Construir Uma Carteira de Competências Individuais: Educação, Formação, Profissão e Trabalho/Emprego
September 8, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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NH_K@ÉÊH JHK]DBKBFS@_5 JB:J
Jhkpbtåfjg`s cb Bcuj`éêh/Nhrk`éêh `h Dhfih c` ^gc` Bcuj`éêh, Nhrk`éêh, ]rhnssêh b Sr`o`dah/Bkprbih
Jhfstrugr uk` J`rtbgr` cb Jhkpbtåfjg`s Gfcgvgcu`gs
C`chs ch Nhrk`fch
Fhkb5 XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX Iru h5
Jgc`c`fg` b Bkprbi`ogdgc`cb
NH_K@ÉÊH JHK]DBKBFS@_5 JB:J
Ëfcgjb Bfqu`cr`kbfth...........................................................................................................................3 0.
?.
Jhfs Jhfstr trug ugrr h sb sbu u prú prúpr prgh gh ju jurr rrëj ëjud udh h.....................................................................................2 0. 0.0 0.
H qub qub ç uk uk jur jurrë rëju judh dh b p`r p`r`` qub qub sbrv sbrvb b.....................................................................2
0. 0.? ?.
_bir _bir`s `s p`r` p`r` rb` rb`dg dgz` z`rr uk jurr jurrëj ëjud udh h.............................................................................>
0.:.
H Kb Kbu Ju Jurrëjudh.......................................................................................................9
0.3.
Bxbkpdh cb cb Ju Jurrëjudh................................................................................................1
J`r `rtt` cb cb @pr @prb bsbf sbft` t`éê éêh h...................................................................................................00 ?. ?.0 0.
H qub qub ç uk` uk` j` j`rt rt`` cb cb `pr `prbs bsbf bft` t`éê éêh h.......................................................................00
?.?.. ?.?
_bir`s _bir`s p`r` p`r` ` bd`ohr bd`ohr`éê `éêh h cb cb uk` uk` j`rt` j`rt` cb cb `prb `prbsbf sbft`é t`éêh êh....... .............. ........................ ........................00 .......00
?.:.
Bxbkpdhs cb j`rt`s.................................................................................................0:
@fbxhs
Bfqu`cr`kbfth Jgc`c`fg` b Bkprbi`ogdgc`cb
NH_K@ÉÊH JHK]DBKBFS@_5 JB:J
@ prb prbsb sbftb ftb nhr nhrk`é k`éêh êh jhk jhkpdb pdbkbf kbft`r t`r bfq bfqu`c u`cr`r`-sb sb fh ïko ïkogth gth ch prh prhjbs jbssh sh _^J _^JJ, J, Fëvbd O:, f` àrb` cb
Jgc`c`fg` b Bkprbi`ogdgc`cb. ^`g `h bfjhftrh ch gtbk —Jhfstrugr uk` j`rtbgr` cb jhkpbtåfjg`s ‛, fh ïkogth c`s jhkpbtåfjg`s cb bcuj`éêh/nhrk`éêh `h dhfih c` vgc`. Fh ngf`d c` nhrk`éêh cbvbrà jhfsbiugr5 - jhkprbbfcbr ` gkphrtïfjg` cb uk jurrëjudh< - bd`ohr`r h sbu jurrëjudh bk nhrk`th burhpbu< - jhkprbbfcbr ` gkphrtïfjg` cb bd`ohr`r uk` j`rt` cb `prbsbft`éêh< - bd`ohr`r uk` j`rt` cb `prbsbft`éêh.
0. Jhfstrugr Jhfstrugr h sbu prúprg prúprghh jurrëjudh jurrëjudh 0.0. 0.0.
H qub qub ç u uk k jur jurrë rëju judh dh b p` p`r` r` qu qubb ssbr brvb vb
Jgc`c`fg` b Bkprbi`ogdgc`cb
NH_K@ÉÊH JHK]DBKBFS@_5 JB:J
H jurrëjudh, t`koçk jhfabjgch phr jurrgjuduk vgt`b, tbk jhkh hoebjtgvh nufc`kbft`d c`r ` jhfabjbr, bk tr`éhss ibr`g tr`éh ibr`gs, s, `s fhss`s j`p`jgc`cbs b jhfabjgkbfths ` uk` nutur` bftgc`cb bkprbi`chr`. Cbvb sbr uk`
sëftbsb ch fhssh pbrjursh bsjhd`r, nhrk`tgvh b prhngssghf`d, cbvbfch sbr sgftçtgjh f` gfnhrk`éêh ` jhftbr. @jgk` cb tuch, h qub sb cbsbe` ç qub h jurrëjudh bfvg`ch cbspbrtb ` kbrbjgc` `tbféêh phr p`rtb cb uk` hri`fgz`éêh, p`r` qub fhs ja`kbk ` bftrbvgst`. Ç, cb n`jth, h prgkbgrh jhft`jth qub tbkhs jhk uk` bftgc`cb bkprbi`chr`. Pu`fth í bd`ohr`éêh cb uk jurrëjudh, bxgstbk : nhrk`ths k`gs jhfa jh fabj bjgc gchs hs55 ju jurr rrëj ëjud udhh jr jrhf hfhdú hdúig igjh jh,, ju jurr rrëju ëjudh dh nu nufj fjgh ghf` f`dd b h Sbfch ch bk jhf jhfsgc sgcbr` br`éêh éêh qub jurrëjudh jurrë judh bk nhrk nhrk`th `th burhp burhpbu bu. Sbf `jtu`dkbftb j`c` vbz k`gs sêh shdgjgt`c`s rbsphst`s ` `fõfjghs cb bkprbih `jhkp`fa`c`s ch J^ fh fh nhrk`th burhpbu, bfjhftr`k-sb `qug —jhhrcbf`c`s‛ p`r` ` su` bd`ohr`éêh. H jurrëjudh bk nhrk`th burhpbu ç rbd`tgv`kbftb rbjbftb. H sbu nhrk`th ç jhfabjgch bk thchs hs p`ësbs c` Rfgêh Burhpbg`. ]hcbrà sbr n`jgdkbftb `c`pt`ch p`r` gfidås hu hutr` dëfiu` c` Rfgêh Burhpbg`, uk` vbz qub sb bfjhftr` tr`cuzgch p`r` cgvbrs`s dëfiu`s. ]`r` ]` r` pr prbb bbfj fjag agkb kbft fthh ch ju jurr rrëj ëjud udhh fh nh nhrk rk`th `th burh bu rhpb pbuu, ph phcb cbkh khss ut utgd gdgz gz`r `r h kh khcb cbdh dh ch J^ Burhp`ss,
cgsphfëvbd
`tr`vçs
ch
wbosgtb
ap5//burhp`ss.jbcbnhp.burhp`.bu
@qug ç phssëvbd bfjhftr`r fêh sú h khcbdh bk nhrk`th nhrk` th chjuk chjukbfth bfth Yhrc (chjukbfth (chjukbfth bk suphrtb cgigt`d), obk jhkh `s gfstruéòbs cb prbbfjagkbfth `gfc` ` phssgogdgc`cb cb bd`ohr`éêh hf-dgfb ch jurrëjudh.
b
S`d jhk jhkhh `jh `jhftb ftbjb jb fh fhss rbs rbst`f t`ftbs tbs nhr nhrk`th k`thss cb jur jurrëj rëjudh udh pbs pbssh` sh`d, d, t`k t`koçk oçk h nhr nhrk`th k`th bur burhpb hpbuu phs phssu sugg gfnhr gfn hrk`é k`éêh êh rbd rbd`jg `jghf` hf`c` c` jhk ` gfn gfnhr hrk`éê k`éêhh pbs pbssh sh`d, `d, bxp bxpbrg brgåfj åfjg` g` prh prhngs ngssgh sghf`d f`d,, nhr nhrk`é k`éêh êh `j` `j`cçk cçkgj` gj` b prhngssghf`d b `gfc` jhkpbtåfjg`s pbssh`gs (`ptgcòbs shjg`gs, jhkpbtåfjg`s cb hri`fgz`éêh, jhkpbtåfjg`s tçjfgj`s, bftrb hutr`s).
0.?. 0.?.
_bir _bir`s `s p`r` p`r` rb`d rb`dgz gz`r `r uk jurr jurrëj ëjud udhh
Jgc`c`fg` b Bkprbi`ogdgc`cb
NH_K@ÉÊH JHK]DBKBFS@_5 JB:J
@ jhfstruéêh cb uk jurrëjudh, gfcbpbfcbftbkbftb ch sbu nhrk`th, cbvbrà hobcbjbr ` `diuk`s rbir`s. Jhdhj`k-sb `qug `s k`gs gkphrt`ftbs5 - `prbsbft`éêh jugc`c`< - sbr bsjrgth ` jhkput`chr, sbk brrhs hrthiràngjhs hu cb ir`kàtgj`< - sbr gkprbssh bk nhda`s or`fj`s @3, sú f` nrbftb c`s nhda`s. Fufj` sb cbvb utgdgz`r nhda`s cb jhr hu jhk jabgrh, fbk gkprgkgr h jurrëjudh f` nrbftb b vbrsh c`s c` s nhda`s <
- jhftbr ? ` : pàigf`s. Rk jurrëjudh cbk`sg`ch ir`fcb ç uk jurrëjudh qub fêh ja`k` ` `tbféêh < - f` bsjrgt`, cbvb-sb utgdgz`r cb nr`sbs sgkpdbs b jurt`s < - `s sgid`s cbvbrêh sbr bsjrgt`s phr bxtbfsh< - `prbsbft`r `s c`t`s sbkprb fh kbskh nhrk`th< - cbvbkhs bsjrbvbr h jurrëjudh f` :ª pbssh`. Fufj` bsjrbvbr jhkh —bu ngz gsth, bu tr`o`dabg `dg‛< - Cbvbkhs `ssgf`r h Jurrëjudh. Bk rbd`éêh `h jurrëjudh burhpbu, ` nhrk`t`éêh ch chjukbfth bfjhftr`-sb eà cbngfgc`, jhk hs j`kphs ` prbbfjabr, jhk qub gfnhrk`éêh b jhk qub tgph b t`k`fah cb dbtr`, bftrb hutrhs `spbjths. Fêh cbvbrbkhs
`dtbr`r bss` nhrk`t`éêh.
0.:.
H Kbu Jurrëjudh
Burhp` hp`ss ss bfjh H jurrëjudh Bur bfjhft ftr` r`rr-sb sb cgvg cgvgcg cgch ch bk > p`rt p`rtbs bs,,
jhrrbsphfcbfch bst`s `5 - 0 ‚ gfnhrk`éêh pbssh`d, hfcb jhdhj` hs sbus c`chs pbssh`gs jhkh h
fhkb,
khr`c`, jhft`jths tbdbnúfgjhs, bk`gd< - ? ‚ bxpbrgåfjg` prhngssghf`d, gfcgj`fch thc`s `s bftgc`cbs p`r` `s qu`gs eà tr`o`d tr`o`dahu, ahu, qu`fch h nbz, qub t`rbn`s qub tgfa`, bftrb hutrhs. Cbvbrà n`zbr bst` cbsjrgéêh phr hrcbk jrhfhdúigj`, jhkbé`fch f` bxpbrgåfjg` k`gs rbjbftb b sbiugfch p`r` `s k`gs `ftgi`s<
Jgc`c`fg` b Bkprbi`ogdgc`cb
NH_K@ÉÊH JHK]DBKBFS@_5 JB:J
- : ‚ bcuj`éêh b nhrk`éêh, hfcb jhdhj` h sbu fëvbd bsjhd`r k`gs `dth, qub bsjhd` nrbqubfthu b qu`fch, b ` jd`ssgngj`éêh ngf`d. Bstb j`kph pbrkgtb qub n`é` `gfc` ` cbsjrgéêh chs vàrghs jurshs cb nhrk`éêh qub nbz `h dhfih c` vgc`. Rk` vbz k`gs, cbvb n`zbr bstb prbbfjagkbfth tbfch bk `tbféêh ` hrcbk jrhfhdúigj` jhk qub nrbqubfthu ` bsjhd` b/hu hs jurshs< - 3 ‚ jhfabjgkbfth cb gcghk`s, hfcb jhdhj` h fëvbd cb jhfabjgkbfth qub phssug cb dëfiu`s bstr`fibgr`s< - 2 ‚ `ptgcòbs b jhkpbtåfjg`s pbssh`gs, hfcb grà gfcgj`r qub tgph cb j`p`jgc`cbs phssug ` fëvbd cb tr`o`dah bk bqugp`, k`fusb`kbfth cb nbrr`kbft`s gfnhrkàtgj`s, hri`fgz`éêh ch sbu prúprgh tr`o`dah, bftrb hutr`s sgtu`éòbs< - > ‚ gfnhrk`éêh `cgjghf`d, hfcb grà `prbsbft`r thc` ` gfnhrk`éêh qub jhfsgcbrb gkphrt`ftb b qub fêh jhdhjhu fhs j`kphs `ftbrghrbs. @diuk` gfnhrk`éêh cb rbdbvh qub phcbrà `qug jhdhj`r phcbrà prbfcbr-sb jhk hs p`ss`tbkphs qub phssug. Bfjhftr`-sb Bfjhf tr`-sb fh `fbxh ? ch prbsbftb k`fu`d uk chjukb chjukbfth fth cb `phgh `h prbbfjagkbf prbbfjagkbfth th ch jurrëju jurrëjudh dh fh nhrk` nhrk`th th burhpbu. Jhftçk hs cgvbrshs j`kphs qub cbvbrà prbbfjabr `jhkp`fa`chs c`s rbspbjtgv`s gfstruéòbs. ]hcbrà n`zådh cgrbjt`kbftb cgrbjt`kbftb fh chjuk chjukbfth bfth bk suphr suphrtb tb cgigt`d qub dab nhg c`ch ( `fbxh 0), hu phcbrà prbbf prbbfjabr jabr hs j`kph j`kphss fh p`pbd, p`p bd, b pp`ss `ssà-d à-dhs hs phs phstbrg tbrghrk hrkbft bftbb pp`r` `r` h cchju hjukbf kbfth th fh jhk jhkput put`ch `chr. r.
0.3.
Bxbkpdh cb Jurrëjudh
JR__GJRDRK ^GS@B GFNH_K@ÉÊH ]BZZH@D Fhkb Khr` Kh r`c` c` Sbdbkúvbd Sbdbnhfb Jhrrbgh bdbjtrúfgjh F`jghf`dgc`cb C`t` cb f`sjgkbfth
Jgc`c`fg` b Bkprbi`ogdgc`cb
Z@FSHZ, NGDG]@ ZGD^@ O` O`gr grrh rh ch @k @k`c `chr hr,, ::2, 2, 2.µ 2.µ B Bsq squb ubrc rchh ‚ 92 923= 3= Z`ft Z`ftg` g`ih ih ch J` J`jç jçk k 707>7:707 ?>7 ==11==== ngdgp`Xs`fthsMjdgx.pt ]hrtuiubs` ?2/0=/07>2
NH_K@ÉÊH JHK]DBKBFS@_5 JB:J
BQ]B_GÅFJG@ ]_HNGZZGHF@D
• C`t` • Bk Bkpprbi` rbi`ch chrr • Nuféêh hhuu jj``rih hhjjup`ch
077:/?==3 Dhe` Dhe` cb nbrr nbrr`i `ibf bfss & J J.µ .µ - K K`f `fub ubdd & K K`f `fub ubd, d, Dc`. Dc`. J`gxbgr`
• C`t` • Bkp kprrbi`chr • Nufé Nuféêh êh hu j`ri j`rihh hjup hjup`c `chh
0770/ 077: Bcgthr` D Dggvrhs bk bk ssuu` jj``s` ^bfcb bfcbch chrr cb bfjg bfjgjd jdhp hpçc çcg` g`ss
NH_K@ÉÊH @J@CÇKGJ@ • C`t` cb jhfjdusêh • Fhkb b tgph c` hri`fgz`éêh cb bfsgfh • A` A`ogdgt dgt`éòbs
07/=:/?==> Jbftrh cb _bjhfabjgkbfth, ^`dgc`éêh b Jbrtgngj`éêh cb Jhkpbtåfjg`s cb Z`ftg`ih ch J`jçk 7.µ `fh ccbb bbssjhd`rgc` gc`cb
• C`t` cb jhfjdusêh • Fhkb b tgph c` hri`fgz`éêh cb bfsgfh
?:/=9/0717
• A` A`ogdgt dgt`éòbs
Bsjhd` Zbjufcàrg` cb Z`ftg`ih ch J`jçk 9.µ `fh ccbb bbssjhd`rgc` gc`cb
NH_K@ÉÊH ]_HNGZZGHF@D • C`t` cb jhfjdusêh • Fhkb b tgph c` hri`fgz`éêh cb nhrk`éêh • Jursh • ]rgfjgp`gs jhkpbtåfjg`s `cqugrgc`s
0?/=9/0777 Gfstgtuth cb Dëfiu`s ch Z`ch Jursh cb Gfidås Chkëfgh ch Gfidås, bsjrgth b n`d`ch.
@]SGCÒBZ B JHK]BSÅFJG@Z ]BZZH@GZ ]_GKBG_@ DËFIR@
]hrtuiuås
HRS_@Z DËFIR@Z
• Jhkprbbfsêh bs bsjjrgt` • Bxprbssêh bsjrgt` • Bxprbssêh hr`d @]SGCÒBZ B JHK]BSÅFJG@Z ZHJG@GZ
Jgc`c`fg` b Bkprbi`ogdgc`cb
Gfidås Bxjbdbftb Ohk Z`tgsn`túrgh - J`p`jgc`cb cb `c`pt`éêh - N`jgdgc`cb cb jhkufgj`éêh - Ohk rbd`jghf`kbfth gftbrpbssh`d - Nhrtb bspërgth cb bqugp` - @uthfhkg` - Cgf`kgskh
NH_K@ÉÊH JHK]DBKBFS@_5 JB:J
- Jrg`tgvgc`cb - Bspërgth cb gfgjg`tgv` @]SGCÒBZ B JHK]BSÅFJG@Z CB H_I@FGU@ÉÊH @]SGCÒBZ B JHK]BSÅFJG@Z SÇJFGJ@Z
J@_S@ CB JHFCRÉÊH
- Aàogths cb tr`o`dah jhfst`ftbs b cgsjgpdgf`chs - Oh`s jhkpbtåfjg`s gfnhrkàtgj`s f` úptgj` ch utgdgz`chr5 KZ Yhrc, KZ Bxjbd, KZ ]hwbr]hgft, KZ Nrhft]`ib, KZ @jjbss, Gftbrfbt Bxpdhrbr Sgph O (vbëjudhs dgibgrhs) f.µ ZB ‚ ???>?= =
GFNH_K@ÉÊH @CGJGHF@D
Ngdg ` Z`fths
?. J`rt` J`rt` cb @prb @prbsbf sbft`é t`éêh êh
?.0.
H qub ç uk` j`rt` cb `prbsbft`éêh
Jgc`c`fg` b Bkprbi`ogdgc`cb
NH_K@ÉÊH JHK]DBKBFS@_5 JB:J
Pu`fch rbsphfcbkhs ` uk `fõfjgh cb bkprbih, cbvbkhs bfvg`r h fhssh jurrëjudh `jhkp`fa`ch phr uk`
j`rt` cb `prbsbft`éêh, qubr sb tr`tb cb uk jhft`jth phr j`rt` hu phr bk`gd. Rk` j`rt` cb `prbsbft`éêh sbrvb p`r` gfcgj`r h phrquå ch jhft`jth.
?. ?.?. ?.
_b _bir ir`s `s p`r` p`r` ` bbd` d`oh ohr` r`éê éêhh c cbb u uk` k` j`rt j`rt`` c cbb `prbsbft`éêh
Cbvbkhs tbr bk `tbféêh `diuk`s pbqubf`s rbir`s qu`fch bsjrbvbkhs
uk` j`rt`
cb `prbsbft`éêh. Zbiubk-sb `diuk`s gfcgj`éòbs5 - cbvb sbr rbcgigc` fuk chjukbfth/ nhda` @3, bk p`pbd or`fjh b dgsh< - cbvbrêh sbr utgdgz`c`s nr`sbs jurt`s b sgkpdbs, sbk brrhs hrthiràngjhs hu cb ir`kàtgj`. Fh j`sh c` j`rt` cb `prbsbft`éêh sbr bsjrgt` í kêh, ç gkphrt`ftb bvgt`rbk-sb `s r`sur`s, prhjur`fch rbcgig-d` jhk uk` j`dgir`ng` dbiëvbd <
- cbvbkhs bsjrbvbr thc` ` j`rt` f` prgkbgr` pbssh`< - cbvbkhs jhdhj`r hs fhsshs bdbkbfths cb gcbftgngj`éêh fh j`fth supbrghr bsqubrch c` nhda` (fhkb, khr`c`, tbdbnhfb b/hu bk`gd)< - cbvbkhs gfcgj`r h dhj`d hfcb vgkhs h `fõfjgh cb bkprbih . ]hr bxbkpdh, cbvbrbkhs gfcgj`r h fhkb ch ehrf`d `ssgk jhkh ` su` c`t`, ` rbnbråfjg` hu fõkbrh ch `fõfjgh b ` nuféêh ` qub fhs j`fcgc`t`khs <
- cbvbkhs rbnbrgr qub vgkhs phr `qubdb kbgh bfvg`r h fhssh J^< - cbvbkhs tbrkgf`r ` j`rt` khstr`fch ` fhss` cgsphfgogdgc`cb p`r` ` rb`dgz`éêh cb uk` bftrbvgst` b `ir`cbjbfch ` `tbféêh cgspbfs`c`. F`diuk`s sgtu`éòbs, qu`fch qu`fch shdgjgt`ch, cbvbrbkhs bfvg`r uk` uk` j`rt` cb j`fcgc`tur`. Bst` sbiub hs kbskhs p`rïkbtrhs cb uk` j`rt` cb `prbsbft`éêh. Shc`vg`, cbvbkhs `qug jhdhj`r uk rbsukh c` fhss` bxpbrgåfjg` prhngssghf`d. Fh bft`fth, phcbkhs bfvg`r uk` j`rt` p`r` uk` bkprbs`/hri`fgskh sbk fufj` tbrkhs vgsth fbfauk `fõfjgh `fõfj gh ` pbcgr jhd`ohr`chr jhd`ohr`chrbs. bs. Fbss` `dtur`, bsjrbvbkhs bsjrbvbkhs h qub sb ja`k` uk` j`rt` cb `uth-prhphst`. Zbiub hs kbskhs p`rïkbtrhs qub ` j`rt` cb `prbsbft`éêh, sbfch `qug gkphrt`ftb qub sb n`é` uk` cbsjrgéêh c` bxpbrgåfjg` prhngssghf`d b h phrquå ch fhssh gftbrbssb pbd` bkprbs`/hri`fgskh. Pu`fch n`d`khs cb j`rt`s cb `prbsbft`éêh hu j`rt`s cb j`fcgc`tur`, a`ogtu`dkbftb sêh gfcgj`c`s p`r` rbsphst` ` `fõfjghs jhdhj`chs phr hri`fgz`éòbs/bkprbs`s prgv`c`s. Fh j`sh cb `fõfjghs p`r` hri`fgskhs põodgjhs, cbvbrà sbr rbcgigch rbcgigch uk rbqubrgkbfth. Bstb tbk `s sbiugftbs rbir`s5 - cbvb sbr bd`ohr`ch f` :ª pbssh`< Jgc`c`fg` b Bkprbi`ogdgc`cb
NH_K@ÉÊH JHK]DBKBFS@_5 JB:J
- ç cgrgigch `h ]rbsgcbftb cb Eõrg hu `h ]rbsgcbftb/Cgrbjthr c` gfstgtugéêh< - cbvbrêh jhfst`r c`chs pbssh`gs t`gs jhkh fhkb, fõkbrh cb OG/J`rtêh cb Jgc`cêh, rbsgcåfjg`, a`ogdgt`éòbs bsjhd`rbs, bxpbrgåfjg` prhngssghf`d, nuféêh ` qub sb j`fcgc`t` b dhj`d cb puodgj`éêh ch `fõfjgh< - cbvb tbrkgf`r jhk h pbcgch cb cbnbrgkbfth< - ` su` rbc`jéêh cbvb sbr ` jhkput`chr, sbk brrhs, b jhk ` gkprbssêh fuk` nhda` @3 dgs`.
?.:.
Bxbkpdhs cb j`rt` t`ss
J`rt` cb J`fcgc`tur` _bkbtbftb5 Fhkb Khr`c` Jhkpdbt` Cbsf`tàrgh5
Júcgih ]hst`d, Dhj`dgc`cb
Fhkb C` Bkprbs` / Cgrbjthr cb _bjurshs _b jurshs Auk`fhs Khr`c` Jhkpdbt` Júcgih ]hst`d, Dhj`dgc`cb Dhj`dgc`cb, cg` cb Kås cb @fh
Bxkhs. Zrs.5 Bk rbsphst` `h vhssh `fõfjgh p`r` rbjrut`kbfth jhdhj`r ` nuféêh `fufjg`c` , puodgj`ch puodgj`ch fh Ehrf`d Ehrf`d Fhkb ch Ehrf`d, f.µ c` bcgéêh b c`t` , vbfah phr bstb kbgh rbkbtbr h kbu J^ p`r` vhss` `prbjg`éêh.
]hssu ]hs suh h fëvbd cb bsjhd`rgc`cb `ssgk jhkh thc` uk` bxpbrgåfjg` cb tr`o`dah qub j`r`jtbrgz` jhkh cgvbrsgj`c`, bfidho`fc bfid ho`fch h rbnbrgr ibfbrgj`kbftb `diuk` bxpbrgåfjg` prhssghf`d k`gs sgifgj`v` . Cbst`jh h n`jth cb tbr `gfc` bxpbrgåfjg` rbnbrgr ibfbrgj`kbftb `diuk` bxpbrgåfjg` prhssghf`d k`gs sgifgj`v` .
Jgc`c`fg` b Bkprbi`ogdgc`cb
NH_K@ÉÊH JHK]DBKBFS@_5 JB:J
Jhfsgcbrh-kb uk` pbssh` jhk j`p`jgc`cb cb `ssukgr cbs`hs b qub prhjur` ` cgvbrsgj`éêh c`s su`s `jvgc`cbs prhssghf`gs. Sbfah ` cbst`j`r h n`jth cb tbr j`p`jgc`cb cb tr`o`dah qubr bk bqugp` qubr gfcgvgcu`dkbftb, obk jhkh j`p`jgc`cb cb pd`fb`kbfth cb gfgjg`v`s vàrg`s.
Ihst`rg` cb `ssukgr ` kgfa` cgsphfgogdgc`cb p`r` uk` bvbftu`d bftrbvgst`.
Jbrth cb qub h kbu J^ kbrbjbrà ` vhss` kbdahr `tbféêh, suosjrbvh-kb jhk hs kbdahrbs jukprgkbfths
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@fbxh5 Jurrëjudh
J`rt` cb @uth-]rhphst`
_bkbtbftb5 Fhkb Khr`c` Jhkpdbt` Cbsf`tàrgh5
Júcgih ]hst`d, Dhj`dgc`cb
Fhkb C` Bkprbs` / Cgrbjthr cb _bjurshs Auk`fhs Khr`c` Jhkpdbt` Júcgih ]hst`d, Dhj`dgc`cb Dhj`dgc`cb, cg` cb Kås cb @fh
Bxkhs. Zrs.5 ^bfah phr bstb kbgh bfvg`r h kbu jurrgjuduk vgt`b p`r` vhss` `prbjg`éêh, k`fgnbst`fch cbscb eà h kbu gftbrbssb bk phcbr vgr ` gftbir`r ` vhss` bqugp`. Sgvb jhfabjgkbfth c` vhss` bkprbs` `tr`vçs cb jhdhj`r jhkh tbvb jhfabjgkbfth, sbfch qub kb jhfsgcbrh í `dtur` cb `or`é`r uk prhebjth `dgjg`ftb jhkh vhssh.
]hssu ]hs suh h fëvbd cb bsjhd`rgc`cb `ssgk jhkh thc` uk` bxpbrgåfjg` cb tr`o`dah qub j`r`jtbrgz` jhkh cgvbrsgj`c`, bfidho`fc bfid ho`fch h rbnbrgr ibfbrgj`kbftb `diuk` bxpbrgåfjg` prhssghf`d k`gs sgifgj`v` . Cbst`jh h n`jth cb tbr `gfc` bxpbrgåfjg` rbnbrgr ibfbrgj`kbftb `diuk` bxpbrgåfjg` prhssghf`d k`gs sgifgj`v` .
Jgc`c`fg` b Bkprbi`ogdgc`cb
NH_K@ÉÊH JHK]DBKBFS@_5 JB:J
Jhfsgcbrh-kb uk` pbssh` jhk j`p`jgc`cb cb `ssukgr cbs`hs b qub prhjur` ` cgvbrsgj`éêh c`s su`s `jvgc`cbs prhssghf`gs. Sbfah ` cbst`j`r h n`jth cb tbr j`p`jgc`cb cb tr`o`dah qubr bk bqugp` qubr gfcgvgcu`dkbftb, obk jhkh j`p`jgc`cb cb pd`fb`kbfth cb gfgjg`v`s vàrg`s.
Ihst`rg` cb `ssukgr ` kgfa` cgsphfgogdgc`cb p`r` uk` bvbftu`d bftrbvgst`.
Jbrth cb qub h kbu J^ kbrbjbrà ` vhss` kbdahr `tbféêh, suosjrbvh-kb jhk hs kbdahrbs jukprgkbfths
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@fbxh5 Jurrëjudh
_bqubrgkbfth Fhkb ch ]rbsgcbftb/Jhkgssêh cb Eõrg Khr`c` Jhkpdbt` Júcgih ]hst`d, Dhj`dgc`cb
_bqubrgkbfth Fhkb Jhkpdbth, phrtuiubs`,
phr phrt`c t`chr hr ch Ogdab Ogdabtb tb cb Gcb Gcbftg ftgc`c c`cbb f.µ QQQQQ b Jhf Jhftrg trgoug ougftb ftb f.µ QQQQQ , f`jghf`dgc`cb
jh jhk k rbsg rbsgcå cåfj fjg` g` bk Khr`c` Jhkpdbt`, Júcgih ]hst`d, Dhj`dgc`cb , tbfch jhkh a`ogdgt`éòbs
bsjhd`rbs fëvbd cb bfsgfh b bxpbrgåfjg` prhngssghf`d bk rbnbrgr sgftbj`kbftb ` bxpbrgåfjg` prhssghf`d k`gs sgifgj`v` p`r` h qub bst`khs ` jhfjhrrbr , vbk cbstb khch rbqubrbr ` ^hss` Bxjbdåfjg` ` `ckgssêh `h Jhfjursh p`r` rbjrut`kbfth cb jhdhj`r ` cbsjrgéêh c` nuféêh , t`d jhkh puodgj`ch fh Ehrf`d jhdhj`r h fhkb ch Ehrf`d, h f.µ cb bcgéêh b ` c`t` .
K`gs sb gfnhrk` qub h rbqubrbftb phssug bxpbrgåfjg` cb tr`o`dah r bnbrgr bnbrgr
hutr`s bxpbrgåfjg`s prhssghf`gs rbdbv`ftbs .
]bcb Cbnbrgkbfth Dhj`dgc`cb, cg` cb Kås cb @fh
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Jgc`c`fg` b Bkprbi`ogdgc`cb
NH_K@ÉÊH JHK]DBKBFS@_5 JB:J
@ssgf`tur`
@fbxhs
Jgc`c`fg` b Bkprbi`ogdgc`cb
NH_K@ÉÊH JHK]DBKBFS@_5 JB:J
@fbxh 0 Jurrëjudh Burhp`ss
Jgc`c`fg` b Bkprbi`ogdgc`cb
NH_K@ÉÊH JHK]DBKBFS@_5 JB:J
@fbxh ? Bstrutur` cb `phgh p`r` bd`ohr`éêh ch Jurrëjudh
Jgc`c`fg` b Bkprbi`ogdgc`cb
NH_K@ÉÊH JHK]DBKBFS@_5 JB:J
Gfnhrk`éêh ]bssh`d
0 @pbdgch(s) Gfcgqub h(s) sbu(s) `pbdgch(s), phr bx. KH_BG_@, bk jhfnhrkgc`cb jhk `s rbir`s bk vgihr fh sbu p`ës. Zb tgvbr vàrghs `pbdgchs, jhkbjb pbdh qub utgdgz` fhrk`dkbftb.
Fhkb(s) Gfcgqub h(s) sbu(s) fhkb(s) prúprgh(s), phr bx. @ftúfgh ]bcrh, bk jhfnhrkgc`cb jhk `s rbir`s bk vgihr fh sbu p`ës. Zb tgvbr vàrghs fhkbs prúprghs, jhkbjb pbdh qub utgdgz` fhrk`dkbftb. fhrk`dkbftb.
C`t` cb F`sjgkbfth Gfsjrbv` ` su` c`t` cb f`sjgkbfth (cc/kk/````), (cc/kk/````), phr bx.5 =?.=3.07>:
Khr`c`5
_u`/Fõkbrh Júcgih ]hst`d
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Jgc`cb ]`ës Sbdbnhfb(s)
+:20
Sbdbkúvbd
+:20
N`x
+:20
Jgc`c`fg` b Bkprbi`ogdgc`cb
NH_K@ÉÊH JHK]DBKBFS@_5 JB:J
Gfsjrbv` h(s) fõkbrh(s) cb tbdbnhfb/tbdbkúvbd p`r` h(s) qu`d(gs) cbsbe` sbr jhft`jt`ch, phr bx.5 Ngxh5+:20 ?00?:32>9 Fht`5 Gfcgj`r h fõkbrh f` su` nhrk` gftbrf`jghf`d< Jhdhj`r, `ftbs ch gfcgj`tgvh gftbrf`jghf`d ch p`ës, uk sgf`d k`gs Fht`5 Gfcgj`r «+¼ (sbk bsp`éh ` sbiugr), qub gfcgj` ` fbjbssgc`cb cb `jrbsjbft`r h gfcgj`tgvh p`r` ja`k`c`s gftbrf`jghf`gs< @pús h gfcgj`tgvh gftbrf`jghf`d ch p`ës b uk bsp`éh, h fõkbrh jhkpdbth, gfjdugfch h gfcgj`tgvh rbighf`d, sb bxgstgr.
Jhrrbgh Bdbjtrúfgjh (bk`gd) Gfsjrbv` h(s) sbu(s) bfcbrbéh(s) bdbjtrúfgjh(s), bspbjgngj`fch sb sb tr`t` cb uk bfcbrbéh p`rtgjud`r hu prhngssghf`d, phr bx.5 pkhrbgr`Mwa`hh.jhk pkhrbgr`Mwa`hh.jhk
F`jghf`dgc`cb Bkprbih ]rbtbfcgch Bspbjgngqub qu`d h tr`o`dah (phsth) ` qub sb j`fcgc`t` hu ` su` àrb` cb jhkpbtåfjg`, phr bx.5 @ckgfgstr`chr cb o`sbs cb c`chs / ]`stbdbgrh / J`obdbgrbgr`. Bst` gfnhrk`éêh nhrfbjb uk` pbrspbjtgv` ibr`d shorb h sbu pbrngd, jbftr`fch-sb shorb `s su`s jhkpbtåfjg`s-ja`vb. jhkpbtåfjg`s-ja`vb.
?
Bxpbrgåfjg` ]rhngssghf`d
prhngssg hf`d qub tbvb. Hs j`kphs qub sb sbiubk rbpbtbk-sb p`r` j`c` bxpbrgåfjg` prhngssghf`d Cb
`
Nuféêh hu j`rih hjup`ch5
Gfcg Gfcgqu qubb ` nu nufé féêh êh hu j`ri j`rihh hj hjup up`c `ch, h, ph phrr bx bx.5 .5 Kbjïfgjh cb `uthkúvbgs `uthkúvbgs hu Sç Sçjf jfgj gjh h cb k`fu k`futb tbfé féêh êh hu _bjbpjghfgst`
]rgfjgp`gs `jtgvgc`cbs b rbsphfs`ogdgc`cbs5
Gfcgqub Gfcgq ub `s su`s nuféòbs nuféòbs cbsbkpbfa`c cbsbkpbfa`c`s `s b ir`u cb rbsphfs` rbsphfs`ogdgc` ogdgc`cb, cb, phr bx.5 K`futbféêh cb jhkput`chrbs jhkput`chrbs hu _bd`éêh jhk nhrfbjbchrbs nhrfbjbchrbs hu K`futbféêh cb p`rqubs b e`rcgfs. e`rcgfs. J`sh J`sh fb fbjbs jbssàr sàrgh, gh, qu`ftg qu`ftgngq ngqub ub `s su su`s `s rbsphfs`ogdgc`cbss (pbrjbft`ibk cb tbkph cb tr`o`dah, cur`éêh c`s nuféòbs). rbsphfs`ogdgc`cb
Jgc`c`fg` b Bkprbi`ogdgc`cb
NH_K@ÉÊH JHK]DBKBFS@_5 JB:J
J`r`jtbrgz`éêh c` Bftgc`cb Bkprbi`chr`
Fhkb c` Bkprbs`/Hri`fgskh Khr`c`5
_u`/Fõkbrh Júcgih ]hst`d Jgc`cb
-
]`ës Sgph cb Bkprbs` hu sbjthr
Gfcgqub h tgph hu sbjthr cb `jtgvgc`cbs c` bftgc`cb bkprbi`chr`, phr bx.5 Sr`fsphrtb b dhiëstgj` dhiëstgj` hu I`ogfbtb cb `ucgthrg` ngf`fjbgr` hu ngf`fjbgr` hu N`orgjh N`orgjh cb pbé`s `uthkúvbgs
:
Bcuj`éêh b Nhrk`éêh
Hs j`kphs qub sb sbiubk rbpbtbk-sb p`r` j`c` jursh cb nhrk`éêh qub tgrhu b p`r` h fëvbd bsjhd`r qub phssug. Cb
`
Cbsgif`éêh c` qu`dgngj`éêh `trgouëc`
Jgc`c`fg` b Bkprbi`ogdgc`cb
NH_K@ÉÊH JHK]DBKBFS@_5 JB:J
Cbsjrbv` ` cbsgif`éêh bx`jt` ch jbrtgngj`ch hu cgpdhk` hotgch, phr bx.5 Pu`dgngj`éêh prhngssghf`d f`jghf`d cb fëvbd ?5 Zbrvg Zbrvgéh éh cb ]` ]`c`r c`rg`. g`. Bv Bvgtb gtb h bkprb bkprbih ih cb `orbvg `orbvg`tu `tur`s r`s gshd`c gshd`c`k `kbft bftbb (bx. (bx. DDK), DDK), sho pb pbf` f` c` gfnhrk gfnhrk`éê `éêhh fê fêhh sbr pbrjbptëvbd ` qubk ` då.
]rgfjgp`gs cgsjgpdgf`s/jhkpbtåfjg`s prhngssghf`gs
@prbsbftb uk rbsukh c`s cgsjgpdgf`s cgsjgpdgf`s hu jhkpbtåfjg`s jhkpbtåfjg`s prhngssghf`gs prgfjgp`gs dbjjghf`c`s dbjjghf`c`s fh bfsgfh hu nhrk`éêh jhrrbsphfcbftb jhrrbsphfcbf tb rb`irup`fch-`s, j`sh fbjbssàrgh, p`r` bnbgths cb jhfjgsêh, phr bx.5 - Chkëfgh ibr`d5 ibr`d5 ]hrtuiuås, k`tbkàtgj`, dëfiu` bstr`fibgr` (gfidås) Cbsphrth b Bcuj`éêh Nësgj` - Chkëfgh prhngssghf`d5 prhngssghf`d 5 nhrk`éêh bk jhftbxth cb tr`o`dah (n`orgjh cb pêh cb thchs hs tgphs b p`stbd`rg`) jgåfjg`s `pdgj`c`s í `dgkbft`éêh b `hs bqugp`kbfths (kgjrhoghdhig`, oghquëkgj`, agigbfb) tbjfhdhig` prhngssghf`d (k`tçrg`s prgk`s, agigbfb b sbiur`fé`) jhfabjgkbfth jhfabjgkbfth c` bkprbs` bkprbs` b ch sbu `kogbftb bjhfúkgjh, bjhfúkgjh, eurëcgjh b shjg`d. shjg`d.
J`r`jtbrgz`éêh c` Hri`fgz`éêh cb bfsgfh hu cb nhrk`éêh
Fhkb c` Gfstgtugéêh cb Bfsgfh
Gfcgqub ` cbsgif`éêh cb bst`obdbjgkbfth nrbqubft`ch, phr bx.5 Jbftrh cb Nhrk`éêh ]rhngssghf`d ]rhngssghf`d cb Z`ftg`ih ch J`jçk
Sgph cb Gfstgtugéêh
Gfcgqub h tgph cb bst`obdbjgkbfth nrbqubft`ch, nrbqubft`ch, phr bx.5 Jbftrh cb Nhrk`éêh ]rhngssghf`d
Khr`c`5
_u`/Fõkbrh Júcgih ]hst`d Jgc`cb Jgc`c`fg` b Bkprbi`ogdgc`cb
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NH_K@ÉÊH JHK]DBKBFS@_5 JB:J
]`ës Fëvbd cb bstuchs f` jd`ssgngj`éêh f`jghf`d hu gftbrf`jghf`d
J`sh h jbrtgngj`ch/cgpdhk` jhrrbsphfc` ` uk` jd`ssgngj`éêh f`jghf`d hu gftbrf`jghf`d bxgstbftb, gfcgqub bx`jt`kbftb ` jd`ssgngj`éêh f`jghf`d (jd`ssgngj`éêh (jd`ssgngj`éêh f`jghf`d, GZJBC, btj.), phr bx.5. GZJBC 3 < Fëvbd GG. GZJBC ‚ Gftbrf`tghf`d Zt`fc`rc Jd`ssgngj`tghf hn Bcuj`tghf
Àrb` cb bcuj`éêh
Jgc`c`fg` b Bkprbi`ogdgc`cb
NH_K@ÉÊH JHK]DBKBFS@_5 JB:J
3
Jhfabjgkbfth cb Gcghk`s
Dëfiu`(s) K`tbrf`(s) Gfcgqub `(s) su`(s) dëfiu`(s) k`tbrf`(s), phr bx.5 ]hrtuiuås. J`sh tbfa` jrbsjgch fuk `kogbftb kudtgdgfiub b sb jhfsgcbr` qub phssug giu`d fëvbd cb jhkpbtåfjg` bk cu`s hu k`gs dëfiu`s, gfcgqub-`s jhkh sbfch prgkbgr`s dëfiu`s.
jhfabjgkbfths fabjgkbfths Hutr`s Dëfiu`s ‚ bstb j`kph rbpbtb-sb p`r` j`c` dëfiu` bstr`fibgr` c` qu`d tbk jh Dëfiu`
Jhkprbbfsêh Hr`d Jhkprbbfcb r Dbgtur`
Rtgdgz`chr Oàsgjh @0 Rtgdgz`chr Oàsgjh @0 Rtgdgz`chr Oàsgjh @0 Rtgdgz`chr Oàsgjh @0
Gftbr`jéêh Hr`d N`d`r ]rhcuéêh Hr`d
Bsjrbvbr
Rtgdgz`chr Oàsgjh @0 Rtgdgz`chr Oàsgjh @0 Rtgdgz`chr Oàsgjh @0 Rtgdgz`chr Oàsgjh @0
Rtgdgz`chr Oàsgjh @0 Rtgdgz`chr Oàsgjh @0
Jhkprbbfcbr
Jgc`c`fg` b Bkprbi`ogdgc`cb
Rtgdgz`chr Gfcbpbfcbftb O0 Rtgdgz`chr Gfcbpbfcbftb O? Rtgdgz`chr Gfcbpbfcbftb O0 Rtgdgz`chr Gfcbpbfcbftb O? Rtgdgz`chr Gfcbpbfcbftb O0 Rtgdgz`chr Gfcbpbfcbftb O? Rtgdgz`chr Gfcbpbfcbftb O0 Rtgdgz`chr Gfcbpbfcbftb O? Rtgdgz`chr Gfcbpbfcbftb O0 Rtgdgz`chr Gfcbpbfcbftb O?
Rtgdgz`chr @v`fé`ch J0 Rtgdgz`chr @v`fé`ch J? Rtgdgz`chr @v`fé`ch J0 Rtgdgz`chr @v`fé`ch J? Rtgdgz`chr @v`fé`ch J0 Rtgdgz`chr @v`fé`ch J? Rtgdgz`chr @v`fé`ch J0 Rtgdgz`chr @v`fé`ch J?
Rtgdgz`chr @v`fé`ch J0 Rtgdgz`chr @v`fé`ch J?
NH_K@ÉÊH JHK]DBKBFS@_5 JB:J
Jhkprbbfsêh hr`d @0 @055 Zhu j`p`z cb rbjhfabjbr p`d`vr`s b bxprbssòbs sgkpdbs cb ush jhrrbftb rbd`tgv`s ` kgk prúprgh, í kgfa` n`këdg` b `hs jhftbxths jhftbxths bk qub bsthu bsthu gfsbrgch, qu`fch qu`fch kb n`d`k cb nhrk` nhrk` jd`r` b p`us`c`. p`us`c`. @?55 Zhu j`p`z cb jhkprbbfcbr bxprbssòbs b vhj`oudàrgh cb ush k`gs nrbqubftb rbd`jghf`ch jhk `spbjths cb @? gftbrbssb pbssh`d jhkh, phr bxbkpdh, n`këdg`, jhkpr`s, tr`o`dah b kbgh bk qub vgvh. Zhu j`p`z cb jhkprbbfcbr jhkprbbfcbr h bssbfjg`d cb uk `fõfjgh b cb kbfs`ibfs sgkpdbs, jurt`s b jd`r`s. O05 O05 Zhu j`p`z cb jhkprbbfcbr hs phfths bssbfjg`gs cb uk` sbquåfjg` n`d`c` qub gfjgc` shorb `ssufths jhrrbftbs ch tr`o`dah, c` bsjhd`, chs tbkphs dgvrbs, btj. Zhu j`p`z cb jhkprbbfcbr hs phfths prgfjgp`gs cb kugths prhir`k`s cb ràcgh b tbdbvgsêh shorb tbk`s `jtu`gs hu `ssufths cb gftbrbssb pbssh`d hu prhngssghf`d, qu`fch h cçogth c` n`d` ç rbd`tgv`kbftb dbfth b jd`rh. O?5 Zhu j`p`z O?5 j`p`z cb jhkprb jhkprbbfc bfcbr br bxp bxphsg hsgéòb éòbss dhfi`s dhfi`s b p`dbst p`dbstr`s r`s b `tç sbiugr sbiugr p`rtbs p`rtbs k`gs k`gs jhkpdb jhkpdbx`s x`s c` `riukbft`éêh, cbscb qub h tbk` kb sbe` rbd`tgv`kbftb n`kgdg`r. Jhfsgih jhkprbbfcbr ` k`ghr p`rtb chs fhtgjgàrghs b hutrhs prhir`k`s gfnhrk`tgvhs f` tbdbvgsêh. Zhu j`p`z cb jhkprbbfcbr ` k`ghr p`rtb chs ngdkbs, cbscb qub sbe` utgdgz`c` ` dëfiu` p`crêh. J055 Zhu j`p`z cb jhkprbbfcbr uk` bxphsgéêh dhfi`, kbskh qub fêh bstbe` jd`r`kbftb bstrutur`c` hu qu`fch J0 ` `rtgjud`éêh bftrb `s gcbg`s bstbe` `pbf`s gkpdëjgt`. Jhfsgih jhkprbbfcbr prhir`k`s cb tbdbvgsêh b ngdkbs sbk ir`fcb cgngjudc`cb. J?55 Fêh tbfah fbfauk` cgngjudc`cb bk jhkprbbfcbr qu`dqubr tgph cb bfufjg`ch hr`d, t`fth n`jb ` n`jb jhkh J? `tr`vçs chs kbghs cb jhkufgj`éêh, kbskh qu`fch sb n`d` cbprbss`, í vbdhjgc`cb chs n`d`ftbs f`tgvhs, sbfch `pbf`s fbjbssàrgh `diuk tbkph p`r` kb n`kgdg`rgz`r jhk h sht`qub.
Jhkprbbfcbr Dbgtur` @05 Zhu j`p`z cb jhkprbbfcbr fhkbs jhfabjgchs, p`d`vr`s b nr`sbs kugth sgkpdbs, phr bxbkpdh, bk `vgshs, @05 j`rt`zbs hu nhdabths. @?5Zhu @?5Zhu j`p`z cb dbr tbxths jurths b sgkpdbs. Zhu j`p`z cb bfjhftr`r uk` gfnhrk`éêh prbvgsëvbd b jhfjrbt` bk tbxths sgkpdbs cb ush jhrrbftb, phr bxbkpdh, `fõfjghs, nhdabths, bkbft`s, ahràrghs. Zhu j`p`z cb jhkprbbfcbr j`rt`s pbssh`gs jurt`s b sgkpdbs. O05Zhu 5Zhu j`p`z cb jhkprbbfcbr tbxths bk qub prbchkgfb uk` dgfiu`ibk jhrrbftb ch cg`-`-cg` hu rbd`jghf`c` O0 jhk h tr`o`dah. Zhu j`p`z cb jhkprbbfcbr cbsjrgéòbs cb `jhftbjgkbfths, sbftgkbfths b cbsbehs, bk j`rt`s pbssh`gs. O? O?55 Zhu j`p`z cb dbr `rtgihs b rbphrt`ibfs shorb `ssufths jhftbkphrïfbhs bk rbd`éêh `hs qu`gs hs `uthrbs `chpt`k cbtbrkgf`c`s `tgtucbs hu phfths cb vgst` p`rtgjud`rbs. Zhu j`p`z cb jhkprbbfcbr tbxths dgtbràrghs jhftbkphrïfbhs bk prhs`. J055 Zhu j`p`z cb jhkprbbfcbr tbxths dhfihs b jhkpdbxhs, dgtbràrghs b fêh dgtbràrghs, b cgstgfiugr bstgdhs. Zhu J0 j`p`z cb jhkprbbfcbr `rtgihs bspbjg`dgz`chs b gfstruéòbs tçjfgj`s dhfi`s, kbskh qu`fch fêh sb rbd`jghf`k jhk ` kgfa` àrb` cb jhfabjgkbfth. J? J?55 Zhu j`p`z cb dbr jhk n`jgdgc`cb pr`tgj`kbftb thc`s `s nhrk`s cb tbxth bsjrgth, gfjdugfch tbxths k`gs `ostr`jths `ostr `jths,, dgfiuëstgj` dgfiuëstgj` hu bstrutur bstrutur`dkb `dkbftb ftb jhkpdbxhs jhkpdbxhs,, t`gs jhkh k`fu`gs, k`fu`gs, `rtgihs `rtgihs bspbjg`dgz bspbjg`dgz`chs `chs b hor`s hor`s dgtbràrg`s.
N`d`r Gftbr`jéêh hr`d @05 @05 Zhu j`p`z cb jhkufgj`r cb nhrk` sgkpdbs, cbscb qub h kbu gftbrdhjuthr sb cgsphfa` ` rbpbtgr hu cgzbr phr hutr`s p`d`vr`s, fuk rgtkh k`gs dbfth, b kb `eucb ` nhrkud`r `qugdh qub bu ihst`rg` cb cgzbr. Zhu j`p`z cb pbriuft`r b cb rbsphfcbr ` pbriuft`s sgkpdbs shorb `ssufths jhfabjgchs hu rbd`tgvhs ` àrb`s cb fbjbssgc`cb gkbcg`t`. @?5 @?5 Zhu j`p`z cb jhkufgj`r bk sgtu`éòbs sgkpdbs, cb rhtgf` ch cg`-`-cg`, shorb `ssufths b `jtgvgc`cbs a`ogtu`gs qub bxge`k `pbf`s uk` trhj` cb gfnhrk`éêh sgkpdbs b cgrbjt`. Zhu j`p`z cb p`rtgjgp`r bk orbvbs trhj`s cb p`d`vr`s, `pbs`r cb fêh jhkprbbfcbr h sungjgbftb p`r` k`ftbr ` jhfvbrs`. O0 O055 Zhu j`p`z cb dgc`r jhk ` k`ghr p`rtb c`s sgtu`éòbs qub phcbk surigr cur`ftb uk` vg`ibk ` uk dhj`d hfcb ` dëfiu` ç n`d`c`. Jhfsgih bftr`r, sbk prbp`r`éêh prçvg`, fuk` jhfvbrs` shorb `ssufths jhfabjgchs, cb gftbrbssb pbssh`d hu pbrtgfbftbs p`r` h cg`-`-cg` (phr bxbkpdh, n`këdg`, p`ss`tbkphs, tr`o`dah, vg`ibfs b `ssufths c` `jtu`dgc`cb).
O?55 Zhu j`p`z cb jhfvbrs`r jhk ` nduåfjg` b bsphft`fbgc`cb sungjgbftbs p`r` thrf`r phssëvbd ` gftbr`jéêh O? fhrk`d jhk n`d`ftbs f`tgvhs. fhrk`d f`tgvhs. ]hssh ]hssh thk`r thk`r p`rtb p`rtb `jtgv` fuk` cgsjussêh cgsjussêh qub tbfa` dui`r bk jhftbxths jhftbxths jhfabjgchs, `prbsbft`fch `prbsbft`fch b cbnbfcbfch hs kbus phfths cb vgst`.
Jgc`c`fg` b Bkprbi`ogdgc`cb
NH_K@ÉÊH JHK]DBKBFS@_5 JB:J
J0 J055 Zhu j`p`z cb kb bxprgkgr cb nhrk` bsphftïfb` b ndubftb, sbk cgngjudc`cb `p`rbftb bk bfjhftr`r `s bxprbs bxp rbssòb sòbss `cb `cbqu` qu`c`s c`s.. Zhu j`p`z cb utgdgz utgdgz`r `r ` dëfiu` dëfiu` cb k`fbgr k`fbgr`` ndb ndbxëv xëvbd bd b bng bngj`z j`z p`r p`r`` ngfs ngfs sh shjg` jg`gs gs b prhngssghf`gs. Nhrkudh Nhrkudh gcbg`s b hpgfgòbs hpgfgòbs jhk prbjgsêh prbjgsêh b `cbquh h kbu cgsjursh `h chs kbus gftbrdhjuthrbs. gftbrdhjuthrbs. J? J?55 Zhu j`p`z cb p`rtgjgp`r sbk bsnhréh bk qu`dqubr jhfvbrs` hu cgsjussêh b kbskh utgdgz`r bxprbssòbs gcghkàtgj`s b jhdhqug`gs. Zhu j`p`z cb kb bxprgkgr ndubftbkbftb b cb tr`fskgtgr jhk prbjgsêh pbqubf`s cgnbrbfé`s cb sbftgch. Zbkprb qub tbfah uk prhodbk`, shu j`p`z cb vhdt`r `tràs, jhfthrf`r ` cgngjudc`cb b rbnhrkud`r, sbk qub t`d sbe` fht`ch.
N`d`r ]rhcuéêh hr`d @055 Zhu j`p`z cb utgdgz`r bxprbssòbs b nr`sbs sgkpdbs p`r` cbsjrbvbr h dhj`d hfcb vgvh b pbssh`s qub jhfabéh. @0 @?5 @?5 Zhu j`p`z cb utgdgz`r uk` sçrgb cb bxprbssòbs b nr`sbs p`r` n`d`r, cb nhrk` sgkpdbs, c` kgfa` n`këdg`, cb hutr`s pbssh`s, c`s jhfcgéòbs cb vgc`, ch kbu pbrjursh bsjhd`r b ch kbu tr`o`dah `jtu`d hu k`gs rbjbftb. O055 Zhu j`p`z cb `rtgjud`r bxprbssòbs cb nhrk` sgkpdbs p`r` cbsjrbvbr bxpbrgåfjg`s b `jhftbjgkbfths, shfahs, O0 cbsbehs b `kogéòbs. Zhu j`p`z cb bxpdgj`r hu eustgngj`r hpgfgòbs b pd`fhs. Zhu j`p`z cb jhft`r uk` agstúrg`, cb rbd`t`r h bfrbch cb uk dgvrh hu cb uk ngdkb b cb cbsjrbvbr `s kgfa`s rb`jéòb rb`jéòbs. s. O? O?55 Zhu j`p`z cb kb bxprgkgr cb nhrk` jd`r` b cbt`da`c` shorb uk` v`st` i`k` cb `ssufths rbd`jghf`chs jhk hs kbus jbftrhs cb gftbrbssb. Zhu j`p`z cb bxpdgj`r uk phfth cb vgst` shorb uk c`ch `ssufth, `prbsbft`fch `s v`ft`ibfs b cbsv`ft`ibfs cb cgnbrbftbs hpéòbs. J055 Zhu j`p`z cb `prbsbft`r cbsjrgéòbs jd`r`s b cbt`da`c`s shorb tbk`s jhkpdbxhs qub gftbirbk suotbk`s, J0 cbsbfvhdvbfch `spbjths p`rtgjud`rbs b jabi`fch ` uk` jhfjdusêh `prhprg`c`. J?55 Zhu j`p`z cb, sbk cgngjudc`cb b ndubftbkbftb ndubftbkbftb,, n`zbr uk` bxphsgéêh hr`d hu cbsbfvhdvbr uk` `riukbft`éêh J? fuk bstgdh `prhprg`ch `h jhftbxth b jhk uk` bstrutur` dúigj` t`d qub `eucb h kbu gftbrdhjuthr ` gcbftgngj`r b ` kbkhrgz`r hs `spbjths k`gs gkphrt`ftbs.
Bsjrbvbr @05 Zhu j`p`z cb bsjrbvbr uk phst`d sgkpdbs b jurth, phr bxbkpdh, f` `dtur` cb nçrg`s. Zhu j`p`z cb prbbfjabr @05 uk` ngja` jhk c`chs pbssh`gs, phr bxbkpdh, fuk ahtbd, jhk fhkb, khr`c`, f`jghf`dgc`cb. @?5 @?5 Zhu j`p`z cb bsjrbvbr fht`s b kbfs`ibfs jurt`s b sgkpdbs shorb `ssufths cb fbjbssgc`cb gkbcg`t`. Zhu j`p`z cb bsjrbvbr uk` j`rt` pbssh`d kugth sgkpdbs, phr bxbkpdh, p`r` `ir`cbjbr `diuk` jhgs` ` `diuçk. O05 O05 Zhu j`p`z cb bsjrbvbr uk tbxth `rtgjud`ch cb nhrk` sgkpdbs shorb `ssufths jhfabjgchs hu cb gftbrbssb pbssh`d. Zhu j`p`z j`p`z cb bsjrbvbr j`rt`s j`rt`s pbssh`gs p`r` p`r` cbsjrbvbr bxpbrgåfjg`s bxpbrgåfjg`s b gkprbssòbs. gkprbssòbs. O? O?55 Zhu j`p`z cb bsjrbvbr uk tbxth jd`rh b phrkbfhrgz`ch shorb uk` v`st` i`k` cb `ssufths rbd`jghf`chs jhk hs kb kbus us jbftr jbftrhs hs cb gftbrb gftbrbss ssb. b. Zh Zhu u j`p j`p`z `z cb rbcgig rbcgigrr uk tbxth tbxth bxphsg bxphsgtgv tgvhh hu uk rb rbd`t d`túr úrgh, gh, tr`fsk tr`fskgtg gtgfch fch gfnhrk`éêh hu `prbsbft`fch r`zòbs ` n`vhr hu jhftr` uk cbtbrkgf`ch phfth cb vgst`. Jhfsgih bsjrbvbr j`rt`s bvgcbfjg`fch h sgifgngj`ch qub cbtbrkgf`chs `jhftbjgkbfths `jhftbjgkbfths hu bxpbrgåfjg`s tåk p`r` kgk. J0 J055 Zhu j`p`z cb kb bxprgkgr cb nhrk` jd`r` b obk bstrutur`c`, `prbsbft`fch `prbsbft`fch hs kbus phfths cb vgst` jhk uk jbrth ir`u cb bd`ohr`éêh. Zhu j`p`z cb bsjrbvbr j`rt`s, jhkufgj`éòbs hu rbd`túrghs shorb `ssufths jhkpdbxhs, phfch bk bvgcåfjg` hs `spbjths qub jhfsgcbrh k`gs gkphrt`ftbs. Zhu j`p`z cb bsjrbvbr fh bstgdh qub jhfsgcbrh `prhprg`ch p`r` h dbgthr qub tbfah bk kbftb. J? J?55 Zhu j`p`z cb bsjrbvbr tbxths fuk bstgdh ndubftb b `prhprg`ch. Zhu j`p`z cb rbcgigr cb nhrk` bstrutur`c` j`rt`s jhkpdbx`s, rbd`túrghs hu `rtgihs qub `prbsbftbk uk j`sh jhk uk` t`d bstrutur` dúigj` qub `eucb h dbgthr ` `pbrjbobr-sb chs phfths bssbfjg`gs b ` kbkhrgzà-dhs. Zhu j`p`z cb n`zbr rbsukhs b rbjbfsòbs cb hor`s dgtbràrg`s b cb ïkogth prhngssghf`d.
Jgc`c`fg` b Bkprbi`ogdgc`cb
NH_K@ÉÊH JHK]DBKBFS@_5 JB:J
2
@ptgcòbs b Jhkpbtåfj Jhkpbtåfjg`s g`s ]bssh`gs
@ptgcòbs b Jhkpbtåfjg`s Zhjg`gs
]hr `ptgcòbs b jhkpbtåfjg`s shjg`gs bftbfcb-sb ` j`p`jgc`cb cb vgvbr b tr`o`da`r jhk hutr`s pbssh`s, fh ïkogth cb phsths cb tr`o`dah hfcb ` jhkufgj`éêh ç gkphrt`ftb, bk sgtu`éòbs hfcb h bspërgth cb bqugp` ç nufc`kbft`d, bk `kogbftbs gftbrjudtur`gs, bftrb hutrhs. Cbsjrbv` `s su`s `ptgcòbs b jhkpbtåfjg`s shjg`gs, phr bx.5 - Bspërgth cb bqugp`< - J`p`jgc`cb cb `c`pt`éêh ` `kogbftbs kudtgjudtur`gs, `cqugrgc` f` kgfa` bxpbrgåfjg` cb tr`o`dah fh bstr`fibgrh< - Oh` j`p`jgc`cb cb jhkufgj`éêh `cqugrgc` `tr`vçs c` kgfa` bxpbrgåfjg` jhkh ibsthr cb vbfc`s. ]rbjgsb bk qub jhftbxth nhr`k `cqugrgc`s (nhrk`éêh, jhftbxth prhngssghf`d, sbkgfàrghs, vgc` `sshjg`tgv`, `jtgvgc`cbs rbjrb`tgv`s, bftrb hutrhs).
@ptgcòbs b Jhkpbtåfjg`s cb Hri`fgz`éêh
]hr `ptgcòbs b jhkpbtåfjg`s cb hri`fgz`éêh bftbfcb-sb ` j`p`jgc`cb cb jhhrcbf`r b ibrgr prhebjths hu hré`kbfths, bk jhftbxth prhngssghf`d, bk `jtgvgc`cbs cb shdgc`rgbc`cb shjg`d (phr bx. f` judtur` b fh cbsphrth), obk jhkh f` bsnbr` prgv`c`. Cbsjrbv` `s su`s `ptgcòbs b jhkpbtåfjg`s cb hri`fgz`éêh, phr bx.5 - J`p`jgc`cb cb dgcbr`fé` (`jtu`dkbftb, cgrgeh uk` bqugp` cb 0= pbssh`s)< - Zbftgch cb hri`fgz`éêh (bxpbrgåfjg` bk dhiëstgj`)< - J`p`jgc`cb cb ibstêh cb prhebjths b cb bqugp`s. ]rbjgsb bk qub jhftbxth nhr`k `cqugrgc`s.
Jgc`c`fg` b Bkprbi`ogdgc`cb
NH_K@ÉÊH JHK]DBKBFS@_5 JB:J
@ptgcòbs b Jhkpbtåfjg`s Sçjfgj`s
]hr `ptgcòbs b jhkpbtåfjg`s tçjfgj`s bftbfcb-sb h chkëfgh cb bqugp`kbfths hu kàqugf`s bspbjëngj`s (fêh gfnhrkàtgjhs), hu `s `ptgcòbs b jhkpbtåfjg`s cb j`ràjtbr tçjfgjh `cqugrgc`s fuk` àrb` bspbjëngj` (gfcõstrg` tr`fsnhrk`chr`, sbjthr c` s`õcb, sbjthr o`fjàrgh). Cbsjrbv` `s su`s `ptgcòbs b jhkpbtåfjg`s tçjfgj`s, phr bx.5 - Gkpdbkbft`éêh cb prhjbsshs cb jhftrhdh c` qu`dgc`cb (nug rbsphfsàvbd pbd` `ucgthrg` c` qu`dgc`cb fh kbu cbp`rt`kbfth). ]rbjgsb bk qub jhftbxth nhr`k `cqugrgc`s.
@ptgcòbs b Jhkpbtåfjg`s Gfnhrkàtgj`s
@s `ptgcòbs b jhkpbtåfjg`s gfnhrkàtgj`s `or`fibk h shntw`rb cb tr`t`kbfth cb tbxth b hutrhs (jhfsudt` cb o`sbs cb c`chs, f`vbi`éêh f` Gftbrfbt, jhkpbtåfjg`s `v`fé`c`s - prhir`k`éêh, btj.). Cb Cbsjr sjrbv` bv` `s su`s su`s `pt `ptgcò gcòbs bs b jhkpbt jhkpbtåfj åfjg`s g`s gfnhrk gfnhrkàtg àtgj`s j`s,, phr bx. bx.55 - Chkëf Chkëfgh gh ch shntw` shntw`rb rb Hnngjb Hnngjb (Yhrc, (Yhrc, Bxjbd Bxjbd b ]hwbr]hgft)< - Jhfabjgkbfths oàsgjhs c`s `pdgj`éòbs iràngj`s (@chob Gddustr`thr, ]ahthZahp). ]rbjgsb bk qub jhftbxth nhr`k `cqugrgc`s.
@ptgcòbs b Jhkpbtåfjg`s @rtëstgj`s
Gfcgqub `s su`s `ptgcòbs b jhkpbtåfjg`s `rtëstgj`s qub rbprbsbftb rbprbsbftbk k uk` v`ft`ibk (kõsgj`, bsjrgt`, cbsbfah, nhthir`ng`, bftrb hutrhs). ]rbjgsb bk qub jhftbxth nhr`k `cqugrgc`s.
Hutr`s Jhkpbtåfjg`s
Jgc`c`fg` b Bkprbi`ogdgc`cb
NH_K@ÉÊH JHK]DBKBFS@_5 JB:J
Gfcgqub hutr`s Gfcgqub hutr`s `ptgcòbs `ptgcòbs b jhkpbtåfj jhkpbtåfjg`s g`s susjbptëv susjbptëvbgs bgs cb rbprbsbf rbprbsbft`r t`r uk n`jthr n`jthr prbnbrbf prbnbrbfjg`d jg`d (ahoogbs, (ahoogbs, cbsphrth, cbsphrth, rbsphfs`ogdgc`cbss `sshjg`tgv`s, btj.) qub fêh tbfa`k sgch rbnbrgc`s f`s ruorgj`s `ftbrghrbs rbsphfs`ogdgc`cb
J`rt` cb Jhfcuéêh
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Gfnhrk`éêh @cgjghf`d
Gfnhrk`éêh @cgjghf`d
Gfcgqub fbst` ruorgj` qu`gsqubr gfnhrk`éòbs qub jhfsgcbrb cb utgdgc`cb, phr bx. hor`s puodgj`c`s hu tr`o`dahs cb gfvbstgi`éêh, uk` hri`fgz`éêh prhngssghf`d, sgtu`éêh kgdgt`r, h bst`ch jgvgd (sb pbrtgfbftb), pbssh`s cb jhft`jth hu cb kbkorh rbnbråfjg`cb(fhkb, prhngssêh b bdbkbfths cb jhft`jth).
Jgc`c`fg` b Bkprbi`ogdgc`cb
NH_K@ÉÊH JHK]DBKBFS@_5 JB:J
@fbxhs
Bfukbrb hs chjukbfths bvbftu`dkbftb `fbx`chs `h J^, phr bx.5 Júpg`s chs cgpdhk`s b jbrtgngj`chs, gfjdugfch hs jbrtgngj`chs cb nrbquåfjg` cb jurshs cb nhrk`éêh qub fêh sêh ahkhdhi`chs phr cgpdhk`s< Jbrtgngj`chs cb tr`o`dah hu cb bstàigh< Hor`s puodgj`c`s hu tr`o`dahs cb gfvbstgi`éêh, bftrb hutrhs.
Jgc`c`fg` b Bkprbi`ogdgc`cb
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