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CHATONHND ND ^DAKGOGJIH ^DRLGLDAHKIAH

CDRKHKNG MDKRIXTD JGLDQ PTAH^DOOI LHRAG HTRÉOIG SIKAMI ND GOISDIRH

AGK^RGOD ND QDRSGLG^GRDQ AA

QÁG BDRKHRNG NG AHLVG 266:

 

 

CHATONHND ND ^DAKGOGJIH ^DRLGLDAHKIAH

CDRKHKNG MDKRIXTD JGLDQ PTAH^DOOI LHRAG HTRÉOIG SIKAMI ND GOISDIRH

AGK^RGOD ND QDRSGLG^GRDQ AA Hrtijg aidktìciag hprdsdkthng aglg phrtd ngs rdquisitgs kdadssèrigs phrh h gbtdkêág ng tìtuog nd ^dakñogjg dl Ldahtrþkiah Iknustriho nh Chauonhnd nd ^dakgogjih ^drlgldahkiah.

Gridkthngr0 Vrgc° Qiovig Adosg Vdixgtg Jglds

QÁG BDRKHRNG NG AHLVG 266:

 

 

RDQTLG Dstd trhbhomg ndvd hprdsdkthr gs sdrvglgtgrds, dquiphldktgs ahphzds nd jdrhr lgvildktg hkjuohr agktrgohng utioizhkng dkdrjih doétriah. Gs sdrvglgtgrds ság luitg ushngs kh iknðstrih, dl hpoiahêôds qud kdadssithl nd pgsiaigkhldktg prdaisg, agl ahrhatdrìstiah vdogainhnd agktrgohnh hssil aglg lèquikhs g tgrqud AKA, d hotgnispgsitivgs jrhu nd rdpdtibioinhnd, cuknhldkthis dl rgbþs, hutþkglgs, dktrd gutrgs. G trhbhomg phrtd ngs agkaditgs ikiaihis nd agktrgod, lgstrhkng téakiahs phrh h gbtdkêág nd rdsuothngs lhis dciahzds. ^hlbél ság lgstrhngs gs prikaìpigs cìsiags dkvgovings, prgvdkidktds nh iktdrhêág dktrd agrrdktd doétriah d ahlpg lhjkétiag qud ndu grijdl hgs prildirgs lgtgrds doétriags. Cuknhldkthngs kdstds agkaditgs é pgssìvdo indkticiahr hs ahrhatdrìstiahs ngs sdrvglgtgrds qud gs tgrkhl nicdrdkaihngs. D cikholdktd g usg ng agktrgohngr VIN, qud é g agktrgohngr lhis agkmdaing d utioizhng iknustriholdktd pgr htdkndr shtischtgrihldktd h lhigrih ngs prgadssgs iknustrihis. Vgrthktg h utioizhêág ng VIN hprdsdkth-sd dciahz sgbrd sdrvglgtgrds. Vhohvrhs-Amhvd00 Qdrvglgtgr AA. Qdrvgldahkislgs. Lgtgrds AA. Agktrgod VIN. Vhohvrhs-Amhvd

 

 

Qulèrig 8.  IK^RGNTÊÁG ..................... ............................................ .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................8 .......................8 2.  QDRSGLDAHKIQLGQ...................... ............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ............................... ........8 8 2.8.  AGK^RGOD DL LHOMH HBDR^H D CDAMHNH ...............................................2 1.  LG^GRDQ .................... ........................................... .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ............................... ........> > ............................................ .............................................. .............................................. ......................................4 ...............4 1.8.  LG^GRDQ AA ..................... >.  QDRSGLG^GRDQ ...................... ............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ......................................: ...............: >.8.  QDRSGLG^GRDQ AA ...................... ............................................. .............................................. ..............................................= .......................= >.2.  AGK^RGOD ND QDRSGLG^GRDQ ....................................................................= >.2.8.  ^RHKQIQ^GR BIVGOHR AGL VGR^H IKQTOHNH ‑ IJB^ ....................9 >.2.2.  LGNTOHÊÁG VGR OHRJTRH ND VTOQG ‑ VZL...............................86 >.2.1.  QDKQGRDQ ..................... ............................................ .............................................. .............................................. ................................. ..........88 88 >.2.4.  AGK^RGOHNGR VIN ...................................................................................81 4.  DQ^TNG ND AHQG ....................... .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ................................. ..........89 89 3.  AGKAOTQÁG ....................... .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ............................................28 .....................28

 

  8

8. IK^RGNTÊÁG Luitgs prgadssgs prdaishl nd lgvildktg, d dstds dl jdrho ság jdrhngs pgr dkdrjih doétriah. H cgrlh lhis aglul nd utioizhr h dkdrjih doétriah é pgr ldig nd haigkhldktg nd lgtgrds. Gs lgtgrds ndvdl hssdjurhr hs kdadssinhnds ng prgadssg, aglg pgsiêág, vdogainhnd, cgrêh, tgrqud, dta. G ndsdkvgovildktg tdakgoñjiag odvgu h arihêág ngs sdrvglgtgrds, ahphzds nd jhrhktir qud hs kdadssinhnds sd`hl aulprinhs. ^gnhvih, hiknh sd chz kdadssèrig ul agktrgod dciaidktd sgbrd g sdrvglgtgr d g prgadssg kg quho dstè ilpohkthng, ul agktrgohngr ahphz nd rdhoizhr dsth thrdch é g VIN, qud hprgvdith hs agrrdohêôds dktrd hs vhrièvdis phrh prdvdr hs vhrihêôds ng prgadssg d lhktà-og ndktrg ng ndsd`hng, agl agkcijurhêág nd phrâldtrgs silpods. G gb`dtivg ng trhbhomg é dktdkndr h agkcijurhêág cìsiah nd ul sistdlh sdrvglgtgr, sdu prikaìpig nd cukaigkhldktg d aglprddkndr h cgrlh nd gbtdr hoths cgrêhs agl agktrgod dciaidktd. Gs aglpgkdktds dodtrþkiags qud huxioihl dl suh gpdrhêág d aglg agktrgohr agl ldomgr ndsdlpdkmg. @usticiah-sd g trhbhomg pdog chtg qud nivdrshs hpoiahêôds iknustrihis dxijdl prdaiság kg pgsiaigkhldktg, phrh htdkndr dsths dxijàkaihs rdagldknh-sd g usg nd sdrvglgtgrds, hardsadkth-sd g chtg qud hs ikcgrlhêôds sgbrd sdrvglgtgrds dstág nispdrshs.

2. QDRSGLDAHKIQLGQ  Qdlprd qud sd utioizh hojulh cgrlh nd dkdrjih é kdadssèrig hpoiahr agktrgod sgbrd doh. Gs sdrvgldahkislgs gu sdrvgs ság gs ikstruldktgs qud pdrlitdl rdhoizhr hutglhtiahldktd dstd agktrgod, dsth ndkglikhêág ndrivh nh ldslh grijdl qud h phohvrh sdrvingr, h quho é agksdqÿdktd ng chtg qud kdstds sistdlhs hs lèquikhs sdjudl hs grndks nd ul sistdlh nirdtgr. G ndsdkmg ngs sdrvgldahkislgs cgrlh ulh phrtd ilpgrthktd nh hutglhêág d, æs vdzds, trhz agksijg h siluohêág nhs hêôds mulhkhs. Lgstrh-sd surprddkndktd qud dl hojulhs gahsiôds h cgrlh nd htuhêág kgs sistdlhs nd agktrgod dxpoiah hojuks hspdatgs ng aglpgrthldktg mulhkg.

Goivdirh d Puahtdooi

 

  2

2.8.

AGK^RGOD DL LHOMH HBDR^H D CDAMHNH Hqudods sistdlhs dl qud h shình kág tdl kdkmul dcditg sgbrd h hêág nd agktrgod ság amhlhngs sistdlhs nd agktrgod dl lhomh hbdrth . Dl gutrhs phohvrhs, dl ul sistdlh nd agktrgod dl lhomh hbdrth h shình kág é ldninh kdl rdhoildkthnh phrh aglphrhêág agl h dktrhnh. (GJH^H, 8991, p.1)

Tl dxdlpog é g sistdlh nd agktrgod nd ulh ldsh rgthtivh. Dstd sistdlh ush ulh bhtdrih aglg cgktd nd hoildkthêág phrh cgrkdadr ulh tdkság doétriah nd rdcdràkaih sdkng prgpgraigkho æ vdogainhnd ndsd`hnh. Dsth tdkság é hlpoiciahnh d hpoiahnh hg lgtgr. G nihjrhlh nd bogags ng sistdlh ng tipg lhomh hbdrth nh cijurh 8 h sdjuir indkticiah g nispgsitivg nd agktrgod, g htuhngr d g prgadssg. Sdogainhnd Ndsd`hnh (tdkság)

Nispgsitivg nd Agktrgod

Htuhngr

Vrgadssg

Hlpoiciahngr

Lgtgr AA

Ldsh rgthtivh

Sdogainhnd rdho

Cijurh 8 ‑ Nihjrhlh nd bogags nd sistdlh dl lhomh hbdrth.

Sdogainhnd Bhtdrih

H`ustd nd Sdogainhnd

Ldsh Rgthtivh

Hlpoiciahngr AA

Lgtgr AA

Cijurh 2 ‑ Qistdlh nd agktrgod nd vdogainhnd nd ulh ldsh rgthtivh dl lhomh hbdrth.

Xuhkng agogahng ul sistdlh nd rdhoildkthêág pgr ldig nd ul sdksgr hpoiahsd g agkaditg nd lhomh cdamhnh. Gs sistdlhs nd agktrgod rdhoildkthngs ság æs vdzds ndkglikhngs sistdlhs nd agktrgod nd lhomh cdamhnh. Kh prètiah, gs tdrlgs agktrgod rdhoildkthng d agktrgod dl lhomh cdamhnh ság ushngs iktdrahlbihvdoldktd. Dl ul sistdlh nd agktrgod dl lhomh cdamhnh g sikho nd drrg htuhktd, qud é h nicdrdkêh dktrd g sikho nd dktrhnh d g sikho rdhoildkthng (qud pgnd sdr g prñprig sikho nd shình gu ulh cukêág ng sikho nd shình d suhs ndrivhnhs), é iktrgnuzing kg agktrgohngr nd lgng h rdnuzir g drrg d trhzdr h shình ng sistdlh h ul vhogr ndsd`hng. G tdrlg agktrgod nd lhomh cdamhnh sdlprd ilpoiah g usg nd hêág nd agktrgod rdhoildkthng h cil nd rdnuzir g drrg ng sistdlh. (GJH (GJH^H, ^H, 8991, p.1 p.1))

Agl bhsd kg dxdlpog hktdrigr, ul sdksgr h sdr hniaigkhng é ul thaþldtrg qud cgrkdad ulh tdkság nd shình prgpgraigkho æ vdogainhnd ng sdu dixg. Hssil, g sistdlh agl rdtrghêág æ lhomh cdamhnh hnquird h cgrlh h sdr lgstrhnh kh cijurh 1.

Goivdirh d Puahtdooi

 

  1

H tdkság nd drrg é jdrhnh pdoh nicdrdkêh dktrd h tdkság nd dktrhnh d h tdkság ng thaþldtrg.

Cijurh 1 ‑ Nihjrhlh nd bogags nd sistdlh dl lhomh cdamhnh.

Cijurh > ‑ Qistdlh nd agktrgod nd vdogainhnd nd ulh ldsh rgthtivh dl lhomh cdamhnh.

Dspdrh-sd qud g sistdlh agl rdhoildkthêág, aglg g nh cijurh 1, sd`h supdrigr hg sistdlh h lhomh hbdrth pgrqud g sistdlh agl rdhoildkthêág rdspgkndrè hgs drrgs d trhbhomhrè phrh rdnuzi-ogs. H nicdrdkêh dktrd lhomh hbdrth d lhomh cdamhnh pgnd sdr ndlgkstrhnh agl g dxdlpog ushng pgr Qtgaenhod (89:1), agksindrhkng ulh gpdrhêág mulhkh hphrdktdldktd silpods. Qupgkmh qud ulh pdssgh ndsd`h htrhvdsshr ulh ahsh hté hoahkêhr ul pgktg dspdaìciag kg ohng gpgstg. Qd, hpñs nd tdr vistg sdu gb`dtivg, tdkth hoahkêhr g pgktg agl gs gomgs cdamhngs, adrthldktd kág agksdjuirè agl dxhtinág. Quhs hêôds g rdtirhrág ng ahlikmg dxhtg pgr ikcouàkaihs nd gbstèauogs d rdhêôds iktdrkhs. Vhrh agksdjuir hoahkêhr sdu gb`dtivg agl dxhtinág ndvdrè rdhoizhr h gpdrhêág agl gs gomgs hbdrtgs, ndsth cgrlh, quhoqudr ndsvig sgbrd h trh`dtñrih agrrdth sdrè ndtdathng d pgndrè rdhoizhr hs agrrdêôds hprgprihnhs phrh hoahkêhr g pgktg dxhtg nd sdu ndstikg. H nicdrdkêh dssdkaiho dktrd gs létgngs dxdlpoiciahngs dstè dl qud kg sdjukng ahsg mè ulh ndtdaêág d agrrdêág ng drrg. Kdstd ahsg mè ulh aglphrhêág dktrd gs rdsuothngs htuhis gbtings d g rdsuothng ndsd`hng, aglphrhêág qud é rdhoizhnh, kdstd ahsg, visuholdktd. G rdtgrkg nh ikcgrlhêág ng rdsuothng htuho gbting, pdrlitikng aglphrè-og agl g vhogr ndsd`hng, sd amhlh rdhoildkthêág.

Goivdirh d Puahtdooi

 

  >

G prikaìpig nd htuhêág pgr ldninh ng drrg, qud é utioizhnh kgs sistdlhs nd lhomh cdamhnh, rdqudr, phrh gbtdr dstd drrg, aglphrhr g sikho nd dktrhnh (rdsuothng ndsd`hng) agl g sikho nd shình (rdsuothng gbting). G agktrgod nd lhomh hbdrth kág odvh dl agkth g drrg d suh choth nd prdaiság é ndvinh cuknhldktholdktd h pdrturbhêôds sgbrd hs quhis kág dxistd agktrgod. Hs ahrhatdrìstiahs dssdkaihis ngs sistdlhs nd lhomh cdamhnh pgndl sdr rdsulinhs nh sdjuiktd cgrlh. H dktrhnh é iktrgnuzinh pdog usuèrig d, quhkng gpdrhng lhkuholdktd, agkstitui h ðkiah gpdrhêág kág hutglètiah. G sistdlh htuh nd cgrlh qud suh shình htuho sd`h ijuho æ dktrhnh. H nicdrdkêh dktrd h dktrhnh d h shình amhlh-sd drrg d hphrdad ndving æs pdrturbhêôds ikdrdktds hg sistdlh gu qud sd iktrgnuzdl kg ldslg.

1. LG^GRDQ Qdjukng Ndo ^grg (899>) lgtgrds ság dquiphldktgs qud agkvdrtdl dkdrjih doétriah dl dkdrjih ldaâkiah. G lgtgr é agkstituìng nd ulh ahrahêh qud é g agk`uktg dsthtgr, d dstd é dxtdrkg hg dixg jirhktd agkmdaing aglg rgtgr. G prikaìpig nd cukaigkhldktg ngs lgtgrds doétriags é h hêág nd ulh agrrdktd doétriah dl ul agknutgr jdrh ul ahlpg lhjkétiag (B) pdrpdkniauohr h agrrdktd. H cgrêh lhjkétiah sdrè jdrhnh pdrpdkniauohrldktd hg pohkg Agrrdktd x Ahlpg, agkcgrld h rdjrh nh lág dsqudrnh

Cijurh 4 ‑ Rdjrh nh lág dsqudrnh

Gs lgtgrds doétriags pgndl aohssiciahngs dl agrrdktd agktìkuh (AA) gu nd agrrdktd hotdrkhnh (AH).

Goivdirh d Puahtdooi

 

  4

1.8.

LG^GRDQ AA

Kh lhigrih ngs lgtgrds doétriags AA, g rgtgr é ul dodtrgìlá qud jirh dktrd gs pñogs nd ìlás pdrlhkdktds dsthaigkèrigs. Vhrh tgrkhr dssd dodtrgìlá lhis dciaidktd g rgtgr agktél ul kðaodg nd cdrrg, qud sd tgrkh cgrtdldktd lhjkdtizhng, quhkng h agrrdktd coui pdoh bgbikh. G rgtgr jirhrè ndsnd qud dssh agrrdktd ikvdrth sdu sdkting nd pdraursg ahnh vdz qud sdus pñogs hoahkêhl gs pñogs gpgstgs ng dsthtgr.

Cijurh 3 ‑ Lgtgr dl agrtd.

G lgng lhis aglul phrh prgnuzir dsshs rdvdrsôds é ushr ul agluthngr.

Cijurh : ‑ Agluthngr, iktdrhêág agl ahlpg lhjkétiag.

Dl suh cgrlh lhis silpods, ul agluthngr hprdsdkth nuhs pohahs nd agbrd dkaurvhnhs d cixhnhs (isgohnhldktd) kg dixg ng rgtgr5 gs tdrlikhis ng dkrgohldktg nh bgbikh ság sgonhngs kdsshs pohahs. H agrrdktd doétriah amdjh pgr ul ngs tdrlikhis ng tipg dsagvh (+), dktrh pdoh pohah ng agluthngr, phssh pdoh bgbikh ng rgtgr, shi pdoh gutrh pohah ng agluthngr d rdtgrkh è cgktd pdoh gutrh dsagvh (-). Kdssh dthph g rgtgr rdhoizh suh prildirh ldih-vgoth. Kdssh ldih-vgoth, hs pohahs ng agluthngr trgahl sdus agkthtgs agl hs dsagvhs d h agrrdktd ikvdrtd sdu sdkting nd pdraursg kh bgbikh ng rgtgr. D g lgtgr AA agktikuh jirhkng, sdlprd agl g ldslg sdkting nd rgthêág.

Goivdirh d Puahtdooi

 

  3

Lhs, g lgtgr AA ndsaritg tdl sdus prgbodlhs0 kág mè khnh qud ndtdrlikd quho sdrè g sdkting nd suh rgthêág kh phrtinh d hs dsagvhs pgndl ikiaihr tgahkng hlbhs hs pohahs gu dvdktuholdktd kdkmulh5 g lgtgr kág nè phrtinh. Kh lhigrih ndssds lgtgrds htdknd-sd this dxijàkaihs agogahkng-sd vèrihs bgbikhs kg rgtgr, ahnh ulh agl sdu phr nd pohahs kg agluthngr. Agkcgrld g rgtgr jirh, hs dsagvhs suprdl h agrrdktd phrh hs bgbikhs, ulh nd ahnh vdz, ulh hpñs h gutrh. H ohrjurh nhs dsagvhs thlbél pgnd sdr bdl pohkd`hnh. G rgtgr nd ul lgtgr AA jirh agl vdogainhnd hkjuohr qud é prgpgraigkho æ tdkság hpoiahnh dl suhs bgbikhs. Dl jdrho, hg hpoiahr ahrjh kg dixg, h rgthêág kág vhrih hadktuhnhldktd, lhs, ulh lhigr pgtàkaih sdrè sgoiaithnh nh cgktd nd hoildkthêág (huldkthkng h iktdksinhnd nd agrrdktd nd hoildkthêág). Vhrh hotdrhr h vdogainhnd hkjuohr ndvd-sd hotdrhr h tdkság hpoiahnh hg lgtgr. G sdkting nd rgthêág ng rgtgr ndpdknd nhs hssildtrihs ng lgtgr d thlbél ng sdkting nh agrrdktd doétriah5 ikvdrtdkng-sd g sdkting nh agrrdktd g lgtgr agldêhrè h jirhr kg sdkting gpgstg. H dstruturh nd lgtgrds dl agrrdktd agktìkuh kdadssith nd ulh bgbikh nd ahlpg qud pgnd sdr oijhnh nd vèrihs cgrlhs agkcgrld lgstrhng h sdjuir0 • 

Lgtgr sérid0 kdstd ahsg ahsg h bgbikh nndd ahlpg é oijhnh dl sérid agl h nh hrlhnurh. Oa

Agrrdktd d Sdogainhnd Agrrdktd

ω

Sdogainhnd ^grqud

Cijurh = ‑ Lgtgr sérid

Gs lgtgrds dl sérid ság hpoiahngs sistdlhs qud dxijdl dodvhng pgndr nd trhêág, sdkng ahrhatdrizhng g tgrqud kh phrtinh, aglg é g ahsg ng haigkhldktg nd vdìauogs rgngvièrigs d ldtrgvièrigs. • 

Lgtgr phrhodog gu smukt 0 kdstd ahsg h bgbikh nd ahlpg é oijhnh dl phrhodog agl h hrlhnurh.

Goivdirh d Puahtdooi ω 

 

  :

Agrrdktd d Sdogainhnd Agrrdktd

Oa

Sdogainhnd ^grqud

Cijurh 9 ‑ Lgtgr phrhodog

Dsth gutrh agkcijurhêág pdrlitd ul agktrgod nd vdogainhnd nurhktd g rdjild nd trhbhomg ng lgtgr. • 

Lgtgr aglpgukn  gu  gu aglpgstg0 kdstd ahsg tàl-sd nuhs bgbikhs nd ahlpg, sdkng qud ulh é oijhnh dl phrhodog d gutrh dl sérid agl h nh hrlhnurh. Oa  

ω

Agrrdktd d Sdogainhnd

Oa

Sdogainhnd

  Agrrdktd ^grqud

Cijurh 86 ‑ Lgtgr aglpgukn

Dsth agkcijurhêág pdrlitd utioizhr gs ngis rdaursgs, sdkng ul tgrqud dodvhng kh phrtinh phrh g ndsogahldktg d kh agkniêág nd rdjild pdrlitd h hpoiahêág nd ul agktrgod nd vdogainhnd aglg h oijhêág dl phrhodog.

>. QDRSGLG^GRDQ Qdrvglgtgrds ság sistdlhs nd lgtgrds doétriags agl h prgpridnhnd hniaigkho agktrgod nd pgsiêág, vdogainhnd d cgrêh agktrgohnh pgr ldig nh tdkság gu nh agrrdktd gu nh crdqÿàkaih, ndpdkndkng nd suh dstruturh. Bhsiahldktd ság lgtgrds qud ndvdl trhbhomhr sgbrd h hêág nd hojul ldahkislg nd sdrvg pgsiaigkhldktg, qud dxijdl prdaiság kg pgsiaigkhldktg d hotìssilg jrhu nd rdpdtibioinhnd. Dl rhzág nistg, pgssudl sdlprd ul ldahkislg nd rdhoildkthêág nd suh pgsiêág, dl jdrho ush-sd ul jdrhngr nd puosg (dkagndr) gu jdrhngr nd sikho sdkginho (rdsgovdr). Gs sdrvglgtgrds pgndl sdr aohssiciahngs dl0 • 

Qdrvglgtgrds AA

• 

Qdrvglgtgrds AH

Goivdirh d Puahtdooi

 

  =

Gs sdrvglgtgrds kág tàl ulh bgbikh phrh jdrhr g ahlpg, d sil ul ilá pdrlhkdktd. G ahlpg lhjkétiag ng ahlpg é, pgrthktg, agksthktd phrh quhoqudr kìvdo nd agrrdktd nd hrlhnurh. Dstd tipg nd lgtgr hprdsdkth ulh rdspgsth oikdhr, sd aglphrhng agl gs lgtgrds AA hktdrigrds. Agrrdktd d Sdogainhnd V Kgrtd

 

Agrrdktd

V Quo

 

Sdogainhnd

ω

^grqud

Cijurh 88 ‑ Ilá pdrlhkdktd, sdrvglgtgr

>.8.

QDRSGLG^GRDQ AA

Qág bhsiahldktd lgtgrds nd AA, sdkng qud g dsthtgr é ng tipg ilá pdrlhkdktd, utioizhkng nd ilás nd tdrrhs rhrhs, dstds ilás tdl h hniêág nd dodldktgs nh sérid ngs ohkthkìndgs phrh pgtdkaihoizhr sdu ndsdlpdkmg. Vgnd-sd agktrgohr g tgrqud d h vdogainhnd ndstd lgtgr htrhvés nh agrrdktd nd hrlhnurh ( Ih). G sdrvglgtgr AA é ul lgtgr nd agrrdktd agl dodvhnh nikâliah, gu sd`h, sdu prg`dtg é cditg nd cgrlh tho qud h iktdrhêág ng couxg prgpgraigkd tgrqud rdohtivhldktd agksthktd hg ogkjg nd ulh jrhknd chixh nd vdogainhnd d rèpinh rdspgsth. G sdkting ng jirg é nhng pdoh pgohrinhnd nh agrrdktd ng lgtgr.

>.2.

AGK^RGOD ND QDRSGLG^GRDQ

Gs sdrvglgtgrds pgndl sdr agktrgohngs tdkng aglg rdcdràkaih tgrqud, vdogainhnd gu pgsiêág, agkcgrld h cijurh h sdjuir0

Goivdirh d Puahtdooi

 

  9

Cukêág nd trhkscdràkaih nd vdogainhnd

Qdt pgikt + nd pgsiaág -

Qhturhngr 

Cukêág nd trhkscdràkaih nd tgrqud

+ -

 Hlpoiciahngr nd Vgtàkaih

V

Qhturhngr  +

I

+

+ +

+

N Jhkmg nh rdhoildkthêág nd vdogainhnd

Jhkmg nh rdhoildkthêág nd tgrqud

Agkthngr nd pgaigkhldktg

Lgtgr 

L Q

Ohêg nd agktrgod nd tgrqud

Qdksgr 

Ohêg nd agktrgod nd vdogainhnd Ohêg nd agktrgod nd pgsiaigkhldktg

Cijurh 82 ‑ Agktrgod dl ahsahth nd Qdrvglgtgr

G agktrgod hpoiahng é dl rdjild ahsahth, gu sd`h ul phrâldtrg jdrh h rdcdràkaih phrh g prñxilg. H sdqÿàkaih agldêh agl h pgsiêág, h pgsiêág jdrh rdcdràkaih phrh h vdogainhnd qud pgr suh vdz jdrh h rdcdràkaih ng tgrqud. Ahnh bogag, pgsiêág, vdogainhnd d tgrqud tàl h suh prñprih rdhoildkthêág, g qud tgrkh g agktrgod rdcikhng d prdaisg rdnuzikng htrhsgs dl agrrdêôds. G sikho dkvihng hg sdrvglgtgr gagrrd pdog amhvdhldktg ngs trhksistgrds IJB^ ( Iksuohtdn Jhtd Bipgohr ^rhksistgr )

aglhknhngs pgr lgnuohêág nd ohrjurh nd puosg (VZL) rdsuothktd ngs aèoauogs ng prg`dtg ng agktrgohngr. Hojuks sdrvglgtgrds nispgkìvdis kg ldrahng vàl agl ul sistdlh nd lgnuohêág qud oilith h hêág ng usuèrig, pdrlitikng hpdkhs h dktrhnh nh pgsiêág hkjuohr ndsd`hnh d g sdkting nd jirg pgr ldig ng amhvdhldktg ngs trhksistgrds rdhoizhng pgr agktrgod ng tipg VZL. Dstds airauitgs hpdkhs siktdtizhl g nihjrhlh nd bogags nd ul sdrvglgtgr agkvdkaigkho. Qág kdadssèrigs vèrigs dodldktgs phrh trhnuzir gs nihjrhlhs nd bogags phrh h rdhoinhnd. Agktrgohngrds5 htuhngrds5 dktrhnhs nd sikho5 dodldktgs nd pgtàkaih d sdksgrds d ldningrds ndvdl sdr agrrdthldktd dsagomings phrh gbtdr g ldomgr ndsdlpdkmg nd tgng g sistdlh. Vhrh pgndr iktdjrè-ogs nd cgrlh mhrlþkiah, é prdaisg agkmdadr suhs ahrhatdrìstiahs phrh htdkndr hs dxijàkaihs ng sistdlh h sdr hpoiahng.

>.2.8. ^RHKQIQ^GR BIVGOHR AGL VGR^H IQGOHNH ‑ IJB^  Ndsnd h ikvdkêág ng prildirg nigng agktrgohng nd sioìaig agl `ukêág VKVK, dl 894:, mguvd ul jrhknd hvhkêg kgs nispgsitivgs sdliagknutgrds nd pgtàkaih. Vhrh sdrdl hpoiahngs dl sistdlhs nd dodvhnh pgtàkaih d substituìrdl hs runildkthrds vèovuohs, gs nispgsitivgs sdliagknutgrds ndvdl sdr ahphzds nd supgrthr jrhknds agrrdktds d dodvhnhs tdksôds rdvdrshs dl sdu amhvdhldktg. Goivdirh d Puahtdooi

 

  86

Hoél nissg, dl vèrihs hpoiahêôds nd dodtrþkiah nd pgtàkaih, mè kdadssinhnd nd ulh gpdrhêág dl dodvhnhs crdqÿàkaihs nd amhvdhldktg ngs nispgsitivgs sdliagknutgrds, kdadssèrigs phrh h agkstruêág nd ciotrgs htivgs nd pgtàkaih. Ndssh cgrlh, gs nispgsitivgs sdliagknutgrds ndvdl pgssuir bhixhs pdrnhs nd pgtàkaih nurhktd g amhvdhldktg. H phrtir nd 89:6, vèrigs tipgs nd nispgsitivgs sdliagknutgrds nd pgtàkaih cgrhl ndsdkvgovings d sd tgrkhrhl nispgkìvdis agldraiholdktd. Ikaoudl-sd kdstds nispgsitivgs gs IJB^’s (Iksuohtdn   Jhtd Bipgohr ^rhksistgr ). ). Rdukikng hs ahrhatdrìstiahs nd agluthêág ngs trhksistgrds bipgohrds nd pgtàkaih æ dodvhnh ilpdnâkaih nd dktrhnh, g IJB^ sd tgrkh ahnh vdz lhis pgpuohr kgs airauitgs nd agktrgod nd pgtàkaih nd usg iknustriho d hté ldslg dl dodtrþkiah nd agksulg d dlbhrahnh. Agod Ag odtg tgrr A Jhtd J Dlis Dl issg sgrr D

Cijurh 81 ‑ Qilbgogjih ng trhksistgr IJB^

>.2.2. LGNTOHÊÁG VGR OHRJTRH ND VTOQG ‑ VZL H lgnuohêág pgr ohrjurh nd puosg (VZL ‑ Vuosd Zintm Lgnuohtigk ) é ushnh phrh agktrgohr agrrdktd hpoiahnh dl ul sistdlh doétriag gu dodtrþkiag. G haigkhldktg nd lgtgrds AA pgnd sdr cditg htrhvés nh vhrihêág agktìkuh nh tdkság hpoiahnh hg lgtgr. Vgrél ushl−sd htuholdktd téakiahs nd VZL, qud nilikudl hs pdrnhs nd dkdrjih d, pgr agksdjuiktd rdnuzdl g hqudaildktg ngs aglpgkdktds ng haigkhngr pdrlitikng h rdnuêág nd sdu austg d thlhkmg. G VZL agksistd kul létgng nd agktrgod amhvdhng nd tdkság dl crdqÿàkaihs. Kh cijurh 8> g tdlpg ^GK agrrdspgknd hg tdlpg qud h amhvd pdrlhkdad kh pgsiêág oijhnh d ^GCC g tdlpg qud h ldslh pdrlhkdad kh pgsiêág ndsoijhnh. Kgrlholdktd g amhvdhldktg é, nd chtg, rdhoizhng pgr trhksistgrds. Kg airauitg, g sikho VZL é hpoiahng æ bhsd (B) ng trhksistgr. Xuhkng ulh tdkság pgsitivh hndquhnh é hpoiahnh dl (B) agl rdohêág hg dlissgr (D), g trhksistgr shturh aglpgrthkng−sd aglg ulh amhvd cdamhnh chzdkng agl qud h tdkság nd hoildkthêág (Saa) sd`h hpoiahnh hg lgtgr. Nd lhkdirh agktrèrih, sd h tdkság kh bhsd agl rdohêág hg dlissgr é zdrg, Goivdirh d Puahtdooi

 

  88

dktág g trhksistgr é agrthng aglpgrthkng−sd aglg ulh amhvd hbdrth d kdkmulh tdkság é hpoiahnh hg lgtgr. H tdkság lénih kg lgtgr é dktág0 S l < S aa

^gk ^gk + ^gcc 

 gknd0

Sl  é h tdkság hpoiahnh hg lgtgr. Saa é h cgktd nd dkdrjih. ^gk é g tdlpg dl qud h amhvd ciah oijhnh. ^gcc  é g tdlpg dl qud h amhvd ciah ndsoijhnh.

. Cijurh 8> ‑ Amhvdhldktg VZL0 (h) Airauitg silpoiciahng5 (b) d (a) ság nuhs cgrlhs nd gknh.

>.2.1. QDKQGRDQ Vhrh h rdhoizhêág nh rdhoildkthêág ng sistdlh dl lhomh cdamhnh, é cuknhldktho g sdksgrihldktg nh vhrièvdo ndsd`hnh d/gu nd hojulh gutrh agrrdohaigkhnh qud pgssh sdr iktdrprdthnh d ushnh pdog agktrgohngr. Vgrthktg, h dsagomh ngs sdksgrds ndvd htdkndr hs kdadssinhnds ng sistdlh.

>.2.1.8. NIQVGQI^ISG ^HAGJDRHNGR Dod é ul pdqudkg jdrhngr doétriag nd AA, agl ahlpg cgrkdaing pgr ilá. H tdkság jdrhnh, pdoh Odi nd Chrhnhy

  ∂σ       cdl < −   é ∂t    

prgpgraigkho æ vdogainhnd agl qud

g couxg lhjkétiag é agrthng pdog dkrgohldktg ng rgtgr. Hssil, g ^hagjdrhngr é ul trhksnutgr ldaâkiag doétriag oikdhr. Goivdirh d Puahtdooi

 

  82

S < Ek  gknd0 E  0

é ulh agksthktd qud ndpdknd ng ahlpg ng ilá, ng kðldrg nd dspirhs d pñogs d nhs nildksôds ng rgtgr. k 0 é h rgthêág ng dixg pgr likutg (rpl), gu pgr sdjukng (rps). H tdkság (S) é g prgnutg nh agksthktd d nh rgthêág d suh pgohrinhnd ndpdknd ng sdkting nd rgthêág. H tdkság sdrè, pgrthktg nirdthldktd prgpgraigkho æ rgthêág ng dixg, g qud silpoiciah gs aèoauogs phrh dkagktrhr h vdogainhnd hkjuohr (ω).

>.2.1.2. NIQVGQI^ISG DKAGNDR

Cijurh 84 ‑ Dkagndr

G dkagndr é ul sdksgr nd puosgs. Bhsiahldktd é ul nispgsitivg qud agksistd nd ul nisag pdrcurhng, dl ul sistdlh nd aglpgkdktds gptg-dodtrþkiags, h ouz dlitinh nd ul ohng ng nisag phsshrè pdogs curgs. Dstd nisag dstè prdsg h ul dixg gu lgtgr, nd cgrlh h arihr ul lgvildktg rgthaigkho, dkquhktg qud h cgktd nd ouz d g rdadptgr dstág cixgs. H rgthêág ng nisag arih ulh sérid nd puosgs pdoh iktdrrupêág gu kág nh ouz dlitinh hg ndtdatgr. Dstds puosgs nd ouz ság trhkscgrlhngs pdog ndtdatgr dl ulh sérid nd puosgs doétriags. H crdqÿàkaih ng puosg é nirdthldktd prgpgraigkho hg kðldrg nd rgthêôds kg iktdrvhog nd tdlpg, d hg kðldrg nd curgs hg ogkjg ng nisag. G dkagndr cgrkdad ndsogahldktg d h nirdêág ng ldslg. Gs dkagndrs nivindl-sd dl hbsgoutgs d ikardldkthis. Dkagndrs ikardldkthis ság lhis silpods, kdadssithl sdrdl rdcdrdkaihngs pgis pgsiêôds nicdrdktds dkvihl g ldslg sikho, sdkng suh nicdrdkaihêág nhnh pdoh agkthjdl nd puosgs. Dkagndrs hbsgoutgs ság lhis ahrgs, pgrél kág prdaishl sdr rdcdrdkaihngs. Ahnh pgsiêág cgrkdad ulh ikcgrlhêág ðkiah, pgrthktg é pgssìvdo shbdr h ogahoizhêág ng ldahkislg sdl tdr qud rdcdrdkaiè-og h ahnh vdz qud é oijhng.

Goivdirh d Puahtdooi

 

  81

>.2.>. AGK^RGOHNGR VIN G agktrgohngr VIN (Vrgpgraigkho, Iktdjrho d Ndrivhtivg), é g agktrgohngr lhis agkmdaing nd usg iknustriho. G agktrgohngr VIN sgbrdvivdu æs lunhkêhs tdakgoñjiahs nh drh hkhoñjiah phrh h drh nd agktrgod nijitho aglputhngrizhng shtischtgrihldktd. Dod cgi g prildirg, d ðkiag, agktrgohngr h sdr prgnuzing dl lhssh phrh htdkndr h ardsadktd ndlhknh ng ldrahng qud dxistd dl prgadssgs iknustrihis. Qdjukng Jhraih (2661 hpun Vhthké dt ho  266:),   266:), hpdshr nd kgvhs téakiahs nd agktrgod nd prgadssg, g hojgritlg nd agktrgod lhis utioizhng iknustriholdktd é g VIN, hpdshr nd dxistir h lhis nd ldig séauog. Hiknh sdjukng Jhraih (2661), g VIN hprdsdkth hs sdjuiktds vhkthjdks0 • 

Kág rdqudr rdqudr agkmdaildktg agkmdaildktg prgcukng nh pohk pohkth th d kdl ul ul lgndog lhtdlètiag ng prgadssg, dlbgrh sd`h ðtio kg prg`dtg ng sistdlh nd agktrgod5

• 

Hprdsdkths hojgritlg ukivdrsho bhsdhng kh ciogsgcih pgr pgr rdhoildkthêág, rdhoildkthêág, sdkng sdkng vdrsètio d rgbustg. Qd hs agkniêôds ng prgadssg lunhl h rd-siktgkih ng agktrgohngr usuholdktd prgnuz agktrgod shtischtñrig.

Agktrgohngr 

e  p

V Drrg

+

I

+

Qhình

e  p

8

^  ∥

e  p

i

+

N (h) Nihjrhlh nd bogags.

e  p

e p^ n 

n 

Gknd0 d(t) < Drrg dl cukêág ng tdlpg ua(t) < Qikho nd shình dl cukêág ng tdlpg ep < Jhkmg prgpgraigkho ^i < ^dlpg iktdjrho

 

Gknd0 D(s) < Drrg dl cukêág nd s Ta(s) < Qikho nd shình dl cukêág nd s ep < Jhkmg prgpgraigkho ^i < ^dlpg iktdjrho ^n < ^dlpg ndrivhtivg

^n < ^dlpg ndrivhtivg Cijurh 83 ‑ Nihjrhlh nd Bogags VIN Goivdirh d Puahtdooi

^i s

e p^n s

nt 

 

8

 

 

  8>

H aglbikhêág nhs hêôds prgpgraigkho, iktdjrho d ndrivhtivh phrh jdrhr ul sñ sikho nd agktrgod, nè grijdl hg agktrgohngr prgpgraigkho-iktdjrho-ndrivhtivg gu silpodsldktd VIN. G gb`dtivg é hprgvdithr hs ahrhatdrìstiahs phrtiauohrds nd ahnh ulh ndsths hêôds h cil nd sd gbtdr ulh ldomgrh sijkiciahtivh ng aglpgrthldktg trhksitñrig d dl rdjild pdrlhkdktd ng sistdlh agktrgohng. G sikho nd agktrgod jdrhng pdog agktrgohngr VIN é hssil jdkdriahldktd nhng aglg0 u (t ) < E  p d(t ) +

E  p ^ i



8



^ i

u (t ) < E  p d(t ) +

∥ d(t )nt  + E  ^   p

∥

d(t )nt  + ^ n 

nd(t )

n 

nt 

nd(t ) 



nt  

Kg nglìkig ng tdlpg, nd hagrng agl Gjhth (8991). 

8  D ( s )



^ i

T ( s ) < E  p  D ( s) +



8



^ i s

T ( s ) < E  p D ( s ) 8 +

s



+ ^ n sD ( s ) 





+ ^ n s 



Kg nglìkig nd Ohpohad, nd hagrng agl Gjhth (8991). Ndsth cgrlh mè tràs phrâldtrgs nd siktgkih kg agktrgohngr0 g jhkmg prgpgraigkho Ep (hêág prgpgraigkho), g tdlpg iktdjrho ^i  (hêág iktdjrho) d g tdlpg ndrivhtivg ^n (hêág ndrivhtivh). Hpdshr nh nispgkibioinhnd nhs tràs hêôds bèsiahs, ndpdkndkng nh hpoiahêág kág sdrè kdadssèrig utioizhr ulh gu lhis ndsths hêôds. Bhsiahldktd mè > agkcijurhêôds pgssìvdis nd agktrgohngrds h phrtir nd ulh dstruturh VIN0 ^hbdoh 8 ‑ Ep, ^i d ^n aglbikhnhs phrh jdrhr hs hêôds V, I d N

Lgng

Goivdirh d Puahtdooi

Ep 

^i 

^n 

V

Ep ; 6

^i < ∛  ^n < 6

VI

Ep ; 6

^i ? ∛  ^n < 6

VN

Ep ; 6

^i < ∛  ^n ; 6

VIN

Ep ; 6

^i ? ∛  ^n ; 6

 

  84

>.2.>.8. G AGK^RGOHNGR (V) Kdstd tipg nd agktrgohngr h rdspgsth, gu sikho nd shình, ng agktrgohngr é prgpgraigkho hg drrg dxistdktd dktrd g vhogr ndsd`hng d g vhogr ldning, gu sd`h0

u (t ) < E p d(t )    T ( s ) < E p D ( s )  

Kg nglìkig ng tdlpg. Kg nglìkig nd Ohpohad.

Cijurh 8: ‑ Nihjrhlh nd bogags d dquhêôds.

>.2.>.2. G AGK^RGOHNGR (VI) H prikaipho cukêág nh hêág iktdjrho é chzdr agl qud prgadssgs sijhl, agl drrg kuog, ul sikho nd rdcdràkaih ng tipg shotg, h hêág iktdjrho doilikh g gccsdt , gu sd`h, h nicdrdkêh dktrd g vhogr dstèvdo d h rdcdràkaih   nhnh. Dktrdthktg, h hêág iktdjrho sd hpoiahnh isgohnhldktd tdknd h pigrhr h dsthbioinhnd ng sistdlh. Vhrh agktrhbhohkêhr dstd chtg, h hêág iktdjrho é dl jdrho utioizhnh dl agk`uktg agl h hêág prgpgraigkho agkstituikng-sd g agktrgohngr VI, au`g sikho nd agktrgod é nhng pgr0

e  p

e  p

8

 ∥

^ i

 



8



^ i

u (t ) < E p d(t ) +

∥ 

T ( s) < E p D ( s) 8 +





d(t ) nt    



Kg nglìkig ng tdlpg.

    Kg nglìkig nd Ohpohad. ^i s  8

Cijurh 8= ‑ Nihjrhlh nd bogags d dquhêôds.

Goivdirh d Puahtdooi

 

  83

G jrèciag nh cijurh 89 ioustrh h hpoiahêág nh hêág iktdjrho agk`ukthldktd agl h hêág prgpgraigkho. H phrtir ndstd jrèciag pgnd-sd tdr ulh iktdrprdthêág phrh ^i0 g tdlpg iktdjrho gu ‟rdsdt-tild “, “, qud agrrdspgknd hg tdlpg dl qud h phradoh rdohtivh æ phradoh prgpgraigkho nh hêág nd agktrgod é nupoiahnh.

Cijurh 89 ‑ dcditg nh hêág iktdjrho 

Kh cijurh 26 é ioustrhnh h ikcouàkaih nh siktgkih ng phrâldtrg ^i kh rdspgsth ng sistdlh agl Ep .1. G AGK^RGOHNGR (VN) H shình nd ul prgadssg hprdsdkth, iktuitivhldktd, adrth "ikéraih" agl rdohêág h lgniciahêôds kh vhrièvdo nd dktrhnh. Dsth "ikéraih" dxpoiah-sd pdoh nikâliah nd ul prgadssg qud chz agl qud ulh lunhkêh kh vhrièvdo nd agktrgod prgvgqud ulh lunhkêh agksindrèvdo kh shình sgldktd hpñs adrtg tdlpg. Tlh gutrh iktdrprdthêág é qud, ndpdkndkng nh nikâliah ng prgadssg, g sikho nd agktrgod dsthrè dl htrhsg phrh agrrijir g drrg. Dstd chtg é rdspgksèvdo pgr gsaiohêôds qud gagrrdl hté htikjir h dsthbioinhnd, amhlhnhs nd trhksitñrigs, agl jrhknd hlpoitund d pdrìgng nd gsaiohêág, pgndkng, dl ul ahsg dxtrdlg, jdrhr rdspgsths ikstèvdis. H hêág ndrivhtivh jdrh ulh agrrdêág prgpgraigkho æ ndrivhnh ng ndsvig, pgrthktg, h hlpoitund nd agrrdêág é prgpgraigkho æ vdogainhnd nd vhrihêág ng ndsvig d sd lhkicdsth hpdkhs dkquhktg g ndsvig dstivdr vhrihkng. Xuhkng aglbikhnh agl h hêág prgpgraigkho tdl `usthldktd h cukêág nd hktdaiphr h hêág nd agktrgod h cil nd qud g prgadssg rdh`h lhis rèping. Kdstd ahsg, g sikho nd agktrgod h sdr hpoiahng é prgpgraigkho h ulh prdniêág nh shình ng prgadssg. Luitg ðtio dl prgadssgs agl vhrihêôds odkths. H dstruturh bèsiah ng agktrgohngr VN é nhnh pgr0

e  p e p^ n 

 

n  nt 

u (t ) < E p d(t ) + ^n   

 

nd(t ) 

nt    

T ( s) < E p D ( s) U8 + ^n  s \

 

Kg nglìkig ng tdlpg. Kg nglìkig nd Ohpohad.

Cijurh 28 ‑ Nihjrhlh nd bogags d dquhêôds.

Kgtd thlbél qud hg huldkthr ^n, g zdrg ng agktrgohngr tdknd h grijdl, sijkiciahkng h prdnglikâkaih nh hêág ndrivhtivh.

Goivdirh d Puahtdooi

 

  8=

>.2.>.>. G AGK^RGOHNGR (VIN) G agktrgohngr VIN aglbikh hs vhkthjdks ng agktrgohngr VI d VN. H hêág iktdjrho dstè nirdthldktd oijhnh æ prdaiság ng sistdlh sdkng rdspgksèvdo pdog drrg kuog dl rdjild pdrlhkdktd. G dcditg ndsdsthbioizhngr ng agktrgohngr VI é agktrhbhohkêhng pdoh hêág ndrivhtivh qud tdknd h huldkthr h dsthbioinhnd rdohtivh ng sistdlh hg ldslg tdlpg qud tgrkh h rdspgsth ng sistdlh lhis rèpinh ndving hg sdu dcditg hktdaiphtñrig. H cukêág nd trhkscdràkaih ng agktrgohngr VIN é nhnh pgr0 e  p e  p

8

 ∥

^ i

e p^ n 

n  nt 

 



8



^i

u (t ) < E p d(t ) +

∥

d(t )nt + ^n   



8



^i s

T ( s) < E p D ( s ) 8 +

nd(t ) 

   Kg nglìkig ng tdlpg.

nt  



+ ^n  s   



Kg nglìkig nd Ohpohad.

Cijurh 22 ‑ Nihjrhlh nd bogag d d dquhêôds.

Agksindrhkng-sd g ldslg sistdlh nh cijurh 26 d cixhkng-sd Ep

8.2

8

6.=

6.3

6.>

6.2

6

-6.2 6

6.4

8

8.4

2

2.4

1

1.4

>

Cijurh 23. Dkshig prdoilikhr ng ahsg rdho.

 

H téakiah hpoiahnh kg sistdlh nd sdrvgldahkislg é bhsdhnh kg ahkadohldktg nd pñogs, phrh jhrhktir h dsthbioinhnd ng sistdlh. Vgrthktg g jhkmg ng agktrgohngr hpoiahng E kh grndl nd 6,68. Vhrh hkèoisd nd ndsdlpdkmg dl lhomh cdamhnh, hpoiagu-sd ul sikho nd rdcdràkaih ng tipg ndjrhu ukitèrig kg iksthktd 86s d ulh dktrhnh nd ‟nistðrbig“ ng tipg ndjrhu nd hlpoitund -8S kg rhlg nd rdhoildkthêág kg iksthktd 26s. G rdsuothng ng dxpdrildktg dstè kg jrèciag nh cijurh 2:. 8.2

8

6.=

6.3

6.>

6.2

6

-6.2

-6.>

-6.3 6

4

86

84

26

24

16

Cijurh 2:. Ndsdlpdkmg tdlpgrho ng ahsg rdho.

 

Kgth-sd qud, aglg prdvistg, h rdspgsth hssgaihnh hg sikho nd rdcdràkaih é prñxilh æ rdspgsth nd ul sistdlh nd prildirh grndl d h rdspgsth ndvinh æ dktrhnh nd ‟nistðrbig“ dxibd ulh lhigr vdogainhnd nd rdspgsth, ulh vdz qud g jhkmg prgpgraigkho hssgaihng hg VIN nh rdhoildkthêág é lhigr.

Goivdirh d Puahtdooi

 

  28

3. AGKAOTQÁG Qdrvglgtgrds ság lgtgrds agl dxadodktd ndsdlpdkmg phrh hpoiahêôds qud dxijdl agktrgod nd pgsiêág agl tgrqud rdohtivhldktd hotg tho aglg vdogainhnd, hoél nd rdpdtibioinhnd. G usg nd ilás pdrlhkdktds é cuknhldktho phrh htikjir dsths ahrhatdrìstiahs. Gs sdrvglgtgrds nd agrrdktd agktìkuh pgssudl ahrhatdrìstiahs nd agktrgod sdldomhktds hgs lgtgrds nd agrrdktd agktìkuh agkvdkaigkhis, pgndkng hpoiahr rdaursgs ng agktrgod ndstds lgtgrds kg agktrgod ngs sdrvgs. Dktrdthktg é dssdkaiho g usg nd sdksgrds phrh rdhoildkthêág ng sistdlh nd agktrgod phrh htikjir rdsuothngs shtischtñrigs dl suhs hpoiahêôds. G agktrgohngr VIN lgstrgu-sd hpoiaèvdo hg prgpñsitg nd agktrgohngr ng sistdlh sdrvglgtgr, h vhrièvdo lhktdvd-sd ndktrg ngs phrâldtrgs haditèvdis nd trhbhomg.

Goivdirh d Puahtdooi

 

 

AGK^RGO GC QDRSGLG^GR NA HBQ^RHA^ ^mis phpdr is hbgut sdrvglgtgrs, dquipldkts ahphbod gc ardhtd agktrgoodn hkjuohr lgvdldkt usikj dodatria dkdrjy. ^md sdrvglgtgrs hrd vdry usdn ik iknustry5 ik hppoiahtigks tmht kddn pgsitigk witm prdaisigk, witm agktrgoodn vdogaity hkn tgrqud hkn h mijm odvdo gc rdpdhthbioity, cuknhldktho cdhturds ik rgbgts, AKA lhamikds, hutgkglgus ndviads, dta. ^md wgre bdjiks crgl tmd ikitihos agkadpts hbgut agktrgo, smgwikj tdamkiquds tg jdt rdsuots lgrd dcciahaigus. dcc iahaigus. Hrd hosg smgwdn tmd pmysiaho tmdgrids ikvgovdn, crgl tmd dodatria aurrdkt hkn lhjkdt cidon iktdrhatigk tmht whs tmd grijik gc tmd cirst dodatrias lgtgrs. Zitm tmd ekgwodnjd ik tmdsd agkadpts it is pgssibod indkticidr tmd cdhturds gc sdrvglgtgrs tmht lhnd tmdl niccdrdktoy. Hkn cikhooy tmd usd gc VIN agktrgoodr, tmht is tmd agktrgoodr lgst ekgwodnjd hkn usdn ik iknustry, bdahusd httdkn shtischatgrioy tmd lgst gc iknustriho prgadss. ^mdrdcgrd tmd utioizhtigk gc VIN smgws itsdoc dcciahaigus gk sdrvglgtgrs. Edy Zgrns0 Zgrns0 Qdrvglgtgr NA. Qdrvgldamhkisl. NA lgtgrs. VIN agktrgo.

 

 

RDCDRÀKAIHQ AGK^RGOD I, Hpgstioh ng aursg nd Dkjdkmhrih Doétriah, CDI, 266>. NDO ^GRG, S. Cuknhldktgs nd Lèquikhs Doétriahs. Doétriahs. Rig nd @hkdirg, O^A, 899>. NGRC, R.A.5 BIQMGV, R.M. Qistdlhs nd agktrgod lgndrkgs. lgndrkgs. =. dn. Rig nd @hkdirg, O^A, 2668. JGLDQ, Q.A.V.5 ODGKHRNI, C.5 NH ARTP, @.@. Oujhr Jdglétriag nhs Rhìzds Ikardldktho d suh Hpoiahêág kh Qiktgkih Qi ktgkih nd Agktrgohngrds VIN. VIN. Ikstitutg Lhuè nd ^dakgogjih, Budkgs Hirds, 2663. @GKMQGK, L.H.5 LGRHNI L.M. VIN Agktrgo0 Agktrgo0 Kdw Indkticiahtigk hkn Ndsikj Ldtmgn. Ogknrds, Qprikjodr, 2664. LHRAIG, R. (1ª Qdlhkh nd ^dakgogjih ^drlgldahkiah). Vhodstrh0 Qdrvg haigkhldktgs d hpoiahêôds, 61 nd gut. 266:. LG^GR-NA-Duodr. Nispgkìvdo dl ?www.odd.dkj.udr`.br/~`phuog/VJ/8994/LG^GR?www.odd.dkj.udr`.br/~`phuog/VJ/8994/LG^GRNA-Duodr.pnco;. Hadssg dl 6= nd lhi. 266:. GJH^H, E. Dkjdkmhrih nd Agktrgod Lgndrkg Lgndrkg.. 2. dn. Rig nd @hkdirg, Vrdktiad Mhoo, 8991. G Agktrgohngr VIN. Nispgkìvdo dl ?mttp0//www.dad.ucrjs.br/~`ljglds/pin/Hpgs ?mttp0/ /www.dad.ucrjs.br/~`ljglds/pin/Hpgstioh/ tioh/ hpgstioh/kgnd2>.mtlo;. Hadssg dl 2: nd hjg. 266:. VH^HKÉ , D.@., HQQIQ, Z.G., RDPDE, H.@.@., Ndsdkvgovildktg nd agktrgod nd vdogainhnd dl lhomh cdamhnh phrh lgtgrds AA utioizhkng hquisiêág nd nhngs. Agktrgod d Ikstruldkthêág, Ikstruldkthêág, Qág Vhuog hkg 86 k¶823, p. 32-:8, Lhig, 266:. QIJMIDRI, O.5 KIQMIKHRI, H. Agktrgod Hutglètiag nd Vrgadssgs Iknustrihis0 Iknustrihis0 Ikstruldkthêág. 2. dn. Qág Vhuog, Dnjhrn Boÿamdr, 89:1. QGHRDQ, A.C.^. dt ho . IJB^ IJB^00 Iksuohtdn Jhtd Bipgohr ^rhksistgr. Tkivdrsinhnd Cdndrho ng Rig nd @hkdirg. VhjikhWIJB^.mtl;. HadssgNispgkìvdo dl 2: nd dl hjg.?mttp0//www.jth.ucr`.br/jrhn/68W8/ijtb/ 266:. QGTPH, J.^. D^D Vdnrg Cdrrdirh HovdsWQdrvglgtgr. Lgji Liril, `uo. 266>. Nispgkìvdo dl ?www.`uoigsthlph.agl.br/ ~`ukigr/rgbgtiah/ahi.pnc;. Hadssg dl 6= nd lhi. 266:. Q^GAENHOD, O.H. Qdrvgldahkislgs Qdrvgldahkislgs.. Ogknrds, Qir Ishha Vitlhk & Qgks. 89:1 LHRAIG, R. (1ª Qdlhkh nd ^dakgogjih ^drlgldahkiah). Vhodstrh0 Qdrvg haigkhldktgs d hpoiahêôds, 61 nd gut. 266:. ^MIQ is hk dxpdrildkt gk tmd aogsdn oggp NA sdrvglgtgr agktrgo. Nispgkìvdo dl ?mttp0//dol-amhk.grj/wgres/sla/rdpgrtWd.mtlo;. Hadssg dl 2: nd hjg. 266:. SHOEDKBRTJ, Shk5Bèsiags. KGGJDR & KDSIOOD (Ika), Qdrvgldahkislgs Bèsiags . Kdw Ygre, 8938. v. 8Qistdlhs Qìkargkgs d Goivdirh d Puahtdooi