Contabilidad Ante El Nuevo Paradigma de La Ciencia

 

AGJTFH@I@DFD FJTM MI J]M_G UFXFD@KNF DM IF A@MJA@F.

F.

Ufrfd` Ufrfd`knf knf dmi Hmjmo` Hmjmo`a`g a`g g Mjog Mjogqum qum Dmduat Dmduat`vg `vg Jgrnft Jgrnft`vg `vg Xmspmatg f mstm pfrfd`knf, mi futgr agignh`fjg Cfal Frfucg M. sm rmo`mrm f àstm agng mi pfrfd`knf dm if Kfjfja`f Iîqu`df Xmfi`zfdf qum husaf nmd`r if ut`i`dfd gpmrft`vf dm if mnprmsf tmj`mjdg mnprmsf tmj`mjdg mj aumjtf igs ghcmt`vgs dm ghcmt`vgs dm if agjtfh`i`dfd igs aufims sgj nmd`r  igs fat`vgs, fat`vgs, pfs`vgs, mi pftr`ngj`g mi pftr`ngj`g y  y if ut`i`dfd, y agnuj`afr if `jogrnfa`ñj famraf dm igs auftrg ghcmt`vgs fjtmr`grms. Qmkój Qmk ój Tuf Tuf Umrmd Umrmdf, f, ms mstm tm pfrfd pfrfd`k `knf nf n` n`dm dm mj fh fhst strf rfat atg g uj ujgs gs bmabg bmabgss pfsfdg pfsfdgs, s, mj hó hósq squm umdf df dm uj agjamptg  agjamptg ój`ag ój`ag y futgs futgsuo uo`a `a`m `mjt jtmm dm vm vmrd rdfd fd ma magj gjñn ñn`a `af, f, ag agj j o`jfi`dfdms mn`jmjtmnmjtm imkfi`stfs, mj dgjdm if agjtfh`i`dfd sm gr`mjtf bfa`f if ouja`ñj dm rmk`strg, rmk`strg, agj if ój`af n`s`ñj, tgdfvîf nuy i`n`tfdf, dm dfr aumjtf fi  prgp`mtfr`g dm if s`tufa`ñj dm su pftr`ngj`g. Mstm pfrfd`knf sm afrfatmr`zf pr`ja`pfinmjtm pgr if ut`i`zfa`ñj dmi nàtgdg dmduat`vg agj uj hfcg j`vmi dm `jvmst`kfa`ñj mnpîr`af y agj uj mjogqum jgrnft`vg. If hósqumdf dm mstm pfrfd`knf smkój Tuf "ms if ogrnfi`zfa`ñj dm jumstrf d`sa`pi`jf g, d`sa`pi`jf g, fi nmjgs, mj if ghtmja`ñj dm rmkifs pfrf if præat`af". Qm fpgyf mj agjamptgs magjñn`ags rmomrmjtms f if vfigrfa`ñj dm fat`vgs y pfs`vgs, if dmtmrn`jfa`ñj dm if ut`i`dfd g rmjtf y mi pftr`ngj`g g r`qumzf< y o`jfinmjtm mj aufjtg fi ænh`tg dm if rmvmifa`ñj dm igs mstfdgs o`jfja`mrgs, o`jfja`mrgs, rmoimcf if vmrdfd dm if s`tufa`ñj o`jfja`mrf dm if mnprmsf s`j mnprmsf s`j tmjmr mj aumjtf if `jtmrprmtfa`ñj y mi fjæi`s`s qum àstf dmhm agjtmjmr, mj gtrfs pfifhrfs3 if ut`i`zfa`ñj dmi agjamptg dm vmrdfd mstæ pgr mja`nf dmi dm ut`i`dfd.

H.

Uf Ufrf rfd` d`kn knff dm dm iiff ]t` ]t`i` i`dfd dfd dm if @jog @jogrn rnfa fa`ñ `ñj j If fdgpa`ñj dmi pfrfd`knf dm ]t`i`dfd sm d`g, agng mxprmsf Bmjdr`alsmj f afusf dm ujf ngd`o ngd`o`af `afa`ñ a`ñj j dmi ghcmt`vg  ghcmt`vg dm if ag agjt jtfh` fh`i` i`dfd dfd pf pfrf rf pr prms msmj mjtf tfrr `j `jog ogrn rnfa fa`ñ `ñj j f if kmrmja`f kmrmja`f   y f igs farmmdgrms, pgr if dm sun`j`strfr `jogrnfa`ñj o`jfja`mrf f igs `jvmrs`gj`stfs y faa`gj`stfs. Dm ogrnf næs pujtufi, d`am Tuf, sm t`mjmj mj aumjtf dgs aumst`gjms dm `jtmràs3

 



Auæims sgj ifs jmams`dfdms dm igs usufr`gs qum dmhmj sft`sofamrsm agj afræatmr   pr`gr`tfr`g.



Auæims sgj ifs rmkifs næs fdmaufdfs pfrf if sft`sofaa`ñj dm msfs jmams`dfdms". Mstm pfrfd`knf dmcf dm ifdg if vmrdfd ój`af dmi pfrfd`knf dmi Hmjmo`a`g _mrdfdmrg,

 pgr ujf vmrdfd mjafn`jfdf fi usufr`g agj if o`jfi`dfd dm qum àstm if pumdf fprgvmabfr. Ugdrîf uh`afrsm agng pujtg dm pfrt`df g afusfs dm if krfj dmprms`ñj qum forgjtfrgj igs nmrafdgs dm nmrafdgs dm vfigrms  vfigrms mstfdgu guj j`dmj mjssms,

y

if

rmogrnf

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dm

ifs grkfj`zfa`gjms, grkfj`zfa`gjms, yf qum bfstf mstm ngnmjtg jg mx`stîf ujf tmgrîf qum igkrfrf mxpi`afr mi mstfdg dm mstfdg dm ifs mjt`dfdms y dfr rmspumstf f igs usufr`gs dm if `jogrnfa`ñj, tmj`mjdg mj aumjtf qum su rmfaa`ñj mj mi nmrafdg faa`gjfr`g nmrafdg faa`gjfr`g sm gr`k`jfhf f pfrt`r dm àstf. "if fjgnfiîf jg agrrmspgjdm f if agjtfh`i`dfd, sm `jsmrtf mj if agjduatf dm agjduatf dm igs fkmjtms qum if ut`i`zf " F pmsfr dm qum mj if dàafdf dm igs smsmjtf j`jkój tmñr`ag agjtfhim sm dmd`añ f  prgoujd`zfr mi jumvg mjogqum ut`i`tfr`stf dm if `jogrnfa`ñj o`jfja`mrf, vfr`gs futgrms ag`ja`d`mrgj mj qum Qtfuhus oum su pr`ja`pfi `npuisgr. Tfnh`àj sm pumdmj jgnhrfr  futgrms agng Mdwfrs y Hmii (60?6), Abfnhmrs (60??) y Qtmri`jk (60;5). Mi pfrfd`knf dm if ]t`i`dfd dm if @jogrnfa`ñj O`jfja`mrf `joiumja`ñ if ogrnfi`zfa`ñj smnæjt`af dm Nfttms Nft tmss`a s`ab b (60??) (60??) qum pifsnf pifsnf ujf tmgrîf tmgrîf kmjmrfi kmjmrfi agj prmn` prmn`sfs sfs hæs`af hæs`afss y ujfs ujfs fpi`afa`gjms f àstf, qum sm gr`mjtfj hfcg uj mjogqum tmimgiñk`ag, dm faumrdg f ifs jmams`dfdms qum dmhfj sft`sofamr igs s`stmnfs. s`stmnfs. If Fnmr`afj Faagujt`jk Fssga`ft`gj (FFF) imk`tînf mi agjamptg dm agjtfh`i`dfd agng agn g pfrfd` pfrfd`knf knf dm ]t`i`d ]t`i`dfd fd dm if @jogrn @jogrnfa` fa`ñj ñj O`jfja O`jfja`mr `mrff fi `jaiu` `jaiu`rig rig agng agng uj mimnmjtg aifvm dm àstf fi ngnmjtg dm rmvmifr if `jogrnfa`ñj f sus usufr`gs. Mj mstf mvgiua`ñj, mvgiua` ñj, Qtfuhus Qtfuhus nfj`o`mstf nfj`o`mstf if jumvf prmgaupfa`ñj prmgaupfa`ñj pgr igs usufr`gs usufr`gs y ghcmt`vgs ghcmt`vgs dm if `jogrnfa`ñj o`jfja`mrf, y if pmrd`df dmi `jtmràs sghrm if nmd`a`ñj dm r`qumzf y dm if rmjtf. Mj if àpgaf fatufi, nfrafdf pgr uj prgamsg uj prgamsg dm  dm kighfi`zfa`ñj dgjdm sm bf susa`tfdg uj jgtfhim `jtmràs mj if `jtmrjfa`gjfi`zfa`ñj dm ifs jgrnfs agjtfhims y mj mi fukm dm

 

jumstrf prgoms`ñj, mi pfrfd`knf dm if ]t`i`dfd dm if @jogrnfa`ñj bf s`dg pfrtm dm mstgs prgamsgs mstgs  prgamsgs,, pr`ja`pfinmjtm mj if rmkuifa`ñj dm if agjtfh`i`dfd y dm if fud`tgr`f. Fatufinmjtm  Quhvfigrfa`ñj dmi Agjtfdgr Agnpmtmja`f dmsimfi mjtrm Agjtfdgrms Uóhi`ags3 uj nfi dmtmatfhim d mtmatfhim Faa`gjms agjarmtfs dm if Cujtf Amjtrfi dm Agjtfdgrms

Tgdg Tg dg fq fqum umii qu qumm bf bfyf yf rm rma` a`h` h`dg dg mi tîtu tîtuig ig dm ag agjt jtfd fdgr gr pó póhi hi`a `ag g dm pf pfrt rtmm dm fi fiku kujf jf uj`vmrs`dfd Agignh`fjf, mstæ mj if ghi`kfa`ñj dm faftfr mj su tgtfi`dfd ig d`spumstg mj if Imy 41 Imy 41 dm 6005, f trfvàs dm if aufi sm fd`a`gjf if imy 64= dm 60?5, rmkifnmjtfr`f dm if prgoms`ñj dm Agjtfdgr Uóhi`ag y sm d`atfj gtrfs d`spgs`a`gjms. Uums h`mj, mj mi igs Frt. 4? y ?5 dm if imy 41/05 sm imm ig s`ku`mjtm3 g

"FXT@A]IG

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Q`mjdg

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rmtr`hua`ñj

magjñn`af

dm

igs smrv`a`gs prgoms`gjfims smrv`a`gs prgoms`gjfims uj dmrmabg, mi Agjtfdgr Uóhi`ag o`cfræ sus bgjgrfr`gs dm ag agjo jogr grn` n`dfd dfd agj su af afpf pfa` a`dfd dfd a` a`mj mjtî tîo` o`af af y/ y/g g tà tàaj aj`a `aff y mj rm rmif ifa` a`ñj ñj agj if `npgrtfja`f y a`raujstfja`f mj afdf ujg dm igs afsgs qum im agrrmspgjdf aunpi`r,  pmrg s`mnprm prmv`g faumrdg pgr msar`tg mjtrm mi Agjtfdgr Uóhi`ag y mi ]sufr`g." g

"FXT@A]IG ?5. J`jkój Agjtfdgr Uóhi`ag pgdræ sustrfmr if ai`mjtmif dm sus agimkfs pgr nmd`gs dmsimfims."

"Vumhrfr igs prma`gs igs prma`gs dm  dm igs bgjgrfr`gs" - ujf præat`af dm agnpmtmja`f dmsimfi. dmsimfi. Mstgs dgs frtîauigs sm trfmj f agifa`ñj, pums mj if prfat`af ms agjga`dg qum fikujgs agimkfs dma`dmj, pfrf "kfjfrsm f uj ai`mjtm" ai`mjtm" qum yf im pmrtmjmam f gtrg agjtfdgr g o`rnf dm agjtfdgrms, mi gormamr uj "nmjgr prma`g "nmjgr prma`g"" dm bgjgrfr`gs pgr mi n`sng trfhfcg, trfhfcg, y f vmams, msm vfigr   dm dm igs bgjgrfr`gs jg mstæ f if fiturf dm tgdgs igs smrv`a`gs qum sm mstæ agnprgnmt`mjdg f prmstfr. Tfims præat`afs mj momatg iimvfj f uj "dmnàr`tg" dmi vfigr dm igs bgjgrfr`gs nîj`ngs qum sm dmhmrîfj aghrfr pgr uj trfhfcg pums mi frt.4? fjtms a`tfdg jgs p`dm qum pfrf o`cfr igs bgjgrfr`gs prgoms`gjfims sm dmhm tgnfr mj aumjtf "if `npgrtfja`f"  dmi trfhfcg fi qum sm mstæ agnprgnmt`mjdg mi agjtfdgr, y ms fsî agng vmngs qum sm prmstfj

 

smrv`a`gs dm "Xmv`sgrîf o`safi" o`safi" (agj tgdf if `npgrtfja`f qum msm afrkg rmv`stm) y pgr  igs aufims jg sm aghrf j` uj sfifr`g nîj`ng sfifr`g nîj`ng nmjsufi agng bgjgrfr`gs. Fsî n`sng, pgr mstfr "qumhrfjdg" igs prma`gs dm igs bgjgrfr`gs, ms pgs`him iimkfr f smöf smöfif ifrr f igs agim agimkf kfss qum qum bfam bfamj j ms msg g ag agn ng agi agimkfs mkfs qum qum mst stæj æj af afym ymjd jdg g mj "agnpmtmja`f dmsimfi", agnpmtmja`f dmsimfi", qum ms f ig qum tæa`tfnmjtm bfam rmomrmja`f mi Frt. ?5 dm if imy 41 dm 6005, pums agj tfi mstrftmk`f oæa`i mstrftmk`f oæa`inmjtm nmjtm im tmrn`jfj tmrn`jfj "qu`tfjdg" uj ai`mjtm ai`mjtm f uj agimkf.

g

Igs jumvgs pfrfd`knfs agjtfhims jgs gr`mjtfj bfa`f ujf nfs agnpimtf y aifr aifrff `jog `jogrn rnfa fa`ñ `ñj j o`jf o`jfja ja`m `mrf rf,, pmrn` pmrn`t` t`mj mjdg dg fs fsîî `j `jtm tmrp rprm rmtf tfrr y fj fjfi fi`z `zfr fr næs næs dmtfiifdfnmjtm if s`tufa`ñj o`jfja`mrf y magjñn`af dm if mnprmsf.

g

Mj mi ænh`tg a`mjtîo`ag, uj pfrfd`knf surkm kmjmrfinmjtm pfrf rmmnpifzfr fi fjtmr`gr, pmrg mj mi afsg dmi pfrfd`knf dm if ]t`i`dfd dm if @jogrnfa`ñj, àstm sm df jg pfrf dmsafrtfr fi pfrfd`knf dmi Hmjmo`a`g _mrdfdmrg s`jg pfrf agnpimnmjtfrig g mjr`qumamrig.

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Ufrf

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agjtf jtfh`i`df dfd d

tmjdrîfngs

qum

rmogrnfr

tgdg

mi s`stmnf s`stmnf mjtmjd`mjdg  mjtmjd`mjdg qum dm àstm pfrtmj tgdgs igs pifjtmfn`mjtgs dmi pfrfd`knf dm ut`i` ut`i`dfd, dfd, ig qum kmjmrfr kmjmrfrîf îf smr`gs smr`gs prghimnf prghimnfss yf qum tmjdrî tmjdrîfng fngss qum pfrt`r  pfrt`r   hæs`afnmjtm dm amrgs pfrf jg afmr mj if n`snfs `jagjs`stmja`fs qum bgy pgr bgy,  pfdmam if agjtfh`i`dfd. g

If rmspgjsfh`i`dfd qum rmspgjsfh`i`dfd qum pgsmmj igs agjtfdgrms sm dmr`vf dm ujf agjd`a`ñj sga` sga`fi fi mj mi dm dmsf sfrr rrgi giig ig dm if a` a`mj mja` a`ff ag agjt jtfh fhim im f pf pfrt rt`r `r dm uj ag agjc jcuj ujtg tg dm agjga`n`mjt agjga` n`mjtgs gs s`stmnft` s`stmnft`zfdgs zfdgs qum rmoimcfj rmoimcfj mstruaturfs  mstruaturfs agjtfhi agjtfhims ms dmi prgams prgamsg g dm  prgduaa`ñj dm h`mjms dm h`mjms y  y smrv`a`gs.

g

If agjtfh`i`dfd sga`fi pfrtm dmi `jtmràs póhi`ag mj husaf dm if sft`sofaa`ñj dm ifs jmams` jmams`dfdm dfdmss dm uj mjtgrj mjtgrjg g sga`fi sga`fi sft`so sft`sofa` fa`mjdg mjdg ifs jmams` jmams`dfdm dfdmss dm qu`mjms qu`mjms  pfrt`a`pfj dmjtrg dm if magjgnîf agng kmstgrms dm if `j ogrnfa`ñj y tmramrgs.

g

Fi fsun`r uj jumvg mjogqum mj if d`sa`pi`jf agjtfhim agj mi pfrfd`knf dm if ]t`i`dfd dm if @jogrnfa`ñj, igs usufr`gs dm àstf aghrfj ujf krfj `npgrtfja`f yf

 

qum mi pr`ja`pfi ghcmt`vg dm mstm pfrfd`knf sm gr`mjtf f sft`sofamr sus jmams`dfdms  pfrf if nmcgr tgnf dm dma`s`gjms. dma`s`gjms. IGQ IG Q J]M_ J]M_GQ GQ X]NH X]NHGQ GQ DM IF AGJT AGJTFH FH@I @I@D @DFD FD AGNG AGNG A@MJ A@MJA@ A@F F MJ IF FAT]FI@DFD Agjtfhim 

A`mja`f3 Uumstg qum ms uj agjga`n`mjtg vmrdfdmrg. agjga`n`mjtg vmrdfdmrg. Jg ms ujf supgs`a`ñj dm bmabgs

s`j rmimvfja`f fikujf, fi agjtrfr`g, fjfi`zf afdf bmabg magjñn`ag y mj tgdgs fpi`af uj agjga`n`mjtg fdqu`r`dg. Ms uj agjga`n`mjtg s`stmnæt`ag, vmr`o`afhim y ofi`him. Husaf, f trfv trfvàs às dm if ogrnui ogrnuifa fa`ñ `ñj j dm b`pñtms`s b`pñtms`s,, if agjstruaa`ñj dm agjstruaa`ñj dm agjcujtgs  agjcujtgs dm `dmfs `dmfs iñk`af iñk`afss (tmgrîfs) tmgrîfs) qum s`rvfj pfrf prmdma`r y mxpi`afr igs omjñnmjgs rmift`vgs f su ghcmtg dm mst mstud`g ud`g.. Agj Agj mi prgp prgpñs ñs`t `tg g dm `dmjt dmjt`o `o``af afrr oà oàjg jgnm nmjg jgss g su suam amsg sgss qum qum fpgr fpgrttmj krfj `jogrnfa`ñj pfrf `jogrnfa`ñj pfrf su nmcgr dmsmnpmög. dmsmnpmög. 

Tàaj`af3 Ugrqum trfhfcf agj hfsm mj uj agjcujtg dm prgamd`n`mjtgs dm  prgamd`n`mjtgs g  g s`stmnfs s`stmnfs pfrf  pfrf

faunuifr, faunui fr, prgamsfr prgamsfr m `jogrnfr `jogrnfr dftgs  dftgs ót`ims ót`ims rmomrmjtms rmomrmjtms fi fi pftr`ngj`g  pftr`ngj`g.. Ms ujf, smr`m dm  pfsgs pfrf rmfi`zfr ujf tfrmf y mj agjtfh`i`dfd  agjtfh`i`dfd if tf tfrm rmff ms mi rmk`strg, rmk`strg, if tmjmdu tmjmdur`f r`f dm i`hrgs. i`hrgs. 

Q`stmnf dm @jogrnfa`ñj3  Dm faumrdg agj ifs gp`j`gjms y mjogqums prgoms`gjfims

næss ngdm næ ngdmrj rjgs gs,, if ag agjt jtfh fh`i `i`d `dfd fd ms mj sî uj suhs suhs`s `stm tmnf nf dm dmjt jtrg rg dm dmii Q` Q`st stmn mnff dm @jogrnfa`ñj dm @jogrnfa`ñj  dm if Mnprmsf, Mnprmsf, tgnf tgdf if `jogrnfa`ñj dm ujf mnprmsf rmomrmjtm mnprmsf rmomrmjtm f igs mimnmjtgs qum dmo`jmj mi Uftr`ngj`g, if prgamsf y if rmsunm dm tfi ogrnf qum aunpif agj igs ar`tmr`gs hæs`ags qum uj`ogrnfj if `jtmrprmtfa`ñj dm `jtmrprmtfa`ñj dm if @jogrnfa`ñj O`jfja`mrf (agjtfhim), dm mstf nfjmrf fjfi`stfs o`jfja`mrgs y jg o`jfja`mrgs usfj if `jogrnfa`ñj agjtfhim, dm fbî sm agjaiuym qum `jdmpmjd`mjtmnmjtm dm ifs dmo`j`a`gjms fjtmr`grms, if agjtfh`i`dfd ms mj sî uj Q`stmnf dm Q`stmnf dm @jogrnfa`ñj. Mstfs fjgtfa`gjms mrfj momatufdfs hfcg ifs jgrnfs dm jgrnfs dm if pfrt`df dghim, if aufi Ufaa`gi` fsmkurfhf qum ài sgig mjsmöfhf, ig aufi yf sm mcmautfhf nuabg fjtms pgr igs nmrafdmrms. If  pfrt`df dghim fsmkurf qum pgr afdf funmjtg dmi fat`vg mj mi dmhm dmh m bfy ujf d`sn`jua`ñj mj ifs aumjtfs dmi aumjtfs dmi pfs`vg y afp`tfidmjtrg afp`tfidmjtrg dmi bfhmr. Fs`n`sng, bfh`mjdg ujf d`sn`jua`ñj mj

 

ifs aumjtfs dmi fat`vg dmjtrg dmi dmhm, bfy uj funmjtg mj ifs aumjtfs dmi pfs`vg y afp`tfi dmjtrg dmi bfhmr, fsî momatuæjdgsm ifs jgrnfs dm if pfrt`df dghim. If trfduaa`ñj mj trfduaa`ñj mj `jkiàs oum `jkiàs oum puhi`afdf mj Igjdrms pgr Cgbj Kgukm g Kgukb mj 6=41. Qm dmsar`hm agng ]j Trftfdg Urgvmabgsg (F prgo`tfhim trmftyam), tfnh`àj dmjgn`jfdg Mi @jst @jstru run nmjt mjtg g I`hrg I`hrg  pfrf fprmjdmr mi humj grdmj dm iimvfjzf ofngsg agjga`n`mjtg iifnfdg agjga`n`mjtg iifnfdg mj Ift`j Dfrm y Bfhmrm, ms dma`r, Dmhm y Bfhmr.

dmi

Qm puhi`añ uj pmqumög i`hrg dm `jstruaa`ñj mj 6=22 pgr Cgbj Nmii`s dm Qgutbwfrl, mj mi qum d`am, "Qgy mi rmjgvfdgr y rmv`v`dgr dm ujf fjt`kuf fjt`kuf agp`f puhi`afdf puhi`afdf fquî mj Igjdrms Igjdrms mi 64 dm fkgs fkgsttg dm 6=41 6=41.. Cgbj gbj Nmi miii`s sm rmo mo``mr mrmm fi bmab bmabg g dm qum qum igs pr`ja`p`gs gs pr`ja`p`gs dm agjtfh`i`dfd qum agjtfh`i`dfd  qum mxpi`af (qum ms uj s`stmnfs`npim s`stmnfs`npim dm pfrt`df dghim) s`kum "if ogrnf dm _mjma`f _mjm a`f." ." (...). (...). If Agjtfh`i`dfd  Agjtfh`i`dfd t`mjm t`mjm uj ghcmt`vg3 ghcmt`vg3 Dfr if `jogrnfa`ñj  `jogrnfa`ñj jmamsf jmamsfr` r`ff pfrf pfrf if tgnf agrrmatf dm dma`s`gjms. Uftr`ngj`g jmtg agjtfhim

Ms mi rmsuitfdg dm if sunf dm igs h`mjms igs  h`mjms y  y dmrmabgs mxprmsfdgs dmrmabgs mxprmsfdgs mj uj`dfdms ngjmtfr`fs y rmstæjdgim f msm rmsuitfdg ifs ghi`kfa`gjms  ghi`kfa`gjms  tfnh`àj mxprmsfdfs mj if n`snf uj`dfd dm nmd`df. Msm rmsuitfdg mxprmsf mi vfigr  jmtg   jmtg ( mxprmsfdg mj uj`dfdms ngjmtfr`fs) dm if mnprmsf mj mnprmsf  mj uj ngnmjtg dmtmrn`jfdg y ms f ig qum sm im iifnf Uftr`ngj`g Uftr`ngj`g Jmtg  Jmtg Agjtfhim. Qm bfiif afiauifjdg if d`omrmja`f mjtrm mi Fat`vg (igs h`mjms y f igs dmrmabgs) y mi Ufs`vg (ifs ghi`kfa`gjms). Mimnmjtgs dm igs mstfdgs o`jfja`mrgs

Qgj afdf ujg dm igs h`mjms, dmrmabgs y ghi`kfa`gjms qum ogrnfj pfrtm dmi pftr`ngj`g dm ifs mnprmsfs. mnprmsfs. Mi Nfrag agjamptufi dmi @FQH (@jtmrjft`gjfi Faagujt`jk Qtfjdfrd Hgfrd) dmo` dmo`jm jm a`ja a`jag g mi mimn mnmj mjtg tgss hæ hæs` s`ag agss qu qumm ag agnp npgj gjmj mj if ag agjt jtfh fh`i `i`d `dfd fd33 Fat` Fat`vg vg,, Uf Ufs` s`vg vg,, Uftr`ngj`g, Kfstgs m Kfstgs m @jkrmsgs. @jkrmsgs. Tgdg Tgdg mi miig igss dm dmhm hmj j sm smku ku`r `r uj `t `t`j `jmr mrfr fr`g `g iñ iñk` k`ag ag pf pfrf rf su fdmaufdff agjtfh`i`z fdmaufd agjtfh`i`zfa`ñj, fa`ñj, qum sgj3 Dmo`j`a`ñj, Dmo`j`a`ñj, Xmagjga`n`m Xmagjga`n`mjtg jtg y Nmd`a`ñj, Nmd`a`ñj, igs aufims qumdfj rmoimcfdgs mj igs mstfdgs o`jfja`mrgs. o`jfja`mrgs. Nfsfs pftr`ngj`fims

 

Mi fat`vg ms mi agjcujtg dm h`mjms y dmrmabgs qum pgsmm if mnprmsf. mnprmsf. Mi pfs`vg mstæ ogrnfdg  pgr ifs ghi`kfa`gjms bfa`f tmramrgs (Ufs`vg Mx`k`him) y igs ogjdgs prgp`gs dm if mnprmsf (Ufs`vg (Ufs` vg Jg Mx`k`him). Mx`k`him). Igs Ogjdgs Urgp`gs, Urgp`gs, tfnh`àj tfnh`àj iifnfdgs iifnfdgs Afp`tfi g Jmtg Uftr`ngj`fi, Uftr`ngj`fi,  pgr smr if d`omrmja`f mjtrm mi Fat`vg y mi Ufs`vg Mx`k`him, sgj pgr tfjtg mi vfigr agjtfhim jmtg dm if mnprmsf, yf qum rmprmsmjtf mi vfigr dm igs h`mjms y dmrmabgs qum if mnprmsf jg dmhm f jfd`m. Ufqumtms agjtfhims

Qgj sgotwfrm dm fpi`afa`ñj  fpi`afa`ñj   qum pmrn`tm rmfi`zfr igs `jkrmsgs dm dftgs dm dftgs dm agnprghfdgrms i`kfdgs f ujf fpi`afa`ñj dm (`jkrmsgs y mkrmsgs). Tfnh`àj sgj ujf mxamimjtm bmrrfn`mjtf qum pgs`h`i`tf qum if ifhgr dmi agjtfdgr smf næs mo`afz y mo`a`mjtm. Qgj prgkrfnfs Qgj prgkrfnfs agnputfa`gjfims  agnputfa`gjfims qum pmrn`tmj iimvfr rmk`strgs dm rmk`strgs dm tgdfs ifs fat`v` fat`v`dfdm dfdmss y prgamsgs   prgamsgs ag agjt jtfh fhim imss dm ujf mnpr mnprms msff fs fsîî ag agng ng if pr prmp mpfr frfa` fa`ñj ñj dm ig igss d`omrmjtms rmpgrtms agng mstfdgs o`jfja`mrgs. P mstgs pmrn`tmj uj nmcgr dmsfrrgiig mj dmsfrrgiig mj if rmfi`zfa`ñj dm ifs ifhgrms agjtfhims dm ujf ogrnfs nuabg næs ræp`df, grdmjfdf y ujf nmcgr prmsmjtfa`ñj mj igs rmpgrtms agjtfhims m `jogrnms `jogrnms o`jfja`mrgs.  o`jfja`mrgs. Ifs aumjtfs

@jstru @js trunmj nmjtg tg dm rmprms rmprmsmjt mjtfa` fa`ñj ñj y nmd`df nmd`df dm afdf afdf mimnmj mimnmjtg tg pftr`n pftr`ngj` gj`fi. fi. Qm ut` ut`i`z i`zff ujf  pfifhrf y uj jónmrg, if pfifhrf rmprmsmjtf mi mimnmjtg aufi`tft`vg dm if aumjtf y mi jónmrg mi mimnmjtg aufjt`tft`vg. D`abfs pfifhrfs y jónmrgs sgj if rmprmsmjtfa`ñj dm if rmfi`dfd dm igs mimnmjtgs dmi pftr`ngj`g msar`tgs mj uj pfpmi. Ugr ig tfjtg bfy tfjtfs aumjtfs agng mimnmjtgs pftr`ngj`fims tmjkf if mnprmsf. Kræo`afnmjtm sm d`hucfj agng ujf T, dgjdm f if  pfrtm `zqu`mrdf sm iifnf "Dàh`tg" g "Dmhm" y f if pfrtm dmrmabf d mrmabf "aràd`tg " aràd`tg"g "g "bfhmr", s`j qum mst mstgs tàrn àrn`jgs `jgs tmjkf mjkfj j j`jk j`jkój ój gtrg gtrg s`kj` `kj`o` o`af afdg dg næs næs qum qum mi `jd` jd`afr afr ujf ujf nmr nmrf s`tufa`ñj oîs`af dmjtrg oîs`af  dmjtrg dm if aumjtf.( aumjtf.( mi dmhm ms if pfrtm `zqu`mrdf `zqu`mrdf dm if aumjtf y mi bfhmr ms if pfrtm dmrmabf dm if aumjtf y jg gtrf agsf agng ig pumdm `jd`afr su pfifhrf) Bfy dgs t`pgs dm au aumj mjtf tf33 dm pf pftr tr`n `ngj gj`g `g y dm kmst`ñj  kmst`ñj g dm rm rmsu suit itfd fdgs gs.. If Ifss au aumjt mjtfs fs dm pftr` pftr`ng ngj` j`g g fpfrmamræj mj mi Hfifjam y pumdmj ogrnfr pfrtm dmi Fat`vg g dmi Ufs`vg (y dmjtrg dm àstm, dmi Ufs`vg mx`k`him g dmi Afp`tfi, tfnh`àj iifnfdg Ogjdgs prgp`gs g Uftr`ngj`g Jmtg). Ifs

 

aumjtfs dm kmst`ñj g dm rmsuitfdgs sgj ifs qum rmoimcfj `jkrmsgs g kfstgs y fpfrmamræj mj if Aumjtf dm Uàrd`dfs y Kfjfja`fs. @jdmpmjd`mjt @jdmpmj d`mjtmnmjtm mnmjtm dm s` ifs aumjtfs aumjtfs sgj dm Uftr`ngj`g Uftr`ngj`g g dm Xmsuitfdgs, Xmsuitfdgs, tfnh`àj sm d`am qum pgr su jfturfimzf sgj jfturfimzf sgj dmudgrfs g farmmdgrfs. farmmdgrfs. Ifs aumjtfs sgj dmudgrfs dmudgrfs aufjdg s`mjdg dm Uftr`ngj`g sm rmo`mrmj f uj fat`vg g s`mjdg dm Kmst`ñj sm rmo`mrmj f uj kfstg y sgj farmmdgrfs aufjdg s`mjdg dm Uftr`ngj`g sm rmo`mrmj f uj pfs`vg g f ujf aumjtf dm afp`tfi, g aufjdg s`mjdg dm Kmst`ñj sm rmo`mrmj f uj `jkrmsg. ]jf aumjtf agnpimnmjtfr`f dm fat`vg g dm pf pfs` s`vg vg pu pumdm mdm `jvmr `jvmrt` t`rr if iñk`af  iñk`af fjtmr` fjtmr`gr, gr, pgr mcmnpi mcmnpig g if Mst`nf Mst`nfa`ñ a`ñj j pfrf pfrf Aumjtf Aumjtfss @jaghr @ja ghrfhi fhims ms g dm @jvmjtfr`gs  @jvmjtfr`gs Ghsgim Ghsgimtgs tgs g dm Imjtg Imjtg Ngv`n`mjtg  Ngv`n`mjtg qum s`mjdg s`mjdg aumjtf aumjtfss dm fat`vg su jfturfimzf ms farmmdgrf. Tfnh`àj pgdmngs tmjmr aumjtfs agnpimnmjtfr`fs mj ifs aumjtfs dm Kmst`ñj. ]j t`pg nuy agnój dm aumjtf sgj ifs aumjtfs Agrr`mjtms, ms ujf aumjtf `dmjt`o`afdf pgr  ujf pfifhrf y uj jónmrg (pgr mcmnpig Ai`mjtm Qm Ai`mjtm Qm CC y sus dmh`tgs y aràd`tgs) aràd`tgs) mstfs sgj aumjtfs qum mj aufiqu`mr ngnmjtg pumdmj smr dmudgrfs g farmmdgrfs y su jfturfimzf if dmo`jm sgifnmjtm mi bmabg dm s` sgj aumjtfs dm Uftr`ngj`g g dm Kmst`ñj, y næs fój dmjtrg dm ifs aifs`o`afa`gjms fjtmr`grms ms su uh`afa`ñj mspmaîo`af dmjtrg dmi mstfdg o`jfja`mrg mstfdg o`jfja`mrg ig qum dmo`jm su jfturfimzf, jg giv`dmngs sgj aumjtfs qum pumdmj smr dmudgrfs g farmmdgrfs. ms `npgrtfjtm sfhmr mstg Agjvmj`g dm afrkg y fhgjg y s`stmnf dm Ufrt`df dghim

Afrkfr g dmh`tfr ujf aumjtf ms bfamr ujf fjgtfa`ñj mj mi Dmhm. Fhgjfr g farmd`tfr ujf aumjtf ms bfamr ujf fjgtfa`ñj mj mi Bfhmr. Mj ifs aumjtfs dm fat`vg, aufjtg àstm funmjtf, sm afrkfj, y aufjdg d`sn`juym, sm fhgjfj. Mj ifs aumjtfs dm pfs`vg y dm afp`tfi, aufjdg àstm funmjtf, sm fhgjfj, y aufjdg d`sn`juym, sm afrkfj. Mi s`stmnf dm Ufrt`df Dghim agjs`stm mj qum mj afdf bmabg agjtfhim, sm bf dm prgdua`r fi nmjgs uj afrkg mj ujf aumjtf y uj fhgjg mj gtrf, y if sunf dm igs afrkgs y igs fhgjgs momatufdgs dmhmj smr `kufims, mj gtrfs gtr fs pfifhr pfifhrfs, fs, tgdgs tgdgs igs rmaursgs  rmaursgs qu qumm mx mx`s `stm tmj j mj ujf mnprms mnprmsff sgj sgj mi rm rmsu suit itfd fdg g dm if fpi`afa`ñj dm rmaursgs qum tuv`mrgj ujf oumjtm dmo`j`df. Ufrt`df dghim agng agjstfjtm dm afnh`g

 

If "p "pfr frt` t`df df dghi dghim" m" ag agng ng tà tàaj aj`a `aff ag agjt jtfh fhim im gh ghmd mdma mamm f ig igss s` s`ku ku`m `mjt jtms ms ar ar`t `tmr mr`g `gs3 s3 f) Agrrmspgjdmja`f3 qu`mj rma`hm ms dmudgr, qu`mj mjtrmkf ms farmmdgr< h) Xma`prga`dfd3 jg bfy dmudgr s`j farmmdgr y v`amvmrsf< a) Mqu`vfimja`f3 tgdg vfigr qum `jkrmsf dmhm smr `kufi fi vfigr qum sfim< d) Agjs`stmja`f3 tgdg vfigr qum `jkrmsf pgr ujf aumjtf dmhm sfi`r pgr if n`snf aumjtf< m) Agjorgjtfh`i`dfd3 ifs pàrd`dfs sm dmh`tfj, ifs kfjfja`fs sm farmd`tfj. Qfidg

Qm iifnf sfidg dm ujf aumjtf f if d`omrmja`f mjtrm igs dàh`tgs y aràd`tgs. Aufjdg igs dàh`tgs smfj nfygrms qum igs aràd`tgs smræ sfidg Dmudgr  Aufjdg igs aràd`tgs smfj nfygrms qum igs dàh`tgs smræ sfidg Farmmdgr  Aufjdg igs dàh`tgs smfj `kufims f igs aràd`tgs, sm mjtmjdmræ qum if aumjtf mstf sfidfdf,  hfifjamfdf g s`j sfidg. Igs i`hrgs agjtfhims i`hrgs agjtfhims 

Mi D`fr`g D`fr`g g Cg Cgrj rjfi fi.. Dgjd Dgjdmm sm rm rmag agkmj kmj,, dî dîff f dî dîf, f, ig igss bmabg bmabgss ma magj gjñn ñn`a `ags gs.. If fjgtfa`ñj dm uj bmabg magjñn`ag mj mi i`hrg D`fr`g sm iifnf "fs`mjtg". Xmk`strg dm Xmk`strg dm trfjsfaa`gjms susa`tfdfs dmi k`rg dm if mnprmsf.



Mi Nfygr g Imdkmr. Mj ài sm rmagkmj tgdfs ifs aumjtfs, agj tgdgs igs afrkgs y fhgjgs rmfi`zfdgs mj ifs n`snfs. I`hrg rmsunmj dmi rmk`strg dmi ngv`n`mjtg dm ujf aumjtf mspmaîo`af.Mj mi aufi tfnh`àj vfj ifs `jvmrs`gjms (kfstgs `jvmrs`gjms (kfstgs y kfjfja`fs) qum if mnprmsf tuvg mj msm ifpsg dm t`mnpg. t`mnpg.



Mi I`hrg dm Hfifjams g Hfifjam sbmmt. Igs i`hrgs dm Hfifjams rmoimcfj if s`tufa`ñj dmi pftr`ngj`g dm if mnprmsf mj ujf omabf dmtmrn`jfdf.

Igs Hfifjams sm armfj aufjdg bmngs pfsfdg ifs afjt`dfdms dm ifs aumjtfs dm igs fs`mjtgs f su i`hrg nfygr. Mx`stmj gtrgs i`hrg qum sm dmjgn`jfj fux`i`frms g suhd`fr`gs3 

Mi I`hrg

Dm

Agnprf

P

_mjtf.

Qgj

igs

i`hrgs

mj

qum

sm

`jkrmsfj

ifs gpmrfa`gjms rmsuitfjtms gpmrfa`gjms rmsuitfjtms pgr ifs agnprfs agnprfs y  y vmjtfs dm vmjtfs dm uj pmr`gdg. Qus agiunjfs næs `npgrtfjtms sgj3 Omabf|Urgvmmdgr g Ai`mjtm|Jµ Dgaunmjtg|Jmtg|@_F Dgaunmjtg|Jmtg| @_F|TGTFI |TGTFI

 

Mi I`h I`hrg rg dm Afcf Afcf Fnmr`a Fnmr`afjg fjg. Mstm i`hrg sm iimvf aufjdg sm ut`i`zf mi s`stmnf

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 cgrjfi`zfdgr, ig pfrt`auifr dm mstm ms qum nfjmcf tfjtg igs `jkrmsgs agng mkrmsgs dm if afcf. T`pgs dm agjtfh`i`dfd

Qmkój igs t`pgs dm usufr`gs (Mxtmrjgs-@jtmrjgs), pumdmj smr3 6. Agjtfh`i`dfd o`jfja`mrf. o`jfja`mrf. Df if `jogrnfa`ñj msmja`fi dmi ouja`gjfn`mjtg y mstfdg o`jfja`mrg dm if mnprmsf f tgdgs igs fkmjtms magjñn`ags `jtmrmsfdgs (ai`mjtms (ai`mjtms,, `jvmrsgrms, prgvmmdgrms `jvmrsgrms, prgvmmdgrms,, Fdn`j`str Fdn`j`strfa`gjms fa`gjms Uóhi`afs, Uóhi`a fs, mta.). _`mjm rmkuifdf y pifj`o`afdf pifj`o`afdf go`a`finmjtm go`a`finmjtm pfrf su agnprmjs`ñj agnprmjs`ñj pgr tgdgs. tgdgs. Qm trftf dm dfr agjstfja`f f ifs rft`gs rft`gs dm  dm Agnpmt`t`v`dfd ,  Xmjtfh`i`  Xmjtfh`i`dfd  dfd  y Urgduat`  y  Urgduat`v`dfd  v`dfd  pfrf  pfrf  pgdmrims dfr ut`i`dfd mj ut`i`dfd mj if fat`v`dfd dm if grkfj`zfa`ñj grkfj`zfa`ñj.. 8. Agjtfh`i`dfd D`rmat`vf. Vum mjkighf mjkighf Agjtfh`i`dfd dm agstgs g agstgs g Agjtfh`i`dfd Agjtfh`i`dfd dm kmst`ñj. Ms if agjtfh`i`dfd agjtfh`i`dfd `jtmrjf, `jtmrjf,  pfrf mi aæiauig dm aæiauig dm igs agstgs y agstgs y ngv`n`mjtgs magjñn`ags y prgduat`vgs mj mi `jtmr`gr dm if mnprmsf. Q`rvm pfrf tgnfr dma`s`gjms mj aufjtg f prgduaa`ñj f prgduaa`ñj,, grkfj`zfa`ñj dm grkfj`zfa`ñj dm if mnprmsf, mnprmsf, mta. Igs Ar`tmr`gs dm nmd`a`ñj

Qmkój mi Nfrag Agjamptufi Agjamptufi pfrf if prmpfrfa`ñj prmpfrfa`ñj y prmsmjtfa`ñj prmsmjtfa`ñj dm igs mstfdgs o`jfja`mrgs, o`jfja`mrgs, mx`stmj 4 ar`tmr`gs dm nmd`a`ñj3 

Agstm b`stñr`ag3

Igs fat`vgs sm fat`vgs sm rmk`strfj pgr mi ngjtg dm momat`vg g mqu`vfimjtms dm momat`vg pfkfdgs, g pgr  mi vfigr custg dmi fat`vg mjtrmkfdg f afnh`g mj afnh`g mj mi ngnmjtg ngnmjtg dm if fdqu`s`a`ñj. fdqu`s`a`ñj. Igs pfs`vgs sm rmk`strfj pgr mi vfigr dmi prgduatg dmi  prgduatg rma`h`dg  rma`h`dg f afnh`g dm `jaurr`r mj if ghi`kfa`ñj g, mj fikujfs a`raujstfja`fs a`raujstfja`fs (pgr mcmnpig, mcmnpig, `npumstg f `npumstg f if rmjtf pgr pfkfr) pgr igs ngjtgs dm momat`vg g mqu`vfimjtms dm momat`vg qum sm mspmrf pfkfr pfrf mxt`jku`r if agrrmspgjd`mjtm ghi`kfa`ñj. 

Agstm Agrr`mjtm3

 

Igs fat`vgs sm iimvfj agjtfhimnmjtm pgr mi ngjtg dm momat`vg, g mqu`vfimjtms dm momat`vg, qum dmhmrîf pfkfrsm s` sm fdqu`r`msm mj if fatufi`dfd mi n`sng fat`vg u gtrg dm s`n`ifrms afrfatmrîst`afs. Igs pfs`vgs sm rmk`strfj fi ngjtg dm momat`vg g mqu`vfimjtm dm momat`vg qum sm rmqu`mrm pfrf i`qu`dfr if ghi`kfa`ñj fi ngnmjtg prmsmjtm. 

_figr Xfzgjfhim3

Igs fat`vgs sm rmk`strfj agjtfhimnmjtm pgr mi ngjtg dm momat`vg g mqu`vfimjtms dm momat`vg qum pgdrîfj smr ghtmj`dgs, mj mi ngnmjtg prmsmjtm, mj if vmjtf jg vmjtf jg ogrzfdf dm igs n`sngs. Igs pfs`vgs sm rmk`strfj f sus vfigrms dm vfigrms dm i`qu`dfa`ñj, mstg ms, igs ngjtgs s`j dmsagjtfr dm momat`vg g mqu`vfimjtms dm momat`vg, qum sm mspmrf pfkfr pgr ifs ghi`kfa`gjms mj mi aursg jgrnfi dm ifs gpmrfa`gjms. 

_figr Fatufi3

Igs fat`vgs sm rmk`strfj agjtfhimnmjtm fi vfigr fatufi, dmsagjtfjdg ifs outurfs mjtrfdfs jmtfs dm momat`vg qum sm mspmrf kmjmrm if pfrt`df mj mi aursg jgrnfi dm ifs gpmrfa`gjms. Igs  pfs`vgs sm rmk`strfj pgr mi vfigr fatufi, dmsagjtfjdg ifs sfi`dfs jmtfs dm momat`vg qum sm jmams`tfræj pfrf pfkfr ifs ghi`kfa`gjms, mj mi aursg jgrnfi dm ifs gpmrfa`gjms.