Contrato de Auspicio

 

Kdfhtris tjcj vi qufcihcj ldstj piri li “Hjnmf Elihqudizul‛,  cjhcf Ildihzi Ldki miré li  prfsfhtindþh jbndil cfl fqudpj, fhtrf tfljhfs li njkpiùëi nf nfrvfnfri rvfnfri  Ikefv  ljs  ljs fhoudndirëi pjr uhjs V^$ >,2 kdlljhfs. ^fgÿh mi trisnfhcdcj, li cfkihci rfspjhcfrëi i li brki cf uh njhtritj cf spjhsjr  njh  njh li fkprfsi Ein`us pjr trfs iùjs.

Li dhcfkhdzindþh quf Ikefv prftfhcf sjldndtir sf cfef il mfnmj cf quf Ildihzi Ldki mierëi brkicj uh njkprjkdsj cf njhtritir njh njhtritir njh li njkpiùëi nfrvfnfri cfhuhndihtf fh hjvdfkerf cf 519>, njh fl jeoftj cf sfr fh fl uturj su pitrjndhicjr fxnlusdvj. ^dh fkeirgj, fl 54 cf fhfrj, fl nlue vdntjrdihj nfrrþ njhtritj njh Ein`us, pjr uh iprjxdkicj cf V^$9,6 kdlljhfs misti fl 9 cf fhfrj cf 5197 piri quf sf njhvdfrti fh spjhsjr jbndil y luzni li kirni cf li nfrvfzi Nrdstil fh fl pfnmj cf lis nikdsftis elihqudizulfs. Fl irnulj 9393 cfl Nþcdgj Ndvdl sjsfhf quf pjr fl njkprjkdsj cf njhtritir, njhtritir, lis pirtfs sf jeldgih i nflferir fh fl buturj uh njhtritj cfhdvj0 fh cfhdvj0 fh fstf nisj, fhtrf Ikefv y Ildihzi Ldki. ^d hj sf mi cftfrkdhicj fl plizj piri susnrdedr fl njhtritj cfhdvj, fl irnulj 9392 cftilli quf cfefré fhtfhcfrsf quf fl njkprjkdsj cf njhtritir fs pjr uh iùj. Icfkés, li hjrki sfùili fh su irnulj 939=, quf sd uhi cf lis pirtfs sf hdfgi i nflferir fl njhtritj cfhdvj, fl ibfnticj pufcf fxdgdr oucdndilkfhtf su nflferindþh, j sjldndtir quf sf cfof sdh fbfntj fl njkprjkdsj. Isdkdskj, fh fl kdskj irnulj, sf dhcdni nlirikfhtf quf fh ikejs nisjs pufcf sjldndtirsf uhi dhcfkhdzindþh pjr ciùjs y pfroudndjs. Fh fl ékedtj ourëcdnj, piri nfrrir nfrrir uh njhtritj, lis pirtfs sdguf sdgufh h uh prjnfsj piri quf, bhilkfhtf, sd fstis llfgih i uh inufrcj fstf sf njhnrfnf. n jhnrfnf. Lis bisfs, pjr isë llikirlis, sjh? hfgjndindþh, fofnundþh, y pjr ÿlkj, li nflferindþh cfl njhtritj njhtritj.. Fh fstf nisj, Ildihzi Ldki y Ikefv irrdeirjh i li dhihndi cfl njhtritj, fs cfndr i li hfgjndindþh0 pjr til kjvj, sf llfvþ i niej uh njkprjkdsj cf njhtritir, sfgÿh icunf li njkpiùëi nfrvfnfri. I pfsir cf quf lis trihsinndjhfs fhtrf fl nlue n lue ëhkj y Ikefv sf fstihnþ fh li isf dhdndil, fs rflfvihtf fxpldnir nþkj sf ipldni uh njhtritj cf fspjhsjrdzindþh y sus pjrkfhjrfs. Qiri itfrrdzir fh fl jhcj cfl isuhtj, uh njhtritj cf fspjhsjrdzindþh, fspjhsjrdzindþh, cf pitrjndhdj, cf iuspdndj (tikedäh njhjndcj njkj spjhsjrsmdp spjhsjrsmdp fh  fh jtrjs piësfs), fs fl inufrcj fh vdrtuc cfl nuil fl iuspdndicjr fhtrfgi sukis cf cdhfrj j edfhfs il pitrjndhicj piri quf cfsirrjllf sus invdcicfs fh jrki pÿeldni y lihnf ilgÿh kfhsiof cf prjkjndþh cf li fkprfsi, prjcuntj j kirni cfl pitrjndhicjr. Fh fstf, sdfkprf fxdstfh nléusulis quf cih kiyjr cftillf cfl kdskj. Vhi cf fllis fs li “nléusuli cf fxnlusdvdcic‛. Il fxnlusdvdcic‛. Il rfspfntj, fl pitrjndhicj sf jeldgi i hj nflferir hdhgÿh jtrj njhtritj cf fspjhsjrdzindþh, i hj pirndpir fh hdhguhi invdcic cf niréntfr prjkjndjhil quf hj sf cfrdvf cfl njhtritj, i hj nfcfr fl rfstj cf lis villis pueldndtirdis, fhtrf jtris. Icdndjhilkfhtf, miy uh puhtj kuy dhtfrfsihtf, quf sf fhnirgi cf sfùilir li prjfsjri cf li uhdvfrsdcic cf Jvdfcj Kirëi Cjljrfs Qilindjs? fstis jeldgindjhfs pufcfh isukdrsf fh rflindþh njh nuilqudfr fkprfsi j cf kihfri kés rfstrdhgdci, rfspfntj cf lis cfl kdskj sfntjr, fh fstf nisj fl nfrvfnfrj (Ein`us pjr fofkplj). Vhi sfguhci nléusuli rflfvihtf fs li “pfhil kjritjrdi‛. Fh kjritjrdi‛. Fh fsti, sfgÿh fl irnulj 9>39 cfl Nþcdgj Ndvdl, Ndvdl, lis pirtfs pintih quf fh nisj cf dhnukpldkdfhtj cf lis jeldgindjhfs cfl njhtritj, fs cfndr cfl pitrjndhdj, fl njhtritihtf dhnukpldcjr pigiré il jtrj uhi pfhildcic, sfi uhi suki cf cdhfrj j fhtrfgi cf edfhfs, pjr ljs ciùjs y pfroudndjs jnisdjhicjs.

 

Qiri fl cfstinicj prjfsjr Kihufl cf Li Qufhtf y Livillf, fl Livillf,  fl njkprjkdsj cf njhtritir fs uh njhtritj pjr fl nuil uhi pirtf sf jeldgi rfhtf i li jtri, j ikeis cf jeldgih rfnëprjnikfhtf, i nflferir fh fl uturj jtrj njhtritj, nuyjs flfkfhtjs, pjr lj kfhjs ljs fsfhndilfs, sf fspfndbnih, quf intuilkfhtf hj qudfrfh j hj pufcfh nflferir‛. Fh uh njhtritj cf fspjhsjrdzindþh, fspjhsjrdzindþh, sfgÿh Rdllfgis Lizj, lis pirtfs sf jeldgih i? Qitrjndhicjr? (d) Qitrjndhicjr?  (d) Qigir sukis cf cdhfrj j prjpjrndjhir ljs edfhfs quf sf njkprjkfþ i sukdhdstrir (dd)fliestfhfrsf fstielfndcisyfh njhtritj. cf fxdgdr icdndjhilfs njhcuntis cfl pitrjndhicj quf hj qufcirjh Qitrjndhicj? (d) Fxmdedr li kirni, ljgj, hjkerf njkfrndil j ihufhndi fh ljs lugirfs y cf li jrki sfùilici fh fl njhtritj y (dd) Ufspftir li fxnlusdvdcic, cf miefrsf fstielfndcj. Ufsukfh cfl irnulj ºIldihzi Ldki dhnukpldþ njkprjkdsj cf njhtritir: , pueldnicj fh ©LI © LI LFT,, fl >1/FHF/5193. LFT

 

9. DHSUJCVNN DHSUJCVNNDÞHLi DÞHLi prfsfht prfsfhtff kjhjgrii kjhjgrii fhf fhf pjr jeofvj jeofvj cfsirrjll cfsirrjllir ir uh trieioj trieioj cfdhvfsgindþh edeldjgrébni cfsnrdpvi cfhtrj cfl kirnj tfþrdnjcfsirrjllicj fh fl Nursj cf NJHSUISJ^ KJCFUHJ^ cfsirrjllicjpjr li Cri. Ofssdni Mfrkjzi Nilfrj0 njh fl bh cf ibihzir ljsnjhjndkdfhtjs y iprfhcdziofs jrkulicjs pjr fl rffrdcj tutjr.Fh fl nisj cf ljs njhtritjs quf mih fhnjhtricj, cfscf ihtiùj, uhicdsndpldhi lfgdslivi, fsjs prfsupufstjs quf fxpldnih su fxdstfhndi sjheistihtf njhjndcjs y, fh ilguhjs nisjs, dhmfrfhtfs i li sisinndþh cfrfqufrdkdfhtjs jrcdhirdjs. Fh nikedj, fh li njhtritindþh kjcfrhi lisuhndjhfs nukplfh lis hufvis hfgjndielfsy fhfh lisnirintfrësnis prjpdis cfl quf cfsirrjllj ilnihzicj fh kjcildcicfs lis sjndfcicfsivihzicis kisdbnicis.Fl njhtritj cf iuspdndj, i pfsir cf li ipirfhtf ihgüfcic quf sfqudfri vfr fh äl, njeri dkpjrtihndi fh lis ÿlkis cänicis, njkjprjcuntj cf li njhouhndþh cf ndfrtjs intjrfs. Ljs igfhtfs fnjhþkdnjs,il fhrfhtirsf i uhi nici vfz kés nrfndfhtf njkpftfhndi, mihcfsnuedfrtj quf ndfrtis invdcicfs, jtrjri dhtrisnfhcfhtfs piri susbhfs, pufcfh njhstudr nihilfs cf njkuhdnindþh cf grih dkpjrtihndipiri fl lihzikdfhtj cf kfhsiofs cdrdgdcjs i ljs njhsukdcjrfs.Fh fsti pfrspfnvi, fs kfhfstfr sfùilir, til njkj ljs mfnmjs lj mihvfhdcj cfkjstrihcj, li dkpjrtihndi quf piri lis fkprfsis mihnjericj fl cfpjrtf, ljs fspfnténuljs tflfvdsdvjs y lis invdcicfsirsnis j nulturilfs. Buhcikfhtilkfhtf pjr sfr invdcicfs quf sfcfsirrjllih pÿeldnikfhtf y quf, cf uhj u jtrj kjcj, njhndfrtih liitfhndþh cf uh iltj hÿkfrj cf fspfnticjrfs, qudfhfs sjh tjkicjs fhnufhti eioj li þpni cfl "pjtfhndil njhsukdcjr". 9 5. 5. D. NJHSUISJ CF IV^QDNDJ9.9. Njhtritj cf Iuspdndj Queldndtirdj j cf Fspjhsjrdzindþh Fl Njhtritj cf Iuspdndj Queldndtirdj fs fl inufrcj fh vdrtuc cfl nuil uh iuspdndicjr j spjhsjr fhtrfgi sukis cf cdhfrj j cftfrkdhicjs edfhfs ÿlfs il iuspdndicj piri quf ästf cfsirrjllf su invdcic fh jrki miedtuil. I nikedj cf fllj, fl iuspdndicj sf njkprjkftf, gfhfrilkfhtf, i fxmdedr j pjrtir, curihtf li fofnundþh cf li invdcic, fl hjkerf, kirni j fkelfki cfl iuspdndicjr. ^u bhildcic sf pufcf rfsukdr fh? Fl bhihndikdfhtj cf uhi invdcic cf rfsjhihndi pÿeldni. Li njliejrindþh ffnvi quf jefhf fl iuspdndicj Fl njhtritj cf pitrjndhdj j iuspdndj sf cdshguf cfl kfnfhizgj, fh li kfcdci quf fh ästf qudäh bhihndi j prfsti njliejrindþh piri li rfildzindþh cf uh fvfhtj hj fs cfshitirdj cf njhtriprfstindþh ilguhi. ^f triti, njhsfnufhtfkfhtf,, cf uh njhtritj njh prfstindþh cf uhi sjli cf lis pirtfs.9.5. Fl njhsfnufhtfkfhtf tärkdhj "iuspdndir" y li fqudvjndcic cf su sdghdbnicj Vhi nufsþh prfldkdhir quf surgf, nisd njkj uh dkpfrnfpelf jesténulj, pfrj quf pufcf gfhfrir njhusdþh, fs fl quf fhf vdhnulindþh njh ljs cdvfrsjs sdghdbnicjs quf usuilkfhtf sf mi itrdeudcj il tärkdhj "iuspdndir". Dhnlusdvf, fl usj rfdtfricj cfl vjnielj, ipldnicj il njhtritj eioj fstucdj, pjcrëi cir i fhtfhcfr quf sf triti cf uh vdfoj isuhtj quf prfsfhti fsnisj dhtfräs. 5 >. >. Fs kés, fl njhtritj quf iquë hjs dhtfrfsi fxpldnir fs njhjndcj fhfl érfi cfl njkkjh liw njkj spjhsjrsmdp y fh Dtildi, cjhcf miilnihzicj hjtielf dkpjrtihndi, sf lf mi cicj fl hjkerf cfspjhsjrdzzizdjhf. Cf kjcj quf, iuhquf pufci pirfnfr uh tihtjiredtrirdj, li cfhjkdhindþh cf njhtritj cf iuspdndj quf lf mf cicjrfsulti li kés njhvfhdfhtf, sdh pfroudndj cf ilucdr i äl njh uhtärkdhj dtildihj pfrj nistfllihdzicj? fspjhsjrdzindþh, quf sfvdfhf fkplfihcj fh Fspiùi.Vh prdkfr sdghdbnicj cf li pilieri "iuspdndir", quf fhnjhtrikjsfh ljs cdnndjhirdjs hj tänhdnjs, fs fl cf "prjtfgfr" j "ikpirir"quf, piri ljs ffntjs cfl njhtritj fstucdicj, cdnf pjnj sjerf suhiturilfzi y njhtfhdcj. Fh fstf nisj, fl "iuspdndj" pirfnf ldgicj iuhi fspfndf cf

 

kfnfhizgj quf ilucf i jtri bguri quf sfnjhjnf, kés edfh, njkj pitrjndhdj, sfgÿh vfrfkjs cfspuäs.Vhi sfguhci sfguhci infpndþh cf "iuspdndir" fs li cf cir sfùilfs qufprfsigdih ljs rfsulticjs cf uh hfgjndj. Cf imë quf sf cdgi, fh fllfhguiof pjpulir, quf sf triti cf uh isuhtj j hfgjndj njh"eufhjs iuspdndjs".Vhi tfrnfri itrdeundþh cf sdghdbnicj i li pilieri "iuspdndir" vdfhfcici pjr li dcfi cf quf ilgÿh suoftj j dhstundþh cf prfsgdj"prfsti su hjkerf" i jtrj quf vi i cfsirrjllir uhi ndfrti invdcicpÿeldni, piri rfspilcirlj, fs cfndr, cirlf uhi fspfndf cf ivil, sdhfxdgdr hici i nikedj.Jtri usuil fxpldnindþh cflrfsjhihndi vjnielj sfpÿeldni,sdh njhnrfti fh li prjpdikfhtf, icoucdnindþhcfl qudfh "prjkufvf" uh fvfhtj cf sfr, sukdskj i jrgihdzicjr. > 3. 3. Bdhilkfhtf, pfrj sdh igjtir jtrjs pjsdelfs sfhcjs cf njhtfhdcj, fl "iuspdndj" fs fhtfhcdcj njkj li njliejrindþh ffnvikfhtf prfstici i jtrj piri li rfildzindþh cf uhi invdcic cf ilnihnf kisdvj. Fstf ÿlkj sdghdbnicj, i pfsir cf su flisndcic, fs fl quf sf icfnui, këhdki pfrj uhndjhilkfhtf, njh fl njhtritj cf fspjhsjrdzindþh j iuspdndj. ^dh fkeirgj, rfqudfrf cf uhi kizindþh quf cä nufhti cfl njkfcj quf prftfhcf llfhir fsti hufvi bguri njhtrintuil.9.>. Nirintfrdzindþh prfldkdhir cfl njhtritj cf iuspdndj. Cdfrfhndis njh jtris bguris. Njh fl prjpþsdtj cf fsnlirfnfr nuél fs fl njhtfhdcj y lis uhndjhfs quf cfspldfgi fl njhtritj cf iuspdndj j fspjhsjrdzindþh, fs hfnfsirdj cdshgudr ilguhjs jtrjs supufstjs quf hj igjtih fl tfki quf hjs jnupi. Qiri fllj sfré ÿl uhi, il kfhjs, nirintfrdzindþh prfldkdhir cf li bguri fh nufsþh. Fl njhtritj cf iuspdndj, nflfericj n flfericj fhtrf fl spjhsjr j iuspdndicjr y fl spjhsff j iuspdndicj, fs fl inufrcj fh vdrtuc cfl nuil fl prdkfrj fhtrfgi sukis cf cdhfrj j cftfrkdhicjs edfhfs ÿlfs il sfguhcj piri quf ästf cfsirrjllf li invdcic pÿeldni quf lf fs miedtuil. Njkj njrrfspfnvj, fl iuspdndicj sf njkprjkftf, eésdni pfrj hj fxnluyfhtfkfhtf, i fxmdedr j pjrtir, curihtf li fofnundþh cf li invdcic, fl hjkerf, kirni j fkelfki cfl spjhsjr, fs cfndr, i prjpjrndjhir lj quf li cjntrdhi dtildihi cfhjkdhi fl "rftjrhj pueldndtirdj". Ljs fofkpljs fh li invdcic cfpjrvi y fh ljs prjgrikis tflfvdsdvjs sjh fofkpldbnicjrfs (pdähsfsf fh lis fsnuicris cf ÿtejl quf fxmdefh fh sus nikdsftis fl hjkerf cf uhi cftfrkdhici fkprfsi). 3 6. 6. Li jeldgindþh isukdci fh fstjs nisjs pjr fl spjhsff fs li késnjkÿh y li eésdni, yi quf i flli sf pufcfh sukir kunmis jtris,njkj sf fxpldniré jpjrtuhikfhtf. Lj ndfrtj fs quf kdfhtris fliuspdndicj nufhti njh fl bhihndikdfhtj cf su miedtuil invdciccf i nvdciccf ilnihnf kultucdhirdj, fl spjhsjr jefhf, i nikedj, uhvfmënulj cf njkuhdnindþh fkprfsirdil mindi ljs njhsukdcjrfsquf sjh, fh fstf nisj, ljs fspfnticjrfs. Fl kfhsiof quf nihildzicf fstf kjcj fs, icfkés, cdshtj il tricdndjhil.^ilti isë, répdcikfhtf, uhi prdkfri cdfrfhndi fhtrf fl njhtritj cfiuspdndj y fl njhtritj cf dhsfrndþh pueldndtirdi. Fh ästf, flfkprfsirdj eusni li cdusdþh y prjkjndþh pueldndtirdi cf susprjcuntjs i triväs cf ljs kfcdjs kisdvjs cf njkuhdnindþh ysdkdlirfs. Ljs cdirdjs, ljs pfrdþcdnjs, li ricdj y li tflfvdsdþh, ljsivdsjs y lftrfrjs pjsicjs fh lis vëis pÿeldnis, sjh kfcdjscdrfntjs cf pueldndcic, pjr isë cfndr, pdnjs y njkuhfs. Fh fstfnisj, fl igfhtf fnjhþkdnj njhtriti uh fspindj (fh ljs kfcdjsdkprfsjs y nirtfljhfs) j uh sfgkfhtj cf fkpj (fh li ricdj ytflfvdsdþh) piri llfgir il njhsukdcjr.Ljs vëhnuljs y fl nikdhj rfnjrrdcj fh li dhsfrndþh pueldndtirdi sjh,fh ilgÿh kjcj, kés hukfrjsjs y kés lirgj, rfspfnvikfhtf. Fhffntj, fl fkprfsirdj njhtriti njh uhi igfhndi pueldndtirdi piriquf ästi sfi qudfh dcff li nikpiùi0 njhtriti njh n jh ljs intjrfs qufprfstiréh su dkigfh fh li rfildzindþh cf ljs spjts0 y njhtriti, fhÿlki dhstihndi, njh ljs prjpdftirdjs j njhnfsdjhirdjs cf ljskfcdjs cf njkuhdnindþh kisdvi. Fh fstf

 

rfnjrrdcj, icfkés, flfkprfsirdj mi dhvfrcj ufrtfs sukis cf cdhfrj piri siefr llfgiri ljs njhsukdcjrfs, nrfihcj, nuihcj hj fxdstf, li hfnfsdcic cficqudrdr fl edfh quf prjcunf. 6 2. 2. Fxdstfh jtrjs nisjs cf dhsfrndþh pueldndtirdi quf fhfh kfhjsvdci. Isë, ljs fspindjs quf sjh tjkicjs pjr ljs fkprfsirdjs fhljs lugirfs fh ljs quf sf llfvih i niej fvfhtjs cf grihnjhnurrfhndi.Fh nikedj, njh fl njhtritj cf iuspdndj fl fkprfsirdj bhihndi jfhtrfgi edfhfs quf sjh dhcdspfhsielfs i li invdcic miedtuil ypÿeldni cfl iuspdndicj, i nikedj cf iqufllj quf mfkjs sfùilicjnjkj rftjrhj pueldndtirdj. Hj miy dhtfrvfhndþh cf igfhndis qufprfpirfh li nikpiùi hd njhtintj njh ljs tulirfs jnjhnfsdjhirdjs cf ljs kiss-kfcdi, prfndsikfhtf pjr vilfrsf cfli invdcic cf ilnihnf pÿeldnj cfl iuspdndicj, qudfh pufcf sfr fljrgihdzicjr cf uh fvfhtj cfpjrvj j nulturil j cf uh prjgrikicf tflfvdsdþh, fh ljs quf sf fxmdedré, curihtf su cfsirrjllj, flhjkerf, sëkejlj, kirni j fkelfki cfl spjhsjr, njh bhfspueldndtirdjs.Sikedäh sf cfef cdshgudr fl njhtritj cf fspjhsjrdzindþh cf liscfnlirindjhfs mfnmis pjr ilgÿh pfrsjhiof njhjndcj sjerf lisejhcicfs cf ilgÿh edfh cf li fkprfsi quf lj mi njhtriticj. Fstfpj cf pueldndcic fs njhjndcj, fh ljs piësfs ihgljsiojhfs, njkjtfskjhdils. ^u prjpþsdtj fs iprjvfnmir li iki j prfsgdj cfqudfh ivili lis nildcicfs cfl edfh jfrticj. Fsti mdpþtfsds, sdhfkeirgj, sf njkplfkfhti njh uhi pjstfrdjr dhsfrndþh pueldndtirdicf lis cfnlirindjhfs vfrcis pjr iqufl pfrsjhiof.Fxdstf, dguilkfhtf, cdfrfhndi njh fl njhtritj cf kfrnmihcdsdhg.Fh ästf, uh prjcuntjr njhtriti njh uh suoftj j uhi dhstundþhikjsi f, dhnlusdvf, njh ljs tulirfs j nrficjrfs cf pfrsjhiofsbnndjs piri isjndirljs i ljs prjcuntjs quf lihzi il kfrnicj. Isë, 2 7. 7. sjh njhjndcjs ljs nisjs fh quf i li prfsfhtindþh cf uh prjcuntj sf dhnjrpjri uhi kirni, lis cfnlirindjhfs cf uh irsti j suoftj pÿeldnj, uhi rfnfti cf njndhi brkici pjr äl, j pfrsjhiofs bnndjs (pjr fofkplj, li njhjndci ikdldi Qdnipdfcri), njh fl prjpþsdtj cf flfvir fl njhsukj pjr fl rfspilcj quf lf ci fsi vdhnulindþh. Bdhilkfhtf, fl njhtritj cf iuspdndj sf cdshguf cfl "pitrjndhdj", fh li kfcdci quf fh ästf qudfh bhihndi j prfsti njliejrindþh piri li rfildzindþh cf uh fvfhtj hj fs cfshitirdj cf njhtriprfstindþh ilguhi. ^f triti, njhsfnufhtfkfhtf, cf uh njhtritj njh prfstindþh cf uhi sjli cf lis pirtfs. Vh pdnj supufstj cf kfnfhizgj.9.3. Flfkfhtjs quf njkprfhcf Qjcfkjs kfhndjhir cjs pjs cf flfkfhtjs? Flfkfhtjs Qfrsjhilfs? Fl spjhsjr j iuspdndicjr fs uhi fkprfsi j uh fkprfsirdj quf eusni dhnrfkfhtir fl pjsdelf hÿkfrj cf njhsukdcjrfs cf sus edfhfs j sfrvdndjs y quf, kés illé cf jtrj pj cf pueldndcic i li quf muedfsf rfnurrdcj, nihildzi ndfrtjs kfhsiofs i triväs cf li invdcic cfl spjhsff j iuspdndicj (pueldndcic jnildzici). Fl iuspdndicj, fs uhi pfrsjhi, uh grupj cf pfrsjhis j uhi jrgihdzindþh cfl kés virdicj pj (isjndindþh, fcfrindþh, ftn.) quf cfsirrjlli cf kjcj miedtuil uhi invdcic cf ilnihnf i lnihnf kisdvj j pÿeldnj, cf kjcj quf kfcdihtf flli migi pjsdelf fl "rftjrhj pueldndtirdj" i ivjr cfl iuspdndicjr j spjhsjr, yi sfi fxmdedfhcj j pjrtihcj, njkj prfstindjhfs eésdnis i su nirgj, fl hjkerf, li kirni u jtrj sdghj quf dcfhbquf il spjhsjr. 7 n jkprjkfähcjsf =. =. Flfkfhtjs Ufilfs? Fl ipjrtf fnjhþkdnj? i ivjr cf pitrjndhicj njkprjkfähcjsf i njliejrir fh li pueldndcic cfl pitrjndhicjr. Li njliejrindþh pueldndtirdi? nirintfrdzici pjr uh plih njjrcdhicj cf ihuhndjs cdrdgdcjs i dhnfhvir y prjkjvfr li vfhti cfjuh jeoftj. li Lihjndi pueldndcic? fs fl njhouhtj cf kfcdjs quf sfuhi fkplfih pirisf cdvulgir fxtfhcfr cf prjcuntjs j sfrvdndjs quf jrfnf fkprfsi0

 

nirintfrdzi pjr li fofnundþh cf uh plih njjrcdhicj cf ihuhndjs cdrdgdcjs i dhn dhnfhvir fhvir y prjkjvfr li vfhti cf uh jeoftj. Suvj su jrdgfh cfscf quf fl mjkerf ci dhdndj i sus invdcicfs njkfrndilfs, pufstj quf hfnfsdtiei cf flli piri cir i njhjnfr sus kfrnihnëis.9.6. Sdpjs cfl njhtritj cf iuspdndj Li prénni mi dcj cfldhfihcj misti trfs pjs cf invdcicfs susnfpelfs cf sfr iuspdndicis cihcj lugir, nici nuil, i uh cdvfrsj pj cf fspjhsjrdzindþh. Njkj sf ihjtþ fh prfnfcfhndi, fl cfpjrtf, fh gfhfril, misti minf ilguhis cänicis sdh kiyjr dkpjrtihndi piri li cdusdþh cf kfhsiofs fkprfsirdilfs pueldndtirdjs, i njhvfrrsf, piri ljsquf igfhtfs fnjhþkdnjs, fh uhi cf lis invdcicfsmi cfllfgicj kiyjr dhtfräs, fh li kfcdci su kisdbnindþh mi ikpldicj lis pjsdedldcicfs cf lihzir sfùilfs il kfrnicj. Qiri ljs fkprfsirdjs, quf fhnufhtrih, cf fstf kjcj, uh hufvj ikedfhtf cf njkuhdnindþh, fl cfpjrtf fs njhsdcfricj uh fsnfhirdj cf = 4. 4. njkpftfhndi y cf prffrfhndis, fh fl quf sf mi mfnmj hfnfsirdjdhvfrr piri inrfnfhtir li cfkihci cf sus prjcuntjs.Lis sukis quf ffnvikfhtf sf cfshih i bhihndir i itlftis,fsnuicris j njrpjrindjhfs cfpjrvis pufcfh sfr crésnikfhtfkfhjrfs crésnikfhtfkf hjrfs pjr li ndrnuhstihndi cf quf li prfstindþh i nirgj cfliuspdndicj injkpiùi i ästf curihtf li fhtfri fofnundþh cf liinvdcic cf ilnihnf pÿeldnj. ^jh njhjndcjs, fh hufstrj kfcdj,ljs fofkpljs cf "fqudpjs" i ljs nuilfs sf lfs prjpjrndjhi lidhcukfhtirdi piri lis pircis j njkprjkdsjs fh quf sf fxmdef flhjkerf j li kirni cfl spjhsjr. ^d i fllj sf igrfgi quf kunmiscf fstis njkpftfhndis cfpjrvis sjh trihskdcis pjr kfcdjs cfnjkuhdnindþh iucdjvdsuilfs, njh ljs nuilfs fl iuspdndicjr pufcfhj tfhfr vëhnulj ilguhj, fs éndl icvfrr fl njstj kfhjr fhnjkpirindþh il fkpj cf trihskdsdþh cf rfnlikfs quf mierëi cfnjhtritir fl fkprfsirdj njh ljs tulirfs cf ljs kiss-kfcdi. Fhilguhjs jtrjs nisjs, li ipirdndþh cfl hjkerf cfl spjhsjr fh lidhcukfhtirdi j fh ljs dhstrukfhtjs cf ljs quf sf sdrvfh ljscfpjrstis jefcfnf il bhihndikdfhtj fh hukfrirdj cicj pjr fliuspdndicjr.Jtrj pj cf fspjhsjrdzindþh sf ci njh jnisdþh cf ljsfspfnténuljs tflfvdsdvjs. Qjnj dkpjrti il spjhsjr, fh fstimdpþtfsds, fhtielir uhi rflindþh njh ljs tulirfs j njhnfsdjhirdjscfl kfcdj, pufs lf eisti njhtritir njh fl nrficjr u jrgihdzicjrcfl fspfnténulj.Sikedäh fh fsti nlisf cf iuspdndj lis vfhtiois sjh hjtielfs.Fxdstfh fofkpljs fh ljs nuilfs fl spjhsjr bhihndi j prjpjrndjhiprjcuntjs piri sfr fhtrfgicjs i ljs isdstfhtfs, i ljs irstis j iljs njhnursihtfs, i nikedj cf li fxmdedndþh cf su hjkerf j 4 91. 91. kirni, i vfnfs pjr fspindjs cf fkpj quf fh uh tricdndjhilnjhtritj cf dhsfrndþh pueldndtirdi sdghdbnirëi uh flfvicësdkj njstjcf prjkjndþh cf ljs edfhfs.Icfkés cf li fxmdedndþh quf rfildzi fl spjhsff, isë njkj cf lifhtrfgi cf ljs prjcuntjs cfl iuspdndicjr, iqufl cfef minfr nliriilusdþh i quf ndfrtj fspindj j sfnufhndi cfl prjgriki jfspfnténulj fs rfildzici grindis il "iuspdndj" cf til j nuilfkprfsi. Li "pjpulirdcic" cfl fspfnténulj isfguri uh kiyjrrftjrhj pueldndtirdj, pjr njhtir njh uhi hutrdci tflfiucdfhndi.Fl tfrnfr pj cfl njhtritj cf iuspdndj sf nflferi piri lirfildzindþh cf invdcicfs irsnis j, kés ikpldikfhtf,nulturilfs. Fh fstf supufstj, sdh fkeirgj, oufgi uh rjl dkpjrtihtfhj tihtj fl jeofvj cf vfhtis j cf ikpldindþh cfl hÿkfrj cfnjhsukdcjrfs cf ljs prjcuntjs j sfrvdndjs cfl spjhsjr, nuihtj suprfsgdj fh fl iuspdndj cf invdcicfs cf fsti ëhcjlf. Li cdvfrsihiturilfzi cfl fvfhtj minf quf virëf fl kfnihdskj i triväs cflnuil sf ci nufhti cf li prfsfhndi cf uh spjhsjr. Gfhfrilkfhtffllj injhtfnf njh li dhnjrpjrindþh cfl hjkerf cfl iuspdndicjr i lipueldndcic cfl fvfhtj quf, dhnlusdvf, pufcf miefr sdcj isukdci,fh nuihtj il njstj, pjr fl prjpdj spjhsjr.9.2. Nirintfrësnis kés rfsiltihtfsFs uh

 

njhtritj?  Qrdhndpil  Njkplfoj.  Ipdnj y Hjkdhicj  Qrfstindjhfs rfndprjnis   Njhkutivj y ilfitjrdj  Sänhdni cf kfrnicfj f dhstrukfhtj pueldndtirdj. 91 99. 99.  Jhfrjsj.  Cf fofnundþh sunfsdviVhi cf lis nirintfrësnis cfl njhtritj cf iuspdndj fs li cfgfhfrir prfstindjhfs i nirgj cf ikeis pirtfs, fs cfndr, sf triticf uh njhtritj njh prfstindjhfs rfnëprjnis, fh tfrkdhjljgëi cflNþcdgj ndvdl.Fh fsi kfcdci, pirfnf vdielf li ipldnindþh cfl rägdkfh sjerf fstinlisf cf njhtritjs prfvdstj cfhtrj cfl kfhndjhicj Nþcdgj? irts.9352 i 93>>.^dh 93>>.^ dh fkeirgj, cici li jrki fh quf suflfh fofnutirsf lisprfstindjhfs i nirgj cf ikeis pirtfs, li fvfhtuil ipldnindþh cflirt. 935= cfl Nþcdgj ndvdl (rflivj i li fxnfpj hjh icdkplfnjhtrintus j fxnfpndþh cf njhtritj hj nukpldcj) pjcrëi rfqufrdrcf ndfrti prfndsdþh.Fh ffntj, fl spjhsjr, quf bhihndi li invdcic cf ilnihnf pÿeldnjcfl iuspdndicj (kfcdihtf li fhtrfgi cf sukis cf cdhfrj) j lfprjväf cf edfhfs j kitfrdilfs ÿlfs piri li fofnundþh cf iquflli,nukplf prdkfrj su prfstindþh.Dhnlusdvf, fh nisj quf fl iuspdndicj qufcf jeldgicj i jtrisprfstindjhfs (pfrkdr fl usj cf su dkigfh, cf lis cfnlirindjhfsvfrcis sjerf ljs prjcuntjs j edfhfs cfl sfrvdndj, ftn.), lifofnundþh hj njdhndcf fh fl fkpj njh li jeldgindþh quf itiùf ilspjhsjr. Fh jtris mdpþtfsds, icfkés, fl spjhsff pufcf grieirspjts -quf sfréh cduhcdcjs pjr fl iuspdndicjr- ihtfs cf pfrndedr fliuspdndj. Qfrj iquë tikpjnj sf fofnutih cf kjcj sdkultéhfj. 99 95. 95. Fllj pirfnfrëi dhcdnir quf fs cf riri njhbgurindþh fl supufstj fh quf ikeis pirtfs cfl njhtritj vfhgih jeldgicis i nukpldr sus prfstindjhfs fh fl kdskj kjkfhtj, mindfhcj dkprjeielf li ipldnindþh cfl irt. 935= cfl Nþcdgj ndvdl.9.7. Lis prfstindjhfs fkfrgfhtfs cfl njhtritj cf iuspdndj Ufsulti kés sfhndllj prfndsir ljs ilnihnfs cf lis prfstindjhfs i nirgj cfl spjhsjr. Fstf njhtritihtf sf jeldgi i bhihndir li invdcic cf rfsjhihndi pÿeldni cfl iuspdndicj j i fhtrfgir edfhfs, kitfrdilfs j dhstrukfhtjs hfnfsirdjs piri li rfildzindþh cf li kdski. Qufcf, vildcikfhtf, jeldgirsf i lis cjs prfstindjhfs? uhi cdhfrirdi y li jtri fh fspfndf. ^jh nuihjsjs ljs fofkpljs fh ljs quf fl spjhsjr bhihndi li jrgihdzindþh y fofnundþh cf uh prjgriki ricdil j tflfvdsdvj, j cf uh fvfhtj nulturil j cfpjrvj. Sikedäh pufcf jeldgirsf i prjpjrndjhir li dhcukfhtirdi y jtrj gähfrj cf njsis (riquftis, llihtis, s`dfs, njkeuselfs, ftn.) quf sfréh uldzicis pjr fl iuspdndicj, cf kjcj dhcdspfhsielf, fh lis inndjhfs quf miedtuilkfhtf cfsirrjlli. Fh fl nisj cfl iuspdndicj li sdtuindþh fs kuy cdvfrsi, cici li fxdedldcic cfl njhtritj cf fspjhsjrdzindþh piri cfldhfir lis prfstindjhfs i nirgj cf ästf. Icdndjhilkfhtf, lis jeldgindjhfs quf isuki pufcfh virdir fh itfhndþh il pj cf invdcic quf suflf nukpldr. ^dh fkeirgj, tjcis fllis sjh fhcfrfzicis il jeofvj dhkfcditj tfhdcj fh kfhtf pjr fl spjhsjr? fl rftjrhj pueldndtirdj. T cfndkjs dhkfcditj fh li kfcdci quf fl kjvj bhil -j kfcditj- cf li njhnlusdþh cfl njhtritj hj fs jtrj quf fl 95 9>. 9>. iukfhtj cfl hÿkfrj cf pfrsjhis quf njhsukih ljs edfhfs qufierdni j ljs sfrvdndjs quf prfsti.Vhi prfstindþh uhcikfhtil -quf mfkjs nildbnicj njkj eésdni ykëhdki- i nirgj cfl spjhsff fsté njhstudci pjr li fxmdedndþh cflhjkerf, kirni, ljgjpj, fkelfki u jtrj sdghj quf iluci i lifkprfsi iuspdndicjri. Fh ilguhjs njhticjs nisjs fl spjhsjrpdcf quf sf pjrtf j fxpjhgi uhi erfvësdki risf ilusdvi i äl.Fsti jeldgindþh sf njhnrfti cf kihfri cdshti, fh uhndþh cf liinvdcic iuspdndici. Isë, fs éndl icvfrr li rffrfhndi iliuspdndicjr fh li dhcukfhtirdi cf ljs cfpjrstis, fh liprfpirindþh cf ljs sfts tflfvdsdvjs j fh li prjpigihci vjlihtfsnicf lis invdcicfs nulturilfs.Sritéhcjsf cf prjgrikis cf li tflfvdsdþh, li jeldgindþh

 

cflspjhsff pufcf hj igjtirsf fh li sdkplf fxpjsdndþh cf hjkerfs jkirnis, sdhj quf, icfkés, pufcf pintirsf quf ästf qufcfjeldgicj i rfpfr njhhuikfhtf quf uhj cf ljs fspindjs cfcdnmj prjgriki fs iuspdndicj pjr cftfrkdhici fkprfsi, isënjkj i cdstrdeudr ljs edfhfs prjcundcjs pjr fl spjhsjr fhtrf ljsisdstfhtfs j njhnursihtfs (i qudfhfs fh jnisdjhfs minf dhtfrvfhdrpiri quf kufstrfh iquflljs edfhfs) f, dhnlusdvf, i fhtrfgirprfkdjs -njhsdstfhtfs fh sukis cf cdhfrj- cicis pjr fliuspdndicjr.Fh ljs fspfnténuljs cf li tflfvdsdþh, cf jtrj licj, li fxmdedndþh jrffrfhndi il iuspdndj cfef rfildzirsf fl prjgriki. Fhndfrtjs nisjs, fl fl iuspdndicj (jrgihdzicjr njhcuntjr)curihtf cfeftrihskdr fl spjt pueldndtirdj quf spjhsjr dhsfrti fh ljs jkfcdjscf njkuhdnindþh kisdvi, pfrj sdfkprf curihtf li sfnufhndi cflprjgriki y hj ihtfs j cfspuäs, yi quf fhtjhnfs fs éndl pfhsir 9> 93. 93. quf hj kfcdi hdhgÿh iuspdndj y quf sf triti, kés edfh, cf liinjstukerici njhtritindþh cf fspindjs cf fkpj (njh ljstulirfs cf cdnmjs kiss-kfcdi y hj njh qudfhfs rfildzih flfspfnténulj) piri li dhsfrndþh cf kfhsiofs prjkjndjhilfs cfprjcuntjs j sfrvdndjs.I pfsir cf li prfsfhndi cf lis prfstindjhfs misti iquë cfsnrdtis,fl iuspdndicj pufcf jeldgirsf i kés, sfgÿh ljs rfqufrdkdfhtjs yli fstritfgdi cfldhfici pjr fl spjhsjr.Hj sjh fxtriùjs ljs nisjs fh quf uh itlfti j uhi fhtfri fsnuicricf ÿtejl u jtrj cfpjrtf, njkj njhtriprfstindþh, njhsdfhtf fh flusj cf su dkigfh niptici fliejricikfhtf j curihtf fl cfsirrjlljcf su sþldti invdcic. Lj kdskj injhtfnf nuihcj fl iuspdndicjvdfrtf cfnlirindjhfs sjerf lis ejhcicfs j nildcic cfl prjcuntj jsfrvdndj prfsticj pjr fl spjhsjr. Sikpjnj fstéh iusfhtfs ljsnisjs fh quf li jeldgindþh i nirgj cfl iuspdndicj fs li cfnjhnfcfr fl usj cf su hjkerf (j fkelfki sd fs, p. fo., uhifsnuicri cfpjrvi) piri sfr dhnjrpjricjs fh ljs edfhfsierdnicjs pjr fl iuspdndicjr.Nurdjsikfhtf, fstis ÿlkis jeldgindjhfs pufcfh sfr, nici uhicf fllis, jeoftj cf njhtritjs cdvfrsjs? uhj quf njhsdfhti n jhsdfhti fl usjcf li dkigfh cfl iuspdndicj piri bhfs pueldndtirdjs (njkj sf cifh li prfpirindþh cf spjts piri li ultfrdjr dhsfrndþh pueldndtirdi),jtrj quf rfnjoi lis jpdhdjhfs cf uh njhjndcj irsti u mjkerfpÿeldnj (tfskjhdils) y, fh bh, iquflljs quf fhfh njkj prjpþsdtjjtjrgir uhi ldnfhndi piri fl usj cf uhi kirni j fkelfki i bh cfvdhnulirljs i uh cftfrkdhicj edfh lihzicj il kfrnicj (yi sfi uhsdkplf njhtritj cf njhnfsdþh cf usj j uhj cf kfrnmihcdsdhg). 93 96. 96. Li njhouhndþh cf tjcis fstis prfstindjhfs i nirgj cfl iuspdndicj (prjpdis cf jtrjs njhtritjs) mi cicj pdf i uhi dhtfrfsihtf iprfndindþh sjerf li fspjhsjrdzindþh, sfgÿh li nuil kés quf uh njhtritj njh prfstindjhfs uhdjrkfs fh tjcjs ljs nisjs, sf triti cf uhi "uhndþh cf iuspdndj" quf fnmi kihj i tjcis fstis pjsdedldcicfs quf rfcuhcih fh uh kés fbniz rftjrhj pueldndtirdj i ivjr cfl spjhsjr. Qjr jtri pirtf, fs kfhfstfr rfsiltir quf fl iuspdndicjr hj fs inrffcjr cf li invdcic cf ilnihnf pÿeldnj quf cfspldfgi fl iuspdndicj. Li fxpldnindþh fs eistihtf cdéihi sd sf tjki njkj fofkplj i uh utejldsti, qudfh cfef nukpldr su liejr njkj prfstindþh rfhtf i li isjndindþh (nlue) quf lj mi njhtriticj, kis hj rfspfntj cfl iuspdndicjr. Fh rfildcic, fl spjhsjr iprjvfnmi cf fsi invdcic piri njkuhdnir cftfrkdhicjs kfhsiofs pueldndtirdjs. ^f vilf cfl ikedfhtf miedtuil cfl spjhsff njkj vfmënulj iptj cf trihskdsdþh cf sfùilfs fkprfsirdilfs. Fh cftfrkdhicjs njhtritjs cf fspjhsjrdzindþh fs pjsdelf quf sf pintf li fxnlusdvdcic i ivjr cfl spjhsjr y li prffrfhndi i njhnludr njh ästf uh hufvj njhvfhdj fh fl uturj, i su njhvfhdfhndi. Sikedäh sf mi jesfrvicj quf fs ÿl piri fl spjhsjr injrcir njh li njhtripirtf quf sf lf itrdeuyi li njhcdndþh cf iuspdndicjr "jbndil" cf uh cftfrkdhicj fvfhtj j fspfnténulj, nildcic quf, sd sf pinti, pufcf sfr

 

usici fh li pueldndcic.9.=. Li ipdndcic cfl njhtritj cf iuspdndj Fl njhtritj cf spjhsjrdzindþh hj fhnufhtri, pjr su hjvfcic, uhi cdsndpldhi hjrkivi prjpdi fh hufstrj jrcfhikdfhtj ourëcdnj. 96 92. 92. Ljs igfhtfs fnjhþkdnjs mih nflfericj, i lj lirgj cf ljs ÿlkjsiùjs, uhi sfrdf njhhuici cf fstjs inufrcjs, pfrj kunmisvfnfs sdh tfhfr njhsndfhndi -il dguil quf lis pfrsjhis quf mihrfndedcj fl iuspdndj- cf quf sf triti cf uhi hufvi kjcildcicnjhtrintuil cdvfrsi i li nlésdni cf li dhsfrndþh pueldndtirdi.Li cjntrdhi hindjhil hici mi cdnmj, misti mjy, sjerf fsti bguri,quf pirfnf cfsnjhjndci piri ljs prdvistis.Fs kés0 fh ljs mfnmjs lis pirtfs minfh usj cfl tärkdhj spjhsjrsdh cirsf nufhti quf sf triti cf uh hfgjndj cf fspjhsjrdzindþh, ynildbnih il njhtritj yi sfi njkj uh njkÿh njhtritj cf pueldndcicj njkj uh njhtritj cf prfstindþh cf sfrvdndjs. Fh jtrjs nisjs,cdrëi lëkdtfs pfrj hj dhrfnufhtfs, sf dghjri li hiturilfzinjhtrintuil cfl inufrcj y sf fski quf uhi fkprfsi cici minjliejricj njh uh fvfhtj, sdh icvfrr quf fl prjpdj suoftjiuspdndicj mi rfildzicj, njkj njhtriprfstindþh, uh rftjrhjpueldndtirdj fh ivjr cfl iuspdndicjr.Fvdcfhtfkfhtf, i pfsir cf li iusfhndi cf uh tritikdfhtjlfgdslivj ic mjn piri fstf njhtritj, fl dhtärprftf sf pjcrëi sfhrtfhticj i fhnuicrir fsti bguri cfhtrj cf li nitfgjrëi cf ljsnjhtritjs cf prfstindþh cf sfrvdndjs, fh njhsdcfrindþh cf liikpldi rfcinndþh cfl irt. 9767 cfl Nþcdgj ndvdl? "^jh tikedähkjcildcicfs cf li prfstindþh cf sfrvdndjs, y lfs sjh ipldnielfs liscdspjsdndjhfs njhtfhdcis fh fstf nipëtulj, ljs njhtritjs cf cjypiri quf migis y migj piri quf cfs". 92 97. 97. ^dh fkeirgj, cdndlkfhtf mih cf ipldnirsf il njhtritj cf iuspdndjljs irts. 976=, 9764 y 9725, cici li hiturilfzi cfl inufrcj.Cf jtrj licj, li jeldgindþh cfl spjhsff tikedäh pjcrëi sfr uhiprfstindþh cf hj minfr (pi), njkj pjr fofkplj tjlfrir quf fliuspdndicjr migi usj cf li dkigfh j cfl hjkerf cfl iuspdndicj, jpfrkdr quf, sdh fxdgdr ilguhi jtri njhtriprfstindþh icdndjhil,iqufl prjkjndjhf su fkprfsi j sus prjcuntjs njh li nildcic cfiuspdndicjr jbndil cf uh cftfrkdhicj fvfhtj.Fs pjnj njmfrfhtf sjstfhfr quf, sd li jeldgindþh quf isukf fliuspdndicj fs li cf rfildzir uhi nliri ilusdþh il spjhsjr(prfpirihcj ljs sfts tflfvdsdvjs j njljnihcj nirtflfs njh flhjkerf cfl spjhsjr), -lj quf trisuhti uhi dhcdsnuelf prfstindþhcf minfr i su nirgj- fh fsti nisj së sfré ipldnielf fl irt. 9767 cflNþc. ndv., yi quf fhtjhnfs sf nildbnirëi il njhtritj cfspjhsjrdzindþh njkj uhi kjcildcic cf li prfstindþh cf sfrvdndjs,kdfhtris quf fh jtris mdpþtfsds -njkj li cfsnrdti fh fl pérrijihtfrdjr, fh li quf li prfstindþh fs uh hj minfr- fl njhtritj cfiuspdndj nirfnfrëi cf uh cfedcj fhnuicrikdfhtj cfhtrj cf lisnitfgjrëis cf prfstindþh cf sfrvdndjs prfvdstis fh fl Nþcdgj.T fs quf, kés illé cf fsti dkpjsdedldcic cf fhnjhtrir uhinlisdbnindþh fh li quf sf fhkirquf fl njhtritj cf iuspdndj,fstikjs rfhtf i uh njhtritj ipdnj purj, pjr li hjvfcic cfprfstindjhfs quf dhvjlunri.Li cjntrdhi, quf tihtj mi cfcdnicj fsufrzjs i li dcfindþh cf uhkätjcj cf ipldnindþh cf lis hjrkis cf ljs njhtritjs pdnjs i ljsnjhtritjs ipdnjs, mi prjpufstj cdvfrsis jpndjhfs, sfgÿh sf tritfcf uh njhtritj pdnj purj, fs cfndr, njh flfkfhtjs cfl tjcj 97 n jhtritj ipdnj kdxtj, j sfi, cfuh inufrcj quf 9=. 9=. hufvjs, yi sfi quf sf tritf cf uh njhtritj dhvjlunrf flfkfhtjs sdkdlirfs i ljs cf ilguhjsnjhtritjs pdnjs, quf njhnurrfh njh flfkfhtjs iofhjs i nuilqudfrbguri rfgulici cfhtrj cfl rfspfnvj jrcfhikdfhtj.Qiri ljs njhtritjs ipdnjs kdxtjs sf mih jrkulicj ljs kätjcjscf li iesjrndþh y cf li njkedhindþh. Cf inufrcj il prdkfrj, fskfhfstfr cftfrkdhir nuél fs li prfstindþh

 

prdhndpil quf njhfhffl njhtritj ipdnj kdxtj piri ipldnir fl rägdkfh cfl njhtritj pdnjquf njhtfkpli cdnmi prfstindþh njkj li quf lj nirintfrdzi ycdshguf cf ljs cfkés. ^fgÿh fl kätjcj cf li njkedhindþh, cicjquf hj fs sdfkprf pjsdelf fstielfnfr nuél fs li prfstindþhprdhndpil fh uh njhtritj ipdnj kdxtj, njh fl rdfsgj cf suejrcdhircfefrfs quf sjh dguilkfhtf dkpjrtihtfs, fs kés icfnuicjipldnir dhcdvdcuilkfhtf, i nici prfstindþh, fl tritikdfhtj cflnjhtritj pdnj quf ci lugir i uh cäedtj dguil. Hj jestihtf, sfrëifxtrfkicikfhtf cdbnultjsj, pjr hj cfndr dkprjeielf, quf cdnmiipldnindþh sfi pinëbnij ynjhtricdntjrdis.Qjr lderf cf sfrdjs jesténuljs, llfgirilfkihi ilpuhtj-quf cf dhvjnir hjrkis dhnjkpielfs fllj, fh limisti cjntrdhi mi fsticj i li vihguircdi fhfstf tþpdnj- sf mi sugfrdcj fl usj prucfhtf cf li ihiljgëi, i bhcf fvdtir quf sf jetfhgih njhnlusdjhfs rfùdcis njh li hiturilfzicfl njhtritj ipdnj kdxtj.Qiri fl nisj cf ljs njhtritjs ipdnjs purjs, fh nikedj, sf micfsldzicj li jpndþh cf rfnurrdr i li ihiljgëi, piri lj nuil fsdhcdspfhsielf dcfhbnir fl rägdkfh cfl njhtritj pdnj quf kés sflfs iprjxdki. 9= 94. 94. ^dh fkeirgj, li ipdndcic cf fstf njhtritj hj cfoi cf prfsfhtir sfrdjs trjpdfzjs, uhcikfhtilkfhtf pjrquf hj fxdstf, cfhtrj cfl Nþcdgj ndvdl, uhi bguri njhtrintuil quf sf ivfndhf lj subndfhtf piri cfcundr cf flli li cdsndpldhi quf lf sfi kés nnfrnihi. frnihi. Lj uhcikfhtil fs quf, cicj fl vëhnulj cf njliejrindþh cf lis pirtfs, cfl nuil pufcfh surgdr lis kés virdicis prfstindjhfs i nirgj cfl iuspdndicj, y tfhdfhcj fh nufhti quf tjcis fllis ipuhtih mindi uh ÿhdnj jeofvj, fstj fs, fl rftjrhj pueldndtirdj i ivjr cfl spjhsjr, fs cf icvfrrsf quf fxdstf uhi ÿhdni niusi y hj uhi plurildcic cf niusis njkj sunfcf fh ljs llikicjs njhtritjs njldgicjs. Li uhndþh cf fspjhsjrdzindþh j iuspdndj, pjr fhcf, sf vf isdsci pjr uhi kdrëici cf njkpjrtikdfhtjs cf ljs kés cdsëkdlfs quf minf cdndl tjcj dhtfhtj cf uhdjrkindþh piri ipldnir ihilþgdnikfhtf lis hjrkis cf ilgÿh j ilguhjs njhtritjs pdnjs.9.4. Fl dhnukpldkdfhtj cf lis prfstindjhfs. ^d li rflindþh jeldgitjrdi hj sf cfsfhvuflvf rfgulirkfhtf y sf dhgrfsi il fhþkfhj cf li dhfofnundþh, fs hfnfsirdj cdshgudr li dkpjsdedldcic sjerfvdhdfhtf cfl dhnukpldkdfhtj. Li rffrdci dkpjsdedldcic, icfkés, pufcf cfefrsf i ilguhis cf lis pirtfs j prjcundrsf sdh quf kfcdf nulpi cf fllis. Li ilti cf nukpldkdfhtj pjr pirtf cfl spjhsjr hj prfsfhti, fh rfildcic, grih cdbnultic il dhtärprftf, silvj quf li dhfofnundþh nulpjsi cf li prfstindþh quf lf dhnukef jnisdjhf sfrdjs ciùjs il iuspdndicj, pfrj, fh tjcj nisj, fl tfki cf li dhcfkhdzindþh cf ljs pfroudndjs sfré iejrcicj lëhfis ieioj. 94 51. 51. Kiyjr dkpjrtihndi sf prfsfhti nuihcj hjs fhnjhtrikjs ihtf lirustrici sisinndþh cfl dhtfräs cfl spjhsjr njkj njhsfnufhndicf li ilti cf fofnundþh cf li prfstindþh i nirgj cfl iuspdndicj.Njhvdfhf rfdtfrir, uhi vfz kés, quf fl spjhsjr hj fs inrffcjr cfli invdcic cf ilnihnf pÿeldnj quf fs cfsirrjllici miedtuilkfhtfpjr fl iuspdndicj. Fh fl nisj cf lis invdcicfs cfpjrvis, flitlfti fs cfucjr cf li jrgihdzindþh quf lj mi njhtriticj.Sritéhcjsf cf invdcicfs nulturilfs j irsnis, ljsjrgihdzicjrfs rfildzih, pjr lj gfhfril, fl fvfhtj njhdhcfpfhcfhndi. ^f sief, cf jtrj licj, quf ljs nrficjrfs yprjcuntjrfs cf ljs prjgrikis tflfvdsdvjs tikpjnj sf jeldgihrfhtf il spjhsjr i li fofnundþh cfl fspfnténulj. Hd sdqudfri flnjhcuntjr -quf pufcf sfr uhi pfrsjhi cdshti il prjcuntjr- cfefsu njkpjrtikdfhtj il spjhsjr (sdhj il prjcuntjr).Njkj mi sdcj sfùilicj, fl prjpþsdtj cfl iuspdndicjr fs fl cfiprjvfnmir li invdcic cfl spjhsff piri lihzir sfùilfs i ljsnjhsukdcjrfs.Fh vdrtuc cf fsti inlirindþh, rfsulti fvdcfhtf quf li dkpjsdedldcicj li ilti cf fofnundþh cf li invdcic miedtuil cfl iuspdndicj,nuihcj ikeis lf sjh dkputielfs, inirrfih fl hj nukpldkdfhtj

 

cflis prfstindjhfs quf isukdþ rfhtf il iuspdndicjr. ^d hj sf minrficj fl ikedfhtf piri li fxmdedndþh j njkuhdnindþh cf ljskfhsiofs quf isfgurfh fl rftjrhj pueldndtirdj, fs jevdj quf fliuspdndicjr hj rfndef hici i nikedj y pjcré dhtfhtir li inndþh cfrfpirindþh.Cdshti sfré li mdpþtfsds cf dhnukpldkdfhtj nuihcj flli sf vfrdbnii pfsir cf li fofnundþh cf lis invdcicfs jrcdhirdis y miedtuilfs 51 59. 59. cfl iuspdndicj. Fllj injhtfnf nuihcj ästf hj fxmdef j hj fxpjhfy kf rfbfrj i lis jeldgindjhfs eésdnis i su nirgj- fl hjkerf, likirni, ftn. cfl spjhsjr, nuihcj rfildzi li invdcic cfpjrvi,nulturil j fl fspfnténulj tflfvdsdvj, sdh kfcdir ousbnindþh.Fl fhþkfhj cfl dhnukpldkdfhtj, fkpfrj, hj fs tih sfhndllj njkjpucdfri pirfnfr i prdkfri vdsti.Fl suoftj iuspdndicj pufcf sfr uhi jrgihdzindþh cf li késcdvfrsi ëhcjlf, li kdski quf, i su turhj, pufcf njhtir njhpfrsjhis i su nirgj lis quf, dhcdvdcuilkfhtf njhsdcfricis, hjfhfh hdhgÿh vëhnulj njh fl iuspdndicjr.Fsti pjsdedldcic sf ci, pjr fofkplj, nuihcj fl njhtritj mi sdcjnflfericj pjr uhi isjndindþh utejlësni y uhi ndfrti fkprfsi.Brfhtf i fstf supufstj, surgf uhi sfrdf cf dhtfrrjgihtfs qufnjhvdfhf plihtfir piri siefr nuél fs fl ékedtj cf lirfspjhsiedldcic quf dhnukef il iuspdndicj pjr hj miefr nukpldcjnjh n ukpldcjnjh fl "rftjrhj pueldndtirdj" quf cfeëi il spjhsjr.Vhi prdkfri nufsþh sf prfsfhti sd -cfhtrj cfl nisj prjpufstj-uhj cf ljs ougicjrfs cf iquflli isjndindþh utejlësni silf ilnikpj cf oufgj njh dhcukfhtirdi fh li quf hj sf fxmdef flhjkerf cfl spjhsjr. Fstf dhnukpldkdfhtj, ºsupjhf quf lidhfofnundþh fs itrdeudelf i li jrgihdzindþh iuspdndici:.Cfl kdskj kjcj, sd fl njhcuntjr cf uh prjgriki tflfvdsdvj, qufmi sdcj dhstrudcj pjr ljs jrgihdzicjrfs piri quf kfhndjhfrfdtfricikfhtf fl hjkerf cfl iuspdndicjr f dhstf i ljsnjhnurrfhtfs piri quf kufstrfh fl prjcuntj fhtrfgicj pjr flspjhsjr y, llfgicj fl kjkfhtj, hj nukplf, ºqudäh cfef 59 55. 55. rfspjhcfr: Il rfspfntj, cfef tfhfrsf fh njhsdcfrindþh quf pirifl inrffcjr rfsulti cfl tjcj drrflfvihtf quf li invdcic qufpjsdedldtf fl rftjrhj pueldndtirdj li rfildnf fl jrgihdzicjr kdskj jlis pfrsjhis cf lis quf sf vilf. ^d fs pjsdelf -f, dhnlusdvf,dhcdspfhsielf-- quf fl jrgihdzicjr nufhtf njh li pirndpindþh cftfrnfrjs, njh dhnlusdvf,dhcdspfhsielf ljs nuilfs fl spjhsjr hj fhf hdhgÿh vëhnulj, cdnmidhtfrvfhndþh cdn midhtfrvfhndþh vi iÿh kés illé cf li tfjrëi quf pjstuli lifqudvilfhndi cf njkpjrtikdfhtjs fhtrf cfucjr y tfrnfrjs(iuxdldirfs, iyucihtfs, ftn.), pufstj quf fl iuspdndicjr (il dguilquf fl jrgihdzicjr) siefh, cfscf fl dhdndj, quf li invdcic hjsfré fofnutici pjr fl iuspdndicj cf kjcj cdrfntj, sdhj pjr kfcdjcf jtris pfrsjhis.Sikpjnj fs dkpjrtihtf quf fhtrf li jrgihdzindþh y ljs suoftjsquf llfvih i niej n iej li invdcic cf ilnihnf pÿeldnj fxdsti uhirflindþh cf suejrcdhindþh j cfpfhcfhndi.Fl jrgihdzicjr iuspdndicj fs, fh tjcjs ljs nisjs, qudfh sffhnufhtri fh kfojr sdtuindþh piri cftfrkdhir lj hfnfsirdj y lijrki fh li quf cfef nukpldrsf njh fl rftjrhj pueldndtirdj. Flspjhsjr hj pufcf fofrnfr hdhgÿh njhtrjl sjerf ljs tfrnfrjs qufnjhtritf li jrgihdzindþh.Cf imë quf li ilti cf nukpldkdfhtj pjcrëi sfr rfnlikici iliuspdndicj, fstj fs, il jrgihdzicjr cfl fvfhtj, sdh pfroudndj cf liinndþh cf rfgrfsj quf ästf dhtfhtf rfhtf il suoftj cfl nuil sfsdrvdþ.^frëi dhoustj injgfr li ilfgindþh cfl jrgihdzicjr (iuspdndicj) fhfl sfhcj cf quf äl hj mi sdcj qudfh mi dhnukpldcj, yi quffhtjhnfs fl spjhsjr qufcirëi jeldgicj i sfgudr uhi inndþhrfpiritjrdi njhtri uh tfrnfrj -cfpfhcdfhtf j hj cfl spjhsff- njh 55 5>. 5>. fl nuil hj fhf rflindþh ilguhi. Li inndþh quf mierëi cf dhtfhtir fl spjhsjr, fh fstf nisj, sfrëi pjr rfspjhsiedldcic iqudldihi j fxtrinjhtrintuil, lj quf lj suoftirëi i tjcis lis njhsfnufhndis cfl rägdkfh cf fsti ufhtf cf rfspjhsiedldcic (cfstinéhcjsf

 

uh plizj prfsnrdptjrdj kfhjr il cf li rfspjhsiedldcic njhtrintuil). I fllj sf iùicdrëi quf fl iuspdndicj sf fhnjhtrirëi fh uhi sdtuindþh vfhtiojsi pufstj quf lf eistirëi ibrkir quf sf sdrvdþ cf uh tfrnfrj piri ldefrirsf. Li pjsdedldcic cf pintir li sjldcirdcic fhtrf fl jrgihdzicjr y lis pfrsjhis cf lis quf sf vilf, rfhtf il spjhsjr, pirfnf, pjr lj cfkés, dhipldnielf f dhhfnfsirdi. Fl spjhsjr pjcré ilfgir li rfspjhsiedldcic cfl jrgihdzicjr iuspdndicj, ikpiréhcjsf fh fl irnulj 9>56 cfl Nþcdgj ndvdl. Njkj sf cdoj, fh hici grivdti quf ljs tfrnfrjs sfih cfpfhcdfhtfs j hj cfl spjhsff.9.91. Ljs lëkdtfs cfnjhtritj lis nléusulis rfsjlutjrdis. Fhfs lj kfhfstfr quf itiùfjrkulir i li dhnlusdþh cf nléusulis rfsjlutjrdis fh fl cf fspjhsjrdzindþh, ilguhis prfndsdjhfs. Fl dhnukpldkdfhtj cf uh ndfrtj cfefr cf prfstindþh pufcf cir lugir i li rfsjlundþh sjerf li eisf cf uhi nléusuli rfsjlutjrdi dhnludci fh fl njhtritj, sdfkprf quf fsi ilti cf fofnundþh muedfrf sdcj cftfrkdhici piri fofrnfr li inultic cf fxhgudr fl vëhnulj jeldgitjrdj cf fsf kjcj. Fh fl njhtritj cf fspjhsjrdzindþh, ljs supufstjs cf dhnukpldkdfhtj tjtil j cf nukpldkdfhtj cffntujsj quf hj 5> 53. 53. girihnf uh fbniz rftjrhj pueldndtirdj, prfvdstjs pjr lis pirtfspiri fofrndtir li inultic rfsjlutjrdi, pufcfh hj sfr cfl tjcjpinëbnjs.Isë, tritéhcjsf cf uh prjgriki tflfvdsdvj, fl spjhsjr pufcfpintir quf sf rfsfrvi li inultic cf rfsjlvfr li rflindþh jeldgitjrdisd li sdhtjhëi j "rihg" mi cfsnfhcdcj hjtielfkfhtf. Qiri quf hjsuroi cucis fh tjrhj i li pjpulirdcic cfl fspfnténulj, lj þpkjfs quf ikeis pirtfs cfsdghfh, njhouhtikfhtf, i li fkprfsi qufmierëi cf fhnirgirsf cf rfildzir li fhnufsti j sjhcfj.Qfrj quä sunfcf sd fl iuspdndj mi sdcj njhnfcdcj i uhi fsnuicricfpjrvi, ºpufcf pintirsf li rfsjlundþh sd, pjr fofkplj, iquflliqufci rflfgici cf uh nikpfjhitj y, pjr tihtj, "eioi cf cdvdsdþh":Njkj fs éndl icvfrr, ljs rfsulticjs cfl tjrhfj hj pufcfh sfrgirihzicjs hd pjr fl fqudpj hd pjr li jrgihdzindþh. Qfrj, i pfsirquf fl spjhsjr hj fs inrffcjr i nrffcjr cf li invdcic miedtuil cfliuspdndicj, ästf pufcf njkprjkftfrsf i cfsirrjllir li liejr quflf dhnukef njh fl kiyjr fsufrzj, pjr lj quf sd sf mi pinticj qufli eioi cf cdvdsdþh ciré pdf i quf fl spjhsjr pufci fofrnfr lirfsjlundþh, pirfnf quf hj mierëi jesténulj ilguhj piri quf cäpjr tfrkdhicj fl vëhnulj. Fl rftjrhj pueldndtirdj hj sfrëi fl kdskjsd li fsnuicri mi pfrcdcj nitfgjrëi, lj quf drëi fh cfskfcrj cflis fxpfntivi cfl iuspdndicjr.^d, fh nikedj, fl njhtritj cf iuspdndj mi sdcj nflfericj njh uhitlfti, ºsu eioj rfhcdkdfhtj j li suspfhsdþh f, dhnlusj, lifhfrkfcic, pufcfh cir cfrfnmj i quf sf rfnurri i lirfsjlundþh:. 53 56. 56. Fh hufstri jpdhdþh, fl eioj rfhcdkdfhtj, li suspfhsdþh j li fhfrkfcic (hj dkputielfs) hj njhstuyfh, pfr sf, niusilfs cf rfsjlundþh, pfrj, cf cdsnursf su fvfhtuil dhnlusdþh fh fl njhtritj njkj tilfs, mfkjs cf njhfsir quf hjs rfsulti uh pintj fxtriùj. Lis suspfhsdjhfs, pjr lj cfkés, pufcfh jefcfnfr i ljs ivitirfs cf li invdcic kdski, quf fsnipih i tjci eufhi dhtfhndþh y i nuilqudfr prfvdsdþh (dhnlusj sd fl spjhsff prjkfþ jesfrvir uh njkpjrtikdfhtj n jkpjrtikdfhtj rfspftujsj y rfglikfhtirdikfhtf njrrfntj). Fl supufstj cf fhfrkfcic pirfnf njhtrirdj i nuilqudfr fspulindþh i fstf rfspfntj. Fl eioj rfhcdkdfhtj, i su turhj, cfpfhcf cf tihtjs intjrfs quf fs njkplfoj n jkplfoj cir uhi rfspufsti sfguri.9.99. Hiturilfzi ourëcdni Hj sf fhnufhtri rfgulicj fh hufstrj jrcfhikdfhtj ourëcdnj. Li cjntrdhi hindjhil sf mi jnupicj fsnisikfhtf cf fsti bguri, pjr fllj ilguhis triticdstis hindjhilfs lj isfkfoih i uhi prfstindþh cf sfrvdndjs njh fl jeoftj cf rfildzir invdcicfs cf pueldndcic. Fs uh njhtritj cf prfstindjhfs rfnëprjnis, pjr uh licj, fl ^pjhsjr, quf bhihndi li invdcic cf ilnihnf pÿeldnj cfl iuspdndicj (kfcdihtf li fhtrfgi cf sukis cf cdhfrj) j lf prjvff cf edfhfs

 

j kitfrdilfs ÿlfs piri li fofnundþh cf iquflli, nukplf prdkfrj su prfstindþh. Qjr fl jtrj licj, fl iuspdndicj cfspldfgi li invdcic quf lf fs prjpdi y miedtuil fxmdedfhcj j pjrtihcj fl hjkerf, kirni u jtrj sdghj cfl iuspdndicjr. Hj jestihtf, fsti jeldgindþh fs nukpldci sdfkprf fh uh kjkfhtj pjstfrdjr. 56 52. 52. DD.- NDSI^ EDELDJGUÉBDNI^Bufhtfs Cjntrdhirdis?Kjhtjyi Kihrfcd Vldsfs, Kjhtjyi Ilefr Vldsfs, Kjhtjyi IlefrMfrhihcj. Cfrfnmj Njkfrndil Sjkj DDD? Njhtritjs Kfrnihlfs,Njhtritjs Kjcfrhjs Kjcfrhjs y lfgdslindþh njkplfkfhtirdi", Qfrÿ? FcdtjrdilOurëcdni Grdolfy, 5112.Uftikjzj Fsnjeir Oildyi. "Fl njhtritj cf fspjhsjrdzindþh",Intuildcic cjntrdhirdi, Ufvdsti cf Intuildcic Ourëcdni cf GinftiOurëcdni, Sjkj 9>2 - Kirzj 5116.Rfgi Kfrf Turd, "Fl njhtritj cf iuspdndj j fspjhsjrdzindþh", Ufvdsticfl Njlfgdj cf Hjtirdjs, H± 3, Iùj DR, 944>/9443.Sfsds?Vgirtf Kdkefli Kdgufl Éhgfl, Rirgis Kilpdni Ouih Jsnir. "FlNjhtritj cf Fspjhsjrdzindþh y li hfnfsdcic cf su dhnjrpjrindþhlfgdslivi fh fl jrcfhikdfhtj njkfrndil pfruihj", Sfsds piri jptirfl tulj prjfsdjhil cf iejgicj, Binultic cf Cfrfnmj y NN.QQ cf liVhdvfrsdcic Hindjhil cf Sruodllj, Sruodllj? 5112.Bufhtfs Lfgilfs?Nþcdgj Ndvdl, Ldki? Ourdsti Fcdtjrfs, Igjstj 5191.Dhjrkindþh tjkici cf dhtfrhft?Ojsä Luds ^dlvi Nufvi. "Fl njhtritj cf Fspjhsjrdzindþh",mp?//www.gfsjpjlds.njk/rfnursjs/cjnukfhtjs/ullcjns/kir/fln jsp.mtk. Qigdhi vdsdtici fl 1=.99.91.Kjcflj cf njhtritj cf ^pjhsjr ^mdp.mp?//www.rjcrdgufzvflircf.njk.pf/pc/kjc->6.pc. ^mdp.mp?//www.rjcrdgufzvflircf .njk.pf/pc/kjc->6.pc. Qigdhivdsdtici 95.91.91. 52 57. 57. DDD.- NJHNLV^DJHF^Fl trébnj njkfrndil intuil y li siturindþh pueldndcic tricdndjhilfs, mihgfhfricj fl surgdkdfhtj cf li "pueldndcic dhcdrfnti", lis nuil fstéjrdfhtici i jrtilfnfr rfhtf i ljs njhsukdcjrfs lis kirnis y sdghjscdshvjs cf lis fkprfsis rfhtf i ljs njhsukdcjrfs y usuirdjs,jrfndfhcj iltfrhivis kis sulfs y sisintjrdis, njkj lj fs flNjhtritj cf Fspjhsjrdzindþh.Fl njhtritj cf fspjhsjrdzindþh hj pufcf suesukdrsf cf kihfricfbhdvi fh ilgÿh kjcflj njhtrintuil pdnj, cfedcj i susnirintfrësnis, suoftjs dhtfrvdhdfhtfs y su bh, "rftjrhj pueldndtirdj", sfnjhstuyf fh uh pj njhtrintuil jrdgdhil, cf hiturilfzi njkfrndil pjrsus flfkfhtjs y suoftjs dhtfrvdhdfhtfs, sdh fkeirgj, pjr li bhildcicquf pfrsdguf fs uh njhtritj pueldndtirdj.Fl njhtritj cf fspjhsjrdzindþh sf cdfrfhndi cf lis cfkés bgurisnjhtrintuilfs pueldndtirdis, cjhcf fl rftjrhj pueldndtirdj njhstuyf flbh kdskj, pliskicj fh li kfojr prjyfnndþh cf li dkigfh cflfspþhsjr fh fl kfrnicj rfhtf i ljs njhsukdcjrfs y usuirdjs.Ikejs suoftjs dhtfrvdhdfhtfs jefhfh vfhtiois, fl fspþhsjr njhsdgufrfjrzir sus kirnis y sdghjs cdshvjs cfhtrj cf uh kfrnicjnjkpfvj, pjr jtri pirtf0 fl fspjhsjrdzicj ljgri jetfhfr gihihndis,bhihndikdfhtj j prjpjrndþh cf edfhfs y sfrvdndjs piri fl cfsirrjllj cfsus invdcicfs.Fh li prénni sf vdfhfh nflferihcj njhtritjs cf fspjhsjrdzindþh fhjrki dhhjkdhici pjr li nirfhndi cf uh njhjndkdfhtj prfndsj cflkdskj isë njkj li cfsrfgulindþh hjrkivi fxdstfhtf, lj nuil gfhfricfsprjtfnndþh piri lis pirtfs njhtritihtfs. 57 5=. 5=. DR.- UfnjkfhcindjhfsUfsulti njhvfhdfhtf rfgulir, fh prdkfr tärkdhj ljs njhtritjspueldndtirdjs fh gfhfril, piri bhilkfhtf, hjrkir cf kihfri fspfnëbnifl njhtritj cf Fspjhsjrdzindþh, cici su dkpjrtihndi fh fl trébnjnjkfrndil y li dkpldnihndi cfl kdskj fh ljs cdfrfhtfs ispfntjssjndilfs, nulturilfs y cfpjrvjs.Isë kdskj, sf rfqudfrf cf fstucdjs prjuhcjs y prjfsdjhilfshindjhilfs, fspfndildzicjs fh fl tfki, yi quf fs nlirj quf sfnflferih njhhuikfhtf, dhvdrähcjsf nuihjsis nihcicfs cfcdhfrj, y pjr fllj sf rfqudfrf cf isfsjrfs, fspfnëbnikfhtf

 

iejgicjs,qudfhfs fstéh fh li jeldgindþh cf fhnjhtrir hufvis vëis piricfsfkpfùir li nirrfri quf nici vfz sf tjrhi kés njkpfvi n jkpfvi

 

Dhtrjcunndþh

Fh fl llikicj cfrfnmj cf ljs njhtritjs, njhtritjs, sf cdnf quf ljs dhstutjs ourëcdnjs rffoih li fnjhjkëi cf fnjhjkëi cf su fkpj fkpj,, fh ffntj, lis hufvis bguris njhtrintuilfs fkfrgfh njkj rfspufsti i lis hfnfsdcicfs nrficis prjcuntj cf prjcuntj cf hufvis njhcdndjhfs dkpufstis pjr kfrnicj y  y li njyuhturi njkfrndil. Iquë, lis bguris cf äxdtj sfréh äxdtj sfréh iqufllis quf bhilkfhtf fl kfrnicj sf njhvdfrtfh fh ljs pjs njhtrintuilfs quf kfojr sisigih li hufvi cdhékdni cfl cdhékdni cfl tribnj  j li vdhnulindþh fhtrf fkprfsis, fkprfsis, sdh jlvdcir huhni quf li sjli kfrnihl, liprjcunndþh liprjcunndþh j sisinndþh cf hfnfsdcicfs fnjhþkdnis hj girihzi fl äxdtj cf pj fxdstfhndil cf njhtritj,, fl nuil sjlj sf ciré nuihcj fstf ljgrf uh ndfrtj rfnjhjndkdfhtj sjndil uh njhtritj f dcfhcic dcfhcic prjpdjsP9[  prjpdjsP9[ Iprjxdkicikfhtf pirr cfl iùj 9=61 sf ci dhdndj dhdn dj i li nirrfri dhjrkivi, y njh fsti tikedäh i li fxpljrindþh y iprjvfnmikdfhtj cf ljs kés virdicjsrfnursjs virdicjsrfnursjs tänhdnjs  tänhdnjs pjr lis fkprfsis dhjrkindþh fh  fh sus cfndsdjhfs cfhtrj cfl kfrnicj. piri dhufhndir i ljs cfshitirdjs cf li dhjrkindþh Intuilkfhtf mielikjs cf li fxdstfhndi cf cjs jrkis cf pueldndcic? pueldndcic? uhi cf pj cdrfnti, ricdj y  y li tflfvdsdþh) tflfvdsdþh) y jtri cf pj dhcdrfnti, llikici tricdndjhil (cfhtrj cf flli ljs spjts cf li ricdj njhjndci tikedäh njkj "pueldndcic cf rftjrhj" cfedcj i quf fsti pueldndcic rfgrfsi i li fkprfsi kfcdihtf fkprfsi  kfcdihtf invdcicfs quf hj sjh pueldndtirdis fh së pjr hiturilfzi hiturilfziP5[yi P5[yi quf hj dhndti njhsukj cfl njhsukj cfl prjcuntj, il kfhjs hj cdrfntikfhtf, fh rfildcic hd sdqudfri cfoi vfr quf lj quf fsti prjkjndjhihcj, y lj quf fs kés, fh ilguhjs nisjs, fl prjcuntj hd sdqudfri ipirfnf sdnikfhtf j fs jrfndcj fh ilguhi cf sus prfsfhtindjhfs. Fhtjhnfs, fs nlirj quf curihtf ljs ÿlkjs iùjs ljs njhsukdcjrfs n jhsukdcjrfs isdskjs i uh fsnfhirdj fh fl quf li pueldndcic cf tjcj pj dhvicf hufstri kdrici, yi quf hj sf triti ÿhdnikfhtf, cf li jrki cf prjkjvfr prjcuntjs fh prjcuntjs fh fl kfrnicj i triväs cf li prfhsi fsnrdti prfhsi fsnrdti j cf kfcdjs kisdvjs  kisdvjs cf njkuhdnindþh njkuhdnindþh,, sdhj cf kfnihdskjs quf fhfh njkj prjpþsdtj ljs kfcdjs iprjvfnmir fl ikedfhtf nrficj ikedfhtf nrficj i prjpþsdtj cf fvfhtjs, fvfhtjs, invdcicfs j fspfnténuljs cf njhnurrfhndi kultucdhirdi. Isë fhnjhtrikjs fhtrf lis hufvis jrkis cf njhtritindþh il "Njhtritj cf Fspjhsjrdzindþh", fhjnicj njkj sisinndþh cf hfnfsdcicfs fhtrf lis pirtfs y njkj uh kfcdj iltfrhivj y n jhsukdcjrfs, i triväs cf uh hjvfcjsj quf fhfh ljs fkprfsirdjs piri pjcfr itrifr pjcfr itrifr i ljs njhsukdcjrfs, pj cf pueldndcic "sul" njh nirintfrësnis prjpdis, lj quf pfrkdtf i ljs igfhtfs fnjhþkdnjs supfrir fl ffntj siturindþh cf ljs sjpjrtfs tricdndjhilfs cf li pueldndcic, prdhndpil prjelfki cf li pueldndcic cdrfnti. FL NJHSUISJ CF F^QJH^JUD_INDÞH F^QJH^JUD_INDÞH  Ispfntj fkjlþgdnj fkjlþgdnj y sfkéhnj

Fl tärkdhj fspjhsjrdzindþh prjvdfhf fkjlþgdnikfhtf cfl ihgljsioþh "fspþhsjr smdp" quf sf fhfhcf njkj "tmf fstitf j efdhg spjhsjr". Hj jestihtf, fl tärkdhj fspþhsjr fh sfhcj purj, fkjlþgdnikfhtf pfhftri lis riënfs kés rfkjtis cfl kuhcj lihj misti llfgir il Ujkihj njhjndcj  njhjndcj njkj "spjhsdj" uldzicj i bh cf girihzir ihguj dhstutj cfl Cfrfnmj Ujkihj suesdcdirdikfhtf li jeldgindþh cf uh tfrnfrj, piri lj nuil qudfh rfspjhcëi "spjhcfj" i li prfguhti "nftuk kdmd cird spjhcfs:", isukëi li jeldgindþh y sf njhvfri fh girihtf, cf iquë fl jrdgdhirdj sdghdbnicj cf spjhsjr njkj girihtf. ^d edfh dhdndilkfhtf fl tärkdhj lihj spjhsjr uf icjpticj pjr ljs dhglfsfs piri cfsdghir invdcicfs fspfndbnis cf prjtfnndþh i hdvfl fspdrdtuil0 prjhtj fsti uhndþh uf uhndþh uf kjcdbnici njh

 

bhfs njkfrndilfs y njhjndci li hufvi invdcic njkj spjhsjrsmdp li kdski quf pjstfrdjrkfhtf uf rfvfsci cf uhi "hufvi" sdghdbnindþh fh Fsticjs Vhdcjs, Vhdcjs, cjhcf fstf tärkdhj sdghdbnþ bhihndindþh cf prjgrikis njh prjgrikis njh bhfs pueldndtirdjs, sfhcj fh fl nuil n uil li fspjhsjrdzindþh njhvfrci fh uh fhþkfhj i pfhis fkfrgfhtf, uf isdkdlici pjr Furjpi y Furjpi y Brihndi,, Fspiùi Fspiùi y  y Ilfkihdi Ilfkihdi,, cjhcf li invdcic ilnihzþ uh fspfndilkfhtf fh piësfs njkj Dtildi, Dtildi, Brihndi hjtielf cfsirrjllj cfsirrjllj.. Fl prjnfsj cf prjnfsj cf isdkdlindþh y "hindjhildzindþh" cfl hufvj fhþkfhj fnjhþkdnj-pueldndtirdj plihtfj njkj uhj cf ljs puhtjs cf dkpjrtihndi li eÿsqufci cfl tärkdhj quf njhjrkf li dcdjsdhnrisdi cf nici piës cfsnrdedfsf kfojr lj quf li pilieri siojhi spjhsjrsmdp fhtriùi fh së kdski. Kdfhtris Dtildi rfnjhjndþ fsti invdcic njkj spjhsjrdzzizdjhf, Brihndi lj cfhjkdhþ pirrihdhgf, Fspiùi nistfllihdzþ fl tärkdhj y lj njhvdrþ fh "fspjhsjrdzindþh", fh fstf ÿlkj nisj njrrdfhtfs hindjhildstis rfnmizirjh fl hfjljgdskj y prfbrdfrjh jtris cfhjkdhindjhfs, tilfs njkj? pitrjndhdj, kfnfhizgj fkprfsirdil, pitrjndhdj fkprfsirdil y pitrjndhdj pueldndtirdj0 gfhfrihcj njhusdþh f dkprfndsdþh sjerf fsti bguri. Fl nisj pfruihj rfsulti dhtfrfsihtf rfspfntj i fstf ispfntj, pufs li cdvfrsdcic tfrkdhjlþgdni piri rffrdrsf i li fspjhsjrdzindþh fs iÿh kiyjr, il puhtj cf hjkerirli cf cdfrfhtf kihfri sfgÿh fl ékedtj cjhcf sf cfsirrjllf. Eésdnikfhtf, trfs sjh ljs tärkdhjs ickdcjs y cf kiyjr cdusdþh0 isë, kdfhtris fh fl ékedtj cfpjrvj sf lf njhjnf njkj fspþhsjr (hj njkj fspjhsjrdzindþh), fh fl kuhcj ricdjtflfvdsdvj sf lf cfhjkdhi "iuspdndj" dhcdshtikfhtf. Fl prjelfki surgf prfndsikfhtf iquë yi quf il hj pjsffr uhi cfhjkdhindþh uhdjrkf pfrkdtf til njhusdþh cf sdghdbnicjs quf mi llfvicj i kunmjs i pfhsir quf pitrjndhdj, iuspdndj y fspjhsjrdzindþh sjh lj kdskj, quf sf triti cfl kdskj fhþkfhj, hj sdfhcj til su hiturilfzi. I bh cf supfrir fstf prjelfki fl njkpftfhtf ourdsti hindjhil Rfgi Kfrf Turd, plihtfi njkj "kés njhvfhdfhtf", piri cfhjkdhir fstf fhþkfhj fh hufstrj piës, fl tärkdhj "iuspdndj", fl nuil sfgÿh sfùili cfef sfr fhtfhcdcj njkj li njliejrindþh ffnvikfhtf prfstici i jtrj piri li rfildzindþh cf uhi invdcic in vdcic cf ilnihnf kisdvj", prfndsihcj quf fstf sdghdbnicj sf icfnui "këhdki pfrj uhndjhilkfhtf" il njhtritj cf fspjhsjrdzindþhP>[ Cicj quf lj prdhndpil cf li hjkdhindþh cf uh pj njhtrintuil fs li rffrfhndi cdrfnti il ispfntj fsfhndil cf li invdcic0 njhsdcfrj kés iprjpdicj rffrdrhjs i fsti bguri njkj "pitrjndhdj pueldndtirdj" tärkdhj quf fxprfsi fh jrki plfhi li rfildcic ourëcdni cfsirrjllici eioj su cfhjkdhindþh0 fstj fs li suki cfl niréntfr njkfrndil niréntfr njkfrndil y cf uhi invdcic pueldndtirdi,  ouhtj i li sufrtf cf prjtfntjricj fofrndcj pjr fl pitr pitrjndhicjr jndhicjr pueldndtirdj sjerf su pitrjndhicj. ^d edfh, li fspjhsjrdzindþh dkpldni uhi itrdeundþh i trdeundþh fnjhþkdni, sf njhnrfti y pfrbli fh li dhstrukfhtildzindþh cfl fspjhsjrdzicj njh bhfs pueldndtirdjs, sdtuindþh quf hj qufci nlirj fh li ndtici sdghdbnindþh cfl tärkdhj "iuspdndj"P3[.  Ihtfnfcfhtfs

Qiri fxpldnir su jrdgfh fxdstfh cjs tfjrëis quf tfjrëis quf pjcfkjs llikir kiyjrdtirdis? li prdkfri cf fllis dhcdni i li fspjhsjrdzindþh njkj fl mfrfcfrj cdrfntj cfl tricdndjhil kfnfhizgj, fh li nuil sf ibrki quf mi miedcj uhi fvjlundþh rfspfntj fvjlundþh rfspfntj cf li dhtfhndþh cf li pfrsjhi quf pfrsjhi quf fhtrfgi iyuci, kutihcj misti llfgir il njhtritj quf mjy njhjnfkjs ufri tjtilkfhtf cf li nirintfrësni cf ldefrildcic, dhvfscj kis edfh cf uh ndfrtj éhdkj cf lunrj (li iyuci quf prjpjrndjhi i nikedj cf nikedj cf uh ndfrtj pj cf iyuci).

 

Fl kfnfhizgj fhf su jrdgfh mindi fl iùj 71 ihtfs cf Nrdstj, cfedähcjsf su hjkerf i Niyj Nldhdj Kfnfhis (24 i.N.-= c.N.), nducicihj rjkihj cf jrtuhi, kdhdstrj y ikdgj cfl Fkpfricjr Jntivdj Näsir Iugustj, qudfh sf cdshgudþ pjr li iyuci y prjtfnndþh quf erdhcþ i fsnrdtjrfs, njkj Mjrindj, Rdrgdldj, Qrjpfrndj. Cf iquë quf fh ljs cdnndjhirdjs, cdnndjhirdjs, fhndnljpfcdis y lderjs lderjs y,  y, fh fl kdskj lfhguiof lfhguiof njljqudil,  njljqudil, sf cfhjkdhf kfnfhis i li fhcic j pfrsjhi quf prjtfgf iyuci j bhihndi i pfrsjhis j invdcicfs cfl kuhcj cf li nulturi. nulturi. Fh li Fcic Kfcdi, Kfcdi, fhtrf ljs kfnfhis njhjndcjs, cfstinih i ljs Käcdnds cf li nducic cf Bljrfhndi, ljs Ufyfs Nitþldnjs pjr fl ipjyj erdhcicj il vdiof cf Nrdstþeil Njlþh, quf ci lugir il cfsnuerdkdfhtj cf Ikärdni, Ikärdni, quf suflf tjkirsf njkj uh fvfhtj cf kfnfhizgj hj fxfhtj cf cjsds cf fspjhsjrdzindþh, yi quf uf uhi jrki cf ljgrir uh prfsgdj y uh rfnjhjndkdfhtj piri li Njrjhi cf FspiùiP6[ ^dh fkeirgj, hj njhnufrcj njh fsti tfsds tfsds,, yi quf fs siedcj quf ikeis i keis bguris sjh tjtilkfhtf cdshtis, pjr li bhildcic quf pfrsdgufh, kdfhtris fl fspþhsjr pfrsdguf uhi bhildcic pueldndtirdi i nikedj cf iyuci, fh fl nisj cfl kfnfhis li bhildcic njhnluyf njh li iyuci quf fhtrfgi hj fxdgdfhcj hici i nikedj. Qjr jtrj licj, li sfguhci tfsds, i li nuil kf icmdfrj, ibrki quf sf fsté ihtf uh fhþkfhj tjtilkfhtf hufvj nuyj jrdgfh sf fhnufhtri fh li dhcustrdildzindþh y fh fl iéh cf lis fkprfsis cf fhnjhtrir jrkis cf cirsf i njhjnfr cdfrfhtfs i lis tricdndjhilfs quf lis cdshgi cf li njkpftfhndi. njkpftfhndi. Cfbhdndþh

Cfsnjhjndcj fstf fhþkfhj pjr hufstri lfgdslindþh y rfhtf i uh pihjriki tfþrdnj eistihtf fsnisj fh lj quf rfspfnti i li fxpfrdfhndi hindjhil, fl njhtritj cf fspjhsjrdzindþh prfndsi sfr cfbhdcj li kés nliri y gfhärdnikfhtf g fhärdnikfhtf pjsdelf i bh cf fvdtir su njhusdþh njh jtrjs fhþkfhjs. Fh til sfhcj, li cjntrdhi ourëcdni dhglfsi nildbni il fspjhsjrsmdp njkj i eusdhfss cfil, i kutuilly innfptielf njkkfrndil rflijhsmdp, i kir`fhgtjjl. kir`fhgtjjl. Eioj uh pfrbl cdfrfhtf fl spjhsjrsmdp sf nirintfrdzi pjr sfr uh kir`fhg kdz j prjcunt ihc invdty0 fstj fs, uhi fspfndf cf injplikdfhtj fhtrf prjcuntj y invdcic, rfprfsfhtihcj uh kfcdj cdrfntj cf minfr pueldndcic. Qjr su pirtf li cjntrdhi Dtildihi, quf fs li kés quf mi fstucdicj y fsnrdtj sjerf fstf njhtritj, jrfnf hukfrjsis cfbhdndjhfs, fhtrf li quf cfstinj i li cf B. Gilgihj qudfh ibrki quf "fs fl njhtritj pjr fl quf uh fkprfsirdj , fspþhsjr, njh li bhildcic cf iukfhtir iukfhtir li hjtjrdfcic cf ljs sdghjs sdghjs cdshvjs  cdshvjs fhtrfgi uhi nihcic cf cdhfrj , j cf edfhfs edfhfs   y sfrvdndjs , il jrgihdzicjr cf kihdfstindjhfs cfpjrvis j cf dhdndivis nulturilfs, cf fspfnténuljs tflfvdsdvjs, ftn., j cf uh pfrsjhiof dhcdvdcuil cfl cfpjrtf , cfl fspfnténulj (fspjhsjrdzicj) piri piri quf fstf pueldndtf fh fl kjcj prfvdstj fh fl njhtritj, ljs prjcuntjs j li invdcic cfl fkprfsirdj".

Fhtrf hjsjtrjs Rfgi Kfrf fhsfùi quf? "Fl njhtritj cf iuspdndj nflfericj fhtrf fspþhsjr j iuspdndicjr y fl fspjhsff j iuspdndicj, fs fl inufrcj fh vdrtuc cfl nuil fl prdkfrj fhtrfgi sukis cf cdhfrj j cftfrkdhicjs edfhfs ÿlfs il sfguhcj piri quf fstf cfsirrjllf li invdcic  pÿeldni quf lf fs miedtuil. Njkj Njkj rfspfnvj, fl iuspdndicj sf njkprjkftf njkprjkftf eésdnikfhtf pfrj hj kirni   j fxnluyfhtfkfhtf i fxmdedr j pjrtir curihtf li fofnundþh cf li invdcic, fl hjkerf, kirni

 

fkelfki cfl fspþhsjr0 fs cfndr i prjpjrndjhir lj quf li cjntrdhi pfruihi cfhjkdhi "rftjrhj  pueldndtirdj"P2[.

Bdhilkfhtf, mindfhcj uh injplikdfhtj cf ljs rizjhikdfhtjs ndticjs, sf cfbhf il njhtritj cf fspjhsjrdzindþh njkj uh inufrcj pjr fl nuil fl suoftj fspþhsjr, njh fl iéh cf nrfir, kihtfhfr j kfojrir su dkigfh cf dkigfh cf fkprfsi fkprfsi00 sf jeldgi i bhihndir j prjvffr cf edfhfs y/j sfrvdndjs il suoftj fspjhsjrdzicj (kihdfstindþh, fvfhtj j dhcdvdcuj), dhcdvdcuj), i bh cf quf fstf pufci cfsirrjllir su invdcic miedtuil (cf rfsjhihndi pueldni) y cfscf flli, prjkjvfr (j cdvulgir) fl hjkerf, li kirni, ljs sdghjs cdshvjs, j ljs prjpdjs prjcuntjs cfl fspþhsjr, fh eusni cfl cfhjkdhicj rftjrhj pueldndtirdjP7[ bhihndikdfhtj cf kÿlplfs pjs ^f lf dcfhbnih cjs uhndjhfs prdhndpilfs, uhndjhfs prdhndpilfs, njkj ufhtf cf bhihndikdfhtj cf cf invdcic, yi quf sf minfh dhvfrsdjhfs dhvfrsdjhfs nuihjsis  nuihjsis fh virdjs ékedtjs njkj fl cfpjrtf, li nulturi, lj sjndil0 ljs fkprfsirdjs sþlj vfh su rfildzindþh grindis i fsti jpfrindþh0 y li sfguhci njkj dhstrukfhtj cf njkuhdnindþh fkprfsirdil fhtrihtf fh ljs ékedtjs cf li pueldndcic dhcdrfnti. Uisgjs nirintfrdzihtfs cf li Fspjhsjrdzindþh 

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Fl h pueldndtirdj? li pueldndtirdj? li fspjhsjrdzindþh pfrsdguf tris su fofnundþh fl cfhjkdhicj "rftjrhj pueldndtirdj". Li vdhnulindþh cf li dkigfh fkprfsirdil cflfsti fspþhsjr i invdcicfs cf li kés cdvfrsi hiturilfzi? dhcdsnuelfkfhtf, hiturilfzi?  dhcdsnuelfkfhtf, vdhnulindþh uhndjhily ipfrsjhis li bhildcic pueldndtirdi cfl njhtritj, hj fs fxnlusdvdcic cf li fspjhsjrdzindþh, hj jestihtf ljs nuil, sf tjrhi risgj nirintfrdzihtf yi quf pjr fsti ljs fspjhsjrdzicjs sf njhvdfrtfh fh vfrcicfrjs vfmënuljs piri li trihskdsdþh cf ljs kfhsiofs (cfl fspþhsjr), njhtfhdcjs tihtj fh ljs sdghjs cdshvjs, njkj fh li prjpdi vdhnulindþh njh li iki, prfsgdj nildcic cfl  cfl fspjhsjrdzicj. y/j nildcic ^jpjrtfs pueldndtirdjs hj njhvfhndjhilfs? fstrfnmikfhtf njhvfhndjhilfs?  fstrfnmikfhtf vdhnulicj il risgj ihtfrdjr, li fspjhsjrdzindþh fs li ÿhdni bguri pueldndtirdi quf usi lis invdcicfs, fvfhtjs, kihdfstindjhfs j pfrsjhildcicfs pfr sf njkj ljs vfmënuljs cfl kfhsiof prjkjpueldndtirdj0 iprjvfnmihcj fl ffntj cf rfsjhihndi quf, grindis i su pjpulirdcic, sjh nipinfs cf prjcundr. Iofhdcic cf li invdcic fspjhsjrdzici rfspfntj i li invdcic cfl fspþhsjr? fh fspþhsjr? fh li gfhfrildcic cf ljs nisjs, li invdcic fspjhsjrdzici fs fxtriùi i li invdcic fkprfsirdil jrcdhirdikfhtf rfildzici pjr fl fspþhsjr. Ufspfntj i fstj, pirtf cf li cjntrdhi njhsdcfri quf fl fspþhsjr hj pufcf cfsirrjllir invdcic fh fl kdskj ékedtj y érfi cf li invdcic fspjhsjrdzici0 pjsturi quf hj njkpirkjs, cfedcj i quf fllj sdghdbnirëi cfsnjhjnfr li llikici fspjhsjrdzindþh nrfivf. Qiri fstj cfef cdfrfhndirsf fl njhtfhdcj cfl prjgriki prjgriki,, cf li pueldndcic quf sf dhsfrti. Iutjhjkëi cfl fspjhsjrdzicj curihtf li fofnundþh cf su invdcic? li invdcic?  li fspjhsjrdzindþh cfef rfspftir li iutjhjkëi cfl fspjhsjrdzicj fh li gfsþh cf gfsþh cf su prjpdi invdcic0 qudfh pjr su pirtf cfef rfspftir ljs jeofvjs fstielfndcjs jeofvjs fstielfndcjs fh fl njhtritj cf fspjhsjrdzindþh. Cdnmi iutjhjkëi cfefré sfr rfspftici fh pirnulir dhtflfntuil j  j nrfivi cfl fspjhsjrdzicj sjh jeoftj cfl nuihcj li ldefrtic y ldefrtic y prjpdfcic dhtflfntuil njhtritj.

 

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Jeldgindþh cfl fspjhsjrdzicj cf kfcdj, hj cf rfsulticj? fl rfsulticj?  fl fspjhsjrdzicj hj sf fhnufhtri jeldgicj i rfildzir fl rftjrhj pueldndtirdj0 sþlj fsté jeldgicj i rfildzir uh njkpjrtikdfhtj cfshicj njkpjrtikdfhtj cfshicj i sisinfr fl dhtfräs cf dhtfräs cf "sfguhcj gricj" cf li njhtripirtf0 fstj fs, li cdvulgindþh cf li dkigfh cfl fspþhsjr, jeldgindþh dhstrukfhtil i li rfildzindþh cfl "dhtfräs prdkirdj"? fl rftjrhj pueldndtirdj.

Nirintfrfs Ourëcdnjs cfl Njhtritj cf Fspjhsjrdzindþh

Njhtritj pueldndtirdj? Fstf njhtritj cfsnrdef uhi pirnulir jrki cf njkuhdnindþh nuyi tänhdni fs njhjndci njkj pueldndcic dhcdrfnti j cf rftjrhj. 

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Njhtritj ipdnj?

Cfedcj quf cfhtrj cf hufstrj jrcfhikdfhtj ourëcdnj nirfnf cf rfgulindþh, fstrunturi y fstrunturi y njhsdcfrindþh lfgil. 

Njhtritj dhhjkdhicj?

Ti quf hj pjsff uhi cfhjkdhindþh rfnjhjndci pjr fl lfgdslicjr. 

Njhtritj njhsfhsuil?

^f pfrfnndjhi njh fl sdkplf njhsfhkdfhtj cf lis pirtfs.  Njhtritj edlitfril? Ti quf sf rflindjhih cjs pirtfs, fstis sjh? fl suoftj fspþhsjr y fl suoftj fspjhsjrdzicj0 mindfhcj hinfr pjr fsti jeldgindjhfs rfndprjnis jeldgindjhfs rfndprjnis piri ikeis. 

Njhtritj cf prfstindjhfs prfstindjhfs rfndprjnis?  rfndprjnis?

Nrfi prfstindjhfs tihtj i nirgj cfl fspþhsjr njkj cfl fspjhsjrdzicj. I uhi prfstindþh sf lf njrrfspjhcf uhi njhtriprfstindþh. 

Njhtritj i tulj jhfrjsj?

Fh fstf sfhcj sf mi cdnmj quf fh fsti nlisf cf nlisf cf njhtritjs fxdstf uh fhrdqufndkdfhtj y fkpjerfndkdfhtj njrrflivjs, lj quf sunfcf njrrdfhtfkfhtf iuhquf hj sdfkprf. 

Njhtritj prdhndpil?

Qufstj quf, li nflferindþh cfl njhtritj cf fspjhsjrdzindþh, hj cfpfhcf cf li nflferindþh cf jtrj njhtritj. 

Njhtritj njhkutivj?

Fh tihtj nici uhi cf lis pirtfs, njhjnf fl njhtfhdcj cf lis prfstindjhfs cfscf fl kjkfhtj cf li njhnlusdþh cfl njhtritj. ^jerf fstj, cfef fvdtirsf nuilqudfr njhusdþh quf hjs llfvf i li ilfitjrdfcic cfl njhtritj0 sd edfh njhsdcfrici pjr ljs pueldndstis njkj njhtritj ilfitjrdj, cici li dhnfrcukerf quf rjcfi i li kighdtuc cf rftjrhj pueldndtirdj quf prjcunf, fstj hj pufcf ickdrsf0 il kfhjs, hj ourëcdnikfhtf, pufs njkj siefkjs li njhkutivdcic sf rfbfrf il njhjndkdfhtj njhjndkdfhtj cfl  cfl njhtfhdcj cf lis prfstindjhfs, hj il njhtfhdcj cf li kighdtuc cf ljs ffntjs fofnundþh cf fstis0 rftjrhj pueldndtirdj hj fs hd li yprfstindþh hd li niusi njhtritjcf cflifspjhsjrdzindþh0 lis fl pirtfs njhjnfh sus jeldgindjhfs cfrfnmjs cfscf cfrfnmjs cfscf li cfl

 

nflferindþh cfl njhtritj misti su njhnlusdþh. Njhnluyfhcj, hj ickdkjs li nildbnindþh n ildbnindþh cf ilfitjrdj piri fstf njhtritj. 

Njhtritj cf nikedj?

Ti quf, fhf njkj jeofvj li jeofvj li ndrnulindþh cf li rdqufzi, i triväs cf li trisfrfhndi tjtil j pirndil cf edfhfs, cfrfnmj j sfrvdndjs. 

Njhtritj njhstuvj?

Fh tihtj, fstf njhtritj gfhfri sdtuindjhfs ourëcdnis cftfrkdhicis cfhtrj cfl kirnj cf uhi rflindþh ourëcdni pitrdkjhdil. 

Njhtritj njh ldefrtic cf bjrki?

Ti quf, hj miy uhi jrki fstielfndci piri fstf njhtritj njkj njhsfnufhndi cdrfnti cf su ipdndcic lfgil. Hj jestihtf, rfnjrcikjs ljs njhsfojs cf li cjntrdhi cjn trdhi i bh cf quf sf susnrdei pjr fsnrdtj, lj kés nliri y cftillicikfhtf pjsdelf, fvdtihcj isë pjstfrdjrfs njhdntjs. njhdntjs. ^uoftjs

Ljs suoftjs cf li rflindþh njhtrintuil cf fspjhsjrdzindþh fsfhndilkfhtf sjh cjs? Fl fspþhsjr (j suoftj quf fspjhsjrdzi) y fl fspjhsjrdzicj (j suoftj quf isukf li fspjhsjrdzindþh). ^uoftj fspþhsjr? Njhsdcfricj njkj prjkjtjr cf fsti rflindþh njhtrintuil, fl suoftj fspþhsjr eusni li uldzindþh i bhfs dhcdrfntikfhtf pueldndtirdjs cfl hjkerf, li invdcic j prfsgdj cf jtrjs, piri lj nuil, rfildzi i fstjs njkj prfstindþh itrdeundjhfs fh cdhfrj, edfhfs j sfrvdndjs i bh cf indldtirlfs li rfildzindþh cf su invdcic, li nuil pirilflikfhtf sfré uldzici i kjcj cf vfmënulj cf njkuhdnindþh pueldndtirdi. 

sjndfcic.. Fl fspþhsjr pufcf sfr? Fstf, fs fl suoftj quf eusni "prjkjvfr" su dkigfh ihtf li sjndfcic i. Vhi fkprfsi j fkprfsi j sjndfcic njkfrndil? suoftj njkfrndil? suoftj fspþhsjr pjr fxnflfhndi. 

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e. Qfrsjhis cf Cfrfnmj Qÿeldnj? Qÿeldnj? sd edfh sf ickdtf li pjsdedldcic cf quf fhtfs pÿeldnjs fspulfh y rfildnfh njhtritjs cf fspjhsjrdzindþh, ihtf li cdbnultic quf dkpldni cdfrfhndir li bhildcic cf ljs intjs quf fstjs cfsirrjllih0 fh nisj cf njhdntj cfefré njhdntj cfefré prdvdlfgdirsf su njhsdcfrindþh njkj bhildcic cf uldcic sjndil uldcic sjndil (pirtf cf lis uhndjhfs cfl Fsticj), Fsticj), y hj njkj bhildcic cf pueldndcic njkfrndil j cdrdgdci i li nrfindþh y/j kihtfhdkdfhtj cf kihtfhdkdfhtj cf su dkigfh dhstundjhil. n. Fkprfsis cfl Fsticj y fkprfsis cf fnjhjkëi kdxti? fnjhjkëi kdxti? Fstf  Fstf suoftj jstfhtihcj flfkfhtjs cf fkprfsi y cf njkfrndildcic, prfsfhtih uhi kfojr pjsdndþh ourëcdni piri njhnludr fstjs njhtritjs. c. Qfrsjhis cf Cfrfnmj Qrdvicj? Fstis Qrdvicj? Fstis pufcfh sfr isjndindjhfs, uhcindjhfs, JHGs. ^dfkprf quf cfsirrjllfh invdcicfs cf fkprfsi0 nisj njhtrirdj fstirfkjs fh fl kdskj supufstj cf lis pfrsjhis cf Cfrfnmj Qÿeldnj, prdvdlfgdihcj li bhildcic cf uldcic sjndil. f. Vh pjjl cf fkprfsis? Iquë fkprfsis?  Iquë uh grupj cf grupj cf fkprfsis sf uhfh i bh cf fspjhsjrdzir uh fvfhtj cf grih kighdtuc j njkplfodcic til njkj pufcfh sfr, lis jldkpdicis y ljs nikpfjhitjs kuhcdilfs cf ÿtejl ÿtejl..

 

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^uoftj fspjhsjrdzicj?

Fl suoftj fspjhsjrdzicj, fs qudfh sjpjrti njkj suoftj pisdvj li fspjhsjrdzindþh, fstj, ÿhdnikfhtf fh fl ékedtj jrkil cf li rflindþh0 yi quf, fh li fofnundþh cf fsti prénni, fs fl suoftj quf cdhikdzi li invdcic, tfhdfhcj fh sus kihjs ljs kfcdjs piri fl äxdtj j rinisj cf li fspjhsjrdzindþh. Fstf suoftj fs dhstrukfhtildzicj pjr fl fspþhsjr i kjcj cf vfmënulj pueldndtirdj. Fl fspjhsjrdzicj, pufcf sfr nuilqudfr pfrsjhi (hituril j ourëcdni).  i. Vhi pfrsjhi hituril? fstf hituril?  fstf fs fl nisj cf li fspjhsjrdzindþh cf pfrsjhiofs dhcdvdcuilfs quf fofnutih invdcicfs cf rfsjhihndi pÿeldni, ikjsjs j hj? til fs fl nisj cf ljs irstis y cfpjrstis. Fl fspþhsjr rfpiri fh li pjpulirdcic, sdkpii, dkigfh y intuc cfl intuc cfl pfrsjhiof i qudfh bhilkfhtf li fkprfsi dcfhbniré fh jrki cdrfnti njh su prjpdi dkigfh j njh li cf ljs prjcuntjs quf sini il kfrnicj. (Fofkplj? Hd`f- Ujhilcj0 Qfpsd-^mi`dri0 Icdcis-Gugi). 

e. Vh fqudpj (cfpjrvj), uh nlue cfpjrvj j uhi fsnucfrëi? fsnucfrëi ? sdh cuci, pfrtfhfndfhtfs il ékedtj cfpjrvj. ^fgÿh sfi fl nisj, fsti fspjhsjrdzindþh cf ljs cfpjrstis pjcré minfrsf fxtfhsdvi i tjcj fl pfrsjhil quf pfrsjhil quf trieioi njh flljs, tilfs njkj? fl fhtrfhicjr, fl prfpiricjr sdnj, ljs kisiodstis, fl käcdnj, ljs rfnjgfejlis, ftn., qudfhfs il dguil quf ljs cfpjrstis cfefh lundr fh sus uhdjrkfs fl sdghj cdshvj cfl fspþhsjr. (LGVhdvfrsdtirdj cf Cfpjrtfs0 Cfpjrtfs0 Ihcfrsfh Njhsulhg Fsnucfrëi Ufhiult).

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n. Vh fvfhtj j kihdbfstindþh? iquë kihdbfstindþh?  iquë sf pufcf fspjhsjrdzir cfscf li jrgihdzindþh misti jrgihdzindþh misti li fofnundþh cfl fvfhtj. Li itrdeundþh cfl fspþhsjr pjcré sfr tihtj cf hiturilfzi bhihndfri njkj fh edfhfs j sfrvdndjs, ÿlfs piri li rfildzindþh cfl fvfhtj j kihdfstindþh. Ndtj njkj fofkplj li fspjhsjrdzindþh rfildzici pjr Nfrvfnfrëi cfl ^ur y su Qrjcuntj Nfrvfzi Nusqufùi Nfrvfzi Nusqufùi cfl Bfsvil Dhtfrhindjhil cfl Nuznj0 kés intuilkfhtf li fspjhsjrdzindþh cf Qfpsd i li Njpi Ikärdni- Qfrÿ 5113.

Fh lis rflindjhfs fhtrf pitrjndhicj y pitrjndhicjr, pufcfh prfsfhtirsf njkj dhtfrkfcdirdjs lis cfhjkdhicis igfhndis cf fspjhsjrdzindþh, fspjhsjrdzindþh, lis kdskis quf sd edfh pufcfh prfsfhtirsf njkj igfhndis cf pueldndcic, sf mih fspfndildzicj fh fsti jrki pueldndtirdi, fh fstf nisj qudfh iejhi li njhtriprfstindþh fnjhþkdni fs li igfhndi cf pueldndcic fh lugir cf li fkprfsi quf sf efhfbndi cf li njliejrindþh pueldndtirdi. Cfhtrj cf fstf nikpj sf fhnufhtrih lis cfhjkdhicis igfhndis cf cfpjrtfs, hindcis fh ljs Fsticjs Vhdcjs rflindjhicis njh fl cfsirrjllj cf li pueldndcic fh fl cfpjrtf y il isfsjrikdfhtj i cfpjrstis. Fh prdhndpdjs prdhndpdjs lis  lis igfhndis cf pueldndcic ufrjh lis prdkfris fh tritir fstjs ispfntjs, ljs quf fstéh vdhnulicjs i sus invdcicfs. Qjstfrdjrkfhtf surgfh igfhndis fspfndildzicis fh fspjhsjrdzindþh, fhtrf lis nuilfs sf pufcf cdshgudr lis quf sf cfcdnih il isfsjrikdfhtj fstritfgdi,, y lis quf sf fspfndildzih fh li ickdhdstrindþh cfl ickdhdstrindþh cfl injhtfndkdfhtj. y fstritfgdi Nlisfs cf Fspjhsjrdzindþh rfgdstricj fh li  prixds njhtrintuil   prixds njhtrintuil 

Nuihcj fh 94=6 uh sfntjr cf li cjntrdhi dtildihi, ibrkiei quf li kulpldndcic fhjkfhjlþgdni cf lj quf cfhjkdhieih "njhtritjs cf fspjhsjrdzindþh", vjlvëi prjelfkéni sfgurdcic quf  quf li njhbgurindþh cf su pfrbl uhdtirdj, njkj bguri hfgjndil iutþhjki0 miy sfgurdcic ibrkieih fstj cfedcj i li hjvfcic f dhndpdfhtf cfsirrjllj cfl mjy llikicj fhþkfhj cf li fspjhsjrdzindþh.

 

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Fspjhsjrdzindþh nulturil?

Fs fl fhþkfhj fh vdrtuc cfl nuil uh suoftj llikicj fspþhsjr, prjkftf j fhtrfgi cdhfrj u jtri uldcic piri li rfildzindþh j kfojri cf uhi jeri j uh fvfhtj njh viljr nulturil viljr nulturil sdfkprf quf fl hjkerf cfl fspþhsjr qufcf uhdcj il cf li jeri j fvfhtj. Fh li fspjhsjrdzindþh nulturil sf prjcunf uhi uhdþh, fhtrf fl fspþhsjr y uhi jeri j fvfhtj quf fs li quf vi i sfr jeoftj cf li iyuci0 i cdfrfhndi cf li fspjhsjrdzindþh cfpjrvi, quf cdrdgf sus kfhsiofs i uh pÿeldnj cf kisis, li fspjhsjrdzindþh nulturil sf cdrdgf i uh pÿeldnj kés fldsti. Cfhtrj cf li fspjhsjrdzindþh nulturil tfhfkjs i li pueldnindþh cf lderjs, prfsfhtindþh cf jeris tfitrilfs, ftn., pfrj li quf cfstini fs li rfmiedldtindþh cfl pitrdkjhdj irsnj, pitrdkjhdj irsnj, lj quf fs cf pirnulir dkpjrtihndi fh piësfs njkj fl hufstrj, njh uh dhnilnulielf pitrdkjhdj irsnj f mdstþrdnj, cfshicj i supldr li ilti cf itfhndþh pjr itfhndþh pjr pirtf cfl Fsticj cfedcj i li ilti cf rfnursjs. 

Fspjhsjrdzindþh cfpjrvi?

Cfedcj il iugf cfl cfpjrtf, y sdfhcj fstf uh fspfnténulj cf kisis, sf mi dcfhbnicj i li fkprfsi njh fl fqudpj, j edfh i uh cfpjrsti fh pirnulir0 ikejs nisjs li iyuci quf sf prfsti fs piri quf pufci rfildzir su invdcic trihskdfhcj fl kfhsiof cf qudfh lj pitrjndhi. Li jeldgindþh prdhndpil cf ljs fspjhsjrdzicjs, njhsdstf fh lundr li kirni cf su fspþhsjr sjerf ljs uhdjrkfs jbndilfs cf njkpftfhndi (fh fl lugir y njh lis cdkfhsdjhfs prfndsicis), isë njkj fh ljs uhdjrkfs cf fhtrfhikdfhtj, fhtrfhikdfhtj, y cfkés fqudpj quf uldnf (sd isë sf njhvdfhf). 

Fspjhsjrdzindþh ricdjtflfvdsdvi?

^f mi cfbhdcj i fsti nlisf cf fspjhsjrdzindþh njkj li uhdþh fhtrf fl hjkerf cf uh prjcuntj j cf uhi fkprfsi y uh prjgriki cf ricdj j ricdj j cf tflfvdsdþh, tflfvdsdþh, cf kihfri quf fl pÿeldnj dcfhbquf li fkdsdþh njh fl fspþhsjr. Fsti fspjhsjrdzindþh njrrf fl rdfsgj cf rdfsgj cf njhuhcdrsf njh li pueldndcic tricdndjhil. Fl fspþhsjr bhihndi li fkdsdþh cf ljs prjgrikis sdh quf fstj sdghdbquf su pirndpindþh fh fl njhtfhdcj y cdrfnndþh cdrfnndþh cfl  cfl prjgriki. Qjr jtri pirtf, cfefré fspfndbnirsf quf sf triti cf uh prjgriki pitrjndhicj sdh quf tfhgi cfrfnmj i kfhsiofs pueldndtirdjs cdrfntjs cf li njkpri cf sus prjcuntjs j li uldzindþh cf sus sfrvdndjs. 

Fspjhsjrdzindþh ^jndil?

Cf pjni cdusdþh, li giki cf invdcicfs fhtrihtfs fh fsti fspjhsjrdzindþh fs eistihtf ikpldi, dhnluyf li fspjhsjrdzindþh cf dhvfsgindjhfs käcdnis dhvfsgindjhfs käcdnis y ndfhbnis, li suevfhndþh cf piësfs suecfsirrjllicjs, li tutfli cfl tutfli cfl kfcdj ikedfhtf, ljs pircjs pjlënjs pjlënjs,, prjtfnndþh cf fspfndfs fh fxhndþh, ftn. Nléusulis Qrdhndpilfs

Sritéhcjsf cf uh njhtritj cf uh njhtritj ipdnj, il hj fstir njhtfkplicj fh li lfgdslindþh fs hfnfsirdj quf lis nléusulis cfeih cf cftillir lis jeldgindjhfs cf lis pirtfs, icfkés cf lis nléusulis quf njrrfspjhcfh i ljs njhtritjs fh gfhfril? 

Nléusuli cf hj njhnurrfhndi?

 

Fs fl nisj cf hj susnrdedr hdhgÿh jtrj njhtritj cf fspjhsjrdzindþh, fsti prjmdedndþh pufcf sfr tjtil j pirndil0 fs tjtil nuihcj fl pitrjndhicjr prjmëef quf fl nlue j fcfrindþh pufci isjndir nuilqudfri cf sus cfrfnmjs (nirtflfs, fvfhtjs dhcukfhtirdi, ftn.) i li dkigfh cf jtri fkprfsi. Fl fspþhsjr fxnluyf isë tjci jtri pjsdedldcic cf fxpljtindþh pueldndtirdi. Li ickdsdþh cf li njhnurrfhndi cf kés pitrjndhicjrfs ci lugir il njpitrjndhdj, sdfhcj miedtuil quf fl pitrjndhicjr, i bh cf prfsfrvir li fbnindi cf fbnindi cf li pueldndcic prjpigihci, prjpigihci, fspulf uhi suprfkinëi cf su pitrjndhdj sjerf nuilqudfr jtrj. Li tänhdni kés sfhndlli piri vfrdbnir cdnmi suprfkinëi fs li cftfrkdhindþh cf fspindjs. 

Nliusuli cf fxnlusdvdcic?

Qjr fsti nléusuli, fl suoftj fspjhsjrdzicj sf njkprjkftf i hj fspulir pjr uh pfrdjcj cf fkpj cftfrkdhicj j pjr fl plizj cf curindþh cfl njhtritj, jtrjs njhtritjs cf fspjhsjrdzindþh njh tfrnfrjs. Sil jeldgindþh cf fxnlusdvdcic pufcf sfr cf cjs pjs? iesjluti y rflivi. ^fré iesjluti nuihcj li prjmdedndþh fstielfndci sfi piri hj njhtritir fspjhsjrdzindþh njh hdhguhi fkprfsi cdfrfhtf il fspþhsjr curihtf li vdgfhndi cfl njhtritj. ^fré rflivi, nuihcj li prjmdedndþh sf ldkdtf i njhtritir njh fkprfsis cfl kdskj sfntjr njkfrndil cfl fspþhsjr, ickdfhcj ljs njhtritjs njh fkprfsis cfl kdskj sfntjr njkfrndil cfl fspþhsjr, ickdfhcj ljs njhtritjs njh fkprfsis cf jtrjs sfntjrfs cf prjcunndþh. prjcunndþh. I triväs cf fsti nléusuli, fl suoftj fspþhsjr eusni dhnrfkfhtir lis pjsdedldcicfs cf nrfir uhi dhtfrfrfhndi cf dkigfh njh su fspjhsjrdzicj, yi quf, fs "li ÿhdni jrki cf cir nrfcdedldcic y pitrdkjhdildcic il kfhsiof quf sf lihzi". 

Nléusuli cf prdjrdcic j prfbfrfhndi?

Kfcdihtf fsti nléusuli, il njhnludr fl njhtritj fl fspþhsjr tfhcrëi prffrfhndi fh su rfhjvindþh, sdfkprf quf lis njhcdndjhfs sfih sdkdlirfs cf iqufllis jrfndcis pjr uh tfrnfrj. 

Nléusuli cf pirndpindþh fh vfhtis j vfhtis j efhfndjs?

Qjr fsti nléusuli fl fspjhsjrdzicj isukf li jeldgindþh cf fhtrfgir il fspþhsjr uh pjrnfhtiof cf ljs efhfbndjs quf sf jetfhgih cfl prjcuntj cf li invdcic pitrjndhici, i ffntj cf quf fl fspþhsjr rfnupfrf pirtf cf su dhvfrsdþh. dhvfrsdþh. Li kdski suflf sfr miedtuil fh uh pj fspfnëbnj cf fspjhsjrdzindþh, njkj li nulturil, yi quf uhi vfz njhsfgudci li rfmiedldtindþh cf li jeri, j li nflferindþh cfl njhndfrtj, sd fhf äxdtj, sf gfhfrih uhjs efhfbndjs fh ljs quf fl fspþhsjr pirndpi, njkj pufcf sfr li vfhti cf vfhti cf nitéljgjs y cf fhtricis. 

Nléusuli iredtril?

Llikici tikedäh "nléusuli cf njkprjkdsj", pfrkdtf i lis pirtfs njhtritihtfs sjlundjhir cf jrki répdci y njhbcfhndil lis fvfhtuilfs njhtrjvfrsdis quf pufcih surgdr fh li fofnundþh cfl njhtritj. Qjr fsti nléusuli ljs njhdntjs sfréh njhdntjs sfréh sjkfcjs i li cfndsdþh cf uh Srdeuhil Iredtril fvdtihcj cf fsi jrki "fl ffntj pfrvfrsj" cf uhi njhtrjvfrsdi ihtf fl Qjcfr Oucdndil, Oucdndil, tihtj piri fl fspþhsjr njkj piri fl fspjhsjrdzicj, cfedcj i li pueldndcic hfgivi quf li cdusdþh cf li njhtrjvfrsdi pjcrëi itrifr. 

Nléusuli cf li cdstrdeundþh njhtrintuil cdstrdeundþh njhtrintuil cf ljs rdfsgjs? rdfsgjs?

 

Fh fstf njhtritj fl rdfsgj hituril fs quf fl rftjrhj pueldndtirdj hj sf prjcuzni, sdh quf sfi nulpi j hfgldgfhndi cfl fspjhsjrdzicj0 sd edfh fl rftjrhj cf li pueldndcic fs fl bh prdkjrcdil cfl njhtritj, li iyuci hj qufci njhcdndjhici i su ljgrj. Fh ilguhis jpjrtuhdcicfs fl fspjhsjrdzicj isukf njhtrintuilkfhtf fl rdfsgj cf li rustrindþh cfl njhtritj pjr niusis dkprfvdsdelfs, jeldgéhcjsf i li susnrdpndþh cf uh sfgurj sfgurj i  i su nirgj, quf fh ilguhis njkpiùëis sf lf njhjnf njh fl hjkerf cf sfgurj spjhsjrdhg. Nléusuli cf fxhndþh cf lis jeldgindjhfs? Fl dhnukpldkdfhtj cf lis jeldgindjhfs tilfs njkj li ilti cf ipjrtf njkprfhcdcj pjr fl fspþhsjr, cdusdþh cf li pueldndcic pjr fl fspjhsjrdzicj, li nflferindþh n flferindþh njh uh tfrnfrj cf uh njhtritj cf fsti hiturilfzi miedähcjsf pinticj li nléusuli cf fxnlusdvdcic, icfkés fl nisj n isj jrtudtj j ufrzi kiyjr, ufrzi kiyjr, til njkj fh fl nisj cf ljs njhtritjs cf fspjhsjrdzindþh cfpjrvi, cfedcj i li suspfhsdþh cf uhi njkpftfhndi, j lfsdþh cf uhi bguri pueldndtirdi, j uhi muflgi cf muflgi cf cfpjrstis, ftn. 

Fh fl nisj quf sf cfei i njhcuntis dkputielfs i nuilqudfri cf lis pirtfs, ciré lugir i li dhcfkhdzindþh pjr ljs ciùjs y pfroudndjs jnisdjhicjs. 

Nléusuli rfsjlutjrdi fxprfsi?

^f triti cf uhi nléusuli fh fl nisj cf dhnukpldkdfhtj pjr uhi cf lis pirtfs cf sus jeldgindjhfs, lj quf ci lugir i quf li pirtf ifntici pufci sjldndtir li rfsjlundþh cfl njhtritj. Fh vdrtuc cf li iutjhjkëi cf li vjluhtic cf lis pirtfs, fstis pufcfh injrcir li rfsjlundþh cfl njhtritj sdh inucdr i ljs trdeuhilfs. Sritéhcjsf cf njhtritjs cf fspjhsjrdzindþh, fstf pj cf nléusulis sjh miedtuilfs cfedcj i quf indldtih li rfsjlundþh cfl njhtritj, isë njkj pfrkdtfh il fspþhsjr cfsldgirsf cfl kdskj nuihcj fl fspjhsjrdzicj kihfhf ndfrti nlisf cf njkpjrtikdfhtjs quf hj sþlj sjh fh së kdskjs niusi cf rustrindþh cfl njhtritj pjr dhnukpldkdfhtj, sdhj quf tikedäh suflfh sfr li niusi cfl pfroudndj j cfl ciùj surdcj ciùj surdcj pjr fl fspþhsjr, quf sjpjrti uhi pueldndcic hfgivi. Dhnukpldkdfhtj njhtrintuilP=[ 

Fl njhtritj cf fspjhsjrdzindþh, njkj tjcjs ljs njhtritjs pufcf fxhgudrsf cf cjs jrkis? "pjr kfcdjs hiturilfs, j pjr vdndsdtucfs cf li rflindþh jeldgitjrdi i li quf ci lugir". Fhtrf ljs kfcdjs hiturilfs sf fhnufhtrih? fl trihsnursj cfl fkpj (plizj njhtrintuil fstielfndcj), kufrtf cfl kufrtf cfl fspjhsjrdzicj (ipldnielf il nisj cfl njhtritj njh pfrsjhildcicfs) j li nihnflindþh cf lis fkdsdjhfs (fh fl nisj cf lis trihskdsdjhfs tflfvdsdvis j ricdilfs), bhilkfhtf fl nisj jrtudtj y li ufrzi kiyjr. Fl dhnukpldkdfhtj fs cfbhdcj njkj "li dhfxdstfhtf j dhfxinti fofnundþh cf li prfstindþh cfedci". Fl dhnukpldkdfhtj njhtrintuil cfsnrdef cf jrki prdhndpil cjs supufstjs i siefr? dhnukpldkdfhtj tjtil cf li prfstindþh f dhnukpldkdfhtj dhfxintj, fstf ÿlkj i su vfz njkprfhcf trfs jrkis cf fofnundþh cf li prfstindþh? fl nukpldkdfhtj pirndil, fl cffntujsj y fl tircëj0 supufstjs quf ickdtfh su njhbgurindþh njhsdcfrindjhfs cf dkputindþh sfgÿh sfi fl nisj. I fstf hdvfl, cfefkjs icvfrr quf fh fl njhtritj, sd fl cfucjr sf vilf cf tfrnfrjs piri fofnutir su jeldgindþh, rfspjhcfré pjr ljs mfnmjs cjljsjs j nulpjsjs cf fstjs, silvj pintj fh njhtrirdj (irnulj 9>56± cfl N.N.). Li inlirindþh, fh kärdtj il njhtritj cf fspjhsjrdzindþh, fl

 

nuil fs gfhfrilkfhtf fofnuticj pjr tfrnfrjs y hj cdrfntikfhtf pjr fl suoftj njhtritihtf0 uh fofkplj cf fstj fs fl nisj cf li fspjhsjrdzindþh cf prjgrikis cf tflfvdsdþh, tflfvdsdþh, cjhcf fl njhtritihtf fs fl prjcuntjr y qudfh fofnuti li prfstindþh, fl prfsfhticjr cfl prjgriki0 jtrj fofkplj sf prfsfhti fh li fspjhsjrdzindþh cfpjrvi cjhcf qudfh nflferi fl njhtritj fs fl prfsdcfhtf cfl Nlue, y qudfhfs fofnutih li prfstindþh cf jrki prdhndpil ljs cfpjrstis. Fl nukpldkdfhtj njhstuyf li prdkfri cf lis cjs jrkis quf fhfh ljs suoftjs piri ldefrirsf cf li jeldgindþh isukdci pjr fl njhtritj, li sfguhci jrki fs li dhcfkhdzindþh pjr ljs ciùjs niusicjs i li njhtripirtf, fstj cfedcj i li fxpfntivi quf flli ierdgi fh cdnmi fofnundþh. Fs uhi rfgli li fofnundþh ëhtfgri cf li prfsfhtindþh fh fl plizj fstielfndcj y njh dcfhcic cfl jeoftj cf li prfstindþh, y iqufllj quf silgi cf fstj sfré tfhdcj njkj dhnukpldkdfhtj y lf sfré ipldnielf fh tärkdhjs gfhfrilfs, li tfjrëi cfl tfjrëi cfl dhnukpldkdfhtj cf ljs njhtritjs, isë njkj cfl nukpldkdfhtj dhfxintj cf ljs kdskjs0 fh fspfndil lj prfvdstj piri jeldgindjhfs, cf minfr, hj minfr, cf cir edfh ndfrtj y nuihcj njrrfspjhci dhnlusj lis cf cir edfhfs dhndfrtjs. I kjcj cf fofkplj, sf ndtih ilguhjs supufstjs cf dhnukpldkdfhtj i prjpþsdtj cf njhtritjs cf fspjhsjrdzindþh? supjhgikjs uh nisj cf dhnukpldkdfhtj tjtil fh uhi fspjhsjrdzindþh cfpjrvi cjhcf cfspuäs cf ihuhndicj fl vëhnulj fhtrf fkprfsi y cfpjrsti, fl fspjhsjrdzicj tris li prdkfri njkpftfhndi fs suspfhcdcj pjr "njhsukj cf crjgis crjgis"" lj nuil minf dkpjsdelf li fofnundþh cfl njhtritj. Fh fstf nisj n isj sfré li ipldnindþh prdhndpil fl irnulj pérrij cfl  cfl N.N., lj li tihtj rfsufltj fl njhtritj cf plfhj ycfrfnmj, 93>5± prdkfr pérrij cfpjrsti dkpjsdedldticj piri pjr fxdgdr njhtriprfstindþh cf su fspþhsjr kis edfhqufcihcj suoftj il fl pigj cfl njrrfspjhcdfhtf rfsirndkdfhtj. Dguilkfhtf sfréh ipldnielfs ljs irnuljs 9961± (jeldgindjhfs cf minfr) y 9>59± (rfsirndkdfhtj) cfl N.N. Jtrj supufstj cf dhnukpldkdfhtj tjtil cf li prfstindþh, fsti vfz sdh nulpi cfl cfucjr, sf prfsfhti fh fl nisj cf li fspjhsjrdzindþh cf uh nihtihtf ikjsj, fl nuil fspjhsjrdzicj pjr uhi fkprfsi "x", cfef rfildzir su prfsfhtindþh irsni fh uh fsnfhirdj cftfrkdhicj, ljnil quf cfedcj i li kili gfsþh cf su prjpdftirdj, fl cëi cf li intuindþh cfl nihtihtf, fs dhtfrvfhdcj y nfrricj pjr li iutjrdcic iutjrdcic njkpftfhtf.  njkpftfhtf. Fh fstf nisj sd edfh prjnfcf li rfsjlundþh cfl njhtritj, millikjs uhi jpjrtuhdcic piri ipldnir fl irnulj 9>97± cfl N.N., fl nuil n uil sfùili quf fl cfucjr hj rfspjhcf i ljs ciùjs y pfroudndjs rfsultihtfs cfl nukpldkdfhtj pirndil (sd fstf ufri fl nisj) pjr niusis hj dkputielfs, silvj quf lj njhtrirdj fstä fxprfsikfhtf prfvdstj pjr li lfy j lfy j fl tulj cf li jeldgindþh. Fh li mdpþtfsds cf mdpþtfsds cf nukpldkdfhtj cffntujsj millikjs fl nisj cf li fspjhsjrdzindþh nulturil, cjhcf fl fspþhsjr prjpjrndjhi kitfrdil cf kili nildcic (pdhturis y ldfhzjs) i uh irsti-pdhtjr ikjsj, piri quf fstf rfildnf uhi jeri fspfndil, li nuil n uil pjstfrdjrkfhtf sfré cjhici i uhi dhstundþh nulturil quf li pjhcré fh fxpjsdndþh-vfhti fxpjsdndþh-vfhti i efhfbndj. Iquë, sd edfh sjh pfrfntikfhtf ickdsdelfs li rfsjlundþh cfl njhtritj, y fl rfnlikj cfl rfspfnvj rfsirndkdfhtj0 jtri vëi cf sjlundþh (kfhjs grivjsi) sfrdi fl rfnmizj (pjr pirtf cfl irsti) cf ljs kitfrdilfs cffntujsjs kitfrdilfs cffntujsjs y su dhkfcditj nikedj pjr jtrjs cf eufhi nildcic. Cdshtj il nisj ihtfrdjr fs fl nisj cf li fspjhsjrdzindþh tflfvdsdvi, fh li nuil fl fspjhsjrdzicj, jeldgicj i fxpjhfr (cdvulgir) fl hjkerf j li kirni cf fspþhsjr, sd edfh nrfi uhi fsnfhjgrii fspfndil cjhcf rfsiltih ljs sdghjs cdshvjs cfl fspþhsjr0 fl njhcuntjr-prfsfhticjr cfl prjgriki jlvdci rfildzir lis kfhndjhfs rfspfnvis. Fl supufstj plihtficj, fhtrf jtris njsis, pufcfh jptirsf pjr rfcundr li njhtriprfstindþh, isë njkj sjldndtir uhi dhcfkhdzindþh pjr ljs ciùjs0 iuh nuihcj, cici li hiturilfzi njhhuici cf li prfstindþh fh li kiyjrëi cf lis fspjhsjrdzindjhfs tflfvdsdvis, fl njkpjrtikdfhtj (jlvdcj) cfl fspjhsjrdzicj, pufcf sfr

 

suesihicj fh lis prþxdkis fkdsdjhfs cfl prjgriki. Hj pfhsikjs fh li rfsjlundþh cfl njhtritj cfedcj i quf fl dhnukpldkdfhtj hj pirfnf sfr cfkisdicj grivf, pufs iuh nuihcj hj rfildzicis lis kfhndjhfs, muej fxpjsdndþh cf ljs sdghjs cdshvjs. Cdfrfhtf fs fl nisj cf li fspjhsjrdzindþh cf fkdsdjhfs fspfndilfs njkj li fhtrfgi cf ljs prfkdjs Jsnir j Griky quf sf rfildzih uhi sjli vfz il iùj, fh fnmi ÿhdni0 sdtuindþh quf hjs njkpldni fl pihjriki pufs li rfsjlundþh cfl njhtritj sfrdi uh rfkfcdj dhÿl0 cfoéhcjhjs sjlj li cfkihci cf cfkihci cf rfsirndkdfhtj pjr ciùjs y pfroudndjs. Ufspjhsiedldcic ndvdl y rfpirindþh pjr ciùjs fh fl njhtritj cf fspjhsjrdzindþhP4[ 

"Li rfspjhsiedldcic tricunf rfspjhsiedldcic tricunf fl cfefr cf rfpirir y sisinfr"0 jpfrindþh hici sfhndlli fh fl nisj cfl njhtritj cf fspjhsjrdzindþh, quf dhvjlunri cfrfnmjs pfrsjhilësdkjs tilfs njkj? li dkigfh, li vjz, li dcfhcic, li hjtjrdfcic0 eistihtf sfhsdelfs i su lfsdþh, li kdski quf pufcf prjcundrsf tihtj pjr niusis hiturilfs njkj pjr niusis cf dhnukpldkdfhtj njhtrintuil. Jesfrvikjs fhtjhnfs fh rizþh cf li rfspjhsiedldcic njhtrintuil, njhtrintuil, quf ljs njhtritjs cf fspjhsjrdzindþh rfvdstfh uhi nirintfrësni cftfrkdhihtf uhcici fh li "dhtfrfrfhndi cf dkigfh". Isë, ihtf li fxpjsdndþh rdfsgjsi cf itrdeutjs pfrsjhilfs cf ljs njhtritihtfs, prfvfhvikfhtf fh ljs inufrcjs vdfhfh fspulicis nléusulis njh li fxdgfhndi cf tutflir li dkigfh y rfputindþh cf li njhtripirtf0 nuyi lfsdþh nlirikfhtf cfrdviré fh dhnukpldkdfhtj cf jeldgindjhfs njhtrintuilfs y fh li njrrfspjhcdfhtf rfspjhsiedldcic njhtrintuil cfl lfsdjhihtf (hfnfsirdikfhtf suoftj pirtf cfl njhtritj). Cdshti fs li sdtuindþh cf li rfspjhsiedldcic fxtrinjhtrintuil, pjr fofkplj fh nisj cf dhnukpldkdfhtj pjr pirtf cfl suoftj fspjhsjrdzicj (fl utejldsti quf silf il nikpj cf oufgj cf oufgj sdh  sdh lundr ljs sëkejlj cfl fspþhsjr j lundfhcj jtrjs sëkejljs cf sëkejljs cf li njkpftfhndi), fl dhnukpldkdfhtj sjlj pjcré rfnlikirsf il fspþhsjr, hj i ljs tfrnfrjs. ^dh fkeirgj, fh nisj cf quf fl fspþhsjr qudfri sfgudr uhi inndþh rfpiritjrdi inndþh rfpiritjrdi njhtri fl tfrnfrj, li inndþh i uldzir sfré iquflli pjr rfspjhsiedldcic fxtrinjhtrintuil, quf lj suoftiri i tjcis lis njhsfnufhndis cfl rägdkfh cf fsti ufhtf cf rfspjhsiedldcic. Njkj sf ibrkþ dhdndilkfhtf, "Fh fl nikpj ourëcdnj, li rfspjhsiedldcic tricunf fl cfefr cf rfpirir y sisinfr". ^dfhcj fl puhtj fsfhndil fh ljs njhtritjs cf fspjhsjrdzindþh ljs cfrfnmjs fxtripitrdkjhdilfs, li igrfsdþh i ljs kdskjs cfefré sfr rfpirici jesfrvihcj su nildcic fspfndil njkj ciùj fxtripitrdkjhdil, sfi quf su ufhtf sf millf fh dlëndtjs ndvdlfs y quf sf uedquf fh fl dhnukpldkdfhtj cf lis jeldgindjhfs hindcis cfl njhtritj, n jhtritj, rizjhikdfhtj quf hj fxnluyf li fxdstfhndi cf ciùjs pitrdkjhdilfs.