Contemporary Logistics: Organizational and Managerial Issues in Logistics

 

Djgtbapjrcry Ljokstkds Uwbl`tn Bektkjg, Oljmcl Bektkjg

Dncptbr 5 Jrocgkzctkjgcl cge Jrocgkzctkjgcl Acgcobrkcl Kssubs kg Ljokstkds

Djpyrkont © =63> Vbcrsjg Beudctkjg, Lte. L te. Cll ]konts ]bsbrvbe.

 

Lbcrgkgo Jmibdtkvbs

(3 j` =)

5.3  Uj bxplckg jrocgkzctkjgcl strudturb `jr ljokstkds 5.=  Uj djapcrb trcektkjgcl cge djgtbapjrcry djgtbapjrcry jrocgkzctkjgcl ebskog `jr 

 

ljokstkds

5.4  Uj kebgtk`y prjeudtkvkty kssubs cge kaprjvbabgt kaprjvbabgt b``j b``jrts rts kg ljokstkds 5.5  Uj eksduss quclkty quclkty kssubs kg ljokstkds

Djpyrkont © =63> Vbcrsjg Beudctkjg, Lte. Cll ]konts ]bsbrvbe.

 

Lbcrgkgo Jmibdtkvbs (= j` =) 5.2  Uj ebsdrkmb wcys tj acgcob tnb`t cge pkl`brcob 5.0  Uj rbvkbw tnb djgdbpt j` ljokstkds sjdkcl rbspjgskmklkty 5.?  Uj crtkdulctb kssubs cssjdkctbe wktn rbvbrsb ljokstkds 5.>  Uj rbpjrt jg prjorcas ebskogbe tj lbssbg tnb kapcdt j` tbrrjrksa tbrrjrksa jg

 

ljokstkds systbas

Djpyrkont © =63> Vbcrsjg Beudctkjg, Lte. Cll ]konts ]bsbrvbe.

 

Jrocgkzkgo Ljokstkds _ktnkg tnb @kra • Uwj hby jrocgkzctkjgcl ljokstkds tjpkds  Jrocgkzctkjg Jrocgkzctkjgcl cl strudturb  Jrocgkzctkjgcl ebskog

Djpyrkont © =63> Vbcrsjg Beudctkjg, Lte. Cll ]konts ]bsbrvbe.

(3 j` >)

 

Jrocgkzkgo Ljokstkds _ktnkg tnb @kra

(= j` >)

• Jrocgkzctkjgcl Jrocgkzctkjgcl strudturb `jr ljokstkds  Uwj mcskd strudturbs kgdlueb9 j @rcoabgtbe ljokstkds strudturb Ljokstkds cdtkvktkbs crb acgcobe kg aultkplb ebpcrtabgts tnrjuonjut cg jrocgkzctkjg jrocgkzctkjg j Rgk`kbe ljokstkds strudturb  Aultkplb ljokstkds cdtkvktkbs crb djamkgbe kgtj cge acgcobe cs c skgolb ebpcrtabgt 

Djpyrkont © =63> Vbcrsjg Beudctkjg, Lte. Cll ]konts ]bsbrvbe.

 

Jrocgkzkgo Ljokstkds _ktnkg tnb @kra

(4 j` >)

• Jrocgkzctkjgcl Jrocgkzctkjgcl strudturb `jr ljokstkd ljokstkds s  Uwj mcskd strudturbs `jr ljokstkds ebpcrtabgts kgdlueb9 j Dbgtrclkzbe ljokstkds jrocgkzctkjg Djapcgy

j

ackgtckgs c skgolb ljokstkds ebpcrtabgt tnct ceakgkstbrs tnb rblctbe cdtkvktkbs `jr tnb bgtkrb djapcgy `rja tnb njab j``kdb Ebdbgtrclkzbe ljokstkds jrocgkzctkjg Ljokstkds-rblctbe

ebdkskjgs crb aceb sbpcrctbly ct tnb ekvkskjgcl jr prjeudt orjup lbvbl cge j`tbg kg ek``brbgt objorcpnkd rbokjgs

Djpyrkont © =63> Vbcrsjg Beudctkjg, Lte. Cll ]konts ]bsbrvbe.

 

Jrocgkzkgo Ljokstkds _ktnkg tnb @kra

(5 j` >)

• Jrocgkzctkjgcl Jrocgkzctkjgcl strudturb `jr ljokstkds  Ijm tktlb jr djrpjrctb rcgh j Lbcekgo-beob jrocgkzctkjgs tbge tj nbce tnb ljokstkds ebpcrtabgt my sbgkjr-lbvbl pbrsjggbl j Obgbrclly bxdluebe `rja njlekgo c “D-lbvbl‑ pjsktkjg

Djpyrkont © =63> Vbcrsjg Beudctkjg, Lte. Cll ]konts ]bsbrvbe.

 

Jrocgkzkgo Ljokstkds _ktnkg tnb @kra

(2 j` >)

• Jrocgkzctkjgcl ebskog `jr ljokstkds  Unrbb prkacry typbs j` jrocgkzctkjgcl ebskog kgdlueb9 j Nkbrcrdnkdcl (`ugdtkjgcl) 

j

j

Ujp-ejwg `ljw Actrkx  Drjss-`ugdtkjgcl rbspjgskmklktkbs Gbtwjrh  Vrjdbss pnkljsjpny `jdusbe jg djamkgkgo tcshs kgtj vclub-drbctkgo prjeudts cge cdtkvktkbs

Djpyrkont © =63> Vbcrsjg Beudctkjg, Lte. Cll ]konts ]bsbrvbe.

 

Jrocgkzkgo Ljokstkds _ktnkg tnb @kra

(0 j` >)

• Jrocgkzctkjgcl ebskog `jr ljokstkds  Gbtwjrh jrocgkzctkjgcl ebskog ks acgk`bstbe kg tbras j`9 j ]blbvcgdy  

]b`brs gbbes tj sctks`ykgo durrbgt cge babrokgo dustjabr @cdklktctbe my ebvbljpkgo autuclly mbgb`kdkcl rblctkjgsnkps wktn hby dustjabrs

  Ct

c akgkaua, akgkaua, tnbsb rblctkjgsnkps rblctkjgsnkps snjule snjule prjvkeb prjvkeb cg ugebrstcgekgo j` dustjabr gbbes cge wcgts

Djpyrkont © =63> Vbcrsjg Beudctkjg, Lte. Cll ]konts ]bsbrvbe.

 

Jrocgkzkgo Ljokstkds _ktnkg tnb @kra

(? j` >)

• Jrocgkzctkjgcl ebskog `jr ljokstkds  Gbtwjrh jrocgkzctkjgcl jrocgkzctkjgcl ebskog ks acgk`bstbe kg tbras j`9 j ]bspjgskvbgbss ]b`lbdts tnb eborbb tj wnkdn cg jrocgkzctkjg dcg cddjaajectb ugkqub jr ugplcggbe dustjabr rbqubsts   Cdnkbvbe wnbg tnb cpprjprkctb cpprjprkctb ebdks ebdkskjg kjg achbrs 

crb prjvkebe wktn mjtn rblbvcgt kg`jractkjg cge tnb cutnjrkty tj ceerbss ugkqub jr ugplcggbe rbqubsts

Djpyrkont © =63> Vbcrsjg Beudctkjg, Lte. Cll ]konts ]bsbrvbe.

 

Jrocgkzkgo Ljokstkds _ktnkg tnb @kra

(> j` >)

• Jrocgkzctkjgcl ebskog `jr ljokstkds  Gbtwjrh jrocgkzctkjgcl ebskog ks acgk`bstbe kg tbras j`9 j @lbxkmklkty  

Ks cg jrocgkzctkjg‛s cmklkty tj ceerbss ugbxpbdtbe jpbrctkjgcl sktuctkjgs Vrbekdctbe jg cvjkekgo bcrly djaaktabgt tj cg krrbvbrskmlb djursb j` cdtkjg

Djpyrkont © =63> Vbcrsjg Beudctkjg, Lte. Cll ]konts ]bsbrvbe.

 

Acgcobrkcl Kssubs kg Ljokstkds

(3 j` =>)

• Vrjeudtkvkty • Suclkty • ]ksh • Tustckgcmklkty • Djaplbxkty

Djpyrkont © =63> Vbcrsjg Beudctkjg, Lte. Cll ]konts ]bsbrvbe.

 

Acgcobrkcl Kssubs kg Ljokstkds

(= j` =>)

• Vrjeudtkvkty  Dcg mb eb`kgbe cs tnb cajugt j` jutput ekvkebe my tnb cajugt j` kgput 

Vrjvkebs kgskont kgtj tnb b``kdkbgdy wktn wnkdn djrpjrctb rbsjurdbs crb mbkgo utklkzbe

Djpyrkont © =63> Vbcrsjg Beudctkjg, Lte. Cll ]konts ]bsbrvbe.

 

Acgcobrkcl Kssubs kg Ljokstkds

(4 j` =>)

• Vrjeudtkvkty  Unrbb wcys tj kaprjvb prjeudtkvkty kgdlueb9 j ]beudb tnb cajugt j` kgput wnklb njlekgo jutput djgstcgt j Kgdrbcsb tnb cajugt j` jutput wnklb njlekgo kgput djgstcgt j Kgdrbcsb jutput wnklb ebdrbcskgo kgput

Djpyrkont © =63> Vbcrsjg Beudctkjg, Lte. Cll ]konts ]bsbrvbe.

 

Acgcobrkcl Kssubs kg Ljokstkds

(5 j` =>)

• Vrjeudtkvkty  Lcmjr prjeudtkvkty prjeudtkvkty j _crbnjuskgo cge trcgspjrtctkjg crb nbcvkly j

j

ebpbgebgt jg nuacg lcmjr  Nuacg lcmjr ks cg kgput (k.b., wjrhbrs rbdbkvb wcobs jr sclcrkbs) Vrjeudtkvkty kaprjvbabgt b``jrts kg ljokstkds crb j`tbg ekrbdtbe tjwcre kgdrbcskgo tnb cajugt j` jutput wnklb njlekgo kgput djgstcgt (wjrhbrs rbskstcgt tj suoobstkjgs rbocrekgo rbeudbe wcobs jr sclcrkbs)

Djpyrkont © =63> Vbcrsjg Beudctkjg, Lte. Cll ]konts ]bsbrvbe.

 

Acgcobrkcl Kssubs kg Ljokstkds

(2 j` =>)

• Vrjeudtkvkty   Cssbt prjeudtkvkty prjeudtkvkty j Djgdbrgs kgdlueb9  Tpcdb utklkzctkjg ― Bxdbss dcpcdkty (ugusbe cvcklcmlb spcdb)  Dcg mb ugprjeudtkvb cs kt acy rbsult kg tnb purdncsb j` ceektkjgcl bqukpabgt jr `cdklktkbs, 

wnkdn cees djsts (kgput) Acy gjt ykble ceektkjgcl jutput rbsultkgo kg c prjeudtkvkty ebdlkgb

Djpyrkont © =63> Vbcrsjg Beudctkjg, Lte. Cll ]konts ]bsbrvbe.

 

Acgcobrkcl Kssubs kg Ljokstkds

(0 j` =>)

• Vrjeudtkvkty   Cssbt prjeudtkvkty prjeudtkvkty j Djgdbrgs kgdlueb9 

Kaprjvkgo tnb jutput `rja bxkstkgo cssbts ― Kgdrbcsbs prjeudtkvkty cs kgputs rbackg djgstcgt, mut jutput ks kgdrbcsbe

Djpyrkont © =63> Vbcrsjg Beudctkjg, Lte. Cll ]konts ]bsbrvbe.

 

Acgcobrkcl Kssubs kg Ljokstkds

(? j` =>)

• Suclkty  Ljokstkds sbrvkdb quclkty j ]blctbs tj c `kra‛s cmklkty tj eblkvbr prjeudts, actbrkcl, cgecge sbrvkdbs wktnjut eb`bdts 3 jr brrjrs tj mjtn kgtbrgcl bxtbrgcl dustjabrs

3

B.C. Ajrcsn, D. Erjob, cge T. Pkdhbry Pkdhbry,, “Ttrctbokd Ljokstkds Dcpcmklktkbs `jr Djapbtktkvb Cevcgtcob cge @kra Tuddbss,‑

Ijurgcl j` Muskgbss Ljokstkds 3?, gj. 3 (3;;0)9 3—==. Djpyrkont © =63> Vbcrsjg Beudctkjg, Lte. Cll ]konts ]bsbrvbe.

Djpyrkont © =63> Vbcrsjg Beudctkjg, Lte. Cll ]konts ]bsbrvbe.  

Acgcobrkcl Kssubs kg Ljokstkds

(> j` =>)

• Suclkty  Suclkty kg ljokstkds kgvjlvbs trceb-j``s j K` kg`brkjr ljokstkd sbrvkdb quclkty, dustjabrs acy j



pbrdbkvb ljwbr vclub K` supbrkjr ljokstkd sbrvkdb quclkty tncg bxpbdtbe jr rbqukrbe, jrocgkzctkjg acy mb ceekgo uggbdbsscry djst

Jrocgkzctkjgs aust try tj Jrocgkzctkjgs t j actdn tnb quclkty lbvbls j` tnb ljokstkd sbrvkdbs tnby prjvkeb wktn tnb bxpbdtctkjgs j` tnbkr dustjabrs cge tnb lcgesdcpb kg wnkdn tnby jpbrctb

Djpyrkont © =63> Vbcrsjg Beudctkjg, Lte. Cll ]konts ]bsbrvbe.  

Acgcobrkcl Kssubs kg Ljokstkds

(; j` =>)

• Suclkty  Pbgejrs crb bxpbdtbe tj ncvb quclkty prjorcas  Pbgejrs dcg ebajgstrctb djaaktabgt tj quclkty tj pjtbgtkcl muybrs tnrjuon cdnkbvkgo cge ackgtckgkgo quclkty prjorca dbrtk`kdctkjg j KTJ (Kgtbrgctkjgcl Ttcgecres Jrocgkzctkjg) ;666 dbrtk`kdctkjg ks cg bxcaplb j` c quclkty prjorca dbrtk`kdctkjg

Djpyrkont © =63> Vbcrsjg Beudctkjg, Lte. Cll ]konts ]bsbrvbe.  

Acgcobrkcl Kssubs kg Ljokstkds

(36 j` =>)

• Suclkty  KTJ ;666 j Ks c sbt j` obgbrkd stcgecres usbe tj ejduabgt, kaplbabgt, cge ebajgstrctb quclkty acgcobabgt cge cssurcgdb systbas j Ks cpplkdcmlb tj mjtn acgu`cdturkgo cge sbrvkdb `kras j Ttcgecres crb kgtbgebe tj nblp djapcgkbs mukle quclkty kgtj bvbry djrb prjdbss kg bcdn ebpcrtabgt

Djpyrkont © =63> Vbcrsjg Beudctkjg, Lte. Cll ]konts ]bsbrvbe.  

Acgcobrkcl Kssubs kg Ljokstkds

(33 j` =>)

• Suclkty  KTJ ;666 j @kras ebajgstrctkgo djaaktabgt tj quclkty tnrjuon trckgkgo, rbvkbws, cge djgtkgujus kaprjvbabgt j

j

cdnkbvb kgktkcl KTJ ;666 dbrtk`kdctkjg Jgdb dbrtk`kdctkjg ks jmtckgbe, cuekts crb djgeudtbe cgguclly cge jrocgkzctkjgs dcg mb rbdbrtk`kbe bvbry tnrbb ybcrs Dbrtk`kdctkjg ks drbektbe wktn  cg kgdrbcsb kg dustjabr sbrvkdb  kaprjvbe jrebr cddurcdy 

bgcmlkgo bgncgdbe djsts cgclysks

Djpyrkont © =63> Vbcrsjg Beudctkjg, Lte. Cll ]konts ]bsbrvbe.  

Acgcobrkcl Kssubs kg Ljokstkds

(3= j` =>)

• Suclkty  Tkx Tkoac j Ks c quclkty-`jdusbe abtnjejljoy tnct bapncskzbs tnb vkrtucl blkakgctkjg j` muskgbss brrjrs j  Crbc djvbrbe ugebr c gjracl durvb ks my s skx kx stcgecre ebvkctkjgs ks ;;.;;;00 pbrdbgt j  Cpprjcdn suoobsts suoobsts tnct tnbrb tnbrb wkll mb 4.5 4.5 eb`bdts, eb`kdkbgdkbs, jr brrjrs pbr jgb akllkjg jppjrtugktkbs eb`kdkbgdkbs, j Dcg mb cpplkbe tj vcrkjus ljokstkds cdtkvktkbs sudn cs jrebr pcdhkgo

Djpyrkont © =63> Vbcrsjg Beudctkjg, Lte. Cll ]konts ]bsbrvbe.  

Acgcobrkcl Kssubs kg Ljokstkds

(34 j` =>)

• Suclkty  Tkx Tkoac j Mbgb`kts  ]beudbe djsts  ]beudbe brrjrs cge wcstb  ]beudbe dydlb tkab j Ercwmcdhs   

Jvbrdjakgo muskgbss dulturcl mcrrkbrs Kgvbstkgo rbqukrbe rbsjurdbs (mjtn nuacg cge ajgby) Ockgkgo tjp acgcobabgt djaaktabgt

Djpyrkont © =63> Vbcrsjg Beudctkjg, Lte. Cll ]konts ]bsbrvbe.  

Acgcobrkcl Kssubs kg Ljokstkds

(35 j` =>)

• Suclkty  Lbcg Tkx Tkoac j Ks c quclkty-`jdusbe abtnjejljoy tnct kgtborctbs Tkx j

j

j

Tkoac wktn tnb Lbcg cpprjcdn Kgtborctbs tnb ojcls cge abtnjes j` tnbsb twj cpprjcdnbs kg pursukt j` quclkty Rgkqub mbdcusb kt rbdjogkzbs tnct jrocgkzctkjgs dcggjt `jdus jgly jg quclkty jr spbbe Bapncskzbs cg jrocgkzctkjgcl `jdus jg kaprjvkgo quclkty cs kt rblctbs tj rbspjgskvbgbss

Djpyrkont © =63> Vbcrsjg Beudctkjg, Lte. Cll ]konts ]bsbrvbe.  

Acgcobrkcl Kssubs kg Ljokstkds

(32 j` =>)

• Suclkty  Acldjla Mclerkob Gctkjgcl Suclkty Cwcre j ]bdjogkzbs jrocgkzctkjgs `jr tnbkr cdnkbvbabgts kg quclkty cge pbr`jracgdb j Bstcmlksnbe kg tnb lctb 3;>6s j ]bstrkdtbe tj `kras nbcequcrtbrbe kg tnb Rgktbe Ttctbs j

j

Blkokmklkty kgktkclly lkaktbe tj9  Acgu`cdturbs, sbrvkdbs, cge sacll muskgbssbs Blkokmklkty bxpcgebe tj kgdlueb9  Nbcltn dcrb cge beudctkjgcl kgstktutkjgs

Djpyrkont © =63> Vbcrsjg Beudctkjg, Lte. Cll ]konts ]bsbrvbe.  

Acgcobrkcl Kssubs kg Ljokstkds

(30 j` =>)

• ]ksh  Dcg mb vkbwbe cs susdbptkmklkty tj eksruptkjgs tnct djule lbce tj c ljss `jr c `kra 

Dcg tchb c vcrkbty j` `jras cs kt rblctbs tj ljokstkds acgcobabgt cdtkvktkbs j ]boulcrly jddurrkgo (jr jpbrctkjgcl) rkshs (b.o., vcrkcmklkty vcrkcmklk ty kg ebacge jr pjtbgtkcl `jr c ecacobe j

snkpabgt) Dctcstrjpnkd rkshs (b.o., bcrtnquchbs jr tbrrjrkst cttcdhs)

Djpyrkont © =63> Vbcrsjg Beudctkjg, Lte. Cll ]konts ]bsbrvbe.  

Acgcobrkcl Kssubs kg Ljokstkds

(3? j` =>)

• ]ksh  Ljokstkds ugdbrtckgty pyrcake ajebl j Bstcmlksnbe tj kebgtk`y sjurdbs j` ugdbrtckgty tnct dcg c``bdt tnb rksh bxpjsurb `jr ljokstkds cdtkvktkbs j Kebgtk`kbs sbvbrcl typbs j` ugdbrtckgty kgdluekgo snkppbr, dustjabr, dcrrkbr, djgtrjl systbas, cge bxtbrgcl

Djpyrkont © =63> Vbcrsjg Beudctkjg, Lte. Cll ]konts ]bsbrvbe.  

Acgcobrkcl Kssubs kg Ljokstkds

(3> j` =>)

• ]ksh  Ubrrjrksa ks cg bxcaplb j` dctcstrjpnkd rksh  Ubrrjrksa dcg mb eb`kgbe cs “cg kllbocl usb j` jr tnrbct j` `jrdb jr vkjlbgdb aceb my c orjup jr kgekvkeucl cockgst c pbrsjg, c djapcgy, djapcgy, jr sjabjgb‛s prjpbrty wktn c ojcl j` abgcdkgo tnb tcrobt, j`tbg orjugebe kg pjlktkds jr kebjljoy.‑=

Ubrrjrksa, Unb Cabrkdcg Nbrktcob ®  Ekdtkjgcry j` tnb Bgolksn Lcgoucob , 5tn be. (g.e.). ]btrkbvbe `rja ` rja Ekdtkjgcry Ekdtkjgcry.dja .dja wbmsktb9 nttp9//ekdtkjgcry.rb`brbgdb.dja/mrjwsb/tbrrjrksa.

=

Djpyrkont © =63> Vbcrsjg Beudctkjg, Lte. Cll ]konts ]bsbrvbe.  

Acgcobrkcl Kssubs kg Ljokstkds

(3; j` =>)

• ]ksh  Drbctkjg j` tnb Ebpcrtabgt j` Njablcge Tbdurkty (ENT) @bebrcl cobgdy j Ojcls  Uj prbvbgt tbrrjrkst cttcdhs kg tnb R.T.  Uj rbeudb tnb vulgbrcmklkty j` tnb R.T. tj tbrrjrksa j

Djpyrkont © =63> Vbcrsjg Beudctkjg, Lte. Cll ]konts ]bsbrvbe.  

Acgcobrkcl Kssubs kg Ljokstkds

(=6 j` =>)

• ]ksh  Unb == sbpcrctb ojvbrgabgt bgtktkbs kgdjrpjrctbe kgdjrpjrctbe kgtj ENT kgdlueb9 j Urcgspjrtctkjg Tbdurkty Ceakgkstrctkjg (UTC) Urcgspjrtctkjg _jrhbr Kebgtk`kdctkjg Drbebgtkcl (U_KD) j Dustjas cge Mjrebr Vrjtbdtkjg (DMV) 

Djgtckgbr Tbdurkty Kgktkctkvb (DTK) Dustjas Urceb Vcrtgbrsnkp Vcrt gbrsnkp Cockgst Ubrrjrksa Ubrrjrksa (DUVCU) Kapjrtbr Tbdurkty @klkgo (KT@) rulb, clsj hgjwg cs “36+=‑

Djpyrkont © =63> Vbcrsjg Beudctkjg, Lte. Cll ]konts ]bsbrvbe.  

Ucmlb 5.39 Ukablkgb `jr Vrbsbgtkgo Blbdtrjgkd Cevcgdb Acgk`bst Kg`jractkjg Kg`jrac tkjg

Tjurdb9 Brlkgec Myre, “]ulbs `jr Kaprjvkgo Dcroj Tbdurkty,‑ Dustjas cge Mjrebr Vrjtbdtkjg Ujecy, Acrdn =665.

Djpyrkont © =63> Vbcrsjg Beudctkjg, Lte. Cll ]konts ]bsbrvbe.  

Acgcobrkcl Kssubs kg Ljokstkds

(=3 j` =>)

• ]ksh  Unb`t ks cgjtnbr ljokstkds rksh kssub tnct djg`rjgts acgy acgcobrs 

Unb`t (stbclkgo) dcg mb eb`kgbe cs tnb tchkgo cge rbajvkgo j` pbrsjgcl prjpbrty wktn tnb kgtbgt tj ebprkvb tnb rkont`ul jwgbr j` kt.4

www.a-w.dja/ekdtkjgcry

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Djpyrkont © =63> Vbcrsjg Beudctkjg, Lte. Cll ]konts ]bsbrvbe.  

Acgcobrkcl Kssubs kg Ljokstkds

(== j` =>)

• ]ksh  Unjuonts rbocrekgo tnb`t j Kgsurcgdb djapcgkbs acy rbkamursb `jr ljss, mut tkab cge djsts tbge gjt tj mb djvbrbe j Unb`t rbsults kg tnb plcggbe `ljw j` ojjes mbkgo kgtbrruptbe, wnkdn dcg lbce tj stjdhjuts j Unb`t dcg `cdtjr kgtj `cdklkty ljdctkjg ebdkskjgs

Djpyrkont © =63> Vbcrsjg Beudctkjg, Lte. Cll ]konts ]bsbrvbe.  

Acgcobrkcl Kssubs kg Ljokstkds

(=4 j` =>)

• ]ksh  Unjuonts rbocrekgo pkl`brcob (bapljybb tnb`t) j Urcgspjrtctkjg cge wcrbnjuskgo jpbrctkjgs crb pcrtkdulcrly vulgbrcmlb tj pkl`brcob j Acgcokgo pkl`brcob mbokgs wktn tnb nkrkgo prjdbss j Ybrj-tjlbrcgdb pkl`brcob pjlkdy j j

Hbbp ojjes ajvkgo tnrjuon tnb systba ]bdbgt kgdrbcsb kg pkrctb cttcdhs

Djpyrkont © =63> Vbcrsjg Beudctkjg, Lte. Cll ]konts ]bsbrvbe.  

@kourb 5.39 Tnkppkgo Djgtckgbr Ljdhkgo Ncgelb wktn c Rgkqubly Guambrbe Dustjas Tbcl

Tjurdb9 Vnklkp Drkelcge/Clcay Ttjdh Vnjtj

Djpyrkont © =63> Vbcrsjg Beudctkjg, Lte. Cll ]konts ]bsbrvbe.  

Acgcobrkcl Kssubs kg Ljokstkds

(=5 j` =>)

• Tustckgcmklkty  Ljokstkds sjdkcl rbspjgskmklkty j Djrpjrctb sjdkcl rbspjgskmklkty kssubs tnct rblctb ekrbdtly tj ljokstkds

Djpyrkont © =63> Vbcrsjg Beudctkjg, Lte. Cll ]konts ]bsbrvbe.  

Acgcobrkcl Kssubs kg Ljokstkds • Tustckgcmklkty  Ljokstkds sjdkcl rbspjgskmklkty j Vjtbgtkcl ekabgskjgs kgdlueb9       

Bgvkrjgabgt Btnkds Ekvbrskty Tc`bty Vnklcgtnrjpy Nuacg rkonts Jtnbrs

(=2 j` =>)

Djpyrkont © =63> Vbcrsjg Beudctkjg, Lte. Cll ]konts ]bsbrvbe.  

Acgcobrkcl Kssubs kg Ljokstkds

(=0 j` =>)

• Tustckgcmklkty  ]bvbrsb ljokstkds j Ks tnb prjdbss j` acgcokgo rbturg ojjes Bxdbbes $366 mkllkjg kg R.T. cljgb j Dcg mb `jur tj `kvb tkabs ajrb bxpbgskvb tncg `jrwcre ljokstkds j Vrjdbss dcg tchb 3= tkabs cs acgy stbps cs `jrwcre ljokstkds j

Djpyrkont © =63> Vbcrsjg Beudctkjg, Lte. Cll ]konts ]bsbrvbe.  

Acgcobrkcl Kssubs kg Ljokstkds

(=? j` =>)

• Tustckgcmklkty  ]bvbrsb ljokstkds j ]bvbrsb ljokstkds prjdbss `jdusbs jg9  _ny

prjeudts crb rbturgbe  Njw tj jptkakzb rbvbrsb ljokstkds  _nbtnbr rbvbrsb ljokstkds snjule mb acgcobe kgtbrgclly jr jutsjurdbe tj c tnkre pcrty5

Ijng Vcul Sukgg, “Crb Unbrb Bvbr Cgy Ncppy ]bturgs:‑ Ljokstkds Acgcobabgt , Iugb =662, 04—00.

5

Djpyrkont © =63> Vbcrsjg Beudctkjg, Lte. Cll ]konts ]bsbrvbe.  

Acgcobrkcl Kssubs kg Ljokstkds

(=> j` =>)

• Djaplbxkty  Gbtwjrh djaplbxkty j Ks tnb orjwkgo guambr j` gjebs cge tnb cssjdkctbe dncgobs tj tnb lkghs kg ljokstkds systbas 



Vrjdbss djaplbxkty j Dbgtbrs jg tnb ncpnczcre ebvbljpabgt j` prjdbssbs, ceektkjgs cge ajek`kdctkjgs tj prjdbssbs jvbr tkab, cge/jr dncgokgo prjdbss rbqukrbabgts rbqukrbabgts ]cgob djaplbxkty j Dbgtbrs jg tnb kaplkdctkjgs cssjdkctbe wktn tnb kgdrbcskgo guambr j` prjeudts tnct ajst djapcgkbs djgtkgub tj `cdb kg cg b``jrt tj ek``brbgtkctb tnbasblvbs wktn tnbkr dustjabrs

Djpyrkont © =63> Vbcrsjg Beudctkjg, Lte. Cll ]konts ]bsbrvbe.  

Hby Ubras (3 j` 4) • “D-lbvbl‑ pjsktkjg

• Bxdbss dcpcdkty

• Dbgtrclkzbe ljokstkds jrocgkzctkjg

• @rcoabgtbe ljokstkds strudturb

• Djgtckgbr Tbdurkty Kgktkctkvb (DTK)

• Kapjrtbr Tbdurkty @klkgo (KT@) rulb

• Dustjas Urceb Vcrtgbrsnkp Cockgst Ubrrjrksa (D-UVCU) • Ebdbgtrclkzbe ljokstkds jrocgkzctkjg

Djpyrkont © =63> Vbcrsjg Beudctkjg, Lte. Cll ]konts ]bsbrvbe.  

Hby Ubras (= j` 4) • KTJ ;666

• Vkl`brcob

• Lbcg Tkx Tkoac

• Vrjeudtkvkty

• Ljokstkds sbrvkdb quclkty

• ]bvbrsb ljokstkds

• Ljokstkds sjdkcl rbspjgskmklkty

• Tncrkgo bdjgjay

• Ljokstkds ugdbrtckgty pyrcake ajebl • Acldjla Mclerkob Gctkjgcl Suclkty Cwcre

Djpyrkont © =63> Vbcrsjg Beudctkjg, Lte. Cll ]konts ]bsbrvbe.  

Hby Ubras (4 j` 4) • Tkx Tkoac • Ucdnjorcpn • Unb`t • Urcgspjrtctkjg wjrhbr kebgtk`kdctkjg drbebgtkcl (U_KD)

• Rgk`kbe ljokstkds strudturb