Construction Site Safety

REPORT TYPE : INFORMATIVE

CONSTRUCTION SITE SAFETY

THIRD YEAR CIVIL(SHIFT-I) : BATCH SUBMITTED TO : GAVAI SIR SUBMITTED ON : 22ND SEPTEMBER 2014

MGM COLLEGE OF ENGG. AND TECHNOLOGY, KAMOTHE PANVEL, NAVIMUMBAI - 410209

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TITLE PAGE

TITLE PAGE

Sr No.

Member’s Name

1.

Mayur Dhadwad

2.

Tejas Kamble

3.

Shivprasad Lonare

4.

Atul Mishra

5.

Abhinav Nakhawa

Signature

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6

Jagdish Vishe

7.

Akshay Waim

8.

Amekato Zhimomi

9.

Atul Zore

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Forwarding Letter MGM College of Engg & Tech, TE Civil(I Shift), Kamothe,Navi Mumbai-410209 Dated:22-9-2014 To, Mr. Gawai, Head Of Department, Business Communication Engineering.

Subject: Proposal for undertaking …………….. Respected Madam, I am glad to forward herewith a proposal.The report is proposed to be completed over a period of 1 months.Mr.Abhinav Nakhawa who is working as group leader in this report will be the Report Head. I certify that this team will provide all the facilities and research work for the completion of the report as follows: The Report Head will continue to work in the group till the completion of the report. In case the Report Head leaves without completing the report, the group will take full responsibility to complete the report as per the existing terms and conditions. The group members will take full responsibility for monitoring the progress of the report, sending progress reports and utilisation certificates, etc. and ensuring proper and timely implementation.

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Yours faithfully, TE/CE

PREFACE The Construction Site Safety Project provides a framework for managing site safety,with an analysis of the statutory provisions and contractual requirements relevant to managing safety from the perspectives ofthe client and his representative, the designer, the contractor and various professionals in the safety supply chain. The Manual attempts to relate the safety management responsibilities with the management structure of the Buildings Authority’s Site Supervision Plan that is also applicable to private sector projects. It is intended to serve as a handy reference to frontline management teams in managing certain critical and accident-prone site safety issues. By drawing on past accidentcases, good and bad trade practices, the Handbook aims to provide a basic framework for those who have direct influence over safety performance, with some useful pointers for continuous improvement. A Practical Guide to Construction Site Safety Management takes the safety management issues to the forefront. It is intended to help clients or their representatives monitor the safety performance of their contractors, implement the concept of construction design and management (CDM) and protect the safety and health of the employees assigned to work on the contractor’s sites. It will also help to equip contractors and their management teams with the necessary skills to run an effective safety management system.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Pg no I. II.

Introduction……………………………………………………………………………6 Contents………………………………………………………………………………..7

1. Construction site safety…………… …………………………………………….....(7-12) 1.1. Few facts………………...……………………. …………………………………...7 1.2. Classification of accidents………………………. …………………………………9 1.3. Role of various agencies……………………………………………………………11 2. Construction Accidents…….…………………………………………………… (13-14) 2.1. Root Causes…………. …………………………………………………………….13 2.2. Factors Affecting………….………………………. ……………………………13-14 3. Construction Hazards………………………………………………………………(15-16) 3.1. Understanding Hazards…………………………………………………………….15 3.2. Accident at works.. …………………………………………………………………16 4. Hazard Identification………………………………………………………………(17-21) 4.1. HAZID Process………………...………………………. ………………………….17 4.2. HAZID & HAZOC…………...………………………. …………………………...19 6

5. Safety Management……...…………………………………………………………(22-26) 5.1. CSMP Policy……….. ……………………………………………………………..21 5.2. Good Practices…………………………………………………………………… 25 6. Personal Protective Equipment(PPE)………………………………………….…..(27-28)

III. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………… ….29 IV. Appendix……………………………………………………………………… (30-34)

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INTRODUCTION The construction industry in India today is very large and complex, but the rapid growth has led to a shortfall in terms of safety and health aspects of the construction workers. This has happened largely due to lack of formal organizations combined with a gap in terms of suitable legislations and standards and their implementation. Accidents occurring at a construction site are usually due to a lack of communication among the various departments involved, and lack of proper inspections. The accidents may be due to the following factors: -

Collapse of building parts and masses of earth. Falling of objects and pieces of work on workers. Falls of persons from heights, ladders and stairs. Loading, unloading and transportation of loads. Working on machines. Blasting with explosives.

The major occupational diseases in constriction requiring particular attention are: -

Silicosis Lead poisoning Diseases of joints and bones Poisoning by carbon monoxide and benzene Skin diseases

Though the nature of health and safety hazards are the same in developed and developing countries, the former have made a concerted effort towards identifying the adverse occupational safety and health consequences. This involves: -

carrying out research and investigations, arranging training and educational programmes, designing appropriate safety equipment. formulating effective legislation, providing for proper medical facilities.

Occupational safety hazards A construction project involves a number of small contractors that may be lacking in terms of technical supervisors and trained workers and may resort to unsafe work practices such as : - Improper building design. - Lack of guardrails - Problems with exits. - In addition to the above, occupational safety hazards in construction may occur due to any of the following factors: - improper illumination, - improper material handling and storage, - improper walking and working surfaces, - improperly protected pen floors and high platforms, - obstructive and unclean floors and aisles, - improperly shored trenches and excavations, - badly maintained tools, 8

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improper scaffoldings, Wrongly designed ladders and stairs Unsuitable and badly maintained lifting appliances Unsafe demolition methods Insufficient protection against fire and electric hazards.

Occupational Health Hazards Occupational health hazards associated with the construction industry include various diseases, mental and physical stress, disability and injuries. The potentially damaging factors are: - Noise – this causes hearing loss and also effects the heart. - Vibration – causes Raynaud’s syndrome, a potentially damaging disease affecting the fingers. It also causes physiological orders. - Dust – this mainly affects the respiratory system. - Radiation. - Improper sanitation.

Major Construction Disasters - There are more than 9 million construction workers in India. Though the number of deaths due to construction related activity is not known, some major disasters causes a number of deaths & makes the policy makers review their entire safety programme.

1.CONSTRUCTION SITE SAFETY 1.1 FEW FACTS The villagers had become victims to the downside of the country's expansion: The danger workers face as they are thrust onto construction sites with little training and no safety equipment. Safety standards always have been an issue in India, whose building boom is helping the country maintain an economic growth of almost 9% a year. But as the number and scale of the airport, toll roads, skyscraper and mall projects increase, so the risk of tragedy rises. The number of accidents is also climbing in mining, manufacturing and brick-making as those industries expand, experts say. "It's not just worsening, it's worsening precipitously," said Colin Gonsalves, a human rights lawyer who practices in the Supreme Court in New Delhi, and specializes in labor law. Big construction companies tend to train workers and provide for safety. But the industry remains dominated by small contractors who pay little attention. 9

Virendra Nautiyal, a safety manager on a Mumbai apartment complex construction site, says he doesn't get the budget or the authority he needs to protect workers. In the past six months, one worker without a harness fell three floors and broke his collar bone; another was hospitalized after a buzzing blade detached from a saw and lodged in his head. He wasn't wearing a helmet. There are no reliable comprehensive national statistics that show the rise in workplace injuries and fatalities. Rules that require accidents to be recorded are seldom obeyed. According to statistics provided by the Ministry of Labor and Employment, 20 fatal accidents were recorded in all of India, in the year ended March 31. That number rose from 14 fatalities in 2007 and 10 in 2006. Experts say those numbers massively understate the problem and that outside of major urban centers and big projects, information isn't gathered at all. Anecdotal evidence suggests that construction deaths and injuries are increasing sharply. Emergency room doctors say they have seen more workers with broken bones, burns and other injuries. In some states, accident-compensation payments for construction workers are rising markedly. The International Labor Organization estimates there were 47,000 deaths from occupational accidents in India in 2003, the latest year for which figures are available, an increase of 17% from a year earlier. Anil Swarup, director general of Labor and Welfare at the Ministry of Labor and Employment in New Delhi said the government is "very, very concerned about it because the accidents are taking place." India has had a national law in place since 1996 that aims to ensure the welfare of construction workers. But Indian states have been slow to adopt the law and implement it, which is required for its provisions to take effect. India also faces a shortage of safety inspectors for construction sites, Mr. Swarup said. Accidents and deaths are frequently swept under the carpet. Many construction workers are casual migrant workers and often illiterate. The national government and some states have plans to compensate victims and their families. Some states pay as much as 100,000 rupees, or about $2,500, for a death. But frequently, companies silence families with an immediate, lesser payout or stonewall to prevent a claim."The employers don't want to get into the legal hassles, so they may give the construction laborer money, get him treated somewhere," said Amit Bhasin, a New Delhi lawyer who has represented construction companies in workplace-accident disputes. "The matter's just hushed up.". On the construction site, the men laid bricks from shaky bamboo scaffolding while the women and teenage children carried cement and bricks on their heads to and hand up to the men. The workers had no helmets and no harnesses.

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1.2 CLASSIFICATION OF ACCIDENTS Accidents can be grouped under the following headings: 1. According to the severity of the injury ● Major accident ● Minor accident ● Accidental hazard 2. According to the nature of the injury ● Death ● Temporary disablement ● Permanent disablement ● Partial disablement 3. According to the cause of accident ● Equipment fault 11

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Construction site falls Trench collapse Crane failure

1.3 ROLE OF VARIOUS AGENCIES IN SAFETY For ensuring safety in construction, everybody involved has to play their role effectively. However, the primary responsibility is that of management. They have to coordinate the work of different groups. The concerned groups are: 1.

Employer -The employer should hold the equipment, premises, and

the passages in such a manner that the workers can work without any hazard, and sufficient precautions have to be taken to avoid any accident. The employer should ensure that the work is supervised properly and that safety regulations are scrupulously followed. Particular attention should be taken to ensure that persons having physical or mental disorders are not employed. 2.

Workers - Workers should take all possible steps to protect their

individual safety as well as that of their coworkers. They should wear proper dress, helmets, hand gloves, etc. as required and prudent. They should be conversant with the safety regulations, especially when operating machineries. 3.

Designers - The designer should take into consideration the

relevant codes of the region when designing the structures. The quality of the materials used for fabrication should be clearly spelled out and the specifications should be written without any ambiguity. 4.

Manufacturer - The manufacturer of the equipment and

machineries should ensure that the materials used are of good quality and due care was taken in every stage of manufacture and assembling.

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2.CONSTRUCTION ACCIDENTS Accidents in the construction industry are costly in human and financial terms. The economic cost is not the only basis on which a contractor should consider construction safety. The reasons for considering safety are humanitarian concerns, economic reasons, laws and regulations, and organisational image. Cost of safety is paid by the organization either 13

through the uncontrolled cost of accidents or through the controlled cost of safety program . The uncontrolled cost of accidents includes the loss of productivity, administrative time for investigations, disruption of schedules, wages paid to the injured workers, adverse publicity, liability claims, and equipment damage. The controlled cost of safety program consists of salaries of safety, medical, and clinical personnel, expenses for safety meetings, inspections of tools and equipment, orientation sessions, site inspections, personal protective equipment, and health programs. The identification of root causes of accidents is a complex process. Accident mitigation requires a comprehensive understanding of construction process .

2.1 ROOT CAUSES Accidents are the direct results of unsafe activities and conditions, both of which can be controlled by management .Abdelhamid and Everett indicated three main root causes of accidents: failure to identify an unsafe condition that exists before or after the start of an activity, carry on a work in unsafe condition, and decide to perform regardless unsafe siteconditions. Ali et al. reveals that construction accidents happen due to unsafe acts and conditions. According to Tam et al. accidents are caused due to poor safety awareness, lack of training, lack of organizational commitment, poor technicalsupervision, uncontrolled operation, unwillingness to input resources for safety, shortage of skilled labour, unsafe equipment,lack of first aid facilities, lack of safety regulations, lack of personal protective equipment, lack of innovative technology, andpoor information system. Unsafe conditions (missing guardrails, defective tools, hazardous conditions,excessive noise, and lack of sufficient light)and unsafe behaviours (smoking at workplace, improper use of equipment, work without safety appliances, not to use protective equipment, and being in an unsafe place) are the immediate or the primary causes of accidents. Unsafeconditions and unsafe behaviours are the responsibility of management as these are developed due to the failure of management to anticipate issues like training, maintenance, instruction, and not having safe systems at workplace.The response of workers to the events which are developing unsafe conditions or unsafe acts is a logical route to accurately determine the root causes of accidents on construction sites . Abdelhamid and Everett stated that: • Workers who do not have sufficient knowledge about their jobs fail to identify possible unsafe conditions, • Workers with training and knowledge about their job but with negative attitude towards safety will never be accident free, and • Management procedures which fail to identify and remove unsafe conditions in a proactive manner cause accidents. The accident causation theories are tools for accident prevention programs [19]. Several theories like Domino theory,Multiple Causation theory, and Human Factor theory explain the occurrence of accidents. The Domino theory stated that an accident results from sequence of five dominoes (factors) standing on an edge in a line close to one another, when the firstdomino falls it strikes second which in turn knocks down third and so on. Removal of any one of first four will break thesequence and avoid the accident. Multi Causation theory stated that the contributing causes together in a random fashion resultan accident. The Human Factors theory attributes accidents to a series of events caused by human error . Management is responsible for the creation of the working environment, into which workers fit and 14

interact. Proper sitemanagement reduce hazards and accidents. Many accidents can be prevented if appropriate information is available at right time and place .

2.3 FACTORS AFFECTING In general, accidents at work place occur due to the lack of knowledge, training, supervision, means to carry out the task safely or due to an error of judgment or carelessness. Sawacha, et al. [5] suggested that historical, economical, psychological, technical, procedural, organization, and working environment are seven groups of factors that influence the performance of safety at work place. The construction safety factors influence a project to larger extent and result in human suffering, delay in project duration, and cost overruns. Dechun et al. [23] suggested that unsafe behaviour of workers is the most significant factor causing site accidents, out of 90% of all construction accidents leading to death, 70% can be prevented by positive management action. Aksorn and Hadikusumo [24] identified sixteen critical success factors (CSFs) which affect the implementation of any safety program. CSFs were grouped into four dimensions: workers’ involvement, safetyprevention and control system, safety arrangement, and management commitment. CSFs were defined as areas in which if results are satisfactory, will ensure success. CSFs were considered essential to the success of any program. A safety program can be assessed in terms of no injury to people, no damage to equipment, machines and tools, no damage to environment, no loss of market competition, no damage to company image, and increased productivity. Study revealed that CSFs can contribute to a marked improvement of safety performance. Garza et al. [25] analyzed four leading indicators of safety to give the overall picture of the safety performance of a construction project.

3.CONSTRUCTION HAZARDS What are the main hazards in construction? Among the dangers in construction are: ●

Falls from working at height,

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Crush injuries in excavation work,

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Slips and trips,

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Being struck by falling objects,

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Moving heavy loads,

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Bad working positions, often in confined spaces,

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Being struck or crushed by a workplace vehicle,

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Receiving injuries from hand tools,

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Inhalation of dust,

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Handling of rough materials,

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Exposure to dangerous substances (chemical and biological),

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Working near, in, or over water,

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Exposure to radiation,

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Loud noise,

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Vibration from tools or vibrating machinery.

3.1 ACCIDENT AT WORK Eurostat define an accident as "a discrete occurrence in the course of work which leads to physical or mental harm". ● This includes accidents in the course of work outside the premises of one's business, even if caused by a third party (on clients' premises, on another company's premises, in a public place or during transport, including road traffic accidents) and cases of acute poisoning. ● It excludes accidents on the way to or from work (commuting accidents), occurrences having only a medical origin (such as a heart attack at work) and occupational diseases.

A fatal accident at work is defined as an accident which leads to the death of a victim within one year of the accident. In practice the notification of an accident as fatal ranges from national registration procedures where the accident is registered as fatal when the victim dies during the same day (Netherlands) or within 30 days after the accident (Germany) to cases where no time limits are laid down (Belgium, Greece, France).

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4.HAZARD IDENTIFICATION Hazard identification (HAZID) and risk assessment involves a critical sequence of information gathering and the application of a decision-making process. These assist in discovering what could possibly cause a major accident (hazard identification), how likely it is that a major accident would occur and the potential consequences (risk assessment) and what options there are for preventing and mitigating a major accident

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(control measures). These activities should also assist in improving operations and productivity and reduce the occurrence of incidents and near misses. There are many different techniques for carrying out hazard identification and risk assessment at an MHF. The techniques vary in complexity and should match the circumstances of the MHF. Collaboration between management and staff is fundamental to achieving effective and efficient hazard identification and risk assessment processes.

The Regulations require the employer, in consultation with employees, to identify: a) all reasonably foreseeable hazards at the MHF that may cause a major accident; and b) the kinds of major accidents that may occur at the MHF, the likelihood of a major accident occurring and the likely consequences of a major accident.

4.1 The Importance Of Getting The Hazard Identification Right Major accidents by their nature are rare events, which may be beyond the experience of many employers. These accidents tend to be low frequency, high consequence events as illustrated in Figure 1 below. However, the circumstances or conditions that could lead to a major accident may already be present, and the risks of such incidents should be proactively identified and managed.

Figure 1: HAZID focus on rare events

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HAZID must address potentially rare events and situations to ensure the full range of major accidents and their causes. To achieve this, employers should: a) identify and challenge assumptions and existing norms of design and operation to test whether they may contain weaknesses; b) think beyond the immediate experience at the specific MHF; c) recognise that existing controls and procedures cannot always be guaranteed to work as expected; and d) learn lessons from similar organisations and businesses. Some significant challenges in carrying out an effective HAZID are: a) substantial time is needed to identify all hazards and potential major accidents and to understand the complex circumstances that typify major accidents; b) the need for a combination of expertise in HAZID techniques, knowledge of the facility and systematic tools.

4.2 Past, Present & Future Hazards To identify all hazards, the HAZID will need to consider past, present and future conditions, hazards and potential incidents. Past incidents, at the MHF or similar facilities, provide an indication of what has gone wrong in the past and what could go wrong in the future.

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A wide range of hazards and potential incidents will be present in the facility. New hazards and incidents could be created in the future as a result of planned or unplanned changes. The management of change process described in the SMS should identify new conditions during the planning of modifications or new activities. This should then trigger further HAZID studies and risk assessments, with the identification of control measures as appropriate. Figure 2 below illustrates the range of tools that can be used to identify past, present and future hazards.

Figure 2: Past, present and future hazards

4.3

Hazard identification processes and techniques

HAZID techniques ▪

The flowchart below summarises all the steps needed in a HAZID process and how those steps relate to one another.

Figure 3: HAZID process

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Examples of HAZID Techniques HAZOP Hazard and Operability Study (HAZOP) is a highly structured and detailed technique, developed primarily for application to chemical process systems. A HAZOP can generate a comprehensive understanding of the possible ‘deviations from design intent’ that may occur. However, HAZOP is less suitable for identification of hazards not related to process operations, such as mechanical integrity failures, procedural errors, or external events. HAZOP also tends to identify hazards specific to the section being assessed, while hazards related to the interactions between different sections may not be identified. Therefore, HAZOP may need to be combined with other hazard identification methods, or a modified form of HAZOP used, to overcome these limitations.

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Equipment failure case definition This method is a systematic approach to defining loss of containment events for all equipment within the study boundary. Process flow and equipment diagrams are studied systematically, and all equipment is assigned appropriate loss of containment scenarios, such as pinhole leaks, according to design, construction and operation. This form of hazard identification may be necessary for many major hazard facilities, to avoid missing potential scenarios, but is not sufficient on its own because it does not consider specific causes or circumstances. Therefore, this technique should only be used in combination with other techniques for MHF purposes.

Checklists There are many established hazard checklists which can be used to guide the identification of hazards. Checklists offer straightforward and effective ways of ensuring that basic types of events are considered. Checklists may not be sufficient on their own, as they may not cover all types of hazards, particularly facility-specific hazards, and could also suppress lateral thinking. Again, this technique should only be used in combination with other techniques for MHF purposes.

What-If Techniques This is typically a combination of the above techniques, often using a prepared set of ‘what-if’ questions on potential deviations and upsets in the facility. This approach is broader but less detailed than HAZOP.

Brainstorming Brainstorming is typically an unstructured or partially structured group process, which can be effective at identifying obscure hazards that may be overlooked by the more systematic methods.

Task Analysis This is a technique developed to address human factors, procedural errors and ‘manmachine interface’ issues. This type of hazard identification is useful for identifying potential problems relating to procedural failures, human resources, human errors, fault recognition, alarm response, etc. Task Analysis can be applied to specific jobs such as lifting operations, moving equipment off-line or to specific working environments such as control rooms. Task Analysis is particularly useful for looking at areas of a facility where there is a low fault-tolerance, or where human error can easily take a plant out of its safe operating envelope.

5.

SAFETY MANAGEMENT

Every Organisation should believe that no job or no task is more important than worker health and safety. 22

If a job represents a potential safety or health threat, every effort will be made to plan a safe way to do the task.

Every procedure must be a safe procedure. Shortcuts in safe procedures by either foremen or workers will not be tolerated.

If a worker observes any unsafe condition, which may pose a potential threat to their health or safety, it is expected that employees will immediately correct the situation when feasible or inform management. Management has the responsibility to take adequate precautions, comply with standards, and assure the safety and health of employees.

5.1 CONSTRUCTION SAFETY MANAGEMENT PROCESS

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A Proven, Comprehensive Framework for Managing Safety on Your Sites. The Contractor Safety Management Process is a powerful, effective approach for companies that are committed to creating and maintaining safe, incident-free construction sites.

Building a Culture of Safety CSMP goes beyond mere compliance to provide oversight of every facet of safety management on your jobsites. We work with you to develop a culture of safety, educating everyone about the importance of rules, monitoring performance, and continuously improving all activities. Protecting Everyone - Especially You CSMP is a comprehensive process that provides oversight of everyone on your site – including your team, your contractors, and their subcontractors. Just as important, it protects and strengthens your reputation within the contracting community and among the general public. Having a comprehensive program assures OSHA and local regulators that you take safety seriously. It can reduce your liability exposure and bolster your defense if litigation occurs. And when workers feel safer, they’re more efficient and productive.

The Cost-effictive Approach to Safety CSMP addresses the concerns of insurers, leading to lower costs. In addition, CSMP includes our management services and all staffing for your safety needs, eliminating hiring, salary and benefit costs. Over the past ten years, we have managed safety programs for more than $1 billion in construction projects. For one pharmaceutical company alone, working with us reduced insurance costs by millions of dollars. At the inception of our program, that company’s contractor injury loss per hour worked ran as high as $0.75. As our program matured, that loss dropped as low as $0.01 per hour in some periods, with an average of $0.03/hour. Expectation and Evaulation CSMP provides a proven, more effective way to set a clear direction for the safety program, organize your efforts, and provide accountability at every level. Roles and responsibilities for everyone involved the delivery of the project are clearly communicated at the beginning. We approach your project and everyone involved objectively – ensuring 24

safety is our only motivation – and use technology to simplify processes and obtain information quickly. Addresses All Project Safety Needs The 13-step process assures you that every aspect of safety is being addressed, including: 1. Safety program policy statement documenting the owner’s emphasis on safety and responsibilities for implementation. 2. Safety management, providing a summary of the entire Contractor Safety Management Process. 3. Roles and responsibilities for all individuals and entities involved in the process. 4. Safety pre-planning during the planning stages to develop a safety plan for use during construction. 5. Safety prequalification, comparing each contractor’s past performance to safety criteria. 6. Contractor negotiation process for safety requirements that detail expectations and how safety information will be collected. 7. Contract document detailing safety requirements in writing. 8. Site communication to detail how safety information will be shared with onsite contractor supervision. 9. Site orientation, spelling out how safety information will reach contractor personnel. 10. Pre-job hazard analysis, documenting hazard identification and corresponding safety efforts. 11. Contractor incident investigation to document root causes and determine corrective and preventive actions. 12. Verification procedures to audit contractor implementation of training, substance abuse, and field practice requirements. 13. Safety communication, detailing the network for communicating safety information.

Prevention of health and safety hazards The management and supervisory staff, at construction sites, ca minimize unsafe conditions by constantly monitoring the progress of the work and the workforce. Training and proper education also helps in achieving safety. In addition to these, the general provisions required to attain a safe work-site are: - Emergency alarms - Safety guidelines for equipment use - Safety belts - Safety nets - Safety inspections - Mitigating factors Health hazards may be minimized by the following methods: 25

- Equipment modification - Isolating the worker form the damaging machinery - By making provisions for personal protective equipment - By providing adequate illumination - Proper housekeeping - Replacement of hazardous building materials Together with adherence to a good practice and predictive hazard evaluation. Work environment A good work environment is necessary for improving the safety and health of the workers and also helps to increase productivity. It consists of the following: - work area and work conditions - illumination - noise and hearing - cold and wet - dust and fumes - sanitation The work site must also take proper precautions for emergency measures. The entire progamme for preplanning for emergency control must be a coordinated effort and must include all personnel from the management as well as the force and proper instructions and suitable training must be provided to them on the following lines: - Identification of hazard - Provision of safeguards - Proper safety guidelines - Simulated drills - Identification warning signals

Safety in Construction: Good practices To identify good safety practices in construction, the survey team visited the following work sites: - Thapar-Dupont construction project Gummidipoondi, Tamil Nadu - Obayashi Limited Construction of extension of Nizamuddin bridge, New Delhi. - Gammon Construction India Limited construction of extension of ITO bridge, New Delhi.

Workmen Compensation: In India, all building workers who have completed eighteen years of age, but have not complete the age of sixty, and are engage in a construction activity for not less than ninety days during the preceding twelve months shall be eligible for benefits under the Building and other Construction Workers Second Ordinance, 1996. In America workmen’s compensation laws are state statutes under which a employer is bound to pay a predetermined amount of compensation for any injury suffered by an employee. In Australia an employer is liable to his employee for injuries caused to him through his negligent order or other negligent act on his part. If the injury suffered by the employee is partly the result of the employee’s own negligence, then the damages are recoverable by the employers. 26

Cost Analysis The provision of safeguards to eliminate or reduce the accidents are based on two important aspects: a) Cost of accident prevention b) Moral regard for human life Calculation of cost of accident prevention includes: a) Direct costs b) Indirect costs c) Cost of safety programmes

Implementation For implementation of the various safety measures, the various safety measures, the management and trade unions must contribute individually to create a safe work environment. The role of management should be: - To give some priority to safety measures as to production and quality. - Employ adequate staff for implementing safety polices. - Provide proper training to personnel. - Conduct regular safety inspection. Role of Trade unions: - Assist government commissions and other public committees dealing with worker’s safety - Suggest and ask for investigations into hazardous processes - Provide and create awareness among their members.

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6.Personal Protective Equipment(PPE)

Personal protective equipment (PPE) refers to protective clothing, helmets, goggles, or other garments or equipment designed to protect the wearer's body from injury. The hazards addressed by protective equipment include physical, electrical, heat, chemicals, biohazards, and airborne particulate matter. Protective equipment may be worn for job-related occupational safety and health purposes, as well as for sports and other recreational activities. "Protective clothing" is applied to traditional categories of clothing, and "protective gear" applies to items such as pads, guards, shields, or masks, and others. The purpose of personal protective equipment is to reduce employee exposure to hazards when engineering and administrative controls are not feasible or effective to reduce these risks to acceptable levels. PPE is needed when there are hazards present. PPE has the serious limitation that it does not eliminate the hazard at source and may result in employees being exposed to the hazard if the equipment fails. Any item of PPE imposes a barrier between the wearer/user and the working environment. This can create additional strains on the wearer; impair their ability to carry out their work and create significant levels of discomfort. Any of these can discourage wearers from using PPE correctly, therefore placing them at risk of injury, ill-health or, under extreme 28

circumstances, death. Good ergonomic design can help to minimise these barriers and can therefore help to ensure safe and healthy working conditions through the correct use of PPE. Practices of occupational safety and health can use hazard controls and interventions to mitigate workplace hazards, which pose a threat to the safety and quality of life of workers. The hierarchy of hazard control hierarchy of control provides a policy framework which ranks the types of hazard controls in terms of absolute risk reduction. At the top of the hierarchy are elimination and substitution, which remove the hazard entirely or replace the hazard with a safer alternative. If elimination or substitution measures cannot apply, engineering controls and administrative controls, which seek to design safer mechanisms and coach safer human behavior, are implemented. Personal protective equipment ranks last on the hierarchy of controls, as the workers are regularly exposed to the hazard, with a barrier of protection. The hierarchy of controls is important in acknowledging that, while personal protective equipment has tremendous utility, it is not the desired mechanism of control in terms of worker safety.

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CONCLUSION: 1. A wide variety of research developments in construction equipment and project management has occurred in the recent past. 2. Effective performance measures for all parties involved in a construction project are lacking. 3. 3. Facilities for training skilled and semi-skilled personnel for construction are conspicuous by their absence. 4. 4.There has been a proliferation of establishments over which the government bodies have a loose control. 5. 5.The construction workers are almost always made to live in the vicinity of the work-site with no adequate lodging or sanitary arrangements. 6. The semi-skilled and unskilled workers, together with women and children; are unaware of the use of personal protective equipment. 7. Health facilities for construction workers are lacking. 8. The labour unions are often responsible for endangering the lfe of workers. -Lack of feedback systems – Construction knowledge feedback generally occurs through distribution of a memorandum regarding a problem, and sometimes through distributions in various meetings and conferences. This methodology has certain shortcomings. The current status of safety in construction exposes the fact that safety has been a non-issue so far, despite the fact that almost one out of every five workers received injury annually.

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9.

Appendix A:Questionnare 1.What’s better? Prevention, Safety or Cure? a.)Cure

b.)Prevention

c.)Safety

d.)All of the above

2. Do you have an upto date Health and Safety Policy that highlights the people who are responsible for ensuring it happens?

a.)Yes, I’m aware of it

b.)No

c.)Not Necessary

d.)I don’t really care to know

3. Do you have all upto date Material Safety Data Sheets? Are they discussed with the relevant workers?

a.)Yes

b.)No

c.) Not Necessary

d.) I don’t really care to know

4. Do you have First Aiders and First Aid facility on your premises? a.)Yes

b.)Maybe, I don’t know

c.)No

d.)None of my Concern

5.What is a quick method to avoid electrocution a.)grounding of wire with

b.)first Aid

proper wiring c.)France

d.)Japan

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6. Do you have a procedure to manage any and all of your contractors and / or subcontractors? a.)Yes

b.)No

7. Has noise monitoring been done and is action taken regarding the findings? a.)Yes

b.)No

8. Has approved personal protective equipment been issued and the wearing thereof been enforced? a.)Yes

b.)No

Appendix B :Pie Diagram:- Question 1

Question 2

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Question 3

Question 4

Question 5

Question 6 33

Question 7

Question 8

List Of References 1. http://www.tifac.org.in/index.php? option=com_content&view=article&id=694&Itemid=205. 2. http://www.safetymanagementgroup.com/construction-safety-managementprocess.aspx. 3. http://www.cpwr.com/sites/default/files/publications/SafetyManage mentinConstructionSMR-2013_0.pdf

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4. http://www.griffith.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/129922/hazardcontrol-guide.pdf 5. https://osha.europa.eu/en/faq/faq1 6. http://www.in.undp.org/content/dam/papp/docs/Operations/Procurement/UND P-papp-op-proc-safety.pdf 7. http://www.safetypartnering.com/smd/pdf/handbook_e.pdf

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