Control Numerico y Robotica Industrial

 

Ycrto U

Tfstogcs ko gcnu`cdturc

46

DJN[QJL N_GÆQFDJ N_GÆQFDJ V QJAÔ[FDC FNK_T[QFCL DJN[ONFKJ KOL DCYÇ[_LJ 46.3

Djntrjl nugærfdj 46.3.33 [odnjljmçc kol djntrjl nugærfdj 46.3. 46.3.1 Cnãlfsfs ko ljs sfstogcs ko pjsfdfjncgfontj pcrc ol DN 46.3.4 Yrodfsfôn on ol pjsfdfjncgfontj 46.3.; Yrjmrcgcdfôn ko pfozcs pjr DN

46.1

46.3.? Cplfdcdfjnos Qjaôtfdc fnkustrfcl kol djntrjl nugærfdj 46.1.3 46.1 .3 Cnctjgçc ko un rjajt 46.1.1 46.1 .1 Tfstogcs ko djntrjl y prjmrcgcdfôn ko rjajts 46.1.4 46.1 .4 Cplfdcdfjnos ko rjajts fnkustrfclos

On ostc pcrto kol lfarj so djnsfkorcn vcrfjs tfpjs ko sfstogcs ko gcnu`cdturc gcnu`cdt urc quo so csjdfcn djgøngonto djn ljs prjdosjs ko `carfdcdfôn y onscgalo cnclfzckjs on ljs dcpçtuljs  sfstogc  sfsto gc ko gcnu`cdt gcnu`cdturc urc   cntorfjros.   puoko djgj unc ko djloddfôn ko oqufpj fntomrckj y_n rodursjs eugcnjs quo roclfzcn unc ko`fnfrso j gãs jporcdfjnos prjdoscgfontj y/

j onscgalo sjaro un gctorfcl ko trcachj fnfdfcl, unc pfozc j un djnhuntj ko pfozcs. Ol oqufpj fntomrckj f ntomrckj djnsfsto on gãqufncs ko prjkuddfôn, gcnohj ko gctorfcl y kfspjsftfvjs ko pjsfdfjncgfontj pjsfdfjncg fontj y sfstogcs djgputcdfjnclos. Ljs Lj s rodursjs eugcnjs so nodosftcn nodosftc n c tfogpj djgplotj j tfogpj pcrdfcl pcrc gcntonor cl oqufpj on `undfjncgfontj. On lc `fmurc 46.3 so guostrc lc pjsfdfôn ko ljs sfstogcs ko gcnu`cdturc on ol sfstogc ko prjkuddfôn mrcnko. Djgj lj fnkfdc ol kfcmrcgc, ljs sfstogcs ko gcnu`cdturc so onduontrcn on lc `ãarfdc y sjn ljs quo roclfzcn ol trcachj ko vcljr cmromckj sjaro lc pfozc j prjkudtj. Ljs sfstogcs ko gcnu`cdturc fndluyon tcntj sfstogcs cutjgctfzckjs djgj oqufpj jporckj on `jrgc gcnucl. Lc kfstfndfôn ontro lcs kjs dctomjrçcs nj sfogpro ostã dlcrc, pjrquo gudejs sfstogcs ko gcnu`cdturc fnvjludrcn ologontjs ko trcachj cutjgctfzckj y gcnucl (pjr ohogplj, unc gãqufnc eorrcgfontc eorrc gfontc quo `undfjnc on un dfdlj ko prjdoscgfontj prjdoscg fontj sogfcutjgãtfdj porj quo on dckc dfdlj koao sor dcrmckc y kosdcrmckc pjr un trcachckjr eugcnj). Lcdcpçtulj djaorturc ostodjntrjl toxtj fndluyo cgacs dctomjrçcs y ostãoljrmcnfzckc tros dcpçtuljs8 ol 46 ko sjaro nugærfdj y rjaôtfdc fnkustrfcl, dcpçtulj ;9onsjaro todnjljmçc ko mrupjs y sfstogcs ko gcnu`cdturc `loxfalo y ol dcpçtulj ;3 sjaro lçnocs ko prjkuddfôn. On R?W puoko ondjntrcrso un cnãlfsfs gãs kotcllckj ko ostjs togcs.

 

555  Dcpçtulj 46/Djntrjl nugærfdj y rjaôtfdc fnkustrfcl Tfstogc ko prjkuddfôn

Tfstogcs ko sjpjrto c lc gcnu`cdturc g cnu`cdturc

Tjpjrto c lc gcnu`cdturc Tfstogc ko djntrjl ko dclfkck

Tfstogcs ko gcnu`cdturc Fnstclcdfjnos

@FM_QC @FM_ QC 46. 46.33 Yjs jsfd fdfô fôn n ko ljs sfstogcs ko gcnu`cdturc on ol sfstogc ko prjkuddfôn gãs mrcnko.

Gctorfclos ko fnmonforçc

Jporcdfjnos ko prjdosjs ko `carfdcdfôn y ko onscgalo

Yrjkudtjs torgfnckjs

46..3 DJ 46 DJN[Q N[QJL JL N_ N_GÆ GÆQF QFDJ DJ Ol djntrjl nugærfdj (DN) os unc `jrgc ko cutjgctfzcdfôn prjmrcgcalo on lc ducl un prjmrcgc quo djntfono kctjs cl`cnugærfdjs djkf`fdckjs djntrjlc lcs cddfjnos ko unc pcrto kol oqufpj. Ljs kctjs roprosontcn pjsfdfjnos rolctfvcs unc dcaozc ko trcachj y unc pfozc ko trcachj. Lc dcaozc ko trcachj roprosontc uncontro eorrcgfontc u jtrj ologontj ko prjdoscgfontj y lc pfozc ko trcachj os ol jahotj quo so prjdosc. Ol prfndfpfj jporctfvj kol DN os djntrjlcr ol gjvfgfontj ko lc dcaozc ko trcachj on rolcdfôn djn lc pfozc ko trcachj y lc soduondfc on lc ducl so roclfzcn ljs gjvfgfontjs. Lc prfgorc cplfdcdfôn kol djntrjl nugærfdj `uo on ol gcqufnckj (efstôrfdc 46.3), y æstc os tjkcvçc un ãroc ko cplfdcdfôn fgpjrtcnto. On lcs `fmurcs 11.10 11. 10 y 11.1= 11. 1= so guostrcn gãqufncs eorrcgfontc ko DN.

Njtc efstôrfdc 46.3 Djntrjl nugærfdj R4W, R?W.

S ufonos rodfaon ol drækftj pjr lcs prfgorcs fnvostfmcdfjnos sjaro djntrjl nugærfdj sjn Hjen Ycrsjns y @rcnb Ttulon on lc Ycrsjns Djrpjrctfjn on Gfdefmcn, c `fnos ko lc kædckc ko 36;9. Ycrsjns orc un djntrctfstc ko gcqufnckj pcrc lc @uorzc Cæroc ko Ostckjs _nfkjs y ecaçc kfsoóckj un gokfj quo utflfzcac kctjs ko djjrkonckcs nugærfdcs c `fn ko gjvor lc gosc ko trcachj ko unc `rosckjrc y prjkudfr pfozcs djgplohcs pcrc corjncvos. Djn acso on ol trcachj ko Ycrsjns, lc @uorzc Cæroc ko Ostckjs _nfkjs progfô djn un djntrctj c ostc djgpcóçc on 36;6, djn ol `fn ko ostukfcr lc `cdtfaflfkck kol nuovj djndoptj ko djntrjl pcrc gãqufncs eorrcgfontc. Ol prjyodtj `uo suadjntrctckj pcrc ol lcajrctjrfj ko sorvjgodcnfsgjs on ol Gcsscdeusotts Fnstftuto j` [odenjljmy djn ol prjpôsftj ko drocr unc gãqufnc eorrcgfontc prjtjtfpj quo utflfzcrc ol nuovj prfndfpfj ko kctjs nugærfdjs. Ol lcajrctjrfj kol G.F.[.. djn`frgô quo ol djndoptj orc `cdtfalo y prjdokfô c G.F.[ ckcptcr unc `rosckjrc vortfdcl ko tros ohos, uscnkj djntrjlos

djgafnckjs cnclômfdjs-kfmftclos. Ol sfstogc gokfcnto ol ducl so roclfzcacn ljs gjvfgfontjs ko lc gãqufnc eorrcgfontc rodfafô ol njgaro ko djntrjl nugærfdj (DN). Ol `undfjncgfontj ko lc gãqufnc prjtjtfpj so kogjstrô on 36?1. Lc oxcdtftuk y lc ropotfaflfkck kol sfstogc ko djntrjl nugærfdj orcn gudej gohjros quo ljs gætjkjs ko gcqufnckj gcnucl kfspjnfalos ontjndos. [cgafæn orc ovfkonto ol pjtondfcl pcrc rokudfr ol tfogpj nj prjkudtfvj on ol dfdlj ko gcqufnckj. Tfn ogacrmj, ljs djnstrudtjros ko gãqufncs eorrcgfontc nj ostcacn kfspuostjs c fnvortfr lcs mrcnkos dcntfkckos roquorfkcs pcrc olcajrcr prjkudtjs acsckjs on ol djntrjl nugærfdj. On 36?0, lc `uorzc cæroc kodfkfô pctrjdfncr ol koscrrjllj ko gãqufncs eorrcgfontc ko DN on kfvorscs djgpcóçcs. Ostcs gãqufncs so pusforjn on jporcdfôn on kf`orontos djgpcóçcs cærocs ontro 36?5 y 3609. Yrjntj `uorjn ovfkontos lcs vontchcs kol DN y lcs djgpcóçcs ko lc fnkustrfc corjnãutfdc y corjospcdfcl

 

Toddfôn 46.3/Djntrjl nugærfdj 556

 

ogpozcrjn c ecdor pokfkjs ko nuovcs gãqufncs ko djntrjl nugærfdj. Clmunjs, fndlusj, fnfdfcrjn lc djnstruddfôn ko sus prjpfcs unfkckos. Lc fgpjrtcndfc ko lc prjmrcgcdfôn ko pfozcs `uo dlcrc kosko ol prfndfpfj. Lc @uorzc Cæroc ko Ostckjs _nfkjs sfmufô cpjycnkj ol koscrrjllj y lc cplfdcdfôn kol DN gokfcnto ol pctrjdfnfj ko lc fnvostfmcdfôn on ol G.F.[ pcrc un lonmucho ko prjmrcgcdfôn ko pfozcs, duyj

prjpôsftj orc djntrjlcr lcs gãqufncs ko DN. Ostc fnvostfmcdfôn prjkuhj lc fgplcntcdfôn on 36?5 ko lc ecaflftcdfôn ko eorrcgfontcs prjmrcgckcs cutjgãtfdcgonto (CY[,, pjr sus sfmlcs on fnmlæs). CY[ os un lonmucho ko (CY[ prjmrcgcdfôn ko pfozcs c trcvæs kol ducl un usucrfj kosdrfao lcs fnstruddfjnos ko gcqufnckj on onundfckjs sfgplos pcrodfkjs cl fkfjgc fnmlæs, y æstjs ostãn djkf`fdckjs ko gcnorc quo ol sfstogc ko DN puokc loorljs.

46.3. 46. 3.33 [odnj odnjljm ljmçc çc kol kol djntrj djntrjll nugæ nugærfdj rfdj On ostc soddfôn so ko`fnfrãn ko`fnf rãn ljs djgpjnontos ko un sfstogc ko djntrjl nugærfdj y kospuæs so kosdrfafrã ol sfstogc ko oho ko djjrkonckcs y ljs djntrjlos ko gjvfgfontj. _n sfstogc ko djntrjl nugærfdj tfono tros djgpjnontos aãsfdjs8 3) un prjmrcgc ko pfozcs, 1) unc unfkck ko djntrjl ko gãqufnc y 4) ol oqufpj ko prjdoscgfontj. Ol  prjmrcgc ko pfozcs (tærgfnj quo so usc djgøngonto on lc todnjljmçc ko gãqufncs eorrcgfontc) os ol djnhuntj kotcllckj ko djgcnkjs quo vc c somufr ol oqufpj ko prjdoscgfontj. Dckc djgcnkj ospodf`fdc unc pjsfdfôn j gjvfgfontj quo roclfzcrã lc dcaozc ko trcachj on rolcdfôn djn ol jahotj prjdosckj. _nc pjsfdfôn so Djgpjnontos ko un sfstogc ko DN

 x-y-z. ko`fno gokfcnto suson djjrkonckcs  Onfndluyon lcs cplfdcdfjnos ko gãqufncs eorrcgfontc, ljs kotcllos ckfdfjnclos ol prjmrcgc ko DN lc voljdfkck ko rjtcdfôn kol oho, lc kfroddfôn kol oho, lc voljdfkck ko clfgontcdfôn, lcs fnstruddfjnos ko dcgafj ko eorrcgfontcs y jtrjs djgcnkjs rolcdfjnckjs djn lc jporcdfôn. Kurcnto gudejs cójs, ljs prjmrcgcs ko pfozcs ko DN so djkf`fdcrjn on dfntc ko pcpol por`jrckc ko unc pulmckc ko cndej, uscnkj un `jrgctj ostãnkcr quo pjkçc fntorprotcr lc unfkck ko djntrjl ko lc gãqufnc. On lc cdtuclfkck, on ljs tclloros ospodfclfzckjs gjkornjs, lc dfntc por`jrckc so ec sustftufkj pjr nuovcs todnjljmçcs ko clgcdoncgfontj. Æstcs fndluyon dfntcs gcmnætfdcs y trcns`orondfc olodtrônfdc ko prjmrcgcs ko pfozcs ko DN kosko unc djgputckjrc dontrcl. On lc todnjljmçc gjkornc ko DN, lc unfkck ko djntrjl ko gãqufnc (GD_, pjr sus sfmlcs on fnmlæs) os unc gfdrjdjgputckjrc quo clgcdonc ol prjmrcgc y lj ohodutc, djnvfrtfonkj dckc djgcnkj on cddfjnos gokfcnto ol oqufpj ko prjdoscgfontj, un djgcnkj c lc voz. Lc GD_ ostã djnstftufkc pjr ol ecrkwcro y ol sj`twcro. Ol ecrkwcro ostã `jrgckj pjr lc gfdrjdjgputckjrc, ljs djgpjnontos pcrc ecdor fntor`cz djn ol oqufpj ko prjdo-

scgfontj ko djntrjl ko rotrjclfgontcdfôn. GD_ tcgafæn fndluyo un lodtjr ykodfortjs dfntc, ologontjs sf ljs prjmrcgcs so dcrmcn on lc gogjrfc Lc ko lc djgputckjrc kosko unc dfntc por`jrckc. Ol sj`twcro ostã `jrgckj pjr ol sj`twcro ko djntrjl kol sfstogc, ljs clmjrftgjs ko dãldulj y ol sj`twcro ko trckuddfôn quo djnvforton ol prjmrcgc ko pfozcs ko DN on un `jrgctj quo puokc utflfzcr lc GD_. Æstc tcgafæn porgfto okftcr ol prjmrcgc ko pfozcs, on dcsj quo æsto djntonmc orrjros j so roquforcn dcgafjs on lcs djnkfdfjnos kol djrto. Koafkj c quo lc GD_ os unc djgputckjrc, so usc ol tærgfnj  djntrjl  nugærfdj pjr djgputckjrc (DND) pcrc kf`orondfcr osto tfpj ko DN ko lcs todnjljmçcs quo lo prodokforjn, lcs duclos so acscacn pjr djgplotj on kfspjsftfvjs olodtrônfdjs fndjrpjrckjs. Ol oqufpj ko prjdoscgfontj roclfzc unc soduondfc ko pcsjs pcrc trcns`jrgcr t rcns`jrgcr lc pfozc ko trcachj fnfdfcl on unc pfozc torgfnckc, y `undfjnc achj ol djntrjl ko lc unfkck ko djntrjl ko gãqufnc ko cduorkj djn ol djnhuntj ko fnstruddfjnos fnstr uddfjnos quo djntfono ol prjmrcgc ko pfozcs. On lc soddfôn 46.3.?, so cnclfzcrãn lcs kfvorscs cplfdcdfjnos y oqufpjs ko prjdoscgfontj. Tfstogc ko djjrkonckcs y djntrjl ko gjvfgfontjs on ol DN Ycrc ospodf`fdcr lcs pjsf-

dfjnos on ol djntrjl nugærfdj so usc un u n sfstogc ko ohos ko djjrkonckcs ostãnkcr. Ol sfstogc djnsfsto on ljs tros ohos lfnoclos ( x, y, z) kol sfstogc ko djjrkonckcs dcrtosfcncs, ckogãs ko tros ohos rjtctjrfjs (c, a, d), djgj so guostrc on lc `fmurc 46.1c). Ljs ohos rjtctjrfjs so uscn

 

569  Dcpçtulj 46/Djntrjl nugærfdj y rjaôtfdc fnkustrfcl

Yfozc ko trcachj Eorrcgfontc ko djrto

Gosc ko trcachj

@FM_QC 46.1

Yfozc ko trcachj

Tfstogc Tfsto gc ko djjrko djjrkonckcs nckcs quo quo so usc on ol djntrjl djntrjl nugær nugærfdj8 fdj8 c) pcrc trcachj plcnj y prfsgãtfdj y a ) pcrc trcachj rjtctjrfj.

pcrc quo lc pfozc ko trcachj mfro y prosonto kf`orontos supor`fdfos kurcnto ol gcqufnckj, j pcrc jrfontcr lc eorrcgfontc eorrc gfontc j dcaozc ko trcachj ko clmøn ãnmulj ã nmulj on rolcdfôn djn lc pfozc. Lc gcyjrçc ko ljs sfstogcs ko DN nj roquforon ljs sofs ohos. Ljs sfstogcs ko djntrjl nugærfdj gãs sondflljs (pjr ( pjr ohogplj, ohogplj, ljs mrc`fdckjros, lcs gãqufncs pcrc prjdoscr gctorfc prfgc prf gc on pronsc, djgj lãgfncs gotãlfdcs plcncs y lcs gãqufncs ko fnsordfôn f nsordfôn ko djgpjnontos) djgpjnontos) sjn sfstogcs ko pjsfdfjncgfontj duycs uafdcdfjnos so ko`fnon on un plcnj  x- y  y. Lc prjmrcgcdfôn ko ostcs gãqufncs fgplfdc ospodf`fdcr ospo df`fdcr unc u nc soduondfc ko djjrkonckcs x- y  y. On djntrcsto, clmuncs gãqufncs eorrcgfontc tfonon un djntrjl ko dfndj ohos pcrc kcr `jrgc c djn`fmurcdfjnos mojgætrfdcs ko pfozcs ko trcachj djgplohcs. Yjr lj monorcl, ostjs sfstogcs fndluyon tros ohos lfnoclos y kjs rjtctjrfjs. Lcs djjrkonckcs pcrc un sfstogc ko DN rjtctjrfj so flustrcn f lustrcn on lc `fmurc 46.1a). Ostjs sfstogcs ostãn rolcdfjnckjs djn jporcdfjnos ko tjrnockj on tjrnjs ko DN. Cunquo ol trcachj rjtc, æsto nj os unj ko ljs ohos djntrjlckjs. Lc trcyodtjrfc ko djrto ko lc eorrcgfontc eorrcg fontc ko tjrnj on rolcdfôn djn lc pfozc ko trcachj ostã ko`fnfkc ko`fn fkc on ol plcnj x-z, djgj so guostrc on lc `fmurc. On gudejs sfstogcs ko DN, ljs gjvfgfontjs rolctfvjs ontro ol ologontj ologontj ko prjdoscgfontj y lc pfozc ko trcachj so jatfonon `fhcnkj lc pfozc c unc gosc y kospuæs djntrjlcnkj lcs pjsfdfjnos y ljs gjvfgfontjs gjvfg fontjs ko æstc on rolcdfôn djn lc dcaozc ko trcachj ostcdfjncrfc j sogfostcdfjncrfc. Lc gcyjrçc ko lcs gãqufncs eorrcgfontc sfrvo pcrc fnsortcr djgpjnontos y so acsc on osto gætjkj ko jporcdfôn. On jtrjs sfstogcs, lc pfozc ko trcachj so gcntfono ostcdfjncrfc y lc dcaozc ko trcachj t rcachj so guovo guovo c lj lcrmj ko kjs j tros ohos. Ljs djrtckjros djrt ckjros pjr `lcgc, lcs trczckjrcs j mrc`fdckjros  x-y, y lcs gãqufncs ko gokfdfôn ko djjrkonckcs `undfjncn ko osto gjkj. Ljs sfstogcs ko djntrjl ko gjvfgfontj acsckjs on ol DN so kfvfkon on kjs tfpjs8 3) ko puntj c puntj y 1) ko trcyodtjrfc djntfnuc. Ljs sfstogcs ko puntj c puntj, tcgafæn llcgckjs  sfstogcs sfstogcs ko pjsfdfjncgfontj pjs fdfjncgfontj, guovon lc dcaozc ko trcachj (j lc pfozc ko trcac hj) c unc pjsfdfôn prjmrcgckc, sfn djnsfkorcr lc trcyodtj t rcyodtjrfc rfc quo rodjrron pcrc llomcr c tcl lumcr. _nc voz torgfnckj ol gjvfgfontj, ol dcaozcl ko suhodfôn roclfzc dfortc cddfôn ko prjdoscgfontj on unc pjsfdfôn, tcl djgj ol tclckrckj j ol por`jrckj ko un jrf`fdfj. Yjr lj tcntj, ol prjmrcgc djnsfsto on unc sorfo ko pjsfdfjnos ko puntjs on lcs duclos so roclfzcn lcs jporcdfjnos. Ljs  sfstogcs sfstogcs ko trcyodtjrfc djntfnuc  prjpjrdfjncn un kjgfnfj djntfnuj y sfgultãnoj ko gãs ko un oho, pjr lj quo djntrjlcn lc trcyodtjrfc quo sfmuo lc eorrcgfontc on rolcdfôn djn lc pfozc. Ostj porgfto quo lc eorrcgfontc ohoduto un prjdosj gfontrcs so guovon ljs ohos y ecaflftc cl sfstogc pcrc monorcr supor`fdfos cnmulcros, durvcs on kjs kfgonsfjnos j djntjrnjs trfkfgonsfjnclos on lc pfozc ko trcachj. Osto osquogc ko jporcdfôn so roquforo on gãqufncs ko kfauhj, jporcdfjnos ko `rosckj y tjrnockj y djrto djn `lcgc. On ol gcqufnckj, ol djntrjl ko trcyodtjrfc t rcyodtjrfc djntfnuc tcgafæn rodfao ol njgaro ko tjrnockj ko djntjrnjs.

Jtrj cspodtj kol djntrjl kol gjvfgfontj so ro`foro c lcs pjsfdfjnos on ol sfstogc ko djjrkonckcs, lcs duclos so ko`fnon ko`f non on `jrgc casjlutc j fndrogontcl. On ol pjsfdfjncgfontj  pjsfdfjncgfontj

 

Toddfôn 46.3/Djntrjl nugærfdj 563

 

@FM_QC @FM_ QC 46.4 46.4

Yjsfd Yj sfdfjn fjncgf cgfont ontj j casjlu casjlutj tj djntr djntrcc

pjsfdfjncgfontj Onyosto gjgontj lc dcaozc ko trcachj ostã onfndrogontcl. ol puntj (1, 4) so gjvorã cl puntj (0, 5). On ol pjsfdfjncgfontj casjlutj, ol gjvfgfontj so ospodf`fdc gokfcnto x  7  7 0, y  7  7 52 gfontrcs quo on ol pjsfdfjncgfontj fndrogontcl, ol gjvfgfontj so ospodf`fdc gokfcnto x  7  7 ;, y  7  7 ?.

casjlutj, lcs pjsfdfjnos ko lc dcaozc ko trcachj sfogpro so ko`fnon rospodtj cl jrfmon kol sfstogc ko djjrkonckcs. On ol pjsfdfjncgfontj  pjsfdfjncgfontj fndrogontcl  fndro gontcl , lc sfmufonto kfspjsfdfôn ko lc

dcaozc ko trcachj so ko`fno ko cduorkj djn lc pjsfdfôn cdtucl. cdtuc l. Lc kf`orondfc kf `orondfc so flustrc on lc `fmurc 46.4.

46.3.1 Cnãlfsfs ko ljs sfstogcs ko pjsfdfjncgfontj pcrc ol DN Lc `undfôn kol sfstogc ko pjsfdfjncgfontj os djnvortfr lcs djjrkonckcs quo so ospodf`fdcn ospodf`fd cn on ol prjmrcgc ko pfozcs kol DN on pjsfdfjnos rolctfvcs ontro lc eorrcgfontc y lc pfozc ko trcachj kurcnto ol prjdoscgfontj. On lc `fmurc 46.; so guostrc dôgj `undfjncrçc un sfstogc ko pjsfdfjncgfontj sfgplo. Ol sfstogc djnsfsto on unc gosc ko trcachj, on lc ducl lc pfozc ko trcachj ostã `fhc. Ol prjpôsftj ko lc gosc os gjvor gjvor lc pcrto rospodtj rospod tj c unc eorrcgfontc j dcaozcl ko suhodfôn. Ycrc djnsomufr osto prjpôsftj lc gosc ko trcachj so guovo on `jrgc lfnocl gokfcnto un tjrnfllj muçc rjtctjrfj, ol ducl so djntrjlc pjr gokfj ko un gjtjr (pjr ohogplj, un gjtjr ko onmrcnos j sorvjgjtjr). Yjr duostfjnos ko sfgplfdfkck, sôlj so guostrc un oho on ol kfcmrcgc. Ycrc cpjrtcr lc dcpcdfkck ko kosplczcgfontj sjaro ljs ohos  x- y  y, ol sfstogc gjstrckj so djnstrufrçc ondfgc ko un somunkj oho porponkfdulcr cl prfgorj. Ol tjrnfllj muçc tfono un dfortj pcsj p, gg/rjsdc (fn/rjsdc) (fn /rjsdc) j gg/rov (fn/rov). (fn/rov). Yjr lj tcntj, lc gosc so guovo unc kfstcndfc fmucl cl pcsj kol tjrnfllj muçc djn dckc rovjludfôn. Lc voljdfkck c lc quo so guovo lc gosc ko trcachj, djrrospjnkfonto c lc voljdfkck ko clfgontcdfôn on lc jporcdfôn ko gcqufnckj, so kotorgfnc gokfcnto lc voljdfkck ko rjtcdfôn kol tjrnfllj muçc. On ljs sfstogcs ko DN so utflfzcn kjs tfpjs aãsfdjs ko djntrjl ko gjvfgfontjs8 c) ko dfdlj cafortj y a) ko dfdlj dorrckj, djgj so guostrc on lc `fmurc 46.?. Lc kf`orondfc os quo un sfstogc ko dfdlj cafortj `undfjnc sfn vorf`fdcr lc pjsfdfôn ckoduckc pcrc lc gosc ko trcachj. _n sfstogc ko djntrjl ko dfdlj dorrckj usc unc gokfdfôn rotrjclfgontckc pcrc vorf`fdcr quo lc pjsfdfôn ko lc gosc ko trcachj soc on vorkck lc quo ostã ospodf`fdckc on ol prjmrcgc. Ljs sfstogcs ko dfdlj cafortj sjn gonjs djstjsjs quo ljs ko dfdlj dorrckj y @FM_QC @FM_ QC 46 46.; .; Cr Crro roml mlj j ko ko gjtjr y tjrnfllj muçc on un sfstogc ko pjsfdfjncgfontj pjr DN. Eorrcgfontc

Yfozc ko trcachj

Gosc ko trcachj

Gjtjr Oho ko gjvfgfontj

[jrnfllj muçc

 

561  Dcpçtulj 46/Djntrjl nugærfdj y rjaôtfdc fnkustrfcl

Gjtjr ko onmrcnos

Dcaozc ko trcachj

Yfozc ko trcachj

Gosc ko trcachj

Ontrckc kol tron ko pulsjs [jrnfllj muçc

Dcaozc ko trcachj Djgpcrckjr

Torvjgjtjr

Yfozc ko trcachj

Gosc ko trcachj Djkf`fdckjr ôptfdj

Ontrckc

[jrnfllj muçc

@FM_QC @FM_ QC 46 46.? .? Kj Kjss tfp tfpjs js ko gjvfgfontjs achj DN8 c) ko dfdlj cafortj y a ) ko dfdlj dorrckj.

Toócl ko rotrjclfgontcdfôn

sjn djnvonfontos kjnko lc `uorzc quo rosfsto ol gjvfgfontj ko `undfjncgfontj os gçnfgc. gçnf gc. Ljs sfstogcs ko dfdlj dorrckj monorclgonto so ospodf ospodf`fdcn `fdcn pcrc gãqufncs eorrcgfontc eorr cgfontc quo ohodutcn trcyodtjrfc djntfnuc, djgj `rosckj j tjrnockj, on ljs duclos lcs `uorzcs kojporcdfjnos rosfstondfc ko puokon sor sfmnf`fdctfvcs. Tfstogcs ko pjsfdfjncgfontj ko dfdlj cafortj Os djgøn quo un sfstogc ko pjsfdfjncgfon-

tj ko dfdlj cafortj uso un gjtjr ko onmrcnos pcrc ecdor mfrcr ol tjrnfllj muçc. On ol DN so djntrjlc un gjtjr ko onmrcnos gokfcnto unc sorfo ko pulsjs olædtrfdjs quo monorc lc unfkck ko djntrjl ko gãqufnc. Dckc pulsj pu lsj prjvjdc quo ol gjtjr mfro unc `rcddfôn ko unc un c rovjludfôn, rovjludfôn, llcgckc ãnmulj ko pcsj. Ljs ãnmuljs ko pcsj porgfsfalos koaon sctfs`cdor lc rolcdfôn8  

γ   7

  409

ns

 

(46.3)

kjnko c   ãnmulj ko pcsj, mrckjs2 y n s  dcntfkck ko ãnmuljs ko pcsj pcrc ol gjtjr, quo koao sor un ontorj. Ol ãnmulj c trcvæs kol ducl rjtc ol tjrnfllj muçc, supjnfonkj unc rolcdfôn unj c unj ontro onmrcnos kol gjtjr y ol tjrnfllj muçc, ostã kckj pjr8  

(46.1)

C 7 c n p 

kjnko  C   ãnmulj ko rjtcdfôn kol tjrnfllj muçc, mrckjs2 n p    dcntfkck ko pulsjs quo rodfao ol gjtjr2 y c   ãnmulj ko pcsj, ko`fnfkj cquç on mrckjs/pulsjs. Ostc oducdfôn y lcs sfmufontos koaon chustcrso pcrc ol dcsj on quo unc rolcdfôn ko onmrcnos soc kf`oronto ko 383. Ol gjvfgfontj rosultcnto ko lc gosc djgj rospuostc c lc rjtcdfôn kol tjrnfllj muçc so kotorgfnc c pcrtfr ko8  

  pC  x 7 409

 

(46.4)

kjnko x  pjsfdfôn kol oho x on rolcdfôn djn lc pjsfdfôn fnfdfcl, fnfdfc l, gg (fn)2 p  pcsj kol tjrnfllj muçc, gg/rov gg /rov (fn/rov)2 (fn/rov)2 y C/ 409  40 9  lc dcntfkck ko rovjludfjnos (y rovjludfjnos pcrdfclos) kol tjrnfllj muçc. Tf so djgafncn lcs kjs oducdfjnos cntorfjros y so ecdo un rojrkoncgfontj, lc dcntfkck ko pulsjs roquorfkjs pcrc jatonor un fndrogontj ospodf`fdckj ko lc pjsfdfôn  x  on un sfstogc puntj c puntj puoko ondjntrcrso gokfcnto8  

n p   7

  409 x

 pγ 

 

(46.;)

 

Toddfôn 46.3/Djntrjl nugærfdj 564

 

Ljs pulsjs so trcnsgfton c dfortc `roduondfc, lc ducl djnkudo lc gosc ko trcachj c unc voljdfkck djrrospjnkfonto c lc voljdfkck ko clfgontcdfôn on lc kfroddfôn kol oho kol tjrnfllj muçc. Lc voljdfkck ko rjtcdfôn kol tjrnfllj muçc koponko ko lc `roduondfc `r oduondfc kol tron ko pulsjs, puls js, djgj sfmuo8  

 N  7

  09 `p

ns

 

(46.?)

kjnko N   voljdfkck ko rjtcdfôn, rov/gfn2 `  p  `roduondfc kol tron tron ko pulsjs, Ez (pulsjs/ (pulsjs / s)2 y n s  pcsjs/rov j pulsjs/rov. Ycrc tcalcsokodjjrkfncn kjs ohos djn djntrjllckokfroddfôn trcyodtjrfc djntfnuj, lcs voljdfkckos rolctfvcs ko unc ljs ohos pcrcunjatonor ko vfcho kosockc. Lc voljdfkck ko vfcho on lc gosc, on lc kfroddfôn kol oho kol tjrnf tjrnfllj llj muçc, so kotorgfnc kotorgf nc gokfcnto lc voljdfkck ko rjtcdfôn kol sfmufonto gjkj8  ` r   N  p  vt   ` 

 

(46.0)

kjnko vt   voljdfkc  voljdfkckk ko vfcho ko lc gosc, gg/gfn gg /gfn (fn/gfn)2 (fn /gfn)2 ` r   voljdfkck ko clfgontcdfôn on lc gosc, gg/gfn (fn/gfn)2 N    voljdfkck ko rjtcdfôn somøn so ko`fno on lc oducdfôn cntorfjr, rov/gfn2 y p  pcsj kol tjrnfllj muçc, gg/rov gg /rov (fn/rov). (fn/rov). Lc `roduondfc roquorfkc kol tron ko pulsjs pcrc djntrjlcr lc gosc c unc voljdfkck ko clfgontcdfôn ospodf`fdckc so jatfono gokfcnto unc djgafncdfôn ko lcs oducdfjnos (46.?) y (46.0) y un rojrkoncgfontj pcrc kospohcr  `  p 8   vn  ` n  `  p 7 t s 7 r s 09 p 09 p

 

 

(46.=)

OHOG OGY YLJ 46 46.3 _n gjtjr ko onmrcnos tfono 3?9 ãnmuljs ko pcsj. Tu `lodec ko sclfkc ostã cdjplckc kfrodYjsfdfjncgfontj ko tcgonto c un tjrnfllj muçc djn un pcsj  ?.9 gg. _n tjrnfllj muçc djnkudo lc gosc ko dfdlj cafortj djn DN trcachj ko un sfstogc ko pjsfdfjncgfontj. Lc gosc koao gjvorso unc kfstcndfc ko =?.9 gg kosko su pjsfdfôn cdtucl c unc voljdfkck ko vfcho ko ;99 gg/gfn. gg /gfn. Kotorgfno c) duãntjs puntjs so roquforon pcrc gjvor lc gosc c lc kfstcndfc ospodf`fdckc ospodf `fdckc y a) lc voljdfkck kol gjtjr y lc rczôn ko pulsjs roquorfkjs pcrc cldcnzcr lc voljdfkck kosockc on lc gosc. Tjludfôn8 c) Cl rojrkoncr lc oducdfôn 46.4 pcrc ondjntrcr ol ãnmulj  C djrrospjnkfonto

c unc kfstcndfc x  =?.9 gg,  C 7

4  09 x

7

409( =? ) ?

 p

Djn 3?9 ãnmuljs ko pcsj, dckc ãnmulj ko pcsj os ko pulsjs pcrc gjvor lc gosc =? gg os

7 ?;99ϑ

409

7 1.;  ϑ. 3?9 ?;99 np  7 7 11?9 pulsjs 1.; γ   7

Yjr lj tcntj, lc dcntfkck

a)

To usc lc oducdfôn (46.0) pcrc ondjntrcr lc voljdfkck ko gjtjr djrrospjnkfonto c lc voljdfkck ko lc gosc ko ;99 gg/gfn. ;99   v 7 59.9 rov / gfn  N  7 t  7 ?.9  p

y lc voljdfkck ko pulsjs ostã kckc pjr    `p 7

;99(3?9) 09(? .9 )

7 199 Ez

 

Tfstogcs ko pjsfdfjncgfontj ko sorvjgjtjros dfdlj dorrckjy gokfdfjnos Ljs sfstogcskoko djntrjl nugærfdjpcrc ko dfdlj dorrckj, `fmurc 46.?a), uscn rotrjclfgontcdfôn

csomurcr quo so jatfono lc pjsfdfôn kosockc. _n sonsjr ko rotrjclfgontcdfôn djgøn on ol djntrjl nugærfdj (y tcgafæn on rjajts fnkustrfclos) os ol djkf`fdckjr ôptfdj, quo so flustrc on lc `fmurc 46.0. Ol djkf`fdckjr ôptfdj djnsfsto on unc `uonto ko luz, un `jtjkotodtjr y

 

56;  Dcpçtulj 46/Djntrjl nugærfdj y rjaôtfdc fnkustrfcl Qcnurcs

Kfsdj djkf`fdckjr

Qjtcdfôn quo so vc c gokfr

Yulsjs ko lc soócl @uonto ko luz

@FM_QC @FM_ QC 46.0 46.0 Dj Djkf kf`f `fdc dckj kjrr ôptfdj8 c) cpcrctj y a ) sorfo ko pulsjs ogftfkj pcrc gokfr lc rjtcdfôn kol kfsdj.

@jtjdolkc

[fogpj

un kfsdj quo djntfono unc sorfo ko rcnurcs c trcvæs ko lcs duclos kostollc lc `uonto ko luz pcrc cdtfvcr ol `jtjkotodtjr. Osto kfsdj so djnodtc, yc soc kfrodtcgonto j gokfcnto un tron ko onmrcncho, c unc `lodec rjtctjrfc duyc pjsfdfôn y voljdfkck cnmulcros so gokfrãn. Djn`jrgo mfrc lc `lodec, lcs rcnurcs prjvjdcn quo lc `jtjdolkc dcpto lc `uonto ko luz djgj unc sorfo ko kostolljs, ljs duclos so djnvforton on unc sorfo oqufvclonto ko pulsjs olædtrfdjs. Tf so duontcn ljs pulsjs y so dcldulc lc `roduondfc kol tron ko pulsjs, puoko kotorgfncrso lc pjsfdfôn lc voljdfkckquo ko kosdrfaon lc gosc kooltrcachj. Lcsyoducdfjnos `undfjncgfontj ko un sfstogc ko pjsfdfjncgfontj ko dfdlj dorrckj sjn sfgflcros c lcs ko un sfstogc ko dfdlj cafortj. On ol djkf`fdckjr ôptfdj aãsfdj, ol ãnmulj ontro lcs rcnurcs kol kfsdj koao dugplfr ol sfmufonto roquorfgfontj8  

γ   7

  409

ns

 

(46.5)

kjnko c   ãnmulj ontro rcnurcs, mrckjs/rcnurc2 n s  dcntfkck ko rcnurcs rcnur cs on ol kfsdj, rcnurcs/rov2 y 409  mrckjs/rov. Ycrc dfortc rjtcdfôn rjt cdfôn cnmulcr ko lc `lodec, ol djkf`fdckjr kotodtc unc dcntfkck ko pulsjs quo ostã kckc pjr  

  C np 7

 

(46.6)

γ 

kjnko n p  duontc ko pulsjs2 C  ãnmulj ko rjtcdfôn, mrckjs2 y c   ãnmulj ontro rcnurcs, mrckjs/pulsjs. djntoj ko gokfcnto pulsjs puoko uscrso pcrc kotorgfncr pjsfdfôn lfnocl oho  x ko lc goscOlko trcachj, lc `cdtjrfzcdfôn kol pcsj kollctjrnfllj muçc. Yjrkol lj tcntj,  

 x 7

 pn p ns

 

(46.39)

Ko gcnorc sfgflcr, lc voljdfkck ko clfgontcdfôn c lc ducl so guovo lc gosc ko trcachj so jatfono c pcrtfr ko lc `roduondfc kol tron ko pulsjs8  

 `r 7

09 p`  p

ns

 

(46.33)

kjnko  ` r    voljdfkck ko clfgontcdfôn, gg/gfn (fn/gfn)2  p   pcsj, gg/rov (fn/rov)2  `  p    `roduondfc kol tron ko pulsjs, Ez (pulsjs/s)2 n s  dcntfkck ko rcnurcs on ol kfsdj djkf`fdckjr, pulsjs/rov2 y 09 os ol `cdtjr pcrc djnvortfr ljs somunkjs c gfnutjs. ko pulsjs quo monorc olospodf`fdckcs djkf`fdckjr so djn ko lc pjsfdfôn djjrkonckcsLc y lcsorfo voljdfkck ko clfgontcdfôn ondjgpcrc ol prjmrcgc pfozcs2 lcko unfkck ko djntrjl ko gãqufnc usc lc kf`orondfc pcrc djnkudfr un sorvjgjtjr, quo c su voz djntrjlc djntr jlc lc gosc ko trcachj. To usc un djnvortfkjr kfmftcl c cnclômfdj (KCD, pjr sus sfmlcs on fnmlæs) pcrc trcns`jrgcr lcs soóclos kfmftclos quo usc lc GD_ c unc soócl cnclômfdc djntfnuc, pcrc

 

Toddfôn 46.3/Djntrjl nugærfdj 56?

 

jporcr ol gjtjr djnkudtjr. Ljs sfstogcs ko DN ko dfdlj dorrckj, kol tfpj kosdrftj cquç, sjn cprjpfckjs ducnkj ecy unc `uorzc ko rosfstondfc cl gjvfgfontj ko lc gosc. Lc gcyjrçc ko lcs jporcdfjnos ko gãqufncs eorrcgfontc ko djrto ko gotclos portonodon c ostc dctomjrçc, on pcrtfdulcr lcs quo fgplfdcn un djntrjl ko trcyodtjrfc djntfnuc, djgj ol `rosckj y ol tjrnockj. Lcs oducdfjnos cntorfjros supjnon unc rolcdfôn ko onmrcnos  383. Ycrc jtrcs rolcdfjnos ko onmrcnos, koaon ecdorso chustos on ol dãldulj, djgj so guostrc on ol sfmufonto ohogplj. OHOGYLJ 46.1 Yjsfdfjncgfontj ko dfdlj dorrckj djn djntrjl nugærfdj

Osto sfstogc djnsfsto on un sorvjgjtjr, un tjrnfllj muçc y un djkf`fdckjr ôptfdj quo djnkudo unc gosc ko trcachj djn DN. Ol tjrnfllj muçc tfono un pcsj ko ?.99 gg y ostã cdjplckj c lc `lodec kol gjtjr djn unc rolcdfôn ko onmrcnos ko ;83 (ductrj mfrjs kol gjtjr pjr un mfrj kol tjrnfllj muçc). Ol djkf`fdckjr ôptfdj monorc 3?9 pulsjs/rov kol tjrnfllj muçc. Lc gosc `uo prjmrcgckc pcrc gjvorso unc kfstcndfc ko =?.9 gg, c unc voljdfkck ko clfgontcdfôn  ;99 gg/gfn. Kotorgfno c) duãntjs pulsjs rodfao ol sfstogc ko djntrjl pcrc vorf`fdcr quo lc gosc so ec gjvfkj oxcdtcgonto =?.9 gg2 y a) lc rczôn ko pulsjs y d) lc voljdfkck kol gjtjr quo djrrospjnko c lc voljdfkck ko clfgontcdfôn ospodf`fdckc. Tjludfôn8 c) Qojrkoncnkj lc oducdfôn (46.39) pcrc ondjntrcr n p, =?(3?9 )   xn 7 11?9  pulsjs n p 7 s 7 ?  p

a)

Lc rczôn ko pulsjs quo djrrospjnko c ;99 gg/gfn puoko jatonorso cl rojrkoncr lc oducdfôn (46.33)8   `rns ;99(3?9 ) 7 7 199 Ez  `p 7 09 p 09(? )

d)

Lc voljdfkck kol gjtjr os lc voljdfkck ko lc gosc kfvfkfkc ontro ol pcsj y cl djrromfr pcrc lc rokuddfôn ko onmrcnos so tfono8  

 N  7

rm ` r  p

 

kjnko r  m  rczôn ko onmrcnos (r  m  ;.9)2 pjr lj tcntj,  N   7

(46.31) ;9(;99 ) ?

7 419  rov/gfn

Jasorvo quo lc duontc ko pulsjs y lc rczôn ko pulsjs tfonon ljs gfsgjs vcljros nugærfdjs quo on ol ohogplj 46.3, puostj quo ol djkf`fdckjr ostã djnodtckj cl tjrnfllj muçc. Tfn ogacrmj, koafkj c quo ol sorvjgjtjr mfrc ductrj vodos pjr dckc rjtcdfôn kol tjrnfllj muçc, lc voljdfkck kol gjtjr os ductrj vodos ol vcljr cntorfjr kol gjtjr ko onmrcnos.

46.3.4 46. 3.4 Yro Yrodfs dfsfôn fôn on ol pjs pjsfdfj fdfjncg ncgfon fontj tj [ros gokfkcs ko prodfsfôn drçtfdcs on ol pjsfdfjncgfontj sjn8 lc rosjludfôn ko djntrjl, lc oxcdtftuk y lc dcpcdfkck ko ropotfdfôn (ropotfaflfkck). Ostjs tærgfnjs so oxplfdcn djn gcyjr `cdflfkck djnsfkorcnkj un oho ønfdj kol sfstogc ko pjsfdfôn. Lc rosjludfôn ko djntrjl so ro`foro c lc dcpcdfkck kol sfstogc pcrc kfvfkfr ol rcnmj tjtcl kol gjvfgfontj kol oho on puntjs ostrodecgonto ospcdfckjs quo puokon sor kfstfnmufkjs pjr lc unfkck ko djntrjl. Lc rosjludfôn ko djntrjl  so  so ko`fno djgj lc kfstcndfc quo sopcrc kjs puntjs ko djntrjl ckycdontos on ol gjvfgfontj kol oho. On jdcsfjnos, ljs puntjs   puntjs   kfroddfjncalos pjrquo puntjs ko djntrjl so konjgfncn sjntrcachj. pjsfdfjnos c lj lcrmj kollcoho, ecdfc ljs duclos puoko kfrfmfrso ospodç`fdcgonto lc gosc ko Os kosocalo quo rosjludfôn ko djntrjl soc lc gãs poquoóc pjsfalo. Ostj koponko ko lcs lfgftcdfjnos fgpuostcs fgpuost cs pjr 3) ljs djgpjnontos olodtrjgodãnfdjs kol sfstogc ko pjsfdfjncgfontj y/j 1) lc dcntfkck ko afts quo usc ol djntrjlckjr pcrc ko`fnfr lc pjsfdfôn ko lcs djjrkonckcs kol oho.

 

560  Dcpçtulj 46/Djntrjl nugærfdj y rjaôtfdc fnkustrfcl

Ljs `cdtjros olodtrjgodãnfdjs quo lfgftcn lc rosjludfôn fndluyon ol pcsj kol tjrnfllj muçc, lc rolcdfôn ko onmrcnos on ol sfstogc djnkudtjr y ol ãnmulj ko pcsj on ol gjtjr ko onmrcnos (pcrc un sfstogc ko dfdlj cafortj) j ol ãnmulj ontro lcs rcnurcs on un kfsdj djkf`fdckjr (pcrc un sfstogc sfs togc ko dfdlj dorrckj). Huntjs, Huntjs, ostjs `cdtjros kotorgfncn unc rosjludfôn ko djntrjl, quo os lc l c kfstcndfc gçnfgc quo puoko gjvorso lc gosc ko trcachj. Yjr Yjr ohogplj, lc rosjludfôn ko djntrjl pcrc un sfstogc ko dfdlj cafortj quo so djnkudo gokfcnto un gjtjr ko onmrcnos djn unc rolcdfôn ko onmrcnos 383 ontro ol oho kol gjtjr y ol tjrnfllj muçc ostã kckc pjr   p DQ3   7 ns

 

 

(46.34)

kjnko DQ3  rosjludfôn ko djntrjl ko ljs djgpjnontos olodtrjgodãnfdjs, on gg (fn)2 p   pcsj kol tjrnfllj muçc, on gg/rov (fn/rov)2 (fn/r ov)2 y n s 7 dcntfkck ko pcsjs/rov pcsjs/rov.. Yuoko koscrrjllcrso unc oxprosfôn sfgflcr pcrc un sfstogc ko pjsfdfjncgfontj ko dfdlj dorrckj. Cunquo nj os djgøn on lc todnjljmçc djgputcdfjncl gjkornc, ol somunkj `cdtjr pjsfalo quo lfgftc lc rosjludfôn ko djntrjl os lc dcntfkck ko afts quo ko`fnon ol vcljr ko djjrkonckcs kol oho. Yjr ohogplj, ohogplj, lc dcpcdfkck ko clgcdoncgfontj ko afts kol djntrjlckjr puoko fgpjnor ostc lfgftcdfôn. Tf A  ol nøgorj ko afts on ol romfstrj ko clgcdoncgfontj pcrc ol oho, ol nøgorj ko puntjs ko djntrjl ontro ljs quo puoko kfvfkfrso ol rcnmj kol oho A  1 . Tupjnfonkj quo ljs puntjs ko djntrjl ostãn sopcrckjs pjr kfstcndfcs fmuclos kontrj kol rcnmj, ontjndos   L DQ1 7 1 A ∑ 3

 

 

(46.3;)

kjnko DQ1  rosjludfôn ko djntrjl kol sfstogc ko djntrjl ko lc djgputckjrc, gg (fn)2 y L  rcnmj kol oho, gg (fn). Lc rosjludfôn kol djntrjl kol sfstogc ko pjsfdfjncgfontj os ol gãxfgj ko ljs kjs vcljros2 ostj os,  

DQ  Gãx{DQ3, DQ1}

(46.3?)

Yjr lj monorcl, rosultc djnvonfonto quo DQ1  DQ3, lj quo sfmnf`fdc quo ol sfstogc olodtrjgodãnfdj os ol `cdtjr lfgftcnto on lc rosjludfôn ko djntrjl. Ducnkj un sfstogc ko pjsfdfjncgfontj so kfrfmo pcrc gjvor lc gosc ko trcachj c un puntj ko djntrjl kotorgfnckj, lc dcpcdfkck kol sfstogc pcrc gjvorso c tcl puntj ostcrã lfgftckc pjr orrjros godãnfdjs. Æstjs so koaon c kfvorscs fgprodfsfjnos o fgpor`oddfjnos on ol sfstogc godãnfdj, djgj unc ejlmurc ontro ol tjrnfllj muçc y lc gosc ko trcachj, un rotrjdosj on ljs onmrcnos y unc kosvfcdfôn kos vfcdfôn ko ljs djgpjnontos ko lc gãqufnc. Os øtfl supjnor quo ljs orrjros `jrgcn unc kfstrfaudfôn ostckçstfdc clrokokjr kol puntj ko djntrjl quo os lc kfstrfaudfôn noutrcl njrgcl djn unc gokfc  9. Tf ckogãs so supjno quo lc kosvfcdfôn ostãnkcr ko lc kfstrfaudfôn os djnstcnto sjaro ol rcnmj ko ljs ohos quo so djnsfkorcn, dcsf tjkjs ljs orrjros godãnfdjs (66.=;%) ostãn kontrj ko lcs 4 kosvfcdfjnos ostãnkcr kol puntj ko djntrjl. Ostj so guostrc on lc `fmurc 46.= pcrc unc pcrto kol rcnmj kol oho quo fndluyo tros puntjs ko djntrjl. Kckcs ostcs ko`fnfdfjnos ko rosjludfôn ko djntrjl y kfstrfaudfôn ko orrjros godãnfdjs, cejrc so djnsfkorcrã lc oxcdtftuk y lc ropotfaflfkck. Lc oxcdtftuk so ko`fno on ol pojr @FM_QC @FM_ QC 46 46.= .= _n _ncc pc pcrt rtoo kol oho kol sfstogc ko pjsfdfjncgfontj, djn ko`fnfdfôn ko lc rosjludfôn ko djntrjl, lc oxcdtftuk y lc ropotfaflfkck.

Kfstrfaudfôn ko orrjros godãnfdjs

Yuntj jahotfvj kosockj Yuntj ko djntrjl

Yuntj ko djntrjl Oxcdtftuk 7 3 DQ  +  + 4 τ 1 Qosjludfôn ko djntrjl 7 DQ 

Oho Qopotfaflfkck 7 ³4τ

 

Toddfôn 46.3/Djntrjl nugærfdj 56=

 

ko ljs osdoncrfjs, on ol ducl ol puntj jahotfvj so onduontrc oxcdtcgonto ontro kjs puntjs ko djntrjl ckycdontos. Djgj ol sfstogc sôlj puoko gjvorso c unj u jtrj ko ljs puntjs ko djntrjl, ecarã un orrjr on lc pjsfdfôn `fncl ko lc gosc ko trcachj. Tf ol jahotfvj ostuvforc gãs dordc ko unj ko ljs puntjs ko djntrjl, lc gosc so gjvorçc cl puntj gãs dordcnj y ol orrjr sorçc gãs poquoój. Qosultc cprjpfckj ko`fnfr lc oxcdtftuk on ol pojr ko ljs dcsjs. Lc  oxcdtftuk , ko duclqufor oho on un sfstogc ko pjsfdfjncgfontj os ol gãxfgj orrjr pjsfalo quo puoko jdurrfr ontro ol puntj jahotfvj kosockj y lc pjsfdfôn rocl quo tjgc ol sfstogc2 oxprosckj on `jrgc ko oducdfôn8  

Oxcdtftuk  9.?DQ + 4s  

(46.30)

kjnko DQ   rosjludfôn ko djntrjl, gg (fn)2 y s    kosvfcdfôn ostãnkcr ko lc kfstrfaudfôn ko orrjr, gg (fn). Lc ropotfaflfkck so ro`foro c lc dcpcdfkck quo pjsoo un sfstogc ko pjsfdfjncgfontj pcrc romroscr c un puntj ko djntrjl kotorgfnckj quo so ec prjmrcgckj cntos. Ostc dcpcdfkck so gfko on tærgfnjs ko ljs orrjros ko pjsfdfôn ondjntrckjs ducnkj ol sfstogc fntontc djljdcrso on un puntj ko djntrjl. Ljs orrjros ko pjsfdfôn sjn unc gcnf`ostcdfôn ko ljs orrjros godãnfdjs kol sfstogc ko pjsfdfjncgfontj, ljs duclos so ko`fnon gokfcnto unc kfstrfaudfôn njrgcl supuostc, djgj so kosdrfafô cntos. Yjr lj tcntj, lc ropotfaflfkck  ko  ko duclqufor oho ko un sfstogc ko pjsfdfjncgfontj so ko`fno djgj ol rcnmj ko orrjros godãnfdjs csjdfckjs djn ol oho2 ostj so rokudo c   Qopotfaflfkck  ³4s   (46.3=) OHOGYLJ 46.4 Qosjludfôn ko djntrjl, oxcdtftuk y ropotfaflfkck

Tf so ecdo ko ro`orondfc cl ohogplj 46.3, lcsgokfcnto fgprodfsfjnos godãnfdcs on ol sfstogc pjsfdfjncgfontj dfdlj cafortj so kosdrfaon unc kfstrfaudfôn njrgcl duyc ko kosvfcdfôn ostãnkcr  9.99? gg. Ol rcnmj kol oho ko lc gosc ko trcachj os ko ??9 gg, y ecy 30 afts on ol romfstrj afncrfj quo usc ol djntrjlckjr kfmftcl pcrc clgcdoncr lc pjsfdfôn prjmrcgckc. Kotorgfno c) lc rosjludfôn ko djntrjl, a) lc oxcdtftuk y d) lc ropotfaflfkck pcrc ol sfstogc ko pjsfdfjncgfontj. Tjludfôn8 c) Lc rosjludfôn ko djntrjl os lc gcyjr ko DQ3  y DQ1, djgj lj ko`fnon lcs

oducdfjnos (46.34) y (46.3;)8  

?.9   p 7 7 9.9444 gg DQ3 7 ns 3?9

  DQ1 7

   

L  A  

1 ∑3

7

??9 30

1 ∑3

??9

7

0?, ?4?

7 9.995; gg

DQ  Gãx{9.9444, 9.995;}  9.9444 gg

a) Lc oxcdtftuk so jatfono gokfcnto lc oducdfôn (46.30)8

Oxcdtftuk  9.?(9.9444) + 4(9.99?)  9.9430? gg d) Lc ropotfaflfkck  ³4(9.99?)  ³9.93? gg.

46.3 46 .3.; .; Yr Yrjm jmrc rcgc gcdf dfôn ôn ko pfo pfozc zcss pjr pjr DN On lcs cplfdcdfjnos ko lcs gãqufncs eorrcgfontc, lc tcroc ko prjmrcgcr ol sfstogc s fstogc so konjgfnc prjmrcgcdfôn ko pfozcs pjr djntrjl nugærfdj, koafkj c quo ol prjmrcgc so propcrc pcrc unc pfozc kotorgfnckc. Yjr lj monorcl, lj roclfzc clmufon `cgflfcrfzckj tcntj djn ol prjdosj ko trcachj djn gotclos djgj djn ol prjdokfgfontj ko prjmrcgcdfôn pcrc ol oqufpj pcrtfdulcr ko lc plcntc. Os pjsfalo quo so uson jtrjs tærgfnjs pcrc lc prjmrcgcdfôn ko jtrjs prjdosjs, porj ljs sjn sfgflcros y sokoroquforo quo unc dcpcdftckc propcro ol prjmrcgc. Onprfndfpfjs lc cdtuclfkck, ljs sfstogcs djgputckjrc soporsjnc uscn cgplfcgonto pcrc propcrcr prjmrcgcs ko DN. Lc prjmrcgcdfôn ko pfozcs roquforo quo ol prjmrcgckjr ko`fnc ljs puntjs, lcs lçnocs y lcs supor`fdfos ko lc pfozc ko trcachj on ol sfstogc kol oho y quo, ckogãs, djntrjlo ol

 

565  Dcpçtulj 46/Djntrjl nugærfdj y rjaôtfdc fnkustrfcl

gjvfgfontj ko lc eorrcgfontc ko djrto on rolcdfôn djn ostcs dcrcdtorçstfdcs ko pfozc ko`fnfkcs. Ontro lcs tædnfdcs ko prjmrcgcdfôn ko pcrtos, lcs gãs fgpjrtcntos sjn8 3) lc prjmrcgcdfôn gcnucl ko pfozcs, 1) lc prjmrcgcdfôn ko pfozcs csfstfkc pjr djgputckjrc, 4) lc prjmrcgcdfôn ko pfozcs csfstfkc pjr DCK/DCG y ;) ol fnmrosj gcnucl ko kctjs. Yrjmrcgcdfôn gcnucl ko pfozcs Ycrc ljs trcachjs ko gcqufnckj sondflljs puntj pjr pun-

tj, tclos djgj jporcdfjnos ko tclckrckj, djn `roduondfc lc prjmrcgcdfôn gcnucl os ol gætjkj gãs `ãdfl y odjnôgfdj odjnôgfdj.. Lc prjmrcgcdfôn gcnucl ko pfozcs usc kctjs nugærfdjs aãsfdjs y dôkfmjs cl`cnugærfdjs ospodfclos pcrc ko`fnfr ljs pcsjs on ol prjdosj. Yjr ohogplj, pcrc roclfzcr unc jporcdfôn ko tclckrckj so fntrjkudo un djgcnkj kol sfmufonto tfpj8 n939x=9.9 y5?.? `l=? s?99 Dckc “pclcarc‗ on ol onundfckj ospodf`fdc un kotcllo on lc jporcdfôn ko tclckrckj. Lc pclcarc n (n939) os sfgplogonto un nøgorj ko soduondfc pcrc ol onundfckj. Lcs pclcarcs  x  y y fnkfdcn lcs pjsfdfjnos ko djjrkonckcs ( x  =9.9 gg y y  5?.? gg). Lcs pclcarcs `  y  y s  ospodf`fdcn lc voljdfkck ko clfgontcdfôn y lc voljdfkck ko mfrj quo so vcn c uscr on lc jporcdfôn ko tclckrckj (voljdfkck ko clfgontcdfôn  3=? gg/gfn y voljdfkck ko mfrj  ?99 rov/gfn)). Ol prjmrcgc ko pfozcs djn DN djgplotj djnstc ko unc soduondfc ko onundfckjs sfgflcros cl djgcnkj cntorfjr. Lc prjmrcgcdfôn ko pfozcs csfstfkc pjr djgputckjrc fgplfdc ol usj ko un lonmucho ko prjmrcgcdfôn ko cltj nfvol. Ostã kfsoYrjmrcgcdfôn ko pfozcs csfstfkc pjr djgputckjrc

óckj lc prjmrcgcdfôn ko trcachjs gãs`uo djgplohjs quo lc prjmrcgcdfôn gcnucl. Ol prfgorpcrc lonmucho ko prjmrcgcdfôn ko pfozcs lc ko eorrcgfontcs prjmrcgckcs cutjgãtfdcgonto (CY[, pjr sus sfmlcs on fnmlæs), drockj djgj unc oxtonsfôn ko lc fnvostfmcdfôn jrfmfncl ko gãqufncs eorrcgfontc pjr DN quo so usô pjr prfgorc voz on prjkuddfôn clrokokjr ko 3609. On lc CY[ lc tcroc ko prjmrcgcdfôn ko pfozcs so kfvfko on kjs pcsjs8 3) ko`fnfdfôn ko unc djn`fmurcdfôn mojgætrfdc ko pfozc y 1) ospodf`fdcdfôn ko lc trcyodtjrfc ko lc eorrcgfontc y lc soduondfc ko jporcdfôn. On ol pcsj 3, ol prjmrcgckjr ko`fno lc djn`fmurcdfôn mojgætrfdc ko lc pfozc ko trcachj gokfcnto ologontjs aãsfdjs ko mojgotrçc, djgj puntjs, lçnocs, plcnjs, dçrduljs y dflfnkrjs. Ostjs ologontjs so ko`fnon uscnkj onundfckjs ko mojgotrçc ko lc CY[, djgj8   Y3  YJFN[/1?.9, 3?9.9   L3  LFNO/Y3, Y1 



 x- y  y quo  x   1? gg sfgflcros Y3unc os un puntj on ko ol plcnj ljdclfzc ononundfckjs y on y   3?9 L3 os lçnoc quoko`fnfkj vc c trcvæs ljs puntjs Y3 ysoY1. To uscn pcrcgg. ko`fnfr

dçrduljs, dflfnkrjs y jtrjs ologontjs mojgætrfdjs. Lc gcyjrçc ko lcs `jrgcs ko lc pfozc ko trcachj so kosdrfaon uscnkj onundfckjs djgj æstjs pcrc ospodf`fdcr sus supor`fdfos, osqufncs, ajrkos y pjsfdfjnos ko jrf`fdfj. Lc ospodf`fdcdfôn ko unc trcyodtjrfc ko eorrcgfontc so roclfzc djn onundfckjs ko gjvfgfontj ko CY[. CY[. _n onundfckj djgøn pcrc unc jporcdfôn ko puntj c puntj os MJ[J/Y3 Ostj kfrfmo c lc eorrcgfontc pcrc quo so guovc ko su pjsfdfôn cdtucl c unc pjsfdfôn ko`fnfkc gokfcnto Y3, kjnko Y3 so ec ko`fnfkj gokfcnto un onundfckj provfj ko mojgotrçc ko CY[. CY[. Ljs djgcnkjs ko gjvfgfontj ko trcyodtjrfc djntfnuc uscn ologontjs ko mojgotrçc djgj lçnocs, dçrduljs y plcnjs. Yjr Yjr ohogplj, djnsfkoro ol djgcnkj MJQM[/L4, YCT[, L; Ol onundfckj kfrfmo c lc eorrcgfontc pcrc quo vcyc c lc korodec (MJQM[) c lj lcrmj ko lc lçnoc L4 ecstc quo so djljquo hustj kospuæs ko lc lçnoc L; (pjr supuostj, L; koao sor unc lçnoc quo fntorsodto c L4).

 

Toddfôn 46.3/Djntrjl nugærfdj 566

 

To uscn onundfckjs CY[ ckfdfjnclos pcrc ko`fnfr ljs pcrãgotrjs ko jporcdfôn, djgj voljdfkckos ko clfgontcdfôn, voljdfkckos ko mfrj, tcgcójs ko eorrcgfontcs y tjlorcndfcs. Ducnkj so torgfnc, ol prjmrcgckjr fntrjkudo ol prjmrcgc CY[ c lc djgputckjrc2 kurcnto ol prjdoscgfontj so monorcn onundfckjs ko achj nfvol (sfgflcros c ljs quo qu o so propcrcn on lc prjmrcgcdfôn gcnucl ko pfozcs) pcrc quo ljs uso unc gãqufnc eorrcgfontc pcrtfdulcr. Ol usj ko ostjs sfstogcs llovc c lc prjmrcgcdfôn ko pfozcs csfstfkc pjr djgputckjrc un pcsj ckolcnto, uscnkj uscnkj un sfstogc mrã`fdj djgputcrfzckj DCK/DCG DCK/DCG quo fntorcdtøc djn ol prjmrcgckjr djn`jrgo so propcrc ol prjmrcgc ko pfozcs. On ol usj djnvondfjncl ko lc CY[ so osdrfao un prjmrcgc djgplotj y kospuæs so fntrjkudo on lc djgputckjrc pcrc su prjdoscgfontj. Gudejs orrjros ko prjmrcgcdfôn nj so kotodtcn sfnj ecstc ol prjdoscgfontj on lc djgputckjrc. Ducnkj so usc un sfstogc DCK/DCG, ol prjmrcgckjr rodfao unc vorf`fdcdfôn vfsucl fngokfctc djn`jrgo fntrjkudo dckc onundfckj pcrc kotorgfncr sf os djrrodtj. Ducnkj ol prjmrcgckjr fntrjkudo lc djn`fmurcdfôn mojgætrfdc ko pfozcs, ol ologontj so kosplfomc mrã`fdcgonto on ol gjnftjr. Djn`jrgo ol prjmrcgckjr kfsoóc lc trcyodtjrfc ko unc eorrcgfontc, vo oxcdtcgonto dôgj kosplczcrãn ljs djgcnkjs ko gjvfgfontj c lc eorrcgfontc, on rolcdfôn djn lc pfozc. Ljs orrjros so djrrfmon ko fngokfctj y nj kospuæs ko osdrfafr ol prjmrcgc djgplotj. Lc fntorcddfôn ontro ol prjmrcgckjr y ol sfstogc ko prjmrcgcdfôn os un aono`fdfj sfmnf`fdctfvj ko lc prjmrcgcdfôn csfstfkc pjr DCK/DCG. Ecy jtrjs aono`fdfjs fgpjrtcntos cl uscr DCK/DCG on lc prjmrcgcdfôn prjmr cgcdfôn ko pfozcs pjr DN DN.. Yrfgorj, ol kfsoój kol prjkudtj y sus djgpjnontos puoko jatonorso on un sfstogc sfs togc DCK/DCG. Ol prjmrcgckjr ko djntrjl Yrjmrcgcdfôn ko pfozcs csfstfkc pjr sfstogcs DCK/DCG

nugærfdj roduporc acso djgj ko kctjs ko kfsoój rosultcnto, fndlufkc lc ko`fnfdfôn mojgætrfdc ko dckc pfozc, pcrc lc uscrlc lc djn`fmurcdfôn mojgætrfdc fnfdfcl pcrc lc prjmrcgcdfôn ko pfozcs. Ostc roduporcdfôn cejrrc un tfogpj vclfjsj on djgpcrcdfôn djn lc rodjnstruddfôn ko lc pfozc kosko dorj, uscnkj onundfckjs ko mojgotrçc ko lc CY[. CY[. Tomunkj, oxfston rutfncs ospodfclos ko sj`twcro kfspjnfalos djgordfclgonto pcrc lc prjmrcgcdfôn ko pfozcs gokfcnto sfstogcs DCK/DCG, quo cutjgctfzcn clmuncs soddfjnos ko lc eorrcgfontc y monorcn trcyodtjrfcs ko unc rutc, tclos djgj un por`flckj pjr `rosckj on lc supor`fdfo ko un pfozc, ol `rosckj ko unc dcvfkck kontrj ko lc supor`fdfo ko unc pfozc, lc olcajrcdfôn ko djntjrnjs on supor`fdfos y dfortcs jporcdfjnos puntj c puntj. Ol prjmrcgckjr ko pfozc sjlfdftc ostcs rutfncs djgj djgcnkjs ospodfclos gcdrj. Tu usj prjkudo cejrrjs sfmnf`fdctfvjs on ol tfogpj y os`uorzj ko prjmrcgcdfôn. Fnmrosj gcnucl ko kctjs Ol fnmrosj gcnucl ko kctjs (GKF, pjr sus sfmlcs on fnmlæs) os un

gætjkj on ol ducl un jporckjr ko gãqufnc fntrjkudo ol prjmrcgc ko pfozcs on lc `ãarfdc. Ol gætjkj usc unc pcntcllc DQ[ djn dcpcdfkck ko fgãmonos on ljs djntrjlos ko lc gãqufnc eorrcgfontc. Ljs onundfckjs ko prjmrcgcdfôn ko pfozcs pjr DN so fntrjkudon gokfcnto un prjdokfgfontj djntrjlckj djn gonøs quo roquforo unc dcpcdftcdfô dcpcdftcdfônn gçnfgc kol jporckjr ko lc gãqufnc eorrcgfontc. Koafkj c quo lc prjmrcgcdfôn ko pfozcs ostã sfgplf`fdckc y nj roquforo porsjncl ospodfcl on lc prjmrcgcdfôn ko pfozcs djn DN, ol GKF os unc `jrgc ckoduckc pcrc quo ljs tclloros ospodfclfzckjs fnstrugonton odjnôgfdcgonto odjnôgfdcgonto ol djntrjl nugærfdj on sus jporcdfjnos.

46.3.? 46. 3.? Cpl Cplfdcd fdcdfjn fjnos os kol djn djntrj trjll nugær nugærfdj fdj Ol gcqufnckj os un ãroc fgpjrtcnto ko cplfdcdfôn pcrc ol djntrjl nugærfdj, porj ol prfndfpfj ko jporcdfôn kol DN tcgafæn so cplfdc c jtrcs cdtfvfkckos. On gudejs prjdosjs fnkustrfclos, koao djntrjlcrso lc pjsfdfôn ko unc dcaozc ko trcachj ko cduorkj djn lc pfozc j prjkudtj on ljs quo so trcachc. Lcs cplfdcdfjnos so kfvfkon on kjs dctomjrçcs8 3) cplfdcdfjnos ko gãqufncs eorrcgfontc y 1) cplfdcdfjnos quo nj sjn ko gãqufncs eorrcgfontc. Koao soóclcrso quo nj tjkcs lcs cplfdcdfjnos so fkontf`fdcn djn ol njgaro ko djntrjl nugærfdj on sus rospodtfvcs fnkustrfcs. On lc dctomjrçc ko gãqufncs eorrcgfontc, ol djntrjl nugærfdj so usc cgplfcgonto pcrc jporcdfjnos ko gcqufnckj, tclos djgj ol tjrnockj, ol tclckrckj y ol `rosckj (soddfjnos 11.3, 11.1 y 11.4, rospodtfvcgonto). Ol usj kol DN on ostjs prjdosjs ec gjtfvckj ol

 

699  Dcpçtulj 46/Djntrjl nugærfdj y rjaôtfdc fnkustrfcl

koscrrjllj ko gãqufncs eorrcgfontcs cltcgonto cutjgctfzckcs, llcgckcs dontrjs ko gcqufnckj, lcs duclos dcgafcn sus prjpfcs eorrcgfontcs ko djrto pcrc roclfzcr kfvorscs jporcdfjnos ko gcqufnckj achj un prjmrcgc ko DN (soddfôn 11.;). Ckogãs kol gcqufnckj, jtrcs gãqufncs eorrcgfontc djntrjlckcs nugærfdcgonto sjn8 3) gãqufncs pcrc osgorflckj (soddfôn 1?.3), 1) gãqufncs pcrc prjdoscgfontj on pronsc ko lãgfncs gotãlfdcs (soddfôn 19.?.1), 4) gãqufncs pcrc kjalckj ko tuajs (soddfôn 19.=) y ;) prjdosjs ko djrto tærgfdj (soddfôn 10.4). On lc dctomjrçc ko lcs quo nj sjn pcrc gãqufncs eorrcgfontc, lcs cplfdcdfjnos ko DN fndluyon8 3) gãqufncs ko djljdcdfôn ko dfntc y gãqufncs ko kovcnckj ko `flcgontjs pcrc djgpuostjs (soddfôn 3?.1.4 y soddfôn 3?.;), 1) gãqufncs pcrc sjlkckurc pjr `usfôn, tcntj djn crdj (soddfôn 43.3) djgj djn rosfstondfc r osfstondfc (soddfôn 43.1), 4) gãqufncs pcrc fnsordfôn ko djgpjnontos on onscgalos olodtrônfdjs (soddfjnos ( soddfjnos 40.4 y 40.;), ;) gãqufncs ko kfauhj y ?) gãqufncs ko gokfdfôn ko djjrkonckcs pcrc fnspoddfôn (soddfôn ;?.?.3). Ontro ljs aono`fdfjs kol DN rolcdfjnckjs djn ol oqufpj quo so jporc gcnuclgonto on ostcs cplfdcdfjnos ostãn8 3) gonjr tfogpj fgprjkudtfvj, fgpr jkudtfvj, lj quo rosultc on dfdljs gãs djrtjs, 1) tfogpjs ko gcnu`cdturc gãs djrtjs, 4) ropcrcdfjnos gãs sondfllcs, ;) gcyjr `loxfaflfkck ko gcnu`cdturc, ?) gcyjr oxcdtftuk y 0) gonjs orrjros eugcnjs.

46.1 46 .1 QJ QJAÔ AÔ[FD [FDC C FN FNK_ K_T[ T[QF QFCL CL _n rjajt fnkustrfcl  os  os unc gãqufnc prjmrcgcalo ko prjpôsftj monorcl quo pjsoo dfortcs dcrcdtorçstfdcs cntrjpjgôr`fdcs2 gãs ovfkonto os un arczj godãnfdj j gcnfpulckjr. Lc unfkck ko djntrjl pcrc un rjajt fnkustrfcl gjkornj os unc djgputckjrc quo so prjmrcgc pcrc ohodutcr suarutfncs acstcnto sj`fstfdckcs, lj ducl prjpjrdfjnc cl rjajt unc fntolfmondfc quo on jdcsfjnos pcrodo dcsf eugcnc. Ol gcnfpulckjr kol rjajt, huntj djn un djntrjlckjr ko cltj nfvol, porgfto quo un rjajt fnkustrfcl roclfdo kfvorscs tcrocs, djgj dcrmcr y kosdcrmcr gãqufncs eorrcgfontc, cplfdcr sjlkckurc ko puntjs y pfntcr pjr csporsfôn. On monorcl, ljs rjajts so uscn djgj sustftutjs ko trcachckjros on ostcs tcrocs. Ol prfgor rjajt fnkustrfcl so fnstclô on unc jporcdfôn ko `unkfdfôn c trjquol on lc @jrk Gjtjr Djgpcny. Djgpcny. Ol trcachj kol rjajt djnsfstfô on kosdcrmcr lcs pfozcs ko lc gãqufnc ko `unkfdfôn c trjquol. On ostc soddfôn, so djnsfkorcn kfvorsjs cspodtjs ko lc todnjljmçc y lcs cplfdcdfjnos ko rjajts, fndlufkj dôgj so prjmrcgcn æstjs pcrc roclfzcr sus tcrocs.

46.1 46 .1.3 .3 Cn Cnct ctjg jgçc çc ko un rj rjajt ajt _n rjajt fnkustrfcl djnstc ko un gcnfpulckjr godãnfdj y un djntrjlckjr pcrc gjvorlj y roclfzcr jtrcs `undfjnos rolcdfjnckcs. Ol gcnfpulckjr godãnfdj pjsoo unfjnos quo djljdcn y jrfontcn ol oxtrogj kol gcnfpulckjr rospodtj c su acso. Lc unfkck djntrjlckjrc ostã `jrgckc pjr ol ecrkwcro y ol sj`twcro olodtrônfdjs pcrc jporcr lcs unfjnos on `jrgc djjrkfnckc, duyj prjpôsftj os ohodutcr ol dfdlj ko trcachj prjmrcgckj. Lc cnctjgçc ko un rjajt so rolcdfjnc djn ol gcnfpulckjr godãnfdj y su djnstruddfôn. Lc `fmurc 46.5 guostrc unc ko lcs djn`fmurcdfjnos djgunos ko un rjajt fnkustrfcl.  Crtfdulcdfjnos y unfjnos pcrc gcnfpulcdfôn _nc crtfdulcdfôn on un rjajt os sfgflcr c

lc kol duorpj eugcnj. Yrjpjrdfjnc un gjvfgfontj rolctfvj r olctfvj ontro kjs pcrtos pcrt os kol duorpj. C dckc crtfdulcdfôn so djnodtc unc unfôn ko ontrckc y unc ko sclfkc. Dckc crtfdulcdfôn guovo su unfôn ko ontrckc on rolcdfôn djn su unfôn ko sclfkc. Ol rjajt gcnfpulckjr djnsfsto on unc sorfo ko djgafncdfjnos unfôn-crtfdulcdfôn-unfôn. Lc unfôn ko sclfkc ko unc crtfdulcdfôn lc unfôn ko ontrckc pcrc lc sfmufonto. Ljs lorjajts fnkustrfclos tçpfdjs tfonon dfndj j sofsoscrtfdulcdfjnos, y ol gjvfgfontj djjrkfnckj prjpjrdfjnc cl rjajt lc dcpcdfkck ko gjvor, djljdcr y jrfontcr jahotjs y eorrcgfontcs pcrc o`odtucr un trcachj øtfl. Lcs crtfdulcdfjnos ko un gcnfpulckjr so dlcsf`fdcn djgj lfnoclos j rjtctjrfcs, fnkfdcnkj ol gjvfgfontj ko lc unfôn ko sclfkc on rolcdfôn djn lc unfôn ko ontrckc.

 

 

Dcpçtulj 46.1/Qjaôtfdc fnkustrfcl 693

@FM_QC 46.5 Ol gcnfpulckjr ko un rjajt fnkustrfcl gjkornj. (@jtj djrtosçc ko Ckopt [odenjljmy, Fnd).

Kfsoój ko un gcnfpulckjr Ol gcnfpulckjr so djnstruyo uscnkj crtfdulcdfjnos ko ljs

kjs tfpjs aãsfdjs, dckc crtfdulcdfôn sopcrckc ko lc cntorfjr gokfcnto unc unfôn. Lc gcyjrçc ko ljs rjajts fnkustrfclos so gjntc on ol pfsj. Yuoko fkontf`fdcrso lc acso ko lc unfôn djgj 92 æstc os lc unfôn ko ontrckc c lc crtfdulcdfôn 3, duyc sclfkc os lc unfôn 3, quo c su voz os lc ontrckc ko lc crtfdulcdfôn 1, duyc unfôn ko sclfkc os lc 1, y csç sudosfvcgonto, pcrc lc dcntfkck ko crtfdulcdfjnos on ol gcnfpulckjr. Ljs gcnfpulckjros ko rjajt pjr lj monorcl so kfvfkon on kjs soddfjnos8 onscgalo ko arczj y duorpj y onscgalo ko guóodc. Njrgclgonto so csjdfcn tros crtfdulcdfjnos djn ol onscgalo ko arczj y duorpj, y kjs j tros djn ol ko guóodc. Ol ko arczj y duorpj tfono unc `undfôn kf`oronto kol ko guóodc. Lc `undfôn kol prfgorj os djljdcr un jahotj j eorrcgfontc y lc kol somunkj os jrfontcr ko gcnorc ckoduckc ol jahotj u eorrcgfontc. Lc djljdcdfôn so ro`foro c gjvor lc pfozc u jahotj ko unc pjsfdfôn c jtrc. Lc jrfontcdfôn so rolcdfjnc djn lc clfnocdfôn prodfsc kol jahotj ko cduorkj djn clmunc pjsfdfôn ostcdfjncrfc on ol ãroc ko trcachj. Ycrc roclfzcr ostcs `undfjnos, ljs kfsoójs ko arczj y duorpj sjn kf`orontos ko ljs ko guóodc. Lc djljdcdfôn roquforo gjvfgfontjs ospcdfclos mrcnkos, on tcntj quo lc jrfontcdfôn roquforo gjvfgfontjs ko mfrj y rjtcdfôn, pcrc clfnocr lc pfozc j eorrcgfontc, rolcdfjnckjs djn unc pjsfdfôn `çsfdc `çs fdc on ol lumcr ko trcachj. tr cachj. _n onscgalo ko arczj y duorpj pjsoo unfjnos y crtfdulcdfjnos mrcnkos, gfontrcs quo ol ko guóodcondjnstc ko unfjnos Djn `roduondfc lcs crtfdulcdfjnos ko arczj y duorpj djnsfston ljs tfpjs lfnocl ydjrtcs. rjtctjrfj, gfontrcs quo lcs unfjnos ko guóodc dcsf sfogpro sjn ko osto tfpj. On ljs rjajts djgordfclos ecy dfndj djn`fmurcdfjnos aãsfdcs ko arczj y duorpj. Ostjs tfpjs so fkontf`fdcn on lc `fmurc 46.6. Ol kfsoój gjstrckj on ol fndfsj o) ko lc `fmurc y on lc

 

691  Dcpçtulj 46/Djntrjl nugærfdj y rjaôtfdc fnkustrfcl

@FM_QC 46.6 Dfndj cnctjg cnctjgçcs çcs djgunos djgunos ko ko rjajts rjajts fnkustrf fnkustrfclos clos djgordf djgordfclos8 clos8 c) pjlcr, a ) dflçnkrfdc, d ) ko djjrkonckcs dcrtosfcncs, k ) ko arczj crtfdulckj y o ) TDCQC, j arczj rjaôtfdj ko onscgalo solodtfvcgonto kôdfl .

`fmurc 46.5 so llcgc rjajt TDCQC, quo sfmnf`fdc arczj rjaôtfdj ko onscgalo solodtfvcgonto kôdfl ( solodtfvoly djgplfcnt cssogaly rjajt crg). Os sfgflcr c unc crtfdulcdfôn ko arczj eugcnj, oxdoptj pjrquo lcs crtfdulcdfjnos kol ejgarj y ol djkj tfonon ohos vortfdclos   ko rjtcdfôn, pjr lj quo prjpjrdfjncn rfmfkoz on lc kfroddfôn vortfdcl, porj kjdflfkck rolctfvc on lc kfroddfôn ejrfzjntcl. Lc guóodc so onscgalc on lc øltfgc unfôn on duclquforc ko ostcs tros djn`fmurcdfjnos ko arczj y duorpj. On jdcsfjnos, ol TDCQC os unc oxdopdfôn, pjrquo dcsf sfogpro so usc pcrc tcrocs sondfllcs ko gcnohj y onscgalo quo fgplfdcn gjvfgfontjs vortfdclos. Yjr lj monorcl, nj so prosontc unc guóodc on ol oxtrogj ko su gcnfpulckjr. Ol sustftutj ko lc guóodc on ol TDCQC os unc pfnzc pcrc csfr djgpjnontos, duyj prjpôsftj os gjvorljs y/j onscgalcrljs.  Pjlugon  Pjl ugon ko trcachj y prodfsfôn ko gjvfgfontj _nc djnsfkorcdfôn tædnfdc fgpjrtcnto vjlugon ko y trcachj pcrc un un rjajt rjajt gcnfpulckjr fnkustrfcl os su . Æsto so ko`fnokodjgj ol ãroc kontrj ko lc ducl puoko djljdcr jrfontcr ol oxtrogj su guóodc. Lc dcntfkck ko crtfdulcdfjnos kotorgfnc ol ãroc cntorfjr, csç djgj sus tfpjs y rcnmjs, y ljs tcgcójs ko   lcs unfjnos. Ol vjlugon ko trcachj os fgpjrtcnto pjrquo roprosontc unc `undfôn osondfcl quo kotorgfnc duãlos cplfdcdfjnos puoko ohodutcr un rjajt.

 

Dcpçtulj 46.1/Qjaôtfdc fnkustrfcl 694

  Clgjeckfllcs djn lc `jrgc ko lcs pfozcs

Yfozc ko trcachj

Kokjs

Tuhotckjr

@FM_QC @FM_ QC 46.3 46.399 _n suho suhotc tckj kjrr ko rjajt8 c) cafortj y a ) dorrckj pcrc csfr unc pfozc ko trcachj.

Guóodc kol rjajt

Lcs ko`fnfdfjnos ko rosjludfôn ko djntrjl, oxcdtftuk y dcpcdfkck ko ropotfdfôn trctckcs on lc soddfôn 46.3.4 pcrc ljs sfstogcs ko pjsfdfjncgfontj pjr DN so cplfdcn on ljs rjajts fnkustrfclos. _n rjajt gcnfpulckjr os, kospuæs ko tjkj, un sfstogc ko pjsfdfjncgfontj. On monorcl, lcs unfjnos y lcs crtfdulcdfjnos ko ljs rjajts nj sjn tcn rçmfkcs djgj sus djntrcpcrtos ko lcs gãqufncs eorrcgfontc y, pjr onko, su oxcdtftuk y su ropotfaflfkck ko gjvfgfontjs nj sjn tcn auonjs.  Cdtuckjros `fnclos _n rjajt fnkustrfcl os unc gãqufnc ko prjpôsftj monorcl. Ycrc quo un

rjajt soc øtfl on unc cplfdcdfôn pcrtfdulcr, koao oqufpcrso y ecaflftcrso djn eorrcgfontcs kfsoóckcs ospodfclgonto pcrc unc cplfdcdfôn. _n cdtuckjr `fncl  os  os lc ecaflftcdfôn ospodfcl ko eorrcgfontcs quo so djnodtcn cl oxtrogj ko lc guóodc kol rjajt pcrc roclfzcr lc tcroc ospodç`fdc. Oxfston kjs tfpjs monorclos ko cdtuckjros `fnclos8 eorrcgfontcs y suhotckjros.  Lc eorrcgfontc  so utflfzc ducnkj ol rjajt koao roclfzcr unc jporcdfôn ko prjdoscgfontj. Lcs eorrcgfontcs ospodfclos fndluyon pfstjlcs pcrc sjlkckurc sjlkckur c ko puntjs, eorrcgfontcs pcrc sjlkckurc djn crdj, ajqufllcs pcrc pfntcr pjr csporsfôn, ohos rjtctjrfjs, sjplotos pcrc dclontcgfontj y eorrcgfontcs ko onscgalo (pjr ohogplj, un kostjrnfllckjr cutjgãtfdj). Ol rjajt so prjmrcgc pcrc gcnfpulcr lc eorrcgfontc quo so nodosftc pcrc lc pfozc ko trcachj quo so prjdosc. Ljs suhotckjros ostãn kfsoóckjs pcrc csfr y gjvor ljs jahotjs kurcnto ol dfdlj ko trcachj. On monorcl, ljs jahotjs sjn pfozcs ko trcachj y ol cdtuckjr `fncl koao kfsoócrso ospodç`fdcgonto pcrc lc pfozc. Ljs suhotckjros so uscn pcrc cplfdcdfjnos ko djljdcdfôn ko pfozcs, dcrmc y kosdcrmc ko gãqufncs y pcrc djljdcr pfozcs sjaro tcrfgcs. On lc `fmurc 46.39 so guostrc unc djn`fmurcdfôn djgøn ko suhotckjr.

46.1.1 46. 1.1 Tfs Tfstog togcs cs ko djntr djntrjl jl y prjmrc prjmrcgcd gcdfôn fôn ko rjajt rjajtss Ol djntrjlckjr ko un rjajt ostã `jrgckj pjr ol ecrkwcro y ol sj`twcro olodtrônfdjs pcrc djntrjlcr lcs crtfdulcdfjnos kurcnto lc ohodudfôn ko un dfdlj ko trcachj prjmrcgckj. Lc gcyjrçc ko lcs unfkckos ko djntrjl ko rjajts cdtuclos so acscn on un sfstogc ko gfdrjdjgputckjrc. Ljs sfstogcs ko djntrjl on lc rjaôtfdc so dlcsf`fdcn kol sfmufonto gjkj8 3. Djntrjl lfgftckj ko soduondfc . Osto sfstogc ko djntrjl ostã kfsoóckj pcrc dfdljs ko gjvfgfontj sfgplos, djgj “tjgcr y djljdcr‗. Nj roquforo un gfdrjprjdosckjr, y on monorcl so llovc c dcaj gokfcnto fntorruptjros fntorr uptjros ko lçgfto y kotondfjnos godãnfdcs, huntj djn un soduondfckjr pcrc djjrkfncr ol `undfjncgfontj sfndrjnfzckj ko lcs crtfdulcdfjnos. Ljs rjajts quo uscn ol djntrjl lfgftckj ko soduondfc djn `roduondfc so ecdon `undfjncr on `jrgc nougãtfdc. . Fmuclcquo  Qoprjk uddfôn djn djntrjl djntr jl puntjko c puntj 1.  Qoprjkuddfôn ( Y[Y, ko pjrrjajt sus sfmlcs on fnmlæs) on ol djntrjl nugærfdj, ljs sfstogcs gjvfgfontj so kfvfkon8 ko puntj puntj y trcyodtjrfc djntfnuc. Ol prjmrcgc  pcrc un rjajt ko roprjkuddfôn puntj c puntj djnsfsto on unc sorfo ko pjsfdfjnos ko puntjs y lc soduondfc on lc quo æstjs koaon vfsftcrso kurcnto ol dfdlj ko trcachj. Kurcnto lc prjmrcgcdfôn, ostjs   puntjs so mrcacn on lc

 

69;  Dcpçtulj 46/Djntrjl nugærfdj y rjaôtfdc fnkustrfcl

gogjrfc y kospuæs so roprjkudon kurcnto lc ohodudfôn kol prjmrcgc. On ljs gjvfgfontjs puntj c puntj, nj so djntrjlc lc trcyodtjrfc rodjrrfkc pcrc llomcr c lc pjsfdfôn `fncl. 4.  Lc roprjk r oprjkuddfôn uddfôn djn d jntrjl ko trcyodtjrf t rcyodtjrfc c djntfnuc dj ntfnuc (DY, pjr sus sfmlcs on fnmlæs) .  Ol djntrjl ko trcyodtjrfc djntfnuc os sfgflcr cl ko puntj c puntj, oxdoptj quo on lc gogjrfc so clgcdoncn trcyodtjrfcs trcyodtjrf cs ko gjvfgfontj on lumcr ko puntjs fnkfvfkuclos. On dfortjs tfpjs ko gjvfgfontjs ko trcyodtjrfc djntfnuc romulcros, djgj unc trcyodtjrfc on lçnoc rodtc ontro kjs pjsfdfjnos ko puntjs, lc unfkck djntrjlckjrc dcldulc lc trcyodtjrfc quo roquforo pcrc dckc gjvfgfontj. gjvfgfontjs djntfnujs frromulcros, djgj ol ljsgcnfpulckjr quo so sfmuon ducnkj so pfntc pjrYcrc csporsfôn, lc trcyodtjrfc so ko`fno gokfcnto unc sorfo ko puntjs ostrodecgonto ospcdfckjs quo so cprjxfgcn c unc trcyodtjrfc djntfnuc y romulcr. Ljs rjajts dcpcdos ko gjvfgfontjs ko trcyodtjrfc djntfnuc tcgafæn puokon ohodutcr gjvfgfontjs ko puntj c puntj. ;. Djntrjl fntolfmont fntolfmonto  o .  Ljs rjajts fnkustrfclos gjkornjs oxefaon dcrcdtorçstfdcs quo c gonukj ljs ecdon pcrodor fntolfmontos. Ostcs dcrcdtorçstfdcs fndluyon lc dcpcdfkck ko rospjnkor c sonsjros sj`fstfdckjs, tclos djgj unc gãqufnc ko vfsfôn, tjgcr kodfsfjnos ducnkj ecy orrjros kurcnto ol dfdlj ko trcachj, ecdor dãlduljs y djgunfdcrso djn ljs eugcnjs. Lc fntolfmondfc ko ljs rjajts so fnstrugontc gokfcnto djntrjlckjros djn gfdrjprjdosckjros pjkorjsjs y tædnfdcs ko prjmrcgcdfôn cvcnzckcs. Ljs rjajts ohodutcn un prjmrcgc ko fnstruddfjnos clgcdonckcs quo ko`fnon lc soduondfc  ko gjvfgfontjs y pjsfdfjnos on ol dfdlj ko trcachj, on `jrgc guy pcrodfkc c un prjmrcgc ko pfozcs pjr DN. Ckogãs ko lcs fnstruddfjnos ko gjvfgfontj, ol prjmrcgc fndluyo fnstruddfjnos pcrc jtrcs `undfjnos, djgj fntorcdtucr djn oqufpj oxtornj, rospjnkor c ljs sonsjros y prjdoscr kctjs. To uscn kjs gætjkjs aãsfdjs pcrc onsoócr sus prjmrcgcs c ljs rjajts gjkornjs8 prjmrcgcdfôn ko ohogplj y lonmuchos ko prjmrcgcdfôn ko djgputckjrcs. Lc  prjmrcgcdfôn ko ohogplj fgplfdc un gætjkj ko onsoócnzc gokfcnto ohogpljs, on lc ducl ol prjmrcgckjr guovo ol gcnfpulckjr c trcvæs ko lc soduondfc ko pjsfdfjnos on ol dfdlj ko trcachj. Ol djntrjlckjr romfstrc dckc pjsfdfôn on lc gogjrfc pcrc lc roprjkuddfôn suasoduonto. Oxfston kjs prjdokfgfontjs pcrc djnkudfr cl rjajt c trcvæs ko lc soduondfc ko gjvfgfontjs8 djn onormçc y gcnucl. On lc onsoócnzc gokfcnto ohogplj djn onormçc  so usc unc dchc ko djntrjl pcrc djnkudfr cl gcnfpulckjr. Lc dchc ko djntrjl, konjgfnckc ondeu`o pcrc onsoócnzc, tfono fntorruptjros ko djngutcdfôn j ajtjnos quo so jprfgon pcrc djntrjlcr lcs crtfdulcdfjnos. _scnkj ol ondeu`o pcrc onsoócnzc, ol prjmrcgckjr guovo ol gcnfpulckjr c dckc pjsfdfôn y mrcac on lc gogjrfc lcs pjsfdfjnos ko lc crtfdulcdfôn djrrospjnkfontos. Lc onsoócnzc gokfcnto ohogplj djn onormçc os ol gætjkj djgøn pcrc prjmrcgcr ljs rjajts ko roprjkuddfôn djn djntrjl puntj c puntj. Lc onsoócnzc gokfcnto ohogplj gcnucl   so usc djgøngonto pcrc rjajts ko roprjkuddfôn djn djntrjl ko trcyodtjrfc djntfnuc. On osto gætjkj, ol prjmrcgckjr guovo `çsfdcgonto lc guóodc kol gcnfpulckjr c trcvæs kol dfdlj ko gjvfgfontjs. Ycrc pfnturc pjr csporsfôn y jtrjs trcachjs, æsto os ol gokfj gãs djnvonfonto pcrc prjmrcgcr ol rjajt. Ljs lonmuchos ko prjmrcgcdfôn  ko djgputckjrcs pcrc djntrjlcr rjajts ecn ovjludfjnckj c pcrtfr kol usj ko djntrjlckjros ko gfdrjdjgputckjrcs. _nfgctfjn, Fnd. fntrjkuhj ol prfgor lonmucho djgordfcl clrokokjr ko 36=6. Ljs lonmuchos ko djgputckjrcs prjpjrdfjncn unc `jrgc djnvonfonto ko fntomrcr dfortcs `undfjnos quo nj fgplfdcn gjvfgfontj on ol dfdlj ko trcachj, djgj ljs dãlduljs y ol prjdoscgfontj ko kctjs, lc lômfdc ko kodfsfjnos, ol ol ontrolczckj djn jtrj oqufpj, lc fntor`cz djn sonsjros y lcs fntorrupdfjnos. fntor rupdfjnos. On lc ro`orondfc R0W so prosontc un cnãlfsfs gãs prj`unkj ko lc prjmrcgcdfôn ko rjajts.

46.1.4 46. 1.4 Cpl Cplfdcd fdcdfjn fjnos os ko ko rjajt rjajtss fnkus fnkustrf trfclos clos Clmunjs trcachjs fnkustrfclos so prostcn pcrc lcs cplfdcdfjnos ko rjajts. Lcs Lcs dcrcdtorçstfdcs gãs fgpjrtcntos quo tfonkon c prjgjvor lc sustftudfôn ko un trcachckjr eugcnj pjr un rjajt, on dfortcs djnkfdfjnos ko trcachj, sjn lcs sfmufontos8 3) ol cgafonto ko trcachj os polfmrjsj pcrc lcs porsjncs, 1) ol dfdlj ko trcachj os ropotftfvj, 4) ol trcachj so roclfzc on

 

 

Dcpçtulj 46.1/Qjaôtfdc fnkustrfcl 69?

@FM_QC @FM_ QC 46 46.3 .333 Ycr crto to ko unc lçnoc ko onscgalo cutjgjtrfz on lc ducl ljs rjajts ohodutcn jporcdfjnos ko sjlkckurc ko puntjs. (@jtj djrtosçc ko @jrk Gjtjr Djgpcny).

unc pjsfdfôn ostcdfjncrfc, ;) ol gcnohj ko lc pfozc j lc eorrcgfontc sorçc kf`çdfl pcrc ljs eugcnjs, ?) os unc jporcdfôn ko dcgafjs gøltfplos, 0) ecy lcrmcs lçnocs ko prjkuddfôn y ljs rolovjs nj sjn `roduontos y =) lc djljdcdfôn y jrfontcdfôn ko lcs pfozcs so ostcalodon cl fnfdfj kol dfdlj ko trcachj, kckj quo lc gcyjrçc ko ljs rjajts nj puoko vor. Lcs cplfdcdfjnos ko ljs rjajts fnkustrfclos quo tfonkon c dugplfr ostcs dcrcdtorçstfdcs so kfvfkon on tros dctomjrçcs aãsfdcs8 3) gcnohj ko gctorfcl, 1) jporcdfjnos ko prjdoscgfontj y 4) onscgalo o fnspoddfôn. Lcs cplfdcdfjnos ko gcnohj ko gctorfcl  fgplfdcn  fgplfdcn ol gjvfgfontj ko gctorfclos j pfozcs ko unc pjsfdfôn y jrfontcdfôn c jtrc. jtr c. Ycrc roclfzcr lc tcroc ko rodjljdcdfôn, ol rjajt ostã oqufpckj djn un suhotckjr. Djgj so kfhj cntos, æsto koao kfsoócrso ospodç`fdcgonto pcrc csfr lc pfozc pcrtfdulcr on lc cplfdcdfôn. Lcs cplfdcdfjnos ko gcnohj ko gctorfclos fndluyon lc trcns`orondfc ko gctorfclos (djljdcdfôn ko pfozcs, dcrmcr sjaro tcrfgcs y kosdcrmcr tcrfgcs) y dcrmc y/j kosdcrmc ko gãqufncs (pjr ohogplj, gãqufncs eorrcgfontc, pronscs y gjlkos ko plãstfdj). Lcs jporcdfjnos ko prjdoscgfontj roquforon quo ol rjajt gcnfpulo unc eorrcgfontc djgj ol cdtuckjr `fncl. Ontro lcs cplfdcdfjnos ostãn lc sjlkckurc ko puntjs, lc sjlkckurc djntfnuc djn crdj olædtrfdj, ol roduarfgfontj pjr csporsfôn y dfortcs jporcdfjnos ko djrto y olfgfncdfôn ko roacacs on gotcl, on lcs duclos ol rjajt gcnfpulc unc eorrcgfontc ospodfcl. On dckc unc ko ostcs jporcdfjnos so usc unc eorrcgfontc (pjr ohogplj, unc pfstjlc pcrc sjlkckurc ko puntjs j unc ajqufllc pcrc pfnturc pjr csporsfôn) djgj ol cdtuckjr `fncl kol rjajt. On lc `fmurc 46.33 so flustrc unc cplfdcdfôn ko sjlkckurc ko puntjs. Lc sjlkckurc ko puntjs os unc cplfdcdfôn djgøn ko ljs rjajts fnkustrfclos on lc fnkustrfc cutjgjtrfz. Lcs cplfdcdfjnos ko onscgalo o fnspoddfôn nj puokon dlcsf`fdcrso on `jrgc ko`fnfkc  on duclquforc ko lcs kjs dctomjrçcs cntorfjros, pjrquo on jdcsfjnos fgplfdcn ol gcnohj ko pfozcs y jtrcs vodos lc gcnfpulcdfôn ko unc eorrcgfontc. Lcs cplfdcdfjnos ko onscgalo   `roduontogonto roquforon ol cpflcgfontj ko unc pfozc sjaro lc jtrc, lj ducl os aãsfdcgonto unc tcrocdjgj ko gcnohj ko pfozcs. On jtrcs jporcdfjnos ko onscgalo, so gcnfpulc unc eorrcgfontc, un kostjrnfllckjr cutjgãtfdj. Csfgfsgj, lcs jporcdfjnos ko fnspoddfôn   on jdcsfjnos roquforon quo ol rjajt djljquo  unc pfozc ko trcachj on rolcdfôn djn un kfspjsftfvj ko fnspoddfôn j quo dcrmuo unc pfozc on unc  gãqufnc ko fnspoddfôn, gfontrcs jtrcs cplfdcdfjnos fgplfdcn lc gcnfpulcdfôn ko un sonsjr pcrc roclfzcr  unc fnspoddfôn.

 

690  Dcpçtulj 46/Djntrjl nugærfdj y rjaôtfdc fnkustrfcl

QO@OQONDFCT R3W Cs`cel, Cs`cel , D. Q., Qjajts cnk Gcnu`cdturfnm Cutjgctfjn,  Hjen ]floy & Tjns. Fnd., Nuovc Vjrb, 3661. R1W Ajllfnmo Ajllfnmor, r, H. M. y Ku``fo N. N. C., Djgputor Djntrjl  j` Gcdefnos cnk Yrjdossos, Ckkfsjn-]osloy Ljnmgcn, Fnd., Nuovc Vjrb, 3656. R4W Decnm, D-E, y Golbcnj Golbcnj``, ``, G. C., ND Gcdefno Yrjmrcggfnm cnk Tj`twcro Kosfmn, 4c. ok., Yrontfdo-Ecll, Fnd., _ppor Tckklo Qfvor, N. H. 199?. R;W Onmolao Onmolaormor. rmor. H. @.,  Qjajtfds fn Yrcdtfdo8 Gcncmogont cnk  Cpplfdctfjns j` Qjajtfds fn Fnkustry,  CGCDJG, Nuovc Vjrb, 365?. R?W Mrjjvor, G. Y.,   Cutjgctfjn, Yrjkudtfjn Tystogs, cnk Djgputor Fntomrctok Gcnu`cdturfnm, 1c. ok., Yrontfdo-Ecll, _ppor Tckklo Qfvor, N.H., 1993.

R0W Mrjj Mrjjvor, vor, G. Y., ]ofss, G., Ncm Ncmol, ol, Q. N. y Jkroy, N. N. M., Fnkustrfcl  Fnkustrfcl  Qjajtfds8 [odenjljmy, Yrjmrcggfnm, cnk Cpplfdctfjns, GdMrcw-Efll, Nuovc Vjrb, 3650. R=W Njcbor, Y. Y. G., “Kjwn teo Qjck wfte KND‗,  Gcnu`cdturfnm  Onmfnoorfnm, njvfogaro ko 3661, pp. 4?-46. R5W Tocgos ].,  Djgputor Nugorfdcl Djntrjl, Djndopts cnk  Yrjmrcggfnm, Kolgcr-[ejgsjn Locrnfnm, Clacny, Nuovc Vjrb, 1991. R6W ]oaor, C., “Qjajt kjs cnk kjn‖ts‗,   Cssogaly, `oarorj ko 199?, pp. ?9-?=.

YQOM_N[CT KO QOYCTJ 46.3. Fkontf`fquo y kosdrfac arovogonto ljs tros djgpjnontos aãsfdjs ko un sfstogc ko djntrjl nugærfdj. 46.1. ºDuãl os lc kf`orondfc kf`orondfc ontro un onscgalo puntj c puntj y

  46.5. ºSuæ os ol fnmrosj gcnucl ko kctjs on lc prjmrcgcdfôn prjmrcgcdfôn ko pfozcs pjr DN:   46.6. Fkontf`fquo clmuncs ko lcs cplfdcdfjnos kol djntrjl nugærfdj

unj ko trcyodtjrfc djntfnuc on un sfstogc ko djntrjl ko gjvfgfontjs: ºDuãl os lc kf`orondfc ontro ol pjsfdfjncgfontj casjlutj y ol pjsfdfjncgfontj fndrogontcl: ºDuãl os lc kf`orondfc ontro un sfstogc ko pjsfdfjncgfontj ko dfdlj cafortj y unj ko dfdlj dorrckj: ºAchj duãlos dfrdunstcndfcs so pro`foro un sfstogc sfstogc ko pjsfdfjncgfontj ko dfdlj dorrckj c unj ko dfdlj cafortj: Oxplfquo lcs jporcdfjnos ko un djkf`fdckjr djkf`fdckjr ôptfdj. ôptfdj. ºYjr quæ quæ koao sor ol sfstogc olodtrjgodãnfdj olodtrjgodãnfdj ol `cdtjr lfgftcnto on lc rosjludfôn ko djntrjl y nj ol romfstrj ko clgcdoncgfontj kol djntrjlckjr:

quo nj sjn pcrc gãqufncs eorrcgfontc. 46.39. ºDuãlos sjn clmunjs ko ljs aono`fdfjs quo pjr lj monorcl so dftcn pcrc ol DN on djgpcrcdfôn djn   ol usj ko gætjkjs gcnuclos cltornctfvjs: 46.33. ºSuæ º Suæ os un rjajt fnkustrfcl: 46.31. ºOn º On quæ so pcrodo un rjajt fnkustrfcl cl djntrjl nugærfdj: 46.34. ºSuæ º Suæ os un cdtuckjr `fncl: 46.3;. On lc prjmrcgcdfôn ko rjajts, ºduãl os lc kf`orondfc ontro lc onsoócnzc gokfcnto ohogplj djn onormçc y lc onsoócnzc gokfcnto ohogplj gcnucl:

46.4. 46.;. 46.?. 46.0. 46.=.

D_OT[FJNCQFJ KO JYDFÔN GØL[FYLO On lcs sfmufontos promuntcs ko jpdfôn gøltfplo ecy un tjtcl ko 34 rospuostcs djrrodtcs (clmuncs promuntcs tfonon vcrfcs rospuostcs djrrodtcs). Ycrc jatonor unc dclf`fdcdfôn por`odtc ecy quo kcr tjkcs lcs rospuostcs djrrodtcs kol duostfjncrfj. Dckc rospuostc djrrodtc vclo un puntj. Yjr dckc rospuostc jgftfkc j orrônoc, lc dclf`fdcdfôn so rokudo on un puntj, y dckc rospuostc ckfdfjncl quo sjaropcso ol nøgorj djrrodtj ko rospuostcs rokudo lc dclf`fdcdfôn on un puntj. Ol pjrdontcho ko dclf`fdcdfôn so acsc on ol nøgorj tjtcl ko rospuostcs djrrodtcs. 46.3. ºOn duãl ko lcs sfmufontos jpdfjnos so acsc ol sfstogc ko djjrkonckcs ostãnkcr pcrc lcs gãqufncs eorrcgfontc djn djntrjl nugærfdj:8 c) djjrkonckcs dcrtosfcncs, a) djjrkonckcs dflçnkrfdcs j d) djjrkonckcs pjlcros. 46.1. Fkontf`fquo duãlos ko lcs sfmufontos cplfdcdfjnos sjn jporcdfjnos puntj c puntj y nj jporcdfjnos ko trcyodtjrfc djntfnuc (tros rospuostcs djrrodtcs)8 c) sjlkckurc djn crdj, a) tclckrckj, d) por`jrcdfôn ko jrf`fdfjs on lãgfncs gotãlfdcs,

46.;. ºDuãl ko ljs sfmufontos os ol djgcnkj MJQM[ on CY[: (kjs gohjros rospuostcs)8 c) djgcnkj ko trcyodtjrfc djntfnuc, a) onundfckj ko mojgotrçc quo fgplfdc un vjlugon ko rovjludfôn on rolcdfôn djn un oho dontrcl, d) njgaro kol gjnstruj on unc polçdulc ko dfondfc `fddfôn hcpjnosc ko 3609, k) un djgcnkj puntj c puntj j o) un djgcnkj ko trcyodtjrfc on ol ducl lc eorrcgfontc koao fr c lc korodec ( mj rfmet ) on ol gjvfgfontj sfmufonto.

k) `rosckj, o) sjlkckurc ko puntjs y  ` ) tjrnockj. 46.4. ºGokfcnto duãl ko ljs sfmufontos tærgfnjs so gfko lc dcpcdfkck ko un sfstogc ko pjsfdfjncgfontj pcrc rotjgcr c unc pjsfdfôn provfcgonto ko`fnfkc: c) prodfsfôn, a) rosjludfôn ko djntrjl j d) ropotfaflfkck.

46.?. Yjr lj monorcl, ºduãl ko lcs sfmufontos `undfjnos `undfjnos os roclfzckc pjr ol arczj y ol duorpj ko un gcnfpulckjr ko rjajt, on unc cplfdcdfôn:8 c) suhotcr ol cdtuckjr `fncl, a) jrfontcdfôn kontrj kol vjlugon ko trcachj j d) pjsfdfjncgfontj kontrj kol vjlugon ko trcachj.

 

Yrjalogcs 69=

46.0. ºDjn duãl ko lcs sfmufontos cplfdcdfjnos so csjdfc njrgclgonto un rjajt TDCQC: c) sjlkckurc djn crdj, a) onscgalo, d) fnspoddfôn, k) dcrmc y kosdcrmc ko gãqufncs j o) sjlkckurc pjr rosfstondfc. 46.=. On lc rjaôtfdc, ºduãl ko lcs sfmufontos jporcdfjnos so dlcsf`fdcn djgj lcs cplfdcdfjnos ko pfnturc pjr csporsfôn: c) jporcdfôn ko trcyodtjrfc djntfnuc j a) jporcdfôn puntj c puntj.

46.5. ºDuãlos ko lcs sfmufontos sjn dcrcdtorçstfdcs ko sftucdfjnos ko trcachj quo tfonkon c prjgjvor lc sustftudfôn ko unc porsjnc djn un rjajt: (tros gohjros rospuostcs)8 c) dcgafjs ko ogploj `roduontos, a) cgafonto ko trcachj polfmrjsj, d) dfdljs ko trcachj ropotftfvjs, k) vcrfjs turnjs ko trcachj y o) lc tcroc roquforo gjvflfkck.

YQJALOGCT Tfstogcs ko pjsfdfjncgfontj ko dfdlj cafortj 46.3. _n tjrnfllj muçc djn un pcsj ko =.? gg djnkudo unc gosc ko trcachj on un sfstogc ko pjsfdfjncgfontj pjr DN. Ol Ol tjrnfllj muçc os fgpulsckj pjr un gjtjr ko onmrcnos quo tfono 1?9 ãnmuljs ko pcsj. Lc gosc ko trcachj ostã prjmrcgckc pcrc gjvorso unc kfstcndfc ko 319 gg kosko su pjsfdfôn prosonto c unc voljdfkck ko vfcho ko 499 gg/gfn. Kotorgfno c) ljs pulsjs quo so roquforon pcrc gjvor lc gosc c lc kfstcndfc ospodf`fdckc y a) lc voljdfkck ko gjtjr y lc rczôn ko pulsjs roquorfkcs pcrc jatonor lc voljdfkck ko gosc kosockc. 46.1. On rolcdfôn djn ol prjalogc cntorfjr, lcs fgprodfsfjnos godãnfdcs on ol sfstogc ko pjsfdfjncgfontj ko dfdlj cafortj puokon kosdrfafrso gokfcnto unc kfstrfaudfôn njrgcl duyc kosvfcdfôn ostãnkcr os ko 9.99? gg. Ol rcnmj kol oho ko lc gosc ko trcachj os ko ?99 gg y ecy 31 afts on ol romfstrj afncrfj quo usc ol djntrjlckjr kfmftcl pcrc clgcdoncr lc pjsfdfôn prjmrcgckc. Ycrc ol sfstogc ko pjsfdfjncgfontj, kotorgfno c) lc rosjludfôn ko djntrjl, a) lc oxcdtftuk y d) lc ropotfaflfkck. k) ºDuãl os lc dcntfkck gçnfgc ko afts quo koao tonor ol romfstrj afncrfj pcrc quo ol sfstogc ko djnkuddfôn godãnfdc so djnvfortc on ol djgpjnonto lfgftcnto on lc rosjludfôn kol djntrjl: 46.4. _n gjtjr ko onmrcnos tfono 199 ãnmuljs ko pcsj. Tu oho ko sclfkc ostã cdjplckj kfrodtcgonto c un tjrnfllj muçc djn un pcsj ko 9.1?9 fn. Ol tjrnfllj muçc djntrjlc unc gosc ko trc-

tjrnfllj muçc os ko 9.35 fn. Lc gosc koao tonor unc voljdfkck lfnocl ko 4? fn/gfn y unc oxcdtftuk ko pjsfdfjncgfontj ko 9.993 fn. Ljs orrjros godãnfdjs on ol gjtjr, ol tjrnfllj muçc y lc djnoxfôn ko lc gosc so dcrcdtorfzcn pjr unc kfstrfaudfôn njrgcl djn unc kosvfcdfôn ostãnkcr ko 9.9991 fn. Kotorgfno c) lc dcntfkck gçnfgc ko ãnmuljs ko pcsj on ol gjtjr ko onmrcnos pcrc jatonor lc oxcdtftuk, a) ol ãnmulj ko pcsj csjdfckj y d) lc `roduondfc kol tron ko pulsjs roquorfkc pcrc djnkudfr lc gosc c lc voljdfkck kosockc. 46.0. Lc gosc ko pjsfdfjncgfontj pcrc unc gãqufnc ko fnsordfôn ko djgpjnontos usc un gjtjr ko onmrcnos y un godcnfsgj ko tjrnfllj muçc. Lcs ospodf`fdcdfjnos ko kfsoój roquforon unc voljdfkck ko gosc ko ;9 fn/gfn y unc prodfsfôn ko 9.9995 fn. Ol pcsj kol tjrnfllj muçc ko 9.1 fn, y lc rczôn ko onmrcnos os ko 183 (1 mfrjs kol gjtjr pjr 3 mfrj kol tjrnfllj muçc). Ljs orrjros godãnfdjs on lc djnoxfôn kol gjtjr, dchc ko onmrcnos, tjrnfllj muçc y lc gosc so dcrcdtorfzcn pjr unc kfstrfaudfôn njrgcl djn unc kosvfcdfôn ostãnkcr ko 9.9993 fn. Kotorgfno c) lc dcntfkck gçnfgc ko ãnmuljs ko pcsj on ol gjtjr ko onmrcnos y a) lc `roduondfc kol tron ko pulsj roquorfkc pcrc djnkudfr lc gosc c lc voljdfkck gãxfgc kosockc. 46.=. Lc unfkck ko djnkuddfôn djnkuddfôn ko unc gosc ko pjsfdfjncgfontj pjsfdfjncgfontj pcrc unc gãqufnc ko fnsordfôn ko djgpjnontos so acsc on un gjtjr ko onmrcnos y on un godcnfsgj ko tjrnfllj muçc.

achj. Lc gosc koaoc gjvorso unc kfstcndfc kosko su pjsfdfôn cdtucl unc voljdfkck ko vfchoko ko?.99 19.9fnfn/gfn. Kotorgfno c) ljs pulsjs quo so roquforon pcrc gjvor lc gosc c lc kfstcndfc ospodf`fdckc y a) lc voljdfkck ko gjtjr y lc rczôn ko pulsjs roquorfkcs pcrc jatonor lc voljdfkck ko gosc kosockc. 46.;. _n gjtjr ko onmrcnos djn 1;9 ãnmuljs ãnmuljs ko pcsj ostã cdjplckj c un tjrnfllj muçc c trcvæs ko unc rokuddfôn ko onmrcnos ko ?83 (dfndj rjtcdfjnos kol gjtjr pjr unc kol tjrnfllj muçc). Ol tjrnfllj muçc tfono 0 rjsdcs/fn. Lc gosc ko trcachj quo djnkudo ol tjrnfllj muçc koao gjvorso unc kfstcndfc ko 39.99 fn c unc voljdfkck ko clfgontcdfôn ko 49.9 fn/gfn. Kotorgfno c) lc dcntfkck ko pulsjs roquorfkjs pcrc gjvor lc gosc y a) lc voljdfkck ko gjtjr y rczôn ko pulsjs roquorfkcs pcrc jatonor lc voljdfkck ko gosc kosockc. 46.?. Lc unfkck ko djnkuddfôn djnkuddfôn pcrc unc unc gosc ko pjsfdfjncgfon-

Lcs pcrc voljdfkck lc gosc sjn 1? gg/sospodf`fdcdfjnos pcrc un rcnmj ko 099lcgg y pcrc ko lc prodfsfôn ko ko 9.91? gg. Ol pcsj kol tjrnfllj muçc os ko ;.? gg y lc rczôn ko onmrcnos ko ?83 (? mfrjs kol gjtjr pjr dckc tjrnfllj muçc). Ljs orrjros godãnfdjs on lc djnoxfôn kol gjtjr, lc dchc ko onmrcnos, ol tjrnfllj muçc y lc gosc so dcrcdtorfzcn pjr unc kfstrfaudfôn njrgcl djn unc kosvfcdfôn ostãnkcr ko 9.99? gg. Kotorgfno c) lc dcntfkck gçnfgc ko ãnmuljs ko pcsj on ol gjtjr ko onmrcnos y a) lc `roduondfc kol tron ko pulsj roquorfkc pcrc djnkudfr lc gosc c lc voljdfkck gãxfgc kosockc. 46.5. Ljs kjs ohos ko unc gosc ko pjsfdfjncgfontj pjsfdfjncgfontj  x- y  y sjn djnkudfkjs dckc unj pjr un gjtjr ko onmrcnos djnodtckj c un tjrnfllj muçc djn unc rokuddfôn ko onmrcnos ko 3983. Ol nøgorj ko ãnmuljs ko pcsj ko dckc gjtjr ko onmrcnos os ko 19. Dckc tjrnfllj muçc tfono un pcsj ko ?.9 gg y prjpjr-

tj so djntrjlc gokfcnto un tjrnfllj muçc kfrodtcgonto cdjplckj cl oho ko sclfkc ko un gjtjr ko onmrcnos. Ol pcsj kol

dfjnc un rcnmj ko oho ko 499.9 gg. Ecy 30 afts on dckc romfstrj afncrfj quo usc ol djntrjlckjr pcrc clgcdoncr kctjs

 

695  Dcpçtulj 46/Djntrjl nugærfdj y rjaôtfdc fnkustrfcl ko pjsfdfôn pcrc ljs kjs ohos. c) ºDuãl os lc rosjludfôn ko djntrjl ko dckc oho:, a) ºduãlos sjn lcs voljdfkckos ko rjtcdfôn roquorfkcs y lcs `roduondfcs kol tron ko pulsjs djrrospjnkfonto quo roquforo dckc gjtjr ko onmrcnos, pcrc

djnkudfr lc gosc c 099 gg/gfn on unc lçnoc rodtc kosko ol puntj (1?, 1?) ecstc ol puntj (399, 3?9): Nj tjgo on duontc lc cdolorcdfôn.

Tfstogcs ko pjsfdfjncgfontj ko dfdlj dorrckj 46.6. _nc gosc ko gãqufnc eorrcgfontc pjr DN os fgpulsckc

kol tjrnfllj muçc. Ol gjtjr jporc c unc voljdfkck ko 3? rov/s.

pjr un sorvjgjtjr, un  ydjkf`fdckjr ôptfdj. Ol tjrnfllj muçc tfonoununtjrnfllj pcsj komuçc ?.9 ygg ostã djnodtckj cl oho kol gjtjr djn unc rczôn ko onmrcnos ko 3083 (30 mfrjs kol gjtjr pjr unj kol tjrnfllj muçc). Ol djkf`fdckjr ôptfdj ostã djnodtckj kfrodtcgonto cl tjrnfllj muçc y monorc 199 pulsjs/rov kol tjrnfllj muçc. Lc gosc koao gjvorso unc kfstcndfc ko 399 gg c unc voljdfkck ko clfgontcdfôn ko ?99 gg/gfn. Kotorgfno ) ol djntoj ko pulsjs quo rodfao ol sfstogc ko djntrjl pcrc vorf`fdcr quo lc gosc so ec gjvfkj oxcdtcgonto 399 gg, a) lc rczôn ko pulsjs y d) lc voljdfkck ko gjtjr quo djrrospjnko c lc voljdfkck ko clfgontcdfôn ko ?99 gg/gfn. 46.39. Qosuolvc ko nuovj ol prjalogc cntorfjr, djnsfkorcnkj quo ol djkf`fdckjr ôptfdj so cdjplo kfrodtcgonto cl oho kol gjtjr on lumcr ko cl tjrnfllj muçc. 46.33. Lc gosc ko trcachj ko unc gãqufnc eorrcgfontc djn DN so djnkudo gokfcnto un  sfstogc ko pjsfdfjncgfontj ko dfdlj dorrckj quo djnsfsto on un sorvjgjtjr, un tjrnfllj muçc y un djkf`fdckjr ôptfdj. Ol tjrnfllj muçc tfono 0 rjsdcs/fn y ostã cdjplckj kfrodtcgonto cl oho ko gjtjr (rczôn ko onmrcnos ko 383). Ol djkf`fdckjr ôptfdj monorc 11? pulsjs pjr rovjludfôn ko gjtjr. Lc gosc ec   sfkj prjmrcgckc pcrc gjvorso unc kfstcndfc ko =.? fn, c unc voljdfkck ko clfgontcdfôn ko 19.9 fn/gfn. c) ºDuãntjs pulsjs rodfao ol sfstogc ko djntrjl pcrc vorf`fdcr quo lc gosc so ec gjvfkj lc  kfstcndfc prjmrcgckc: ºDuãl os a) lc voljdfkck ko pulsjs y d) lc voljdfkck ko gjtjr quo djrrospjnkon c lc voljdfkck ko clfgontcdfôn ospodf`fdckc: 46.31. To usc un tjrnfllj muçc cdjplckj kfrodtcgonto c un sorvjgjtjr ko djrrfonto kfrodtc pcrc djnkudfr unj ko ljs ohos ko unc gosc ko unc gãqufnc pcrc `rosckj pjr DN. Ol tjrnfllj muçc tfono ? rjsdcs/fn. Ol djkf`fdckjr ôptfdj djnodtckj cl tjrnfllj muçc ogfto 399 pulsjs/rov kol tjrnfllj muçc. Ol gjtjr mfrc c unc voljdfkck gãxfgc ko 599 rov/gfn. Kotorgfno c) lc rosjludfôn ko djntrjl kol sfstogc, oxprosckc on lc kfstcndfc ko vfcho lfnocl kol oho ko lc gosc, a) lc `roduondfc kol tron ko pulsjs quo ogfto ol djkf`fdckjr ôptfdj ducnkj ol sorvjgjtjr jporc c gãxfgc voljdfkck y d) lc voljdfkck ko vfcho ko lc gosc c lcs rpg gãxfgcs kol gjtjr. 46.34. Qosuolvc ol prjalogc cntorfjr, djnsfkorcnkj quo ol sorvjgjtjr ostã djnodtckj cl tjrnfllj muçc c trcvæs ko unc dchc ko onmrcnos duyc rczôn ko rokuddfôn os ko 3183 (31 rovjludfjnos kol gjtjr pjr dckc rovjludfôn kol tjrnfllj muçc). 46.3;. _n tjrnfllj muçc djnodtckj c un sorvjgjtjr ko djrrfonto kfrodtc os ol sfstogc ko djnkuddfôn pcrc lc gosc ko pjsfdfjncgfontj. Ol pcsj kol tjrnfllj muçc os ko ; gg. Ol djkf`fdckjr ôptfdj djnodtckj cl tjrnfllj muçc ogfto 1?9 pulsjs/rov

c) lc rosjludfôn ko djntrjl kol sfstogc, oxproKotorgfno sckc on kfstcndfc ko vfcho lfnocl kol oho ko lc gosc, a) lc `roduondfc kol tron ko pulsjs quo ogfto ol djkf`fdckjr ôptfdj ducnkj ol sorvjgjtjr jporc c 3; rov/s y d) lc voljdfkck ko vfcho ko lc gosc c lc voljdfkck ko jporcdfôn kol gjtjr. 46.3?. To ohodutc unc jporcdfôn ko `rosckj on un dontrj ko gcqufnckj pjr DN. Lc kfstcndfc ko vfcho tjtcl os ko 499 gg on unc kfroddfôn pcrclolc c unj ko ljs ohos ko lc gosc ko trcachj. Lc voljdfkck ko djrto os ko 3.1? g/s y unc dcrmc ko pcstfllc ko 9.9? gg. Ol oxtrogj ko djrto pcrc `rosckj tfono ductrj kfontos y su kfãgotrj os ko 19.9 gg. Ol oho usc un sorvjgjtjr ko djrrfonto kfrodtc duyj oho ko sclfkc ostã cdjplckj c un tjrnfllj muçc djn un pcsj ko 0.9 gg. Ol kfspjsftfvj sonsjr ko rotrjclfgontcdfôn os un djkf`fdckjr ôptfdj quo ogfto 1?9 pulsjs pjr rovjludfôn. Kotorgfno c) lc voljdfkck ko clfgontcdfôn y ol tfogpj pcrc torgfncr ol djrto y a) lc voljdfkck ko rjtcdfôn kol gjtjr y lc rczôn ko pulsjs kol djkf`fdckjr c lc voljdfkck ko clfgontcdfôn fnkfdckc. 46.30. To roclfzc unc jporcdfôn ko `rosckj ko oxtrogjs c lj lcrmj ko unc trcyodtjrfc on lçnoc rodtc djn unc ljnmftuk ko 41? gg. Ol djrto so roclfzc on kfroddfôn pcrclolc cl oho x, on un dontrj ko gcqufnckj djn DN. Lc voljdfkck ko djrto os ko 49 g/gfn y lc dcrmc ko pcstfllc ko 9.90 gg. Ol oxtrogj djrtckjr ko `rosckj tfono kjs kfontos y su kfãgotrj os ko 30.9 gg. Ol oho x usc un sorvjgjtjr ko djrrfonto kfrodtc djnodtckj kfrodtcgonto c un tjrnfllj muçc, duyj pcsj os ko 0.9 gg. Ol kfspjsftfvj sonsjr ko rotrjclfgontcdfôn os un djkf`fdckjr ôptfdj quo ogfto ;99 pulsjs/rov. Kotorgfno c) lc voljdfkck ko clfgontcdfôn y ol tfogpj pcrc torgfncr ol djrto, y a) lc voljdfkck ko rjtcdfôn kol gjtjr y lc rczôn ko pulsjs kol djkf`fdckjr c lc voljdfkck ko clfgontcdfôn fnkfdckc. 46.3=. To usc un sorvjgjtjr ko djrrfonto kfrodtc pcrc djnkudfr ol oho x ko unc gosc ko gãqufnc pcrc `rosckj djn DN. Ol gjtjr ostã cdjplckj kfrodtcgonto cl tjrnfllj muçc ko lc gosc (un mfrj kol gjtjr  un mfrj kol tjrnfllj muçc)2 osto øltfgj tfono ; rjsdcs/fn. To usc un djkf`fdckjr ôptfdj pcrc prjpjrdfjncr lc gokfkc ko rotrjclfgontcdfôn. To djnodtc cl tjrnfllj muçc uscnkj unc rczôn ko onmrcnos 38? (un mfrj kol tjrnfllj muçc so djnvforto on dfndj mfrjs kol kfsdj djkf`fdckjr). Ol djkf`fdckjr ôptfdj ogfto 31? pulsjs pjr rovjludfôn. Ycrc ohodutcr dfortc fnstruddfôn prjmrcgckc, lc gosc koao gjvorso kosko ol puntj (4.?, 3.?) cl puntj (3.9, =.1) on unc trcyodtjrfc on lçnoc rodtc c unc voljdfkck ko clfgontcdfôn ko =.? fn/gfn. Ycrc ol oho x, kotorgfno c) lc rosjludfôn ko djntrjl ko sfstogc, a) lc voljdfkck ko rjtcdfôn kol gjtjr y d) lc `roduondfc kol tron ko pulsjs quo ogfto ol djkf`fdckjr ôptfdj ducnkj so jatfono lc voljdfkck ko clfgontcdfôn kosockc.

 

Yrjalogcs 696

 

Qjaôtfdc fnkustrfcl 46.35. Ol oho gãs mrcnko ko un rjajt ko djjrkonckcs dcrtosfcncs tfono un rcnmj tjtcl ko =?9 gg. To djnkudo gokfcnto un sfstogc ko pjlocs dcpcz ko unc prodfsfôn godãnfdc ko 9.1? gg y unc ropotfaflfkck ko ³ 9.3? gg. Kotorgfno lc dcntfkck gçnfgc ko afts roquorfkjs on ol romfstrj afncrfj pcrc ol oho on lc gogjrfc ko djntrjl kol rjajt. 46.36. _n gjtjr ko onmrcnos `undfjnc djgj lc unfkck djnkudtjrc

46.19. Ol kfsoóckjr ko un rjajt ko djn`fmurcdfôn pjlcr so djnsfkorc pcrto ko un gcnfpulckjr quo tfono t fono unc crtfdulcdfôn ko rjtcdfôn djnodtckc c su unfôn ko sclfkc. Lc unfôn ko sclfkc tfono 1? fn ko lcrmj y lc crtfdulcdfôn ko rjtcdfôn tfono un rcnmj ko =?¹. Lc oxcdtftuk ko lc djgafncdfôn crtfdulcdfônunfôn oxprosckc djgj unc gokfkc lfnocl on ol oxtrogj ko lc unfôn quo so prjkudo cl rjtcr lc crtfdulcdfôn so ospodf`fdc

pcrc unc crtfdulcdfôn lfnocl ko un rjajt fnkustrfcl. Lc crtfdulcdfôn koao tonor unc prodfsfôn ko 9.1? gg. Ol gjtjr ostã djnodtckj c un tjrnfllj muçc c trcvæs ko unc rokuddfôn ko onmrcnos 183 (kjs mfrjs kol gjtjr pjr un mfrj kol tjrnfllj muçc). Ol pcsj kol tjrnfllj muçc os ?.9 gg. Ljs orrjros godãnfdjs on ol sfstogc (koafkj c ejlmurcs kol tjrnfllj muçc y cl rokudtjr ko onmrcnos) so roprosontcn gokfcnto unc kfstrfaudfôn njrgcl djn unc kosvfcdfôn ostãnkcr ko ³9.9? gg. Ospodf`fquo lc dcntfkck ko ãnmuljs ko pcsj quo koao tonor ol gjtjr pcrc dugplfr ljs roquorfgfontjs ko oxcdtftuk.

djgj 9.949 fn. Lcs fgprodfsfjnos godãnfdcs ko ko lc crtfdulcdfôn prjkudon un orrjr on lc ropotfaflfkck ³9.949¹ ko rjtcdfôn. To supjno quo lc unfôn os por`odtcgonto rçmfkc, pjr lj quo nj ecy orrjros ckfdfjnclos koafkj c ko`loxfôn. c) Koguostro quo puoko jatonorso lc prodfsfôn ospodf`fdckc, kckj ol orrjr ko dcpcdfkck ko ropotfdfôn. a) Kotorgfno lc dcntfkck gçnfgc ko afts roquorfkjs on ol romfstrj afncrfj ko lc gogjrfc ko djntrjl kol rjajt pcrc jatonor lc prodfsfôn ospodf`fdckc.