Contract 3RD Sem I

 

QBKCY] D@ F AFBHOO

F rosofrmc pfpor suanbttoi bl `uh`bhnolt d` tco mdurso Hfw d` Mdltrfmts- BB `dr tco roqubronolt d` tco Iokroo A.F.HH.A. (Cdls.) `dr tco Fmfionbm ]ossbdl 1762-17.

]uanbttoi ay 5 Wrfsbicb Fkrfwfh Qdhh Ld 5 62?7

]uanbttoi td 5 Pbefy Junfr Pbnfh Fssbstflt Wrd`ossdr

]optonaor, 1762 Mcflfjyf Lftbdlfh Hfw _lbvorsbty

 Lyfyf Lfkfr, Lfkfr, N Nbtcfpur btcfpur Wftlf - 377776

Wfko 6

 

FMJLD[HOIKONOLY Ft `brst B wduhi hbjo td oxpross ny ioop krftbtuio fli sblmoro tcfljs td Nr.Pbefy Junfr Pbnfh `dr kbvblk vfhufaho blstrumtbdl fli prombso sukkostbdl rokfriblk sohomtbdl fli mdltolts

d` tco prdeomt tdpbm. Ny sblmoro krftbtuio fhsd td ny solbdrs `dr tcobr md-dporftbdl fli wcdso sukkostbdl fli kubiflmo fssbstoi no tcrdukcdut tco oltbro toluro d` nfjblk tco prdeomt. B wduhi fhsd hbjo td tcflj ny pfrolt fli `rbolis `dr scdwblk tcobr jool bltorost fli oltcusbfsn bl ovory wdrj wcbmc wfs f kroft sdurmo d` blspbrftbdl. Hfsthy, B fhsd oxpross ny tcfljs td tco futcdrs wcdso wdris woro tcdrdukchy stuiboi ay no td mdnphoto tcbs prdeomt. Wrfsbicb Fkrfwfh A.F.HHA (Cdls.) =ri ]onostor Qdhh Ld. 62?7

Wfko 1

 

IOMHFQFYBDL B, coroay iomhfro tcft tco wdrj ropdrtoi bl tco A.F,HH.A. (Cdls.) Wrdeomt Qopdrt oltbthoi ‘Qbkcts d` f Afbhoo„ suanbttoi ft ‘Mcflfjyf Lftbdlfh Hfw _lbvorsbty, Wftlf bs fl futcoltbm romdri d` ny wdrj mfrrboi ulior tco suporvbsbdl d` . B cfvo ldt suanbttoi tcbs wdrj ohsowcoro `dr fly iokroo dr ibphdnf. B fn `uhhy rospdlsbaho `dr tco mdltolts d` ny prdeomt ropdrt.

WQF]BICB WQF]B ICB FKQF[FH FKQF[FH

Wfko =

 

YFAHO D@ MDLYOLY]

6. Bltr Bltrdi dium umtb tbdl dl

70

1. Io`blbtb Io`blbtbdl dl d` Afb Afbhnol hnoltt (]omtbd (]omtbdl l 693)

7;

=. Ossolt Ossoltbfh bfh @oft @oftur uros os

73

9. Jb Jbli liss d` Afbh Afbhno nolt lt

67

?. Iutb Iutbos os d` Afbh Afbhoo oo

66

0. Qb Qbkc kcts ts d` Af Afbh bhoo oo

69

;. Qbkcts Qbkcts d` Afbh Afbhdr dr fli Afbhoo Afbhoo fkfblst fkfblst wrdlk-i wrdlk-idor dor

6;

3. Yornblf ornblftbd tbdl l d` Af Afbhn bhnol oltt

63

2. Mdlm Mdlmhu husb sbdl dl

62

67. Abahbdkr Abahbdkrfpcy fpcy

16

Wfko 9

 

FBN] FLI DAEOMYBPO]5  Ycbs rosofrmc pfpor hddjs ft tco Wrdnbso, bts `drnftbdl, tco vfrbdus ioaftoi mdlmorlblk bts vfhbibty fli ol`drmonolt, fli tco vfhuo wcbmc wfs fttfmcoi td bt ay ib``orolt hokfh systons.

QO]OFQMC NOYCDIDHDKR Bl iovohdpblk tcbs rosofrmc pfpor, flfhytbmfh notcdi cfs aool usoi fli ro`orolmos `rdn toxt cfvo  aool tfjol td strolktcol tco flfhysbs. Yco idmtrblfh ndio d` rosofrmc cfs aool `dhhdwoi. Qosofrmc cfs fhsd aool idlo bl tco hbarfry td kot tco roqubroi iftf. Pfrbdus sdurmos d` iftf cfvo  aool usoi- adtc prbnfry fli somdlifry somdli fry.. Wrbnfry iftf nfblhy blmhuios Euiknolts fli somdlifry iftf aoblk vfrbdus addjs, edurlfhs, lowspfpor otm. Yco hfw dl tcbs pdblt cfs aool nfblhy flfhysoi fli ox- phfbloi tcrdukc tco prbsn d` mfso hfws fli wbtc tco cohp d` porsdlfh hfws.

]MDWO FLI HBNBYFYBDL] Iuo td spfmo mdlstrfblts, tco pfpor bs hbnbtoi td f arbo` ibsmussbdl d` tco pdblts sot fadvo.

QO]OFQMC V_O]YBDL] 6. [cft bs ttco co io`blbtbdl io`blbtbdl d` Afbhnolt4 Afbhnolt4 1. [cft fro tc tcoo rbkcts fli iutbos iutbos d` afbhdr4 afbhdr4 =. Cdw idos tor tornblftb nblftbdl dl d` afbhnolt afbhnolt tfjo phfmo4 phfmo4

Wfko ?

 

BLYQDI_MYBDL Afbhnolt bs fldtcor typo d` spombfh mdltrfmt. ]blmo bt bs f –mdltrfmt‒, lfturfhhy fhh afsbm roqubronolts d` mdltrfmt fro fpphbmfaho. - - Afbhnolt nofls fmt d` iohbvorblk kddis `dr f spomb`boi purpdso dl trust. Yco kddis fro td ao roturloi f`tor tco purpdso bs dvor. Yco afbhnolt 

afbhdr 

torn  bs iorbvoisblmo `rdntco tcoafbhdr @rolmc , "td iohbvor." Bt bsdr kolorfhhy mdlsbioroi td ao f mdltrfmtufh rohftbdlscbp fli afbhoo, obtcor oxprosshy bnphboihy, abli tconsohvos td fmt fmmdriblk td pfrtbmuhfr torns. Yco afbhoo romobvos dlhy mdltrdh dr pdssossbdl d` tco  prdporty wcbho tco afbhdr rotfbls tco dwlorscbp bltorosts bl bt. Iurblk tco spomb`bm porbdi f  afbhnolt oxbsts, tco afbhoo's bltorost bl tco prdporty bs suporbdr td tcft d` fhh dtcors, blmhuiblk tco  afbhdr, ulhoss tco afbhoo vbdhftos sdno torn d` tco fkroonolt. Dlmo tco purpdso `dr wcbmc tco  prdporty cfs aool iohbvoroi cfs aool fmmdnphbscoi, tco prdporty wbhh ao roturloi td tco afbhdr dr dtcorwbso ibspdsoi d` pursuflt td tco afbhdr's ibromtbdls. F afbhnolt bs ldt tco sfno fs f sfho, wcbmc bs fl bltoltbdlfh trfls`or d` dwlorscbp d` porsdlfh  prdporty bl oxmcflko `dr sdnotcblk d` vfhuo. F afbhnolt blvdhvos dlhy f trfls`or d` pdssossbdl dr mustdiy, ldt d` dwlorscbp. F roltfh dr hofso d` porsdlfh prdporty nbkct ao f afbhnolt, iopoliblk updl tco fkroonolt d` tco pfrtbos. F afbhnolt bs mroftoi wcol f pfrjblk kfrfko fttoliflt, tco  afbhoo, bs kbvol tco joys td f ndtdr vocbmho ay bts dwlor, tco afbhdr. Yco dwlor, bl fiibtbdl td roltblk tco spfmo, cfs trfls`orroi pdssossbdl fli mdltrdh d` tco vocbmho ay rohblqubscblk bts joys td tco fttoliflt. B` tco joys woro ldt nfio fvfbhfaho fli tco vocbmho wfs hdmjoi, tco frrflkonolt wduhi ao strbmthy f roltfh dr hofso, sblmo tcoro wfs ld trfls`or d` pdssossbdl. Bl afbhnolt, pdssossbdl d` kddis bs trfls`orroi, aut prdporty b.o. dwlorscbp bs ldt trfls`orroi. F ‘afbhnolt„ bs tco iohbvory d` kddis ay dlo porsdl td fldtcor `dr sdno purpdso, updl f mdltrfmt tcft tcoy scfhh, wcol tco purpdso bs fmmdnphbscoi, ao roturloi dr dtcorwbso ibspdsoi d` fmmdriblk td tco ibromtbdls d` tco porsdl iohbvorblk tcon. Yco porsdl iohbvorblk tco kddis bs mfhhoi tco ‘afbhdr„. Yco porsdl td wcdn tcoy fro iohbvoroi bs mfhhoi tco ‘afbhoo„. -  Oxphflftbdl 5 B` f porsdl fhrofiy bl pdssossbdl d` tco kddis d` fldtcor, mdltrfmts td cdhi tcon fs f afbhoo, co tcoroay aomdnos tco afbhoo, fli dwlor aomdnos tco afbhdr, d` sumc kddis, fhtcdukc tcoy nfy ldt cfvo aool iohbvoroi ay wfy d` afbhnolt. Zsomtbdl 693^. Afbhnolt mfl ao dlhy d` –kddis‒. Fs por somtbdl 1(;) d` ]fho d` Kddis Fmt, –kddis‒ nofls ovory jbli d` ndvfaho prdporty dtcor tcfl ndloy fli fmtbdlfaho mhfbn. - - Ycus, joopblk ndloy bl  aflj fmmdult bs ldt –afbhnolt‒. Fsjblk f porsdl td hddj f`tor ydur cduso dr `frn iurblk ydur fasolmo bs ldt –afbhnolt‒, fs cduso dr `frn bs ldt f ndvfaho prdporty.

Wfko 0

 

IO@BLBYBDL D@ AFBHNOLY (]om. 693) Afbhnolt bs f jbli d` fmtbvbty bl wcbmc tco prdporty d` dlo porsdl tonpdrfrbhy kdos bltd tco  pdssossbdl d` fldtcor. Yco dwlorscbp d` tco prdporty ronfbls wbtc tco kbvor, wcbho dlhy tco  pdssossbdl kdos td fldtcor. ]ovorfh sbtuftbdls bl ify td ify hb`o sumc fs kbvblk f vocbmho `dr ropfbr, dr pfrjblk f smddtor bl f pfrjblk hdt, kbvblk f mhdtc td f tfbhdr `dr stbtmcblk, fro oxfnphos d` afbhnolt. ]omtbdl 693 d` Blibfl Mdltrfmt Fmt 63;1, io`blos afbhnolt fs `dhhdws  ]omtbdl 693 - F afbhnolt bs tco iohbvory d` kddis kdd is ay dlo porsdl por sdl td fldtcor `dr sdno purpdso, pur pdso, updl f mdltrfmt tcft tcoy scfhh, wcol tco purpdso bs fmmdnphbscoi, ao roturloi dr dtcorwbso ibspdsoi d` fmmdriblk td tco ibromtbdls d` tco porsdl iohbvorblk tcon. Yco porsdl iohbvorblk tco kddis bs mfhhoi tco afbhdr fli tco porsdl td wcdn tcoy fro iohbvoroi bs mfhhoi tco afbhoo.    Oxphflftbdl - B` f porsdl bs fhrofiy bl pdssossbdl d` tco kddis d` fldtcor mdltrfmts td cdhi tcon fs f afhboo, co tcoroay aomdnos tco afbhoo fli tco afbhdr aomdnos tco afbhdr d` sumc  kddis fhtcdukc tcoy nfy ldt cfvo aool iohbvoroi ay wfy d` afbhnolt. 

F hokfh rohftbdlscbp mroftoi wcol f porsdl kbvos prdporty td sdnodlo ohso `dr sf`ojoopblk. Yd mrofto f afbhnolt tco dtcor pfrty nust jldwblkhy cfvo oxmhusbvo mdltrdh dvor tco prdporty. Yco romobvor nust uso rofsdlfaho mfro td prdtomt tco prdporty. Ycbs wdri bs iorbvoi `rdn tco @rolmc, afbhdr, td iohbvor. Bt bs f mdnpolibdus oxprossbdl, td sbklb`y f mdltrfmt rosuhtblk `rdn iohbvory. Bt cfs aool io`bloi td ao f iohbvory d` kddis dl f mdlibtbdl, oxpross dr bnphboi, tcft tcoy scfhh ao rostdroi ay tco afbhoo td tco afbhdr, dr fmmdriblk td cbs ibromtbdls, fs sddl fs tco purpdsos `dr wcbmc tcoy fro afbhoi scfhh ao flsworoi. Dr bt bs f iohbvory d` kddis bl trust, dl f mdltrfmt obtcor oxprossoi dr bnphboi, tcft tco trust scfhh ao iuhy oxomutoi, fli tco kddis roiohbvoroi, fs sddl fs tco tbno dr uso `dr wcbmc tcoy woro afbhoi scfhh cfvo ohfpsoi dr ao por`drnoi. Ofmc d` tcoso io`blbtbdls, sfys Euiko ]tdry, soons roiuliflt fli blfmmurfto b` bt ao tco prdpor d``bmo d` f io`blbtbdl td blmhuio tcdso tcblks dlhy wcbmc aohdlk td tco kolus dr mhfss. Adtc tcoso io`blbtbdls suppdso tcft tco kddis fro td ao rostdroi dr roiohbvoroi: aut bl f afbhnolt `dr sfho, fs updl f mdlsbklnolt td f `fmtdr, ld roiohbvory bs mdltonphftoi aotwool tco pfrtbos. Bl sdno mfsos, ld uso bs mdltonphftoi ay tco afbhoo, bl dtcors, bt bs d` tco ossolmo d` tco mdltrfmt5 bl sdno mfsos tbno bs nftorbfh td tornblFto tco mdltrfmt: bl dtcors, tbno bs lomossfry td kbvo f low fmmossdrbfh rbkct. Nr. Eustbmo Ahfmjstdlo cfs io`bloi f afbhnolt ‘td ao f iohbvory d` kddis bl trust, updl mdltrfmt, obtcor oxprossoi dr bnphboi, tcft tco trust scfhh ao `fbtc`uhhy oxomutoi dl tco pfrt d` tco afbhoo. Fli bl fldtcor phfmo, fs tco iohbvory d` kddis td fldtcor porsdl `dr f pfrtbmuhfr uso.„ Nr. Eustbmo ]tdry sfys, tcft ‘f afbhnolt bs f iohbvory d` f tcblk bl trust `dr sdno spombfh daeomt dr purpdso, fli updl f mdltrfmt, oxpross dr bnphboi, td mdl`drn td tco daeomt dr purpdso d` tco

trust.„ Wfko ;

 

O]]OLYBFH @OFY_QO]@OFY_QO]- AFBHNOY Fmmdriblk td tcbs io`blbtbdl tco `dhhdwblk fro tco ossoltbfh ohonolts d` afbhnolt -

6. Iohb Iohbvo vory ry d` kd kddi diss

Yco pdssossbdl d` kddis nust trfls`or `rdn dlo porsdl td fldtcor. Iohbvory bs ldt sfno fs mustdiy. @dr oxfnpho, f sorvflt cdhiblk cbs nfstor's unarohhf bs ldt f afbhoo aut dlhy f mustdibfl. Yco kddis nust ao cflioi dvor td tco afbhoo `dr wcftovor bs tco purpdso d` tco  afbhnolt. Bl _htzol vs Lbmdhs 6329, tco phfbltb`` wolt td f rostfurflt `dr iblblk. [col co oltoroi tco rddn, tco wfbtor tddj cbs mdft fli culk bt dl f cddj aocbli cbn. [col tco phfbltb`` frdso td hofvo, tco mdft wfs kdlo. Bt wfs cohi tcft tco wfbtor vdhultfrbhy tddj tco rospdlsbabhbty d` joopblk tco mdft wcbho tco mustdnor wfs iblblk fli wfs tcus f afbhoo. Ycoro`dro, co wfs hbfaho td roturl bt. Mdltrfstblk tcbs mfso wbtc Jfhbfporunfh Wbhhfb vs Pbsfhfjscnb FBQ 62=3 , wo mfl soo tco noflblk d` iohbvory. Bl tcbs mfso, f wdnfl kfvo sdno kdhi td f eowohor td nfjo eowohory. Ovory ovolblk sco usoi td tfjo tco ul`blbscoi eowohs, put bt bl f adx, hdmj tco adx fli tfjo tco joys d` tco adx wbtc cor wcbho hofvblk tco adx ft tco kdhisnbtc. Dlo ndrlblk, wcol tco dpoloi tco adx tco kdhi wfs kdlo. Bt wfs cohi tcft, bl tco lbkct, tco pdssossbdl d` tco kdhi wfs ldt wbtc tco eowohor aut wbtc tco phfbltb`` aomfuso sco hdmjoi tco adx fli jopt tco joys wbtc cor.Fs tco oxphflftbdl td somtbdl 693 sfys, ovol b` f porsdl fhrofiy cfs tco pdssossbdl d` kddis tcft co idos ldt dwl, co mfl aomdno f afbhoo ay oltorblk bltd f mdltrfmt wbtc tco  afbhdr.. Bl sumc f mfso, tco fmtufh fmt d`  afbhdr d ` iohbvory bs ldt idlo aut bs mdlsbioroi td ao vfhbi `dr  afbhnolt. Yypos d` Iohbvory - Fs por somtbdl 692, tco iohbvory td tco afbhoo nfy ao nfio ay idblk flytcblk wcbmc cfs tco o``omt d` puttblk tco kddis bl tco pdssossbdl d` tco bltolioi afbhoo dr d` fly porsdl futcdrbzoi td cdhi tcon dl cbs aocfh`. Ycbs nofls tcft tco iohbvory mfl ao nfio td obtcor tco afbhoo dr td fly dtcor porsdl wcdn tco afhboo futcdrbzos. Ycbs porsdl mfl  ao tco afbhdr cbnsoh`. Ycbs kbvos us twd typos d` iohbvory - Fmtufh fli Mdlstrumtbvo. Bl fmtufh iohbvory, tco pcysbmfh pdssossbdl d` tco kddis bs cflioi dvor td tco afbhoo wcbho bl mdlstrumtbvo iohbvory tco pdssossbdl d` tco kddis ronfbls wbtc tco afbhdr updl futcdrbzftbdl d` tco afbhoo. Bl dtcor wdris, tco afbhoo futcdrbzos tco porsdl td joop pdssossbdl d` tco kddis. Bl Aflj d` Mcbttdr vs Lfrsbnauhu FBQ 6200 , f porsdl phoikoi mblonf prdeomtdr wbtc tco aflj aut tco aflj fhhdwoi cbn td joop tco prdeomtdr sd fs td joop tco mblonf cfhh rullblk. FW CM cohi tcft tcbs wfs mdlstrumtbvo iohbvory aomfuso sdnotcblk wfs idlo tcft mcflkoi tco hokfh pdssossbdl d` tco prdeomtdr. Ovol tcdukc tco pcysbmfh pdssossbdl wfs wbtc

tco porsdl, tco hokfh pdssossbdl wfs wbtc tco aflj. Wfko 3

 

  1. Iohbvory updl mdltrfmt  @dr f vfhbi afbhnolt, tco iohbvory nust ao idlo updl f mdltrfmt tcft tco kddis wbhh ao roturloi wcol tco purpdso bs fmmdnphbscoi. B` tco kddis fro kbvol wbtcdut fly mdltrfmt, tcoro bs ld afbhnolt. Bl Qfn Kuhfn vs Kdvt. d` _W FBQ 62?7 , phfbltb``s drlfnolts woro sobzoi  ay pdhbmo dl tco suspbmbdl tcft tcoy woro stdhol. Yco drlfnolts woro hftor dl stdhol `rdn tco mustdiy dr pdhbmo fli tco phfbltb`` suoi tco kdvt. `dr roturlblk tco drlfnolts. Bt wfs cohi tcft tco kddis woro ldt kbvol td tco pdhbmo ulior fly mdltrfmt fli tcus tcoro wfs ld afbhnolt.  Cdwovor, tcbs iombsbdl wfs mrbtbmbzoi fli `blfhhy, bl ]tfto d` Kuefrft vs Noldl Ndcfnnfi FBQ 620;, ]M cohi tcft afbhnolt mfl cfppol ovol wbtcdut fl oxphbmbt mdltrfmt. Bl tcbs mfso, mortfbl ndtdr vocbmhos woro sobzoi ay tco ]tfto ulior ]of Mustdns Fmt, wcbmc woro tcol ifnfkoi. ]M cohi tcft tco kdvt. wfs bliooi tco afbhoo fli tco ]tfto wfs rospdlsbaho `dr prdpor mfro d` tco kddis. =. Mdlibtbdlfh Iohbvory  Yco iohbvory d` kddis bs ldt pornflolt. Yco pdssossbdl bs kbvol td tco afbhoo dlhy dl tco mdlibtbdl tcft co wbhh obtcor roturl tco kddis dr ibspdso tcon fmmdriblk td tco wbscos d` tco  afbhor f`tor tco purpdso `dr wcbmc tco kddis woro kbvol. @dr oxfnpho, wcol tco stbtmcblk bs mdnphoto, tco tfbhdr bs suppdsoi td roturl tco kfrnolt td tco afbhdr. B` tco afbhoo bs ldt aduli td roturl tco kddis td tco afbhdr, tcol tco rohftbdlscbp aotwool tcon bs ldt d` afbhnolt. Ycbs bs f joy `ofturo d` afbhnolt tcft ibstblkubscos bt `rdn dtcor typo d` rohftbdls sumc fs fkolmy. E ]cotty d` ]M bl _ Md. Aflj vs Con Mcflirf ]frjfr 6227, dasorvoi tcft tco ibstblkubscblk `ofturo aotwool f afbhnolt fli fl fkolmy bs tcft tco afbhoo idos ldt roprosolt tco afbhdr. Co norohy oxormbsos sdno rbkcts d` tco afbhdr dvor tco afbhoi prdporty. Yco afbhoo mflldt abli tco afbhdr ay cbs fmts. Ycus, f afljor wcd wfs cdhiblk tco kddis dl aocfh` d` bts fmmdult cdhior `dr tco purpdso d` iohbvorblk tcon td cbs mustdnors fkfblst pfynolt, wfs dlhy f afbhoo fli ldt fl fkolt.

Wfko 2

 

JBLI] D@ AFBHNOLY Afbhnolt nfy ao mhfssb`boi `rdn tco pdblt d` vbow d` (F) aolo`bt (A) rowfri td tco pfrtbos. F. Jblis `rdn aolo`bt pdblt d` vbow.

@rdn aolo`bt pdblt d` vbow, afbhnolts mfl ao krdupoi bltd tcroo mhfssos5 6. Afbhnolt `dr tco oxmhusbvo aolo`bt d` tco afbhdr, o.k. afbhdr hofvos kddis bl tco sf`o mustdiy d` tco afbhoo wbtcdut fly mdnpolsftbdl td ao pfbi. 1. Afbhnolt `dr tco oxmhusbvo aolo`bt d` tco afbhoo, o.k. f hdfl d` sdno frtbmho. Ycus wcoro F  adrrdws A s `dultfbl pol td uso bl tco oxfnblftbdl cfhh, tco afbhnolt bs `dr tco sdho aolo`bt a olo`bt d` F, tco afbhoo. =. Afbhnolt `dr tco nutufh aolo`bt d` tco afbhdr fli tco afbhoo. Bt bs tco ndst mdnndl typo d`  afbhnolt. Mdltrfmts `dr ropfbr, cbro, otm. `fhh wbtcbl tcbs mhfss, wcorobl tco afbhdr romobvos tco  aolo`bt d` sorvbmo fli tco afbhoo aolo`bts ay tco romobpt d` tco fkrooi mcfrkos. A. Jblis `rdn rowfri pdblt d` vbow.

Afbhnolts nfy fhsd ao mhfssb`boi dl tco afsbs d` rowfri bltd5 Krftubtdus afbhnolt5 Bt bs dlo bl wcbmc lobtcor tco afbhdr ldr tco afbhoo bs oltbthoi td fly ronulorftbdl, o.k. hdfl d` f addj td f `rboli, iopdsbtblk d` kddis `dr sf`o mustdiy wbtcdut fly mcfrko. Ldl-krftubtdus afbhnolt5 Bt bs fhsd mfhhoi fs f afbhnolt `dr rowfri. Coro, obtcor tco afbhdr dr tco  afbhoo bs oltbthoi td ronulorftbdl, o.k., ndtdrmfr hot dut `dr cbro, mhdtc kbvol `dr tfbhdrblk `dr mcfrkos. Mdlsbiorftbdl bl Qohftbdl td Krftubtdus Afbhnolts Ycoro frbsos f lomossbty d` ibsmdvorblk f mdlsbiorftbdl td suppdrt f mdltrfmt d` afbhnolt wcoro bt bs `dr tco oxmhusbvo aolo`bt d` tco afbhdr dr `dr tco oxmhusbvo aolo`bt d` tco afbhoo , tcft bs, wcoro bt bs f krftubtdus afbhnolt. ¶ Worcfps vbowblk sumc f trflsfmtbdl fs f wcdho vory mfro`uhhy scfhh olfaho us td soo cdw tco idmtrblo d` mdlsbiorftbdl bs sftbs`boi. Yco iotrbnolt su``oroi ay tco  afbhdr bl pfrtblk wbtc tco pdssossbdl d` tco kddis bs su``bmbolt mdlsbiorftbdl td suppdrt tco  prdnbso dl tco pfrt d` tco afbhoo td roturl tco kddis.

Wfko 67

 

I_YBO] D@ AFBHOO 6. Iuty td tfjo rofsdlfaho mfro  Bl Olkhbsc hfw tco iutbos d` f krftubtdus fli ldl-krftubtdus afbhoo fro ib``orolt. Cdwovor, bl Blibfl hfw, ]omtbdl 6?6 trofts fhh jblis d` afbhoos tco sfno wbtc rospomt td tco iuty. Bt sfys tcft bl fhh mfsos d` afbhnolt, tco afbhoo bs aduli td tfjo fs numc mfro d` tco kddis afbhoi td cbn fs f nfl d` driblfry pruiolmo wduhi, ulior sbnbhfr mbrmunstflmos tfjo, d` cbs dwl kddis d` tco sfno auhj, qufhbty, fli vfhuo fs tco kddis afbhoi. Yco afbhoo nust troft tco kddis fs cbs dwl bl torns d` mfro. Cdwovor, tcbs idos ldt nofl tcft b` tco afbhdr bs kolorfhhy mfrohoss fadut cbs dwl kddis, co mfl ao mfrohoss fadut tco afbhoi kddis fs wohh. Co nust tfjo mfro d` tco kddis fs fly porsdl d` driblfry pruiolmo wduhi d` cbs tcblks.  Bl Ahdult vs [fr D``bmo 62?=, f cduso aohdlkblk td tco phfbltb`` wfs roqubsbtbdloi ay tco [fr D``bmo. Co wfs fhhdwoi td joop cbs mortfbl frtbmhos bl f rddn d` tco cduso, wcbmc co hdmjoi. Yco trddps wcd dmmupboi tco cduso woro ldt wohh mdltrdhhoi fli ardjo bltd tco rddn mfusblk ifnfko fli tco`t d` tco frtbmhos. Bt wfs cohi tcft [fr d``bmo ibi ldt tfjo mfro d` tco cduso fs fl dwlor wduhi fli cohi tco [fr D``bmo D``bmo hbfaho `dr tco hdss.  Afbhoo, wcol ldt hbfaho `dr hdss otm. `dr tcblk afbhoi -

Fs por somtbdl 6?1, bl fasolmo d` f spombfh mdltrfmt, tco afbhoo bs ldt rospdlsbaho `dr hdss, iostrumtbdl, dr iotorbdrftbdl d` tco tcblk afbhoi, b` co cfs tfjol tco fndult d` mfro fs iosmrbaoi bl somtbdl 6?6. Ycbs nofls tcft b` tco afbhoo cfs tfjol fs numc mfro d` tco kddis fs fly dwlor d` driblfry pruiolmo wduhi tfjo d` cbs kddis, tcol tco afbhoo wbhh ldt ao hbfaho `dr tco hdss, iostrumtbdl, dr iotorbdrftbdl d` tco kddis. Ld `bxoi ruho rokfriblk cdw numc mfro bs su``bmbolt mfl ao hfbi idwl fli tco lfturo, qufhbty, fli auhj d` kddis wbhh ao tfjol bltd mdlsbiorftbdl td `bli dut b` prdpor mfro wfs tfjol dr ldt. Bl Kdpfh ]blkc vs Wulefa Lftbdlfh Aflj, FBQ 62;0, Iohcb CM cohi tcft dl tco fmmdult d` pfrtbtbdl d` tco mdultry, wcol f aflj cfi td `hoo fhdlk wbtc nfss oxdius `rdn Wfjbstfl td Blibf, tco aflj wfs ldt hbfaho `dr tco kddis afbhoi td bt bl Wfjbstfl. B` tco afbhoo cfs tfjol su``bmbolt mfro bl tco somurbty d` tco kddis, tcol co wbhh ldt ao hbfaho b` tcoy fro stdhol. Cdwovor, lokhbkolmo bl somurbty, `dr oxfnpho hofvblk f abmymho ulhdmjoi dl tco stroot, wduhi mfuso tco afbhoo td ao hbfaho. Bl Edbl & ]dl vs Mdnordl 6211 , tco phfbltb`` stfyoi bl f cdtoh fli jopt cbs aohdlkblk bl cbs rddn, wcbmc woro stdhol. Yco cdtoh wfs cohi hbfaho aomfuso tcoy ibi ldt tfjo mfro d` bts somurbty fs fl dwl dwlor or wduhi.  B` hdss bs mfusoi iuo td tco sorvflt d` tco afbhoo, tco afbhoo wduhi ao hbfaho b` tco sorvflt's fmt bs wbtcbl tco smdpo d` cbs onphdynolt.

Wfko 66

 

]pombfh Mdltrfmt 

Yco oxtolt d` tcbs rospdlsbabhbty mfl ao mcflkoi ay f mdltrfmt aotwool tco afbhdr fli tco  afbhoo. Cdwovor, bt bs stbhh ioaftfaho wcotcor tco rospdlsbabhbty mfl ao roiumo dr bt mfl ao blmrofsoi ay f mdltrfmt. ]omtbdl 6?1 dpols wbtc, wbtc, "Bl fasolmo d` spombfh mdltrfmt", wcbmc bs bltorprotoi ay Wulefa fli Cfryflf CM, fs tco afbhoo mfl osmfpo cbs rospdlsbabhbty ay wfy d` f mdltrfmt wbtc tco afbhdr. Cdwovor, bl fldtcor mfso Kuefrft CM cohi tcft tco aflj wfs hbfaho `dr hdss d` afhos d` mdttdl jopt bl bts mustdiy brrospomtbvo d` tco mhfuso tcft fasdhvoi tco aflj d` fhh hbfabhbty. Ycbs soons td ao `fbr aomfuso ld dlo mfl kot f hbmolso td ao lokhbkolt fli f nblbnun stflifri d` mfro bs oxpomtoi `rdn ovoryadiy ovo ryadiy.. 1. Iuty ldt td nfjo nfjo ulfutcd ulfutcdrbzo rbzoi i uso ((]omt ]omtbdl bdl 6?9) 6?9) ]omtbdl 6?9 sfys tcft b` tco afbhoo nfjos fly uso d` tco kddis afbhoi wcbmc bs ldt fmmdriblk td tco mdlibtbdls d` tco afbhnolt, co bs hbfaho td nfjo mdnpolsftbdl td tco afbhdr `dr fly ifnfko frbsblk td tco kddis `rdn dr iurblk sumc uso d` tcon

.  Bhhustrftbdl - F holis cdrso td A `dr cbs dwl rbiblk dlhy. A fhhdws M, f nonaor d` cbs `fnbhy, td rbio tco cdrso. M rbios wbtc mfro aut tco cdrso bs bleuroi. A bs hbfaho td mdnpolsfto F `dr tco bleury td tco cdrso. F cbros f cdrso bl Mfhmuttf `rdn A oxprosshy td nfrmc td Aolfros. F rbios wbtc mfro aut nfrmcos td Muttfmj blstofi. Yco cdrso fmmbioltfhhy `fhhs fli bs bleuroi. F bs hbfaho td nfjo mdnpolsftbdl td A.Ycus, wo mfl soo tcft afbhoo bs suppdsoi td uso tco kddis dlhy fs por tco purpdso d` tco  afbhnolt. B` tco afbhoo nfjos fly ulfutcdrbzoi uso d` tco kddis, co wbhh ao cohi fasdhutohy hbfaho `dr fly ifnfkos. =. Iuty Iuty ldt ldt td nbx nbx (]omtb (]omtbdl dl 6??6??-6?; 6?;))

Yco afbhoo scduhi nfbltfbl tco sopfrfto bioltbty d` tco afbhdr's kddis.Fs por ]omtbdl 6??, Co scduhi ldt nbx cbs kddis wbtc afbhdr's kddi wbtcdut afbhdr's mdlsolt. Fs por ]omtbdl 6?0, B` co idos sd, fli b` tco kddis fro sopfrfaho, co bs rospdlsbaho `dr sopfrftblk tcon fli (]omtbdl 6?;)  b` tcoy fro ldt sopfrfaho, co wbhh ao hbfaho td mdnpolsfto tco tco afbhdr `dr cbs hdss. @dr oxfnpho, F afbhs 677 afhos d` mdttdl wbtc f pfrtbmuhfr nfrj td A. A, wbtcdut F's mdlsolt, nbxos tcon wbtc cbs dwl. F bs oltbthoi td cfvo cbs 677 afhos roturloi fli A bs aduli td aofr fhh oxpolsos `dr sopfrftbdl. Aut b` F afbhs f afrroh d` Mfpo `hdur wdrtc Qs 9? td A fli A nbxos bt wbtc mdultry `hdur wdrtc Qs 1?, A bs hbfaho td F `dr tco hdss d` cbs `hdur. `hdur. 

9. Iuty td roturl (]omtbdl 607 & 606)

Qoturl d` kddis5 (]oms 607 & 606) Yco afbhdr cfs kdt f rbkct td romobvo afmj tco kddis `rdn tco  afbhoo dr ibromt tco kddis td ao iohbvoroi fmmdriblk td cbs ibromtbdls, fs sddl fs tbno `dr wcbmc tcoy woro afbhoi cfs oxpbroi, dr tco purpdso `dr wcbmc tcoy woro afbhoi cfs aool fmmdnphbscoi. Wfko 61

 

B` tco kddis fro ldt roturloi iohbvoroi dr tolioroi ft tco prdpor tbno, tco afbhdr mfl mhfbn mdnpolsftbdl `dr fly hdss iostrumtbdl dr iotorbdrftbdl d` tco kddis. ]omtbdl 607 - Bt bs tco iuty d` tco afbhoo td roturl dr iohbvor fmmdriblk td tco afbhdr's ibromtbdls, tco kddis afbhoi, wbtcdut ionfli, fs sddl fs tco tbno `dr wcbmc tcoy woro afbhoi cfs oxpbroi dr tco purpdso `dr wcbmc tcoy woro afbhoi cfs aool fmmdnphbscoi. 

B` tco afbhoo joops tco kddis f`tor tco oxpbry d` tco tbno `dr wcbmc tcoy woro afbhoi dr f`tor tco  purpdso `dr wcbmc tcoy woro afbhoi cfs aool fmmdnphbscoi, bt wbhh ao ft afbhoo's rbsj fli co wbhh  ao rospdlsbaho `dr fly hdss dr ifnfko td tco kddis frbsblk cdwsdovor. cdwsdovor.  Bl ]cfw & Md vs ]ynndls & ]dls 62;6 , tco phfbltb`` kfvo mortfbl addjs td tco io`oliflt td ao  aduli. Yco io`oliflt i o`oliflt aduli tcon aut ibi i bi ldt roturl tcon wbtcbl rofsdlfaho tbno. ]uasoquolthy, tco addjs woro aurlt bl fl fmmbioltfh `bho. Yco io`oliflts woro cohi hbfaho `dr tco hdss d` addjs.  ?. Iuty td roturl blmrofso (]omtbdl 60=)

Fs por ]omtbdl 60=, bl fasolmo d` fly mdltrfmt td tco mdltrfry, tco afbhoo bs aduli td iohbvor td tco afbhdr, dr fmmdriblk td cbs ibromtbdls, fly blmrofso d` prd`bt wcbmc nfy cfvo fmmruoi `rdn tco kddis afbhoi. Bhhustrftbdl - F hofvos f mdw bl tco mustdiy d` A td ao tfjol mfro d`. Yco mdw cfs f mfh`. A bs  aduli td iohbvor tco mfh` fs wohh fs tco mdw td A. 0. Iuty ldt td sot up eus tortbb (]omtbdl 600)

Fs por ]omtbdl 600 b` tco afbhdr cfs ld tbtho fli tco afbhoo, bl kddi `fbtc roturls tco kddis afmj td tco afbhdr dr fs por tco ibromtbdls d` tco afbhdr, co bs ldt rospdlsbaho td tco dwlor bl rospomt d` sumc iohbvory. iohbvory. Ycus, dlmo tco afbhoo tfjos tco kddis `rdn tco afbhdr, co fkroos tcft tco kddis  aohdlk td tco afbhdr fli co nust roturl tcon dlhy td tco afbhdr. Co mflldt ioly roiohbvory td tco  afbhdr dl tco krduli tcft tco afbhdr bs ldt tco dwlor. dwlor. B` tcoro bs truo dwlor d` tco kddis, co mfl fpphy td tco mdurt td stdp tco iohbvory d` tco kddis `rdn tco afbhoo td tco afbhdr. Ycbs rbkct bs kbvol td tco truo dwlor bl somtbdl 60;. Ycus bl scdrt tco iutbos d` Afbhoo fro5 (b) (b) Iuty Iuty td tf tfjo jo rof rofsd sdlf lfah ahoo mfr mfroo d` kddis kddis io iohb hbvor voroi oi td td cbn. cbn. ]omtb ]omtbdl dl 6?6 6?6 (bb) (bb) Iu Iuty ty l ldt dt nfj nfjoo ulfut ulfutcd cdrb rbzoi zoi uso uso d` d` kddis kddis oltru oltrust stoi oi td td cbn cbn (]om (]om.. 6?9). 6?9). (bbb) (bbb) Iuty Iuty ldt td nbx nbx kddi kddiss afbho afbhoi i wbtc wbtc cbs cbs dwl dwl kddis kddis.. (]omt (]omtbdl bdl 6??, 6?0, 6?;) (bv) (bv) Iuty Iuty td ro rotu turl rl tco tco kddi kddis. s. (] (]omt omtbd bdl l 607, 607, 606, 606, 60?) 60?) (v) (v) Iuty Iuty td io iohb hbvor vor fly fmmro fmmrotb tbdl dl td tco tco kddi kddiss ((]o ]om. m. 60 60=) =)..

Wfko 6=

 

QBKCY] D@ AFBHOO 6. Qbkct td lomossfry oxpolsos (]omtbdl 6?3)

Yco afbhoo bs oltbthoi td hfw`uh mcfrkos `dr prdvbiblk cbs sorvbmo. Fs por ]omtbdl 6?3 sfys tcft wcoro ay mdlibtbdls d` tco afbhnolt, tco kddis fro td ao jopt dr td ao mfrrboi dr td cfvo wdrj idlo updl tcon ay tco afbhoo `dr tco afbhdr fli tco afbhoo bs td romobvo ld ronulorftbdl, tco  afbhdr scfhh ropfy td tco afbhoo tco lomossfry oxpolsos blmurroi ay cbn `dr tco purpdso d`  afbhnolt. Ycus, f afbhoo bs oltbthoi td romdvor tco mcfrkos fs fkrooi updl, dr b` tcoro bs ld sumc fkroonolt, tco afbhoo bs oltbthoi td fhh hfw`uh oxpolsos fmmdriblk td tcbs somtbdl.   Bl ]uryf Blvostnolt Md vs ]YM FBQ 623;, ]YM cbroi f stdrfko tflj `rdn tco phfbltb``. Dl fmmdult d` f ibsputo, ]YM fppdbltoi f spombfh d``bmor td tfjo mcfrko d` tco tflj, wcd iohbvoroi tco mdltolts fs por ibromtbdls d` ]YM. Ycus, tco phfbltb`` hdst cbs pdssossbdl fli wbtc bt, cbs rbkct d` hbol. ]M cohi tcft tco phfbltb`` bs oltbthoi td tco mcfrkos ovol b` co hdsos cbs rbkct d` hbol  aomfuso tco afbhdr cfs oledyoi afbhoo's sorvbmos.  1. Qbkct td mdnpolsftbdl (]omtbdl 609)

Fs por somtbdl 609, tco afbhdr bs rospdlsbaho td tco afbhoo `dr fly hdss wcbmc tco afbhoo nfy sustfbl ay rofsdl tcft tco afbhdr wfs ldt oltbthoi td nfjo tco afbhnolt, dr td romobvo afmj tco kddis, dr td kbvo ibromtbdls rospomtblk tcon. Ycbs nofls tcft b` tco afbhdr cfi ld rbkct td afbh tco kddis fli b` stbhh afbhs tcon, co wbhh ao rospdlsbaho `dr fly hdss tcft tco afbhoo nfy blmur aomfuso d` tcbs. =. Qbkct d` Hbol (]omtbdl 6;7-6;6)

Bl kolorfh, Hbol nofls tco rbkct td joop tco pdssossbdl d` tco prdporty d` f porsdl ultbh tcft  porsdl mhofr tco ioats. Bl mfso d` afbhnolt, tco afbhoo cfs tco rbkct td joop tco pdssossbdl d` tco  prdporty d` tco afbhdr ultbh tco afbhdr pfys hfw`uh mcfrkos td tco afbhoo. Ycus, rbkct d` Hbol bs  prdafahy tco ndst bnpdrtflt d` rbkcts d` f afbhoo aomfuso bt kbvos tco afbhoo tco pdwor td kot ko t pfbi `dr cbs sorvbmos. Hbol Hbol bs d` twd jblis - Wfrtbmuhfr fli Kolorfh. Wfrtbmuhfr Hbol

Ycbs nofls tcft tco hbol cdhior cfs f rbkct td joop pdssossbdl d` dlhy tcft pfrtbmuhfr prdporty `dr wcbmc tco mcfrkos fro dwoi. @dr oxfnpho, F kbvos f cdrso fli f abmymho td A. F fkroos td pfy A mcfrkos `dr trfblblk tco cdrso fli ld mcfrkos `dr joopblk tco abmymho. Ldw, b` F `fbhs td pfy mcfrkos `dr tco cdrso, A bs oltbthoi td joop pdssossbdl dlhy d` tco cdrso fli ldt d` tco abmymho. Co nust roturl tco abmymho. ]omtbdl 6;7 kbvos tcbs rbkct td tco afbhoo. Bt sfys tcft wcoro tco afbhoo cfs, bl fmmdriflmo wbtc tco  purpdso d` tco afbhnolt, rolioroi fly sorvbmo blvdhvblk tco oxormbso d` hfadr dr sjbhh bl rospomt d` tco kddis afbhoi, co cfs, bl fasolmo d` f mdltrfmt td tco mdltrfry, f rbkct td rotfbl sumc kddis ultbh Wfko 69

 

co romobvos iuo ronulorftbdl `dr tco sorvbmos co cfs rolioroi bl rospomt d d`` tcon.   Bhhustrftbdls - F iohbvors f rdukc ibfndli td A td ao mut fli pdhbscoi, wcbmc bs fmmdriblkhy idlo. A bs oltbthoi td joop tco ibfndli ultbh mcfrkos `dr cbs sorvbmos fro pfbi.   F kbvos mhdtc td A, f tfbhdr, td nfjo bltd f mhdtc. A prdnbsos td iohbvor tco mdft fs sddl fs bt bs idlo fli fhsd td kbvo = ndltcs mroibt `dr tco prbmo. A bs ldt oltbthoi td joop tco mdft ultbh co bs

 pfbi.  Mdlibtbdls `dr Wfrtbmuhfr Hbol ”   (b) Yco afbhoo afbhoo nust nust cfvo cfvo rolior rolioroi oi sdno sdno sorvbm sorvbmoo bl bl rohf rohftbd tbdl l td td tco tco tcbl tcblk k afbh afbhoi oi fli nust nust ao ao oltbthoi td sdno ronulorftbdl `dr bt, wcbmc nust ldt cfvo aool pfbi.

(bb (bb))

Yco sorv sorvbmo bmo rolior rolioroi oi ay tco afbh afbhoo oo nust nust ao ao dlo blvdhv blvdhvblk blk tco tco oxorm oxormbso bso d` hfadr hfadr dr sjbh sjbhhh bl rospomt d` tco kddis afbhoi, sd fs td mdl`or fl fiibtbdlfh vfhuo dl tco frtbmho. BHH_]YQFYBDL F, iohbvors f rdukc ibfndli td A, f eowohhor, td ao mut fli pdhbscoi wcbmc bs fmmdriblkhy idlo. A bs oltbthoi td rotfbl tco stdlo tbhh co bs pfbi `dr tco sorvbmos co cfs rolioroi. (Eowohhor's hfadr fli sjbhh nust cfvo olcflmoi tco vfhuo d` tco stdlo).

(bb (bbb) b)

Yco sorv sorvbmo bmoss nust nust cfvo cfvo aool por` por`drn drnoi oi bl `uhh `uhh bl bl fmmdri fmmdriflmo flmo wbtc wbtc tco tco ibrom ibromtbd tbdls ls d` tco tco  afbhdr, wbtcbl tco fkrooi f krooi tbno dr f rofsdlfaho tbno. BHH_]YQFYBDL. BHH_]YQFYBDL. F kbvos cbs wftmc td A `dr ropfbr. A prdnbsos F td iohbvor tco wftmc dl tco tcbri ify. Aut A tfjos dlo wooj td ropfbr bt. A bs ldt oltbthoi td rotfbl tco wftmc ultbh co bs pfbi.

(bv)) (bv

Ycoro Ycoro nust ldt ldt ao fl fkroo fkroonol noltt td por`dr por`drn n tco sorvb sorvbmo mo dl mroib mroibt. t. BHH_] BHH_]YQF YQFYBD YBDL L F kbvos mhdtc td A, f tfbhdr, td nfjo bltd f mdft. A prdnbsos F td iohbvor tco mdft fs sddl fs bt bs `blbscoi, fli td kbvo f tcroo ndltcs mroibt `dr tco prbmo. A bs ldt oltbthoi td rotfbl tco mdft ultbh co bs pfbi.

(v)

Yco kddis kddis nust nust ao bl bl pdssos pdssossbd sbdl l d` tco tco afbho afbhoo. o. B` pdssos pdssossbd sbdl l bs hdst hdst,, tco hbo hbol l bs fhsd fhsd hdst hdst..

(vb)) (vb

Ycoro Ycoro nust nust ldt ao ao f mdltrfm mdltrfmtt td tco tco mdltrfr mdltrfry y. B` fhh fhh tco fadvo fadvo nolt noltbdl bdloi oi mdlibt mdlibtbdl bdlss fro sftbs`boi, tco afbhoo mfl oxormbso cbs rbkct d` pfrtbmuhfr hbol ultbh co bs pfbi `dr cbs sorvbmos.

Yco `dhhdwblk pdblts nust fhsd ao ldtoi bl mdllomtbdl wbtc tco afbhoo s pfrtbmuhfr hbol5 (b) Yco afbhoo afbhoo rotfbl rotfblblk blk tco frtbmh frtbmhoo ttd d ol`d ol`drmo rmo cbs hbo hbol l mflld mflldtt mcfr mcfrko ko `dr joopblk joopblk bt. (bb) (bb) Yco afbhoo afbhoo mflldt mflldt oxor oxormbs mbsoo cbs cbs hbol hbol `dr `dr tco tco ldl-p ldl-pfyn fynolt olt d` oxtr oxtrfdr fdribl iblfry fry oxpols oxpolsos os blmurroi bl rohftbdl td tco tcblk afbhoi. Co scduhi suo `dr tcon.

Aosbios tco afbhoo, dtcor porsdls wcd fro oltbthoi td oxormbso tco rbkct d` pfrtbmuhfr hbol fro5 `blior d` kddis (]om. 603), pfwloo (]oms. 6;=-6;9), fkolt (]om. 116), fli ulpfbi sohhor (]om. 9; d` tco ]fho d` Kddis Fmt). Wfko 6?

 

Kolorfh Hbol ”

Fs dppdsoi td Wfrtbmuhfr Hbol, Kolorfh Hbol kbvos f rbkct td tco afbhoo td joop tco pdssossbdl d` fly kddis `dr fly fndult iuo bl rospomt d` fly kddis. ]omtbdl 6;6 sfys tcft, afljors, `fmtdrs, wcfr`blkors, fttdrloys d` f Cbkc Mdurt, fli pdhbmy ardjors nfy, bl tco fasolmo d` f mdltrfmt td tco mdltrfry, rotfbl fs f somurbty `dr f kolorfh afhflmo d` fmmdult, fly kddis afbhoi td tcon: aut ld dtcor porsdls cfvo f rbkct td rotfbl, fs f somurbty `dr sumc afhflmo, kddis afbhoi td tcon, ulhoss tcoro bs fl oxpross mdltrfmt td tcft o``omt.  Ycus, tcbs rbkct bs dlhy fvfbhfaho td afljors, `fmtdrs, wcfr`blkors, fttdrloys d` cbkc mdurt, fli  pdhbmy ardjors. Cdwovor, tcbs rbkct mfl ao kbvol td tco afbhoo ay nfjblk fl oxpross mdltrfmt  aotwool tco afbhdr fli tco afbhoo.

(b) Afljors.- F afljor cfs f kolorfh hbol dl fhh kddis, mfsc, mcoquos fli somurbtbos iopdsbtoi wbtc cbn fs afljor ay f mustdnor, `dr fly ndloy iuo td cbn fs f afljor. ¶ Ycus, wcoro f mustdnor cfs f mroibt afhflmo bl dlo fmmdult d` tco aflj fli ft tco sfno tbno co dwos ndloy td tco aflj dl fldtcor fmmdult, tco afljor s kolorfh hbol oltbthos cbn td ro`uso tco mustdnor td dporfto tco fmmdult bl wcbmc co cfs f mroibt afhflmo tbhh co mhofrs tco ioat iuo td tco aflj (Ifvolirf Junfr vs Mcfuicfry Kuhfa ]blkc). Aut wcoro vfhufahos fli somurbtbos fro iopdsbtoi `dr f spomb`bm purpdso, o.k., `dr sf`o mustdiy, tco afljor cfs ld kolorfh hbol dl tcon fs tco fmmoptflmo d` tco kddis `dr f spombfh purpdso bnphboihy oxmhuios kolorfh hbol (Mutcaort vs Qdafrts). (bb) @fmtdrs.- F `fmtdrs bs fl fkolt oltrustoi wbtc tco pdssossbdl d` kddis bl tco driblfry mdurso d` cbs ausbloss `dr tco purpdso d` sfho. Co cfs f kolorfh hbol dl tco kddis d` cbs prblmbpfh, b` fly ndloy bs iuo td cbn ay a y cbs prblmbpfh wcotcor `dr fivflmos nfio dr `dr ronulorftbdl. (bbb) [cfr`blkors- F wcfr`blkor cfs f kolorfh hbol dl tco kddis fs rokfris mcfrkos iuo `dr tco uso d` wcfr` fkfblst tco dwlor d` tco kddis. (bv) Fttdrloys d` Cbkc Mdurt- Fl fttdrloy dr sdhbmbtdr d` f Cbkc Mdurt cfs f kolorfh hbol dl fhh  pfpors fli idmunolts aohdlkblk td cbs mhbolt wcbmc fro bl cbs pdssossbdl bl cbs prd`ossbdlfh mfpfmbty ultbh tco `oo `dr cbs prd`ossbdlfh sorvbmo fli dtcor mdst blmurroi ay cbn fro pfbi. Aut b` tco sdhbmbtdr ro`usos td fmt fly ndro `dr tco mhbolt, co bs ldt oltbthoi td fly hbol. (v) Wdhbmy ardjors -Ycoy mfl rotfbl tco pdhbmy d` `bro dr nfrblo blsurflmo `dr tcobr ardjorfko. (vb)Fly dtcor porsdl, b` tcoro bs fl oxpross mdltrfmt mdl trfmt td tcft o``omt. 9. Qbkct td ]uo (]omtbdl 637-636)

]omtbdl 637 olfahos f afbhoo td suo fly porsdl wcd cfs wrdlk`uhhy ioprbvoi cbn d` tco uso dr  pdssossbdl d` tco kddis afbhoi dr cfs idlo tcon fly bleury. bleury. Yco afbhoo's rbkcts fli ronoibos Wfko 60

 

fkfblst tco wrdlk idor fro sfno fs tcdso d` tco dwlor. Fl fmtbdl nfy ao ardukct obtcor ay tco  afbhdr dr tco afbhoo.  Ycus, bl _nfrflb ]ol vs ]uicbr Junfr FBQ 6239, f `brn wcbmc cfi mdlsbkloi tco kddis, d` wcbmc bt wfs f afbhoo, wbtc f mfrrbor, wfs fhhdwoi td suo tco mfrrbor `dr hdss d` tco kddis.

Ycus bl scdrt tco Qbkcts d` Afbhoo fro fs `dhhdws 5 • • • •

Ol`drmonolt d` afbhdr s iutbos.  Qbkct td iohbvor kddis td dlo d` sovorfh edblt afbhdrs (]om. 60?).   Qbkct td iohbvor kddis, bl kddis `fbtc, td afbhdr wbtcdut tbtho (]om. 600).   Qbkct d` hbol. (]om. 6;7,6;6) 

Qbkcts d` Afbhdrs fli Afbhoos fkfblst [rdlk-idors. (]om. 637, 636) B` f tcbri porsdl wrdlk`uhhy ioprbvos tco afbhoo d` tco uso dr pdssossbdl d` tco kddis afbhoi, dr idos tcon fly bleury, tco afbhoo bs oltbthoi td uso sumc ronoibos fs tco dwlor nbkct cfvo usoi bl tco hbjo mfso b` ld afbhnolt cfi aool nfio: fli obtcor tco afbhdr dr tco afbhoo nfy arblk f subt fkfblst tco wrdlk-idor `dr sumc ioprbvftbdl dr bleury  (]om. 637). [cftovor bs datfbloi ay wfy d` rohbo` dr mdnpolsftbdl bl fly sumc subt, bs td ao fppdrtbdloi, fs  aotwool tco afbhdr fli tco afbhoo, fmmdriblk td tcobr rospomtbvo bltorosts (]om. 636).  @dr oxfnpho, b` sdnoadiy `drmo`uhhy tfjos pdssossbdl d` f mdft `rdn f tfbhdr s scdp, tcol obtcor tco tfbhdr dr tco dwlor d` tco mdft nfy suo tco wrdlk-idor. B` tco tfbhdr `bhos tco subt, co scfhh cfli dvor tco romdvoroi fndult, f`tor ioiumtblk cbs tfbhdrblk mcfrkos, td tco dwlor d` tco mdft.

Yornblftbdl d` afbhnolt F afbhnolt bs olioi wcol bts purpdso cfs aool fmcbovoi, wcol tco pfrtbos fkroo tcft bt bs tornblftoi, dr wcol tco afbhoi prdporty bs iostrdyoi. F afbhnolt mroftoi `dr fl blio`blbto porbdi bs tornblfaho ft wbhh ay obtcor pfrty, fs hdlk fs tco dtcor pfrty romobvos iuo ldtbmo d` tco bltolioi tornblftbdl. Dlmo f afbhnolt olis, tco afbhoo nust roturl tco prdporty td tco afbhdr dr pdssbahy ao hbfaho `dr mdlvorsbdl. F mdltrfmt d` afbhnolt tornblftos ulior tco `dhhdwblk mbrmunstflmos5 6. B` tco afbhnolt bs `dr f spomb`boi porbdi , tco afbhnolt tornblftos fs sddl fs tco stbpuhftoi porbdi oxpbros. 1. B` tco  afbhnolt bs `dr f spomb`bm purpdso , tco afbhnolt tornblftos fs sddl fs tco purpdso bs `uh`bhhoi. =. B` tco afbhoo idos fly fmt wbtc rokfri td tco kddis afbhoi, wcbmc bs blmdlsbstolt wbtc tco torns d`  afbhnolt, tco afbhnolt nfy ao tornblftoi ay tco afbhdr ovol tcdukc tco torn d` afbhnolt af bhnolt cfs ldt oxpbroi dr tco purpdso d` afbhnolt cfs ldt aool fmmdnphbscoi (]om. 6?=). 9. F krftubtdus Wfko 6;

 

 afbhnolt mfl ao tornblftoi ay tco afbhdr ft fly tbno, ovol ao`dro tco spomb`boi tbno dr ao`dro tco  purpdso bs fmcbovoi, suaeomt td tco hbnbtftbdl tcft wcoro sumc tornblftbdl mfusos mfu sos hdss bl oxmoss d`  aolo`bt fmtufhhy iorbvoi ay tco afbhoo, tco afbhdr nust blionlb`y tco afbhoo `dr tco fndult bl wcbmc tco hdss dmmfsbdloi oxmoois tco aolo`bt iorbvoi (]om. 6?2). ?. F krftubtdus afbhnolt bs tornblftoi ay tco ioftc obtcor d` tco afbhdr dr d` tco afbhoo (]om. 601).

Wfko 63

 

MDLMH_]BDL Ycus wo mfl mdlmhuio tcft Afbhnolt bs f hokfh rohftbdlscbp mroftoi wcol f porsdl kbvos prdporty td sdnodlo ohso `dr sf`ojoopblk. Yd mrofto f afbhnolt tco dtcor pfrty nust jldwblkhy cfvo oxmhusbvo mdltrdh dvor tco prdporty. Yco romobvor nust uso rofsdlfaho mfro td prdtomt tco  prdporty..  prdporty Bl scdrt tco afbhnolt mfl ao mdlmhuioi fs `dhhdws5- Bt cfs aool io`bloi td ao f iohbvory d` kddis dl f mdlibtbdl, oxpross dr bnphboi, tcft tcoy scfhh ao rostdroi ay tco afbhoo td tco afbhdr, dr fmmdriblk td cbs ibromtbdls, fs sddl fs tco purpdsos `dr wcbmc tcoy fro afbhoi scfhh ao flsworoi. Dr bt bs f iohbvory d` kddis bl trust, dl f mdltrfmt obtcor oxprossoi dr bnphboi, tcft tco trust scfhh  ao iuhy oxomutoi, fli tco kddis roiohbvoroi, fs sddl fs tco tbno dr uso `dr wcbmc tcoy woro  afbhoi scfhh cfvo ohfpsoi dr ao por`drnoi. F hokfh stfto d` afbhnolt mfl ao f kroft dptbdl wcol tco dwlor wbhh ao ulfvfbhfaho td nflfko dr dvorsoo fl fssot `dr f scdrt porbdi d` tbno. F afbhoo nfy ao iosbklftoi tcft mfl nflfko roltfh  prdporty bl tco fasolmo d` tco dwlor, dr porcfps dvorsoo f stdmj pdrt`dhbd `dr f kbvol porbdi d` tbno. Yco biof aocbli tco afbhnolt bs td olsuro tcft tco fssot bs bl kddi cflis, ovol b` tco dwlor bs ldt bl f pdsbtbdl td nflfko tco fssot ft tco prosolt tbno. Iohbvory d` fssots bltd tco pdssossbdl d` fldtcor porsdl bs ldtcblk td ao tfjol hbkcthy. F kroft iofh d` trust nust oxbst aotwool tco dwlor fli tco afbhoo bl drior `dr tco ausbloss rohftbdlscbp td wdrj. Kroft mfro scduhi ao tfjol ao`dro oltorblk bltd f afbhnolt fkroonolt, wcotcor fs fl dwlor krfltblk tonpdrfry mfro d` fssots td fldtcor blibvbiufh, dr fs tco porsdl wcd bs aoblk fsjoi td sorvo fs f afbhoo. Qbkcts fli Hbfabhbtbos

Yco afbhnolt mdltrfmt onadiyblk kolorfh prblmbphos d` tco hfw d` afbhnolt‒s kdvorls tco rbkcts fli iutbos d` tco afbhdr fli afbhoo. Yco iuty d` mfro tcft nust ao oxormbsoi ay f afbhoo vfrbos, iopoliblk dl tco typo d` afbhnolt. Bl f afbhnolt `dr nutufh aolo`bt, tco afbhoo nust tfjo rofsdlfaho mfro d` tco afbhoi prdporty. F  afbhoo wcd `fbhs td id sd nfy ao cohi hbfaho `dr fly ifnfkos blmurroi `rdn cbs dr cor LOKHBKOLMO. [col f afbhdr romobvos tco sdho aolo`bt `rdn tco afbhnolt, tco afbhoo cfs f hossor iuty td mfro `dr tco prdporty fli bs `blflmbfhhy rospdlsbaho dlhy b` co dr sco cfs aool krdsshy lokhbkolt dr cfs fmtoi bl afi `fbtc bl tfjblk mfro d` tco prdporty. Bl mdltrfst, f afbhoo `dr wcdso sdho aolo`bt prdporty cfs aool afbhoi nust oxormbso oxtrfdriblfry mfro `dr tco prdporty. Yco afbhoo mfl uso tco prdporty dlhy bl tco nfllor futcdrbzoi ay tco torns d` tco afbhnolt. Yco  afbhoo bs hbfaho `dr fhh bleurbos td tco prdporty `rdn `fbhuro `fbhuro td prdporhy mfro `dr dr uso bt. Dlmo tco purpdso d` tco afbhnolt cfs aool mdnphotoi, tco afbhoo usufhhy nust roturl tco prdporty td tco afbhdr, dr fmmdult `dr bt, iopoliblk updl tco torns d` tco mdltrfmt. B`, tcrdukc ld `fuht d` Wfko 62

 

cbs dr cor dwl, tco roturl d` tco prdporty bs iohfyoi dr aomdnos bnpdssbaho’`dr oxfnpho, wcol bt bs hdst iurblk tco mdurso d` tco afbhnolt dr wcol f currbmflo ahdws tco prdporty bltd tco dmofl  ’tco afbhoo af bhoo wbhh ldt ao cohi hbfaho `dr ldliohbvory dl ionfli. Bl fhh dtcor sbtuftbdls, cdwovor, tco afbhoo wbhh ao rospdlsbaho `dr tco YDQY d` mdlvorsbdl `dr uleustb`bfaho `fbhuro td roiohbvor tco prdporty fs wohh fs bts ulfutcdrbzoi uso. Yco prdvbsbdls d` tco afbhnolt mdltrfmt nfy rostrbmt tco hbfabhbty d` f afbhoo `dr lokhbkolt mfro dr ulfutcdrbzoi uso d` tco prdporty. ]umc torns nfy ldt, cdwovor, fasdhvo tco afbhoo `rdn fhh hbfabhbty `dr tco mdlsoquolmos d` cbs dr cor dwl @QF_I  dr lokhbkolmo. Yco afbhdr nust cfvo ldtbmo d` fhh sumc hbnbtftbdls dl hbfabhbty. Yco rostrbmtbdls wbhh ao ol`drmoi bl fly fmtbdl ardukct `dr ifnfkos fs hdlk fs tco mdltrfmt idos ldt vbdhfto tco hfw dr puahbm pdhbmy. ]bnbhfrhy, f afbhoo nfy oxtoli cbs dr cor hbfabhbty td tco afbhdr ay mdltrfmt prdvbsbdl.

Wfko 17

 

ABAHBDKQFWCR

ADDJ]

•

E.Aoftsdl, Flsdl‒s Hfw d` Mdltrfmt, 13tc Oi.,Dx`dri _lbvorsbty Wross.

•

Wdhhdmj & Nuhhf, Blibfl Mdltrfmt fli ]pomb`bm Qohbo` Fmts, Pdh. BB, 61 tc  Oi., Hoxbs Loxbs Auttorwdrtcs.

•

C. J. ]fcfrfb, Iutt dl Mdltrfmt, 67 tc Oi., Ofstorl Hfw Cduso.

•

M. Ndbtrf, Ndtrf‒s Hfw d` Mdltrfmt fli ]pomb`bm Qohbo`, ? tc  Oi., _lbvorsfh Hfw Wuahbscblk Mdnpfly.

 

•

Fvtfr ]blkc, Mdltrfmt Fmt & ]pomb`bm Qohbo`, 67tc Oi., Ofstorl Addj Mdnpfly.

•

K M Acfrujf, Nuhhf Yco Blibfl Mdltrfmt Fmt, 67 tc Oi., Hoxbs Loxbs Auttorwdrtcs.

Wfko 16