Construction Method and Project Management Report

 

CONSTRUCTION METHOD AND PROJECT MANAGEMENT REPORT CE1

Members: Fortin, Marielle Louiza Grimaldo, Exequiel Luis Mendoza, Ernest Jona Torres, Vanessa Villanueva, Mary Grace Villarta, John Gaebrielle

i. Planning For Earthwork Construction

Planning- The Process Of Thinking About And Organizing The Activities Required To Achieve a Desired Goal. It Involves The Creation And Maintenance Of a Plan, Such As Psychological Aspects That Require Conceptual Skills.

Its Goal - Minimize Resource Expenditures Required To Successfully Complete The Project And To Ensure That The Work Is Accomplished In a Safe Manner.

Work Details. 2. The Take Off Quantity Survey -Determines The Quantity Of Materials That Will Have To Be Furnish Or Move. During The Take Off, The Decisions Concerning Equipment Needs, Sequence Of Operations And The Crew Size Must Be Be Considered 3. Mass Excavation 4. Structural Excavation - Performed To Support The Construction Of Other Structural Elements. 5. Presenting The Graphical Presentation Of Earthwork Which Features: -Plan View: Looking Down On The Proposed Works And Presents The Horizontal Alignment Of Features -Profile View: Cut View Along The Center Line, Features The Vertical Alignment -Cross Section View: Formed By a Plane Cutting The Work At Right Angle To Its Long Axis 6. Earthwork Quantities - Involves The Computations For The Volumes, Cuts And Fills And Also The Most Economical Material Hauls: -End Area Determination-Subdividing The Area Into Geometric Figures With Definite Formulas For Areas. -Net Volume -Mass Diagram-Earthmoving Operation Is Involved. Cut And Fill Computation. -Mass Ordinate -Haul Distances

Importance Of Planning 7. Pricing Of Earthwork Operation - Understand The Project Objectives And Requirements - Define Work Elements - Develop Safe Construction Methods And Avoid Hazards - Improve Efficiency - Coordinate And Integrate Activities - Develop Accurate Schedules - Respond To Future Changes - Provide a Yardstick For Monitoring And Controlling Execution Of Project Activities

ii. Compaction In Soil And Rocks

Importance Of Compaction Of Soil And Rock Compaction is the single most important process in soil construction. Its job is to basically reduce the volume of voids present in the soil to be compacted, which is usually filled with water and air.

Typical Constraints In Planning - Contract Requirements Described In The Drawings Dra wings And Technical Specifications - Legal Requirements - Physical And/Or Environmental Limits Of The Job - Climatic Conditions

Proper compaction is essential for any type of compaction projects, because not only it i t gives the soil increased resistance and greater stability but also decreases its permeability. Compaction gives it soil desired properties; its resistance to stresses induced by climate and traffics etc. Can be improved by increasing its resistances and shear strength while simultaneously reducing its tendency to swell due to water absorption.

The Top Priority Of Planning Is: “Safety” 

Process 1. Site Visit - To Relate Physical Site Characteristics To The

Types Of Soil -Cohesive Soil - Loam, Clay, Silt -Non Cohesive Soil - Gravel, Sand

 

The main difference between cohesive and non cohesive soil lies in its particles. The particles of cohesive soil are bonded together while the particles of non cohesive soil just lies side by side without bonding.

Methods Of Compaction -Ramming: it breaks down soil, pushes them closer to each other while forcing the air out of the voids. -Vibration: it sets the soil in motion and rearranges them into a denser packing. -Static Rollers

Soil Exploration

Three Most Common Types Of Rollers Used In Field Compaction -Sheepsfoot Rollers

Why Site Investigation Is Done - To Know The Geological Condition Of Rock And Soil Formation - To Establish Groundwater Levels And Determine The Properties Of Water - To Select The Type And Depth Of O f Foundation For The Proposed Structure - To Determine The Bearing Capacity Of The Site - To Estimate The Probable Maximum And Differential Settlements. - To Predict The Lateral Earth Pressure Against Retaining

Commonly used for clayey and silty soils -Smooth-Drum/Steel-Wheeled Rollers Commonly used for granular soil -Pneumatic Rubber Tired Rollers Commonly used for asphalt paving iii. Site Investigation

What Is Site - Is The Spatial Location Of An Actual Or Planned Structure Or Set Of Structure (Such As Building Or Monuments) - a Space Of Ground Occupied Or To Be Occupied By a Building

What Is Investigation - To Observe Or Study By Close Examination And Systematic Inquiry - To Make a Systematic Examination Especially To Conclude And Official Inquiry

The Field And Laboratory Studies Carried Out For Obtaining The Necessary Information About The Surface And Subsurface Features Of The Proposed Area Including The Position Of The Ground Water Table.

Walls And Abutments - To Select Suitable Construction Techniques - To Predict And To Solve Potential Foundation Problems - To Ascertain The Suitability Of The Soil As a Construction Material - To Determine Soil Properties Required For Design - Establish Procedures For Soil Improvement To Suit Design Purpose - To Investigate The Safety Of Existing Structures And To Suggest The Remedial Measure

Phases Of Soil Investigation - Phase I: Reconnaisance - Phase II: Preliminary Reconnaisance - Phase III: Detailed Soil Exploration - Phase IV: Write a Report

Site Investigation In Construction - a Site Investigation Simply Is The Process Of The Collection Of Information, The Appraisal Of Data, Assessment, And Reporting Without Which The Hazards In The Ground Beneath The Site Cannot Be Known.

Phase I “Reconnaisance”  

- Site Investigation Refers To The Methodology Of Determining Surface And Subsurface Features Of The

Call Of Available Information Such As Site Plan, Type, Size, And Importance Of The Structure, Loading Conditions, Previous Geotechnical Reports, Topographic Maps, Air Photographs, Geologic Maps, Hydrological Information

Proposed Area. It Consist Of Determining The Profile Of Natural Soil Deposits At The Site, Si te, Taking Samples And Determining The Properties.

Phase II “Prelimina “Preliminary ry Reconnaisance” 

 

Preliminary Reconnaisance Or a Site Visit To Provide a General Picture Of The Topography And Geology Of The Site. Visual Inspection Is Done To Gather Information On Topography, Soil Stratification, Vegetation, Water Marks, Ground Water Level, And Type Of Construction Nearby

Phase III “Detailed Soil Exploration” 

Detailed Planning For Soil Exploration In The Form Of Trial Pits Or Borings, Their Spacing And Depth. Type Of Field Tests Adopted And The Type Of Sampling Done, Presence Of Water Table If Met With Are Recorded In The Form Of Bore Log. The Soil Samples Are Properly Labeled And Sent To Laboratory For Evaluation Of Their Physical And Engineering Properties

Principal Methods Of Investigating The Ground Conditions

Objectives Of Site Investigation - Suitability: Are The Site And Surroundings Suitable Fort The Highway - Design: Obtain All The Design Parameters Pa rameters Necessary For The Works. - Construction: Are There Any Potential Ground Or Ground Water Conditions That Would Affect The Construction - Materials: Are There Any Materials Available On Site, What Quantity And Quality - Effect Of Changes: How Will The Design Affect Adjacent Properties And The Ground Water - Identify Alternatives: Is This The Best Location *In Addition To These, It Is Necessary To Investigate Existing Features Such As Slopes. If There Is a Failure Fa ilure Of Such a Feature Then It Is Necessary To Investigate The Failure And Suggest Remedial Works.

Trial Pits Boreholes

Phase IV “Write a Report”  

Write a Report. The Report Must Contain a Clear Description Of The Soils At The Site, Methods Of Exploration, Soil Profile, Test Methods And Results, And The Location Of The Ground Water. This Should Include Information And/Or Explanations Of Any Unusual Soil, Water Bearing Stratum And Soil And Groundwater Condition That May Be Troublesome During Construction Trial Pits Are Shallow Excavations Going Down To a Depth No Greater 6meters. The Trial Pit As Such Is Used Extensively At The Surface For Block Sampling And Detection Of Services Prior To Borehole Excavation.

iv. Foundation

What Is a Foundation Boreholes a Borehole Is Used To Determine The Nature Of The Ground (Usually Below 6 Meters Depth) In a Qualitative Manner And Then Recover Undisturbed Samples For Quantitative Examination. Where This Is Not Possible, For In Gravelly Soils Below The Water Table, In-Situ Testing Methods Are Used.

Foundation Is The Lowest Part Of a Structure Which Provides a Base For The Structure Struct ure And Transmit The Loads To The Soil

Types Of Foundation: -Shallow Foundation -Deep Foundation

Water Samples Water Samples Should Be Taken As Soon As Water Is First Struck And The Depth Recorded. After a Suitable Period Of Time (Usually 10-15 Minutes) The Depth Should Be Re-Recorded And a Further Sample Taken. a Final Sample Should Be Taken At The End Of The Borehole And The Depth Of Water Regularly Recorded. The Sample Is Taken Using a Device Known As a Bailer, Made From Teflon Or Plastic It Incorporates a Float To Trap The Water And Should Be Cleaned After Each Sample.

Shallow Foundation - A Type Of Foundation That Is Used When The Earth Directly Beneath a Structure Has Sufficient Bearing Capacity To Sustain The Loads From The Structure

Types Of Shallow Foundation Spread Footing

 

Used To Support Columns And Walls. Combined Footing Used When The Distance Between Two Columns Is Small Mat Footing Closely Spaced That It Is More Effective To Merge Them Into a Single Mat Or Raft Foundation That Supports The Entire Building

Deep Foundation - It Is a Type Of O f Foundation, That Is Used When The Soil Near The Ground Surface Is Weak

Types Of Shallow Foundation Caisson Similar To a Column Footing In That It Spreads The Load From a Column Over a Large Enough Area Of Soil That The Allowable Pressure In The Soil Is Not Exceeded Piles Are More Slender Than Caissons, And Forcibly Driven Into The Earth Rather Than Drilled And Poured

Shallow Vs. Deep Shallow Foundation - Nice Soil Condition. - Cheaper Than Deep Foundation. - Easier Construction Deep Foundation - Poor Soil Condition. - More Expensive. - More Complex, And Takes More Time To Construct. v. Concrete Work What is Concrete work? - It simply means works involving concrete. Concrete is a mixture of portland cement, fine and coarse aggregates, water and sometimes we put admixtures to enhance the concretes property. - We use concretes in many different ways such as reinforcements, finishes, joints and many more. - Relating it to the subject, what does a project manager and construction manager do? They are the one who is making sure projects run on time, guarantee that they don’t exceed

the allocated budget allowance and ensures that the project is completed safely. - Concrete has many properties that will help meet the project and construction manager’s requirements. First is because of its versatility. It is easier to build a structure. Just put a form then pour the concrete unlike steels and woods which can’t be shaped easily although it takes long time to set but we can put admixtures to shorten the setting time. Next is because it is economical. We all know that the concrete is cheaper than other materials like steels and woods. Another property is its durability. Concretes are durable and can still stand strong in good condition over a long period of time. TYPES OF CONCRETE - PLAIN OR ORDINARY CONCRETE- IT IS ONE OF THE MOST COMMONLY USED TYPE. IT IS MOSTLY USED IN CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDING WHICH DOES NOT REQIURE HIGH TENSILE STRENGTH. - LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE  – it is any type of concrete having a density less than 1920kg/cu.m. it is used for thermal insulation, for protecting steel structures and bridge decks. - HIGH DENSITY CONCRETE  –  also called heavy weight concrete. It is a concrete having density varies between 3000-4000kg/cu.m. It is used in atomic powerplants and other similar structures because it provides good protection from any type of radiations. - REINFORCED CONCRETE  –  this type of concrete uses steel for reinforcement to give the concrete a very high tensile strength. - PRECAST CONCRETE  – refers to numerous types of concrete shapes that are cast in to molds either in factory or at the site. Some of its examples are precast poles, fence posts, staircase units, and the most common used precast concrete is the hollow blocks or concrete masonry unit. - PRESTRESSED CONCRETE  –  is a similar to reinforced concrete in which the reinforcement bars are tensioned before being embedded in the concrete. Use in bridges and structures with heavy dead load.

Concrete has relatively high compressive strength, but much lower tensile strength. For this reason it is usually reinforced with materials that are strong in tension. The elasticity of concrete is relatively constant at low stress levels but starts decreasing at higher stress levels as matrix cracking develops. Concrete has a very low coefficient of thermal expansion and shrinks as it matures. Building with concrete Concrete is one of the most durable building materials. It provides superior fire resistance compared with wooden construction and gains strength over time. Structures made of concrete can have a long service life.

Due to cement's exothermic chemical reaction while setting up, large concrete structures such as dams, navigation locks, large mat foundations, and large breakwaters generate excessive heat during hydration and associated expansion. To mitigate

 

these effects post-cooling is commonly applied during construction.