Construye Tu Guitarra

 

 

CLRVCVYVK XKECVÃBLCBK LMBCKLME IRBYIEM RYXIPCKP FI CLJILCIPÎM NIBÍLCBM S IEÃBVPCBM CLJILCIPÎM IL BKNYLCBMBCKLIR S IEIBVPÒLCBM XPKJPMNM CLRVCVYBCKLME FI ILRIÝML_M GKPNMVCWM IL EM ECBILBCMVYPM IL CLJILCIPÎM FI BKNYLCBMBCKLIR S IEIBVPÒLCBM Y LC FM F _ MB MV IL BK

PIFCRIÝK FI JYCVMPPM IEÃBVPCBM

VIRCR ]YI XMPM K@VILIP IE VÎVYEK FI CLJILCIPK IL BKNYLCBMBCKLIR S IEIBVPÒLCBM.

XPIRILVML?   Íljie Mquclk Ouíriz   Fmlcie Ksbmr Nkrmeis Wmeeiok

 

MRIRKPIR?   Fr. CV_MEM PM@MFÍL NMEFM    N. il B. NMPBCME NMPJMPCVK RÍLBDI_ RÍLBDI_  

 

Nãxcbk, Fcstrctk Gifirme, =9 fi Kbtu`ri fi 08=2

 

 

ÎLFCBI . . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . .

C 

K@OIVCWK ..............................................  MLVIBIFILVIR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

C  CC 

OYRVCGCBMBCÒL

Bmpîtuek C

Cltrkfubbcòl Viòrcbm 

=.= Xmrtis fi em juctmrrm

= 0 

=.=.= Xmrtis nís bmrmbtirîstcbms fi em juctmrrm ieãbtrcbm

2

=.=.0 Bknpmrmbcòl, buirpk fi juctmrrm mbÿstcbm y ieãbtrcbm

6

=.=.2 Buirfms

6

=.=.6 Xmstceems

9 

=.=.6.= Xcizms Xkemris =.=.7 Bmrmbtirîstcbms fi ems pmstceems

7 4

=.=.7.= Cnpifmlbcm

4

=.=.7.0 Rctumbcòl fi ems pmstceems

4

=.0 Lktms nuscbmeis

=8

=.0.= Lktms lmturmeis y lktms metirmfms

==

=.0.0 Lktms skstilcfms

==

=.0.2 Lktms `inkeis

=0

=.2 Wc`rmbcòl y Vilscòl

=6

=.2.= Wc`rmbcòl il buirfms

=6 

=.2.0 Vilscòl il buirfms  

=9

Bmpîtuek CC Fismrrkeek fie Xrkyibtk 

=4

0.= Xemlcgcbmbcòl

=3

0.=.= Ieibbcòl fi nmtircmeis

=3

0.=.0 Nifcfms

09

0.=.2 Fcsiýk y pemlks

03

0.0 Iem`krmbcòl y mrnmfk

72

0.2 Pisuetmfks

42

0.6 Xrisupuistk

49

 

 

BKLBEYRCKLIR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WC  PIGIPILBCMR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WCC 

 

 

OYRVCGCBMBCÒL Em oustcgcbmbcòl y prk`einítcbm lmbi m pmrtcr fi eks metks bkstks fi eks clstruniltks nuscbmeis y fi`cfk m is luistrk cltirãsbkstksk nuscbme,y pkfinks qui em bklstrubbcòl mejulks clstruniltks bkl nmtircme bkltrc`uyivir me fitirckrk mn`ciltme. fi Ie tinm fi em juctmrrm ieãbtrcbm is nuy cltirismlti, fi`cfk m qui is gmbtc`ei m`mr m`mrmtmrem mtmrem scl fitrcniltk fi bmecfmf nuscbme nifcmlti ie usk fi nmtircmeis ibklòncbks qui sustctuyml em nmfirm, qui trmfcbcklmenilti si dm vilcfk usmlfk pmrm su gm`rcbmbcòl. Fi em ncsnm nmlirm quirinks bkltrc`ucr me ribcbemoi, istk bkl em utceczmbcòl fi nmtircmeis fisibdmfks.

K@OIVCWK  Xrkpklir ems nkfcgcbmbcklis libismrcms m ulm juctmrrm ieãbtrcbm bkl ie gcl fi rifubcr il ek pksc`ei ie bkstk fi gm`rcbmbcòl, scl fcsnclucr em bmecfmf fie clstruniltk y em smtcsgmbbcòl fie ioibutmlti.

C

 

 

MLVIBIFILVIR Juctmrrm Sm il ems isbueturms fi em Mltcjõifmf bknk il nuetctuf fi pclturms dmeemfms il ems ixpifcbcklis mrquikeòjcbms dmeemnks clstruniltks pmribcfks m em juctmrrm, il bumltk m qui skl clstruniltks fi buirfm gkrnmfks pkr ulm bmom fi risklmlbcm y ul nístce.  Msî, eks clcbcks fi ul clstruniltk fi isti tcpk si dmeem m nís fi 9888 mýks mtrís y ekbmeczmfk il em zklm lkristi fi Ígrcbm. Il tkrlk me mýk =888 m. B. il ie lkrti fi em mbtume Vurquîm si utceczm`ml clstruniltks fi buirfm pmribcfks m em ecrm, pirk bkl ie mjrijmfk fi ulm bmom fi risklmlbcm, pkr ek qui sirîml mltibiskris fi em juctmrrm. Vmn`cãl si dml ilbkltrmfk riprisiltmbcklis il fc`uoks fie mltcjuk Ijcptk qui si msinioml m ul clstruniltk scncemr m em juctmrrm. Il eks riclks fie dknkm`cecs, fi Mnãrcbm y Iurkpm, y Iurkpm, ixcstîm  ixcstîm ul clstruniltk bklkbcfk bknk juctmrrm bkl bumtrk pmris fi buirfms, fi gkrnm rifklfimfm y bmom m`kn`mfm, pmribcfk m em vcduiem. vcduiem.   S il eks riclks nusuenmlis fi Ispmým ie quctmr k juctmrrm nkrcsbm, fi nkrcsbm,  fi tris pmris fi buirfms, qui puifil sir bklscfirmfks pribifiltis fcribtks fi em juctmrrm ispmýkem. Ri dm cltirpritmfk qui ie prcnir clstruniltk pmribcfk m em juctmrrm qui mpmribcò il Ispmým ek dczk sòek fispuãs fi istm clvmscòl bkl em cltrkfubbcòl fi ÿf mrí`cbk (emuf) il ie Rur. Xirk bkl em cltrkfubbcòl fi em bctdmrm rknmlm scjeks mltis, pkfinks fibcr qui m pismr fi em clgeuilbcm fie ÿf il ie fismrrkeek fi em juctmrrm lk is su virfmfirk mltibiskr. Fi mbuirfk bkl istm tikrîm em juctmrrm ispmýkem fircvò fie tml`ur fi eks Dctctms, m em actdmrm bkl "a" fi eks jrcijks y gclmenilti m em bctdmrm bkl "b" fi eks rknmlks. Rcl in`mrjk, is pksc`ei qui fispuãs fi em eeijmfm fi eks nkrks m Ispmým, em bctdmrm rknmlm y ie ÿf mrí`cbk si du`cirml nizbemfk i clgeuilbcmfk nutumnilti furmlti vmrcks scjeks. Rcl in`mrjk lk dmy ulm fkbuniltmbcòl ispibîgcbm mbirbm fi istk, pufcirm sir qui eks bklstrubtkris fi ÿf y bctdmrms du`cirml vcstk ie trm`mok fi eks ktrks, ixtilfcfk m trmvãs fi ems prisiltmbcklis fi eks trkvmfkris vcmoirks. Xkr ie mýk =088 f.B. em juctmrrm fi bumtrk buirfms dm`îm ivkeubcklmfk il fks vmrcifmfis? em juctmrrm nkrcsbm, qui tilîm ul gklfk rifklfimfk, ul nístce nís tce mlbdk y vmrcms clbcscklis il em tmpm pmrm em smecfm fie sklcfk, y em juctmrrm emtclm, qui si pmribi nís m em juctmrrm nkfirlm bkl ulm skem `kbm y ul nístce nís istribdk.  M gclmeis gclm eis fi fiee scjek TW em vcduiem vcdui em lmbcò mýmfcilfk fk`eis buirfms i clbriniltmfk su tmnmýk. Irm ul clstruniltk fi buirfm puesmfm bkl ul nístce nís emrjk (em ekljctuf vc`rmlti fi ems buirfms irm fi :0 m :3 bn.) bkl fciz u klbi trmstis y sics si cs òrfilis. Em vcduiem si bklvcrtcò il ie clstruniltk prigircfk fi ems bkrtis ispmýkem y pkrtujuism y nmltuvk su pkpuemrcfmf dmstm gclmeis fie scjek TWCC, bumlfk eks clstruniltks krquistmeis y fi tibemfk si vkevcirkl nís pkpuemris.  Mulqui em juctmrrm ixcstcò scnuetílimnilti furmlti isti pirckfk, em vcduiem y ie emÿf em ilskn`ribcirkl dmstm gclmeis fie scjek TWCC, bumlfk si mýmfcirkl finmscmfms

CC

 

 

buirfms me emÿf y irm ir m nuy fcgîbce fi tkbmr y mgclmr. Xkr Xk r ktrm pmrti tmn`cãl em vcduiem gui riinpemzmfm eiltmnilti pkr em juctmrrm fi bclbk k sics buirfms (ems bumeis tilîml sciti y luivi buirfms rispibtcvmnilti? ulm buirfm mjufm scnpei y tris k bumtrk òrfilis k pmris - fi buirfms). Gui prk`m`einilti em mfcbcòl fie qucltk krfil m gclmeis fie scjek TWC ek qui fck m em juctmrrm nís geixc`cecfmf y ín`ctk sklkrk y msî mprkvibdò ie pktilbcme pktil bcme fie ripirtkrck qui ei dm`îml eijmfk sus msbilfiltis.  M gclmeis fie scjek TWCCC y prclbcpcks fie TCT, mejulms juctmrrms usm`ml sics buirfms scnpeis y inpeimrkl ulms `mrrms fi riguirzk fi`mok fi em tmpm mrnòlcbm. Istms `mrrms guirkl mýmfcfms pmrm rigkrzmr em istrubturm y pirnctcirkl mfiejmzmr em tmpm pmrm k`tilir ulm nmykr risklmlbcm y ulm niokr fcstrc`ubcòl fie sklcfk m ek emrjk fi em tmpm mrnòlcbm. Ktrks fismrrkeeks bkltinpkríliks clbeuyil ie usk fi ul nístce rigkrzmfk y ieivmfk usmlfk nmfirm fi ã`mlk k pmecsmlfrk, y em mpmrcbcòl fi ul nibmlcsnk fi tkrlceek nitíecbk il eujmr fi ems bemvcoms fi nmfirm pmrm pmr m mgclmr. (Is cnpkrtmlti fistmbmr qui ie trmstirk ieivmfk dm tilcfk ul jrml cnpmbtk il em tãblcbm fie clstruniltk pkrqui ems buirfms istm`ml finmscmfk eioks fi em tmpm mrnòlcbm fi gkrnm qui dm`îm qui mpkymr ulk fi eks fifks fi em nmlk firibdm pmrm qui scrvcirm fi skpkrti m eks finís). Istms juctmrrms sirîml ribklkbcfms clbklgulfc`einilti bknk ems prcnirms juctmrrms beíscbms. Il eks bkncilzks fie scjek TCT, il eks trm`moks trm` moks fi eks ispmýkeis Mjustîl Bmrk, Nmluie Jklzíeiz, Mltklck fi Ekrbm, Nmluie Jutcãrriz y ktrks bklstrubtkris iurkpiks clbeuyilfk m Pili Embkti y m Okdmll Rtmugir ilbkltrmnks ems bmrmbtirîstcbms fi eks priburskris nís fcribtks fi em juctmrrm ju ctmrrm beíscbm nkfirlm. Okdmll Rtmugir, vcilãs, tcili ulm riputmbcòl eijilfmrcm. Il su tcilfm mprilfcò m bklstrucr juctmrrms B. G. Nmrtcl, qui euijk si trmsemfmrîm m eks Istmfks Ylcfks y buym gcrnm scjui bklstruyilfk juctmrrms dky il fîm. Vmn`cãl fismrrkeeò ie trmstirk ieivmfk, m pitcbcòl fi Eucjc Eijlmlc, ie juctmrrcstm y prcnir cltirpriti fi eks bklbcirtks fi Xmjmlclc. Rus ktrks mvmlbis il em bklstrubbcòl fi em juctmrrm clbeuyil ul nístce moustm`ei y rigkrzmfk bkl mbirk y ems bemvcoms fi tkrlceek scl gcl qui tkfmvîm si usml il ems juctmrrms nkfirlms. Dmbcm =498, em juctmrrm si pripmrò pmrm ie nís cnpkrtmlti fismrrkeek qui du`cirm tilcfk fisfi sus bkncilzks? ie trm`mok fi Mltklck Vkrris Ourmfk. Bkl ie mpkyk fi Ouecml  Mrbms y sus prkpcms y `rceemltis cltucbcklis, Vkrris rigclò eks skpkrtis istrubturmeis fi em juctmrrm clbeuyilfk sciti vmrms ixtilfcfms `mok em tmpm mrnòlcbm. Muniltò tmn`cãl ie tmnmýk fi em bmom fi risklmlbcm risklm lbcm y ie mlbdk fie nístce. Istms cllkvmbcklis clgeuyirkl il em niokrm fie vkeunil fie sklcfk y em rispuistm il eks `moks msî bknk ie fisbu`rcnciltk fi ulm tãblcbm pmrm em nmlk czqucirfm pmrm ie ilrcquibcnciltk fie ripirtkrck. Mdkrm em juctmrrm istm`m pripmrmfm tmltk pmrm ems finmlfms fie skecstm bknk pmrm ems fie bkloultk clstruniltme.  Mulqui dm dm`cfk nís fisbu`rcnciltks il em bklstrubbcòl fi em juctmrrm, fisfi nifcmfks fie scjek TCT luistrm juctmrrm nkfirlm bklsirvm em nmykrîm fi ek qui gui fisbu`cirtk dmbi bmsc =98 mýks.

CCC

 

 

Krîjilis fi em juctmrrm ieãbtrcbm Il em fãbmfm fi =308, il ems krquistms fi `mcei y ems `mlfms fi omzz fi eks Istmfks Ylcfks fi Lkrtimnãrcbm si utceczm`ml fcstcltks tcpks fi juctmrrms mbÿstcbms. Rcl in`mrjk, fi`cfk m su isbmsm sklkrcfmf il bknpmrmbcòl bkl ktrks clstruniltks, su utceczmbcòl ecnctm`m jilirme me mbknpmýmnciltk. bònk riskevir isti prk`einm, si Eekyf Ekmr,pkr ulkekfi eks cljilcirks fi em gí`rcbm@usbmlfk fi juctmrrms Jc`skl, inpizò m ixpircniltmr bkl cnmlis, y il =306 fcsiýò ulm pmstceem qui pkfîm mbkpemrsi m ulm juctmrrm trmfcbcklme fi sics buirfms. Fi isti nkfk, si bklsijuîm bklvirtcr ems vc`rmbcklis jilirmfms pkr ie buirpk fie clstruniltk il siýmeis ieãbtrcbms qui irml mnpecgcbmfms m trmvãs fi ul metmvkz. Xirk ie nmykr mvmlbi si prkfuok il =32=, bumlfk Xmue @mrtd y Jikrji @imubdmnp, inpeimfks fi em Bknpmýîm Lmbcklme il Bmecgkrlcm, qui tmn`cãl gm`rcbm`m pmstceems, si mskbcmrkl bkl Mfkepd Pcbail`mbair pmrm gkrnmr em Ieibtrk RtrcljBknpmly, em prcnirm il bknirbcmeczmr clstruniltks ieãbtrcbks. Oultks brimrkl ems juctmrrms fi mbirk y meunclck gulfcfk bklkbcfms bknk ―smrtilis„ pkr su gkrnm. Yl mýk nís tmrfi, il=320,

Pcbail`mbair fck ul pmsk nís me brimr em Ieibtrk Rpmlcsd. Irm ul fcsiýk `íscbk fi tmpm m`kn`mfm prkvcstm fi em ncsnm pmstceem nmjlãtcbm il gkrnm fi dirrmfurm fi em "smrtãl". Xkr su pmrti, Jc`skl prkfuok nkfieks qui k`tuvcirkl jrml ãxctk, bknk ie IR=98, emlzmfk il =329.

Ems prcnirms juctmrrms ieãbtrcbms sòecfms Furmlti em fãbmfm fi =368, mejulks nÿscbks i cljilcirks si fcspuscirkl m fcsiýmr y gm`rcbmr ulm juctmrrm ieãbtrcbm bknpmbtm. Me dmbirek, cltiltm`ml skeubcklmr sk eubcklmr ul prk`einm qui si prkfubîm me clbkrpkrmr pmstceems m ems juctmrrms mbÿstcbms? sc ie vkeunil fie mnpecgcbmfkr irm finmscmfk metk, ie sklcfk fie metmvkz dmbîm vc`rmr ie buirpk fi em juctmrrm prkfubcãlfksi ulm nkeistm fcstkrscòl fcstkr scòl fie sklcfk bklkbcfm bknk "giif`mba" k rimecniltmbcòl. Em skeubcòl eòjcbm irm muniltmr em nmsm fie clstruniltk, pmrm rifubcr su bmpmbcfmf fi vc`rmbcòl1 fi mquî qui mpmribcirml ems juctmrrms ieãbtrcbms bknpmbtms (k fi buirpk sòecfk). Lk dmy mbuirfk rispibtk m qucãl gui ie qui briò em prcnirm fi ieems. M prclbcpcks fi eks mýks bumriltm ie juctmrrcstm fi bkultry-omzz Eis Xmue briò su prkpcm juctmrrm "Ekj" (trklbk), usmlfk ul nístce Jc`skl mfdircfk m ul `ekqui fi nmfirm fi pclk, sk`ri ie bume si nkltmrkl ems pmstceems y ie puilti. Bumlfk trmtò fi vilfir em cfim m Jc`skl, ãsti lk finkstrò lcljÿl cltirãs. Xkr su pmrti, Xmue @cjs`y, myufmfk il ie fcsiýk pkr ie juctmrrcstm fi bkultry NireiVrmvcs, briò ulm juctmrrm bknpmbtm bkl ul mspibtk `mstmlti scncemr me fi ems juctmrrms ieãbtrcbms mbtumeis. Ems prcnirms juctmrrms ieãbtrcbms prkfubcfms il sirci Em prcnirm juctmrrm ieãbtrcbm prkfubcfm il sirci gui em Gilfir @rkmfbmstir (eemnmfm nís tmrfi Gilfir Vieibmstir, bknirbcmeczmfm il =398. Ru gm`rcbmlti irm Eik Gilfir, prkpcitmrck fi em "Gilfir Ieibtrcbme Clstrunilt Bknpmly", fifcbmfm f ifcbmfm m em prkfubbcòl fi

mnpecgcbmfkris y juctmrrms ieãbtrcbms. Fi`cfk me ãxctk k`tilcfk il ems viltms, il =396 CW

 

 

gm`rcbò ktrk nkfiek, prk`m`einilti ie nís gmnksk fi tkfm em dcstkrcm fi em juctmrrm ieãbtrcbm, em Rtrmtkbmstir, qui mÿl dky si scjui vilfcilfk. Ie cltirãs pkr ems luivms juctmrrms y su usk bmfm viz nís gribuilti cnpuesò m ktrks gm`rcbmltis m bknirbcmeczmr luivks nkfieks qui tmn`cãl guirkl prkfubcfks il sirci. Ylk eksfinís Jc`skl,fiqui il =390 siemmskbcò bklieãbtrcbm Eis Xmue pmrm brimrfi ulk eks cnpkrtmltis nkfieks nísguigmnksks em bknpmýîm? juctmrrm Jc`skl Eis Xmue.

Ktrks gm`rcbmltis  Mulqui Gilfir y Jc`skl skl eks gm`rcbmltis fi juctmrrms ieãbtrcbms nís gmnksks, tmn`cãl dm dm`cfk ktrks `mstmlti cnpkrtmltis1 iltri ieeks, Jritsbd, Pcbail`mbair, Ipcpdkli k Ombaskl y Xmue Piif Rnctd il eks Istmfks Ylcfks y Rienir, Wkx, Dkglir y @urls il Iurkpm. Juctmrrms ieãbtrcbms m pribcks nís msiquc`eis   Furmlti ems fãbmfms fi =3:8 y =348, ems juctmrrms fi ems jrmlfis nmrbms risuetm`ml finmscmfk bkstksms pmrm em nmykrîm fi ems pirsklms y mpmribcirkl il ie nirbmfk cnctmbcklis fi eks nkfieks beíscbks fi Gilfir y Jc`skl, qui tilîml ul pribck nís rifubcfk.  Me prclbcpck lk scjlcgcbmrkl ulm sircm mnilmzm ym qui irml fi nuy `mom bmecfmf, pirk m nifcfm qui inprisms bknk Vkamc inpizmrkl m gm`rcbmr cnctmbcklis nís pirgibtms surjcò ul prk`einm fi bknpitilbcm. Istk eeivò m Gilfir m gm`rcbmr il pmîsis bknk Bkrim y Nãxcbk virscklis metirlmtcvms fi sus prkpcms juctmrrms, pksc`cectmlfk m prclbcpcmltis k pirsklms bkl ul nilkr pkfir mfqucsctcvk tilir juctmrrms Gilfir krcjclmeis, il bmsk fi lk pkfir pirnctcrsi ems fi metm bmecfmf gm`rcbmfms il Istmfks Ylcfks. Me ncsnk tcinpk, mejulms bknpmýîms ompklisms inpizmrkl m tilir riputmbcòl pkr sus prkpcks fcsiýks. C`mliz, pkr ioinpek, is mbtumenilti ul gm`rcbmlti nuy rispitmfk y sus niokris clstruniltks puifil bknpitcr il bmecfmf y pribck. Ems juctmrrms ieãbtrcbms il em mbtumecfmf Ems juctmrrms ieãbtrcbms ―trmfcbcklmeis„ si scjuil gm`rcbmlfk y utceczmfk il em mbtumecfmf.

Rcl in`mrjk, il eks ÿetcnks mýks eks gm`rcbmltis tmn`cãl dml ixpircniltmfk bkl luivms gkrnms, nmtircmeis y tiblkekjîms. Mejulks fi eks luivks lui vks nkfieks fi juctmrrms ieãbtrcbms clbkrpkrml fcspksctcvks NCFC qui pirnctil fisfi k`tilir fcstcltks tcn`ris me puesmr ems buirfms dmstm rimeczmr ulm pmrtcturm il tcinpk rime bklibtmlfk em juctmrrm m ul krfilmfkr y usmlfk ul ifctkr fi pmrtcturms. M pismr fi istks mvmlbis, nubdks juctmrrcstms scjuil prigcrcilfk juctmrrms bklvilbcklmeis, mulqui bkl pmstceems y scstinms fi mnpecgcbmbcòl nubdk nís pirgibtks qui eks fi sus mltibiskrms.

W

 

 

=  

 

=.= Xmrtis fi em juctmrrm 

0  

 

=.=.= Xmrtis nís bmrmbtirîstcbms fi em juctmrrm ieãbtrcbm Bemvcoirk y Bemvcoms, istm ispibci fi pmeitm pm eitm (bemvcoirk) skstcili ems bemvcoms ems bumeis skl ulk fi eks fks pultks fklfi si gcom em buirfm. Lkrnmenilti dmy 7 (k nís, fipilfcilfk fie tcpk fi juctmrrm), qui puifil sir jcrmfms pmrm tilsmr k fistilsmr ems buirfms y msî mgclmrems. Biouiem k duisk, is em pmrti fklfi si ribmrjml ems buirfms iltri ie bemvcoirk y ie fcmpmsòl fi em juctmrrm, istm myufm m nmltilir em tilscòl fi ems buirfms y m nmltilirems gcoms il ulm ncsnm fcribbcòl. Nístce, istí bknpuistk pkr ieiniltks cnpkrtmltis fi em juctmrrm (trmstis, biouiem k duisk, fcmpmsòl), m ek emrjk fie `rmzk si ilbuiltrml ems juîms fklfi si pcsml ems buirfms pmrm jilirmr lktms nuscbmeis fcgiriltis (trmstis). Vrmstis, skl ems `mrrctms fi nitme k duisk qui fcvcfil ie fcmpmsòl scrvcilfk bknk juîm pmrm tkbmr fcstcltms lktms nuscbmeis. Ie lÿnirk lkrnme fi trmstis il ulm juctmrrm istí iltri 0= y 06. Xmstceems, (trmlsfubtkris) skl ul ieiniltk fitirnclmlti il ie sklcfk fi em juctmrrm ieãbtrcbm. Dmy juctmrrms qui eeivml fi = m nís pmstceems, y tmn`cãl dmy fks jrmlfis jrupks fi pmstceems, ems mbtcvms y ems pmscvms. Em ieibbcòl iltri istks fks tcpks fipilfi fi ems prigirilbcms fi bmfm juctmrrcstm, mulqui is bknÿl vir il mejulks gkrks m jilti fcsbutcilfk sk`ri quã tcpk is niokr (=.=.9). Xmemlbm fi vc`rmfk, fi vc`rmfk,  nme eemnmfm il mejulks sctcks pmemlbm fi trãnkek, scrvi pmrm dmbir   vc`rmtk, istk vc`rmtk, istk is em vmrcmbcòl pircòfcbm fi em em gribuilbcm  gribuilbcm fi ul ul sklcfk  sklcfk bkl tkfms ems buirfms m em viz, nkvcilfk ie puilti dmbcm mrrc`m k dmbcm m`mok. Xuilti, is ie sijulfk pultk fklfi si gcoml ems buirfms bu irfms, istí bknpuistk pkr ―sieeitms„ qui skstcilil ems buirfms me cjume qui em biouiem. Dmy fks tcpks fi puiltis, gcoks  y gektmltis. Eks puiltis gcoks istíl ―mlbemfks„ me buirpk y lk pirnctil su nkvcnciltk.

Xkr ie bkltrmrck, eks puiltis gektmltis puifil clbeclmrsi dmbcm fiemlti y dmbcm mtrís usmlfk ulm pmemlbm ulm pmemlbm fi fi vc`rmtk,  vc`rmtk, pmrm  pmrm ekjrmr bmn`cks fi tklk bkl ems buirfms il tcinpk rime, isti tinm ek ritknmrinks nís mfiemlti (=.=.:). Xirceems, pirnctil moustmr ie vkeunil, ie tklk fi ems pmstceems, istks skl ems pirceems bcrbuemris qui si ilbuiltrml pkr ek jilirme birbm fie puilti pmrm bknkfcfmf y mbbisc`cecfmf fie ioibutkr. Ie omba fi smecfm is ie krcgcbck pkr ie qui smei em siýme siým e fi em juctmrrm. Mquî is fklfi si bklibtm ie bm`ei qui vm fi em juctmrrm me mnpecgcbmfkr.

2  

 

=.=.0 Bknpmrmbcòl, buirpk fi juctmrrm mbÿstcbm y ieãbtrcbm Em fcgirilbcm gulfmniltme is scnpei. Ems Juctmrrms Mbÿstcbms libisctml tilir ulm bmom fi risklmlbcm qui mnpecgcqui ie sklcfk qui prkfubi em buirfm. Is fibcr, pmrm ulm juctmrrm lk mnpecgcbmfm, su buirpk mbtÿm bknk ul metmvkz mnpecgcbmlfk ie sklcfk, il ulm Juctmrrm Ieãbtrcbm ie buirpk is gulfmniltme fisfi fks pultks fi vcstm, istãtcbk y fie sklcfk. Dmy qui tilir il builtm qui bkltcili tkfms ems pmrtis qui si libisctml pmrm ilvcmr ie sklcfk scl mnpec mnpecgcbmr, gcbmr, qui skl ems pmstceems, eks bkltrkeis fi tklk y vkeunil, ie sieibtkr fi pmstceems y ie omba fi smecfm. Xkr istk, oujmrm ul pmpie fibcscvk il eks nmtcbis qui puifm tilir ie sklcfk. Bknÿlnilti ie buirpk istí gkrnmfk pkr ul `ekqui fi nmfirm sòecfm (bmk`m, mecsk y mejulks ktrks), fklfi si dml rimeczmfk eks bkrtis libismrcks pmrm bkekbmr ems fcstcltms pmrtis fi em juctmrrm, lk is libismrcm em bmom fi risklmlbcm, pkrqui builtm bkl ems pmrtis ym nilbcklmfms mltis, qui si ilbmrjmrml fi ilvcmr ie sklcfk m ul ieiniltk ixtirlk k fcspksctcvk qui dmrí ie pmpie fi bmom risklmfkrm, ul mnpecgcbmfkr.

=.=.2 Buirfms Ems buirfms skl ems qui jilirml ie sklcfk. Me puesmr ulm buirfm istm inpcizm m vc`rmr y istk si trmlsncti m ul trmlsfubtkr (pmstceems) k m em bmom fi risklmlbcm il ie bmsk fi ulm juctmrrm mbÿstcbm. Xmrm istm ncscòl lk vmei bumequcir buirfm. Istms tcilil qui istmr gkrnmfms pkr ul nmtircme girrknmjlãtcbk, lkrnmenilti mbirk k lîquie. Eks jrkskris fi ems buirfms puifil vmrcmr nubdk fi ulm u lm juctmrrm m ktrm, fipilfcilfk fie jrkskr ems buirfms istmríl nís k nilks tilsmfms pmrm bklsijucr em mgclmbcòl bkrribtm. Nciltrms nís jruism is em buirfm niokr is ie mtmqui m istm, pirk fcgcbuetm ems mbbcklis fi em nmlk czqucirfm sk`ri ie fcmpmsòl. Nís mfiemlti si juctmrrm. fisbrc`il ems bmrmbtirîstcbms fi em buirfm y em clgeuilbcm bkl em istrubturm fi ulm Xkr ktrk emfk, dm`emlfk fie jrkskr y ie bmec`ri fi ems buirfms, nubdks nÿscbks suieil  oujmr bkl eks bmec`ris pmrm jilirmr sus prkpcks istceks m em dkrm fi cltirpritmr cltirpritmr niekfî niekfîms, ms, il em Vm`em =, nkstrmnks eks bmec`ris fi ems buirfms fi ulm nmlirm istmlfmrczmfm, pkr ek rijuemr il ulm juctmrrm bknirbcme, ie bmec`ri fi buirfms qui si usm is Pijuemr ecjdt (=8) k Rupir ecjdt (3).

6  

 

Bmec`ris fi buirfms istílfmr Lkn`ri Ixtrm supir ecjdt (4-24/08-3:) Rupir ecjdt (3-60/02-=8:) Pijuemr ecjdt (=8-67/09-==:) Ixtrm ecjdt w/dimvy `mss (3-67/02-==:) Nifcun (==-63/04-=06) Nifcun w/wkulf J strclj (==-90/04-=20) Dimvy (=0-96/28-=2:) Ixtrm dimvy (=2-97/22-=9:)

=

0

2

6

9

7

(I)

(@)

(J)

(F)

(M)

(I)

cl/nn

cl/nn

cl/nn

cl/nn

cl/nn

cl/nn

.884/8.08 .8=8/8.09 .8=9/8.24 .80=/8.92 .828/8.:7 .824/8.3: .883/8.02 .8==/8.04 .8=7/8.6= .806/8.7= .820/8.4= .860/=.8: .8=8/8.09 .8=2/8.22 .8=:/8.62 .807/8.77 .827/8.3= .867/=.=: .883/8.02 .8=2/8.22 .80=/8.92 .803/8.:6 .827/8.3= .867/=.=: .8==/8.04 .8=6/8.27 .8=4/8.67 .804/8.:= .824/8.3: .863/=.06 .8==/8.04 .8=2/8.22 .808/8.9= .828/8.:7 .860/=.8: .890/=.20 .8=0/8.28 .8=7/8.6= .808/8.9= .820/8.4= .860/=.8: .896/=.2: .8=2/8.22 .8=:/8.62 .807/8.77 .827/8.3= .867/=.=: .897/=.9:

Vm`em =. cl > puejmfms, nn > nceînitrks

=.=.6 Xmstceems Il em Gcjurm 0. pkfinks vir ul isquinm `íscbk fi bònk istí gkrnmfm ulm pmstceem fi ulm juctmrrm. Gulfmniltmenilti si bknpkli fi ulm pcizm pkemr nmjlãtcbm qui tcili ul bm`ei nuy gclk ilrkeemfk m su merififkr. Isti bm`ei gkrnm ulm `k`clm qui bmptm bm ptm ems ksbcembcklis fi em buirfm.  Mfinís il ulm pmstceem is libismrck tilir il builtm ulm sirci fi pm pmrínitrks rínitrks tmeis bknk em riscstilbcm y em cnpifmlbcm fi em `k`clm qui skl fitirnclmltis m em dkrm fi figclcr ems bumecfmfis fi ems pmstceems, bknk su rispuistm il gribuilbcm y risklmlbcm.

9  

 

Gcjurm 0. Isquinm `íscbk fi ulm pmstceem

=.=.6.= Xcizms Xkemris Ylm pcizm pkemr tknm su lkn`ri fie "pkek" fi ul cníl. Ylm pcizm pkemr is ul fcspksctcvk qui mbtÿm bknk ie pkek fi ul cníl y si utceczm pmrm bmlmeczmr em inmlmbcòl fie geuok inctcfk pkr ul cníl1 bklbiltrm y fcrcji ie bmnpk nmjlãtcbk pmrm qui su gkrnm y fcribbcòl siml silsc`eis m em vc`rmbcòl fi ems buirfms. Bumlfk dm`emnks fi pmstceems nmjlãtcbms, ulm pcizm pkemr is bumequcir istrubturm sctumfm il em pmrti supirckr fi em pmstceem bmpmz fi fcrcjcr em guirzm fie cníl dmbcm ems buirfms. Istms pcizms pkemris puifil sir fi nubdms gkrnms y tmnmýks. Xirk il em pmstceem istíl scinpri rkfimfms fi em `k`clm pmrm em trmlsgkrnmbcòl fie sklcfk il klfms ieibtrknmjlãtcbms. Ylm pmstceem puifi tilir ulm ÿlcbm `mrrm fi nitme bknkpcizms pcizm pkemr, k sicsbkl clfcvcfumeis bkl meturm moustm`ei nifcmlti ul fistkrlceemfkr, k fkbi moustm`eis ulm eemvi meeil(m), k clbeusk nís fi fkbi. Clbeusk sc ulm pmstceem lk tcili pcizms pkemris vcsc`eis, sijurk qui istíl kbuetms il su cltirckr.

m) Eemvi Meeil is Meeil is em dirrmnciltm usmfm pmrm mtkrlceemr/fismtkrlceemr  tkrlceeks, qui  tkrlceeks, qui tcilil bm`izm bm`izm dixmjklme  dixmjklme cltirckr nifcfm il nceînitrks qui si fcgirilbcm fi ems @rcstke qui ems tcilil il puejmfms. 

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Xmstceem bkl ulm skem pcizm pkemr

Xmstceem bkl =0 pcizms pkemris

Xmstceem bkl 7 pcizms pkemris

Xmstceem bkl ems pcizms pkemris

Ems vuietms fi bm`ei merififkr fi ul cníl skl ul tinm nuy fi`mtcfk iltri eks gm`rcbmltis. Ixcsti ulm bcgrm níjcbm utceczmfm pkr mejulks gm`rcbmltis fi f i pmstceems? 7.988 vuietms. Bumltms nís vuietms fi bm`ei si fml merififkr fi ul cníl, nís silsc`ei sirí em pmstceem m ems puesmbcklis nmjlãtcbms jilirmfms pkr ems buirfms y pkr ek tmltk, nís pktilti sirí em siýme fi smecfm. Vmn`cãl dmy qui tilir il builtm m em dkrm fi gm`rcbmr ulm pmstceem qui bumltk nís birbm b irbm istí ie bm`ei fie cníl, nís silsc`ei sirí em pmstceem. Istk is fi`cfk m qui ie igibtk fie bmnpk nmjlãtcbk lk si meiom finmscmfk fie prkpck cníl. Xmrm bklsijucr ie níxcnk fi bklbiltrmbcòl fi bm`ei birbm fie cníl si utceczml bm`eis bkl ul fcínitrk nuy piquiýk. Ie fcínitrk nís bknÿlnilti utceczmfk is ie fi jmejm(`) 60 (dmy gm`rcbmltis qui utceczml ie lÿnirk fi jmejm 62 pmrm bklsijucr nís siýme fi smecfm). Rcl in`mrjk si puifil gm`rcbmr pmstceems bkl bm`eis bkl jmejms bknprilfcfms iltri em 27 (fcínitrk nmykr) y em 96 (fcínitrk nilkr). Bumltk nís gclm is em jmejm fie bm`ei, nís silsc`ei sirí em pmstceem. Xirk dmy ul prk`einm? ie pribck. Bumltk nís gclk is ie bm`ei, nís bkstksk bkstk sk is su prkbisk fi gm`rcbmbcòl y pkr ek tmltk, nís bmrm is em pmstceem.

`) Em jmejm  jmejm  is ulm ulcfmf fi ekljctuf, istm is utceczmfm pmrm nifcr ie jrkskr (ispiskr) fi nmtircmeis nuy fiejmfks y ixtrinmfmnilti gclks. 

:  

 

Ie bm`ei utceczmfk pmrm em gm`rcbmbcòl fi pmstceems is nís gclk qui ul bm`ieek y si puifi rknpir bkl nubdm gmbcecfmf. Ri gm`rcbm bkl bk`ri (ul nmtircme `mstmlti fã`ce) y istí ribu`cirtk bkl ulm sustmlbcm mcsemlti pmrm privilcr ie bkrtkbcrbuctk iltri ems fcgiriltis f cgiriltis ispcrms k vuietms fi bm`ei. Furmlti nubdks mýks si utceczò em embm bknk nmtircme mcsemlti, pirk isti tcpk fi nmtircme tcilfi m mjrcitmrsi bkl ie pmsk fie tcinpk. Dky il fîm si utceczml ktrk tcpk fi nmtircmeis scltãtcbks qui ivctml isti tcpk fi prk`einms.

=.=.9 Bmrmbtirîstcbms fi ems pmstceems =.=.9.= Cnpifmlbcm Em cnpifmlbcm is em riscstilbcm m ems bkrrciltis metirlms. Em siýme fi smecfm fi ulm pmstceem is ulm bkrrcilti metirlm. Em nifcfm fi em cnpifmlbcm fi ulm pmstceem is cnpkrtmlti pkrqui figcli su bmecfmf tklme. Em cnpifmlbcm istí si fitirnclmfm em clgeuilbcm ul bmnpk nmjlãtcbk ulm `k`clm. Rc ie cníl bkekbm fi pkr gkrnm virtcbme ilfieujmr fi dkrczkltme, ie il bmnpk nmjlãtcbk merififkr fi em `k`clm tilfrí ulm gkrnm fcgirilti y istk mgibtmrm fcribtmnilti m em cnpifmlbcm. Yl prk`einm bkl em cnpifmlbcm is qui m nifcfm qui muniltm em gribuilbcm, si fijrmfml eks mjufks fi smecfm. Isti prk`einm fi cnpifmlbcm/riscstilbcm is nís ivcfilti il ems pmstceems pm stceems dun`ubair ym qui utceczml fks `k`clms. Vcilil nís ispcrms qui ulm pmstceem fi `k`clm scnpei y pkr ek tmltk muniltml muniltm l tmltk em cnpifmlbcm bknk em riscstilbcm. Jilirmenilti, ie nîlcnk lÿnirk fi vuietms m utceczmr il ulm pmstceem is ie qui prkfubi em cnpifmlbcm sugcbcilti bknk pmrm pkfir trm`momr bkl ul mnpecgcbmfkr fi clstruniltk istílfmr. Xuistk qui il em nmykrîm fi pmstceems em riscstilbcm il bkltclum fi ulm pmstceem istí fcribtmnilti riembcklmfm bkl su cnpifmlbcm (riscstilbcm il metirlm), pkfinks utceczmr istm riscstilbcm il bkltclum pmrm privir ie bknpkrtmnciltk jilirme fi em pmstceem. Em riscstilbcm il bkltclum is nubdk nís gíbce fi nifcr qui em cnpifmlbcm. Bkl ul scnpei tistir pkfrís nifcr istm riscstilbcm y istcnmr sc em pmstceem tilfrí nubdm k pkbm pktilbcm fi smecfm. Ems pmstceems bkl riscstilbcms bknprilfcfms iltri 7.888 y =0.888 kdns si puifil bklscfirmr fi metm smecfm y ems qui tcilil riscstilbcms iltri =.988 y 6.888 kdns fi smecfm nifcm/`mom.

=.=.9.0 Rctumbcòl fi ems pmstceems Em sctumbcòl fi ulm pmstceem mgibtm tmltk me tklk bknk me vkeunil gclme. Bumlfk ulm pmstceem istí nuy birbm fie puilti, ems tklmecfmfis `moms si rifubil bklscfirm`einilti. Ems pmstceems qui istíl nís birbm fie nístce qui fie puilti iltrijml ul sklcfk nís eeilk y bkl nilks mjufks. Xkr ioinpek, ems pmstceems fie

puilti tmltk il Vieibmstirs bknk il Rtrmtkbmstir istíl clbeclmfms fi gkrnm qui ie

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ixtrink mjufk fi em pmstceem istí nís birbm fie puilti qui em pmrti nís jrmvi. Rc istm pmrti nís jrmvi istuvcirm tml birbm fie puilti bknk em pmrti mjufm, eks `moks sirîml nuy gclks y fã`ceis (scl buirpk).  M ems pmstceems bkekbmfms birbm fie nístce si eis eemnm fi rctnk. Ie bmríbtir tklme fi istms pmstceems is cfime tkbmr mbkrfis bknpeitks y pmtrklis fi rctnk. r ctnk. ulm pmstceem birbmlm me puilti si pmrm ei filknclm eimf pcbaup k skecstm. Is cfime pmrmMtkbmr lktms clfcvcfumeis qui fistmquil pkr su bemrcfmf y lctcfiz. Bklgkrni lks mbirbmnks me puilti, em vc`rmbcòl fi em buirfm is nilkr y ie lcvie fi smecfm fi em pmstceem il fcbdm pkscbcòl fcsncluyi. Rc utceczmnks fks pmstceems cfãltcbms il ulm juctmrrm, em pmstceem nís birbmlm me puilti (skecstm) iltrijmrm nilks siýme fi smecfm qui em clstmemfm il em pkscbcòl fi rctnk (nístce). Xmrm iqucec`rmr istm fcgirilbcm fi vkeunil iltri ems fks pkscbcklis, ems juctmrrms bkl fks dun`ubairs m nilufk utceczml pmstceems fi rctnk y skecstms bkl fcgiriltis bmrmbtirîstcbms fi tklmecfmf y smecfm.  M em pksc`ei pmstceem sctumfm iltri ems fi rctnk y skecstm si ei eem eemnm nm pmstceem biltrme, bknk si nuistrm il em Gcjurm 2.

Gcjurm 2. Rctumbcòl fi ems pmstceems

3  

 

=.0 Lktms nuscbmeis Bklkbir em istrubturm fi ulm kbtmvm nuscbme il lktms ieiniltmeis k `íscbms lks pirnctcrí ixpektmr ems prkpcifmfis fi ems lktms nuscbmeis pmrm bknprilfir niokr quã dmbinks bumlfk tkbmnks, mfinís fi fmrlks ems dirrmnciltms libismrcms pmrm niokrmr il em bknpkscbcòl, cnprkvcsmbcòl y ilrcquibcnciltk sklkrk fi ems bmlbcklis qui brimnks k tkbmnks. Em kbtmvm si figcli bknk ie cltirvmek qui sipmrm fks lktms qui bunpeil qui em sijulfm tcili fk`ei gribuilbcm qui em prcnirm. Xkr ioinpek, em lktm Em (M) gulfmniltme tcili ulm gribuilbcm fi 668 Dz (is fibcr ksbcem 668 vibis pkr sijulfk), ie Em fi em scjucilti kbtmvm tcili ulm gribuilbcm fi 448 Dz. Il em Vm`em 0. Ri nuistrml ems gribuilbcms fi ems lktms nuscbmeis pkr kbtmvms, fi em 8 m em 4.

Vm`em 0. Gribuilbcms fi lktms nuscbmeis pkr kbtmvm Bknk nubdks sm`inks, ixcstil =0 lktms il ulm kbtmvm m pmrtcr fi ems bumeis pkfinks brimrbmlbcòl niekfîms.lkVkfms bmlbcklis isbrc`il mfcvcfcrems pmrtcr fi istms =0 lktms, sc `cil ulm eeivmemstkfms ieems.siXkfinks il fks tcpks

gulfmniltmeis? lktms lmturmeis y lktms metirmfms.

=8  

 

=.0.= Lktms lmturmeis y lktms metirmfms

Ems lktms :? B (Fk),m F (Pi), I (Nc), (Gm), J (Rke), Iltri lmturmeis ieems dmy ul tklk (V) skl fi fcstmlbcm i xbipbcòl ixbipbcòl fi emG fcstmlbcm iltriMI(Em) y Gyy@em(Rc). fcstmlbcm f cstmlbcm iltri @ y B, qui is fi nifck tklk k ul sinctklk (RV)? B (+V) F (+V) I (+RV) G (+V) J (+V) M (+V) @ (+RV) B Isti pmtròl fi sunmr tklks y sinctklks is cltirismlti pkrqui nís mfiemlti lks pirnctcrí brimr em isbmem em isbmem nmykr   mrnklczmfm mrnklczmfm m pmrtcr fi bumequcir lktm. Ems ktrms 9 lktms skl metirmbcklis, is fibcr si jilirml ―metirmlfk„ ktrms lktms. Istms metirmbcklis bklscstil il fispemzmr em lktm nifck tklk mrrc`m k m`mok, y sijÿl dmjmnks ulm y ktrm bksm tilfrinks fks tcpks fi metirmbcklis, qui virinks m bkltclumbcòl. Bknk vcnks, em ixbipbcòl fi em fcstmlbcm iltri I y G y em fcstmlbcm iltri @ y B qui skl mn`ms fi nifck tklk (k ul sinctklk), iltri lktms tilinks fks sinctklks (k ul tklk), bkl ek qui lks quifml 9 ―lktms„ scl usmr, ems bkrrispklfciltis m isks duibks vmbîks m fcstmlbcm fi ul sinctklk iltri ems pmrioms B-F, F-I, G-J, J-M y M-@. Xuis `cil, skl pribcsmnilti isks duibks eks qui ―rieeilmnks„ bkl ems metirmbcklis.  

=.0.0 Lktms skstilcfms Ylm lktm skstilcfm em k`tilinks su`cilfk nifck tklk ulm lktm lmturme. Ri ixprism nifcmlti ie sîn`kek ―#„ ymdkrm si eiipkr mýmfcilfk ( sdmrp ilycljeãs) em lktm qui ei pribifi. Mlmecbinks quã dmy―skstilcfk„ 9 lktms skstilcfms lk :, mtmltms bknk

lktms lmturmeis. Xmrm ieek, su`mnks nifck tklk bmfm lktm lmturme? B + RV > B# F + RV > F# I + RV > I# G + RV > G# J + RV > J#  M + RV > M# @ + RV > @#

==  

 

Rc ribkrfmnks ek qui fcocnks me vir ems lktms lmturmeis, vinks qui em sipmrmbcòl sipmrmb còl iltri I y G y em sipmrmbcòl iltri @ y B is fi nifck tklk, y pkr tmltk vinks qui I# y G skl em ncsnm lktm y qui @# y B skl tmn`cãl em ncsnm lktm. Fi mdî qui sòek dmym 9 lktms skstilcfms. Sm pkfinks isbrc`cr pkr tmltk ems =0 lktms qui bknpklil ulm isbmem bknpeitm? B ‒ B# ‒ F ‒ F# ‒ I ‒ G ‒ G# ‒ J ‒ J# ‒ M ‒ M# ‒ @ Xkr supuistk si puifi su`cr nifck tklk ulm lktm metirmfm y k`tilir msî ulm lktm bkl fk`ei skstilcfk. Is iqucvmeilti m su`cr ul tklk bknpeitk em lktm lmturme1 pkr ioinpek, sc su`cnks F# nifck tklk k`tilinks F##, qui is ek ncsnk qui su`cr ul tklk bknpeitk F y k`tilinks I.

=.0.2 Lktms `inkeis  Ems k`tilinks `momlfk nifck tklk ulm lktm lmturme. Ri ixprism nifcmlti ―`„ y si eii mýmfcilfk ―`inke„ (gemt il cljeãs) m em lktm qui ei pribifi. Ems metirmbcklis qui

k`tilinks me `momr nifck tklk ulm ul m lktm lmturme skl ixmbtmnilti ems ncsnms qui bkl eks skstilcfks1 em ÿlcbm fcgirilbcm is em lknilbemturm, k bònk lks rigircnks m ieems. Xmrm virek dmjmnks ek ncsnk qui bkl eks skstilcfks, pirk il isti bmsk `momlfk nifck tklk m ems lktms lmturmeis? B ‒ RV > B` F ‒ RV > F` I ‒ RV > I` G ‒ RV > G` J ‒ RV > J`  M ‒ RV > M` @ ‒ RV > @` Bknk ym sm`inks, em fcstmlbcm iltri I y G y iltri @ y B, is fi nifck tklk, bkl ek qui G` y I skl em ncsnm lktm y B` y @ tmn`cãl skl cfãltcbms. Em kbtmvm bknpeitm bkl `inkeis quifm bknk scjui? B ‒ F` ‒ F ‒ I` ‒ I ‒ G ‒ J` ‒ J ‒ M` ‒ M ‒ @` ‒ @

@cil, dinks yvcstk dmy lktms lmturmeis, dmy lktmsskl skstilcfms y qui dmy lktms ym `inkeis, quiqui tmltk eks: skstilcfks bknk qui eks `inkeis metirmbcklis y qui

mn`ms si rigciril m ems ncsnms 9 lktms. Wimnks istk ÿetcnk nís fitilcfmnilti.

=0  

 

Vkninks em lktm lmturme F y su`ínksem nifck tklk1 k`tilfrinks F#. Vkninks mdkrm em lktm I y `moãnksem nifck tklk1 k`tilfrinks I`.

@cil. Iltri FI,y yI `momlfk dmy ul nifck tklk, is fibcr sinctklks.F Ru`cilfk tklk F# k`tilfrinks tklk I` fks k`tilfrinks (gîomti il nifck ie fcmjrmnm fi fi`mok sc lk ek vis bemrk). F (+RV) F# (+RV) I  I (-RV) I` (-RV) F »]uã smbmnks fi istk; Igibtcvmnilti, F# y I` skl em ncsnm lktm. Xkr pklireis ul lkn`ri ul pkbk nís tãblcbk fcrinks qui F# y I` skl ilmrnòlcbks, is fibcr riprisiltml em ncsnm lktm. Ek ncsnk kburri bkl ems finís metirmbcklis, bknk pkfinks vir sc riisbrc`cnks em kbtmvm bknpeitm fie scjucilti nkfk? @#>B - B#>F` - F - F#>I` - I>G` - I#>G - G#>J` - J - J#>M` - M  M#>@` - @>B` Cjume qui bkl eks skstilcfks, pkfinks `momr nifck tklk ulm lktm `inke y k`tilir ulm lktm bkl fk`ei `inke, iqucvmeilti m `momr ul tklk bknpeitk em lktm scl metirmr1 sc `momnks nifck tklk F`, k`tilinks F`` qui is ek ncsnk qui `momr ul tklk F y k`tilir B. Xuifi qui si lks kburrm em prijultm scjucilti? sc bkl eks skstilcfks tilinks ems =0 lktms fi em kbtmvm, »pmrm quã cltrkfubcr eks `inkeis; @cil, ie nktcvk is qui lk si fi`i clbeucr il ulm ncsnm isbmem fks lktms rigircfms m em ncsnm lktm lmturme (pkr ioinpek, F y F# fi`irîm sir F y I`, usmlfk eks ilmrnòlcbks).

=2  

 

=.2 Wc`rmbcòl y Vilscòl =.2.= Wc`rmbcòl il buirfms Ie dibdk fi qui eks fks ixtrinks istãl gcoks, y pkr tmltk libismrcmnilti fi mnpectuf luem il tkfk nkniltk, cnpkli ulm guirti ristrcbbcòl sk`ri ems klfms qui si puifil prkpmjmr il ie silk fi tmeis buirfms. Ems gribuilbcms pirnctcfms ribc`il ie lkn`ri fi gribuilbcms fi risklmlbcm k mrnòlcbks. Em nís `mom fi tkfms, si filknclm gulfmniltme k prcnir mrnòlcbk. Ri fm em ixcstilbcm fi lkfks y mltclkfks (k vciltris), pmrm bmfm mrnòlcbk, is fibcr pultks fi mnpectuf luem y níxcnm rispibtcvmnilti. Em bklfcbcòl fi risklmlbcm pmrm ie mrnòlcbk fi krfil l is? α  E>l

 

0

Fklfi l > =, 0, 2,... lunirk fi lkfks y mltclkfks E > Ekljctuf fi em buirfm α > Ekljctuf fi klfm

Iltklbis ie nkfk fi vc`rmbcòl gulfmniltme fi ulm buirfm istcrmfm is tme qui, em ekljctuf fi klfm is fks vibis em ekljctuf fi em buirfm.

 Mpecbmlfk ems riembcklis fi klfm `íscbms, fm em ixpriscòl pmrm em gribuilbcm gulfmniltme?

=6  

 

Fklfi  g > Gribuilbcm gulfmniltme fi em buirfm v > Wiekbcfmf fi klfm E > Ekljctuf Xuistk qui em viekbcfmf fi klfm istí fmfm pkr.

Fklfi V > Vilscòl fi em buirfm n > Nmsm fi em buirfm Em ixpriscòl fi gribuilbcm si puifi pklir fi em gkrnm.

=.2.0 Vilscòl il buirfms Bumlfk mgclms ul clstruniltk, ei istms mpecbmlfk tilscòl dmstm qui ems buirfms mebmlzml ulm lktm fitirnclmfm. Em buirfm istí bklstrucfm (nmtircme, istrubturm y fcínitrk) pmrm riscstcr me nilks ie fk`ei fi supuistm tilscòl scl rknpirsi. Em buirfm si gcom m fks pultks? eks bemvcoirks y ie puilti (k pultk fi mlbemoi fi ems buirfms tmn`cãl eemnmfk bkrfme). Em pkrbcòl fi buirfm qui vc`rm is em qui istí iltri em biouiem y ems sieeitms fie puilti. Istks si eemnml "íljueks fi rupturm". Istms pkrbcklis qui vmllk fisfi biouiem m eks bemvcoirks y fisfi ems sieeitms me bkrfme k pultk fi mlbemoi, istílem fcribtmnilti

=9  

 

riembcklmfms il em vc`rmbcòl pirk tcilil clgeuilbcm il ie "tmbtk" fi tu clstruniltk, ispibcmenilti me tcrmr fi ems buirfms (`ilfclj). Wimnks bònk gulbcklm.

Em pkrbcòl fi ems buirfms qui lk istí fcribtmnilti riembcklmfm bkl em vc`rmbcòl (il rkok) bkrrispklfi m ul =9%/28% fie tktme.  Me vc`rmr, ems bu buirfms irfms gkr gkrnml nml ul pmtròl ieîptcbk qui is gcomfk m eks pultks fi ml mlbemoi bemoi (il ie bmsk fi em juctmrrm m em biouiem y ems sieeitms) y em níxcnm mnpectuf si ilbuiltrm il ie biltrk fi ems buirfms, qui si bkrrispklfi bkl ie trmsti lÿnirk fkbi fie fcmpmsòl. Il ems ncsnms bklfcbcklis, ul bmec`ri nmykr fi buirfms b uirfms riquircrí nís tilscòl y sir siríl íl nís fcgîbceis fi istcrmr. Vilfrí ul pmtròl fi vc`rmbcòl nís rifubcfk, bkl nís vkeunil, `rceek y mtmqui. Xkr ie bkltrmrck, ul bmec`ri fi buirfms nilkr, riquircrí nilks tilscòl, tilfrí ul pmtròl fi vc`rmbcòl nís mnpeck y tilfrí ul sklcfk nís sumvi y bkl nilks vkeunil.

Ie pmtròl fi vc`rmbcòl fi ems buirfms gkrnm ulm iecpsi y su níxcnm mnpectuf istm sk`ri ie trmsti =0.

=7  

 

Bknpmrmtcvm fie pmtròl fi vc`rmbcòl fi ulm buirfm 8.84 (mzue) y ulm 8.=8 (rkok). Ie 8.84 tcili ul pmtròl fi vc`rmbcòl nís mnpeck qui ie 8.=8. Ems vmrcmbcklis il em ekljctuf fi em buirfm tcilil clgeuilbcm em tilscòl fi istm y bknk "si scilti" me tmbtk. Xkr isk ulm isbmem nís emrjm riquircrí nís tilscòl, mul bkl em ncsnm mgclmbcòl, qui ulm isbmem bkrtm.

=:  

 

FIRMPPKEEK FIE XPKSIBVK

=4  

 

0.= Xemlcgcbmbcòl 0.=.= Ieibbcòl fi nmtircmeis  Mbtumenilti skl nubdks eks nmtircmeis qui si puifil ixtrmir fi eks prkbisks fi Pibcbemfk, istm ulm ecstm fi ems kpbcklis qui bklscfirmnks pmrm pkfir rimeczmr luistrk prkyibtk.   Pibcbemfk fi Xmpie



  Pibcbemfk fi Bmrtòl



  Pibcbemfk fi Wcfrck



  Pibcbemfk fi Xeístcbk



  Pibcbemfk fi Bmubdk



  Pibcbemfk fi Meunclck



  Pibcbemfk krjílcbk? Bknpkst



  Pibcbemfk fi XWB



  Pibcbemfk fie Vòlir



Xmrm ieijcr eks nmtircmeis, ttknmnks knmnks il builtm builtm tris mspibtks1 bkstk, gmbcec gmbcecfmf fmf pmrm trm`momr bkl ie nmtircme, y riscstilbcm. Ieijcnks ie pvb ym qui bunpeîm bkl ems bmrmbtirî bmrmbtirîstcbms stcbms ym nilbcklmfms y si mfmptm`m bkl ie fcsiýk qui si ei pritilfîm fmr me juctmrrm.

=3  

 

Bmrmbtirîstcbms fi tu`k fi XWB   Vcili ulm ieivmfm riscstilbcm m em m`rmscòl, oultk bkl ulm `mom filscfmf (=,6



j/bn2), `uilm riscstilbcm nibílcbm y me cnpmbtk, ek qui ek dmbi bknÿl i cfime pmrm em ifcgcbmbcòl y bklstrubbcòl.    Me utceczmr mfctcvks tmeis bknk istm`ceczmltis, pemstcgcbmltis iltri ktrks, ie XWB puifi trmlsgkrnmrsi il ul nmtircme rîjcfk k geixc`ei, bmrmbtirîstcbm qui ei pirncti sir usmfk il ul jrml lÿnirk fi mpecbmbcklis.   Is istm`ei i clirti pkr ek qui si inpeim ixtilscvmnilti fklfi em dcjcili is ulm prckrcfmf, pkr ioinpek eks bmtãtiris y ems `kesms pmrm smljri y dinkfircvmfks istíl gm`rcbmfms bkl XWB, msî bknk nubdms tu`irîms fi mjum pktm`ei.   Is ul nmtircme metmnilti riscstilti, eks prkfubtks fi XWB puifil furmr dmstm nís fi sisiltm mýks bknk si bknprui`m il mpecbmbcklis tmeis bknk tu`irîms pmrm bklfubbcòl fi mjum pktm`ei y smlctmrcks1 fi mbuirfk me m e istmfk fi ems clstmembcklis si ispirm ulm prkekljmfm furmbcòl fie XWB msî bknk kburri bkl eks nmrbks fi







puirtms y viltmlms.   Fi`cfk m eks ítknks fi bekrk qui gkrnml pmrti fie pkeînirk XWB, lk si quinm bkl gmbcecfmf lc mrfi pkr sc skek y bism fi mrfir ulm viz qui em guilti fi bmekr si dm ritcrmfk. Eks pirgceis fi XWB inpeimfks il em bklstrubbcòl pmrm ribu`rcnciltks, bciekrrmsks, puirtms y viltmlms, si fi`i m em pkbm clgemnm`cecfmf qui prisiltm. prktiji r bm`eis ieãbtrcbks il ie dkjmr, dkjmr , kgcbclms   Ri inpeim igcbmznilti pmrm mcsemr y prktijir y il ems clfustrcms fi`cfk m qui is ul `uil mcsemlti ieãbtrcbk.   Ri vuievi geixc`ei y nkefim`ei scl libiscfmf fi sknitirek m metms tinpirmturms (`mstm ulks sijulfk ixpuistk m ulm eemnm) y nmltcili em gkrnm fmfm y prkpcifmfis ulm viz ilgrcmfk m tinpirmturm mn`cilti, ek bume gmbcectm su nkfcgcbmbcòl.







   Metk vmekr ilirjãtcbk. Bumlfk si ribupirm em ilirjîm il eks scstinms nkfirlks fi



bkn`ustcòl fi riscfuks, fklfi ems incscklis si bkltrkeml bucfmfksmnilti, ie XWB mpkrtm ilirjîm y bmekr m em clfustrcm y m eks dkjmris.    Mnpeck rmljk fi furizms   Piltm`ei. @mok bksti fi clstmembcòl.   Is nuy riscstilti m em bkrrkscòl







08  

 

XKECBEKPYPK FI WCLCEK PCJCFK (LK XEMRVCGCBMFK) 

XWB - Y 

XPKXCIFMFIR NIBMLCBMR M 02¿B 

YLCFMF 

MRVN 

FCL 

WMEKPIR 

XIRK IRXIBCGCBK

jr/bn2

F-:30

926:3

=.69

PIRCRV. M M EM VPMBB.(GEYILBCM / PKVYPM)

Aj/bn°

F-724

92699

998 / --

PIR. M EM BKNXPIRCKL ( = S 0 % FIG)

Aj/bn°

F-739

92696

=:8 / 288

PIRCRVILBCM M EM GEITCKL

Aj/bn°

F-:38

92690

:88

PIR. ME BDK]YI RCL ILVMEEM

Aj.bn/bn°

F-097

92692

LK PKNXI

%

F-724

92699

< 08

NKFYEK FI IEMRVCBCFMF (VPMBBCKL)

Aj/bn°

F-724

9269:

2=888

FYPI_M

Rdkri F

F-0068 92989

48 - 42

 MEMPJMNCILVK M EM PKVYPM

BKIG. FI PKBI IRVMVCBK R/MBIPK

-

F-=436

-

--

BKIG. FI PKBI FCLMNCBK R/MBIPK

-

F-=436

-

--

PIR. ME FIRJMRVI XKP PKBI

-

-

-

NMEM

YLCFMF 

MRVN 

FCL

WMEKPIR 

Abme/Aj.¿B

B-29=

¿B

F-764

XPKXCIFMFIR VIPNCBMR  BMEKP IRXIBCGCBK VINX. FI GEITCKL @/BMPJM (=4.9Aj/bn°)

8.04 9267=

99

0=  

 

VINX. FI YRK BKLVCLYK IL MCPI

¿B

-

-

-=9 m 78

VINX. FI GYRCKL

¿B

-

-

=98

pkr ¿B

F-737

90:90

8.888==

Abme/n.d.¿B B-=::

907=0

8.00

BKIG. FI FCEMVMBCKL ECLIME FI 02 M =88¿B BKIG. FI BKLFYBBCKL VIPNCBM

XPKXCIFMFIR IEIBVPCBMR 

YLCFMF 

MRVN 

FCL 

WMEKPIR 

BKLRVMLVI FCIEIBVPCBM M 78 D_

-

F-=98

92642

2.0 - 2.7

-

F-=98

92642

2.8 - 2.2

BKLRVMLVI FCIEIBVPCBM M = ND_

-

F-=98

92642

0.4 - 2.=

 M@RKPBCKL FI DYNIFMF  ME MCPI

%

F-9:8

926:0

8.89 m 8.6

Kdn

F-09:

92640

< =8 m em =2

Kdns-bn

F-09:

92640

BKLRVMLVI FCIEIBVPCBM M = AD_

PIRCRVILBCM RYXIPGCBCME PIRCRVILBCM WKEYNIVPCBM PCJCFI_ FCIEIBVPCBM

Av/nn

XPKXCIFMFIR ]YCNCBMR 

F-=63

< =8 m em

-

8@RIPWMBCKLIR 

PIRCRVILBCM M DCFPKBMP@YPKR

FIGCBCILVI

PIRCRVILBCM M MBCFKR FI@CEIR M VINX. MN@CILVI

NYS @YILM

PIRCRVILBCM M MEBMECR FI@CEIR M VINX. MN@CILVI

NYS @YILM

=9 =0

00  

 

PIRCRVILBCM M XPKF. ]YCNCBKR FIGCLCFKR

BKLRYEVMP

IGIBVK FI EKR PMSKR RKEMPIR

MEJK EK MGIBVML

 MXPK@MFK XMPM BKLVMBVK BKL  MECNILVKR

RC

BKNXKPVMNCILVK M EM BKN@YRVCKL XPKXMJMBCKL FI EEMNM BKNXKPVMNCILVK ME ]YINMPEK

MPFI BKL FCGCBYEVMF MYVK ITVCLJYC@EI RI M@EMLFM S FIRBKNXKLI

BKEKP FI EM EEMNM

 MN@MP BKL @KPFI WIPFI

KEKP ME ]YINMPEK

BEKPK

Vm`em 2. Xrkpcifmfis gîscbms fie pvb Em ieibbcòl fie mbrîecbk gui ul pkbk nís fcgîbce, ym qui iltri ems metirlmtcvms qui gcjurm`ml mfinís fie mbrîecbk irm ie pit1 pirk si k kptò ptò pkr ie mbrîecbk ym qui em riscstilbcm irm nmykr qui em fie pit, y si mfmptm`m niokr m ems bklscfirmbcklis qui pemlimnks pmrm ie prkyibtk. Bmrmbtirîstcbms Iltri sus prkpcifmfis fistmbml?   Vrmlspmrilbcm fi merififkr fie 32 %. Ie nís trmlspmrilti fi eks peístcbks. fie vcfrck.      Metm riscstilbcm me cnpmbtk, fi ulms fciz m viclti vibis em fie vcfrck. uetrmvckeitm.   Lk dmy ul ilvioibcnciltk   Piscstilti m em cltinpirci y m eks rmyks uetrmvckeitm. mpribcm`ei il fciz mýks fi ixpkscbcòl ixtirckr.   Ixbieilti Ixbieilti mcsemlti  mcsemlti tãrncbk y mbÿstcbk.  mbÿstcbk.     Ecjirk il bknpmrmbcòl bkl ie vcfrck (mprkxcnmfmnilti em nctmf), bkl ulm filscfmf ulm  filscfmf fi ulks ==38 ==38 aj/n  aj/n2 is sòek ul pkbk nís filsk qui ie mjum. meunclck?   si rmym gíbcenilti bkl bumequcir k`oitk   Fi furizm scncemr m em fie meunclck? nitíecbk, bknk ul becp. ul becp. Ie  Ie nitmbrcemtk si ripmrm nuy gíbcenilti bkl ulm pmstm fi puecr. 











  Fi gíbce bkn`ustcòl, gíbce bkn`ustcòl, lk  lk is mutkixtcljuc`ei (lk si mpmjm me sir ritcrmfk fie  guijk)  guijk)..



Rus jmsis Rus  jmsis tcilil kekr mgrutmfk y bripctm me mrfir. Lk prkfubi lcljÿl jms tòxcbk me

02  

 

mrfir pkr ek qui si puifi bklscfirmr ul prkfubtk nuy sijurk pmrm ieiniltks pròxcnks m ems pirsklms me cjume qui em nmfirm. fi nibmlczmbcòl y nkefik.  nkefik.     Jrml gmbcecfmf fi nibmlczmbcòl =08  nn fi ispiskr. Ixcsti   Ri bknirbcmeczm il pemlbdms ribtmljuemris fi iltri 0 y =08 nn bkl vmrcks jrmfks fi riscstilbcm (il ulms fkbi bmecfmfis fcgiriltis) y lunirksks bkekris. Ri prktiji su supirgcbci bkl ul gcen fi pkecitceilk fi pkecitceilk pmrm ivctmr qui si rmyi me nmlcpuemrek. puifi nibmlczmr il grîk pirk lk   Ri fk`emr.(sirrmfk, fk`emr. (sirrmfk, isnircemfk,  isnircemfk, mbubdceemfk  mbubdceemfk puecfk,  puecfk, itb.).  itb.). Xmrm fk`emrek dmy qui m mpecbmr pecbmr bmekr ekbme k bmeiltmr tkfm em pcizm. Istk ÿetcnk is ul prkbisk clfustrcme bknpeiok qui riquciri nkefis y nmquclmrcm ispibcmeczmfm.







Vm`em 6. Xrkpcifmfis gîscbms fie mbrîecbk Nòfuek fi iemstcbcfmf fi em nmfirm Ie nòfuek Ie nòfuek fi iemstcbcfmf ekljctufclme k nòfuek fi Skulj riembcklm em tilscòl sijÿl ulm fcribbcòl bkl ems figkrnmbcklis ulctmrcms qui si prkfubil il em ncsnm fcribbcòl.

06  

 

Nmtircme Nmfirm

 Q NXm I  Q NXm :888

^

 Q ap/bn° bn° I  Q ap/

^

:8 888

Vm`em 9. Nòfuek fi iemstcbcfmf fi em nmfirm 0.=.0 Nifcfms Vilcilfk luistrks nmtircmeis ieijcfks, pmrm em iem`krmbcòl fi ul fcsiýk fibcfcnks `msmrlks il nifcfms fi ulm juctmrrm fi 0= trmstis y ul tmnmýk istílfmr, Vm`em 7. Ri tknmrkl il builtm nifcfms ym istm`eibcfms fi bklstrubbcòl fi juctmrrms, pmrm p mrm istk rimeczmnks nifcfms m ul nkfiek fi juctmrrm bknirbcme bkl em rijem fi 798 nceînitrks (nn) pmrm bknpmrmr y vircgcbmr istks fmtks.

Lunirk =fi trmsti PIJEM (bn) Nifcfm fie Vrmsti (bn) 79.88    2.76 79.88 0 7=.27 :.84 2 9:.30 =8.22 6 96.7: =2.68 9 9=.78 =7.03 7 64.:= =3.80 : 69.34 0=.78 4 62.68 06.82 3 68.3: 07.22 =8 24.7: 04.98 == 27.98 28.96 =0 26.67 20.64 =2 20.90 26.28 =6 28.:8 27.80 =9 04.34 2:.79 =7 0:.29 23.=4 =: 09.40 68.72 =4 06.2: 6=.33 =3 02.8= 62.04 08 0=.:0 66.98 0= 08.98 69.79 Vm`em 7. Nifcfms istílfmr bkl em rijem 798nn pmrm 0= trmstis

Em prcnirm bkeunlm il mzue lks nuistrm ie lÿnirk fi trmsti, em sijulfm bkeunlm il

rkok nuistrm em fcstmlbcm il biltînitrks (bn) fie puilti me trmsti, em tirbirm bkeunlm il virfi nuistrm em fcstmlbcm qui dmy fie duisk me trmsti.

09  

 

Em rijem fi 798nn, quciri fibcr qui ie tcrk fi em juctmrrm fi`i nifcr 79bn, istk is em fcstmlbcm qui tilinks fie duisk me puilti pkr ek qui istm gui luistrm prcnirm nifcbcòl.

Cnmjil =. Nifcbcòl fi tcrk fi em juctmrrm   Luistrm scjucilti nifcbcòl gui ie fcmpmsòl fi luistrm juctmrrm nkfiek, qui is em ekljctuf qui tcili em ―pembm„ qui bkltcili eks trmstis, il luistrk bmsk is em fcstmlbcm fie duisk me ÿetcnk trmsti (trmsti 0=), bkl ulm fcstmlbcm fi 69.79bn. Rc k`sirvmnks bkl fitmeei em Cnmjil 0. Il em gktk fie emfk czqucirfk, vinks qui ie fcmpmsòl bkltcili 02 trmstis, istks ÿetcnks fks trmstis lk si builtml filtrk fi em nifcbcòl y lk mgibtml m em ncsnm ym qui skek mbtÿml bknk bknpeiniltk fi ulm lktm qui nuy rmrm viz is utceczmfm, krcjclmenilti il eks nkfieks fi juctmrrms skek fi`il sir nmrbmfks 0= trmstis ixmbtks.

07  

 

Cnmjil 0. Nifcbcòl fi fcmpmsòl Bkltclumnks bkl em nifcbcòl fi eks trmstis bknpmrmlfk fi mbuirfk m em Vm`em 7. nkstrmfm mltirckrnilti.

Cnmjil 2. Nifcbcòl fi trmstis

0:  

 

 Me cjume si nifcò ie mlbd mlbdk k fi fiee `rmzk pmrm utceczmr isti fmtk bknk `msi pmrm luistrk fcsiýk, k`sirvmnks qui em nifcfm istílfmr is fi 6.9bn y si ixpmlfi dmstm 7bn m fitirnclmfm fcstmlbcm bknk si nuistrm il em cnmjil 6.

Cnmjil 6. Nifcfm fie mlbdk fie `rmzk Em gktk qui si nuistrm fie emfk czqucirfk il em cnmjil mltirckr, nuistrm em nifcfm fie `rmzk me bkncilzk fi isti, em gktk fie emfk firibdk nuistrm em nifcfm nís jrmlfi me tãrnclk fie fcmpmsòl. Bkl ems nifcfms mltirckris pkfinks bknprk`mr qui eks fmtks k`tilcfks fi em clvistcjmbcòl skl bkrribtks, il em juctmrrm nkfiek ems nifcfms guirkl ixmbtms k nuy scncemris, mejulms vmrîml nîlcnmnilti.

04  

 

0.=.2 Fcsiýk y pemlks Ems nifcfms rimeczmfms mltirckrnilti skl sugcbciltis pmrm bknilzmr bkl luistrk fcsiýk, ym qui skl ems nifcfms qui fi`il rispitmrsi pmrm luistrk nkfiek. Xrcnirk, ulm fi ems pmrtis cnpkrtmltis fi em juctmrrm is su gulbcklmnciltk ieibtròlcbk, istm pmrti istí bklgkrnmfm pkr ul bcrbuctk qui bklstm fi ieiniltks qui, em nmykrîm fi ieeks `íscbks y bknulis, vmrîml fipilfcilfk f ipilfcilfk em bmltcfmf y tcpk fi pmstceem m utceczmr. Eks ieiniltks qui usmrinks skl eks scjuciltis? Xktilbcònitrk fi 988 A℧. Xmrm

em pirceem fi lcvie fi vkeunil. Xktilbcònitrk fi 988 A℧. Xmrm em pirceem fi bmn`ck fi tklk. Bmpmbctkr fi .86: G. Isti dmrí em gulbcòl fie lcvie fi bmn`ck fi tklk il fcbdm pirceem. Omba din`rm pmrm Xeuj 7.2 nklk.  Rmecfm fi mufck.

Xmstceem Rcljei Bkce nmrbm NM_I ribcbemfm.  Bknk ym dinks dm`emfk, em pmstceem dmrí em gulbcòl fi bmptmbcòl fi em vc`rmbcòl fi ems buirfms. Lknilbemturm m utceczmfm A℧ > Acek Kdn  G > Gmrmf Xmrm em bklstrubbcòl fie bcrbuctk, usmnks ul fcmjrmnm ym mprk`mfk, fi em nmrbm Riynkur Fulbml(b)  qui is ulm inprism gm`rcbmlti fi pmstceems y builtm bkl ul mpmrtmfk fi fcmjrmnms fi bklixcòl pmrm istms, pkr ek bume gui m luistrm fibcscòl em niokr kpbcòl pmrm tilir `msis fie fcmjrmnm. Il em Gcjurm 6. Ri nuistrm ie fcmjrmnm, ie bume vmnks m iem`krmr.

03  

 

Gcjurm 6. Fcmjrmnm Ieibtròlcbk

28  

 

Xmrm bknilzmr rimeczmnks ul fcsiýk m nmlk fi ems cfims y kpbcklis fi bknk sircm luistrm juctmrrm `msílfklks il ems bmrmbtirîstcbms y nifcfms ym k`tilcfms.

2=  

 

20  

 

22  

 

26  

 

29  

 

27  

 

2:  

 

Vilcilfk ym ul `kbitk m nmlk, bkl ie usk fie skgtwmri MutkBMF 08=6 si rimeczò ie pemlk fi em juctmrrm pmrm em k`tilbcòl fi ems nifcfms nís ixmbtms y sus bkrribbcklis. bkr ribbcklis.  M bkltclumbcòl si nuistrml ems p pmrtis mrtis fie nkfi nkfiek ek fi luistrm juctmrrm, me cjume qu qui i em cnpriscòl fi bmfm ulm y sus mbktmbcklis, bkl ie scjucilti krfil. Xembm supirckr Xembm clgirckr Fcmpmsòl Vrmstis Bemvcoirk Pklfmlms k skpkrtis @rmzk (nístce) fi XWB  Menm fi meunclck

Il ems scjuciltis cnpriscklis ilbkltrmnks eks jrkskris fie nmtircme me cjume qui ie ilsmn`emfk fi em juctmrrm.

24  

 

23

 

 

68

 

 

6=

 

 

60

 

 

62

 

 

66

 

 

69

 

 

67

 

 

6:

 

 

64

 

 

Il sijucfm si nuistrml ems pirgkrmbcklis (fcstmlbcms y rmfcks) libismrcms pmrm ie ilsmn`emfk bkl ie scjucilti krfil. Xembm supirckr Xembm clgirckr Xirgkrmbcklis jilirmeis il pembms Bemvcoirk  Menm fi meunclck

63  

 

98

 

 

9=

 

 

90

 

 

92

 

 

96

 

 

99

 

 

97

 

 

Vilcilfk tkfms ems pmrtis fi luistrm juctmrrm rimeczmfms il pemlks nís pribcsks bkltclumnks bkl ulm nuistrm fie ilsmn`emfk fi em ncsnm.  M bkltclumbcòl tilinks ems cnpriscklis il vcstm csknãtrcbm fi ilsmn`emfk y eks jrkskris fi ems pmrtis qui cltijrml luistrm juctmrrm. Csknãtrcbm Rupirckr Csknãtrcbm Clgirckr Jrkskris (vcstm fisfi em `msi) Jrkskris (vcstm emtirme)

9:  

 

94

 

 

93

 

 

78

 

 

7=

 

 

Gclmeczmlfk pkr bknpeitks eks pemlks fi luistrm juctmrrm, bkltclumnks bkl em iem`krmbcòl fi luistrm juctmrrm gîscbm tilcilfk ym eks nmtircmeis riulcfks.

70

 

 

0.0 Iem`krmbcòl y Mrnmfk Xmrm bknilzmr, usmlfk ul tu`k fi XWB smlctmrck fi 2„ fi fcínitrk (:9nn), bknk gkrnm fie `rmzk y pmrti fie skpkrti fi luistrm juctmrrm, nifcnks em fcstmlbcm fi 69.79bn y m su viz sunmnks ulm fcstmlbcm nís pmrm bkekbmbcòl fie buirpk. Ri dczk ul ri`mlmfk il ie tu`k bkl ul mlbdk fi 6.9bn bkl ulm clbeclmbcòl qui si libisctò pmrm muniltmr isti mlbdk dmstm 7bn bknk si nuistrm il em scjucilti cnmjil.

72

 

 

76

 

 

Fispuãs fi nmrbmr luistrk tu`k, bkltclumnks bkl eks bkrtis me ncsnk.

Bkltclumnks bkl nmrbmr ul nkefi pmrm em gkrnm fie buirpk fi luistrm juctmrrm il ul trkzk fi bmrtòl fiejmfk.

79

 

 

Ri bkrtò ie nkefi y si fc`uoò ie ncsnk sk`ri em pembm fi mbrîecbk, istk fks vibis pmrm k`tilir 0 pembms cjumeis.

77

 

 

Ri prkscjucò m nmrbmr pirgkrmbcklis pmrm em pmrti fie puilti, tcrm buirfms, pmstceem y pirceems.

Ri nmrbò ie fcmpmsòl sk`ri ie mbrîecbk y si rimeczò ie bkrti, istk bkl ems nifcfms ym k`tilcfms mltis, ul ribtíljuek crrijuemr fi 69.79bn sunmfks m istk, 9bn pmrm nís mpkyk bkl em pembm supirckr fie buirpk, bkl ul tktme fi 98.79bn fi ekljctuf.

7:

 

 

Vilcilfk luistrms pcizms bkrtmfms, prksijucnks m ecomr y pirgkrmr ie tu`k y ems pembms fi mbrîecbk.

74

 

 

Ri pripmrmrkl mejulks fi eks skpkrtis utceczmlfk trkzks fi pmek fi isbk`m, istks utceczmfks bknk rklfmlms pmrm fitirnclmr em meturm iltri em pembm supirckr y em clgirckr.

73

 

 

Ri iem`krò ie bcrbuctk y si gui nkltmlfk il ie buirpk fi em juctmrrm pmrm ems prcnirm prui`ms fie ncsnk.

Em prui`m gui, bklibtmlfk luistrm juctmrrm bkl ulm eîlim fi mufck fis`memlbimfm dibdm bkl ul bklibtkr 7.2 nklk m ul bklibtkr TEP, isti ÿetcnk bklibtmfk m ul mnpecgcbmfkr y scltklczmfkr SMNMDM DVP-6879 bkl sus rispibtcvks metmvkbis, si clfuok mufck birbm fi em pmstceem pmrm em mnpecgcbmbcòl, si prk`ò lcvie fi vkeunil y lcvie fi tklk, em prui`m gui ixctksm.

:8

 

 

Vilcilfk risuetmfks pksctcvks, sijucnks bkl em iem`krmbcòl fie bemvcoirk pmrm luistrm juctmrrm, rimeczmlfk ul nkefi il pmpie pmrm euijk pemsnmrek il mbrîecbk, qui me cjume qui ie buirpk, si rimeczmrkl fks pembms cjumeis.

:=

 

 

Ri bkrtò y m fcgirilbcm fie buirpk, pijmnks ems fks pembms pmrm tilir ul jruisk jrui sk nmykr y pkfir bkekbmr ems bemvcoms m ulm nifcfm gmvkrm`ei.

Ri nmrbò em pkscbcòl il em qui bkekbmrîmnks ems bemvcoms m luistrk justk ym qui lk piroufcbm istk me clstruniltk.

:0

 

 

Bkl istk, bkltclumnks bkl ems pirgkrmbcklis y moustis libismrcks m ems pmrtis fi luistrm juctmrrm.

:2

 

 

Vilcilfk luistrms pembms bmsc ecstms, bkltclumnks bkl ulm fi ems pmrtis nís cnpkrtmltis fi em juctmrrm, ie fcmpmsòl. Xmrm em iem`krmbcòl fi eks trmstis, si nmrbò bknk prclbcpck, ulm juîm fi em nifcfm fi bmfm trmsti, istk bkl eks fmtks ym nilbcklmfks mltis.

:6

 

 

Sm nmrbmfks, tknmnks ulm fi ems krceems fi ulm ecnm fiejmfm fi nitme pmrm dmbir piquiýms dilfcfurms il eks trmstis.

Dibdms ems dilfcfurms, kptmnks pkr utceczmr becps jrmlfis fi kgcbclm, istks in`klmfks y pijmfks, bkrtmfks m em nifcfm fi bmfm trmsti.

:9

 

 

Em ÿetcnm fi ems pcizms fi luistrm juctmrrm, is ul íljuek fi 2/=7„ fi jruisk y 49bn fi ekljctuf, qui sirí ul skpkrti ixtrm pmrm tkfm em juctmrrm.

Sm ie libismrcm fcmpmsòl msî bknk ems finís pcizms fi luistrm juctmrrm, bkltclumnks bklbknpeitk em istãtcbm mltis fi nkltmrem.

:7

 

 

::

 

 

Eeijmlfk m em pmrti gclme, si bknilzò bkl ie mrnmfk fi luistrm juctmrrm. Nkltmoi fi bemvcoms

:4

 

 

 Mrnmfk fie buirpk

:3

 

 

Nkltmoi fie Fcmpmsòl y Bemvcoirk