Contoh Soal PISA

 

XVMGVDEEO IMV CKROVKDRCMKDJ QR_BOKR DQQOQQEOKR (XCQD) AMKRMN QMDJ Xortdkyddk XCQD sorckg eokgdau pdbd sctudsc ydkg tor`dbc bc kogdrd ilsc Pobjdkb, bc edkd Pob dbdjdn sdtudk edtd udkg.

XOVRDKSDDK JOYOJ 40 IDLR_V Qdrdn eokorced dltur ckc eojdjuc pms

D. F. A. B.

XOVRDKSDDK Eokgdpd dltur ckc bclcrce lo Qdrdn= Ldrokd Qdrdn porju eoefdydr eoefdydr udkg udkg ctu uktul Froozy Froozy Ajmtnckg Ajmtnckg.. Ldrokd Froozy Froozy Ajmtnckg Ajmtnckg porju porju eoefd eoefdydr ydr udkg udkg ctu lopdbd lopdbd Qdrdn. Qdrdn. Ldrokd Qdrdn tojdn eoefdydr eoefdydr udkg udkg ct ctu u uktu uktul l Froo Froozy zy Ajmtnck Ajmtnckg. g. Ldrokd Froozy Froozy Ajmtnckg Ajmtnckg tojdn tojdn eoefd eoefdydr ydr udkg udkg ctu pdbd Qdrdn. Qdrdn.

@DWDFDK SDKG FOKDV DBDJDN0 LDVOKD QDVDN EOEF_R_NLDK EOEFDSDV _DKG _KR_L FVOOPS AJMRNCKG RCKGLDR XOVRDKSDDK Xdbd jovoj 4 scswd bdpdt eokgcbokildsc prmbul loudkgdk ueue bdk porsydrdtdk bdk eokdscrldk ckmredsc ydkg forldctdk bokgdk lmksop ckmredsc lmksop loudkgdk loudkgdk bdsdr. bdsdr. Eorold Eorold bdpdt eokgokdjc eokgokdjc porfobddk porfobddk dktdrd lofutundk bdk lockgckdk bdk bdpdt eoefudt loputusdk soborndkd bdjde pokgojudrdk sondrc-nd sondr c-ndrc. rc. Eorold Eorold bdpdt eokgokdj eokgokdjcc tu`udk tu`udk bmlueok bmlueok loudkgdk loudkgdk sondr sondrc-ndrc c-ndrc sopor dltur dltur bdk eokordpldk mpordsc kueorcl tukggdj bdk bdsdr (pokdefdndk, pokgurdkgdk dtdu porldjcdk) bdjde lmktols loudkgdk ydkg loeukglckdk dldk eorold djdec soadrd prcfdbc. QCIDR R_GDQ Lokdjc tu`udk dltur. Xornctukgdk bdl bcporjuldk bdjde ctoe ckc. Lmktolskyd forscdt ckbcvcbudj. Xortdkyddk ctu toredsul bdjde ldtogmrc lmktok udkg bdk trdksdlsc ldrokd ldrok d eojcfdtldk eojcfdtldk losdbdrdk losdbdrdk dldk forfdgdc foktul bdk tu`udk udkg bdk eokdkgdkc eokdkgdkc trdksdlsc emkotor soborndkd sopor poefdydrdk sondrc-ndrc. XVMQOQ JCROVDQC LO_DKGDK

 

Xrmsoskyd eokgcbokildsc Xrmsoskyd eokgcbokildsc ckmredsc loudkgdk loudkgdk ldrok ldrokd d ckbcvcbu ckbcvcbu ndrus ndrus eokadrc eokadrc bdk eokgdlsos eokgdlsos suefor ckmredsc loudkgdk, bdk eokgcbokildsc dtdu eokgokdjc rojovdksckyd. XOVRDKSDDK JOYOJ 60 IDLR_V

XOVRDKSDDK Fordpd Froozy Ajmtnckg ydkg bcfofdkldk uktul eokgdktdrldk pdldcdk= Fcdyd pokgcrcedk bdjde zobs0 .............................................

@DWDFDK SDKG FOKDV DBDJDN0 48 Xdbd jovoj 6 scswd eujdc eokordpldk pokgotdnudk eorold toktdkg prmbul loudkgdk ueue bdk csjdn bdk lmksop loudkgdk ydkg ueue bcgukdldk. Eorold bdpdt eokggukdldk ckmredsc ydkg bcforcldk uktul eoefudt loputusdk loudkgdk bdjde lmktols ydkg rojovdk bokgdk eorold. Eorold fcsd eokgokdjc kcjdc dkggdrdk soborndkd bdk fcsd eokdscrldk itur bmlueok loudkgdk sondrc-ndrc ydkg eokmk`mj. Eorold bdpdt eokordpldk mpordsc kueorcl bdsdr tukggdj, toredsul bcvcsc, uktul eok`dwdf eok` dwdf portdkyddk portdkyddk loudkgdk. loudkgdk. Eoro Eorold ld eokuk`ull eokuk`ulldk dk poedndedk poedndedk toktdkg nufukgdk nufukgdk dktdrd dktdrd uksur loudkgdk ydkg forfobd, sopor `uejdn pokggukddk bdk fcdyd ydkg bclojudrldk. QCIDR R_GDQ Cbokildsc fcdyd mkglms lcrce pdbd dltur. Lmktolskyd forscdt ckbcvcbudj. Xortdkyddk ctu toredsul bdjde ldtogmrc lmktok udkg bdk trdksdlsc ldrokd ldrok d eojcfdtldk eojcfdtldk losdbdrdk losdbdrdk dldk forfdgdc foktul bdk tu`udk udkg bdk eokdkgdkc eokdkgdkc trdksdlsc emkotor soborndkd sopor poefdydrdk sondrc-ndrc. XVMQOQ JCROVDQC LO_DKGDK Xrmsoskyd Xrmso skyd eokgcbokildsc eokgcbokildsc ckmredsc loudkgdk loudkgdk ldrok ldrokd d ckbcvcbu ckbcvcbu ndrus ndrus eokadrc eokadrc bdk eokgdlsos eokgdlsos suefor ckmredsc loudkgdk, bdk eokgcbokildsc dtdu eokgokdjc rojovdksckyd.

XOVRDKSDDK JOYOJ 10 QDNDE

 

Grdil ckc eokuk`ulldk ndrgd sdtu sdnde Vcan Vmal V mal sojded porcmbo 46 fujdk.

XOVRDKSDDK Xorkydtddk toktdkg grdil edkd ydkg fokdr=

Xorkydtddk Fujd Fujdk k

tor orfd fdcl cl

Dpdldn porkydtddk ctu fokdr dtdu sdjdn= ukt ktul ul

eo eoe efojc fojc

Fokdr/sdjdn

sdnde dbdjdn fujdk Qoptoefor. Nd Ndrgd rgd sd sdnd nde e eokc eokckg kgld ldtt so solc lctd tdrr ?8% sopdk`dkg tdnuk.

Fokdr/sdjdn

@DWDFDK SDKG FOKDV DBDJDN0 NDKSD XOVKSDRDDK XOVRDED ctu FOKDV RCKGLDR XOVRDKSDDK Xdbd jovoj 1 scswd bdpdt eokordpldk poedndedk eorold toktdkg lmksop loudkgdk, csjdn bdk pr prmb mbul ul ydkg ydkg ueue ueue bc bcgu gukd kdld ldk k uk uktu tul l sc sctu tuds dscc yd ydkg kg ro rojo jovd vdk k bo bokg kgdk dk eoro eorold ld.. Eoro Eorold ld eujd eujdcc eoeporefdkgldk lmksoluoksc bdrc loputusdk loudkgdk bdk eorold bdpdt eoefudt rokadkd loudkgdk soborndkd bdjde lmktols ydkg decjcor. Eorold bdpdt eoefudt cktorprotdsc jdkgsukg torndbdp forfdgdc bmlueok loudkgdk bdk bdpdt eokordpldk sordkgldcdk mpordsc kueorcl bdsdr, toredsul eokgnctukg porsoktdso. Eorold bdpdt eoecjcn mpordsc kueorcl ydkg bcporjuldk uktul eoeoadnldk edsdjdn ruk bdjde lmktols jctordsc loudkgdk ydkg rojd ueue, sopor pornctukgdk dkggdrdk. QCIDR R_GDQ Eokgdkdjcscs ckmredsc bdjde lmktols loudkgdk bokgdk eoeporefdkgldk ckmredsc bdjde grdil gdrcs toktdkg prmbul ckvostdsc. Grdil eokuk`ulldk fdgdcedkd ndrgd sdnde tojdn forufdn jofcn bdrc sdtu tdnuk. Fdgcdk portded bdrc portdkyddk ckc eokcjdc poedndedk scswd fdnwd sdnde ndrus bcfojc sddtt ndrgdky sdd ndrgdkyd d rokbdn rokbdn.. Fdgcdk Fdgcdk lobud lobud bdrc bdrc portdk portdkydd yddk k to torso rsofut fut eokcjd eokcjdcc dpd dpdldn ldn scswd scswd bdpdt bdpdt eokgcbokildsc lokdcldk ndrgd sdnde bokgdk fokdr bdk eokgnctukg porsoktdso porufdndk bdrc wdltu lo wdltu. Lmktolskyd forscdt ckbcvcbudj. Xortdkyddkkyd toredsul ldtogmrc ldtogmrc rcsclm bdk pokgndrgddk ldrokd ldrok d eojcfdtldk eojcfdtldk loedepudk loedepudk uktul eokgcbokildsc eokgcbokildsc adrd eokgojmjd, eokgojmjd, eoky eokyocef ocefdkgldk dkgldk bdk

 

eokadlup rcsclm, bdk poedndedk toktdkg pmtoksc louktukgdk ikdkscdj dtdu lorugcdk bc forfdgdc lmktols loudkgdk. XVMQOQ JCROVDQC LO_DKGDK Xrmsos Xrm soskyd kyd eokgd eokgdkdj kdjcsc cscss ck ckmre mredsc dsc bdjde bdjde lmktol lmktolss loudk loudkgdk gdk ldr ldrokd okd eokad eokadlup lup ckt cktorp orprot rotdsc dsc,, porfdk por fdkbck bckgdk gdk bdk lmktrd lmktrds, s, scktos scktoscs, cs, bdk olstrd olstrdpmj pmjdsc dsc bdr bdrcc ckmre ckmredsc dsc ydk ydkg g bcforc bcforcldk ldk,, bdk ckc eojcfdtldk pokgokdjdk sosudtu ydkg bdl olspjcsct.

XOVRDKSDDK JOYOJ 20 QJCX GD@C Qodp fujdk, gd`c @dko bcfdydrldk lo rolokckg fdklkyd. Ckc dbdjdn sjcp gd`c @dko uktul fujdk @ujc.

XOVRDKSDDK Ford Fordp pd fd fdk kyd ydl l udkg ydkg bcfdydrldk ed`c ed `cld ldk k @d @dko ko lo rolokckg fdklkyd pd pdbd bd td tdkg kggdj gdj 14 @ujc= D. 188 zobs F. 6?88 zo zobs A. 6>88 zo zobs B. 43 988 zobs @DWDFDK SDKG FOKDV DBDJDN0 (F) 6?88

RCKGLDR XOVRDKSDDK Xdbd jovoj 2 scswd bdpdt eokordpldk poedndedk eorold toktdkg lmksop loudkgdk ydkg lurdkg ueue bdk porsydrdtdk pdbd lmktols ydkg rojovdk bokgdk eorold sddt eorold forgordl eoku`u edsd bowdsd, sopor pokgojmjddk rolokckg fdkl bdk eckdt ed`oeul bdjde prmbul tdfukgdk. Eorold Eoro ld bdpdt eokdscrldk eokdscrldk bdk eokgovdju eokgovdjudsc dsc forfdgdc forfdgdc bmlueok bmlueok loudkgdk loudkgdk torporckac, torporckac, sopor jdpmrdk fdkl, bdk eok`ojdsldk ukgsc prmbul loudkgdk ydkg lurdkg ueue bcgukdldk. Eorold bdpdt eoefudt loputusdk loputusdk loudkgdk loudkgdk bokgd bokgdk k eoepore eoeporefdkgld fdkgldk k lmksoluok lmksoluoksc sc `dkgld `dkgld pdk`dkg, pdk`dkg, sopor eoedndec cepjcldsc fcdyd soadrd losojurundk uktul eoefdydr loefdjc pck`dedk bdjde  `dkgld wdltu ydkg jofcn jded, bdk eorold bdpdt eoeoadnldk edsdjdn ruk bdjde lmktols loudkgdk ydkg lurdkg ueue. QCIDR R_GDQ Lokdjc gd`c forscn bc sjcp gd`c. @dwdfdk ydkg fokdr eoefutunldk poedndedk toktdkg porfobddk dktdrd gd`c lmtmr bdk udkg forscn, ydctu porfobddk dktdrd gd`c sofojue bdk sotojdn pokgurdkgdk bcjdlu bcjdluldk ldk (sopor (sopor  poemtm poemtmkgd kgdk k uktul uktul pordw pordwdtd dtdk k los losond ondtdk tdk dtdu dtdu pd`dl) pd`dl).. Xornct Xornctukg ukgdk dk bdl bdl bcporjuldk bdjde ctoe ckc.

 

Lmktolskyd dbdjdn pokbcbcldk bdk polor`ddk. Xortdkyddk ctu toredsul bdjde ldtogmrc lmktok udkg bdk trdksdlsc ldrokd eojcfdtldk losdbdrdk dldk forfdgdc foktul bdk tu`udk udkg bdk eokdkgdkc trdksdlsc emkotor soborndkd sopor poefdydrdk sondrc-ndrc. XVMQOQ JCROVDQC LO_DKGDK Xrmsoskyd Xrmso skyd eokgcbokildsc eokgcbokildsc ckmredsc loudkgdk loudkgdk ldrok ldrokd d ckbcvcbu ckbcvcbu ndrus ndrus eokadrc eokadrc bdk eokgdlsos eokgdlsos suefor ckmredsc loudkgdk, bdk eokgcbokildsc dtdu eokgokdjc rojovdksckyd. XOVRDKSDDK JOYOJ ?0 LOQDJDNDK FDKL Bdvcb fdkl bokgdk PobFdkl. Bcd eokorced posdk o-edcj ckc.

XOVRDKSDDK Xorkydtddk edkdldn forclut ckc ydkg fcsd eok`dbc sdrdk fdgus fdgc Bdvcb= Jckgldrc "Sd" dtdu "Rcbdl" uktul sodp porkydtddk. Xorkydtddk

Dpdldn porkydtddk ckc eorupdldk sdrdk ydkg fdcl uktul Bdvcb=

Fd Fdjd jdss po posd sdk k o-ed o-edcj cj bd bdk k fo forc rcld ldk k rckacdk cktorkot porfdkldkkyd.

Fokdr/sdjdn

Nufukgc fdklkyd uktul eokdkydldk toktdkg posdk o-edcj.

Fokdr/sdjdn

@cld @cld jck jcklky lkyd d sded sded bokgdk bokgdk djdedt djdedt

Fokdr/sdjdn

sctus fdklkyd, ljcl jcklkyd bdk clu ckstrulsckyd.

@DWDFDK SDKG FOKDV DBDJDN0 RCBDL, SD, RCBDL RCKGLDR XOVRDKSDDK Xdbd jovoj ? scswd bdpdt eokordpldk poedndedk eorold toktdkg forfdgdc edade csjdn bdk lmksop loudkgdk lo lmktols ydkg eukglck ndkyd rojovdk bokgdk loncbupdk eorold bdjde `dkgld pdk`dkg. Eorold fcsd eokgdkdjcsd prmbul loudkgdk ydkg lmepjols bdk fcsd eoeporndldk ituritur bmlueok loudkgdk ydkg scgkcildk kdeuk bdl bcsofutldk dtdu bdl sogord torful, sopor fcdyd trdksdlsc. Eorold bdpdt folor`d bokgdk kgldt dlurdsc ydkg kggc bdk eoeoadnldk edsdjdn loudkgdk kmk-ruk, bdk eorold bdpdt eokggdefdrldk ndscj loputusdk ikdkscdj ydkg pmtokscdj, yd ydkg kg eoku eokuk` k`ul ulld ldk k po poed ednd nded edk k tokt toktdk dkg g jd jdks ksld ldp p lo loud udkg kgdk dk yd ydkg kg jofc jofcn n juds juds,, so sopo por r pd pd`d `dl l pokgndscjdk.

 

QCIDR R_GDQ Eokgovdjudsc loaurdkgdk loudkgdk pmtokscdj bdk eorospmks soadrd topdt posdk o-edcj pokcpudk loudkgdk. Xornctukgdk bdl bcporjuldk bdjde ctoe ckc. Lmktolskyd forscdt edsydrdldt. Xortdkyddkkyd toredsul lmktok jdksldp loudkgdk, ldrokd cktorkot po porf rfdk dkld ldk k db dbdj djdn dn fd fdgc gcdk dk bd bdrc rc jd jdks ksld ldp p lo loud udkg kgdk dk ydkg ydkg jofc jofcn n juds juds bc ed edkd kd scsw scswd d ao aokb kbor oruk ukg g forpdrscpdsc, fdcl soldrdkg dtdu bdjde wdltu boldt. XVMQOQ ICKDKACDJ JCROVDAS Xrmsoskyd eokgovdjudsc csu loudkgdk ldrokd scswd ndrus eokgovdjudsc pcjcndk ydkg bcsd`cldk bdk eokgokdjc sdrdk edkd ydkg bdpdt bcdkggdp sofdgdc sdrdk ydkg fdcl. JOYOJ ROQ ICKDKACDJ JCROVDAS

JOYOJ 4 Qcswd bdpdt eokgcbokildsc prmbul loudkgdk ueue bdk porsydrdtdk bdk eokdscrldk ckmredsc ydkg ydk g forldc forldctdk tdk bokgdk bokgdk lmksop lmksop loudkg loudkgdk dk bdsdr. bdsdr. Eorol Eorold d bdpdt bdpdt eokgok eokgokdjc djc porfob porfobddk ddk dktdrd dktdrd lofutundk bdk lockgckdk bdk bdpdt eoefudt loputusdk soborndkd bdjde pokgojudrdk sondrc-ndrc. Eorold bdpdt eokgokdjc tu`udk bmlueok loudkgdk sondrc-ndrc sopor dltur bdk eokordpldk mpordsc mpord sc kueorcl kueorcl tukggdj tukggdj bdk bdsdr (pokdefdndk, (pokdefdndk, pokgurdkgdk pokgurdkgdk dtdu porldjcdk) bdjde lmktols lmktols loudkgdk ydkg loeukglckdk dldk eorold djdec soadrd prcfdbc. JOYOJ 6 Qcswd eujdc eokordpldk pokgotdnudk eorold toktdkg prmbul loudkgdk ueue bdk csjdn bdk lmksop loudkgdk ydkg ueue bcgukdldk. Eorold bdpdt eokggukdldk ckmredsc ydkg bcforcldk uktul eoefudt loputusdk loudkgdk bdjde lmktols ydkg rojovdk bokgdk eorold. Eorold fcsd eokgokdjc kcjdc dkggdrdk soborndkd bdk fcsd eokdscrldk itur bmlueok loudkgdk sondrc-ndrc ydkg eokmk` eok mk`mj. mj. Eorol Eorold d bdp bdpdt dt eokor eokordpl dpldk dk mpo mpords rdscc kueorc kueorcl l bdsdr bdsdr tuk tukggd ggdj, j, toreds toredsul ul bcvcsc bcvcsc,, ukt uktul ul eok`dwdf eok` dwdf portdkyddk portdkyddk loudkgdk. loudkgdk. Eoro Eorold ld eokuk`ull eokuk`ulldk dk poedndedk poedndedk toktdkg nufukgdk nufukgdk dktdrd dktdrd uksur loudkgdk ydkg forfobd, sopor `uejdn pokggukddk bdk fcdyd ydkg bclojudrldk. JOYOJ 1 Qcswd bdpdt eokordpldk poedndedk eorold toktdkg lmksop loudkgdk, csjdn bdk prmbul ydkg ueue bcgukdldk uktul sctudsc ydkg rojovdk bokgdk eorold. Eorold eujdc eoeporefdkgldk lmksoluoksc bdrc loputusdk loudkgdk bdk eorold bdpdt eoefudt rokadkd loudkgdk soborndkd bdjde lmktols ydkg decj decjcor. cor. Eorold Eorold bdpdt eoefudt cktorprot cktorprotdsc dsc jdkgs jdkgsukg ukg torndbdp torndbdp forfdgdc forfdgdc bmlueo bml ueok k loudk loudkgdk gdk bdk bdp bdpdt dt eokord eokordpld pldk k sordkg sordkgldc ldcdk dk mpords mpordscc kue kueorc orcl l bdsdr, bdsdr, toreds toredsul ul eokgnctukg porsoktdso. Rnoy adk anmmso tno kueorcadj mpordmks koobob tm smjvo rmuko prmfjoes ck rojdvojy ameemk ikdkacdj jctorday amktoxts, suan ds fubgot adjaujdmks. JOYOJ 2 Xdbd kgldt 2 scswd bdpdt eokordpldk poedndedk eorold toktdkg lmksop loudkgdk ydkg lurdkg ueue bdk porsydrdtdk pdbd lmktols ydkg rojovdk bokgdk eorold sddt eorold forgordl eoku`u edsd bowdsd, sopor pokgojmjddk rolokckg fdkl bdk eckdt ed`oeul bdjde prmbul tdfukgdk. Eorold Eoro ld bdpdt eokdscrldk eokdscrldk bdk eokgovdju eokgovdjudsc dsc forfdgdc forfdgdc bmlueok bmlueok loudkgdk loudkgdk torporckac, torporckac, sopor jdpmrdk fdkl, bdk eok`ojdsldk ukgsc prmbul loudkgdk ydkg lurdkg ueue bcgukdldk. Eorold bdpdt eoefudt loputusdk loputusdk loudkgdk loudkgdk bokgd bokgdk k eoepore eoeporefdkgld fdkgldk k lmksoluok lmksoluoksc sc `dkgld `dkgld pdk`dkg, pdk`dkg, sopor eoedndec cepjcldsc fcdyd soadrd losojurundk uktul eoefdydr loefdjc pck`dedk bdjde  `dkgld wdltu ydkg jofcn jded, bdk eorold bdpdt eoeoadnldk edsdjdn ruk bdjde lmktols loudkgdk ydkg lurdkg ueue.

 

JOYOJ ? Xdbd kgldt ? scswd bdpdt eokordpldk poedndedk eorold toktdkg forfdgdc edade csjdn bdk lmksop loudkgdk lo lmktols ydkg eukglck ndkyd rojovdk bokgdk loncbupdk eorold bdjde `dkgld pdk`dkg. Eorold fcsd eokgdkdjcsd prmbul loudkgdk ydkg lmepjols bdk fcsd eoeporndldk ituritur bmlueok loudkgdk ydkg scgkcildk kdeuk bdl bcsofutldk dtdu bdl sogord torful, sopor fcdyd trdksdlsc. Eorold bdpdt folor`d bokgdk kgldt dlurdsc ydkg kggc bdk eoeoadnldk edsdjdn loudkgdk kmk-ruk, bdk eorold bdpdt eokggdefdrldk ndscj loputusdk ikdkscdj ydkg pmtokscdj, yd ydkg kg eoku eokuk` k`ul ulld ldk k po poed ednd nded edk k tokt toktdk dkg g jd jdks ksld ldp p lo loud udkg kgdk dk yd ydkg kg jofc jofcn n juds juds,, so sopo por r pd pd`d `dl l pokgndscjdk.

LDROGMVC XOVRDKSDDK ICKDKACDJ JCROVDAS LMKROK ICKDKACDJ JCROVDAS

_DKG BDK RVDKQDLQC Fcbdkg lmktok ckc eokadlup losdbdrdk dldk forfdgdc foktul bdk tu`udk udkg bdk eokdkgdkc trdksdlsc emkotor soborndkd sopor poefdydrdk sondrc-ndrc, pokgojudrdk, kcjdc udkg, ldrtu fdkl, aol, rolokckg fdkl bdk edtd udkg. XOVOKADKDDK BDK XOKGOJMJDDK LO_DKGDK Xokgnd Xok gndscj scjdk dk bdk loldyd loldyddk dk eoefut eoefutunl unldk dk poroka porokadkd dkddk dk bdk pokgoj pokgojmjd mjddk dk fdcl fdcl `dkgld `dkgld pokbol pokbol edupuk edu puk `dkgld `dkgld pdk`dk pdk`dkg. g. Fcbdkg Fcbdkg lmk lmktok tok ckc eokad eokadlup lup po pokgo kgotdn tdnudk udk bdk loedep loedepudk udk uktul uktul eoedktdu pokbdpdtdk bdk pokgojudrdk sortd pokgotdnudk bdk loedepudk uktul eoedkddtldk po pokb kbdp dpdt dtdk dk bd bdk k su suef efor or bd bdyd yd jd jdck ck yd ydkg kg tors torsob obcd cd bd bdjd jde e `d `dkg kgld ld po pokb kbol ol bd bdk k pd pdk` k`dk dkg g uk uktu tul l eokckgldtldk loso`dntorddk ikdkscdj. VCQCLM BDK XOKGNDVGDDK Vcsclm bdk pokgndrgddk dbdjdn fcbdkg utded ikdkacdj jctorday, eokggdfukgldk loedepudk uktul eokgcbokildsc adrd eokgojmjd, eokyocefdkgldk bdk eokadlup rcsclm bdk poedndedk toktdkg pmtoksc louktukgdk dtdu lorugcdk ikdkscdj bc forfdgdc lmktols loudkgdk. Dbd bud `okcs rcsclm ydkg sdkgdt pokkg bdjde bmedck ckc. Sdkg portded fornufukgdk bokgdk lorugcdk ikdkscdj ydkg bdl bdpdt bctdkggukg ckbcvcbu, sopor ydkg bcsofdfldk mjon fcdyd fokadkd dtdu dtd u fcdyd fcdyd forujd forujdkg. kg. Sdkg Sdkg lob lobud ud dbdjdn dbdjdn rcs rcsclm clm ydkg ydkg eojol eojoldt dt pdbd pdbd prmbul prmbul loudkg loudkgdk, dk, sopor sopor por`dk`cdk lrobct bokgdk kgldt fukgd vdrcdfoj, dtdu prmbul ckvostdsc. JDKQLDX ICKDKACDJ Fcbdkg lmktok ckc fornufukgdk bokgdk ldrdltor bdk itur bukcd ikdkscdj. Ckc eokadlup eokgotdnuc ndl bdk tdkggu tdkggukg kg `dwdf `dwdf lmksue lmksueok ok bc pdsdr pdsdr loudkg loudkgdk dk bdk jck jckglu glukgd kgdk k loudkg loudkgdk dk ueue, ueue, bdk cepjcldsc utded bdrc lmktrdl loudkgdk. Quefor ckmredsc bdk pordturdk nulue `ugd tmpcl ydkg rojovdk rojov dk bokgdk bokgdk drod lmktok ckc. Bdjde dr juds, jdksldp jdksldp ikdkacdj ikdkacdj `ugd eokadlup eokadlup poedndedk poedndedk toktdkg lmksoluoksc porufdndk lmkbcsc olmkmec bdk lofc`dldk pufjcl, sopor porufdndk sulu fukgd, ckdsc, porpd`dldk dtdu tuk`dkgdk loso`dntorddk.

LMKROLQ ICKDKACDJ

 

XOKBCBCLDK BDK XOLOV@DDK Xortdk Xor tdkydd yddk k pokbcb pokbcbcld cldk k bdk polor polor`dd `ddk k eok eokadlu adlup p poednd poedndedk edk sjcp sjcp gd` gd`c, c, poroka porokadkd dkddk dk uktul uktul eokgnoedt pokbcbcldk kggc, eokyojcbclc edkddt bdk rcsclm eokgdefcj pck`dedk edndscswd, bdk forpdrscpdsc bdjde sloed tdfukgdk bc toepdt lor`d. V_EDN BDK LOJ_DVGD Xortdkyddk ruedn bdk lojudrgd eokadlup edsdjdn loudkgdk ydkg forldctdk bokgdk fcdyd ydkg bclojudrldk uktul eok`djdkldk ruedn tdkggd sopor eoefojc fdrdkg-fdrdkg ruedn tdkggd dtdu fojdk`d lojudrgd, fojdk`d lojudrgd, eokadtdt pokgojudrdk pokgojudrdk lojudrgd lojudrgd bdk eoefudt eoefudt rokadkd rokadkd uktul dadrd lojudrgd. lojudrgd. Loputusdk toktdkg pokgdkggdrdk bdk pokgutdeddk pokgojudrdk `ugd toredsul bdjde lmktols ckc.

CKBCYCB_ Xortdkyddk ckbcvcbu eokadlup edsdjdn lmktrdltudj soputdr lo`dbcdk sopor eoefuld rolokckg fdkl, eoefojc fdrdkg-fdrdkg lmksuesc, eoefdydr uktul logcdtdk rolrodsc bdk forurusdk bokgdk jdydkdk loudkgdk ydkg rojovdk ydkg sorckg bcldctldk bokgdk fdrdkg lmksuesc ydkg jofcn fosdr, sopor lrobct bdk dsurdksc. EDQSDVDLDR Xortdkyddk edsydrdldt eokadlup ndj-ndj sopor ndl bdk tdkggukg `dwdf lmksueok, pd`dl bdk fcdyd poeorcktdn bdordn, lopokkgdk fcskcs, bdk bdyd fojc lmksueok. Xcjcndk loudkgdk sopor eokyuefdkg lopdbd mrgdkcsdsc kcrjdfd bdk fdbdk dedj `ugd toredsul bdjde lmktols ckc.

XVMQOQ ICKDKACDJ JCROVDQC

EOKGCBOKRCICLDQC CKIMVEDQC LO_DKGDK Xr Xrms msos os ckc ckc to torj rjcf cfdt dt sd sddt dt ckbc ckbcvc vcbu bu eo eoka kadr drcc bd bdk k eokg eokgdl dlso soss su suef efor or ckm ckmre reds dscc lo loud udkg kgdk dk,, bd bdk k eokgcbokildsc dtdu eokgokdjc rojovdksckyd. Ckmredsc ctu forupd tols aotdl sopor lmktrdl, cljdk, grdil, tdfoj, mreujcr bdk ckstrulsc. Rugds lndskyd eoecktd scswd uktul eokgcbokildsc itur dltur poefojcdk, dtdu eokgokdjc sdjbm pdbd jdpmrdk fdkl. DKDJCQCQ CKIMVEDQC BDJDE LMKROLQ LO_DKGDK Eokgdkdjcscs ckmredsc bdjde lmktols loudkgdk eokadlup cktorprotdsc, porfdkbckgdk bdk lmktrds, scktoscs, bdk olstrdpmjdsc bdrc ckmredsc ydkg bcforcldk. Ckc eojcfdtldk eokgokdjc sosudtu ydkg bdl olspjc ols pjcsct sct00 eokgcb eokgcbok okild ildsc sc dsuesc dsuesc dtdu dtdu cepjcl cepjcldsc dsc eokbds eokbdsdr dr bdrc bdrc sudtu sudtu edsdjd edsdjdn n bdjde bdjde lmktol lmktolss loudkgdk loud kgdk ecsdj tugds eukglck eukglck eojcfdtldk eojcfdtldk eoefdkbckgldk eoefdkbckgldk porsydrdtd porsydrdtdk k ydkg bctdwdrldk bctdwdrldk mjon lmktrdl tojopmk sojujor ydkg forfobd, dtdu folor`d `cld dbd cljdk uktul pck`dedk ydkg loeukglckdk dldk eokadlup lmkbcsc bdl tortujcs. OYDJ_DQC CQ_ ICKDKACDJ Eokgovdjudsc csu loudkgdk eokadlup eokgokdjc dtdu eoefdkguk poefokdrdk bdk pok`ojdsdk loudkgdk, loud kgdk, bokgdk bokgdk eoedkddtl eoedkddtldk dk pokgotdnu pokgotdnudk dk bdk poedndedk poedndedk ikdkscdj ikdkscdj ydkg bctordpldk bctordpldk bdjde lmktol lmk tolss tortok tortoktu. tu. Ckc eojcfd eojcfdtld tldk k eok`o eok`ojds jdsldk ldk,, eokcj eokcjdc dc bdk gokord gokordjcs jcsdsc dsc.. Ckc `ugd `ugd eojcf eojcfdtl dtldk dk poeclcrdk lrcs sopor eokggdefdr pdbd pokgotdnudk, jmgcld bdk pokdjdrdk ydkg edsul dldj uktul eoedndec bdk eoefoktul pdkbdkgdk toktdkg edsdjdn torldct loudkgdk. XOKOVDXDK XOKGORDN_DK BDK XOEDNDEDK ICKDKQCDJ Eokordpldk pokgotdnudk bdkbokgdk poedndedk ikdkscdj formlus pdbd eokgdefcj kbdldk ool  bdjde pokgdturdk pokgdtur dk loudkgdk loudkgdk bokgd k eokggukdld eokggukdldk k pokgotdnud pokgo tdnudk k toktdkg toktd kg prmbul prmbu l bdk lmktols lmktol s

 

loudkgdk, bdk poedndedk toktdkg lmksop loudkgdk. Xrmsos ckc toraoreck bdjde tugds-tugds ydkg eojcfdtldk pornctukgdk bdk borot edsdjdn, bokgdk lmkbcsc eurdn. Amktmn bdrc `okcs tugds ckc dbdjdn eokgnctukg fukgd pck`dedk sojded bud tdnuk dtdu eokoktuldk dpdldn bdyd fojc dldk eokuruk dtdu eokckgldt bdrc wdltu lo wdltu lold ndrgd forufdn pdbd kgldt ydkg bctoktuldk.