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Abmsuib f pfrje jf ñlfb

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Abmsuib f pfrje jf ñlfb | 5 

   

FV LF^B EZË ^BAÈQ E NB_ÇE JE CBLOFMQADIKJZ F PKF_OV_G!

Grupb Ibtbr Qfrvkaf. Uuelkjejf f esskstèmake tëamkae jf uie essfmteje. B Grupb Ibtbr Qfrvkaf ë e fiprfse jkstrkoukjbre pere tbjes es etkvkjejfs jf pñs-vfmje fi tbjb b iumjb je Cblofmsadikjt Pkfrourg. Ë ui jbs prkmakpeks nbrmfafjbrfs jf abipbmfmtfs jf ibtbr pere b ifraejb jf pñs-vfmjes kmjfpfmjfmtf abi es prfstkgkejes ieraes CBLOFMQADIKJZ f PKF_OV_G. Vi vestb f jkvfrskſtaejb sbrtkjb pfriktf quf b alkfmtf ejqukre es pfçes jb ibtbr mb ifsib lbael. Elëi jf rfsblvfr prbolfies mb abiërakb f me bſtakme, bnfrfaf ekmje ui vestb lfquf jf sfrvkçbs f e abipftèmake tëamkae quf sf fspfre je ſtlkel jf ui gremjf nbrmfafjbr jb reib eutbiñvfl.

Cblofmsadikjt Pkfrourg. Nbrmfafjbr jf rfmbif je kmjøstrke eutbiñvfl kmtfrmeakbmel. Abib perafkres jf lbmge jete jf neorkaemtfs jf eutbiñvfks, es fiprfses jb Grupb Cblofmsadikjt Pkfrourg jfsfmvblvfi abipbmfmtfs f sbluçöfs jf skstfie kmbvejbrfs abi abipftèmake rfabmdfakje, me årfe jf elkifmteçáb jf er, rfjuçáb jes suostïmakes pblufmtfs fi obioes jf ñlfb, ågue f våaub, pkstöfs, olbabs jf ibtbr f orbmzkmes. Bs prbjutbs auiprfi bs eltbs rfquksktbs f pejröfs jf quelkjejf je kmjøstrke eutbiñvfl. Oekxe fikssáb jf pblufmtfs, ifldbr abmsuib jf abioustévfl, ſteoklkjejf, quelkjejf f sfguremçe sáb bs netbrfs jf eakbmeifmtb fssfmakeks pere es kmbveçöfs je Cblofmsadikjt Pkfrourg.

?. Oetad 05.?050 M.¸ jf ertkgb 60 001 >06-07

_fjeçáb8

Ibtbr Qfrvkaf, Qupbrtf tëamkab eb ifraejb Leybut f prbjuçáb8

Ibtbr Qfrvkaf, Iercftkmg JKF MFACE_P_KMXFM GioD, Dfklorbmm Uuelqufr añpke, rfprbjuçáb bu trejuçáb, ekmje quf perakel, ſtae suhfkte à mbsse eprbveçáb prëvke pbr fsarktb f jfvfrå abmtfr uie kmjkaeçáb fxete je nbmtf. _fsfrvejes eltfreçöfs f jkvfrgèmakes jf kiegfms. Ë fxaluéje quelqufr rfspbmseoklkjejf. Fjkçáb8

© IQ Ibtbr Qfrvkaf Kmtfrmetkbmel GioD

 ? | Abmsuib f pfrje jf ñlfb

_fspbmseoklkjejf Zbjbs bs jejbs quf sf fmabmtrei mfste orbadure sáb b rfsultejb jf ui treoeldb jf pfsqukse f brgemkzeçáb ikmuakbsb. Mb fmtemtb, fxkstf e pbsskoklkjejf jf surgkrfi frrbs, mbifejeifmtf frrbs jf trejuçáb f kmnbrieçöfs kmabiplftes bu jf babrrfrfi eltfreçöfs pbstfrkbrfs mes

kmnbrieçöfs hå jkspbmkoklkzejes. Pbr kssb, máb pbjfibs essuikr e geremtke mfi e rfspbmseoklkjej rfspbmseoklkjejff huréjkae pfle fxetkjáb, kmtfgrkjejf, etuelkjejf bu quelkjejf jes kmnbrieçöfs jkspbmkoklk jkspbmkoklkzejes. zejes. Máb essuikibs quelqufr tkpb jf rfspbmseoklkjejf pbr jembs jkrftbs bu kmjkrftbs, ietfrkeks bu kietfrkeks, quf rfsultfi jf usb bu usb kmjfvkjb jf kmnbrieçöfs bu jf pertfs kmabiplftes  bu kmabrrftes jfste orbadure, jfsjf quf máb sf vfrkſtquf aulpe kmtfmakbmel bu mfglkgèmake grevf je mbsse pertf.

Je ifsie nbrie, máb mbs rfspbmseoklkzeibs pbr jembs quf rfsultfi je nelte jbs abmdfakifmtbs tëamkabs mfafssårkbs, jes abipftèmakes fssfmakeks pere e rfelkzeçáb jf treoeldbs jf rfpereçáb bu  jf fxpfrkèmake je pertf jbs rfperejbrfs jf ibtbrfs bu jbs ifaïmkabs.

Máb ë pbssévfl prfvfr etë quf pbmtb ë quf bs prbafjkifmtbs tëamkabs f es kmstruçöfs jf rfpereçáb equk jfsarktbs sfráb eplkaåvfks e nutures gfreçöfs jf ibtbrfs, sfmjb pbrtemtb mfafssårkb quf b rfperejbr jf ibtbrfs bu e bſtakme emelksfi aeje aesb fi fspfaéſtab.

 

Émjkaf

Émjkaf 

Pågkme

  5 | Gfmfrelkjejfs sborf b abmsuib jf ñlfb ñlfb  

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  ? | Prkmakpeks numçöfs jb ñlfb  ñlfb 

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  1 | Abmsuib jb ñlfb jfvkjb e...  e... 

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…nblge fxafsskve je orbmzkme mb turobabiprfss turobabiprfssbr br …lkmde jf rftbrmb jb ñlfb fmtupkje mb turobabiprfssbr …jfsgestf je obioe kmhftbre …nuges mb skstfie jf espkreçáb …jfsgestf mes vfjeçöfs jes destfs jes vålvule vålvuless f mes gukes jes vålvules 1.> …frrb jf ibmtegfi jb aeofçbtf

                     

1.7 …sborfprfssáb mb kmvñluarb jb ibtbr 1.4 …mévfl jb ñlfb jfieskejb flfvejb abioustévfl fl 1.; …neldes jf abioustáb f enbgeifmtb pbr abioustév 1.50 …selkèmake kmabrrfte jb pkstáb 1.55 …iemutfmçáb krrfguler 1.5? …utklkzeçáb jf ñlfbs jf ibtbr jf quelkjejf kmnfrkbr 1.51 …jfnbrieçáb jbs aklkmjrbs 1.5: …frrbs jf prbafsseifmtb eb iemjrkler f orumkr 1.56 …texe jf lkofrteçáb jf greſttf jfieskejb oekxe 1.5> …okfles tbrakjes/jfnbriejes 1.57 …emëks jf sfgifmtb quforejbs/prfsbs/iel ibmtejbs

; ; 50 50 55 55 5? 5? 51 5: 5: 

     

1.5 1.? 1.1 1.: 1.6

e...   : | Pfrje jf ñlfb jfvkjb e...  

       

56

:.5 …prbjutbs jf vfjeçáb kmabrrftbs, fi quemtkjejf fxafsskve bu fi nelte :.? …abrpbs fstremdbs kgmbrejbs :.1 …nuges mbs emëks jf vfjeçáb jb fkxb rejkel :.: …jfnfktbs me supfrnéakf jf vfjeçáb :.6 …obioes jf våaub abi abi jfnfktbs :.> …prfssáb fxafsskve jb ñlfb

rbjegfi   6 | Nesf jf rbjegfi

4 4

56 56 5> 5> 57 57 54

Abmsuib f pfrje jf ñlfb | 1 

 

5 | Gfmfrelkjejfs sborf b abmsuib jf ñlfb

Pere e iekbrke jbs ibtbrkstes máb ë mbvkjejf quf ui ibtbr mfafsskte jf ñlfb

Fxfiplb jf aålaulb ‑ ^féaulb pfsejb

pere tfr uie vkje lbmge f seujåvfl. Mb fmtemtb, pbuabs jflfs rfftfi sborf e kipbrtïmake jf ui abmtrblf rfguler jb mévfl jb ñlfb. Qñ quemjb vfibs e verfte jb ñlfb sfae ë quf surgfi es qufstöfs essbakejes eb sfu abmsuib.

Vi vféaulb pfsejb abmsbif afrae jf :0 lktrbs jf abioustévfl eb ſti jf 500 ci. Ebs 5000 ci, b vbluif abmsuikjb sbof pere :00 lktrbs. 0,?6 % jf :00 lktrbs jf abioustévfl sáb 5 lktrb jf abmsuib jf ñlfb. 0,6 % jf :00 lktrbs jf abioustévfl sáb ? lktrbs jf abmsuib jf ñlfb.

Pere kmvfstkger bs ibtkvbs pere e nelte jf ñlfb sfrå prkifkrb mfafssårkb jfſtmkr bs abmafktbs abi iekbr prfaksáb. Mbrielifmtf, e eobrjegfi eb tfie jb abmsuib jb ñlfb ë iuktb gfrel. Mb fmtemtb, mes bſtakmes ë fssfmakel seofr jkstkmgukr fmtrf e pfrje f abmsuib fnftkvb jb ñlfb pere fmtfmjfr e quemtkjejf fi nelte.

Fxfiplb jf aålaulb ‑ ^féaulb lkgfkrb

Vi vféaulb lkgfkrb abmsbif afrae jf 4 lktrbs jf abioustévfl eb ſti jf 500 ci. Ebs 5000 ci, b vbluif abmsuikjb sbof pere 40 lktrbs.

Bs tëamkabs abmskjfrei quf b abmsuib jf ñlfb ë e quemtkjejf jf ñlfb quf fmtre me aïiere jf abioustáb f ë suhfktb e abioustáb bu aerobmkzeçáb. Neleibs jf pfrje jf ñlfb quemjb e aeuse pere fsse pfrje ë e fxkstèmake jf nuges mb ibtbr.

0,5 % jf 40 lktrbs jf abioustévfl sáb 0,04 lktrbs jf abmsuib jf ñlfb. 0,6 % jf 40 lktrbs jf abioustévfl sáb 0,: lktrbs jf abmsuib jf ñlfb.

5. 5.5 5 Uuemjb ë quf b abmsuib jf ñlfb ë fxafsskvb2 Es bpkmköfs sborf quemjb fsteibs pfremtf ui aesb jf abmsuib jf ñlfb

Qf b neorkaemtf jf ibtbrfs máb sbuofr jer kmjkaeçöfs prfakses sborf prfakses sborf b abmsuib jf

gfi f quf b abmsuib tfmjf e euifmter eb lbmgb je vkje øtkl jb ibtbr. Bs velbrfs

fxafsskvb jkvfrgfi oestemtf me pråtkae f jf peés pere peés. E supbskçáb bu fxpftefxpftetkve eipleifmtf jknumjkje jf quf ui ibtbr máb abmsbif mfi pbjf abmsuikr ñlfb fstå tbtelifmtf frreje, abi oesf mbs erguifmtbs eakie ifmakbmejbs.

ñlfb, b velbr v elbr jf rfnfrèmake ë 0,?6 % e 0,6 % jf abmsuib jf ñlfb mb aesb jbs vféaulbs pfsejbs, rfnfrfmtfs eb abmsuib fnftkvb jf abioustévfl.

Fi prkmaépkb, bs ibtbrfs jkfsfl abmsbifi ieks ñlfb jb ibtbr jb quf bs ibtbrfs e gesblkme. Pbr aeuse je luorkſtaeçáb jb turtur obabiprfssbr, bs ibtbrfs abi turobabiturobabiprfssbr teioëi mfafssktei ieks ñlfb jb

iémkibs jfvfi, pbrtemtb, sfr abmskjfreabmskjfrejbs prfnfrfmakelifmtf pere ibtbrfs mbvbs f bs velbrfs iåxkibs pere bs ibtbrfs quf hå pfrabrrfrei ieks ?/1 je sue vkje øtkl. Je ifsie nbrie, mb aesb jbs ibtbrfs quf epfmes sbnrfrei rfpereçöfs perakeks (p. fx., e suostktukçáb jf pkstöfs bu jf emëks jf sfgifmtb), máb sf jfvf fspfrer quf pbsse ſtaer eoekxb jb velbr iåxkib. Iuktb nrfqüfmtfifmtf eabmtfaf prfakseifmtf b abmtrårkb. Zbjes es pfçes jf ui ibtbr sbnrfi b ifsib mévfl jf jfsgestf. Qf epfmes nbrfi suostktuéjes 50 % jfles, fmtáb b ifldbreifmtb quf sf pbjf fspfrer jf uie rfpereçáb perakel sfrå teioëi jf

quf bs ibtbrfs sfi turobabiprfssbr.

epfmes 50 % fi uie sktueçáb kjfel.

Uuelqufr neorkaemtf jf ibtbrfs fsteoffsteof lfaf velbrfs jf rfnfrèmake bu velbrfs-lkiktf jf abmsuib jf ñlfb pere aeje ui jbs sfus ibtbrfs. Aesb sf suspfktf jf ui abmsuib fxafsskvb jf ñlfb, jfvfr-sf-å prbaurer kmnbrieçöfs sborf bs velbrfs jf rfnfrèmake bu velbrfs-lkiktf jf abmsuib jf ñlfb humtb jb rfspftkvb neorkaemtf jf ibtbrfs. Me iekbrke jbs aesbs, bs iemuiemu eks jf bſtakme f bs iemueks jf kmstruçöfs teioëi nbrmfafi kmnbrieçöfs sborf b abmsuib jb ñlfb jb ibtbr.

 : | Abmsuib f pfrje jf ñlfb

Mb aesb jbs ibtbrfs pfqufmbs jbs vféauvféau lbs lkgfkrbs, b abmsuib jf ñlfb fstå me brjfi jbs 0,5 % e 0,6 % jb abmsuib jf abioustévfl.

Mb fmtemtb, ë alerb quf b abmsuib jf ñlfb ë ieks rfjuzkjb jfpbks je nesf jf rbje-

 

Prkmakpeks numçöfs jb ñlfb | ?

B ñlfb jb ibtbr ë b rfaursb ieks kipbrtemtf jf ui ibtbr jf abioustáb. Qfi

_fnrkgfreçáb

Vi pkstáb etkmgf e sue tfipfreture jf

Prfvfmçáb je abrrbsáb f je nbrieçáb jf jfpñsktbs

ñlfb máb ë pbssévfl quf ui ibtbr numakbmf sfi neldes. Pbr kssb, eprfsfmteibs sfgukjeifmtf es prkmakpeks f ieks kipbrtemtfs numçöfs jb ñlfb jb ibtbr.

sfrvkçb eb ſti jf pbuabs sfgumjbs fi uie pertkje e nrkb. Qáb mfafssårkbs elgums ikmutbs etë quf tbjb b olbab jb ibtbr tfmde etkmgkjb e sue tfipfreture jf sfrvkçb, b quf verke fi numçáb je tfipfreture fxtfrkbr, jb tkpb jf ibtbr f jes aereatfréstkaes jf abmjuçáb. Pere quf b ibtbr iemtfmde e sue tfipfreture jf sfrvkçb f máb sbnre ui sborfequfakifmtb, mfafsskte jf rfnrkgfreçáb. Equk, bs jbks abipbmfmtfs jf rfnrkgfreçáb fi quf pfmseibs lbgb sáb b er f e ågue. Mb fmtemtb, teioëi b ñlfb essuif obe pertf je terfne jf rfnrkgfreçáb, sborftujb mb kmtfrkbr jb ibtbr. Bs pkstöfs jbs ibtbrfs ieks

Pbr øltkib, b ñlfb jb ibtbr essuif ekmje e terfne jf prfvfmçáb je abrrbsáb f je nbrieçáb jf jfpñsktbs. E abioustáb lkofrte suostïmakes egrfsskves quf sáb mfutrelkzejes pflb ñlfb luorkſtaemtf. Bs rfséjubs je abioustáb f bs abrpbs fstremdbs (pbr fxfiplb, epñs e eofrture jb ibtbr juremtf uie kmspfçáb) sáb fmaeikmdejbs pere b ſtltrb jb ñlfb pflb uxb jb ñlfb f eé sáb ſtltrejbs bu fmtáb sf sfjkifmtei mb aårtfr jb ñlfb. Pere geremtkr ui uxb jf ñlfb ejfquejb, esski abib e fſtaåake je lkipfze, ë kipbrtemtf b usb jf ui ñlfb jf elte quelkjejf quf abrrfspbmje ebs rfquksktbs fsteoflfakjbs pflb neorkaemtf jb vfé-

ibjfrmbs pbssufi aemeks jf rfnrkgfreçáb mbs queks akraule ñlfb prbvfmkfmtf jf okabs jf kmhfçáb. Jfsse nbrie, b aeofçbtf jb pkstáb ë ejkakbmelifmtf rfnrkgfrejb.

aulb.

Luorkaeçáb

B ñlfb ë rfspbmsåvfl pbr ikmkikzer e nrkaçáb fmtrf es supfrnéakfs iftålkaes, b quf suafjf pbr kmtfriëjkb jf uie pfléaule jf luorkſtaemtf quf sf nbrie juremtf b numakbmeifmtb fmtrf es supfrnéakfs jbs abipbmfmtfs jbs ibtbrfs fi ibvkifmtb. Greçes e fsse pfléaule jf luorkſtaemtf, e nrkaçáb sbnrf uie rfjuçáb skgmkſtaetkve. skgmkſtaetkve. Ifmbs nrkaçáb skgmkſtae ifmbs jfsgestf, uie ifmbr prbjuçáb jf aelbr f e iultkplkaeçáb je vkje øtkl jbs abipbmfmtfs. Qf fvktei jembs abib e abrrbsáb jbs pkstöfs f bs prbolfies mes orbmzkmes f b abmsuib jf abioustévfl sbnrf uie rfjuçáb. Ë iuktb kipbrtemtf quf e vksabskjejf jb ñlfb máb sfhe fxafsskve abi tfipfretures oekxes pere geremtkr uie pertkje jb ibtbr e nrkb sfi prbolfies. Pbr butrb lejb, b ñlfb teioëi máb jfvf sfr jfieskejb ukjb abi tfipfretures flfvejes, jb abmtrårkb, e pfléaule jf ñlfb pbjf rbipfr, pfrjfmjb-sf b fnfktb jf luorkſtaeçáb. Vie butre numçáb je pfléaule jf ñlfb fmtrf bs emëks f e aeikse jf aklkmjrb ë e jf vfjeçáb ſtme je aïiere jf abioustáb abmtre b olbab jb ibtbr.

Abmskjfremjb tujb kstb, vfrkſtaeibs quf sáb iuktes es terfnes e aergb jb ñlfb jb ibtbr. Ë kipbrtemtf prfster etfmçáb pere quf dehe sfiprf ñlfb suſtakfmtf mb ibtbr, uie vfz quf fstf ë perakelifmtf abmsuikjb juremtf b numakbmeifmtb bu fmtáb pbjf pfrjfr-sf jfvkjb e nuges.

4 

5 Okab jf pulvfrkzeçáb 7 

? Orbmzkme jf okfle 1 Epbkb jb vkreorfquki > : Kmtfrruptbr jf evksb je prfssáb jb ñlfb

; 50

6 Aemel jkstrkoukjbr prkmakpel > Zuob jf ñlfb luorkſtaemtf  pere b turobabiprfssbr  7 Epbkb jb fkxb abiemjb

6 :

4 Epbkb jb fkxb jb turob ; ^ålvule jf sborfprfssáb 55

jb ſtltrb jb ñlfb 50 Nkltrb jb ñlfb 55 ^ålvule jf abmtrblf je prfssáb jb ñlfb 5? ^ålvule jf jfrkveçáb 51 Obioe jf ñlfb

1

?

5?

abi prfssáb 5

51

sfi prfssáb Nkg. 5

Abmsuib f pfrje jf ñlfb | 6 

 

1 | Abmsuib jb ñlfb jfvkjb e...

1.5 …nblge f xafsskve fxafss kve je orbmzkme mb turobabiprfssbr Qf es orbmzkmes orbmzkmes mb turobabiprfssbr turobabiprfssbr fstkvfrfi jfsgestejes, e flfveje nblge mes ifsies pbjf lfver e quf es vfjeçöfs jb kipulsbr pfraei e sue numçáb jf vfjeçáb. B ñlfb jb ibtbr ë fmtáb espkrejb f qufkqufk iejb me aïiere jf abioustáb. Es orbmzkmes mb turobabiprfssbr sáb suhfktes e aerges iuktb flfvejes juremtf b numakbmeifmtb jb vféaulb. Mbrielifmtf es aeuses pere b jfsgestf sáb quklbiftregfms flfvejes, ñlfbs jf ibtbr abmabmteikmejbs bu kmejfquejbs bu ekmje uie luorkſtaeçáb jfſtakfmtf.

Nkg. 5

1.? …lkmde jf rftbrmb

Iuktes vfzfs, e aeuse pere b sborfequfaksborfequfak ifmtb pesse pfle ablbaeçáb kmabrrfte jes lkmdes jf rftbrmb jb ñlfb, pbr fxfiplb,

jb ñlfb fmtupkje mb turobabiprfssbr

jfieskejb pfrtb ablftbr fsaepf. Je ifsie nbrie, es jb lkmdes sfijfksbleifmtb bu es adepes jf ksbleifmtb iel ibmtejes pbjfi lfver e ui sborfequfakifmtb kmjfkmjf sfhejb.

Qf e lkmde jf rftbrmb jb ñlfb jb turobabiprfssbr pere b olbab jb ibtbr fstkvfr jfieskejb qufmtf, b ñlfb ë aerobmkzejb jfmtrb je lkmde. E aeuse pere fssf sborfesborfe qufakifmtb pbjf fster me quelkjejf jb ñlfb bu me iå rfnrkgfreçáb gfrel jb ibtbr. Vie aerobmkzeçáb me lkmde jf rftbrmb kipfjf b rftbrmb jb ñlfb pere b aårtfr sfi prfssáb. E flfveje prfssáb jb ñlfb jeé rfsultemtf lfve e uie seéje jf ñlfb pflbs epbkbs jb kipulsbr jb turobabiprfssbr. quf fmtre pere e sfçáb ejikssábBëñlfb eosbrvkjb f qufkiejb humtejf humteifmtf abi b er ejiktkjb me aïiere jf abioustáb.

 > | Abmsuib f pfrje jf ñlfb

 

Mbte kipbrtemtf8

Mb ibifmtb je rfvksáb jb ibtbr bu je suostktukçáb jb abiprfssbr sf jfvf vfrkſtvfrkſt aer sfiprf b fstejb jes lkmdes jf elkifmteçáb f jf rftbrmb jb ñlfb jb turobabiturobabiprfssbr f, sf mfafssårkb, prbafjfr à sue suostktukçáb.

Nkg. ?

 

Abmsuib jb ñlfb jfvkjb e... | 1

1.1 …jfsgestf je obioe kmhftbre E luorkſtaeçáb jes pfçes iñvfks jf uie obioe kmhftbre jf sërkf ë mbrielifmtf fnftueje pflb akrauktb jb ñlfb jb ibtbr. Qf dbuvfr flfifmtbs je obioe jfsgestejbs, bs ibvkifmtbs jfsafmjfmtfs jbs pkstöfs jf obioe lfvei e uie kmſtltreçáb jf ñlfb jb ibtbr fmtrf b aklkmjrb f b pkstáb quf jfpbks elaemçe bs fspeçbs jf treoeldb jbs flfifmtbs je obioe, bmjf b ñlfb jb ibtbr sf iksture abi b gesñlfb, sfmjb jfpbks kmhftejb humteifmtf abi fstf pere e aïiere jf abioustáb juremtf b prbafssb jf kmhfçáb, bmjf eiobs sáb qufkiejbs. Nkg. 1

 

Mbte kipbrtemtf8

Mb aesb jbs treoeldbs jf rfpereçáb fi ibtbrfs jkfsfl abi obioes jf sërkf, fnftuejbs jfvkjb eb abmsuib fxafsskvb jf ñlfb, e obioe kmhftbre jf sërkf teioëi jfvf sfr sfiprf suhfkte e uie kmspfçáb.

Mbrielifmtf, fssf treoeldb ë fnftuejb abi e obioe jfsibmteje sborf ui oemab jf prbve pere obioes.

1.: …nuges mb skstfie jf espkreçáb B er espkrejb tfi ui lbmgb pfraursb e pfrabrrfr etë e aïiere jf abioustáb. Eb lbmgb jfssf pfraursb fxkstfi iuktbs pbmtbs jf lkgeçáb quf sáb vfjejbs pbr vfjeçöfs bu tuobs jf obrreade. Qf fssfs pbmtbs ſtaerfi pbrbsbs f/bu pfrjfrfi e fstemqufkjejf, váb pfriktkr e fmtreje jf er máb ſtltrejb f abi kipurfzes me aïiere jf abioustáb. E ſtltreçáb kmsuſtakfmtf jb er ejiktkjb jfvkjb e ſtltrbs jf er fi nelte, abi jfnfktbs bu kmejfquejbs prbjuz b ifsib fnfktb. E suhkjejf quf fmtre mb aklkmjrb jfsse nbrie abmjuz repkjeifmtf e uie nrkaçáb ikste f, abmsfqüfmtfifmtf, e ui iekbr

Nkg. :

jfsgestf je supfrnéakf jf jfslkzeifmtb jb aklkmjrb, jb pkstáb f jbs emëks jf sfgifmtb. Abib abmsfqüèmake jkssb, babrrf ui euifmtb jb abmsuib jb ñlfb.

Abmsuib f pfrje jf ñlfb | 7 

 

1 | Abmsuib jb ñlfb jfvkjb e...

1.6 1. 6 …jfsgestf jes destfs mes jes vfjeçöfs vålvules f mes gukes jes vålvules E vfjeçáb je destf je vålvule essuif e numçáb jf fvkter e fmtreje f e seéje jf ñlfb mes gukes jf vålvules. Qf e nblge fmtrf e vålvule f e rfspfatkve guke nbr jfieskejb gremjf bu sf e vfjeçáb je destf je vålvule tkvfr skjb jemkſtaeje juremtf e ibmtegfi, e nuge jb ñlfb vek euifmtemjb mfssf pbmtb. Kssb lfve e uie kmſtltreçáb jf ñlfb me sfçáb jf ejikssáb bu jf fsaepf, sfmjb jfpbks qufkiejb bu flkikmejb.

Jkae8 ë eabmsfldåvfl suostktukr es  vfjeçöfs fi aeje rfpereçáb, rf pereçáb, pbks pbk s bs pfrébjbs jf numakbmeifmtb iuktb prblbmgejbs lfvei e ui jfsgestf, elëi jf quf b ietfrkel sbnrf ui fmjurfakifmtb à ifjkje quf vek fmvfldfafmjb. E fssf rfspfktb, abmsultf e nfrreifmte jf ibmtegfi pere vfjeçöfs jes destfs jes vålvules f b ckt jf lkipfze pere gukes jes vålvules fi mbssb aetålbgb jf nfrreifmtes.

Nkg. 5

1.> …frrb jf ibmtegfi jb aeofçbtf E ibmtegfi kiprñprke jb aeofçbtf pbjf tfr abib abmsfqüèmake e jfnbrieçáb jbs abipbmfmtfs, b quf pbjf brkgkmer pbmtbs jf nuge me årfe je aïiere jf abioustáb pere b akrauktb jb ñlfb jb ibtbr. Esski, sfi quf babrre uie pfrje jf ñlfb me vfjeçáb jb aeofçbtf kjfmtkſtaåvfl e pertkr jb fxtfrkbr, b ñlfb fmtre me aïiere jf abioustáb etrevës jbs aemeks jf ejikssáb, bmjf eaeoe pbr sfr qufkiejb. Jkae8 pere fvkter jfnbrieçöfs, tèi jf sfr rfspfktejes es kmstruçöfs jf epfrtb jb aeofçbtf, fmtrf es queks e sfqüèmake jf epfrtb, bs tbrqufs f b ïmgulb jf epfrtb. Fssfs jejbs sf fmabmtrei mbs iemueks jf bakme jb neorkaemtf jb vféaulb, mb nbldftb kmnbrietkvb jbs nbrmfafjbrfs jf  vfjeçöfs f teioëi fi f i mbssb aetålbgb ^ålvules & Eafssñrkbs/Fkxbs abiemjb/Aeofçbtfs. Nkg. ?

 4 | Abmsuib f pfrje jf ñlfb

 

Abmsuib jb ñlfb jfvkjb e... | 1

1.7

sfçáb jf ejikssáb bu jf fsaepf. B abmsuib jb ñlfb euifmte! Mb aesb jbs ibtb-

…sborfprfssáb mb kmvñluarb jb ibtbr

rfs kmteatbs, pbjf babrrfr ui euifmtb je prfssáb mb olbab jb ibtbr jfvkjb ebs "gesfs olbw-oy" bu ifsib jfvkjb e ui jfnfktb me vålvule jf vfmtkleçáb jb olbab jb ibtbr. Es gremjfs quemtkjejfs jf "gesfs olbw-oy" teioëi pbjfi sfrvkr jf vféaulb pere e mëvbe jf ñlfb fxkstfmtf mb olbab jb ibtbr. Jfvkjb à iekbr fikssáb jf "gesfs olbw-oy", ë tremspbrteje aeje vfz ieks mëvbe jf ñlfb pere e abmfxáb jf fveaueçáb jb olbab jb ibtbr me sfçáb jf ejikssáb. Jfsse nbrie, b ñlfb fmtre me aïiere jf abioustáb, bmjf ë qufkiejb.

Zbjbs bs ibtbrfs prbjuzfi "gesfs olbw-oy", quf abmstktufi gesfs jf abioustáb quf sáb kipflkjbs pere b olbab jb ibtbr pfle flfveje prfssáb je abioustáb mbs emëks jf sfgifmtb. Qf e nbrieçáb jf "gesfs olbw-oy" sbnrfr ui euifmtb jfvkjb eb jfsgestf jb pkstáb, jbs emëks f jes vålvules, pbjf babrrfr uie prfssáb táb flfveje mb olbab jb ibtbr eb pbmtb jf b ñlfb fi tbjb b ibtbr sfr prfsskbmejb etrevës jes vfjeçöfs. Vi obi fxfiplb jkssb sáb es vfjeçöfs jes destfs jes vålvules quf sbnrfi uie sborfaerge skgmkſtaetkveifmtf iekbr fi aesb jf sborfprfssáb. Abib abmsfqüèmake jkssb, pbjf sfr prfsskbmejb ieks ñlfb eb lbmgb je guke jf vålvule pere jfmtrb je

Jkae8 emtfs je ibmtegfi mel, vfrkquf sfiprf b greu jf lkipfze f b obi numakbmeifmtb jb skstfie jf  vfmtkleçáb jb olbab jb ibtbr.

Nkg. 1

1.4 …mévfl jb ñlfb jfieskejb flfvejb Vi mévfl jb ñlfb jfieskejb flfvejb prbibvf e nbrieçáb jf mëvbe jf ñlfb jfvkjb à iultkplkaeçáb jbs rfspkmgbs prbjuzkjbs

Nkg. :

pflb vkreorfquki. B usb jf ñlfb kmejfquejb, abmteikmejb bu vfldb pbjf lfver à nbrieçáb jf fspuie jf ñlfb juremtf b numakbmeifmtb. Humteifmtf abi bs "gesfs olbw-oy", fste sfguf teioëi pere e sfçáb jf ejikssáb pessemjb pflb skstfie jf fveaueçáb jb ibtbr, tel abib suafjf abi e mëvbe jf ñlfb arfsafmtf. Qf máb dbuvfr ui sfperejbr jf ñlfb, b ñlfb fmtre me aïiere jf abioustáb bmjf ë qufkiejb. Ifsib mb aesb jbs ibtbrfs abi skstfies jf sfpereçáb jf ñlfb fleobrejbs, b skstfie pbjf pfrjfr e sue fſtaåake jfvkjb eb euifmtb je fspuie jf ñlfb.

Abmsuib f pfrje jf ñlfb | ; 

 

1 | Abmsuib jb ñlfb jfvkjb e...

1.; Aeuses pbssévfks mbs ibtbrfs e gesblkme8

…neldes jf abioustáb  abioustáb  f enbgeifmtb pbr abioustévfl Fi sktueçöfs jf nelde jf abioustáb jfvkjb e enbgeifmtb pbr abioustévfl, ſtae abioustévfl máb qufkiejb me aïiere jf abioustáb. Qf fssf abioustévfl essfmter me perfjf jb aklkmjrb, babrrf nrkaçáb ikste f, abib abmsfqüèmake, babrrf ui jfsgestf iekbr f ieks råpkjb mb pkstáb, mbs emëks jf sfgifmtb f mb trehftb jf aklkmjrb.

• iksture jfieskejb rkae • turobabiprfssbr jfnfktubsb • pbmtb jf kgmkçáb kmabrrftb • neldes mb skstfie jf kgmkçáb Aeuses pbssévfks mbs ibtbrfs jkfsfl8

• okabs kmhftbrfs jfnfktubsbs bu abi nuges • kméakb jb jëoktb frrejb • turobabiprfssbrfs jfnfktubsbs • selkèmake kmabrrfte jb pkstáb • obioes kmhftbres jfnfktubses

Nkg. 5

1.50 …selkèmake kmabrrfte jb pkstáb Qf, epñs e rfvksáb, e selkèmake jb pkstáb máb sf fmabmtrer jfmtrb jb lkiktf jf tblfrïmake kmjkaejb pflb neorkaemtf jbs ibtbrfs, e selkèmake fxafsskve jb pkstáb pbjf lfver e quf fstf fioete mb aeofçbtf. Esski, b eakbmeifmtb pbr iemkvfle ë suhfktb e aerges ieks flfvejes. Fi abmsfqüèmake jkssb, pbjfi babrrfr jembs mb vkreorfquki, mb pkstáb f me okfle. Elëi jkssb, mb aesb jbs ibtbrfs jkfsfl, fssf fioetf pbjf nezfr vkorer b okab kmhftbr. Es bsakleçöfs jeé rfsultemtfs egfi sborf e egulde jb okab kmhftbr, b quf nez abi quf fstf máb nfadf pbr abiplftb. B abioustévfl ejkakbmel quf fmtre esski me aïiere jf abioustáb epñs b prbafssb jf kmhfçáb fnftkvb prbvbae neldes jf abioustáb. Elëi jkssb, b abioustévfl máb qufkiejb sf jfpbskte me perfjf jb aklkmjrb f jfstrñk e pfléaule jf luorkſtaemtf, b quf prbvbae ui flfvejb jfsgestf jb pkstáb, jbs emëks jf sfgifmtbs f je supfrnéakf jf jfslkzeifmtb jb aklkmjrb.

 50 | Abmsuib f pfrje jf ñlfb

 

Mbte kipbrtemtf8

E selkèmake jb pkstáb jfvf sfr vfrkſtaeje jf eabrjb abi es kmjkaeçöfs fi mbssb aetålbgb "Pkstöfs/Aklkmjrbs/Ckts". Bosfrvf quf b pkstáb sf fxpemjf temtb fi jkïiftrb abib fi elture eb etkmgkr e tfipfreture jf sfrvkçb. Pbrtemtb, uie vfrkſtaeçáb je lkofrjejf jf bpfreçáb etrevës je rbteçáb jb ibtbr epñs e ibmtegfi máb tfi gremjf rflfvïmake mb quf tbae e fmtfmjfr sf e selkèmake jb pkstáb fstå jfmtrb jbs lkiktfs jf tblfrïmake. _fabrre prfnfrfmakelifmtf e velbrfs jbs lkiktfs jf tblfrïmake kmnfrkbrfs quemjb je ibmtegfi. Abi e pessegfi jb tfipb, b ñlfb aerobmkzejb f butrbs tkpbs jf jfpñsktbs me supfrnéakf jb pkstáb pbjfi ekmje eltfrer e ifjkje je nblge mb pbmtb ibrtb supfrkbr.

Nkg. ?

 

Abmsuib jb ñlfb jfvkjb e... | 1

1.55 …iemutfmçáb krrfguler Qf máb nbrfi auiprkjbs bs kmtfrvelbs jf sfrvkçb prfsarktbs pflb neorkaemtf, skgmkſtae quf jfmtrb jb ibtbr sf fmabmtre ñlfb fmvfldfakjb f abmteikmejb då jfieskejb tfipb. Vie vfz quf b fnfktb jf luorkſtaeçáb vek jkikmukmjb, euifmte b rksab jf babrrèmake jf ui greu jf jfsgestf jfsmfafsserkeifmtf flfvejb.

Pere elëi jb auiprkifmtb jbs kmtfrvelbs jf iujemçe jb ñlfb, ë kmjkspfmsåvfl b abmtrblf f, sf mfafssårkb, e abrrfçáb jbs velbrfs jf ehustf f jf vfrkſtaeçáb ieks skgmkſtaetkvbs quemjb je iemutfmçáb. Fstes ifjkjes lfvei e ui euifmtb je vkje øtkl jb ibtbr f sáb abmjkçöfs pere b sfu obi numakbmeifmtb. Jkae8 rfabifmjeibs quf e iemutfmçáb jb ibtbr sfhe fnftueje jf eabrjb abi es kmjkaeçöfs jb neorkaemtf.

Nkg. 1

1.5? …utklkzeçáb jf ñlfbs jf ibtbr jf quelkjejf kmnfrkbr Fi aesb jf utklkzeçáb jf ñlfbs jf ibtbr kmejfquejbs bu jf quelkjejf kmnfrkbr, máb ë pbssévfl geremtkr ui numakbmeifmtb sfgurb fi tbjbs bs fstejbs jf numakbmeifmtb. B jfsgestf jb ibtbr euifmte, pbr fxfiplb, fi sktueçöfs jf pertkje e nrkb bu fi numakbmeifmtb e tfipfretures fxafsskves. B ñlfb jfvf auiprkr bs rfquksktbs jb neorkaemtf jb vféaulb. Aesb neltfi eb ñlfb elguies prbprkfjejfs kipbrtemtfs, p. fx., jfvkjb e uie ejktkveçáb kmsuſtakfmtf bu kmabrrfte, euifmte b rksab jf jfsgestf f, abmsfqüfmtfifmtf, b pfrkgb jf babrrèmake prfieture jf jembs mb ibtbr. E utklkzeçáb jf ñlfbs jf ibtbr abrrftbs f Nkg. :

eutbrkzejbs pflb neorkaemtf jb ibtbr abmtrkouk pere uie rfjuçáb skgmkſtaetkve jb jfsgestf f pere b euifmtb je vkje øtkl jb ibtbr.

Abmsuib f pfrje jf ñlfb | 55  55 

 

1 | Abmsuib jb ñlfb jfvkjb e...

1.51

jfslbae  j fslbae pere e aïiere jf abioustáb, bmjf ë qufkiejb. Eb ifsib tfipb, e

…jfnbrieçáb jbs aklkmjrbs

prfssáb mb olbab jb ibtbr sbnrf ui euifmtb jfvkjb ebs gesfs jf abioustáb quf pessei humtb jbs emëks jf sfgifmtbs. Fste sborfprfssáb prbvbae uie pfrje jf ñlfb mbs pbmtbs jf vfjeçáb f nuges jf ñlfb mes gukes jes vålvules jf ejikssáb (vfr aepétulbs 1.7 f :.1).

E jfnbrieçáb jbs aklkmjrbs pbjf sfr rfabmdfakje pfle krrfgulerkjejf je ierae jf abmtetb, me aeikse jf aklkmjrb sfae, abi pbmtbs jf pblkifmtb ksblejbs f iuktb orkldemtfs (ſtg. 5). Bs pbmtbs jf abmtetb krrfgulerfs f abi iemades mes perfjfs fxtfrkbrfs jes aeikses jf aklkmjrb, esski abib mbs prñprkbs aklkmjrbs, kmjkakei sfiprf uie jfnbrieçáb jbs aklkmjrbs. Bs emëks jf sfgifmtb máb abmsfgufi vfjer jfvkjeifmtf bs aklkmjrbs, quf fstfhei jfnbriejbs, abmtre e kmſtltreçáb jf ñlfb mfi jbs gesfs jf abioustáb. Mfssfs pbmtbs jf jfnbrieçáb, máb ë pbssévfl rfibvfr b ñlfb jbs emëks jf sfgifmtbs, ñlfb fssf quf sf

Aeuses8

• epfrtb krrfguler f kmabrrftb jbs jbs perenusbs jf aeofçe aklémjrkae • jfpñsktbs bu suhkjejf mb skstfie jf errfnfakifmtb • supfrnéakfs plemes krrfgulerfs ‑ olbab jb aklkmjrb/aeofç aklkmjrb/aeofçbtf btf • rbsaes jbs perenusbs jf aeofçe aklémjrkae suhes bu jfnbriejes • vfjeçöfs jf aeofçbtf kmejfquejes • elbheifmtbs kmabrrftbs kmabrrftbs • abrrbsáb pbr abmtetb (abrrbsáb (abrrbsáb pbr etrktb)

Nkg. 5

1.5: …frrbs jf prbafsseifmtb eb iemjrkler f orumkr Vie supfrnéakf jf aklkmjrb prbafsseje kmabrrfteifmtf máb pfriktf e nbrieçáb jf uie pfléaule jf ñlfb fmtrf b emfl jf sfgifmtb f e supfrnéakf jf jfslkzeifmtb (fspfssure je pfléaule pfléaul e jf ñlfb 5‑1 [i). B abmtetb jkrftb jb emfl jf sfgifmtb abi e supfrnéakf jf jfslkzeifmtb prbvbae ui jfsgestf iuktb flfvejb. E flfveje nrkaçáb jbs emëks jf sfgifmtb prbjuz aelbr ejkakbmel fi vfz jf jksskper b aelbr jb pkstáb mb olbab jb ibtbr. Bs ïmgulbs jf orumkifmtb essuifi uie kmuèmake skgmkſtaetkve sborf e quelkjejf jb prbafsseifmtb jes supfrnéakfs, bs velbrfs jf rugbskjejf f e texe jf lkofrteçáb jf greſttf (vfr pågkme sfgukmtf).

Nkg. ?

 5? | Abmsuib f pfrje jf ñlfb

 

Abmsuib jb ñlfb jfvkjb e... | 1

1.56

e rfelkzeçáb jbs treoeldbs pbjf lfver à nbrieçáb jf uie sborfaepe jf adepe me

pessb jb prbafsseifmtb je supfrnéakf jb aklkmjrb. aklkmj rb. Es fsabves sáb abipbstes pbr

…texe lkofrteçáboekxe jf greſttf jf jfieskejb

supfrnéakf jb aklkmjrb.

ſtores jf mylbm abi arksteks jf skléakb. Qfi prbvbaer eltfreçöfs jkifmskbmeks, b prbafssb jf fsabvegfi pfriktf lkiper es rffmtrïmakes je supfrnéakf, rfibvf es eperes quf bostrufi bs vfkbs jf greſttf f, greçes eb jfsgestf jbs pkabs, lfve à nbrieçáb jf uie pletenbrie (ſtgure O). E tëamkae jf fsabvegfi prbpbrakbme esski uie supfrnéakf abi iuktb ifldbrfs abmjkçöfs pere e rbjegfi, quf nevbrfaf n evbrfaf jfsjf b kméakb e nbrieçáb f prfsfrveçáb je pfléaule jf ñlfb.

Mb aesb jbs olbabs jf ibtbr jf nfrrb numjkjb akmzfmtb, akmzfmtb, e texe jf lkofrteçáb jf vfkbs vfkb s jf greſttf ë ui netbr jfakskvb pere e nbrieçáb je pfléaule jf ñlfb, esski abib pere es aereatfréstkaes jf numakbmeifmtb jf fifrgèmake je supfrnéakf jf jfslkzeifmtb jb aklkmjrb. B eaeoeifmtb pfrnfktb jes supfrnéakfs humteifmtf abi uie texe jf lkofrteçáb jf, pflb ifmbs, ?0 % pfriktf quf sf pbsse eauiuler ñlfb mes rffmtrïmakes jb pfrſtl f mbs vfkbs jf greſttf, b quf tbrme e pfléaule jf ñlfb ieks rfskstfmtf e aerges ieks flfvejes, ifldbremjb suostemakelifmtf temakelif mtf es aereatfréstkaes jf numakbmeifmtb jf fifrgèmake. Bs vfkbs jf greſttf eofrtbs abmsfgufi eriezfmer b ñlfb jb ibtbr abib uie fspbmhe f jkspbmkoklkzei-mb mbveifmtf abmsbemtf mfafssårkb. B usb jf rfoblbs orumkjbrfs rbiobs pere b orumkifmtb ſtmel bu b rfaursb e uie prfssáb fxafsskve pere

Mb aesb jf uie sborfaepe jf adepe, bs vfkbs jf greſttf sáb sflejbs pbr ietfrkel erremaejb bu jkstbrakjb (ſtgure E). B jfpñsktb jf ñlfb sf tbrmbu kipbssévfl. Fsse aeieje sñ ë rfibvkje fi rbjegfi, lfvemjb e ui flfvejb jfsgestf jbs emëks jf sfgifmtb. Eb ſti jf elgui tfipb, b fstejb je supfrnéakf jb aklkmjrb vblte e mbrielkzer, ies bs emëks jf sfgifmtb sbnrfrei ui jfsgestf krrfifjkåvfl. Pbr fssf ibtkvb, jfpbks je nesf jf rbjegfi, b abmsuib jb ñlfb jb ibtbr sbnrf ui euifmtb fi vfz jf uie rfjuçáb. Ekmje quf e aeuse máb fstfhe emëkshbgb jf sfgifmtb, e ibmtegfi jf mbs ui mbvb jf emëks jf sfgifmtb prbpbrakbme ifldbrfs abmjkçöfs jf numakbmeifmtb f jf luorkſtaeçáb f e qufstáb jb abmsuib jf ñlfb ë flkikmeje. Es fsabves jf orumkifmtb sáb e sbluçáb pere fssf prbolfie. E eplkaeçáb je fsabve jf orumkifmtb jfvf pbrtemtb sfr b øltkib

Jkae8 pere ifldbr abmsfgukr evelker bs prñprkbs rfsultejbs, jkspbmkoklkzeibs ui sfrvkçb fspfakel pere rfperejbrfs jf ibtbrfs ifjkemtf pertkakpeçáb mbs austbs. Qfçöfs abiplftes jes perfjfs jb aklkmjrb sáb suhfktes e uie emålksf jbs ïmgulbs jf orumkifmtb, je rugbskjejf f je texe jf lkofrteçáb jf gretf. B afrtkaejb fiktkjb me sfqüèmake jfssf sfrvkçb nbrmfaf kmnbrieçöfs sborf e quelkjejf etkmgkje f kmjkae queks bs prbafssbs quf ekmje pbjfi sfr btkikzejbs.

 E

O

Nkg. 1

Abmsuib f pfrje jf ñlfb | 51  51 

 

1 | Abmsuib jb ñlfb jfvkjb e...

1.5> …okfles tbrakjes/ jfnbriejes Es okfles sáb bs flfifmtbs quf ieks jfſtmktkveifmtf kmufmakei b aursb jbs pkstöfs. Bs frrbs jf elkmdeifmtb aeusejbs pfle jfnbrieçáb bu tbrçáb prbvbaei ui ibvkifmtb pfmjuler jbs pkstöfs mb fkxb lbmgktujkmel jb ibtbr, quf jfpbks váb fioetfmjb abmtre b aklkmjrb jf eiobs bs lejbs. B ñlfb fmtre pfles nfmjes quf sf nbriei jfvkjb eb ibvkifmtb jb pkstáb f sf kmſtltre me aïiere jf abioustáb. Mes sktueçöfs ieks grevfs, b ibvkifmtb jb pkstáb brkgkme ui fnfktb jf obiofeifmtb,

 

Mbte kipbrtemtf8

Aesb sf vfrkſtqufi jembs mb pkstáb, jfvfi sfr vfrkſtaejbs bs fvfmtueks frrbs jf elkmdeifmtb f e fsteoklkjejf jkifmskbmel jes okfles.

Nkg. 5

quf nez b ñlfb suokr ekmje abi ieks nbrçe.

1.57 …emëks jf sfgifmtb quforejbs/prfsbs/iel quforejbs/prfsbs/ iel ibmtejbs

Qf, pere elëi jkssb, babrrfrfi neldes jf abioustáb f, abmsfqüfmtfifmtf, uie jklukçáb jb ñlfb, e vksabskjejf f b fnfktb jf luorkſtaeçáb jb ñlfb sbnrfi uie rfjuçáb ekmje iekbr, b quf, pbr sue vfz, lfve e ui jfsgestf f e ui abmsuib jb

Abmskjfremjb es sues kmøifres numçöfs, bs emëks jf sfgifmtb sáb abipbmfmtfs fssfmakeks pere b numakbmeifmtb jb ibtbr. E prkmakpel numçáb jbs emëks jf sfgifmtb ë e jf vfjer e aïiere jf abioustáb abmtre b olbab jb ibtbr. Aesb b numakbmeifmtb abrrftb jbs emëks jf sfgifmtb sfhe abiprbiftkjb jfvkjb e frrbs jf ibmtegfi, e sue numçáb jf vfjeçáb pbjfrå sfr kmaepeakteje bu ſtaer lkikteje. B ñlfb jfkxe jf sfr abrrfteifmtf rfibvkjb je perfjf jb aklkmjrb f, jfsse nbrie, fmtre pere e aïiere jf abioustáb, bmjf jfpbks ë qufkiejb.

ñlfb supfrkbrfs. Aeuses8

• emëks jf sfgifmtb quforejbs • emëks jf sfgifmtb prfsbs • emëks jf sfgifmtb iel ibmtejbs (ieraeçáb ZBP sfiprf vkreje pere akie) • jkleteçáb fxafsskve quemjb je ibmtegfi • emëks luorkſtaejbrfs iel ibmtejbs (fxfiplb8 emfl luorkſtaejbr jf très pfçes)  

Etfmçáb8

Ibmter bs emëks jf sfgifmtb epfmes abi ui elkaetf jf ibmtegfi.

 5: | Abmsuib f pfrje jf ñlfb

Nkg. ?

 

Pfrje jf ñlfb jfvkjb e... | :

:.5

Iuktes vfzfs, bs prbjutbs jf vfjeçáb tèi jf rfskstkr e prfssöfs iuktb flfvejes. Pbr

…prbjutbs jf vfjeçáb kmabrrftbs, kmab rrftbs, fi quemtkjejf fxafsskve bu fi nelte

kssb, e eplkaeçáb jf prbjutbs jf vfjeçáb fi quemtkjejfs fxafsskves pbjf kguelifmtf sfr aeusejbre jf nuges.

Es iesses vfjemtfs sáb jbs flfifmtbs jf abmstruçáb quf pessei ieks jfspfrafokjbs mb ibtbr. Mb fmtemtb, tbjb b skstfie pbjf fster fi rksab sf fstes máb numakbmerfi pfrnfkteifmtf.

Elëi jkssb, bs rfséjubs jf iesse vfjemtf quf sáb prfsskbmejbs jes supfrnéakfs jf vfjeçáb pere b abipertkifmtb jb ibtbr prbvbaei abmteikmeçöfs bu bostruçöfs mbs akrauktbs jb ñlfb bu je ågue. Pbr fssf ibtkvb, elguies iesses vfjemtfs ieks rfafmtfs fstáb prfperejes pere sf jksskper, sf fvfmtuelifmtf fmtrerfi mb akrauktb jb ñlfb.

Mbs ibtbrfs ibjfrmbs, bs prbjutbs jf vfjeçáb auiprfi e terfne jf vfjeçáb jbs vårkbs skstfies, temtb fi rfleçáb eb fxtfrkbr abib fmtrf sk. Pere fssf fnfktb, ë mfafssårkb eplkaer prbjutbs jf vfjeçáb mes supfrnéakfs jf epbkb jf jkvfrsbs abipbmfmtfs.

 

Etfmçáb8

E utklkzeçáb jf prbjutbs jf vfjeçáb kiplkae quf e rfskstèmake e tfipfretures f b aeipb jf eplkaeçáb sfhei ejfquejbs pere e rfspfatkve ſtmelkjejf.

Nkg. 1

:.? …abrpbs fstremdbs kgmbrejbs mes supfrnéakfs jf vfjeçáb Bs abrpbs fstremdbs fmtrf e vfjeçáb f b abipbmfmtf kipfjfi ui essfmteifmtb abrrftb, b quf, mb pkbr jbs aesbs, prbvbae e jfnbrieçáb jbs abipbmfmtfs. Mb fmtemtb, ë ekmje iekbr b pfrkgb jf babrrèmake jf nuges jfvkjb à jkikmukçáb je prfssáb supfrſtakel mbs flfifmtbs jf vfjeçáb plembs. Qf b prbjutb jf vfjeçáb nbr eplkaejb sborf supfrnéakfs suhes, quf tfmdei ñlfb, pbr fxfiplb, e abmfxáb jfſtakfmtf quf jeé rfsulte pbjf lfver à seéje jf ñlfb mfssfs ifsibs pbmtbs. Bs rfséjubs jf iesse vfjemtf vflde quf máb tfmdei skjb tbtelifmtf rfibvkjbs pbjfi prbvbaer fssf ifsib prbolfie.

Nkg. :

nrfqüfm Jkae8 bs abrpbs fstremdbs kgmbrejbs pfrtfmafi à aetfgbrke jbs frrbs ieks nrfqüfmtfs f teioëi ieks krrktemtfs. Pbr kssb, lkipf aukjejbseifmtf tbjes es pfçes rflf vemtfs (aeofçbtf, (aeofçbtf, aårtfr jb ñlfb, teipe teipe je vålvule, …) emtfs jf es ibmter. ibmter. Gfrelifmtf, es supfrnéakfs supfrn éakfs jf vfjeçáb tèi jf sfr lkipes abi ui sblvfmtf (jklufmtf, (jklufmtf, prbjutb pere lkipfze jf nrfkbs) n rfkbs) emtfs je eplkaeçáb jf iesses vfjemtfs bu fi aesb a esb jf utklkzeçáb jf vfjeçöfs jf pepfl.

Abmsuib f pfrje jf ñlfb | 56  56 

 

: | Pfrje jf ñlfb jfvkjb e...

:.1

Kguelifmtf aruakeks pere e fstemqufkjejf jbs emëks jf vfjeçáb jb fkxb sáb es prbprb -

…nuge mbs jf vfjeçáb jbemëks fkxb rejkel

prkfjejfs jb fkxb rbjemjb mfstf. Qf fstf eprfsfmter ui gblpf bu ieraes jf rbjegfi me supfrnéakf jf jfslkzeifmtb jb emfl jf vfjeçáb, e tfmsáb je ible jf vfjeçáb jfkxe jf sfr suſtakfmtf pere geremtkr b nfadb jfvkjb jbs låokbs jf obrreade. Mfssf aesb, e supfrnéakf jf jfslkzeifmtb jb emfl jf vfjeçáb jb vkreorfquki pbjf sfr rfeoklkteje abi ui aesqukldb jf prbtfprbtf çáb jb fkxb.

Bs emëks jf vfjeçáb jb fkxb rejkel sáb abipbstbs pbr ui kmvñluarb elteifmtf rfskstfmtf nfktb jf ui abipbstb skmtëtkab, mb quel ë kmabrpbreje uie ible jf eçb kmbxkjåvfl rfskstfmtf à abrrbsáb. Fste ible essfgure uie flestkakjejf flfveje f jurejbure, abipfmse b uxb nrkb f b jfsjfsgestf mb låokb jf vfjeçáb f aeuse nbrçes jf vfjeçáb jfſtmkjes. Pere geremtkr b obi numakbmeifmtb jb emfl jf vfjeçáb jb fkxb rejkel, e ible tfi jf fster ibmteje abrrfabrrf teifmtf.

Fi gfrel, es vfjeçöfs jfssf tkpb máb rfskstfi e uie prfssáb fxafsskve. E sborfprfssáb mb olbab jb ibtbr enfte teioëi bs emëks jf vfjeçáb jb fkxb f, fvfmtuelifmtf, lfve à babrrèmake jf nuges.

:.: …jfnfktbs supfrſtakeks me supfrnéakf jf vfjeçáb Qf es supfrnéakfs jbs abipbmfmtfs fstkvffstkvf rfi jemkſtaejes bu ifsib jfnbriejes, bu sfhe, sf máb fstkvfrfi lkses bu plemes, e vfjeçáb jfkxe jf abmsfgukr geremtkr fstemqufkjejf. Abib rfsultejb, es supfrnéakfs jf vfjeçáb jemkſtaejes eaeoei pbr jfkxer nfmjes fmtrf es vfjeçöfs f e supfrnéakf jf vfjevfje çáb jfpbks jf epfrtejbs es pfçes, nfmjes fsses quf pfriktfi, pbr fxfiplb, e fmtreje jf ñlfb bu jf léqukjb jf rfnrkgfrerfnrkgfre çáb me aïiere jf abioustáb.

 5> | Abmsuib f pfrje jf ñlfb

Nkg. 5

Jkae8 • Abmtrblf je supfrnéakf abi uie rëgue jf elkmdeifmtb f fvfmtuel rftkaeçáb jbs abipbmfmtfs • _fspfkter e fspfssur fspfssure e iémkie jb aeofçbtf f jb olbab prfsarktes pflb neorkaemtf. • _fspfkter e fspfssure prfsarkte pere e vfjeçáb jb aeofçbtf (selkèmake jb pkstáb) • ^frkaer e rugbskjejf ‑ b fnfktb jf  vfjeçáb abrrftb jfpfmjf, fmtrf butres abkses, je rugbskjejf jes supfrnéakfs jf epbkb.

Nkg. ?

 

Pfrje jf ñlfb jfvkjb e... | :

:.6 …obioes jf våaub abi jfnfktbs E fxkstèmake jf uie ifioreme jfnfktubse me obioe jf våaub pbjf lfver à kmſtltreçáb jf ñlfb jb ibtbr mb skstfie jf våaub. Fstf ñlfb jb ibtbr ſtae mb skstfie jf våaub f prbvbae e nelde jbs abipbmfmtfs.

Nkg. 1

:.> …prfssáb jb ñlfb jfieskejb flfveje Es supfrnéakfs jf vfjeçáb máb pbjfi rfskstkr e uie prfssáb jb ñlfb jfieskejb flfveje. Qáb vårkbs bs ibtkvbs quf lfvei e ui fxafssb jf prfssáb jb ñlfb8 • suhkjejf, quf pbjf lfver eb fmtupkifmtb jes lkmdes f jb ſtltrb jb ñlfb • vålvule vålvuless jf rftfmçáb bu jf rfguleçáb je prfssáb jb ñlfb jfnfktubses, quf pbjfi kmkokr b akrauktb jb ñlfb • ſtltrbs jb ñlfb fmtupkjbs sfi vålvule jf jfsaerge • neldes jf numakbmeifmtb jb akrauktb jb ñlfb jfvkjb à utklkzeçáb jf abipbmfmtfs kmabrrftbs, abib, pbr fxfiplb, vålvules jf rftfmçáb bu tuobs kmejfquejbs • utklkzeçáb jf ui ñlfb jb ibtbr kmabrrftb Nkg. :

Abmsuib f pfrje jf ñlfb | 57  57 

 

6 | Nesf jf rbjegfi

Pere elgums jf mñs, bs ibtbrfs ieks ibjfrmbs f epfrnfkçbejbs jbs mbssbs tfipbs lfvei e abmskjfrer e nesf jf rbjegfi abib uie rfléquke jb pessejb. Mb fmtemtb, mbs iemueks jf kmstruçöfs jf iuktbs vféaulbs mbvbs abmtkmuei e surgkr rfquksktbs jf rbjegfi ‑ då quf mbter quf sf trete jf rfquksktbs f máb jf rfabifmjerfabifmje çöfs. Bs prkifkrbs quklúiftrbs jf ui ibtbr quf nbk suhfktb e uie rfpereçáb sáb fssfmakeks pere e fvbluçáb jb abmsuib jb ñlfb. Mfsse nesf, fstáb fi rksab es orbmzkmes f bs fkxbs quf fstáb rbjemjb abi nblges rfjurfju zkjes, vflbakjejfs jf rbteçáb flfvejes f/ bu aerges flfvejes. Bs abipbmfmtfs abi ibvkifmtbs jf tremsleçáb (eltfrmetkvbs), abib b pkstáb f bs emëks jf sfgifmtb, sf kmalufi, humteifmtf abi e aeikse jf aklkmjrb, mb grupb jbs abipbmfmtfs sfmsé vfks jb ibtbr. Greçes ebs ietfrkeks aeje vfz ieks rfskstfmtfs eb jfsgestf, bs vårkbs abipbmfmtfs mfafssktei jf elgui tfipb pere sf ehusterfi fmtrf sk. Jf eabrjb abi uie rfgre oåskae hå emtkge, ui ibtbr mbvb jfvf sfr tretejb abi fxtrfib aukjejb pflb ifmbs juremtf bs prkifkrbs 5000 quklúiftrbs. E Ibtbr QfrQfrvkaf rfabifmje quf b "pfrébjb jf aukaukjejb" pere bs ibtbrfs suhfktbs e rfpererfpere çöfs rfafmtfs sfhe ekmje ieks lbmgb. Je ifsie nbrie, es supfrnéakfs fi pfrnfktes

Nkg. 5

abmjkçöfs f es pfçes suostktuéjes teioëi mfafssktei jf uie nesf jf rbjegfi ieks prblbmgeje pere sf ehusterfi fmtrf sk. Fstujbs pråtkabs kmjkaei quf b ibifmtb kjfel pere e prkifkre iujemçe jf ñlfb f ſtltrb ë ebs 600 quklúiftrbs. Bs ibtbrfs quf tfmdei skjb kmkakelifmtf ablbaejbs fi numakbmeifmtb abi ui ñlfb jf rbjegfi jfvfi pesser pere ui ñlfb iultkgrejuejb rfabifmjejb pflb neorkaemtf quemjb etkmgkrfi fsse quklbiftregfi. Es pertéaules jf suhkjejf, eperes bu rfsé jubs jf prbjutbs jf vfjeçáb quf sf eaueau iulei sáb esski rfibvkjes jb akrauktb jb ñlfb. B sfgumjb sfrvkçb jf iujemçe jf ñlfb, epñs eprbx. 6000 quklúiftrbs, fmafrre e nesf jf rbjegfi. Jfpbks jkssb, fmtrei fi vkgbr bs kmtfrvelbs jf sfrvkçb s frvkçb

Nkg. ?

 54 | Abmsuib f pfrje jf ñlfb

mbrieks jf eabrjb abi es rfspfatkves kmjkaeçöfs jb neorkaemtf. Juremtf b pfrébjb jf rbjegfi, b ibtbr jfvf numakbmer jfmtrb je geie iëjke jf vflbakjejfs jf rbteçáb f sfi aerges fxtrfies. Jfvfi sfr fvktejes vflbakjejfs jf rbteçáb jfieskejb rfjuzkjes pere geremtkr b obi nbrmfakifmtb jb ñlfb. B numakbmeifmtb me geie jf vflbakjejfs jf rbteçáb ieks flfveje pbjf eaeoer pbr lfver e ui abmsuib fxafsskvb jb ñlfb pbrquf bs emëks jf sfgifmtb ekmje máb eprfsfmtei es abmjkçöfs jf vfjeçáb kjfeks. Pere neaklkter e nesf jf rbjegfi greçes e uie supfrnéakf jbs emëks pfrnfkpfrnfk teifmtf prbafsseje, rfabifmjeibs ui orumkifmtb jf pletenbrie bu, ifldbr ekmje, e adeieje fsabvegfi jf pletepletenbrie (aepétulb 1.56).

 

 

Zremsnfrèmake jf cmbw-dbw

Qfu eafssb jkrftb e mbssb prbgreie jf sfrvkçbs…

www.is-ibtbr-sfrvkaf.or Prbgreie jf trfkmeifmtb

Abmdfakifmtb tëamkab jkrfteifmtf jb neorkaemtf!

Pbr emb, afrae jf :600 ifaïmkabs f tëamkabs tkrei prbvfktb jf mbsses eçöfs jf trfkmeifmtb f sfikmårkbs rfelkzejbs pbr tbjb b iumjb, fi lbaeks fspfaéſtabs bu fi mbssb afmtrb jf trfkmeifmtb fi Jbriegfm (Elfiemde).

Kmnbrieçöfs tëamkaes Kmnbrieçöfs pråtkaes abi oesf me pråtkae!

Jkspbmkoklkzeibs kmnbrietkvbs sborf prbjutbs, kmnbrietkvbs je esskstèmake tëamkae, nbldftbs tëamkabs f pbstfrs quf b ablbaei me vemguerje jbs abmdfakifmtbs.

Mbtéakes Kmnbrieçöfs etuelkzejes pbr f-iekl!

Quosarfve mbsse mfwslfttfr bmlkmf f pesserå e rfafofr kmnbrieçöfs rfgulerfs sborf prbjutbs mbvbs, puolkaeçöfs tëamkaes f etuelkjejfs (nfkres, ifkbs puolkaktårkbs, ...).

Aetålbgbs, AJ, ZfaJba _åpkjb f sfgurb!

Mbssbs aetålbgbs jfteldejbs, fi AJ bu vfrsáb kiprfsse, váb ehujå-lb e fmabmtrer sfiprf e pfçe afrte pere b vféaulb afrtb.

Lbhe bmlkmf Qfiprf etuelkzejb!

Eafssb aeje vfz ieks råpkjb e jejbs etuelkzejbs sborf bs prbjutbs jf tbjb b prbgreie.

Abmsuib f pfrje jf ñlfb | 5;  5; 

   

PE_E UVF B IVMJB PF_IEMFÇE FI IB^KIFMZB!

Ietrkz8 IQ Ibtbr Qfrvkaf Kmtfrmetkbmel GioD

Perafkrbs je Ibtbr Qfrvkaf8

Wkldfli-Ieyoead-QtreÒf 5:-54 7:5;> Mfufmstejt, Gfriemy www.is-ibtbr-sfrvkaf.abi CQPG Eutbibtkvf Orezkl Ltje. Jkvksáb IQ Ibtbr Qfrvkaf Orezkl

_bj. Ermeljb Hølkb Ieufrofrg, m. :000 Olbab 0: - Jkstrktb Kmjustrkel m. 05 AFP 51:>0-000 - Mbve Bjfsse - QP Oreskl Zflfnbmf8 +66 5; 1:>> ;>?0 Zflfnex8 +66 5; 1:>> ;>?? www.is-ibtbr-sfrvkaf.abi.or QECQ 0400 7?5 7474 C BLOFMQADIKJZ  BLOFMQADIKJZ  P KF_OV_G G _BVP

 ?0 | Abmsuib f pfrje jf ñlfb