CONTAMINACION EN PLAYITA MIA MANTA

COLEGIO NACIONAL MIXTO CAMILO PONCE ENRÍQUEZ

TERCER AÑO DE BACHILLERATO GENERAL UNIFICADO

TRABAJO DE MONOGRAFIA Previa a la o!e"#i$" %el !&!'lo %e Ba#(iller 

TEMA CAU)A) * CON)ECUENCIA) DE LA CONTAMINACION DE LA PLA*A DE TARQUI +PLA*ITA MIA,EN LA CIUDAD DE MANTA DURANTE EL PERIDO -./01-./2 AUTOR ANCHUNDIA CHAL3N ED4IN JO)HUE TUTORA LCDA5 )U)ANA FLORE)

MANTA6 OCTUBRE DEL -./0

TRABAJO MONOGRÁFICO PREVIA A LA OBTENCIÓN DEL TÍTULO DE BACHILLER GENERAL UNIFICADO TEMA: CAU)A) * CON)ECUENCIA) DE LA CONTAMINACION DE LA PLA*A DE TARQUI +PLA*ITA MIA,EN LA CIUDAD DE MANTA DURANTE EL PERIDO -./0 1 -./2

ELABORADO POR7 ANCHUNDIA CHAL3N ED4IN JO)HUE

APROBADO POR EL 8A9 DIRECTOR DE MONOGRAFÍA

……………………………………… CALIFICACI:N:…………………..

……………………………. DIRECTOR8A9

2

TRABAJO MONOGRÁFICO PREVIA A LA OBTENCIÓN DEL TÍTULO DE BACHILLER GENERAL UNIFICADO TEMA: CAU)A) * CON)ECUENCIA) DE LA CONTAMINACION DE LA PLA*A DE TARQUI +PLA*ITA MIA,EN LA CIUDAD DE MANTA DURANTE EL PERIDO -./0 1 -./2

ELABORADO POR7 ANCHUNDIA CHAL3N ED4IN JO)HUE

APROBADO POR EL 8A9 DIRECTOR DE MONOGRAFÍA

……………………………………… CALIFICACI:N:…………………..

……………………………. DIRECTOR8A9

2

AGRADECIMIENTO

 Agrade!" a D#"$% $er $&'re(" )&e #*&(#+a +&e$,r"$ !a(#+"$% )&#e+ e$,'re$e+,e e+ !ada &+" de +&e$,r"$ ,r"'#e"$  *"gr"$.  A (# (adre (adre '"r $& e$/&er"  a'"" a'"" #+!"+d#!#"+a* 0r#+dad".  A +&e$,r"$ (ae$,r"$ )&#e+e$ d1a a d1a #('ar,#er"+ $&$ !"+"!#(#e+,"$  +"$ /"r(ar"+ 'ara !"+,r#0&#r !"+,r#0&#r !"+ !"+ *a $"!#edad2 3ag" &+ e4,e+$#5" agrade!#(#e+," a *a L!da. 6&$a+a F*"re$ '"r $& a&da #+!"+d#!#"+a* 0r#+dada e+ !ada #+)&#e,&d " d&da )&e ,&5e )&e de$'e7ar e+ e* de$arr"**" de *a ("+"gra/1a. Gra!#a$ Gra!#a$ (ae$,r"$% (ae$,r"$% gra!#a$… '"r 'er(#,#r(e 'er(#,#r(e e5"*&!#"+ar e5"*&!#"+ar !"(" 'er$"+a$ 'er$"+a$  a*!a+ar &+a (e,a 'r"'&e$,a 'ara

e+ e* /&,&r" $er &+ &+ 'r"/e$#"+a* de !a*#dad. !a*#dad.

Ed8#+ A+!3&+d#a C3a*9+

3

DEDICATORIA

C"+ ,"d" e* !ar#"  a*,#5e% ded#!" e$,e ,ra0a7" a (#$ $ere$ )&er#d"$.  A E$,re**a C3a*e+% '"r $er e7e('*" de 'adre  (adre% '"r *a $a0#d&r1a  e$/&er"% '"r dar(e *a 3ere+!#a (-$ 5a*#"$a )&e e4#$,e e+ *a $"!#edad% e$," e$% *a ed&!a!#;+.  A *a U+#dad U+#dad Ed&!a,#5a Ca(#*" P"+!e P"+!e E+r1)&e )&e (e a!"g#; a!"g#; 'ara /"r(ar 'ar,e de $& a*&(+ad" e+ d"+de 3e 5#5#d"  !"('ar,#d" gra+de$ ("(e+,"$ )&e +&+!a "*5#dare.  A ,"d"$ ,"d"$ *"$ )&e a&dar"+ a&dar"+ e+ *"grar e$,a (e,a% Gra!#a$.

Ed8#+ A+!3&+d#a C3a*9+

4

TEMA  CAU)A) * CON)ECUENCIA) DE LA CONTAMINACION DE LA PLA*A DE TARQUI +PLA*ITA MIA,EN LA CIUDAD DE MANTA DURANTE EL PERIDO

INDICE 5

AGRADECIMIENTO;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;55DEDICATORIA;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;555< )OLICITUD DE MONOGRAFIA ;;;;;;;;;;;;;5;;;;;;5= TEMA ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;0 CAPITULO I JU6TIFICACIÓN……………………………………………………………………….< OBJETIVO6 …………………………………………………………………………= GENERAL………………………………………………………………………………= E6PECIFICO6……………………………….………………………………………...= PROBLEMA DE INVE6TIGACIÓN ……………………………………………….>

CAPITULO II INTRODUCCION.……………………………………………………………………?? PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA.…………….………………………………?@ FUNDAMENTACION DEL PROBLEMA.………………………………………….? METODOLOGIA …………………………………………………………………...? IN6TRUMENTO6 PARA LA RECOPILACIÓN DE LA INFORMACIÓN....……? NIVEL DE INVE6TIGACIÓN …………………………………………………….?=

CAPITULO III MARCO TEORICO ………………………………………………………………..?>  ANTECEDENTE6 INVE6TIGATIVO6……………………………………………..?> 6U6TENTO CIENTIFICO…………………………………………………………... CONTAMINACIÓN AMBIENTAL…………………………………………………... CATEGORÍA6 FUNDAMENTALE6 ………………………………………….…. INCIDENCIA DE LA CONTAMINACIÓN EN LA PARROUIA DE TARUI.....?  A6PECTO6 PRINCIPALE6 DEL 6I6TEMA DE ALCANTARILLADO DE MANTA………………………………………………………………………………..  A6PECTO6 PRINCIPALE6 DE LA CONTAMINACIÓN EN PLAITA MÍA….. RECUPERACIÓN DE LA PLAA EN EL @…………………………………..

CAPITULO I>  ANÁLI6I6 E6TADI6TICO DE LO6 RE6ULTADO6……………………………...> INTERPRETACIÓN DE LO6 RE6ULTADO6…………………………………….@= CONCLU6IÓN………………………………………………………………………..@= RECOMENDACIONE6……………………………………………………………...

BIBLIOGRAFIA;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=/ ANEXO);;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=-

CAPITULO I 6

JU)TIFICACI:N E* (",#5" /&+da(e+,a* 'ara *a e*e!!#;+ de e$,e ,e(a% $e e+(ar!a de* a*," grad" de de$#+,er9$ )&e $e *e 5#e+e da+d" a *a 'r",e!!#;+ a(0#e+,a*  a *a /a*,a de e$,ra,eg#a$ de d#/ere+!#a!#;+  e+/")&e de+,r" de* de$arr"**" ,&r1$,#!" e+ P*a#,a M1a% a )&e *a !"+,a(#+a!#;+  e* (ed#" a(0#e+,e% e+ *"$ *,#("$ a"$ 3a ,"(ad" #+,er9$% de0#d" a )&e e+ (&!3"$ !a$"$ *"$ 'r"0*e(a$ a(0#e+,a*e$ 3a+ re'er!&,#d" 'r"'#!#a+d" da"$ a* e+,"r+"%  de $a*&d e+ +&e$,ra$ !#&dad. E* ,e(a de *a !"+,a(#+a!#;+ a(0#e+,a*% e$ 'r"'#!#" 'ara e* $e!,"r de Tar)&#% de0#d" a $& !ara!,er1$,#!a% '"r !"+5er,#r$e e+ &+ a,ra!,#5" ,&r1$,#!" de 'r#(er  "rde+ 'ara *a !#&dad% ,e(a$ !"(" e* 'r"'&e$," !"+,r#0&#r1a+ !"+ e* (e7"ra(#e+," de *a 'er!e'!#;+ ,&r1$,#!a e+,re 5#$#,a+,e$  ("rad"re$% ade(-$ de *a $a*&d. E* 'r"0*e(a a(0#e+,a* a/e!,a d#re!,a(e+,e a* (a+,e+#(#e+," de *a a!,#5#dad ,&r1$,#!a de0#d" a *a /a*,a de !"+,r"* e+ *a 'r",e!!#;+  !"+$er5a!#;+ de *"$ re!&r$"$ ,&r1$,#!"$. Ta(0#9+ e+ e* !a+,;+ Ma+,a $e '&ede "0$er5ar *a e4#$,e+!#a de &+a #+ade!&ada !"(er!#a*#a!#;+ de *"$ $er5#!#"$ ,&r1$,#!"$ de0#d" a: •

La /a*,a  de/#!#e+,e !"+,r"* '"r 'ar,e de *a$ a&,"r#dade$ M&+#!#'a*e$ de

•

T&r#$("2 P"!a 'ar,#!#'a!#;+ !#&dada+a e+ *"$ a$&+,"$ de de$arr"**" ,&r1$,#!". La !are+!#a de 'r"gra(a$ de !a'a!#,a!#;+ a *"$ e+,e$ #+5"*&!rad"$ e+

•

e$,a a!,#5#dad. E* ,ra,a(#e+," de e$,e ,e(a% 7&$,#/#!a $& #+5e$,#ga!#;+ '"r)&e !"+ e$,e ,ra0a7" 're,e+d" #+!"r'"rar(e  !"(" !#&dada+" (a+,e+$e e$ #('"r,a+,e )&e !"+,r#0&a !"+ e$,- $#g+#/#!a,#5a #+5e$,#ga!#;+ a /a5"r de (# !#&dad.

7

OBJETI>O)

GENERAL •

De,er(#+ar *a$ !a&$a$  de *a !"+,a(#+a!#;+ e+ P*a#,a M1a  'r"("5er  e* de$arr"**" a(0#e+,a*  $"$,e+#0*e de *a a!,#5#dad ,&r1$,#!a e+ *a !#&dad de Ma+,a.

E)PECIFICO) •

C"+!#e+!#ar a *a !#&dada+1a de *a #('"r,a+!#a de *a 'r",e!!#;+ a(0#e+,a*

•

'ara e* de$arr"**" $"$,e+#0*e de *a a!,#5#dad ,&r1$,#!a. C"+"!er e* #('a!," a(0#e+,a* 'r"d&!#d" '"r *a a!,#5#dad ,&r1$,#!a. I('&*$ar e* (a+e7" ade!&ad" de *a a!,#5#dad ,&r1$,#!a e+ Ma+,a. O0,e+er #+/"r(a!#;+ a!,&a*#ada )&e +"$ 'er(#,a d#$ear e$,ra,eg#a$

•

'ara e* (a+e7" ade!&ad" de *a a!,#5#dad ,&r1$,#!a O0,e+er #+/"r(a!#;+ a!,&a*#ada )&e +"$ 'er(#,a d#$ear e$,ra,eg#a$

• •

'ara e* (a+e7" ade!&ad" de* (ed#" a(0#e+,e de Ma+,a.

PROBLEMA DE IN>E)TIGACI:N

8

La !"+,a(#+a!#;+ a(0#e+,a* ge+era r#e$g"$ a* $er 3&(a+" !a&$a+d" da"$ #rre5er$#0*e$% #+!re(e+,a+d" *a$ e+/er(edade$  'r"5"!a+d" da"$ a* e!"$#$,e(a )&e '&ede+ 'r"d&!#r '9rd#da$ e!"+;(#!a$ a $&$ 3a0#,a+,e$  &+a '9rd#da de #(age+  '"$#!#"+a(#e+," ,a+ d#/1!#*(e+,e a*!a+ad". E$,"$ gra5e$ e/e!,"$ $e de0e+ 'r#+!#'a*(e+,e a )&e +" $e 3a+ e7e!&,ad" ade!&ada(e+,e 'r"gra(a$ 're5e+,#5"$  !"rre!,#5"$% 'r"d&!#e+d" &+a !"+$,a+,e e*e5a!#;+ e+ *"$ +#5e*e$ de !"+,a(#+a!#;+  a/e!,a+d" *a !a+,#dad de ,&r#$,a$ )&e 5#$#,a+ *a$ '*aa$ 7&+," a *a$ a!,#5#dade$ 'e$)&era$. Ad#!#"+a*(e+,e% *a /a*,a de ("de*"$ de !*a$#/#!a!#;+ a(0#e+,a* #('#de !&a+,#/#!ar *a (ag+#,&d de *"$ $1+,"(a$ 3a!#e+d" !"('*#!ada *a 0$)&eda de $"*&!#"+e$ 'er,#+e+,e$. 6# *a$ !"+d#!#"+e$ +" (e7"ra+% 'r"+," e* a&ge  !re!#(#e+," de* $e!,"r $erree('*aad" '"r e+/er(edade$  da"$ a $&$ 3a0#,a+,e$% 'r"5"!a+d" a (-$ de &+a #(age+ de$,r&!,#5a de *a 'r"5#+!#a% da"$ gra5e$ a $& '"0*a!#;+. E$,a $#,&a!#;+ re)&#ere de a!!#"+e$ #+(ed#a,a$ ,e+d#e+,e$ a 're5e+#r  !"rreg#r  !"('"r,a(#e+,"$  a!!#"+e$ )&e a/e!,e+ a* (ed#" a(0#e+,e. U+" de *"$ 'r"0*e(a$ )&e e+ *"$ *,#("$ a"$ 3a e$,ad" a/e!,a+d" *a #(age+ de Ma+,a e$ *a !"+,a(#+a!#;+ a(0#e+,a*. La !&a* $e e5#de+!#a e+ *"$ !#+!" e*e(e+,"$ de *a 5#da &r0a+a: *a$ '*aa$% e* (ar% *a '"a% e* !a&!e de* r 1" Ma+,a% *a$ !a**e$ '"r d"+de /*&e e* re0"$e de *a$ ag&a$ $er5#da$. E* "r#ge+ de e$,e 'r"0*e(a $e e+!&e+,ra e+ e* "0$"*e," $#$,e(a de a*!a+,ar#**ad" $a+#,ar#" de Ma+,a% ade(-$ de )&e !#er,a$ e('re$a$ $"+ age+,e$ !"+,a(#+a+,e$ '"r *a$ de$!arga$ de ag&a$ re$#d&a*e$ #+d&$,r#a*#ada$. E* 'r"0*e(a a(0#e+,a* a/e!,a d#re!,a(e+,e a* (a+,e+#(#e+," de *a a!,#5#dad ,&r1$,#!a de0#d" a *a /a*,a de !"+,r"* e+ *a 'r",e!!#;+  !"+$er5a!#;+ de *"$ re!&r$"$ ,&r1$,#!"$ "!a$#"+ad" '"r: • •

U+ '*a+ de ,ra0a7" '"0re '"r 'ar,e de *a$ e+,#dade$ e+!argada$2 Ba7a 'ar,#!#'a!#;+ de *"$ 3a0#,a+,e$ e+ *"$ a$&+,"$ de *a "+a.

 A 'e$ar de *"$ e$/&er"$ de d#5er$a$ #+$,#,&!#"+e$  a&,"r#dade$ !"('r"(e,#da$ !"+ e* de$arr"**" ,&r1$,#!"  a(0#e+,a* de Ma+,a% +" $e a5#"ra 9

&+a 'r"+,a $"*&!#;+ a e$,"$ 'r"0*e(a$% '&e$ e$,a$ "rga+#a!#"+e$ e+ *a 'r-!,#!a +" ,ra0a7a+ !""rd#+ada(e+,e e+ 0e+e/#!#" de *"grar )&e *"$ 3a0#,a+,e$ de Ma+,a 5#5a+ e+ &+ a(0#e+,e $a+"% e!"*;g#!a(e+,e e)&#*#0rad"  *#0re de !"+,a(#+a!#;+.

CAPITULO II INTRODUCCION 10

Ma+,a% e$ &+ !a+,;+ de +",a0*e$ r#)&ea$  a* !"+$,#,&#r$e e+ P&er," Pe$)&er" de ,ra+$/ere+!#a  !"+ &+ !a*ad" +a,&ra*% *" 3a!e a,ra!,#5" ,a+," 'ara #+5er$#"+#$,a$  ,&r#$,a$% a )&e a !"+$e!&e+!#a$ de* 5ar#ad" e+,"r+" +a,&ra*% d#5er$#dad  a $& e$,ra,9g#!a '"$#!#;+ e+ e* 'er/#* C"$,a+er" Ce+,ra*% e$,e+*aada !"+ e* re$," de* 'a1$ a ,ra59$ de *a 51a (ar1,#(a !"$,era !"(" ,a(0#9+ *a 51a '&er,"  aer"'&er," *" !&a* *e 0r#+da gra+ '",e+!#a* 'ara e* de$arr"**" de $&$ 'r#+!#'a*e$ a!,#5#dade$ e!"+;(#!a$  &+a de e$,a$ a!,#5#dade$ de (a"r 'r"e!!#;+ e$ *a de* ,&r#$("% e* !"(er!#"2 '&e$ *a e4,ra"rd#+ar#a 5ar#edad de a,ra!,#5"$ +a,&ra*e$  !&*,&ra*e$% $& 3"$'#,a*#dad  *a$ /a!#*#dade$ de a!!e$" &0#!a+ a Ma+,a e+,re *"$ 'r#(er"$ e+ 're/ere+!#a$ de T&r#$(" Na!#"+a*. E+ *a a!,&a*#dad gra+de$ !#&dade$ $e a3"ga+ '"r *a !"+,a(#+a!#;+ )&e e+$"(0re!e e* 3"r#"+,e  de,er#"ra *a !a*#dad de 5#da% a 'e$ar de #r a *a 5a+g&ard#a de* de$arr"**"% '&e$ *a !"+,a(#+a!#;+ a(0#e+,a*% 're"!&'a $"0re (a+era a ,"d"$ '&e$ *a re*a!#;+ ar("+#"$a e+,re e* 3"(0re  *a +a,&ra*ea $e e$,- 5#e+d" #+,err&('#da '"r (*,#'*e$ /a!,"re$ 'r#+!#'a*(e+,e *"$ ge+erad"$ '"r e* 3"(0re !"(" *a ,a*a de -r0"*e$ )&e !"+**e5a a $& a&$e+!#a  a )&e $e 'r"d&!a+ er"$#"+e$% *a !"+,a(#+a!#;+ de* $&e*"% ag&a !"+ re$#d&"$ )&1(#!"$ )&e de,er#"ra+ e* Med#" A(0#e+,e. La !"+,a(#+a!#;+ a(0#e+,a* e$ &+ /e+;(e+" )&e a/e!,a e5"*&,#5a(e+,e a Ma+,a  )&e e$ #('"r,a+,e $ea*ar a*g&+"$ 'r"0*e(a$ a(0#e+,a*e$: L"$ !"+,#+&"$ re0"$e$ de* a*!a+,ar#**ad" $a+#,ar#". Ha *&gare$ d"+de *a$ ag&a$ !"+,a(#+ada$ $a*e+ d#re!,a(e+,e a* (ar !&" "r#ge+ e$ de e('re$a$ 'e$)&era$. 6"0re e$," e4#$,e &+a de$!""rd#+a!#;+ de a!!#"+e$ '"r 'ar,e de *a EAPAM  e* M&+#!#'#" 'ara $"*&!#"+ar e$,"$ 'r"0*e(a$. E$ ,#e('" de !"+!#e+!#ar a *a !#&dada+1a  a *a$ a&,"r#dade$ e+!argada$ de *a 'r",e!!#;+ de* Med#" A(0#e+,e% de *"$ "rga+#$("$ '0*#!"$% 'r#5ad"$% de *a$ e$!&e*a$% !"*eg#"$% &+#5er$#dade$ 'ara )&e e+ /"r(a !"+7&+,a a're+da("$ a re$'e,ar *"$ 're!e',"$ de *a +a,&ra*ea  de/e+der *" )&e e+ e* /&,&r" $er- e* 3-0#,a, de *a$ +&e5a$ ge+era!#"+e$.

11

E* ,ra0a7" e+ $1 ,ra,a de a'"r,ar a* !"+"!#(#e+," *a rea*#dad T&r1$,#!a  A(0#e+,a* !"+ *a /#+a*#dad de !"+!#e+!#ar *a e4'*",a!#;+ de *"$ re!&r$"$%  *a #('"r,a+!#a de *a 're$er5a!#;+  *a$ #('*#!a!#"+e$ de $& de,er#"r" !"+!*&e+d" e+ *"grar  e$,a0*e!er &+ M"de*" de$ea0*e  $"$,e+#0*e de* T&r#$(" e+ Ma+,a  're$er5a!#;+ de* Med#" A(0#e+,e.

PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA

12

E+ *a a!,&a*#dad de0e("$ 3a!er !"+!#e+!#a de *a$ !a&$a$  !"+$e!&e+!#a$ de *a !"+,a(#+a!#;+ de *a '*aa de Tar)&# '*a#,a (1aK e+ *a !#&dad de Ma+,a% ,"d"$ *"$ 3a0#,a+,e$ de0e("$ !"+,r#0&#r 'ara )&e e$,e Pr#(er P&er," Mar1,#("  Pe$)&er" de* E!&ad"r +" $e a/e!,e '"r e$,e /e+;(e+" $"!#a* de *a !"+,a(#+a!#;+  $&$ !"+$e!&e+!#a$ )&e $er1a+ +e/a$,a$ 'ara *a '"0*a!#;+  'ara *a !#&dada+1a e+ ge+era*. E* 0r",e de e'#de(#a$ de0#d" a e**" e$ 'er7&d#!#a* 'ara *a $a*&d de $&$ 'r"'#"$ 3a0#,a+,e$ de #g&a* (a+era 'ara *"$ ,&r#$,a$. P"r *a !"+,a(#+a!#;+ )&e e+$"(0re!e e* 3"r#"+,e  de,er#"ra *a !a*#dad de 5#da% a 'e$ar de #r a *a 5a+g&ard#a de* de$arr"**"% '&e$ *a !"+,a(#+a!#;+ a(0#e+,a*% 're"!&'a $"0re (a+era a ,"d"$ '&e$ *a re*a!#;+ ar("+#"$a e+,re e* 3"(0re  *a +a,&ra*ea $e e$,- 5#e+d" #+,err&('#da '"r (*,#'*e$ /a!,"re$ 'r#+!#'a*(e+,e *"$ !read"$ '"r  e* 3"(0re !"(" *a ,a*a de -r0"*e$ )&e !"+**e5a a $& a&$e+!#a  a )&e $e 'r"d&!a+ er"$#"+e$% *a !"+,a(#+a!#;+ de* $&e*"% ag&a !"+ re$#d&"$ )&1(#!"$ )&e de,er#"ra+ e* Med#" A(0#e+,e. La !"+,a(#+a!#;+ a(0#e+,a* e$ &+ /e+;(e+" )&e a/e!,a e5"*&,#5a(e+,e a Ma+,a  )&e e$ #('"r,a+,e $ea*ar )&e e$,"$ *"$ 'r"d&!e+ a*g&+a$ /-0r#!a$ !"(" '"r e7e('*" I+e'a!a% e+,re ",ra$ (& !"+"!#da$ '"r *"$ 3a0#,a+,e$ de +&e$,ra !#&dad )&e "!a$#"+a+ e$,"$ 'r"0*e(a$ a(0#e+,a*e$% ",r" /a!,"r  +ega,#5" 'ara +&e$,r" (ed#" a(0#e+,e $"+ *"$ !"+,#+&"$ re0"$e$ de* a*!a+,ar#**ad" $a+#,ar#". Ha *&gare$ d"+de *a$ ag&a$ !"+,a(#+ada$ $a*e+ d#re!,a(e+,e a* (ar !&" "r#ge+ e$ de e('re$a$ 'e$)&era$. 6"0re e$," e4#$,e &+a de$!""rd#+a!#;+ de a!!#"+e$ '"r 'ar,e de *a EAPAM  e* M&+#!#'#" 'ara $"*&!#"+ar e$,"$ 'r"0*e(a$ a(0#e+,a*e$. E$ ,#e('" de !"+!#e+!#ar a *a !#&dada+1a  a *a$ a&,"r#dade$ e+!argada$ de *a 'r",e!!#;+ de* Med#" A(0#e+,e% de *"$ "rga+#$("$ '0*#!"$% 'r#5ad"$% de *a$ e$!&e*a$% !"*eg#"$% &+#5er$#dade$ 'ara )&e e+ /"r(a !"+7&+,a a're+da("$ a e+,e+der *a +a,&ra*ea  de/e+der *" )&e e+ e* /&,&r" $er- e* 3-0#,a, de *a$ +&e5a$ ge+era!#"+e$  're$er5ar *#0re de !"+,a(#+a!#;+ +&e$,r"$ e$'a!#"$ !"+ e* /#+ de (e7"rar *a $a*&d de !ada 3a0#,a+,e.

13

E* ,ra0a7" e+ $1 ,ra,a de !"+,r#0&#r a* !"+"!#(#e+," *a rea*#dad T&r1$,#!a   A(0#e+,a* !"+ e* /#r(e 'r"';$#," de $e+$#0#*#ar *a e4'*",a!#;+ de *"$ re!&r$"$%  *a #('"r,a+!#a de *a 're$er5a!#;+  *a$ #('*#!a!#"+e$ de $& de,er#"r" !"+!*&e+d" e+ *"grar e$,a0*e!er &+ M"de*" de$ea0*e  $"$,e+#0*e de* T&r#$(" e+ Ma+,a  're$er5a!#;+ de* Med#" A(0#e+,e.

FUNDAMENTACION DEL PROBLEMA

14

E+ re*a!#;+ a *"$ /a!,"re$ e4'&e$,"$% e* 're$e+,e 'r"e!," $e $&$,e+,a e+ *a 0$)&eda de $"*&!#"+e$ de* $#g&#e+,e 'r"0*e(a '*a+,ead": C&-*e$ $"+ !a&$a$  !"+$e!&e+!#a$ de *a !"+,a(#+a!#;+ de *a '*aa de Tar)&#

METODOLOGIA E+ e$,e ,ra0a7" $e &,#*#; e* (9,"d" #+d&!,#5"% #+5e$,#ga,#5"% *a ("da*#dad de !"+$&*,a 0#0*#"gr-/#!a 6 '"r)&e $e &,#*#; ,e4,"$% /"**e,"$% re5#$,a$% !"+$&*,a$ de #+,er+e,. 6e e('*e; ,a(0#9+ *a #+5e$,#ga!#;+ de !a('"% rea*#a+d" e+!&e$,a$ a *"$ ("rad"re$ de *a P*aa De Tar)&# P*a#,a M1a ,  e+ *"$ a+e4"$ $e '&ede a're!#ar *a$ /","gra/1a$ de *"$ *&gare$ )&e ,#e+e+ e* 'r"0*e(a de !"+,a(#+a!#;+. 6e a'*#!; ,9!+#!a$ de "0$er5a!#;+ $"0re e* 'r"0*e(a de *a !"+,a(#+a!#;+ a(0#e+,a* e+ *a 'arr")&#a. 6e &,#*#; e* (9,"d": Cr1,#!" Pr"'"$#,#5" '"r)&e $e ,"(; e+ !&e+,a a *"$ #+5"*&!rad"$ e+ *a #+5e$,#ga!#;+: a!,"re$ de* 'r"0*e(a a(0#e+,a*  *a '"0*a!#;+ de *a P*aa De Tar)&# P*a#,a M1a ,5

INSTRUMENTOS PARA LA RECOPILACIÓN DE LA INFORMACIÓN La$ 'reg&+,a$ !"+,e+#da$ e+ *a $#g&#e+,e /#!3a /&er"+ a'*#!ada$ a @ ("rad"re$  ,ra0a7ad"re$ de *a '*aa de Tar)&#  ("rad"re$ de* $e!,"r:

15

16

NI>EL DE IN>E)TIGACI:N E$,a #+5e$,#ga!#;+ !"rre$'"+de a *"$ +#5e*e$: e4'*"ra,"r#a '"r)&e $e "0$er5; e* "07e," de e$,&d#": La$ -rea$ !"+ /"!"$ de !"+,a(#+a!#;+ de *a '*aa deTar)&#. De$!r#',#5a% '"r)&e $e 5er#/#!" *a$ !"+d#!#"+e$ a(0#e+,a*e$ de !#er,"$ $e!,"re$ de *a 'arr")&#a%  $& #+/*&e+!#a $"0re *"$ a,ra!,#5"$ ,&r1$,#!"$ de* $e!,"r% ,a(0#9+ $e 3a '"d#d" de,er(#+ar e* a$'e!," $"!#" e!"+;(#!" de* *&gar%  *a #d#"$#+!ra$#a de $&$ 3a0#,a+,e$.

17

CAPITULO III MARCO TEORICO ANTECEDENTE) IN>E)TIGATI>O) E4#$,e+ #+5e$,#ga!#"+e$  'r"e!,"$ a'*#!ad"$ a $"*&!#"+ar *a !"+,a(#+a!#;+ *"!a* rea*#ad"$ '"r e* M&+#!#'#" de Ma+,a% U+#5er$#dad La#!a E*" A*/ar" de Ma+a01% M#+#$,er#" de $a*&d '0*#!a%  M#+#$,er#" de a(0#e+,e2 )&e 3a+ !"+,r#0&#d" a d#e(ar e* 'r"0*e(a )&e e$ de 're"!&'a!#;+ 'ara ,"d"$. E7e('*": Pr"e!," Errad#!a!#;+ de *a !"+,a(#+a!#;+ e+ *"$ E$,er"$% Fa!&*,ad de P$#!"*"g1a ?% ULEAM. Pr"e!,": I+$,a*a!#;+ de +&e5a ,&0er1a$ e+ *a e$,a!#;+ M#ra/*"re$% 'ara e* $e!,"r  de Tar)&#% E('re$a de ag&a$ de Ma+,a @ . La a!,#5#dad ,&r1$,#!a e$ !"+$#derada !"(" &+a a*,er+a,#5a de ge+era!#;+ e!"+;(#!a )&e 0e+e/#!#a a ,"d"$ *"$ e$,ra,"$ $"!#a*e$. La #+5e$,#ga!#;+ e+ (a,er#a ,&r1$,#!a de,er(#+a 'r"'&e$,a$ 'ara $& (e7"ra(#e+,"  'r"e!!#;+% 'er(#,#e+d" *a "r#e+,a!#;+  e$,&d#"$ )&e !"+,r#0&a+ a re$"*5er *"$ 'r"0*e(a$ )&e $e ge+era+ e+ e* 'r"!e$" de ge+era!#;+ de *a a!,#5#dad.

18

)U)TENTO CIENTIFICO

CONTAMINACI:N AMBIENTAL 6e de+"(#+a !"+,a(#+a!#;+ a(0#e+,a* a *a 're$e+!#a e+ e* a(0#e+,e de !&a*)&#er age+,e /1$#!"% )&1(#!" " 0#"*;g#!" " 0#e+ de &+a !"(0#+a!#;+ de 5ar#"$ age+,e$ e+ *&gare$% /"r(a$  !"+!e+,ra!#"+e$ ,a*e$ )&e $ea+ " '&eda+ $er +"!#5"$ 'ara *a $a*&d% *a $eg&r#dad " 'ara e* 0#e+e$,ar de *a '"0*a!#;+% " 0#e+% )&e '&eda+ $er 'er7&d#!#a*e$ 'ara *a 5#da 5ege,a* " a+#(a*% " #('#da+ e* &$" +"r(a* de *a$ 'r"'#edade$  *&gare$ de re!rea!#;+  g"!e de *"$ (#$("$. La !"+,a(#+a!#;+ a(0#e+,a* e$ ,a(0#9+ *a #+!"r'"ra!#;+ a *"$ !&er'"$ re!e',"re$ de $&$,a+!#a$ $;*#da$% *#)&#da$ " ga$e"$a$% " (e!*a$ de e**a$% $#e('re )&e a*,ere+ de$/a5"ra0*e(e+,e *a$ !"+d#!#"+e$ +a,&ra*e$ de* (#$("% " )&e '&eda+ a/e!,ar *a $a*&d% *a 3#g#e+e " e* 0#e+e$,ar de* '0*#!".

CATEGORÍA) FUNDAMENTALE) E* '*a+,ea(#e+," de e$,a #+5e$,#ga!#;+% $e 0a$a e+ +#5e*e$ !"+!e',&a*e$ )&e $e de$'re+de+ de *a$ 5ar#a0*e$ de* 'r"0*e(a )&e $"+: • •

C"+,a(#+a!#;+ a(0#e+,a* e+ $e!,"r Tar)&#. La #+/*&e+!#a e+ *a a!,#5#dad ,&r1$,#!a.

De e$,a 5ar#a0*e $e de$'re+de: • • • • • • • •

Ca&$a$ Pre5e+!#;+ E/e!,"$ Ca(0#"$ C"+,a(#+a!#;+ A(0#e+,a* I+d&$,r#a* C"+,a(#+a!#;+ A(0#e+,a* Ur0a+a E* e)&#*#0r#" E!"*;g#!"  A!,#5#dade$ E!"+;(#!a$

INCIDENCIA DE LA CONTAMINACI:N EN LA PARROQUIA DE TARQUI 19

U+" de *"$ 'r"0*e(a$ )&e a/e!,a a* $e!,"r de P*a#,a M1a de Tar)&#% e$ *a 're$e+!#a de a*g&+"$ /"!"$ de !"+,a(#+a!#;+ e+ $&$ -rea$ ,&r1$,#!a$ PLAA% !"(er!#a*e$

MERCADO%

#+d&$,r#a*e$

A6TILLERO



re$#de+!#a*e$

BARRIO6. La 're$e+!#a de* 'r"0*e(a $e '&ede 5#$&a*#ar e+ ,"d"$ *a$ /"r(a$ de !"+,a(#+a!#;+ de* a(0#e+,e: a#re% $&e*"% $"+#d"% 5#$&a*%  a!&-,#!". E+ *a 'arr")&#a Tar)&# e4#$,e+ -rea$ !r1,#!a$ d"+de *a 're$e+!#a de* 'r"0*e(a $e (a+,#e+e '"r !a&$a$ de "r#ge+ " /a*,a de a,e+!#;+ de0#d" a 5ar#"$ /a!,"re$ )&e ,#e+e+ )&e 5er !"+ e* !&('*#(#e+," de "rde+a+a$% *a re$,#,&!#;+ de #+/rae$,r&!,&ra% 're$&'&e$,"$% ed&!a!#;+. La !"+,a(#+a!#;+ $e (a+#/#e$,a e+ *a Parr")&#a de *a $#g&#e+,e (a+era:  A. Q"+a: Mer!ad"% !a$!" !"(er!#a*  a*reded"re$. Pr"0*e(a: • •

Pre$e+!#a de ag&a$ !*"a!a*e$ R&#d".

Ca&$a de* 'r"0*e(a: • •

Fa*,a de ed&!a!#;+ a(0#e+,a* de 3a0#,a+,e$  !"(er!#a+,e$. 6#$,e(a de a*!a+,ar#**ad" $a+#,ar#" !"+ *a$ "0ra$ a e7e!&,ar$e $e a*!a+ara &+a !"0er,&ra de* %>% a* #+!re(e+,ar$e *a red e+ % 3e!,-rea$. E* .? +" !&e+,a !"+ $#$,e(a de a*!a+,ar#**ad" $a+#,ar#". 6e !"+$#dera ade(-$ ree('*aar e* ? de red de a*!a+,ar#**ad"

•

$a+#,ar#" a+,#g&" e+ *a Parr")&#a Tar)&#. Fa*,a de !"+,r"*%  a'*#!a!#;+ de "rde+a+a$.

B. Q"+a: P*aa de Tar)&#% (er!ad" de (ar#$!"$% a$,#**er". Pr"0*e(a: • •

L#('#ea de are+a% *e,rer"$ $"0re 'r",e!!#;+ de* a(0#e+,e.  A+#(a*e$ !a**e7er"$% ag&a '",a0*e e+ *a$ (e$a$ de e4'e+d#" de 'e$!ad".

Ca&$a$ de* 'r"0*e(a: 20

• • •

•

Fa*,a de ed&!a!#;+ a(0#e+,a*. De$e(0"!ad&ra a *a '*aa de r1"$ !"+,a(#+ad"$.  A&$e+!#a de a5#$"$ 'ara #+!e+,#5ar  "r#e+,ar a *a$ 'er$"+a$ $"0re e* (a+,e+#(#e+," de* (ed#" a(0#e+,e. Fa*,a de !"+,r"*%  a'*#!a!#;+ de "rde+a+a$.

C. Q"+a: Fa0r#!a$ 'r"!e$ad"ra$ de 'r"d&!,"$ de* (ar% &0#!ada$ !er!a de *a '*aa  e+ "+a$ re$#de+!#a*e$ de *a 'arr")&#a. Ca&$a$ de* 'r"0*e(a: •

De$!&#d" de (a+,e+#(#e+," #+d&$,r#a*% e$!a'e de ag&a$ $#+

•

,ra,a(#e+,"% #+!*&e+d" ,;4#!"$  'e*#gr"$"$ C"+e4#"+e$ a dre+a7e$ #('r"5#$ada$. C"*"!ar re7#**a$ 'ara e* de$agSe  a$1 +" 3aa *ag&+a$ de ag&a e+

•

*a$ !a**e$. D. Q"+a: • • • • •

Re$#de+!#a*  0arr#"$ de *a 'arr")&#a.  6&rg#(#e+," de 0a$&ra*e$. Fa*,a de ed&!a!#;+ a(0#e+,a* a *a !"(&+#dad.  A&$e+!#a de a*!a+,ar#**ad" $a+#,ar#" e+ *a Parr")&#a Tar)&# Ma+,e+#(#e+," de a$e" e+ !a**e$  re!"*e!!#;+ de 0a$&ra e+ /"r(a (-$ !"+,#+a.

A)PECTO) PRINCIPALE) ALCANTARILLADO DE MANTA

DEL

)I)TEMA

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La !#&dad de Ma+,a e$,- &0#!ada e+ *a !"$,a e!&a,"r#a+a% a "r#**a$ de* O!9a+" Pa!1/#!"% $"0re &+ ,erre+" )&e ,#e+e &+a ,"'"gra/1a #rreg&*ar !"('&e$,a '"r  *"(a$  )&e0rada$. H#dr"gr-/#!a(e+,e $e e+!&e+,ra a,ra5e$ada '"r d"$ e4,e+$"$ r1"$ #+5er+a*e$% e* B&rr"  e* Ma+,a% *"$ )&e !r&a+ "+a$ '"0*ada$% e+ '*e+" !a$!" &r0a+"%  de$e(0"!a+ e+ e* (ar. La &0#!a!#;+ ge"gr-/#!a de Ma+,a% 7&+," a* (ar% ,ra7" !"+$#g" e* a$e+,a(#e+," de #+d&$,r#a$ 'e$)&era$% *a$ !&a*e$ $e 3a+ #d" (&*,#'*#!a+d" !"+ e* de$arr"**" de *a !#&dad. La (a"r1a de e**a$% +" !&e+,a+ !"+ $#$,e(a$ 'r"'#"$ de 21

,ra,a(#e+," de ag&a$ re$#d&a*e$  "',a+ '"r e5a!&ar*a$% e+ &+"$ !a$"$% a* $#$,e(a $a+#,ar#" ge+era*%  e+ ",r"$% a *a$ )&e0rada$ (-$ !er!a+a$ de $&$ #+$,a*a!#"+e$% " e+ $& de/e!,"% *a$ de$!arga+ a* (ar% a ,ra59$ de !"+e4#"+e$ d#re!,a$% $#+ a,e+der *a +"r(a,#5#dad a(0#e+,a* (1+#(a.  A e$," $e $&(a e* !"*a'$" de *a$ rede$ $a+#,ar#a$% !&a$ ,&0er1a$% e+ 5ar#"$ ,ra("$ 3a+ !ed#d" a *a a*,a !"rr"$#;+% 'r"d&!," de *"$ a"$ )&e **e5a+ e+ $er5#!#"% a$1 !"(" de *a $a*#+#dad a,("$/9r#!a )&e !ara!,er#a a Ma+,a2 % a* 5er,#d" de *"$ e/*&e+,e$ #+d&$,r#a*e$ $#+ ,ra,a(#e+," 're5#"% )&e !"+,r#0&e+ a a!e*erar $& de,er#"r"% $#+ "*5#dar )&e *"$ 5"*(e+e$ de ag&a$ $er5#da$ )&e d#ar#a(e+,e re!e',a e* $#$,e(a% $&'era+ a('*#a(e+,e $& !a'a!#dad de d#$e"% 3a!#e+d" )&e e$,a$ e4'*",e+ '"r *a e4!e$#5a !arga  're$#;+. P"r ",r" *ad"% e* d9/#!#, de !"0er,&ra )&e e4#$,e e+ e$,e #('"r,a+,e $er5#!#" 0-$#!"% 3a $#g+#/#!ad" )&e (&!3"$ !#&dada+"$% rea*#!e+ '"r $& !&e+,a !"+e4#"+e$ #*ega*e$ a* $#$,e(a '*&5#a*% de$!arga+d" a**1 *a$ ag&a$ $er5#da$% re0"$a+d" *"$ $&(#der"$% !"+ e* !"+$e!&e+,e e$,a+!a(#e+,"  (a*"$ "*"re$ e+ *a$ !a**e$% e$'e!#a*(e+,e e+ *a$ "+a$ 0a7a$% )&e e$ d"+de $e ge+era+ *"$ (a"re$ 'r"0*e(a$ de !"+,a(#+a!#;+ a(0#e+,a*. E* 'r#+!#'a* /"!" de !"+,a(#+a!#;+% *" !"+$,#,&e+ *"$ !a&!e$ de *"$ r1"$ Ma+,a  B&rr"% !&a$ ag&a$ $e &+e+ a+,e$ de !"+/*&#r a* (ar. E$,"$ r1"$% '"r $er  #+5er+a*e$% *a (a"r 'ar,e de* a" 'a$a+ $e!"$% $#+ e(0arg"% a* !r&ar '"r  5a$,a$ "+a$ '"0*ada$% '"r $&$ !a&!e$ /*&e+  $e e$,a+!a+ ag&a$ $er5#da$% 'r"5e+#e+,e de *a '"0*a!#;+ !#r!&+da+,e )&e 3a !"+$,r&#d" !a+a*e$ " ,&0er1a$ d#re!,a$ a *"$ !a&!e$ 'ara e5a!&ar $&$ ag&a$ +egra$% ade(-$ de *"$ de$e!3"$ $;*#d"$ )&e $e arr"7a+ e+ e**"$. E$,a$ ag&a$ $er5#da$% a* +" e4#$,#r **&5#a$ d&ra+,e e* 5era+"% )&e *a$ arra$,re+ !"+$#g" 3a!#a e* (ar% 'er(a+e!e+ e$,a+!ada$% e(a+a+d" /&er,e$ "*"re$  !"+,a(#+a+d" e* a(0#e+,e% !"+5#r,#9+d"$e e+ !a*d" de !&*,#5" de #+$e!,"$  e+/er(edade$ )&e '"+e+ e+ r#e$g" *a $a*&d de *"$ (#$("$ ("rad"re$ de* $e!,"r. La /a*,a de &+a ed&!a!#;+ !"(&+#,ar#a e+ 6a*&d P0*#!a  *a rea* !"+!#e+!#a de *"$ 'e*#gr"$ )&e a)&e**" re're$e+,a 'ara *a $a*&d '"0*a!#"+a*% *e$ #('#de 22

e+,e+der *" +e/a$," de e$,a a!,#,&d  '9$#(a !"$,&(0re !#&dada+a% 7&$,#/#!a+d" a+,e $1 *a !are+!#a de &+ 5erdader" $er5#!#" de a*!a+,ar#**ad" $a+#,ar#". E* !"*a'$" de* $#$,e(a $a+#,ar#" e+ ge+era*  *a /a*,a de re!&r$"$ de *a EPAM 'ara e('re+der *a$ $"*&!#"+e$ &rge+,e$  "'"r,&+a$% 3a 3e!3" )&e *a$ ag&a$ $er5#da$ )&e +" *"gra+ #('&*$ar$e de0#da(e+,e 3a!#a *a$ *ag&+a$ de "4#da!#;+ !"(" de$,#+" /#+a* 'ara $& ,ra,a(#e+,"% $e e5a!&e+ e+ e* !a&!e de* r1" Ma+,a% !rea+d" $er#"$ 'r"0*e(a$ ag&a$ a0a7"% d"+de 'er(a+e!e+ e$,a+!ad"$ !"+$#dera0*e$ !a&da*e$% !"+5#r,#e+d" a d#!3" r1" e+ &+a !9+,r#!a *ag&+a% !"+ e* !"+$e!&e+,e de,er#"r" de* a(0#e+,e  de *a #(age+ de *a !#&dad% da+d" "r#ge+ a *"$ re!*a("$  'r",e$,a$ !#&dada+a$. Para '"$#0#*#,ar e* dre+a7e de e$,a$ ag&a$% *a EPAM rea*#a 're,ra,a(#e+,"$ !"+ !a*  *a a'er,&ra de!a+a*e$ e+ *a de$e(0"!ad&ra de d#!3" r1"% 'er(#,#e+d" )&e e$,a$ !#r!&*e+ 3a!#a e* (ar  )&e a $& 5e *a$ ag&a$ (ar#+a$ !"+ *a$ $&0#da$ de *a$ (area$ #+gre$e+ a* !a&!e de* r1" Ma+,a% !&('*#e+d" &+a a!!#;+ de *a5ad".  A+,e e$,a$ !#r!&+$,a+!#a$% *a EPAM e('re+d#; &+ P*a+ de A!!#"+e$ &rge+,e$ e+!a(#+ada$ a re/"rar  (e7"rar e* $#$,e(a de 0"(0e"% #('&*$#;+% re!e'!#;+  ,ra,a(#e+," de *a$ ag&a$ $er5#da$ de *a !#&dad. E$,e P*a+ de A!!#;+ $e #+#!#; e+ e* a"  d#r#g#d" a $"*&!#"+ar e$,a !"('*e7a 'r"0*e(-,#!a% )&e ,#e+e $& 'r#+!#'a* !a&$a e+ e* *#(#,ad"  "0$"*e," $#$,e(a de a*!a+,ar#**ad" $a+#,ar#" )&e '"$ee Ma+,a% e* (#$(" )&e $&'er; 3a!e (&!3" ra,"% $& !#!*" de 5#da ,#*.

A)PECTO) PRINCIPALE) DE LA CONTAMINACI:N EN PLA*ITA MÍA E$ &+a de *a$ 'arr")&#a$ Ur0a+a$ de Ma+,a% !ara!,er#ada '"r)&e e+ e**a $e !"+!e+,ra+ *a (a"r1a de #+d&$,r#a$ 'r"!e$ad"ra$ de 'e$!ad"% )&e $# 0#e+ e$

23

!#er," a'"r,a+ a* de$arr"**" e!"+;(#!" de *a !#&dad% +" de7e+ de $er *a !a&$a 'r#+!#'a* de *a !"+,a(#+a!#;+ de e$,e $e!,"r. La '*aa re!#0e a d#ar#" *a$ ag&a$ re$#d&a*e$ )&e 'r"5#e+e+ de *a$ #+d&$,r#a$ !&a$ !"+e4#"+e$ e$,-+ &0#!ad"$ e+ e* Ma*e!;+ a *a a*,&ra de* Barr#" M#ra(ar% ,a(0#9+ e4#$,e+ 3a0#,a+,e$ )&e #+e$!r&'&*"$a(e+,e arr"7a+ 0a$&ra a* M&r" de !"+,e+!#;+% e* 5#e+," *a e$'ar!e de'"$#,-+d"*a e+ *a '*aa d-+d"*e &+ a$'e!," de #+$a*&0r#dad  de,er#"r". O,ra /&e+,e de !"+,a(#+a!#;+ 'r"5#e+e de R1" M&er," )&e $e #+#!#a e+ M"+,e!r#$,#  e+ $& !a&!e $e e5a!&a+ re$#d&"$ #+d&$,r#a*e$ La Fa0r#*% G"+d#2 ade(-$ de *a$ !"+e4#"+e$ !*a+de$,#+a$ de *"$ ("rad"re$ de *&gare$: Pradera% D#5#+" N#"2 L"$ A*(e+dr"$2 L"$ E$,er"$% *a F*"r#,a )&e *"gra+ a&(e+,ar a+ (-$ *a !"+,a(#+a!#;+  /#+a*(e+,e ,"d" e$," de$e(0"!a e+ *a P*aa L"$ E$,er"$  ,a(0#9+ a/e!,a a* $e!,"r de *a Ba$e A9rea E*" A*/ar". E* Ba*+ear#" de *a Parr")&#a *"$ E$,er"$ e+ !#er,a$ "!a$#"+e$ 3a $#d" "!&'ad" '"r 5e+ded"re$ #+/"r(a*e$ de 5erd&ra$  'e$!ad"% )&#e+e$ de7a+ de$'erd#!#"$ e+ *"$ a*reded"re$ d"+de ,a(0#9+ 'a$a *a 51a P&er,"  Aer"'&er,". N" $e ,ra,a de #('ed#r )&e *a$ 'er$"+a$ ,ra0a7e+% e* 'r"0*e(a e$ )&e +" e$,-+ 3a!#e+d" !"+!#e+!#a de* da" )&e 'r"5"!a a *a '*aa. C"(" $#e('re e$ de e$'erar *a$ a&,"r#dade$ 3a!e+ !a$" "(#$" a *"$ re!*a("$ de *"$ 'er7&d#!ad"$ '"r *a Degrada!#;+ A(0#e+,a*% $#+ #('"r,ar*e )&e ,a(0#9+ 3aa +#"$ )&e $e re!rea+ e+ e$,a$ '*aa$  )&e e$,-+ e4'&e$,"$ a $&/r#r *a$ !"+$e!&e+!#a$ de e$,e gra5e 'r"0*e(a.

RECUPERACI:N DE LA PLA*A EN EL -..< L"$ 3a0#,a+,e$ de e$,a 'arr")&#a a ,ra59$ de &+ C"(#,9 de Ge$,#;+  &+ re$'e!,#5" gr&'" de a'"" de!#d#er"+ re!&'erar *a '*aa% e+ /e0rer" de* a" @. P"r *" )&e $e e('re+d#er"+ a!!#"+e$ !"+ e* a5a* de *a L!da. Ce!#*#a de 24

6-+!3e% )&#e+ 3a01a 're$e+,ad" &+a 'r"'&e$,a de M&+#!#'#" 'ara de!*arar e* a" @ !"(" a" de re!&'era!#;+ de *a$ P*aa$ de Ma+,a. E+ e$,e a" $e rea*#ar"+ M#+ga$ de *#('#ea%  ade!e+,a(#e+," de *a #(age+. Per" e$," $"*" d&r; '"!" ,#e('" e+ ,e('"rada de !ar+a5a*  $e(a+a $a+,a% '&e$ *"$ 'r"0*e(a$ $#g&#er"+. E4#$,e &+ e$,a0*e!#(#e+," ed&!a,#5" )&e !ada 5e $e $#e+,e (-$ a/e!,ad" '"r  *a !"+,a(#+a!#;+ )&e "r#g#+a+ *a$ #+d&$,r#a$% )&e 3a+ #+!re(e+,ad" $&$ e5a!&a!#"+e$ e+ a'r"4#(ada(e+,e = (@ $#e+d" e$,a$: C"+$er5a$ I$a0e*% 6ea/(a+% Tr"'#!a*% M-rde4% Mar 3#e*"% )&e $"+ *a$ re$'"+$a0*e$  !a&$a+,e$ de *a $a,&ra!#;+ de* $#$,e(a de a*!a+,ar#**ad" )&e e$,- !a'a!#,ad" 'ara re!#0#r 

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E* @ (a+#/e$,; )&e *a !"+,a(#+a!#;+ $e ge+era '"r #+/rae$,r&!,&ra "0$"*e,a 'ara !a',ar ag&a$ $er5#da$ e+ *a 'arr")&#a% e* @? e4're$" )&e $e de0er1a+ #+d&!#r 'r"gra(a$ a(0#e+,a*e$ a *a$ !"(&+#dade$ de *a 'arr")&#a2 e* ?. A*g&+a$ /-0r#!a$ a'"$,ada$ e+ Tar)&#% !"(" !"+,a(#+a+ e* a(0#e+,e: 34

Al,ua% /+#ri&a% a!"%tada% e Tarqui* &"$" &"ta$ia el a$#iete 13

14 12 9 10

8

8 6 4 2 0 Des!"#!s $e !#%!s & #"!s!s

RE6PUE6TA

Es!'e $e #!ses

ENCUE6TADO6

e()s)*+ $e ,-,"es

PORCENTAJE

De$!arga$ de ag&a$  gra$a$ E$!a'e de ga$e$

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6e "0$er5a e+ *a gr-/#!a% )&e e* > de e+!&e$,ad"$ (a+#/#e$,a+ )&e *a$ a*g&+a$ /-0r#!a$ a'"$,ada$ e+ Tar)&# !"+,a(#+a+ e* a(0#e+,e !"+ (a*"$ "*"re$. E* @ (a+#/#e$,a )&e *a$ /a0r#!a$ !"+,a(#+a+ !"+ e$!a'e de ga$e$ ,;4#!"$%  e* ?= a* de$!argar ag&a$  gra$a$ a* (ar.

35

?. A ,ra59$ de *a ed&!a!#;+% *a '"0*a!#;+ de Tar)&# '"dr1a !"+,r#0&#r !"+ *a errad#!a!#;+ de *a !"+,a(#+a!#;+.

A tra5% de la edu&a&i'* la !"#la&i' de Tarqui !"dr6a &"tri#uir &" la erradi&a&i' de la &"ta$ia&i'. 30 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

0 SI

RE6PUE6TA 6I NO TOTAL

NO

ENCUE6TADO6 @  @

PORCENTAJE ?  ?

E+ 0a$e a *a *,#(a 'reg&+,a de *a e+!&e$,a rea*#ada% *a '"0*a!#;+ e+ $& ,",a*#dad e$,a !"+$#e+,e de *a rea*#dad a(0#e+,a*  a'r&e0a )&e !"+ ed&!a!#;+ $e '&eda !"+,r#0&#r a errad#!ar *a !"+,a(#+a!#;+.

INTERPRETACI:N DE LO) RE)ULTADO) 36

De a!&erd" a *a e+!&e$,a% *"$ 3a0#,a+,e$ de* $e!,"r P*a#,a M1a de Tar)&# $e 'er!a,a+ de *a 're$e+!#a de *a !"+,a(#+a!#;+ e+ !#er,a$ -rea$. La !"+,a(#+a!#;+ e$,a d#/&+d#da e+ ,"d"$ *"$ e$,ra,"$% a#re% ag&a% ,#erra% $"+#d"% 5#$,a% e+ *a 'arr")&#a. La !"+,a(#+a!#;+ $e ge+era '"r: •

Fa*,a de a'*#!a!#;+ de !"+,r"*e$ )&e $"$,#e+e+ *a$ *ee$ 

•

"rde+a+a$2 P"r ,&0er1a$  de$agSe$ "0$"*e,"$ 'ara *a !a',a!#;+ de ag&a$ $er5#da$ )&e /&er"+ #+$,a*ada$ 'ara &,#*#dad de &+a '"0*a!#;+

•

(e+"$ de+$a )&e *a de* 're$e+,e2 La (a"r1a de *"$ 3a0#,a+,e$ +" ,#e+e+ *a !&*,&ra de* a(0#e+,e

•

$a+" '"r /a*,a de ed&!a!#;+ a(0#e+,a*2 N" e4#$,e+ a5#$"$  5a**a$ )&e e$,#(&*e+ e* (a+,e+#(#e+," de 0&e+ a(0#e+,e 'ara *a !"+!#e+,#a!#;+.

CONCLU)I:N  A&+)&e *a !#&dad $e e$/&era '"r ge+erar &+ a(0#e+,e $a+"  *#('#"% a!,#5#dade$ 'r"d&!,#5a$ !"(" *a 'e$!a% *a #+d&$,r#a% $"+ *"$ 'r#+!#'a*e$ ge+erad"re$ de !"+,a(#+a!#;+ de *a 'arr")&#a% a/e!,a+d" +",a0*e(e+,e a *a a!,#5#dad ,&r1$,#!a de e$,e $e!,"r d"+de *a !"+,a(#+a!#;+ e+ !#er,a$ -rea$ e$,'re$e+,e e+ ,"d"$ *"$ e$,ra,"$. Para $"*&!#"+ar e$,e 'r"0*e(a $e de0er1a+ ,"(ar (ed#da$ rad#!a*e$% a'*#!a+d" *a *e a(0#e+,a* $#+ !"+,e('*a!#"+e$% $"0re ,"d" a *a$ #+d&$,r#a$ )&e e$,-+ '*e+a(e+,e #de+,#/#!ada$ a ,ra59$ de *"$ e$,&d#"$ a(0#e+,a*e$ )&e e4#$,e+ e+ Ma+,a. La 'ar,#!#'a!#;+ de *a '"0*a!#;+ e+ ,"da $& e4,e+$#;+ e+ 'r"gra(a$ a(0#e+,a*e$ $er1a &+ a'""  a*#!#e+,e 'ara *a M&+#!#'a*#dad. La a/*&e+!#a de ,&r#$,a$ a *a P*a#,a M1a de Tar)&# )&e e$,- a/e!,ad" '"r *a !"+,a(#+a!#;+ +" 3a d#$(#+&#d"% de0#d" a *a !"+,a(#+a!#;+% a&+)&e e$ '0*#!"% +" $e 3a d#/&+d#d" /&era de* !a+,;+% e* de!re!#(#e+," ,&r1$,#!" de Tar)&# a'are+,e(e+,e $e "r#g#+a '"r)&e e+ *a a!,&a*#dad Ma+,a !&e+,a !"+ (-$ -rea$ 37

de$,#+ada$ a *a a!,#5#dad ,&r1$,#!a% !"(" *a$ '*aa$ &r0a+a$ de*: M&r!#9*ag"% Bar0a$)&#**"% L"$ E$,er"$  6a+ Ma,e"2 a$1 !"(" ,a(0#9+ *a$ de *a "+a r&ra*% T#"$a% 6a+,a Mar#a+#,a% L#g&#)&e% 6a+ L"re+"% La$ P#a$% E* A0ra% 6a+,a R"$a. Per" e$ (e7"r !"+,ar !"+ -rea$ ,&r1$,#!a$ !"+ a(0#e+,e$ 'r"'#!#"$  de$!"+,a(#+ad"$ )&e *" !"+,rar#". La !"+,a(#+a!#;+ de Tar)&# +" 3a **egad" a !"+5er,#r$e e+ &+ 'r"0*e(a )&e d#$&ada a *"$ #+5er$#"+#$,a$ ,&r1$,#!"$. P"r e* !"+,rar#" e* ("5#(#e+," !"(er!#a* )&e ,#e+e e$,a 'arr")&#a a,rae a *"$ e('re$ar#"$% #+!*&$" a* '&+," de $"'"r,ar  *a$ ("*e$,#a$ de *a !"+,a(#+a!#;+ de $& "+a &r0a+a. La '*aa de Tar)&#% de* !a+,;+ Ma+,a% Pr"5#+!#a de Ma+a01% e$ &+ a,ra!,#5" '"$e$#"+ad"% )&e de(a+da (a+,e+#(#e+,"  !&#dad" de $& e+,"r+" +a,&ra*% 'ara !"+5er,#r*" e+ &+ e$!e+ar#" a*,er+a,#5" e+,re *"$ ",r"$ 0a*+ear#"$ &r0a+"$%  *"grar 'r"("!#"+ar*" !"(" &+" de *"$ e*e(e+,"$ 'r#+!#'a*e$ de* re!&r$" '*aa$ de* Ca+,;+ Ma+,a. 6e 3a !"('r"0ad" (ed#a+,e *a 're$e+,e #+5e$,#ga!#;+ )&e *"$ ("rad"re$ de *a 'arr")&#a Tar)&# e$,-+ de a!&erd" e+ )&e $e /"(e+,e *a a!,#5#dad ,&r1$,#!a  $e #('*e(e+,e+ (e!a+#$("$ )&e !"+,r#0&a+ a (a+,e+er  de$arr"**ar a(0#e+,e$ $a+"$ 'ara e* "!#"  e$'ar!#(#e+,". E* $&rg#(#e+," de 0a$&ra*e$ #('r"5#$ad"$ e+ "+a$ re$#de+!#a*e$% '"dr1a $er  errad#!ad" a ,ra59$ de 'r"gra(a$ de !"+$er5a!#;+ a(0#e+,a* d#r#g#d" a *"$ ("rad"re$ de e$,"$ $e!,"re$.

RECOMENDACIONES 38

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BIBLIOGRAFIA 39

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