A T1A Forward Z2
Z
Z1A=0.8 ZL
Z2A=1.2 ZL
L
Blocking signal CB
CB
CB
PA Tp>T1A Z2B=1.2 ZL T3B
ZL T2B
Z1B=0.8 ZL
PB
CB
T1B
T1B
Sequence 2: Internal fault in Z2A
Weak Infeed Mode or PAP (RTE application)
MiCOM P440
Weak Infeed Mode P
E
A
P
A
IR
I’
B
R I#0
Weak source
VAN = ZL x D x (IA + kO x IR) + RFault x (I’R + IR) with I’R > IR , ZL x D and RFault high values Single or three pole tripping Phase selection using U< Check of CB position or Line open condition
EB
Protection of T line (RTE application) Implantation of T line (passive antenna) in conformity with RTE specifications Single and Three-phase trip Phase selection by voltmetric balances
Protection of T line (RTE application) Composition
(1/2)
Functional decomposition: Measurement and analysis functions Measurement function (starting from analogical sizes) Analysis function (supplying commissionings)
A treatment function: Channel-aided trip function time delayed trip function Presence of residual current function
Protection of T line (RTE application) Composition
(2/2)
Inputs sizes: From the process (HT/THT network) Three phase voltages VA, Vb, Vc, Ir Residual curent, Channel-aided trip reception, interlocks.
From the Configuration: Commissioning/out of service function, Ir, Thresholds commissioning voltage.
Protection of T line (RTE application) Measurement Function => Gives a phase selection information => Lockout with a distance start
Measurement and Analysis Function Scheme Start Prot. Distance
Analysis Function
Single Multiple
Note: Residual current pickup is maintained 600ms after dropOff.
Protection of T line (RTE application) Analysis Function =>Gives a commissioning information (phase or residual current): Mr A, Mr B, Mr C Single or three-phase selection, Ir pickup, Commissioning by Ir
Note: Commissioning residual current is only active if no selection phase is validate and measurement of a residual current.
Protection of T line (RTE application) Analysis Logic Start Prot. Distance
Single
Multiple
Protection of T line (RTE application) Treatment
(1/6)
Channel-aided trip: (IHM commissioning/out of service) Goal: Allow a quick elimination of faults from TAC reception Action on the process: Single or Three-phase trip (according to selection phase) with logic information reception. «Channel-aided trip» coming from the other limit. Auto-Recloser launching Note : TAC reception is memorised 650 ms
Protection of T line (RTE application) Treatment
(2/6)
Logic channel-aided trip: Channel-aided trip ON Teledec Cmd Channel-aided trip cmd Teledec Multiple Poly
A Channel-aided trip Teledec A
Mr A
Multiple Poly
B Channel-aided trip Teledec B
Mr B
Multiple Poly
Mr C
MrIr Autoris_Ir Lr Authorization
C Channel-aided trip Teledec C
Teledec Ir lr Channel-aided trip
Protection of T line (RTE application) Treatment
(3/6)
Time delayed trip: (IHM commissioning/out of service) Goal: Allow faults elimination in a time delayed way when channel-aided trip is not possible
Action on the process: Time delayed trip (settable time delay) Auto-Recloser launching
Protection of T line (RTE application) Treatment
(4/6)
Specific parameters: Time delayed trip (Tm & Tt) Single trip authorization (P1) DEC possible confirmation of single on lr presence (P2) Inhibition of three-phase trip (except selection phase informations) (P3)
Time delayed trip blocking conditions: PAP External active time delayed interlock (TS) Logic input « no breakdown transmission » active (TS) Fuse failure line pickup (internal or external), except if lr presence
Protection of T line (RTE application) Treatment
(5/6)
Logic function « Time delayed trip »: PAP time-delay TS interlock TS ’s transmission breakdown abscence Detection line fusion fuse
Time delayed trip under-function
Single Multiple EN/HS Time delayed trip A Time delayed trip B Time delayed trip C Time delayed trip
Protection of T line (RTE application) Treatment
(6/6)
Residual current presence: Goal: Signal presence of a residual current beyond a 10 seconds fixed duration.
Action of the process: Indication (TC)
Protection of T line (RTE application) PAP and Auto-recloser Teledec A Channel-aided tripA
(1/4)
Dec A PAPPAP A Trip
A Time delayed trip A DecTemp
B Channel-aided trip B Teledec
PAPPAP B Trip Dec B
DecTemp B Time delayed trip B Teledec C Channel-aided tripC
PAPPAP C Trip Dec C
C C TimeDecTemp delayed trip
Verrouille ARS ARS Interlock DjDJ Closed fermé
Discordance Out of dePole pôle
0 50
Note: The auto-recloser start on a channel-aided trip or a time delayed trip.
Protection of T line (RTE application) PAP and Auto-recloser: associated inputs/outputs
(2/4)
Specific logic inputs (5): Channel-aided trip reception (1),
=>
Channel-aided trip
External interlock
=>
Only interlock time delayed trip
No fault channel-aided trip link (2)
=>
Usually always at 1
Breaker closed (3) Out of pole (3)
Protection of T line (RTE application) PAP and auto-recloser: associated inputs/outputs
(3/4)
Note (1): independant inputs or not the one of main protection (no confirmation) Note (2) : coming from the process or from the other limit (no confirmation) Note (3) : not used inputs in V1E version Trip outputs (specific): DEC PAP A, DEC PAP B, DEC PAP C (DEC Px A, B, C more informations)
Protection of T line (RTE application) PAP and Auto-recloser: associated inputs/outputs Specific output indications: Selector operation (PAP starting) Supply on residual current (PAP) Trip lr supply on residual current PAP A, B, C Trip
Non specific output indications: Phase selection A, B, C, Three or single fault Auto-recloser interlock, Fault equipment.
(4/4)
Protection of T line (RTE application) Micom S1 settings = WinEPAC Page (p1/3)
Delayed one pole Trip
Trip allowed
Protection of T line (RTE application) Page P44x IHM MiCOM S1-settings (p2/3)
Protection of T line (RTE application) Page P44x IHM MiCOM S1- PSL settings (In/out) - (p3/3)
Extended Zone MiCOM P440
Zone 1 Extended
Zone 1 Extended
DJ1
A
DJ2
B
Zone 1
DJ1
A
DJ2
B
Auto-reclosure is widely used on radial overhead line circuits to re-establish supply following a transient fault. A Zone 1 extension scheme may therefore be applied to a radial overhead feeder to provide high speed protection for transient faults along the whole of the protected line. Figures above shows the alternative reach selections for zone 1: Z1 or the extended reach Z1X.
Zone 1 Extended In this scheme, zone 1X is enabled and set to overreach the protected line. A fault on the line, including one in the end 20% not covered by zone 1, will now result in instantaneou tripping followed by autoreclosure. Zone 1X has resistive reaches and residual compensation similar to zone 1. The autorecloser in the relay is used to inhibit tripping from zone 1X such that upon reclosure the relay will operate with Basic scheme logic only, to coordinate with downstream protection for permanent faults. Thus, transient faults on the line will be cleared instantaneously, which will reduce the probability of a transient fault becoming permanent. The scheme can, however, operate for some faults on an adjacent line, although this will be followed by autoreclosure with correct protection discrimination. Increased circuit breaker operations would occur, together with transient loss of supply to a substation. The time delays associated with extended zone Z1X are:
The Zone 1 Extension scheme is selected by setting the Z1X Enable bit in the Zone Status (distance scheme menu) function links to 1.
NOTE: To enable the Z1X logic (see section 3.5.2), the DDB: 'Z1X extension' cell must be linked in the PSL (to an opto input or to reclaim time…)
Acceleration Phase by Opening Opposite limit
Operate for three- phase trip Operate only for single, phase-to-phase or phase-to-phase-toground faults Require a preliminary load current Principle: The fault located beyond 80% of the line is instantaneously tripping by the remote end distance relay (fault detected in zone 1) After 3 phase opening of the remote CB, there is no more any load current on the healthy phase(s) Presence of faulty current + above condition= Loss of load condition - zone 2 tripping accelarated
Loss of load Logic T2 Z1
Z2
T1 CB
CB
CB
CB
CB
CB
Loss of load Logic Z2 tripping accelarated after remote CB opening Z2 T1 CB
I=0
CB
CB
I=0
CB
CB
I≠ ≠0
CB
DJA
DJB
Switch on to Fault & Trip on Reclose MiCOM P440
Switch on to Fault (SOTF) (1)
X X X
•
Fast tripping for faults on line energisation, even where line VTs provide no prefault voltage memory
•
In service for 500ms following CB Closure (Input)
Switch on to Fault (SOTF)
(2)
• Fast tripping using: – I>3 overcurrent protection or – Level detector or – Distance protection (zone operation settable Z1, Z2, Zp, Z3 or Z< starting) with supervision by Inrush Current Detection – Fastest operating time: • 10 ms (I>3) • 20 ms (Z1
I>2 Z3,tZ3 Z4, tZ4
Zp,tZp Z2,tZ2
Reverse
Z1,tZ1
Forward
•
Two backup elements, IDMT and/or DT
•
Typical application shown above
•
DT delays can be reduced during VTS pickup, with overcurrent elements mimicking distance zone reaches
•
I>3 used for close-up fault (and SOTF/TOR)
Backup Phase Overcurrent Protection 50/51/67 VC
VB
VA
Threshold detection A
Direct Calculation IA
>
IB
>
IC
>
B
Direct Calculation >
C
Direct Calculation
Direct Calculation Direct Calculation Direct Calculation VCA
VBC
AB BC CA
VAB
>
IDMT
3P trip
I>4 Element: Stub Bus Protection Busbar 1 VT
V=0
Protection blocking using VTs
I>0
Stub Bus Protection: I >4
Busbar 2
Open isolator
Negative Sequence Directional Overcurrent - MiCOM P440
Back-Up Protection
• Negative phase sequence overcurrent – Not dependent on voltage dip – Responsive to phase-phase or phase-earth faults – Directional capability – More complex setting calculation
Thermal Overload Detection MiCOM P440
Overload Protection (as P540) (1) • •
Overcurrent protection designed for fault conditions Thermal replica provides better protection for overload
–
Current based
–
Flexible characteristics
–
Single or dual time constant
–
Reset facility
–
Non-volatile
Time
Current MiCOM-P540171
Overload Protection (2): Dual τ Characteristic for Transformers Trip time (s) 10000
Single characteristic: τ = 120 mins
1000
Dual characteristic 100
10 1
2
3
4
5
Current (multiple of thermal setting)
6
Single characteristic: τ = 5 mins
Overload Protection (3)
S1Settings:
PSL Cells - Input:
PSL Cells - Output:
Broken Conductor Detection MiCOM P440
Broken Conductor Protection •
Majority of system faults are a result of short circuits –
Easily detectable
Possibility of open circuit faults exist Difficult to detect with conventional protection
Broken Conductor Detection
•
Existing detection methods: –
Combination of under/overcurrent logic
–
Negative phase sequence overcurrent •
•
Consider suitability for all load conditions
P440 uses a ratio technique: – –
I2 is high for open circuit fault condition I1 Load conditions have minimal effect
Earth Protection: - Directional Comparison (DEF) - PW - IN> (4 thresholds)
Directional Earth Fault Protection (DEF)
• • • •
High resistance ground faults Instantaneous or time delayed IEC and IEEE curves Single or shared signalling channel
Directional Earth Fault Protection Aided Channel DEF •
High resistance ground faults
•
AIDED DEF: Instantaneous – – –
Parallel main protection to distance Single or three pole tripping Polarisation: • •
Zero sequence voltage Negative sequence voltage
Directional Earth Fault Protection Aided Channel DEF Independent Aided Channels (1/2)
R AB Fault
21
21 Shared signalling channel
67N
67N (21 keep priority on 67N)
Directional Earth Fault Protection Aided Channel DEF Independent Aided Channels (2/2)
R AN Fault
21
21 Independent signalling channel 67N
67N (priority 21 = priority 67N)
Directional Earth Fault Protection (DEF) •
MiCOM S1 Settings:
Directional/Non Directional Earth Fault Protection IEC Curves Operating Time (s) 1000
IEC SI IEC VI IEC EI
•
– –
IEC LTS
100
10
Two independent stages:
•
1 and 2 stages: – – –
•
0.1 1 10 100 Current (Multiples of Is)
•
Non directional Directional forward Directional reverse
Polarisation: – –
1
IDMT/DT stage 1 DT on stage 2
Zero sequence voltage Negative sequence voltage
IEC & IEEE IDMT curves
Directional/Non Directional Earth Fault Protection IEEE Curves Operating Time (s) 100 •
Standard earth fault – –
10
1
0.1 1 10 100 Current (Multiples of Is)
0.08 x In - 4 x In stage 1 0.08 x In - 32 x In stage 2
•
TMS range: 0.025 to 1.2
•
Time dial: 0.5 to 15
•
Definite time: 0 to 100s
•
Adjustable reset time for stage 1
•
Emergency earth fault O/C on fuse failure (stage 1)
Directional/Non Directional Earth Fault Protection •
Settings MiCOM S1:
PW: Zero Sequence Power Protection
The zero sequence power is maximum, at the fault and decrease along the network for being nul at the neutral transformers That protection is delayed by a fixed timer to cover the 1P cycle & by an inverse timer to provide selectivity RTE specifications
Vrmax
Vrmin DJ
DJ
3Io
DJ
DJ
PW: Zero Sequence Power Protection
Settings MiCOM S1:
PW: Zero Sequence Power Protection PW Function: Characteristic Idea: detection of Phase-ground resistives fault - not eliminated by the Distance Protection Action: Trip 3P for Fwd resistive fault Tripping time with inverse curve
Zsp Timer Block
Déclenchement Triphasé
Ir(t)
Ir(t) > Ir
Vr(t)
Sr(t) = Vr(t)*Ir(t)*cos(phi-phi0)
&
Sr(t) > Sr
Zsp Trip
Tb
Ta
1
Zsp Start
Distance Protection Algorithms Directional Caracteristics in PW
RCA axis +75°
X
Z3
Zp
Forward
Z2 Z1 Z4
Very resistant Fault R
Directional: -15° (since B1.3)
PW: Zero Sequence Power Protection PW Function: Principle (1/4) Calculation of residual Power Sr: Sr = Vr*Ir*cos(φ φ - φ0) Vreff, Ireff = rms values of residual voltage & current. Phi = phase shift value between Vr & Ir. Phi0 = 255° (to get a sensibility max at 75°/ fixed line angle).
Trip Logic:
Tbase expiration
Tinv expiration
PW Trip
PW: Zero sequence Power Protection
PW Function: Principle (2/4) Signals associated to trip: CB trip order
Start Information Trip « Slow protection» (TC21) » information Trip Signal (for ADD - CB fail logic) Start Disturbance Directionnal Fwd Information
PW Starting
PW: Zero Sequence Power Protection
PW Function: Principle (3/4) Tripping Time: Tinv (Sr) = (k*Sref)/Sr compensated: With : k = adjust time constant Sref = Compensated Residual Power: 10VA for IN = 1A 50 va for IN + 5A Compensated Sr is a variable compensated residual power calculation
PW: Zero sequence Power Protection Micom S1 settings = WinEPAC Page (p4/4)
S1 / WinEpac
With C2.0 Version
Under / Over Voltage MiCOM P440
Voltage Protection • Reasons for voltage deviations: – Regulation problems – Load variation – Fault conditions
• Requirements of protection depends upon application: – – – –
Line or phase voltage measurement Operation for all or any phase Suitable time delays Alarm/Trip
• P440 under/over voltage elements suitable for all applications
Backup Phase Under-Overvoltage Protection 27 - 59 Sel PhaseA Sel PhaseB Sel PhaseC Threshold detection
VA / VAB
>
VB / VBC
>
VC / VCA
>
>
IDMT
Breaker Failure MiCOM P440
Circuit Breaker Failure (50BF) Backtrip
•
Two stage
•
Fast reset external initiation
•
Blocking scheme compatible
•
Reset – – –
Retrip Trip BF INIT From other device
By undercurrent By protection tripping By CB aux. contacts
Breaker Failure Protection (50 BF) 50BF
50BF
Busbar 1
50BF
87BB
Busbar 2 Back Trip Order (4) CB Failed (2)
Trip Order (1) Other protection
CB Fail Signal (3)
50BF
50BF
Non Protection Functions MiCOM P440
MiCOM P440 Non Protection Functions
4 Setting Groups
Autoreclose and Check Synch.
Fault Analysis Tools
Bay Monitoring & Control
Fault Locator
Measurements
Self Diagnostics & Commissioning Tools
CT / VT/CVT Supervision
Materials Communications
Setting Groups MiCOM P440
Use of Alternative Setting Groups
Spare Line Relay Applications (Transfer Bus)
Setting selection inputs
1 2 3 4 Four groups available
SCADA or PLC
VT/CVT/CT Supervision MiCOM P440
VT Supervision (1) A B C 1φ φ and 2φ φ logic
3f on load logic VTS 3f on energisation logic MCB digital input
Alarms Event record Blocking Adaptive setting
VT Supervision (2) Loss of all 3 phase voltages under load
P440 ∆I
& Voltage collapse
VTS alarm VTS block LCD Event records
VT Supervision (3) Loss of all 3 phase voltages upon line energisation (via PSL)
P440 VTS I>Inhibit
& No Voltage
VTS alarm VTS block LCD Event records
CT Supervision A B C
Alarms Blocking IO & VO
T
Event record
Capacitive Voltage Transformers Supervision - (CVTS)
CVTS Function
Characteristics
Principles
MiCOM S1 Since version B1.0
Capacitive Voltage Transformers Supervision - (CVTS) Function CVTS: Characteristics Detect internal failure of CVT by using the residual voltage measurement Signaliasation by output contact «TCT anomaly» TCT activation function
Vr
Vr > Vr Threshold
Threshold Vr 0
tTCT TCT Anomaly
Va
Uab > 0.8*Un
Vb Uab < 0.4*Un Vc Voltage control
Capacitive Voltage Transformers Supervision - (CVTS) CVTS Function: Principle (1/1) Monitoring of Vr threshold pickup (settabled) Monitoring of P/P U AB voltage (with hysteresis) fixed: Set: 80% Un Reset: 40% Un
Signal of delayed alarm CVTS (settabled from 0 to 5mn, by step of 30s) TCT Supervision Fault
TCT Anomaly indication
Capacitive Voltage Transformers Supervision - (CVTS) Function CVT: Page MiCOM S1/WinEPAC
Supervision: VTS & CTS & CVT Settings MiCOM S1:
Fault Locator MiCOM P440
Distance to Fault Locator With Mutual Current Compensation
16%
3.8Ω Ω 16km
10miles
Autoreclose and Check Synchronism MiCOM P440
Integrated Autorecloser with Voltage Control
•
•
Up to 4 cycles of reclosing: –
First fast cycle can be single phase (P442 P444)
–
3 time delayed cycles
Starting selection elements/autorecloser interlock
Integrated Autorecloser with Voltage Control • Voltage control function allows: – – – – –
Autoreclose on live line / live bar Autoreclose on dead line / live line Autorecloser on live line / dead bar Safety checking prior to manual close authorisation (remote or local) PSL dedicated to increase the wait window to close conditions
CB Control & Monitoring MiCOM P440
Supervision
Trip circuit supervision CB state CB supervision Number of trip Sum Ix, 1.0 < x < 2.0 Operation time
Control of Bay
Circuit breaker control Multiple settings groups (4) Programmable scheme logic
A User’s View - Interface MiCOM P440 Programmable Scheme Logic - Settings - Distance Com...
MiCOM S1 (P20-P30-P40) Setting Software
Edition/Modification of settings and text in the protection
MiCOM S1 Studio 5.3.0 New EASERGY 6.0.0
Edition/Modification of logic schemes Extraction of event log records Supervision Extraction of disturbance records Analysis of those records
New Software from April 2016
Interface HMI PSL (Programmable Scheme Logic) MiCOM P440
Programmable Scheme Logic (Introduction)
Relay contacts
Opto Gate Logic Protection elements Timers Fixed scheme logic
LED’s User programmable scheme logic
Programmable Scheme Logic (1/9) In
Gate Logic
Out
Protection elements Timers Fixed scheme logic
Programmable Scheme Logic
Programmable Scheme Logic (PSL) (2 /9) Possible Choice with S1(hysteresis & filtering):
TOR opto-isolated input selected from the list
Programmable Scheme Logic (PSL) (3 /9)
TOR opto-isolated input added to an internal DDB of the relay and selected in the list
Programmable Scheme Logic (PSL) (4 /9) One more timer
Link throught: Led - Output relay
Programmable Scheme Logic (PSL) (5 /9) Different options by element:
Different options by PSL:
Programmable Scheme Logic (PSL) (6 /9)
Up to 256 gates Logic Functions Gate OR Gate AND Reversers Timers
Peer to peer com: InterMicom Goose Control Input...
Programmable Scheme Logic (PSL) (7 /9)
+
Trip Circuit Supervision
Trip
P440 52 b
52 a
CB coil
Alarm
-
Trip Circuit Monitoring Using Programmable Scheme Logic (8/9)
Customisation 256 gates 8 timers Feedback
Default schemes Validity checks Event driven
Blocked Distance Protection Using Programmable Scheme Logic (9/9) Incomer Block Z1 element •
Established technique providing: –
•
Improved BB fault clearance times
In order to facilitate this function, P440 provides: –
Directional start signals (Directional Comparison Scheme)
Feeder 1
Feeder 2
Feeder 3
HMI Interface MiCOM P440 Measurements (Monitoring)
Measurements MiCOM P440
MiCOM Support Software MiCOM S1 V2
Programming (set & PSL) of relays Extraction of information from relays Assists with commissioning (fault record, event,monitor control) Supports analysis of power system disturbances (comtrade format) Compatible with existing products using the Courier language
MiCOM Support Software
NEW MiCOM Support Software
Measurements (1) Possibility to extend measurement To remove subsidiary instrumentations Reduces wiring and space Assists with commissioning Analysis of power system
Measurements (2)
Instantaneous Measurements: Phase to phase voltage and single phase voltage Residual voltage (3Vo) Residual and current phase Positive , negative and zero sequence current and voltage Frequency
IA Amplitude 980.2A
Active, reactive and apparent power Active and reactive energy Check Sync Voltage Zero-phase-sequence current of parallel line (used for the mutual compensation) Possibility to print a report
Integrated Values: Peak, average & Rolling demand: Ia Ib Ic W VAr Wh VArh
HMI Interface Events - Disturbance Records MiCOM P440
Diagnostic’s Help MiCOM P440 Event record
Fault record
Disturbance Recorder
ZGraph
Diagnostic’s Aid
Complete fault display report Time tag at 1ms Recording criterions choice Non-volatile backup memory Easy access via User ’s interface
Event log Fault report Disturbance records Fault locator Trace
Event Log Events:
Fault report:
250 records (500)
5 last faults
Non-volatile memory
Non-volatile memory
Start A
10ms
Fault record I1>
10ms
V<
15ms
Trip ABC
15ms
CB52 Open
60ms
Disturbance Records
8 Analogue channels 32 Digital channels Configurable record criterion Variable trigger point 24 Samples per cycle (no compression) 28 Records (3sec each) Record duration of 10.5s Non-volatile memory Extended recording time Pre-fault
Post-fault
MiCOM S1 saves file in the COMTRADE format
Self-Diagnostics & Commissioning MiCOM P440
Self Diagnostics & Commissioning
Event driven maintenance Improved availability
Commissioning available to user Inputs
Power-on diagnostics
Outputs
Continual self-monitoring
Internal states Measurements
Communications MiCOM P440
Local Communications
Settings Records Control Measurements Commissioning Maintenance Menu text
Remote Communications MiCOM P440
Remote Communications Courier (front/rear1/2nd rear) IEC60870-5-103 DNP3.0 MODBUS UCA2.0 IEC61 850 -8-1(Soon)
Digital Control Systems
Selection of Hardware Options
Available as a prototype (n units
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